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Physicians have been fascinated with blood and the circulatory system for hundreds of years. Records dating back to early Roman times prove that bloodletting was in wide use as a treatment for disease at least 2,000 years ago, and leeches have been used in medicine for more than 2,500 years, dating back to a period when many believed that an excess of blood was to blame for many maladies.
But, as we now know, the role of blood in human health goes beyond these rudimentary treatments. It is blood pressure, not just the blood itself, that is the true measure of the health of the circulatory system. In patients with low or moderate blood pressure, which travels smoothly through the heart and arteries, the system functions as it should with minimal trouble. But in those patients with elevated blood pressure, the circulatory system is under near-constant stress. The heart is pumping faster, the veins and arteries are being asked to carry more and the entire body is working in a state of overdrive that can eventually lead to other medical problems.
Seventeenth-century English physician William Harvey is credited with laying the groundwork for our understanding of the human circulatory system, but hypertension as a clinical diagnosis did not officially come to modern medicine until 1896 with the invention of the sphygmomanometer, the same cuff-based measurement tool that nearly everyone on the planet has had strapped to their arm at their doctor’s office at least once in their life. With this device, doctors are now able to measure a patient’s blood pressure right in the clinic, providing them with a quick and easy overview of a patient’s circulatory health.
As a result, blood pressure is today one of the cornerstone metrics of our health.
All Hypertension Is Different
It didn’t take long for modern medicine to realize the relationship between elevated blood pressure levels and a whole host of chronic problems, including heart disease, kidney disorders, stroke and more. At first it was “essential hypertension,” or elevated blood pressure for which no cause could be found. Then, in the 1920s, the Mayo Clinic coined the term “malignant hypertension” to describe severely high blood pressure that was likely to lead to kidney damage, heart failure and death.
(On the flipside, mildly elevated blood pressure was in those days referred to as “benign hypertension.” That is, until the 1950s, when doctors came to their senses and realized that even mild high pressure wasn’t so benign after all and began treating the condition at lower and lower levels in a wider range of patients.)
High blood pressure is often called the “silent killer,” because most of the time the condition has no obvious signs or symptoms to indicate that something might be wrong. That’s because high blood pressure develops slowly over time and can be related to many different causes, from diet, to lifestyle, to genetics. In fact, nearly 20% of patients with high blood pressure don’t even know they have it.
But, silent or not, hypertension is truly a killer. More than 360,000 Americans die every year as a direct result of their high blood pressure, and 70% of people suffering their first heart attack and 80% of those suffering their first stroke also have high blood pressure. High blood pressure affects more than 67 million Americans, according to the CDC, and only about half of them have their condition under control. What’s more, nearly 30% of all other adults have prehypertension, or blood pressure numbers that are higher than normal but not yet in the high blood pressure range. This costs the U.S. economy more than $46 billion each year in health care services, medications to treat high blood pressure, and missed days of work.
Today, the most severe form of high blood pressure is known as “resistant hypertension,” referring to the fact that it is high and stays high despite the use of several different blood pressure medications, and usually involves kidney and adrenal gland complications. Resistant hypertension (RH) is the blood pressure equivalent of antibiotic-resistant bacteria: An all-but-untreatable medical condition that only gets worse with time.
As of 2017, 12% of all U.S. hypertensives, or some nine million people, are currently classified as suffering from resistant hypertension. Worldwide, this group numbers more than 300 million. And the risks they face are significant. RH can markedly increase the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure and end-stage renal disease in the elderly, African Americans, patients with chronic kidney disease, and diabetics who are particularly at risk for the disease. The major physiological complications associated with resistant hypertension include vasoconstriction, salt and water retention and excessive aldosterone secretion.
There are currently no approved drugs to treat resistant hypertension.
New Solutions In the Works
Zumbro Discovery, a clinical-stage biotech company in Rochester, Minn., is working to change that by developing novel, atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) for the treatment of resistant hypertension. ZD100, the company’s lead compound, is a patent-protected, mutant atrial natriuretic peptide (MANP) based on decades of research by the company’s co-founders, who head the Cardiorenal Research Laboratory at the Mayo Clinic.
ZD100 targets the body’s guanylyl cyclase (GC) receptors, specifically the GC-A receptor, which is the target of endogenous ANP that is naturally produced by your body in the heart. The benefits of ANP — and MANP to a larger degree — are in its natriuretic, aldosterone suppressing, and blood pressure lowering properties. In other words, it works to control the heart, kidney and adrenal gland issues associated with resistant hypertension. ZD100 is a 40 amino acid peptide based upon the native ANP but has biological properties that go beyond natural ANP, with greater natriuretic, aldosterone suppressing, and blood pressure lowering actions.
For patients suffering from resistant hypertension, it’s a new treatment that could do more than alleviate their symptoms. It could save their life.
This round of financing is being led by Broadview Ventures, one of the foremost investors in treatments for cardiovascular and neurovascular diseases. Zumbro has also received financing from Mayo Clinic Ventures.
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This small specie – small in size but quite big in impact – is creating havoc among us these days. The Government has a serious emergency at hand consequent to mosquito bites and specifically the bites of one species – Aedes aegypti – making a significant impact on public health and our economy too.
Aedes aegypti is the vector that carries the dengue virus and the whole reason for today’s emergency situation. We are the primary host of the virus and we appear to be playing the perfect host role and at times paying the supreme prize of loss of life, aided and abetted by the microclimate and our own ill-discipline and irresponsibility. Dengue patient numbers have reached the dizzying figures of 64,000 in six months, with more than 200 deaths.
Of all species of the animal kingdom, the species that have caused most misery to human beings are mosquitoes and we are still counting the impact. From malaria to dengue the tiny blood-sucking insect is continuing to cause misery and death to date. Sri Lanka today is in the midst of a dengue epidemic with the Government declaring action on multiple fronts. Though malaria may still affect people globally, it is dengue that is showing the most significant rise in prevalence.
First the climate aspect. A recent article in Nature quoted by the Washington Post indicated the concept of climate departure. Using temperature data from 1860 to 2005 as a baseline, climate departure describes the point in time that the average temperature of the coolest year after 2005 becomes warmer than the historic average temperature of the hottest year for a specific location. As the figure shows, for Sri Lanka we may experience that around 2023 if the word fails to support the Paris Accord and take carbon mitigation action.
It is important to understand and factor the knowledge into planning and design that rising temperatures and extreme weather events which really results from climate change – I must place on record that there are plenty of climate sceptics too where some in fact consider trying to reduce carbon dioxide concentrations as a genocide against plant life! – have significant and predominant negative impact on our environment, health and perhaps our very existence on this planet.
Research data from Mexico indicated that higher minimum temperatures increase dengue cases and today this favourable microclimate supporting the dengue spread is known. With theory and predictions such as climate disruption, we really have to brace ourselves to this fact and the only way for us is be prepared and be innovative in our approach. Praying for a better season next time round is certainly going to be wishful thinking.
I too have now become a statistic after my dengue antibody test came up with a double positive. The confirmation was after five days of returning home from the hospital when the platelet count took an upward direction. Of course the very first dengue antigen test taken on day one of fever had shown a negative.
Now the explanation is that there are several variations (in fact four serotypes – there had been a fifth reported from Malaysia but validation has failed) but the test kit that is available today appears to be failing to detect DENV2 and that means the dominant strain of the virus that is spreading today in Sri Lanka.
The amount of clinical waste generated during an episode is enormous as I personally observed. The moment of entry to the hospital premises is marked by injections and the insertion of saline and the continuous testing, etc. adds up. Knowing the poor standards of medical waste management in the country, I shudder to think of the quantities generated from the growing number of admissions. As not even saline is manufactured in the country, my sickness after the close encounter with a mosquito is really adding sickness to the economy as well. The tiny mosquito indeed is formidable.
Of course in between bouts of shut-eye – you do not get long spells of that either even at night as the ward nurse will come at 3 a.m. and request you to pass urine and record the volume measurement! – I remembered the statement by Anita Roddick of Body Shop fame on not underestimating the power of small – She famously remarked, “If you think you are too small to have an impact, try going to bed with a mosquito!” I am not sure when my little promiscuous encounter with the mosquito had taken place but one bite did put me out of action for many days and doing nothing cannot be called an experience! I perhaps was lucky as I did not experience about 90% of the stated symptoms but the knowledge that another encounter can be much more problematic is in my mind. Yet what can I do?
There lies the second aspect – our ill-discipline. With the 500m radius of the mosquito travel path and the ability to survive dry spells and then to come into life, the Aedes aegypti is showing powers that we have to respect. Until and unless all of us understand the issue and collectively engage ourselves in ensuring the presence of a habitat that would not encourage the proliferation of larvae of this variety along with others, the situation is not going to go away.
Certainly the controlling of climate change is beyond us but we can certainly do something about the microclimate. What is more important to realise is history has shown us that June and July are the months to record the highest number of incidences. This year the dengue figure for May had gone higher than the highest for the last year and that certainly is scary as July moves in.
The dengue epidemic is aggravated too by the ongoing garbage issue – an issue of our own making. There is no question that we suffer more due to our own neglect and lack of care. The garbage that we do not sort and take care of, but leave out to be collected and placed elsewhere else is providing enough breeding grounds. A little more responsible behaviour from each one of us can dramatically reduce the disease burden. As for the rulers, they too are guilty, as we go from one season to another with no lessons learnt and with limited action.
Mobile apps such as Mo-buzz and Veta are available for communication and information exchange and drones too are entering. They sit on app stores and images may reside on memory, while a nation that carries more SIMS than its population has no clue on these. The bacteria that was developed after research in a local research institute and then scaled up for production by a local entrepreneur has been forgotten and today we are looking at another microorganism from down under after talking so much about another similar organism at one point from Cuba! As microorganisms usually do not have national boundaries nor national affiliations, this demonstrates the lack of opportunity for local science and development.
Combination of data science, web platforms, apps with mobile communications and then a system of rapid intervention based on data generated from incidences – recorded as hotspots – can quickly tackle issues at source. As my confirmation came after returning home, I am not quite sure that I really was a recorded case and my address a place worthy of some scrutiny! This is what is required today.
Real action needed
A hotspot can be when two cases are reported from close proximity. Anyway these definitions can be sorted out and organised action by public health along with environmental police can be quickly meted out when we go ‘smart’ with the singular objective of tackling the issue. There had been so much procrastination on real action – issuing of circulars mosquitoes cannot read has happened with more frequency! – that it is painful see and hear the way the events are turning out to.
We once had a newspaper with mosquito repellents impregnated with printing ink – a newspaper where all the letters of all the words were helping Sri Lanka to stop dengue – and we make a big noise about mosquito repellent (mosquito away) TV sets that allow you to watch tele-dramas with comfort. Are we to be satisfied with bouncing off mosquitoes from one place to another? The newspaper was to keep away the mosquito at times when it is most active, coinciding with the usual time for newspaper reading. May be these technologies can be morphed to different devices but for the hype we do not hear of any practical data on efficacy.
There is published data on readership and sales of the newspaper gone up but there is certainly no data on dengue incidence having reduced. However one must acknowledge the innovative use of citronella with ink and innovative action is exactly what is required when situations of this nature are developing. This thinking needs to be percolating to minds of the governance class as without consistent and sustained action across a wider frontier Aedes aegypti is going to have time of their lives in Sri Lanka the tropical paradise.
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For many years, Patricia’s daily routine entailed a gruelling schedule spanning from arranging breakfast upon dawn to getting her children ready for school. In between these duties, she dabbled in other such chores as tending to her mini garden, feeding her birds and tidying the house.
By the time she arrived at the school where she taught English, her body would have succumbed to the stress of her morning’s labour. “My doctor has repeatedly stressed the importance of taking a rest during consultations,” Patricia, who is now nearing her fifties, shared. Chronic muscular pains in her waist and back often caused her to break down while working. “There’s always one thing or another that needs to be done,” she lamented.
Patricia’s story is not unique; globally, women carry out a disproportionate share of unpaid domestic and care work, which involves physically taxing activities such as cooking, cleaning, laundry and caregiving. According to a report by UN Women, women perform approximately three times more unpaid domestic labour than men. In some regions, the statistics are even higher. In South Asia and North Africa, for example, women spend as much as 80% of their time on unpaid care activities.
These repetitive and strenuous tasks take a significant toll on women’s physical health and affect every facet of their lives. These daily physical strains diminish their quality of life and hinder their ability to engage in other productive activities.These disparities highlight how deeply entrenched gender roles shape the division of labour within households, yet its toll on women’s well-being remains inadequately acknowledged.
A study published in PLOS ONE highlights the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain (MSP) among women who engaged in heavy domestic chores such as scrubbing floors, lifting children and fetching water or firewood. According to the study, women in rural and low-resource settings are particularly affected owing to limited access to labour-saving devices and infrastructure. For instance, many women in such areas manually cart water containers over long distances or work in poorly ventilated kitchens, which leaves them prone to respiratory hazards and exacerbating joint damage.
The health risks of domestic work extend beyond physical strain to include mental-health challenges and occupational injuries. A report from the National Library of Medicine highlights the prevalence of injuries such as burns, cuts and respiratory issues leading from exposure to industrial chemicals and poor ventilation. Hypertension, arthritis and cardiovascular diseases are also said to be prevalent among women undertaking prolonged unpaid labour.
There is also the increased rates of anxiety and depression among women from repetitive and undervalued labour. Research has established a strong link between extensive unpaid labour and mental health challenges, including depression and anxiety. One study published in the journal Social Science & Medicine indicates that women who spend significant time on unpaid domestic work report higher levels of psychological distress than their male counterparts.
Additionally, a report from ScienceDirect highlights the broader societal consequences of unpaid domestic labour. The constant stress and lack of adequate rest perpetuate a cycle of neglect for women’s physical and emotional health, affecting their overall life expectancy. Stress-related ailments, coupled with societal expectations to perform these tasks without complaint, further underline the invisible and unacknowledged sacrifices of women.
For all the sweat and toil, unpaid domestic work is often excluded from economic metrics. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) estimates that the global economic value of unpaid domestic labour amounts to $10.8 trillion annually. Women’s unpaid labour subsidises the economy but limits their participation in the formal workforce. This creates a vicious cycle: women’s economic dependency reinforces traditional gender roles, which, in turn, exacerbates the burden of unpaid domestic work.
If the impact of domestic work on women’s well-being is not uniform, it is mediated by factors such as race, class and geography. In high-income countries, middle- and upper-class women often outsource domestic chores to paid domestic workers, who are predominantly women of colour or immigrants.
Yet cultural norms play a significant role in perpetuating the unequal distribution of domestic work, as Patricia highlights. In many societies, domestic chores are viewed as women’s “duty,” reinforced by traditional gender roles and expectations. In conservative communities, women who delegate domestic tasks may face social stigma or accusations of being “unfit” mothers or wives. Such cultural pressures compound the mental and emotional toll of domestic work, trapping women in a cycle of unrecognised labour and self-sacrifice.
Addressing the impact of domestic work on women’s well-being requires acknowledging the value of domestic work. This means investing in infrastructure and technology, such as access to clean water, electricity and labour-saving devices, to significantly reduce the time and effort required for domestic chores.
“Encouraging a more equitable division of domestic responsibilities between men and women is also important. Not because I am trying to be the head of the home but to reduce the burden, especially when the children are too little to help me,” Patricia says, emphasising the need for public awareness campaigns, workplace policies and educational initiatives to challenge traditional gender norms and promote shared caregiving roles.
Across the world, several countries have moved to alleviate the burden of domestic work. Nordic countries, for example, have introduced paid parental leave and subsidised childcare services, helping to redistribute domestic responsibilities more equitably. In Argentina, the government’s “Cuidar en Igualdad” campaign focuses on promoting gender equality in unpaid care work through legislative reforms and public awareness programs.
India’s Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) includes community-based childcare centres that enable women to balance paid work with caregiving duties. These examples demonstrate the transformative potential of policy interventions in reducing the burden of domestic labour on women and achieving a just society.
Patricia's story of balancing household chores with her teaching job illustrates the global issue of women disproportionately handling unpaid domestic work. Women's roles in household tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and caregiving contribute to significant physical and mental health challenges, including musculoskeletal pain, injuries, anxiety, and depression. The unequal distribution of chores is exacerbated by societal norms and traditional gender roles, often trapping women in cycles of unrecognized labor and reducing their opportunities in the formal workforce. Reports highlight that globally, women perform unpaid labor that amounts to $10.8 trillion annually, subsidizing the economy yet reinforcing economic dependency and traditional roles.
Addressing this issue requires acknowledging the value of domestic work and promoting equitable division of responsibilities. Solutions include investing in infrastructure, adopting workplace policies, and launching public awareness campaigns to challenge norms. Some countries, like Nordic nations and Argentina, have implemented policies like paid parental leave, subsidized childcare, and legislative reforms to support gender equality in domestic work. India's MGNREGA offers childcare to aid women in balancing work and caregiving duties. These initiatives demonstrate the power of policy in alleviating women's domestic labor burden and fostering a just society.
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The Projects include battery storage facilities. The batteries will be lithium-based, which have a reputation for being unstable and very dangerous if they develop a fault.
Batteries will be housed in large containers. Faults can occur due to mechanical damage, heat, internal short circuits and poor battery management. When a fault occurs it causes a chemical reaction that does not need oxygen to burn and is therefore very difficult to put out. The only way to stop the reaction is to cool it with vast amounts of water, more than is ever likely to be available at the site. The chemical reaction caused when the batteries fail emits large amounts of toxic gas, mainly hydrogen fluoride, after which explosive gases are given off that can cause substantial explosions.
The chemical reaction caused when the batteries fail emits large amounts of toxic gas, mainly hydrogen fluoride, after which explosive gases are given off that can cause substantial explosions.
INCREASED FLOOD RISK
Laying new tracks and access routes during the construction process will cause compaction of the soil and ongoing maintenance will cause further compaction to the soil which is already less aerated, reducing its ability to absorb rainwater.
The run-off characteristics of rainwater from solar panels is different to that falling straight to the ground. Generally, rainwater falls evenly over a wide area. The run-off rainwater from solar panels would be concentrated, like rain running into the gutter of a house. When rainfall is heavy, gutters are deluged with water and overpowered. Run-off rainwater from solar panels will create channels and gullies in the soil, causing compaction and speed up the run-off from the site into nearby fields, roads, rivers and other vulnerable areas.
The run-off rainwater from solar panels will increase flood risks.
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This was an article i wrote about a year ago, will be published in the next issue of Bharati (IITMadras), I don’t see any signs of the magazine hitting the hostals, i decided to make it my blog. Upon the suggestion from the editor, the title ‘composite culture in india’ was changed to ‘assimilative indian culture’
Assimilative Indian culture
Few countries in the world have such an ancient and diverse culture as India’s. Stretching back in an
unbroken sweep over 5000 years, Indian culture, down the ages, has developed in to a highly composite culture which has been enriched by waves of migration which were absorbed into the Indian way of life. The assimilative culture has manifested itself into a strong force. This manifestation is the result of co-existance of so many different cultures that were fused into ours in the course of time. As a result out culture became enriched.
The source of different elements of the Indian culture is not unique. The dynasties like that of Aryans, Mugals etc. have infused diversity in our culture. The roots of Indian civilization stretch back in time to pre-recorded history.
Indus valley civilization is one of the earliest knows civilizations in India. The prosperity of this civilization is well known. Even in the 4th or 3rd millennium BC, the urban developement, that had taken place was phenomenal. Roads were built perpendicularly, vast granaries, brick built houses were very common. Though it was mainly an agrarian society, its advancement in urban planning is undisputed. Recent excavations have shown remarkable similarities between the current indian culture and the indus valley civilization. Recent historians and research suggest the the Aryan (vadic) civilization and Indus vally civilization are one and the same.
Our culture is, to large extent, influenced by the aryans. They intermingled with the people, and gradually associated themselves with the social framework. They were the ones who developed the language of sanskrit, which even today is considered to be the most organised language. They composed the hymns of the four vedas, which are the fundamental base of hinduism. Hinduism constitutes eighty percent of today’s population. Earlier, vedas were written on the banks of saraswati and then on the gangetic plains owing to a natural shift that dried saraswati river. Ramayana and Mahabharata is thought is have been written during this period.
6th century BC saw the rise of the two significant religions in the country, jainism and buddhism. Their popularity spread owing to their message of non violence and practicality. In the Third century BC, it was the turn of the Mauryan empire to hold the rule in the country. They extended their empire over the entire sub-continent. The greatest king of this empire, Ashoka, converted to Buddhism later in life and spread the message through a script called Brahmi.
In 326 BC, Greeks tried and succeed in invading India. Through the passages of time and wars, Greek established their supremecy. The interaction between the two cultures resulted in a change in art form. Sculptures made during that era mark a Greek influence. After Ashoka’s death, the Mauryan empire perished.
4th century AD saw the Gupta empire rule the nation. Hindism consolidated its position. This era saw the emergence of the classical art forms and development of various facets of Indian culture. This age registered considerable progress in literature and science, particularly in astronomy and mathematics. Aryabhatta, who lived during this age, was the first Indian who made a significant contribution to astronomy.
Meanwhile, South india remained largly unaffected by the changes in the northern part of the country. Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism established themselves comfortably. The great dynastyies here were the Cholas, Pandyas, Cheras, Chalukyas and Pallavas. The dravidian Architecture flourished during this period. This region was propelled by the trade links with the African nations. New sea routes were discovered for the development of trade. Arab traders permanently settled down in Kerala. They were allowed to practice their religion. This further led to the enrichment of the ‘Indian Culture’. St. Thomas brought christianity into the country during this period.
The impact of mugal reign in India is phenomenal. Our life style changed in every walk of life including the cloths we wear, the language we speak, architecture, of which Taj Mahal is the best example. This was not just one sided. Even the Islamic culture was influenced by us. Urdu, for instance, began to written in the devanagri script. Islamic Sufi cult and hindu bhakthi cult made their presence felt. Followers of Guru Nanak, who founded the Sikh religion, soon became popular. The co-existence of hindus and muslims brought more glory to the Indian culture. The mightiest king of Mugal empire, Akbar himself set an example by getting married to a hindu princess. Marathas played a significant role in shaping the Indian culture. Though their kingdom did not grow in size, they had a considerable hold over their region.
Final intruder into India were the Britishers. French, Dutch and portuguese had their eyes on India, but succumbed to the power of Englishmen. The effect of British on the nation need not be told. However, it is important to mention that foundation of industrialization and commercialization was laid by them.
The need for public awareness on the independence triggered the wave of social reforms. This brought major changes the social outlook of the country. Festivals were used to campaign for the Public outcry against British. For instance, Bal Gangadhar Tilak popularised Ganesha festival in Maharastra. Even to this day it is celebrated in a large scale in that region. Social reforms in society took place during that period.
Our culture did not decay as a result of wars, battles or invasions. The influx of their culture preserved our culture and helped it grow. To this day the people are fascinated by the composite culture of ours. Emerging sceanario of our composite culture is tough to predict. The growth of our culture is unparalleled. Truely our culture symbolizes unity in diversity.
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Books are at the intersection of some of the most essential human freedoms, primarily freedom of expression and freedom to publish. These are fragile freedoms, which is one of the reasons why the United Nationspays a worldwide tribute to books and authors on April 23 each year. World Book & Copyright Day is celebrated in a growing number of countries, and is a great opportunity for us all to reflect on and learn about the significant themes of books as vectors of values and knowledge, books as depositories of our heritage, and books as windows onto the diversity of cultures and as tools for dialogue.
Obviously as a Library we may be a little bit biased, but the CSU Library believes this is a great cause to celebrate, so are sharing some wonders from our collection to get you enthused about books, the history of literature, and the curiosity of copyright legislation:
- Book History is an annual journal devoted to every aspect of the history of the book, broadly defined as the history of the creation, dissemination, and reception of script and print.
- A global history of literature and the environment – In this eBook an international group of scholars illustrate the immense riches of environmental writing from the earliest literary periods through to the present day.
- Contemporary legal issues, Intellectual property: Copyright and all that jazz – This video and its panel of guests cover the background and history of copyright law, and the various rights and limitations relevant to copyrighted materials with a focus on downloading music and movies.
- Partial Answers: Journal of Literature and the history of ideas – An international peer reviewed journal that strives to explore ways in which literary texts can be perceived both as works of art and as testing grounds for ideas.
- From Maimonides to Microsoft: the Jewish law of copyright since the birth of print – this eBook traces the historical development of Jewish copyright law, and explores how some of the earliest copyright rulings address the same issues that animate copyright jurisprudence today: Is copyright a property right or just a right to receive fair compensation?
If you have trouble accessing any of these resources, please contact us at the Library for assistance. If you would like to learn more about copyright legislation and what it means for you at university, please take a look at our Using images at University, and Copyright @ CSU Library guides. Please take some time to enjoy World Book & Copyright day, and think about how books help weave humanity together as a single family, where all voices are heard in the great chorus of human aspiration!
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Fiber optic cables aren’t cheap, and a lot of planning goes into installing these cables for your network. These cabling systems deliver telecommunications and high-performance data networking across long distances and are useful for the devices we depend upon. However, pests can damage these valuable cables and cause severe fiber optic damage. Here are five pests that cause fiber optic damage and how to stop them effectively.
Since fiber optic cables are often mounted onto poles and towers, they are easily accessible for squirrels that are expert climbers. There are theories that suggest squirrels like chewing through these cables because of the peanut oil used in manufacturing or to sharpen their teeth. Whatever, the reason, squirrels cause a significant amount of the damage to the home and fiber optic cables in elevated locations.
Fiber optic cables are also attractive to mice, which are known to chew through various types of wiring. Many people wonder why do rodents chew wires at all, and no it’s not out of spite for high-speed technology! The teeth of mice and rats are growing constantly, and wires help to keep those teeth trimmed and effective for eating food.
Termites are best known for eating wood, but they can also do damage to fiber optic cables. These cables can be installed in the ground, which is where termites live and thrive.
Birds can also cause fiber optic cable damage to cables hung above the ground by simply sitting on them in mass numbers. You’ll often see large flocks of birds sitting on overhead cabling, and the grip of their feet can lead to cable failures, as well as their combined weight from nesting on the poles. A bird infestation can cause many home damages, do not let them damage your fiber optic cable as well.
Another animal that is known to defy even the best fiber optic cable protection strategies is the gopher. Gophers are resilient and have not always been scared away by poor-tasting additives put on wires to deter mice. Gophers commonly damage fiber optic cables that are buried underground.
Fiber Optic Cable Protection
If you are concerned about pests around your property and fiber optic protection, Precise Pest Control can help. We are experts in all of the types of pests that infest New Jersey, and we’re committed to protecting what’s important to you and your family. If you notice fiber optic cable damage, pests could be to blame. However, various forms of extermination, pest relocation, and preventative measures can help protect the fiber optic cables that you depend upon. At the first signs of damage, call us at 866-971-2847 or contact us online to look into the situation for you during a free inspection.
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To reach the level of French they want, students need to develop different skills that enable them to communicate in verbal and written forms according to their level.
There are 6 levels of French :
A1 – Beginner
You can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases to satisfy basic practical needs (buying, eating,…). You are capable to introduce yourself and others and you can ask and answer questions about personal details such as where you/they live, people you/they know and things you/they have. You can interact in a simple way if the other person talks slowly and clearly and is prepared to help.
A2 – Elementary
Can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance (e.g. very basic personal and family information, shopping, local geography, employment). Can communicate in simple and routine tasks requiring a simple and direct exchange of information on familiar and routine matters. Can describe in simple terms aspects of their background, immediate environment and matters in areas of immediate need.
B1 – Independent user (intermediate)
Can understand the main points of a clear speech or text about familiar matters related to work, school, leisure, etc. Can deal with most situations likely to arise while traveling in an area where the language is spoken. Can produce simple connected text on topics that are familiar or of personal interest. Can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions and briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans.
B2 – Upper intermediate
Can understand the main ideas of a complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in their field of specialization. Can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without difficulty for them or the learner. Can produce clear, detailed texts on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options.
C1 – Advanced
Can understand a wide range of demanding, long sentences, and recognize implicit meaning. Can express ideas fluently and spontaneously without needing to search for expressions. Can use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic and professional purposes. Can produce clear, well-structured, detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use of organizational patterns, connectors and cohesive devices.
C2 – Proficient
Can understand with ease virtually anything heard or read. Can summarize information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation. Can express themselves spontaneously, very fluently and precisely, differentiating finer shades of meaning even in the most complex situations.
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If you have recently been to a U.S. theme park, it is startling to most to notice the waistlines of American families. Mom and Dad are overweight and more often than not, every child is overweight, too. Many experts were quick to comment that obesity must be related to genetic susceptibility. Really, what about mother and father’s lifestyle and the lifestyle messages they teach their children? That line of thinking may be about to change. According to a French biochemist, “this is the first time that we have shown a trans-generational increase in obesity” linked to omega intake referring to a newly reported study which found that overeating when it is combined with the wrong balance of fats in the diet can cause obesity to be carried over from one generation to the next. Click here to read in further detail.
When Walter Willett, MD, MPH, Chair, Harvard University Department of Nutrition and Fredrick John Stare Professor of Epidemiology and Nutrition, commented in the January 2000 issue of Time magazine that the most significant change in nutritional science of the 20th century was the fact that Americans ‘changed the fats in their diet’. We moved away from dietary sources of omega three and omega six fatty acids to trans hydrogenated fats in increasing amounts with a profound abundance of omega six to omega three fatty acids in our diet. Fats are one of the fundamental three building blocks of our diet (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) essential for cellular membranes, brain function, immune function, hormonal function, cardiovascular health, energy, just to name a few. Books such as “Smart Fats” by Michael Schmidt, DC, CCN and “The Omega Three Connection” by Andrew Stoll, MD are but a few to chronicle what it is essential to get enough good fatty acids in our diet in a proper ratio of omega three: omega six.
As this study notes, the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio in a typical Western diet has shifted from an optimal five-to-one to 40-to-one in the United States. In the breast milk of American women, the average ratio has gone from six-to-one to 18-to-one. American women have the lowest tissue stores of DHA, an important omega three fatty acid, in the world. It has been established that an imbalanced ratio can be linked to conditions such as depression which has become all-too-common among the American population.
Fatty acid deficiency and imbalance are truly public health crises to be addressed by the American scientific and medical community. The epidemic of inflammation related to neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, to cardiovascular/heart disease, to immune system imbalances such as autoimmune diseases, to allergies and asthma, to the risk of stroke, hormonal imbalances, behavior and learning disabilities are all related to this very fatty acid deficiency and imbalance. Europe embraced this beginning with important research in the decades of the 1960s and 1970s. The U.S. was a ‘slow adopter’ and only recently did the American Heart Association and its physician community embrace adequate good fats for heart health.
It is critical that every American physician follow the lead of the integrative medical community which began in 1980 thanks to educational leaders like Jeffrey Bland, PhD to address, educate, and empower their patients regarding fatty acid sufficiency and balance. Future generations will depend upon the conventional medical community embracing this research and making sure it is the standard of care for all Americans and for future generations. We cannot afford to wait as heart doctors waited for years to embrace essential fatty acids. Integrative medicine has long made fatty acid sufficiency and fatty acid balance the standard of care for medical practice. It is critical that conventional medicine include this critical nutrient for every American as well.
Deborah Ray, MT (ASCP)
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In a world filled with concrete jungles and technological marvels, it is easy to forget the incredible beauty and complexity that surrounds us every day. Nature, with its diverse array of flora and fauna, has always captivated and inspired mankind. From the towering mountains to the vast oceans, each corner of our planet offers a unique tapestry of life waiting to be discovered.
With every step we take into the great outdoors, we are greeted with a symphony of sights, sounds, and scents that awakens our senses and transports us to a realm untouched by human hands. The vibrant colors of a blooming flower, the melodic chirping of birds in the trees, and the invigorating aroma of a forest after rainfall – these are the moments that remind us of the wonders that lie just beyond our doorstep.
But nature is not merely a provider of aesthetic pleasure; it is a complex web of interconnectedness and adaptation that has taken millions of years to evolve. From the microscopic organisms that thrive in the depths of the ocean to the majestic predators that roam the savannas, every living creature has a role to play in maintaining the delicate balance of our ecosystems. Nature’s intricate design, honed through countless generations, is a testament to the incredible resilience and ingenuity of life itself.
What is the article about?
The article is about the importance of regular exercise for maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
Why is exercise important?
Exercise is important because it helps improve cardiovascular health, strengthen muscles, control weight, and boost mood and mental well-being.
How often should one exercise?
It is recommended to aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week, along with muscle-strengthening activities at least twice a week.
What are some examples of aerobic exercises?
Aerobic exercises include brisk walking, running, swimming, cycling, and dancing.
What are the long-term benefits of regular exercise?
Long-term benefits of regular exercise include reduced risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes, improved bone density, increased longevity, and enhanced overall quality of life.
What is the article about?
The article is about the impact of climate change on global agriculture and food security.
How does climate change affect agriculture?
Climate change affects agriculture in multiple ways. Rising temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events such as droughts and floods can lead to reduced crop yields and decreased productivity. Additionally, shifts in temperature and precipitation patterns can also affect the prevalence of pests and diseases, further impacting agricultural production.
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Earlier this year, our Founder visited St. Louis, Missouri—the Gateway to the West. On this trip, we visited the Gateway Arch’s museum and learned a bit about the westward expansion of the US in the 1800s and how existing sanitation contributed to its progress.
A small hint – it made it really crappy.
The Westward Expansion & St. Louis
European settlers started moving to the St. Louis area in the late 18th/early 19th centuries as a popular trading post, though Native Americans had been in St. Louis for longer than white settlers. The French were the first to claim the area, though they sold it to the Americans in 1803 through the Louisiana Purchase.
While many trails west popped up from Missouri, one famous trail was the Oregon Trail, which spread 2,000 miles from Missouri to (you guessed it) Oregon. The Oregon Trail started with fur traders and trappers and was further fueled by the gold rush.
The westward expansion was dangerous. Most of the danger came from fecal contamination in water that made people sick.
Disease didn’t just spread because of St. Louis – the trails were known for being dangerous and gross. The trails had popular camping spots with no sanitation systems like sewers to keep travelers safe. People would use the nearby rivers for three major purposes: (1) to get drinking water, (2) to wash things, and (3) to dispose of waste – from poo to animal carcasses and food scraps. This meant that if one person was sick, everyone else became sick.
The sanitation challenges of westward expansion helped shape how we approach water management today. St. Louis's 1850s response to cholera represents one of America's first systematic attempts at urban water management, a system that both helped and haunted the city as it grew. The deadly consequences of mixing drinking water sources with waste disposal along the western trails taught us the crucial importance of source water protection, leading to modern practices of designating and safeguarding drinking water sources.
These historical lessons directly influenced the development of separate storm and sanitary sewers, water treatment facilities, and watershed protection regulations that we rely on today. Cities now carefully zone their water infrastructure, test water quality regularly, and maintain a strict separation between drinking water sources and waste disposal—all practices born from the harsh lessons of our westward expansion. As water utilities face new challenges from aging infrastructure and climate change, these historical examples continue to inform how we adapt our water management systems for a sustainable future.
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It seems that, from the very beginning, oil has always gotten all of the attention. Striking oil was the goal — hitting a gusher; dancing and getting covered in a fountain of black was a symbol of sudden and unknown wealth; black gold; Texas tea. Floating to victory in world wars on an ocean of oil.
But with the highly sought-after oil there always seemed to be what was considered a nuisance, if not a hazard, that came up the wellbore — natural gas. Drillers had to get through the gas to get to the oil. Sometimes the gas created hazardous conditions that caused kicks and blowouts, damaging the well and injuring, even killing, personnel. If the dangers caused by high-pressure gas weren’t enough to make you wary, there were also the lethal consequences of drilling into sour gas — even minimal levels of hydrogen sulfide could kill you instantaneously. Simply put, natural gas was viewed as a headache, or a hazard, or both.
Over time, however, that has changed in a big way. Now, natural gas is playing an increasingly important role in generating electricity, providing fuel and serving as the feedstock for the manufacture of an endless list of technological, industrial, commercial, and consumer products. “Ol’ King Coal” is fading into the sunset, and natural gas is replacing it as the preferred energy source for power plants. Renewables, like wind and solar, get the media coverage, but which energy source will be the one that everyone depends on when the wind isn’t blowing and the sun isn’t shining? Natural gas. According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), in 2017, 62 percent of the electricity generated in the U.S. was by power plants run on fossil fuels; 32 percent was natural gas, and only 29 percent was coal.
Natural gas has also made its mark in the fuel sector. Companies like UPS, AT&T, Waste Management, and Frito-Lay, as well as state and local governments, are converting their fleet vehicles from diesel to compressed natural gas. Of course, consumers are most familiar with using natural gas to heat their homes and power their home appliances. Natural gas also provides us with propane, used for fuel and outdoor cooking; and butane, used in lighters, aerosols, and as a source for petrochemicals.
It is likely that the most anonymous, but extremely significant, role that natural gas has played in our modern economy is in providing the essential feedstock for plastics, in the form of ethane, which is turned into ethylene, then polyethylene, and then into countless forms of packaging and products. Ethane is the feedstock for almost one-half of all plastics production in the U.S.
In addition to the ever-increasing market for plastics domestically and exporting polyethylene pellets around the world, there is also now a significant increase in exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) from the U.S. to the world market. Only 15 years ago, the Texas Legislature was planning to permit import facilities for LNG along our Gulf Coast because the conventional wisdom was that the U.S. was running out of natural gas.
Then the shale revolution happened. Now, LNG export facilities can’t be built fast enough. The U.S. first started exporting LNG in 2016, when the first facility was opened in Louisiana. Since then, the rush has been on, with seven more facilities in Texas, 24 in all in the U.S., and more to come. In fact, it’s now predicted that, by the end of 2019, the U.S. will be the third-largest LNG exporter, behind only Australia and Qatar. Of course, contributing to this enormous new market is Texas, which produces nearly 30 percent of all natural gas in the U.S. If Texas were its own country (it’s always fun to write that), we would be the third-largest natural-gas producing country in the world.
Geopolitically, it’s no small thing that the U.S. can now be the source of natural gas to countries like Poland and Germany, displacing Russia from that perilous position of leverage over our allies. Our LNG exports to China and India are also rapidly increasing, which helps us politically but also is playing a significant role in reducing the CO2 emissions in those countries by replacing their coal-fired power plants. The increased use of natural gas over coal is the primary reason that the U.S. has seen it’s CO2 emissions decline every year over the past decade to 1992 levels, while CO2 emissions globally increased 50 percent during the same period.
With significant growth in any industry comes the challenge of being able to provide the supporting pieces of the infrastructure puzzle. Here, it’s the need for pipelines to transport the natural gas from production sites to refineries and LNG-export facilities. In Texas, the current challenge is building those pipelines to carry natural gas (and crude oil) from the Permian Basin to the Gulf Coast. Fortunately, the industry has been in rapid-response mode, and new pipelines are scheduled to start operating later this year and over the next couple of years. In addition, new pipelines are being built to carry even more natural gas to Mexico.
The shale revolution seemingly awakened a sleeping giant because, not only are we producing enough natural gas in the U.S. to now be a net exporter, but we have an incredible supply into the distant future. The Potential Gas Committee (an industry group that regularly assesses our domestic natural-gas supply) estimates that we have 2.817 quadrillion cubic feet of technically-recoverable natural-gas reserves — in laymen’s terms, that means “a helluva lot of gas.”
Even so, it’s painful to realize that an awful lot of natural gas will never be put to good use because it has had to be flared into the sky. To produce oil, you have to take the gas, too. When you produce too much oil, you can store it in tanks until you can sell it. When you produce gas, you have to put it into a pipeline immediately — there’s no way to store it. Since we’re producing more gas than we have pipelines to take it, the only option is to dispose of it. In the Permian Basin alone, operators are having to flare about 320 mmcfd (enough to take care of the daily needs of Montana or New Hampshire) — roughly $1 million going up in smoke.
Natural gas has become a star in its own right. It’s part of an all-star cast of abundant natural resources in the Lone Star State; those stars are big and bright — deep in the heart of Texas.
About the author: Bill Keffer is a contributing columnist to SHALE Oil & Gas Business Magazine. He teaches at the Texas Tech University School of Law and continues to consult. He also served in the Texas Legislature from 2003 to 2007.
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Every year, millions of people around the world are injured at work. Occasionally, these injuries are fatal. Not only do workplace accidents result in pain and suffering for the casualty, but they also come at a cost to the organization in terms of profit, productivity, and reputation.
In this course, you will learn how and why taking ergonomic factors into account when designing a job or workplace lowers the chances of an accident. You will discover how successful businesses manage the most common workplace risks and why it is important to consider the work culture as a whole when making changes designed to improve worker safety and wellbeing.
You Will Learn:
- What is meant by the term “ergonomics” and why it is necessary to consider the nature of the job, worker characteristics, and organizational factors when making decisions that could impact upon worker health and safety.
- What the term “procedure” means, how procedures are carried out, what to bear in mind when designing a procedure, how and why procedural errors occur, and the link between procedures and competence.
- How to ensure that workers undertake manual handling tasks in a safe and efficient manner and how to limit the number of manual handling tasks carried out at work.
- Why fatigue is a risk factor in the workplace and how to ensure the welfare of shift workers.
- Why it is important to promote a culture of safety at work, why making changes can pose difficulties, and how to overcome resistance to change.
Benefits of Studying This Course
- You will be in a position to identify health and safety risks in the workplace, to identify job design problems, and to alert your supervisor or manager to issues that require attention.
- If you work in an HR role or have been given special responsibility for health and safety at work, you will benefit from this introduction to the interaction between ergonomic factors and accident prevention.
- If you are a manager, this course will help you to educate your team with regard to health and safety issues, thus promoting a safe working environment.
- If you are in a senior management position, this course will give you the confidence and knowledge you need to inspire the active development of a positive safety culture.
- If you are interested in a career in ergonomics or health and safety, this course will provide you with an overview of the key issues confronting organizations today.
Who can take the course?
Anyone who has an interest in learning more about this subject matter is encouraged to take the course. There are no entry requirements to take the course.
What is the structure of the course?
The course is broken down into 5 individual modules. Each module takes between 20 and 90 minutes on average to study. Although you are free to spend as much or as little time as you feel necessary on each module, simply log in and out of the course at your convenience.
Where / when can I study the course?
You can study the course any time you like. Simply log in and out of the web-based course as often as you require. The course is compatible with all computers, tablet devices, and smartphones so you can even study while on the move!
Is there a test at the end of the course?
Once you have completed all modules there is a multiple-choice test. The questions will be on a range of topics found within the modules. The test, like the course, is online and can be taken a time and location of your choosing.
What is the pass mark for the final test?
The pass mark for the test is 70%. If you don’t pass the test the first time you will get further opportunities to take the test again after extra study. There are no limits to the number of times you can take the test. All test retakes are included within the price of the course.
When will I receive my certificate?
Once you have completed your test you can log in to your account and download/print your certificate any time you need it.
How long does it take to complete the course?
We estimate that the course will take about 2.5 hours to complete in total, plus an additional 30 minutes for the end of course test.
- Module 01: Steps to Minimise Workplace Related Injuries
- Module 02: Reducing Risk of Injury When Designing Interiors
- Module 03: Preventing Injury via Appropriate Manual Handling
- Module 04: Shift Work, Fatigue and Safety
- Module 05: Building a Safe Organisational Culture
Course Access: Lifetime
Exams Included: Yes
Compatibility: All major browsers/devices
Need to train your Team? Contact Us for Discounts on Multiple Subscription Purchases.
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We are dealing in a wide range of building blocks which have several functional benefits across many domains, such as engineering, child development, therapy and education. These are made to boost skill development, problem-solving attitude, creativity, and hands-on learning. Supplied games function as the prized tool for both children as well as adults. Building blocks can be utilized for physical therapy so as to assist the patients recovering strength. All of these games are helpful in improving the cognitive and fine motor abilities to fight against the physical challenges. These can be used during the training and educational programs so that all construction techniques and safety practices can be taught.
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A common household contains a large number of electrical appliances that are used for food preparation (toaster, microwave, etc.), for personal care (hair dryer, iron, etc.) and for leisure (e.g. television). The devices are either used to generate heat or they emit heat during operation (e.g. waste heat from circuit boards). The heat can accelerate the emission of organic compounds (e.g. flame retardants in circuit boards or casings) or - at very high temperatures - cause the formation of undesirable organic compounds. In addition, it has been established in recent years that many household appliances are a source of particle emissions. The formation mechanisms and possible health effects have not yet been conclusively researched.
The influence of household appliances on indoor air is particularly evident when cooking. Water, aromatic substances and even grease aerosols can be released. The influence of household appliances on indoor air is particularly evident when cooking. Water, aromatic substances and even grease aerosols can be released. If these are not removed by a kitchen hood or intensive ventilation, they can settle on surfaces and form a film. Water is particularly problematic here, as condensed water on walls can contribute to mold growth.
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Shingles, commonly known as herpes zoster, is a virus that attacks the brain's cranial nerves. It's caused by the varicella zoster virus, which is also responsible for chicken pox. Because the virus can remain dormant in the human body for several years, everyone who has had chicken pox before is at risk of acquiring shingles. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), one million cases of shingles were reported in the United States in 2018. Furthermore, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that one out of every three people in the United States will develop shingles at some point in their lives.
The Shingles Vaccine Market has extended across the globe, with Europe, North America, the Middle East and Africa, Asia Pacific, and Latin America all having a share. In the next years, the North American region is expected to occupy a prominent position in the market. The presence of important competitors in the region has contributed to the market's growth. Between 2016 and 2024, North America and Europe are estimated to account for the majority of the market. The market in North America is likely to rise because to rising demand in the United States, while the market in Europe is expected to grow due to increased therapeutic demand from the European Union.
The risk of shingles increases with age, with the majority of occurrences occurring in adults over the age of 40.This is primarily due to a weakened immune system as a result of increased stress and insufficient consumption of vital nutrients to maintain immunity. Skin rashes, nerve discomfort, eyesight loss, cold, upset stomach, muscle weakness, skin infection, and scarring are some of the symptoms. Antiviral medications such as acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir are used to treat shingles. These medications aid in reducing the length and intensity of the sickness. Furthermore, analgesics may aid in pain relief.
Over the projected period, the Asia Pacific shingles vaccine market is expected to develop at the fastest rate. In the region, particularly in China and India, there is a large potential market that has to be exploited. Companies would benefit from active marketing and differential pricing to strengthen their market position in Asia Pacific.
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The Sound has always had a special meaning for me. As a boy, when I went rodfishing with my father for herring in the fall, when they gather in massive schools, or later when I as a student studied the unique biodiversity of fish in the Sound. So when the opportunity arose to be part of the movement to protect the rich nature of the Sound, my backyard, it was like a dream.
During our first days, we have been lucky to have mild southeastern winds which have allowed us to spend time in the northern part of the Sound. Today we were working in what is locally known as “Kilen”, a Danish nickname for a triangular area touching the northern border of the Sound. Though the area is an important area for breeding cod, it is the only exception from the trawl fishing ban that was imposed in the Sound in 1932.
When we launched the ROV, the effect of the trawling activities was visible as trenches in the seafloor. Outside those trenches, the seafloor was inhabited by beautiful seapens (Pennatula phosphorea and Virgularia mirabilis), rising from the seafloor resembling small crimson trees. Between them, were lying dragonets (Callionymus sp.) . In holes in the seafloor, you could see the siphons of buried clams or catch a glimpse of a Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) retreating to its burrow when the lights of the ROV came too close. There is no doubt that the Sound is a truly diverse area, and I look forward to documenting its rich nature.
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Access to Healthful Food: Poor eating habits and obesity may be more prevalent in neighborhoods with poor access to food shops and fresh vegetables.
Walkability: Communities with parks and walkways for pedestrians can promote physical activity and lessen dependency on automobiles.
Recreational Space Availability: Having parks, playgrounds, and other recreational areas encourages physical activity and builds a healthy community.
Public Transportation: By promoting walking to and from transit stations, accessible public transportation alternatives may help minimize sedentary behavior.
Safety concerns: There may be fewer options for exercise due to high crime rates and hazardous surroundings that discourage outdoor physical activity.
Infrastructure Designed to Encourage riding: Bike lanes and bike-sharing schemes can encourage riding as a means of transportation, which can help with weight control.
Marketing of Unhealthy Foods: Being around a lot of fast-food restaurants and being exposed to their marketing can have an impact on dietary decisions and lead to obesity.
Community Involvement: Including local communities in urban planning choices and launching healthy living campaigns can have a good effect on neighborhood layout and help fight obesity.
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As me, most people start of creating music in the comfort of their own home, since most of us do not have the financials to build or rent a studio.
Over the years, I have gathered a few tricks that I share with you, here and now.
To understand how to create an (as) optimal (as you can get at home) environment you need to know what happens to the sound in a room. And not as your ear hears it, but as the microphone registers it.
As you might have already read in the “What is Sound?”-section of Guide of Sound, you know that each soundwave has a (or rather many) frequency. The frequency is measured as the length it takes for a cycle to complete (or the distance between two wave tops). The reason for bringing this up again is that should you, in your room, have two parallel surfaces, say two walls or the floor and the roof, there is a fixed distance between those surfaces. As your sound travels through the room, it will bounce back and forth on all hard surfaces, and if you are unlucky, your sound source emits a frequency that is an exact match (or double, or triple, or quadruple etc) of the length between two parallel surfaces in your room. This cause a “standing wave” and it boosts the amplitude of this particular frequency, making it louder than every other frequency your sound source have emitted. So you have to watch out for standing waves (in reality, it is hard to create them at home, but you should be aware of them).
What is far more common at home is that you have hard surfaces here and there, like the walls, a painting with cover glass, bookshelves, a roof and a floor, windows, furniture etc.
On every flat and hard surface the sound wave have the opportunity (and it will use it) to bounce off in another direction. This is what causes the sound of the room giving the room its character. In most cases (far from all cases) the sound of the room is unwanted, so you have to listen to how your room sounds through a microphone before you start making changes.
Put the mic where you intend to use it to capture your sound source. Listen in headphones while you stand in front of the mic clapping or snapping your fingers or create a noise with your mouth (I will not assume you can sing).
You will probably hear that even if you stand rather close to the mic, you will have (unwanted) support from the room itself, giving your sound source its own colour and ambience.
In cases where the ambience is indeed unwanted, there are a number of things you can do to reduce it. Be creative, use your imagination and stuff you have at home.
Here are a bunch of stuff you can try:
- Break parallel surfaces. Use what you’ve got, if you have a bookshelf with books (or movies or CD’s), make sure that they are standing irregularly (yeah, I know, it looks terrible, but it will help to break the sound waves from bouncing around in your room).
- Put pillows or a mattress on the floor, cover things with blankets and other soft materials.
- Cover windows (no not on your computer screen) with curtains or blankets.
- Open your wardrobe and put the mic in front of it, so you actually sing(?) straight into your closet.
- Use your winter clothing and put it all over the room.
- Turn the TV or computer screen so its flat hard surface does not face another flat and hard surface.
- Towels, if you have read the Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, you know you should never be without a towel, spread them around together with your clothes, defy your mother and build small piles with clothes here and there on the floor and on the tables. Does not matter if they are clean or not.
- Turn a bookshelf and pad the back with your mattress and pillows and blankets, creating a small, isolated (well padded) space to put your mic to minimize the room ambiance.
In other words, use what you’ve got. All soft materials will help to break the bouncing of the sound creating less ambience, giving you a more dry signal from your sound source.
Don’t forget to listen to the mic in your headphones as you keep making the changes in your room, so you know how it affects the character of the room!
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Within an organization’s vast datasets are millions—even billions—of multifaceted relationships and dependencies that can define your business and solve your biggest challenges. Network graphs are a powerful tool for examining such connections between these data points, but as organizational data has grown more complex and robust, generating and accurately analyzing network graphs using traditional methods has become difficult.
Thanks to innovations like Virtualitics’ Network Extractor and Explainable AI (XAI), it’s easier than ever to create and leverage the unparalleled insights that network graphs provide.
There is Power in Networks
Networks consist of a set of entities and relationships between pairs of entities, and they appear all around us.
These entities, often referred to as nodes, can represent a wide range of things such as individuals, organizations, products, or any other discrete entities of interest. The connections between nodes, known as edges, encompass various types of relationships such as:
- Social Networks consisting of people and the friendships between them
- Protein-Protein Interaction Networks consisting of the protein complexes in a cell and the interactions between them
- The Internet consisting of web pages and the hyperlinks connecting them
The best way to study these networks is through a network graph, which is a framework for representing and analyzing relationships between interconnected entities.
One of the network graphs’ key strengths lies in its flexibility. Unlike traditional tabular data representations, which struggle to surface complex relationships, network graphs excel at depicting the intricate web of connections inherent in many real-world datasets.
However, the inherent complexity of business data and the scale of the networks require advanced analytics and techniques just to generate the right network graph, let alone derive insights from it.
Hiring the multidisciplinary talent needed—from backgrounds such as data science, network science, computer science, and other domain-specific areas depending on the business’ industry—is more difficult than ever. Gartner reports that current demand for tech talent, including those in data science, greatly outstrips supply and this trend will continue until at least 2026.
Fortunately, there are new AI-driven technologies that make it possible for anyone to generate and analyze powerful network graphs.
A New Way to Unlock the Potential of Network Graphs
Virtualitics gives data and business analysts the ability to visualize, explore, and understand relationships based on multiple attributes—no matter their skill level. Key insights are automatically surfaced from these network graphs, ensuring stakeholders don’t miss any connections integral to making the best business decisions. There are two critical features that enable this: our Network Extractor and Network XAI routines.
Let’s take a closer look at how both of these patented innovations work:
Our Network Extractor methods leverage AI to generate 3D network graphs directly from complex, tabular datasets with either categorical or numerical features. This automated technology requires no coding, enabling analysts to unlock hidden patterns and relationships within data with unprecedented ease and efficiency.
One of the strengths of Virtualitics is our ability to help anyone—regardless of data science skill or background—analyze and find meaning in their data. The way we do this is with our proprietary XAI innovations, which guides data exploration using plain language and transparent explanations of what properties of the data characterize network communities and distinguish them from one another.
So, whether it’s exploring the connections between fuel, budget, emissions, and supply chains to optimize manufacturing performance or uncovering the network of interactions between patient symptoms, demographics, genetic markers, and more to find valuable trends across communities, Virtualitics’ Network Extractor and Network XAI help identify influential nodes and surface meaningful insights from data like never before.
Extract Maximum Value From Your Data
Network graphs empower users to get even more competitive advantage out of their data. By leveraging the flexibility of network graphs and the transformative capabilities of Virtualitics’ Network Extractor and Network XAI capabilities, businesses can stay ahead of the curve and make data-driven decisions with confidence.
You can hear more about using explainable AI to generate and analyze network graphs in my recent presentation to Indiana University. Thank you to the university for the invitation!
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There are many suggestions for this issue., like famous musicians, and teachers. Some tips are really helpful. But there are also many misconceptions about this., embedded in an elementary misunderstanding of the physics of impact. Such advice becomes problematic not only for the learning process., but also subsequently undermine our budget, since heads and plates quickly wear out and become nothing more than consumables
Let's consider what is happening from the point of view of physics.
A blow - this is a dynamic hand throw of a stick onto a drum, as a result of which the interaction of bodies occurs, their mutual reflection and redistribution kinetic energy.
As a result of the redistribution of kinetic energy, drum plastic, vibrating, produces sound vibrations (that's why the drums are called “membranophones”). In this moment impact volume on the drum directly depends on kinetic energy of the stick.
Kinetic energy depends on mass of the stick and its speed at the moment of impact.
For example, when the mass of the stick doubles, its kinetic energy will also double. A with growth stick speed at two times, her energy upon impact will increase already in 4 times!
Conclusion - if your goal is to increase the volume of the impact, then you can:
- increase mass sticks;
- increase it length;
- increase it speed at the moment of contact with the surface of the drum.
Let's start with masses.
Some drummers come to this on their own, other, on the advice of the teacher, take heavier sticks. Basically, it works, given that, that your equipment has been brought to a professional level.
But each of us knows, How inert are objects with greater mass?. They are more difficult to move or stop (for comparison, try to move a car and a truck weighing several tons).
The same thing happens with the drumstick. – with more weight in hand; your movements will become more difficult. The increased length of the stick also adds inertia when accelerating it to strike., which also leads to a slowdown.
The situation can be made even worse, increasing the mass due to the so-called “investment” of the mass of the hand into the blow. With this approach, inertia will increase in direct proportion. Mass of the hand (and this is several kg) very difficult to learn to control. If your drum heads have dents, if the sticks serve less than the prescribed period, so this is the first sign, that you put a lot more effort into your punches, what is needed for good sound production. You can say, that only a small part of the energy is used to create the sound of the drums, the rest goes to their destruction. This is an obvious flaw in the drummer's picking technique..
Speed sticks, like linear, so and angular, depend on the magnitude of the acceleration, which we communicate to her with the muscular energy of the hand. The final velocity upon impact is also affected by time impact of this acceleration (for example - the longer we accelerate our car with constant acceleration, the higher its final speed, and the longer the distance he will go). In the case of a stick, it will increase amplitude strikes, in this case the determining factor is time for its implementation. Obviously, that at a slow speed we will always “have time” to play a blow with a larger amplitude, than at a fast pace...
With a constructive approach to learning, increase in amplitude stick movements occurs automatically, as a result of a subtle approach to the development and improvement of synchronization of the work of hand segments (legs) and natural growth of mobility of the entire gaming device.
Most effective, from a physics point of view, way to increase speed sticks at the moment of impact - this is to determine the desired acceleration forward movement of the stick and its angular acceleration, what's called control (wand control).
This approach involves the systematic development of special types of muscle groups in our hands., their reactions to the development of speed and the formation of synchronization skills.
Drum kit, like other musical instruments, has its intellectual side, therefore the conceptual approach to drummer's hand placement based precisely on the principles of sound production listed above.
Play the Drums Smartly:)
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Everyone faces potential hazards in their home. Unguarded fires, badly fused plugs, carelessness with chip pans etc, can cause accidents. Safety is important for everyone. For the person with epilepsy there can be additional risks. Those whose seizures are well controlled may need to take a few extra precautions whereas people with frequent seizures will need to take particular care especially if there is likely to be a sudden loss of consciousness without warning. This section of our website gives further information on how to make your home a seizure smart home, and factors to consider around your home should you or the person you care for experience a seizure in different areas of your household.
Open fires are a hazard if a person might fall and lose consciousness. Sturdy fireguards like those used for young children are essential. These should be securely fixed to a wall or floorboards so that they cannot be knocked over during a seizure. Stoves can become very hot and need to be guarded in the same way as open fires.
Lightweight, freestanding heaters are easily knocked over. Open element electric heaters and gas heaters are dangerous to someone who might fall across them. Radiator guards may help protect from heat injuries but edges and corners shouldn’t be too sharp. Radiators which are too close to the floor may cause a person to become wedged in a seizure and it’s best if these are mounted higher up to prevent this. Hot pipes can be covered to reduce risk of burns also.
Trailing electric flexes are potentially dangerous, as they can result in an appliance being pulled over during a seizure, which could cause a fire or entanglement in the flex.
Glass and Mirrors
Safety glass can be used for glass doors and windows so it doesn’t shatter on impact. Alternatively, rolls of safety film can be applied to glass surfaces to prevent dangerous splintering. Avoid using glass tables and freestanding glass or mirrored items where possible. Mirrors can be mounted securely on walls.
Pot handles should always be turned away so that pots are less likely to be accidentally knocked over during seizures. A cooker guard or rail is recommended. Avoid carrying dishes of hot food or liquid. Using a food trolley is helpful to move hot dishes. If cooking for a number of people, use several small dishes instead of one large one to reduce the risk from lifting a large dish of hot food from the oven. Using a microwave cooker reduces the risk of burns from direct heat sources.
Built in presses and secured appliances are less likely to become loose during seizures. Cordless appliances with automatic cut-off switches are preferable. Try to secure appliances to walls or counters where possible. Keeping water levels lower in kettles reduces the risk of scald injuries in seizures. Depending on the frequency and nature of seizures consider avoiding or reducing the use of sharp kitchen tools.
Hard tiled surfaces can lead to impact injuries during falls. Coarse carpets can lead to friction burns. Safety matting helps reduce risks.
Water, even at very low levels, is a hazard and taking baths isn’t recommended, especially for someone on their own with uncontrolled seizures. Drowning in the bath is the most common accidental death among people with epilepsy. For someone with uncontrolled seizures, bathing is a greater risk. However, if there is only a bath available it’s safest to attach a shower hose for washing and keep the plug out to allow drainage. Sitting in the bath and using the shower hose reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of falling and sinking in water. Avoid using very hot water to reduce the risk of scalding. Any risk of water inhalation in a seizure needs urgent medical attention. Let someone in the home know if you are using the bathroom.
Showers are safer than baths and while they are not risk free, they are easier to adapt. Avoid shower bases with high sides where water could be trapped if a fall occurred. If the seizures are frequent and unpredictable always let someone know that you are taking a shower. A shower chair reduces the risk of falling from a standing position. Shower curtains can be an entanglement risk so shatterproof safety glass or perspex may be better. Make sure that water temperature is controlled. A water timer can ensure water is cut off at a pre-set time.
If possible, it is best to hang the door so that it opens outwards then the door would not be blocked if a person fell against it. Locks are best avoided so that help can be quickly at hand if needed. Some people use special safety locks that can be operated from outside in an emergency. Others find that an “engaged” notice hung over the outside door handle is all that is needed. Tight spaces between sinks and toilets can be a risk if the person becomes wedged. Place some safe items in these spaces which will not pose a risk. Remove glass shelving and attach mirrors to walls.
Seizures during sleep are not so different from waking seizures except for where they happen so it is helpful to consider bedroom safety. Use low good sized beds with padded headboards. Many people prefer to avoid soft pillows, use a ventilated pillow or no pillow at all. Smoking in bed is very unsafe for a person with epilepsy. Keep heavy furniture and lockers away from bedside to prevent injury during a fall. Built in furniture is preferable to freestanding which could be knocked over in some kinds of seizures. Consider using a safety mat on the floor if the person tends to fall out of bed during seizures. This will prevent carpet burn from coarse carpets. Such mats are similar to those used in gyms or to foam mats. Top bunks aren’t safe for people with active seizures. Wall mounted lamps pose less risks than bedside lamps which are easily knocked over. Hanging the door to be opened from outside will allow access to someone in a seizure.
If a parent has epilepsy and there are young children in the family it is important to make sure that the children cannot wander off unsupervised. Garden gates need good locks. Hard landscaping and ornamental features can be a risk in falls. Remove those that can be taken away. Ponds and open water are best covered with mesh. Grass and decking are safer than hard surfaces if falls are frequent. Coarse gravel may cause skin injuries in falls. Wooden fencing may be safer than metal railings.
Remember that medication is dangerous for small children. Pills and tablets are easily mistaken for sweets and the child who has watched a parent take medication may try to copy them. Anti-Seizure Medications and other medications should be securely locked away and you need to be safety conscious about pills carried around in pockets and bags if there is a child about.
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Skin cancer has emerged as one of the most common types of cancer globally, affecting an estimated 1 in 5 Americans during their lifetime. It primarily manifests in three forms: melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. While advances in medical science have improved detection and treatment options, the journey through skin cancer is often marked by profound challenges that extend beyond the immediate physical implications.
The most alarming aspect of skin cancer is its increasing prevalence, largely driven by factors such as prolonged sun exposure, indoor tanning, and a lack of awareness about protective measures. Each year, the American Academy of Dermatology reports more than 5 million skin cancer cases treated in the United States alone, underscoring a pressing public health concern that requires attention.
However, the diagnosis of skin cancer carries with it a heavy emotional and psychological burden. Patients frequently experience significant anxiety, fear, and uncertainty regarding their future. The potential for disfigurement from surgeries or other treatments can lead to a crisis of self-esteem and body image, affecting personal relationships and social interactions. This emotional toll is compounded by the stigma often associated with visible skin conditions, leaving many feeling isolated during a time when support is crucial.
Moreover, the financial implications of skin cancer can be staggering. The costs of treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and regular dermatological check-ups, can strain family budgets and lead to long-term financial instability. Many patients face not only medical expenses but also lost wages due to time away from work, adding another layer of stress to an already challenging situation.
In this article, we will explore the multifaceted negative aspects of skin cancer, encompassing its physical health consequences, emotional impacts, societal dynamics, and the barriers to prevention and early detection. By understanding the complexities surrounding skin cancer, we can foster greater awareness and empathy, paving the way for improved support and advocacy for those affected by this pervasive disease.
The Negative Aspects of Skin Cancer
1. Physical Health Consequences
The initial symptoms of skin cancer can be both alarming and confusing, often presenting as changes to the skin that are difficult to ignore. Skin cancer may manifest in various ways, including:
- New Growths: The appearance of new moles or growths on the skin is a common sign. These may vary in size, shape, and color, often appearing darker or more irregular than surrounding skin. The ABCDE rule (Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, and Evolving) is a helpful guideline for identifying potentially cancerous moles.
- Changes in Existing Moles: Individuals may notice existing moles becoming larger, changing color, or displaying irregular borders. Such changes warrant immediate medical evaluation.
- Persistent Sores: Non-healing sores, or ulcers, that bleed, crust over, or do not heal within a few weeks can be indicative of skin cancer. These sores can be painful and lead to secondary infections.
- Itching, Tenderness, and Pain: Many patients experience localized itching or tenderness around cancerous areas, which can escalate into significant discomfort. The presence of lesions may interfere with daily activities, making it difficult to concentrate or engage in routine tasks.
These physical manifestations serve as a constant reminder of the illness, often exacerbating feelings of anxiety and distress for the affected individuals.
Treatment Side Effects
The treatment modalities for skin cancer are diverse and tailored to the specific type and stage of the disease. However, they frequently come with a range of side effects that can significantly impact the patient’s physical well-being:
- Surgery: Surgical intervention is a common approach for localized skin cancers. While procedures like excision, Mohs surgery, or cryotherapy can effectively remove cancerous tissue, they can also result in scarring, swelling, and pain at the surgical site. Recovery may involve discomfort that hampers daily activities, and patients may require physical therapy if mobility is affected.
- Chemotherapy: Although systemic chemotherapy is less common for skin cancers compared to other cancer types, it is sometimes utilized for advanced melanoma. The side effects of chemotherapy can be extensive and debilitating, including severe fatigue, nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and increased susceptibility to infections due to immune suppression. These symptoms can create a cycle of discomfort, limiting a patient’s ability to maintain their usual lifestyle and activities.
- Radiation Therapy: Radiation is often used when surgery is not an option or as an adjunct to ensure all cancerous cells are eliminated. While effective, it can cause localized skin irritation, redness, and peeling, similar to severe sunburn. Patients might also experience fatigue and changes in skin texture, which can persist long after treatment has concluded.
Long-Term Health Effects
The repercussions of skin cancer extend far beyond the initial diagnosis and treatment. Survivors face several long-term health challenges, including:
- Recurrence and Secondary Cancers: Individuals who have experienced skin cancer are at a heightened risk for recurrence or developing other skin cancers. Studies suggest that the risk of a second primary melanoma is particularly significant. This potential for recurrence creates a constant source of anxiety for survivors, often necessitating lifelong dermatological surveillance.
- Chronic Skin Changes: Survivors may experience lasting changes to their skin, including discoloration, changes in elasticity, or the formation of new growths. These alterations can be a source of embarrassment and may require ongoing dermatological care.
- Psychosocial Effects: The physical manifestations of skin cancer, such as scars or skin texture changes, can have profound effects on self-esteem and body image. Individuals may feel self-conscious about their appearance, which can impact social interactions and relationships. The psychological burden of surviving skin cancer often includes anxiety and depression, leading to further deterioration of overall health.
2. Emotional and Psychological Impact
Receiving a diagnosis of skin cancer can trigger a whirlwind of emotions, often resulting in significant mental health challenges. The emotional toll is profound and can manifest in several ways:
- Anxiety: Many individuals experience heightened anxiety following a skin cancer diagnosis. The uncertainty of prognosis, treatment efficacy, and the fear of recurrence can lead to chronic worry and stress. Patients may find themselves constantly monitoring their skin for new changes, leading to obsessive behaviors that can further exacerbate anxiety levels.
- Depression: The emotional weight of a cancer diagnosis can also lead to depression. Feelings of hopelessness and despair may surface, especially if treatment outcomes are not as favorable as hoped. The disruption of normal life and the fear of mortality can contribute to a pervasive sense of sadness and loss.
- Survivor’s Guilt: For those who have successfully completed treatment, survivor’s guilt can become a troubling issue. Patients may feel guilty for surviving when others may not have been as fortunate, leading to complicated feelings that can hinder emotional recovery.
Body Image and Self-Esteem
The physical effects of skin cancer treatment, including scars, changes in skin texture, and visible lesions, can have a devastating impact on an individual’s body image:
- Altered Self-Perception: Many survivors struggle with accepting their post-treatment appearance. Scarring from surgeries or the changes in skin color can lead to a diminished self-image, making it difficult for individuals to feel confident in social situations.
- Impact on Relationships: Body image issues can strain personal relationships, as individuals may withdraw from social activities or avoid intimate situations due to embarrassment about their appearance. This withdrawal can lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness, further impacting emotional well-being.
- Social Anxiety: Concerns about how others perceive their appearance can lead to social anxiety, causing individuals to avoid public places or gatherings. This can create a vicious cycle where social withdrawal exacerbates feelings of depression and anxiety.
Understanding and addressing the emotional and psychological impacts of skin cancer is crucial for patients and their loved ones. Here are some common coping mechanisms:
- Support Networks: Engaging with support groups or communities can provide a safe space for individuals to share their experiences and feelings. Connecting with others who understand the journey can foster a sense of belonging and lessen feelings of isolation.
- Therapy and Counseling: Professional mental health support, such as counseling or therapy, can be invaluable for individuals coping with anxiety, depression, or body image issues. Therapists can help patients develop coping strategies and work through complex emotions.
- Mindfulness and Relaxation Techniques: Practices such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises can help alleviate anxiety and improve emotional resilience. These techniques can foster a sense of control over one’s emotions and improve overall mental health.
3. Social and Economic Impact
Skin cancer, particularly when it leaves visible scars or lesions, can lead to feelings of social isolation. Many survivors feel self-conscious about their appearance, which can affect their willingness to engage in social activities. This discomfort may stem from a fear of being judged or misunderstood, as visible skin changes often attract attention and questions from others. As a result, individuals may withdraw from their social circles, avoiding public gatherings, events, or even day-to-day interactions, leading to loneliness and detachment from their support systems.
Additionally, there can be a stigma associated with skin cancer, particularly in cases where the disease is attributed to behaviors such as excessive sun exposure or tanning. Some individuals may feel blamed for their condition, whether explicitly or implicitly, which only heightens their sense of shame and guilt. While not all skin cancer cases are caused by sun exposure, the perception of responsibility can intensify the emotional burden on patients, making it more difficult to seek social support.
Skin cancer can also bring about significant challenges in the workplace. For some, treatment requires extended periods of time off work for surgeries, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. These absences can create stress, as individuals may worry about job security or the financial strain caused by taking unpaid leave. Some may face difficulties balancing their treatment schedules with their professional responsibilities, leading to conflicts with employers or reduced productivity.
Even after treatment, survivors may continue to deal with fatigue, pain, or emotional stress, making it difficult to return to full-time work. In cases where the cancer recurs or additional surgeries are required, maintaining long-term employment becomes even more challenging. This can lead to job loss or the need to shift to part-time work, which may not be financially sustainable.
On the other hand, some workplaces provide strong support systems for employees undergoing cancer treatment, offering flexible working arrangements, paid medical leave, and healthcare benefits. In such cases, individuals may experience less disruption to their professional lives and find it easier to balance their treatment with their careers. However, this level of support varies widely depending on the employer and the country’s labor laws, meaning not all patients receive the same protections.
The economic burden of skin cancer can be significant. Medical treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, come at a considerable cost, especially for those without comprehensive health insurance. Even with insurance, out-of-pocket expenses for medications, follow-up appointments, and rehabilitation can accumulate, creating a financial strain for many families. The need for continuous monitoring and regular check-ups after treatment adds to the long-term costs, as survivors must remain vigilant to detect any recurrence.
Moreover, the loss of income during treatment or reduced earning capacity afterward can worsen the financial situation. For individuals in low-paying jobs or those without robust health insurance coverage, the cost of managing skin cancer can quickly become overwhelming, forcing families to make difficult decisions regarding their healthcare options.
In contrast, some individuals may have access to government assistance programs or employer-provided health benefits, which can help ease the financial burden. These programs may cover a significant portion of medical expenses or provide compensation for lost income during treatment. However, these resources are not universally available, leaving many patients vulnerable to economic hardship.
Impact on Relationships
Skin cancer can also take a toll on personal relationships. Spouses, family members, and close friends may struggle to provide adequate emotional support, particularly if the patient’s condition causes physical and emotional strain over an extended period. The demands of caregiving can lead to burnout, frustration, and even resentment, particularly when the treatment process is prolonged or there are recurring health issues.
At the same time, some families and relationships grow stronger as they rally around the patient, providing emotional and practical support during their recovery. In these cases, the experience of dealing with skin cancer can foster a deeper sense of closeness and unity, helping both the patient and their loved ones navigate the challenges more effectively.
4. Physical Health Consequences
The treatments for skin cancer, while crucial for managing the disease, often come with a host of side effects that can significantly impact a patient’s quality of life.
- Surgery: Surgical intervention, commonly used to remove cancerous lesions, can lead to complications such as infection, scarring, and pain at the incision site. Recovery times vary depending on the extent of the surgery, and patients may experience limitations in mobility or discomfort that can affect their daily activities.
- Radiation Therapy: For patients undergoing radiation therapy, side effects can include skin irritation, fatigue, and, in some cases, the development of new skin issues. Radiation can lead to changes in skin texture, hyperpigmentation, or even secondary cancers in the treated area. These physical alterations can be distressing for patients, impacting their body image and self-esteem.
- Chemotherapy: Although chemotherapy is less common for skin cancer compared to other cancers, when used, it can lead to systemic side effects such as nausea, hair loss, fatigue, and weakened immune function. The impact of these side effects can vary widely from person to person, and managing them often requires additional medical interventions and support.
Long-Term Health Risks
Survivors of skin cancer face long-term health risks that can complicate their physical well-being. One of the most significant risks is the potential for recurrence of skin cancer, particularly in individuals with a history of melanoma or non-melanoma skin cancers. Regular skin examinations and vigilant monitoring for new lesions become critical in managing this risk, often leading to increased medical appointments and stress for the patient.
Additionally, skin cancer survivors are at a higher risk of developing other types of skin cancers, including squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. This increased susceptibility requires ongoing skin surveillance, which can be both physically and emotionally taxing for patients who must continually monitor their skin for changes.
Impact on Daily Life
The physical health consequences of skin cancer extend into various aspects of daily life, affecting everything from routine activities to overall wellness. Patients may find that their energy levels fluctuate due to treatment side effects, making it difficult to maintain regular schedules. Simple tasks, such as exercising or enjoying outdoor activities, may become challenging due to fatigue or discomfort.
Furthermore, the physical manifestations of skin cancer treatment can affect social interactions and leisure activities. Individuals may feel self-conscious about their appearance, leading them to avoid social gatherings or limit their outdoor activities, especially in sunny environments where they must be cautious about sun exposure. This withdrawal can contribute to feelings of isolation and negatively impact mental health.
Ongoing Care and Management
The journey of managing the physical health consequences of skin cancer is often ongoing. Survivors may require regular follow-ups with dermatologists, oncologists, and other healthcare providers to monitor their health and address any emerging issues. This comprehensive approach to care can help mitigate long-term risks and provide essential support as patients navigate their recovery.
Skin cancer presents a complex and multifaceted challenge that extends beyond the medical diagnosis and treatment. As outlined throughout this blog, the negative aspects of skin cancer encompass a range of emotional, social, economic, and physical health consequences that can significantly affect individuals and their loved ones.
From the emotional toll of coping with a skin cancer diagnosis to the potential for social isolation and stigma, the psychological impact is profound. Patients may experience anxiety, depression, and a diminished quality of life as they navigate the challenges of treatment and recovery. The social ramifications, including strained relationships and employment difficulties, further highlight the far-reaching effects of this disease on daily life.
The economic burden is also considerable, with treatment costs and the potential for lost income weighing heavily on patients and their families. As they grapple with the financial strain of managing skin cancer, many find themselves in precarious situations that challenge their overall well-being. The ongoing nature of care, follow-up appointments, and the risk of recurrence create an environment of uncertainty that can be overwhelming.
Moreover, the physical health consequences cannot be overlooked. The side effects of treatment, the risks associated with recurrence, and the ongoing need for vigilant monitoring all contribute to the complexities of living with a history of skin cancer. Survivors often face a new reality that requires adaptation and support to manage effectively.
Yet, amidst these challenges, awareness and preventive measures play a critical role in reducing the incidence of skin cancer. Education on sun protection, regular skin examinations, and community outreach programs are essential in fostering a culture of prevention. By empowering individuals to take proactive steps in safeguarding their skin health, we can work towards decreasing the prevalence of this disease.
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Old Wine in New Bottle: Lentigo Transplant for Beauty Spot Creation
Address for correspondence: Dr. Tejaswini Sopanrao Salunke, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India. E-mail: [email protected]
This article was originally published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
Melanocytic nevi especially on the face, neck, and chest are considered a sign of beauty since historic times. Since historic times and in various cultures, these nevi are associated with beauty and attractiveness, thus called beauty spots. Artificial beauty marks have been fashionable since the medieval era. it requires repetitive use easily making it a cumbersome process. Tattooed beauty marks by medical professionals or tattoo artists are commonly done but require frequent touch-ups with a risk of complications. So we came up with a very innovative technique of tissue grafting of an existing lentigines/melanocyte nevus to the desired site which gave a natural and permanent solution.
Beauty spot creation
Melanocytic nevi especially on the face, neck, and chest are considered a sign of beauty since historic times. It is also called a “mole” derived from the Latin term “mulleus” which means a small dark spot. Since historic times and in various cultures, these nevi are associated with beauty and attractiveness, thus called beauty spots.
The appearance of moles is mostly genetically predisposed due to the proliferation of pigment cells––a malformation of the skin. Exposure to sunlight or medical substances can trigger the emergence of such spots too.
Artificial beauty marks have been fashionable since the medieval era. It can be done in several ways. An artificial beauty mark is a piece of cosmetic sticker that you can stick on your face and that looks similar to a beauty spot, but it is made from porcelain or plastic (bindi spot) instead of being an original part of your body. But it requires repetitive use as it is easily removable and can fall off easily, making it a cumbersome process after a few days. Semipermanent artificial beauty marks can be achieved by cosmetic surgery. Tattooed beauty marks by medical professionals or tattoo artists are commonly done. Though it is called permanent they usually fade off in a few months to years due to the breakdown of the pigment and metabolizing it out of the system thus requiring frequent touch-ups. Tattoo making is an art of precision requiring skills and results vary from person to person. Complications caused by dyes like foreign body granulomas, and atypical mycobacterial infections cannot be ruled out. So we came up with a very innovative technique of tissue grafting of an existing lentigines/ melanocyte nevus to the desired site which gave a natural and permanent solution.
The lentigo on the right cheek was selected to be transplanted [Figures 1 and 2]. Under local anesthesia, a skin biopsy punch was used for excision of the lentigo. The size chosen was exact to the size of the lentigo In our case we chose a punch of size 1.5mm. The depth of the excision was up to 3 mm. Similarly, the recipient site was chosen after a detailed discussion and consent of the patient. The patient chose the transplantation site above lips on the right site/[Figures 3 and 4]). The same size punch with the same depth was excised from the recipient site Using surgical glue the punch with the lentigo was secured as the recipient site [Figures 3 and 4].
The donor site was closed with a simple suture. The outcome of the procedure was instant, cosmetically rewarding with a completely natural look.
Tissue grafting procedures especially punch grafting is popularly used in vitiligo surgeries over the last one or two decades, especially in India. Follicular unit extraction method used for hair transplant utilizes a similar mechanism where tissue grafts including the hair follicle are transplanted onto the recipient area.
When the graft is taken off, the piece of tissue is completely detached from the donor site and then placed on the vascular bed in the recipient holes. From this vascular bed, it derives its blood supply. Initially, the graft adheres to its new bed with the help of fibrin. There is the diffusion of nutrients through this fibrinous layer, which keeps the graft alive initially. Within 2–3 days, capillary linkage occurs, with vascularization of the graft.
Just as in vitiligo and hair transplant surgeries the grafts are transplanted the same principle is used to transplant cosmetically appealing nevi or antigens to the desired site.
As dermatosurgeons, we need to understand that there is a growing overlap between medical treatment and traditional cosmetology. We should be able to understand patients’ requirements and provide optimum care, modify some traditional techniques, and maximize outcomes.
Financial support and sponsorship
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
- Available from: https://www.wordsense.eu/mulleus/.
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Discuss the importance of cross-platform compatibility in asthma health apps and its impact on user accessibility and effectiveness.
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Advocating for a holistic approach to asthma care that includes attention to psychological needs alongside physical health.
Discussing the feasibility and considerations of incorporating caffeine into a personalized asthma management strategy.
Discuss and seek advice on how frequently one should engage in breathing exercises for the best results in asthma symptom control.
Exploring the potential benefits of strength training on respiratory health and asthma control. Discuss routines and exercises that have been beneficial.
Explore how Asthma Action Plans need to be adapted or modified to cope with seasonal asthma triggers.
With the rise of telehealth services, how are privacy concerns being addressed in the context of asthma care? Discuss your opinions and experiences.
Investigating the connection between mindfulness, meditation, and asthma symptom control. Share how meditation has affected you.
Discuss the pros and cons of multi-dose inhalers and how they compare to single-dose options. Which is better for long-term asthma management?
Weighing the pros and cons of relying on AI versus human expertise in predicting asthma triggers. Is a balanced approach the key?
Discuss how undergoing immunotherapy affects the emotional and psychological well-being of asthma patients.
Share tips and strategies on motivating children with exercise-induced asthma to participate in physical activities.
Discussing the potential benefits of regular vet visits in reducing asthma episodes among pet owners.
How does cold weather affect your asthma and what measures do you take to prepare for emergencies?
Members are encouraged to share insights on the impact of diet alongside acupuncture for holistic asthma management, seeking to establish any connections or benefits.
Evaluating the potential benefits of chiropractic care for asthma management, including discussions on mechanisms, research, and personal experiences.
Delve into the effectiveness of bronchodilators in managing exercise-induced asthma.
A balanced discussion on the pros and cons of enforcing salt restriction as part of asthma management strategy.
Discuss the role of corticosteroid inhalers in ongoing asthma management and emergency situations.
Sharing experiences and outcomes of trying elimination diets to manage asthma in children. From successes to challenges, let's discuss.
Highlighting the importance of maintaining good indoor air quality for asthma management in light of outdoor environmental changes.
Should asthma patients undergo specific training to make the most of telehealth services? Share your thoughts on the importance of patient education in telehealth.
Explore the idea of having a second asthma emergency kit in places like your car or workplace and whether it’s necessary.
Diving into whether citrus fruits, with their high antioxidant content, can make a positive impact on asthma symptoms and control.
Sharing tips on planning asthma-friendly vacations, from choosing the right destinations to packing essentials.
Delve into the concept of elimination diets and their potential effectiveness in asthma management, encouraging shared experiences on planning and outcomes.
Sharing and discussing personal experiences with AI-based tools for asthma management. What works and what doesn't?
Explore the concept of steroid resistance in asthma. Is it a significant concern or a rare occurrence? Share your insights or questions.
Investigating the bioflavonoid quercetin and its potential in naturally controlling asthma. Can quercetin supplements truly make a difference in asthma management?
Strategies for helping children overcome fear or anxiety associated with using their inhaler. An exchange of ideas and experiences.
Discussing the psychological hurdles in quitting smoking for asthma management and strategies to overcome them.
Discussing the impact of smart inhalers on asthma management and if they hold the key to advancing personalized medicine.
Debating the necessity and benefits of monitoring indoor air quality for asthma sufferers.
Questioning the safety of outdoor play areas in urban environments for children with asthma and seeking advice for safer alternatives.
A discussion for those skeptical about the benefits of yoga in asthma management. Share research, personal stories, and evidence.
Strategies for effective communication with healthcare providers to ensure optimal asthma management.
Discuss the role of Asthma Action Plans in ensuring safe and worry-free travels for individuals with asthma.
Discuss the unique challenges teenagers with asthma face and how they navigate these years while managing their condition.
Exploring how regular physical activity impacts the psychological well-being of those with asthma.
Discussing how worries about air quality can affect the mental health of individuals with asthma and sharing coping strategies.
Share insights on the use of Personal Health Records (PHR) in asthma management and the privacy concerns associated.
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Recent Study - Small Birth Weight Babies may have Mental Health Issues In Adulthood
Scientists have discovered the first evidence linking brain function variations between the left and right sides of the brain to size the babies size at birth and the weight of the placenta. The finding could shed new light on the causes of mental health problems in later life.
The research, conducted at the University of Southampton and the Medical Research Council (MRC) Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit at Southampton General Hospital, reveals that children who were born small, with relatively large placentas, showed more activity on the right side of their brains than the left. It is this pattern of brain activity that has been linked with mood disorders such as depression and anxiety disorders.
“The neurological responses of 140 children from Southampton, ages eight and nine, were monitored for the study. Tests evaluated blood flow to the brain in response to increased brain activity, exposing differences in the activity of the two sides. Dr Jones measured tiny fluctuations in the temperature of the tympanic membrane in each ear, which indicate blood flow into different parts of the brain. Disproportionate growth of the placenta and the fetus is thought to occur in pregnancies where the mother has been experiencing stress or where there have been problems with the availability of nutrients.”
In hopes of finding this new evidence hopefully there will be treatments available to prevent these conditions and save these babies from a lifetime of mental health disorders.
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On a delicate tablet dating to between the late eighth to sixth centuries BC is inscribed a disc, surrounded by a ring of water called the ‘Bitter River’. Acquired by the British Museum in 1882, it is the oldest known map of the ancient world and marks a pioneering example of attempts to create atlases so that people can make sense of their surroundings with symbols, in this case marked on a piece of clay around the size of a child’s hand.
To make sense of the human body, scientists are now creating cell atlases – maps of organs and tissue down to the level of cells, the fundamental building blocks of tissues and organs – from post mortem samples, biopsies, developmental tissues and more, subject to consent and ethical guidelines – that they hope will mark new era in biology and medicine. Today, an international consortium reports major progress towards its goal of mapping all human cells.
The resulting freely available ‘Google maps’ of the body will allow scientists to zoom from organ to tissue to cell, from conception to old age, and when the body is in good health, as a framework to understand what changes during infection and disease. The atlas will help explore human development and the healthy human body, as a foundation to unravel the details of disease, diagnose illness, and spur the development of novel treatments.
Just as the latest maps depend on satellites, planes, computers and more, so it has taken a plethora of technologies to chart key differences in the more than 37 trillion cells – yes, that is 37,000,000,000,000 cells, give or take – in the human body (the human gut contains roughly the same number again of microbes, mostly bacteria).
Today, in the wake of earlier work on the uterus, placenta, lung, liver and so on, more than 40 papers, published in Nature and associated journals outline two remarkable feats of cellular cartography: one is a molecular map of the human digestive tract, including the cellular changes that underpin gut inflammatory diseases (IBD) such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, which is already informing drugs under development by a startup company called Ensocell; and the second is the first complete map of a whole human organ, in space and time, known as the thymus, where disease–fighting white blood cells, notably T cells, develop.
These are the latest achievements of the Human Cell Atlas, a consortium co-founded in 2016 by Dr Sarah Teichmann, at the University of Cambridge and Dr Aviv Regev, then at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, near Boston. Today the consortium is an international collaboration with more than 3,600 members from over 100 countries who have worked together to profile more than 100 million cells from over 10,000 people.
HOW TO MAP THE BODY
These maps chart the fundamental molecular reality of cells. Although the DNA in each of our cells carries the same 20,000 or so genes, a muscle cell uses a quite different repertoire of genes to those harnessed by a brain or a gut cell.
Each gene carries the instructions to make a protein, the basic building block of cells, and to turn them into flesh and blood it transcribes the gene’s DNA into another kind of genetic material, RNA, which ferries the instructions to the ribosome, the cell’s protein factory.
By using cutting-edge single cell genomics, microscopy and computational techniques, HCA researchers use RNAs to reveal which of the 20,000 genes in an individual cell are switched on and where they are located in the organ. This creates a unique “ID card” or fingerprint for each cell type, technically called the transcriptome. As a bonus, this can also reveal ‘whether a cell is small or large or rounded or star-shaped,’ said Teichmann.
These tools have matured over the past few years so that they can quickly and efficiently look at tens of thousands or even millions of human cells in a single experiment, revealing their position and characteristics, such as the molecular machinery that allows one cell to ‘talk’ to its neighbours (known as receptors and ligands).
A 3D-rendered video of developing skeleton showing cartilage and bone. Source: A.Chédotal and R. Blain, Institut de la Vision, Paris, and MeLiS UCBL, HCL, Lyon.
The consortium also studies material called chromatin – a blend of RNA, protein, and DNA in each cell – that enables two metres of DNA to be tightly-packed into its heart, where it is accessible to the molecular machinery that reads the DNA instructions. By studying chromatin, they can reveal the regulatory ‘grammar’ of that particular kind of cell.
When it comes to the gastrointestinal system, the tube that stretches from mouth to anus, the team compared the 1.6 million cells they studied from health and disease to understand key cell types in IBD and cancer. In particular, they focused on crypts, glands that contain stem cells (cells that can develop into many other different cells) and other cells that renew the lining of the intestine.
They found that, when the intestine is injured, these glands are set on a different path to exacerbate inflammation by restarting embryonic processes that were used to help the stomach and intestines develop in the first place.
The body’s immune system is active in IBD and these inflamed crypts turn into ‘Frankensteinian disorganised glands’ and encourage further damage to intestinal tissue by the immune system during IBD and coeliac disease (a severe gluten intolerance). ‘This is something that really fascinates me,’ said Teichmann.
The thymus, a small gland located in front of the heart, is vital for the establishment of the body’s protective immune system and the new atlas reveals how its structure develops.
The atlas shows how various kinds of white blood cells are fashioned by passing through the outer shell and inner core of the organ. To ensure white blood cells don’t turn against your own body, as occurs in diseases such as multiple sclerosis or rheumatoid arthritis, the inner core of the thymus uses a clever mechanism: it mimics all the tissues and organs of the body to trigger a self-destruct mechanism in any white cells that recognise cells in the body.
The atlas also pinpoints the exact embryonic stage where the thymus becomes fully functional, which happens surprisingly early by the beginning of the second trimester. This early establishment helps explain why humans are born with a very rich immunological white blood cell repertoire.
‘What is of huge interest to pharma companies is how to rejuvenate the thymus and immune response,’ she said. Another approach is to grow an artificial thymus, or organoid, to test treatments or make immunotherapies, notably to target tumours.
This landmark project has taken us a long way from the outdated idea that there are only a couple of hundred different human cell types, which led to the oft cited two hundred kinds of cancer, which begins when a cell multiplies with its own survival agenda, not that of the entire body.
The Human Cell Atlas has revealed that the reality is much more complex, with thousands of different cells and, moreover, cells that change their state over time, or are even programmed to die, by a process called apoptosis. The overall repertoire of cells in the body changes as we develop from a single fertilised egg into a highly cooperative community of trillions of cells.
Although, explains Teichmann, the cells lie on a continuum they can be classified into distinct groups – in the case of the brain, for example, there are around five thousand distinct kinds of cell, which exist in hundreds of different states.
After the brain and nervous system, perhaps the next most complex features of the body include the immune system and the heart, which is fashioned from roughly thirty different tissues – by studying just eight of these, the consortium found they can exist in seventy-five different cell states. ‘That gives you a feel for the numbers we are talking about.’
For example, there are six subtypes of cardiomyocytes, muscle cells, in the two lower chambers, or ventricles of the heart, which handle the most pressure during a heartbeat, and eight types in the two upper chambers, or atria, which receive blood and, she said, are ‘mechanically very different.’
‘Working cardiac muscle cells are quite distinct from the ‘pacemaker’ cells in heart fibres that transmit electrical signals in the heart to make it beat, with the help of cell membrane channel proteins that allow charged ions to whizz back and forth across their membranes’, she added.
She said the rich and detailed information from the Human Cell Atlas will be used to help simulate the next generation of digital heart twins, one of which is beating in the Science Museum’s Engineers gallery, part of a global effort to develop virtual organs to make medicine personalised and predictive.
Commenting on today’s papers, Aviv Regev, founding co-Chair of the HCA, who is now at Genentech, said: ‘This is a pivotal moment for the HCA community, as we move towards achieving the first draft of the Human Cell Atlas.’
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Human breast milk is truly a magical potion, tailored perfectly to nurture newborns through a pivotal period of growth and development. According to one study, one particular compound found in breast milk – the sugar myo-inositol – has a profound impact on the maturation of the newborn brain.
Let’s imagine the first year of a baby’s life as a remarkable journey where they not only triple their body weight but also undergo an incredible transformation in brain development. Breast milk, packed with proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and a rich blend of immune-boosting molecules like cytokines and antibodies, acts as the perfect fuel for this journey.
During this first year, the barriers between the gut, bloodstream, and brain are especially delicate, making what babies consume crucial in shaping their brain development. In a groundbreaking study, researchers analyzed samples of breast milk from the Global Exploration of Human Milk study, spanning three locations: Mexico City, Shanghai, and Cincinnati. Their aim was to unlock the mysteries of how molecular contributions to breast milk evolve over the first year of life, and more importantly, which ingredients play a pivotal role during crucial periods of infant brain growth.
In the samples collected from mothers during the early stages of their infants’ lives, a common thread emerged – high levels of the sugar myo-inositol. This concentration of myo-inositol gradually decreased as the infants grew older, mirroring the density of synaptic connections in the developing brain.
Now, let’s switch gears and delve into the world of mice to further explore the impact of myo-inositol on brain development. Researchers first demonstrated that human neurons exposed to myo-inositol showed higher levels of a marker known as Homer, which is linked to the development of post-synaptic connections. This effect was even more pronounced in mouse neurons, which exhibited a 40% increase in levels of both Homer and Bassoon, a marker associated with pre-synaptic connections.
The next step in the experiment involved feeding newborn mouse pups a daily supplement of myo-inositol from birth until postnatal day 35. While the density of synaptic growth markers in their visual cortexes didn’t change, the size of each marker increased, further bolstering the theory that myo-inositol plays a crucial role in enhancing branching in the developing brain.
But here’s where it gets even more intriguing – myo-inositol isn’t just beneficial for developing brains; it can also exert its effects on mature brain tissue samples. This opens up a plethora of exciting possibilities for future research, such as exploring whether myo-inositol’s impact on synapses in the maturing cortex is sustained over time.
So, the next time you see a baby enjoying their meal of breast milk, take a moment to marvel at the incredible complexity and perfection of nature. The sugar myo-inositol, a humble compound in breast milk, plays a crucial role in shaping the neural tapestry of the newborn brain, ensuring that our little ones have the best possible start in life.
Reference: Paquette AF, Carbone BE, Vogel S, et al. The human milk component myo-inositol promotes neuronal connectivity. PNAS. 2023;120(30):e2221413120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2221413120
-A Balanced Brain is a Better Brain for a Happier Life-
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There was a story of a little boy named Johnny who kept falling out of bed. Every time he would fall his mother would come in the room and scoop him off the floor and place him back in bed.
The Emancipation Proclamation was signed in 1863, but Texas didn’t find out about it until June 19, 1865, which means there was a two-year gap between the time when the slaves were granted liberty and when they experienced liberty. Nobody told the slaves in Texas they were free. Even though they were legally free, they were not experientially free, so in 1865, blacks in Texas were still walking around behaving like slaves.
When pilots are taught to fly they undergo rigorous training in flight simulators and have to learn and memorize all manner of flight maneuvers.
Vertigo is defined as a sensation of dizziness, with a feeling that you are being whirled about in your environment. The term “vertigo” is sometimes used when training people to fly, especially when they learn to fly using instruments without being able to see where they’re going.
Whose voice are you listening to? 1 Corinthians 14:10 KJV reads, “There are, it may be, so many kinds of voices in the world, and none of them is without signification.” There are many voices in the world, says the apostle Paul, but never have there been so many as are heard today.
The person who really loves God seeks no other reward than to love God for who He is. Here’s an example: There are three men who go running faithfully every day. When asked why they run consistently every day they each had a different response.
When you first started using a computer you quickly learned a universal truth: if you enter wrong data, you’ll get wrong data. But if you enter correct data, you’ll get correct data. Computer pioneers called this, “GIGO” or “garbage in; garbage out.”
One of the great mountains in the alps is very popular with climbers because it has a rest house halfway up. Still and yet, the trek up to this house is not for amateurs, it’s a long climb up to that point.
There’s a big difference between information and revelation. How does something go from information to revelation?
A donkey was walking around and fell in a hole. While it was sitting in the hole a farmer walked by, looked down and started to pour dirt on him. The donkey looked up and he said, “Why did you do that to me?”
There was much rejoicing, and when the news media asked the little girl how she’d floated for such a long time, she made the most riveting statement. She said, “I was just doing what my father told me until he came back.”
It’s critically important to allow ourselves to engage in the process, to go through what we need to go through to complete the cycle or season we’re in. There’s a story of a little chick who’s living inside an egg, and every day that little chick pecks against the shell, peck, peck, peck.
In recent years, especially in urban areas, we’ve seen lots of young people wearing baggy pants. What’s deep is that wearing pants in this style originated in prison. An inmate would wear his pants baggy and low, dropping off his waist to indicate to the other men that he was available for sex.
We are like umpires at a baseball game in that we lo ve to call balls and strikes on somebody else. It is kind of like if you ask what time it is you will get a whole bunch of answers; some people set their watches ahead, some people set their watches behind.
Psalm 23:1-3 NKJV reads: “The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want. He makes me to lie down in green pastures; He leads me beside the still waters. He restores my soul; He leads me in the path of righteousness for His name’s sake.
Suppose you haven’t eaten all day, you’re super hungry. You select the best restaurant in town and then ask the waiter for the finest steak on the menu.
There was a young boy who grew up on a farm and was waiting for the day that he could plow his first field. That great day came and his dad said, “I just have one piece of advice as you are plow across this huge field.
John Stephen Akhwari was a Tanzanian marathon runner in the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City. Like all of the other athletes, John trained rigorously and was looking forward to running appearing in the Olympic Games.
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Doctors are among the most consequential experts. Rightly so, because the stakes are highest when it comes to health, which is the foundation of a good life. For more than a century, physicians have exercised considerable authority and autonomy over patients, including the legal right to cut, drug, and examine them. This is based on the assumption that they have exclusive knowledge and ethics.
Because of the presumed knowledge asymmetry between doctors and patients, doctors are trusted to make decisions in the best interest of patients. The dependency on doctors increases because health services belong to the class of ”credence goods”, where consumers cannot judge the quality of the goods even after consumption. Last but not least, patients are physically and mentally ill and therefore not in the best condition to make decisions. As a result, the doctor-patient relationship has been paternalistic, and this has persisted despite concerted attempts to make it participatory.
But conditions are changing enormously. Digital technologies have put a wealth of knowledge, data, experience, and computing power directly into the hands of patients. The ubiquitous technologies have also given the normally silenced patient a public voice. The empowered patient can seek support and advice from people around the world at any time, from the comfort of his or her bedroom. They can order and try various alternative medical therapies without a doctor’s approval. They can publicly rate, review, and recommend doctors and shape their reputations. They can use digital devices to collect, analyze, and interpret data without physicians. In short, patients are empowered and agentic.
On the one hand, the digitally empowered patient can be seen as a pathway to a truly participatory doctor-patient relationship. On the other hand, these developments can also lead to distrust, anxiety, and conflict between physicians and patients. For better or worse, the availability of digital tools in the hands of the layperson has the potential to disrupt traditional power structures, challenge norms, reshape the doctor-patient relationship, and redefine medical professionalism. My dissertation will examine these changes in illuminating settings, unpacking what this means more broadly for experts, laypersons, and their relationship.
Social relevance and benefits
Trust between different segments of society, including experts and laypeople, has eroded and the divide threatens to widen due to easy access to diverse information. The knowledge gained from this dissertation will have tremendous implications for society, as we will be able to better understand and predict the different attitudes and actions of experts and laypersons on various issues. We can use this knowledge to build trust, good faith, and common ground with each other. Personally, I want to build a framework of relational ethics of experts and laypeople. Only then can we hope for long-term socially beneficial outcomes while preserving individual autonomy and dignity.
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A demonstration on how to obtain vital signs including temperature (oral, axillary, temporal, tympanic and rectal), pulse (palpating and auscultating), respirations, and blood pressure.
A demonstration on how to assess a patient's orthostatic blood pressure, with the assistance of a special guest.
A demonstration on how to set up an intravenous piggyback medication (secondary).
A demonstration on how to administer intravenous medication (usually called IV push) using a saline loc without an attached line and though a port with a continuous IV solution running.
A demonstration on how to administer an intradermal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular injection.
A demonstration on how to withdraw medication from a glass ampule and from a multidose vial.
A demonstration on how to administer medication through an enteral tube (e.g., NG, PEG, G-tube).
A demonstration on how to mix two types of insulin in one syringe.
Ellis and Cathy demonstrate how to administer blood to a patient.
A demonstration on how to perform a central venous catheter (CVC) dressing change. Please note, perform hand hygiene after removing the clean gloves before donning the sterile gloves.
A demonstration on how to insert a peripheral IV (venipuncture). Plus, info about IV catheters and insertion tips.
How to complete an occupied bed change. It would be appropriate to wear gloves during this skill to avoid contact with bodily fluids.
How to apply electrodes for a 12 lead EKG.
How to clean a reusable inner cannula, care for a tracheostomy site, and suction a tracheostomy.
How to empty and change an ostomy device and how to prevent pain and discomfort for the patient during this process.
How to insert a straight (or intermittent) urinary catheter on a patient with a penis.
How to insert a straight (or intermittent) urinary catheter on a patient with a vagina.
How to administer enteral tube feeding using a pump and via an open system (gravity). It would be appropriate to wear gloves to avoid direct contact with gastric secretions.
How to insert and remove an indwelling urinary catheter on a patient with a vagina. After the demonstration, additional information on the balloon, its size, its purpose, and how to...
How to insert and remove an indwelling urinary catheter on a patient with a penis. After the demonstration, additional information on the balloon, its size, its purpose, and how to...
How to administer a bagged enema.
How to insert and then remove an NG tube. This includes drawing gastric residual and checking the pH. After the demonstration, additional tips about clamping the NG tube and using...
How to obtain a capillary blood glucose sample by using a glucometer.
A demonstration on how to empty two types of closed drains. Plus, tips about how closed drains work and how to manage them for your patients.
How to perform a sterile wound dressing change.
How to don (or put on) sterile gloves. After the initial demonstration, some additional tips on how to remain sterile while sterile gloving.
How to don and doff personal protective equipment (PPE). To don means to put on. To doff means to take off.
How to perform hand hygiene with soap and water.
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nanograms per milliliter: A small quantity of a substance; equivalent to one-billionth of a gram (454 grams make 1 pound) in one-thousandth of a liter (1 liter is approximately 1 quart). Abbreviated as ng/ml.
narcolepsy: A sleep disorder that causes extreme sleepiness and uncontrollable sleep attacks, making a person fall asleep at inappropriate times during the day.
nasolabial folds: Lines in the skin leading from the nose to the outer corners of the mouth. Also known as smile or laugh lines.
natural killer cells: A type of white blood cell of the immune system. These cells destroy other cells that fail to display the right chemical flags signaling that they are normal cells.
natural recoverers: People who overcome addiction without treatment or formal self-help programs.
nebulizer: A device that converts a liquid medicine into a mist that can be breathed in.
necrosis: The premature death of living cells or tissues.
needle biopsy: Use of a hollow needle to remove a small sample of tissue for examination.
neoadjuvant therapy: A helper treatment given before a primary treatment is started, such as when chemotherapy is done before surgery in order to shrink a tumor.
neonatal: Relating to an infant younger than 4 weeks of age.
neoplasm: An abnormal growth of tissue, either cancerous or benign.
nephritis: Inflammation of the kidneys.
nephropathy: Kidney disease.
nerve block: Injection of a medication into one or more nerves to relieve pain.
nerve growth factor: A molecule in the body that promotes the growth and repair of nerve cells.
nerve sparing: When referring to prostatectomy, the surgical procedure that preserves the nerves needed to allow the penis to become erect.
neuralgia: A burning or stabbing pain that follows the path of a nerve.
neuritic plaques: Clumps of sticky proteins found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease.
neurofibrillary tangles: Twisted strands of proteins that are found inside the dead or dying nerve cells of people with Alzheimer's disease.
neuroleptic agents: Powerful tranquilizing drugs used to treat schizophrenia.
neurologist: A physician trained to diagnose and treat disorders of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.
neuromuscular junction: The tiny space between the end of a nerve and the surface of a muscle.
neuron: A nerve cell.
neuropathy: Nerve damage and resulting loss of sensation, movement, or other function.
neuropeptides: Small proteins that aid in transmitting signals between nerve cells.
neurosyphilis: A rare infection of the brain or spinal cord that occurs when syphilis goes untreated for many years.
neurotransmitter: A chemical messenger released by nerve cells that transmits messages to nearby other nerve cells.
neurotransmitter receptors: Cell structures (usually proteins) that recognize specific neurotransmitters and bind to them. Once bound, a receptor often changes shape, causing a cascade of chemical events within the cell. These events can alter which genes are turned on or off and can make the cell more or less likely to release its neurotransmitters.
neutral alignment: Keeping the body in a straight line from head to toe except for the slight natural curves of the spine.
neutral posture: A standing or seated position in which the chin is parallel to the floor; the shoulders, hips, and knees are at even heights; and the knees and feet point straight ahead.
neutral spine: A position in which the back is straight except for the slight natural curves of the spine.
neutropenia: An abnormally low number of white blood cells.
neutrophils: White blood cells that seek out and engulf foreign cells.
nitrates: Medications that widen blood vessels; usually used to treat chest pain from angina and other heart problems.
nitric oxide: A compound produced by the endothelium (the lining of the interior walls of arteries) that helps widen blood vessels and counteract high blood pressure. Also called endothelium-derived relaxing factor.
nitroglycerin: A drug that relaxes blood vessels and increases the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart while reducing its workload. It is commonly used to treat angina.
NK: Abbreviation for natural killer cells, a type of white blood cell of the immune system. These cells destroy other cells that fail to display the right chemical flags signaling that they are normal cells.
NMDA receptor: Abbreviation for the N-methyl-D-aspartame receptor, a molecule on the surface of a brain cell that admits calcium when activated by the chemical messenger glutamate.
N-methyl-D-aspartame receptor: A molecule on the surface of a brain cell that admits calcium when activated by the chemical messenger glutamate.
NO: Abbreviation for nitric oxide, a compound produced by the endothelium (the lining of the interior walls of arteries) that helps widen blood vessels and counteract high blood pressure. Also called endothelium-derived relaxing factor.
nociceptors: Nerve endings that detect pain and transmit pain information to the brain and spinal cord.
nocturia: Waking up more than once during the night to urinate.
nodule: A small rounded bump or knot of tissue.
nomogram: A chart or graph of mathematical calculations of risk; used in making treatment recommendations and predicting outcomes.
non-HDL cholesterol: The sum of all cholesterol types other than high-density lipoprotein (HDL). These include very-low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and intermediate-density lipoprotein.
non-insulin-dependent diabetes: Now called type 2 diabetes. A disease in which levels of blood sugar (glucose) are too high initially because cells can't properly use insulin (a hormone that helps cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream). Over time the production of insulin may decline.
noninvasive test: A test that does not require any medical instruments to break the skin or enter the body.
nonketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome: A rare and very serious condition associated with type 2 diabetes. Symptoms include extremely high (more than 800 mg/dl) blood sugar levels, severe dehydration, and changes in mental status, ultimately resulting in coma.
nonproliferative retinopathy: A condition in which the walls of the small blood vessels in the retina leak serum and tiny pockets of swelling form in the walls of blood vessels. Also called background retinopathy.
non-REM sleep: The sleep phase that includes deep sleep, the type considered most important for preventing daytime sleepiness.
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug: A drug that reduces swelling and pain.
noradrenaline: A hormone produced by adrenal glands that puts the body on heightened alert when a threat is perceived (the fight-or-flight response). Also known as norepinephrine.
norepinephrine: A hormone produced by adrenal glands that puts the body on heightened alert when a threat is perceived (the fight-or-flight response). Also known as noradrenaline.
normal-pressure hydrocephalus: A buildup of fluid in the brain that causes the brain to swell, and leads to slowing of mental function, trouble walking, and a loss of bladder control.
NSAID: Abbreviation for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a drug that reduce swelling and pain.
nuclear tests: Tests that use tiny amounts of short-lived radioactive substances that can target particular organs or cell receptors to diagnose disease.
nucleus accumbens: Part of the brain's reward pathway that is most tightly and consistently responsive to pleasure. Also known as the pleasure center.
nucleus pulposus: The gel-like shock-absorbing central portion of each spinal disc.
nutraceutical: Dietary supplement containing concentrated forms of a presumed bioactive substance originally derived from food and used to enhance health in dosages exceeding those normally obtainable from food.
nutrients: Substances in foods that the body needs to survive.
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About the project
A little bit of Backgroung
However, there are increasing concerns of livestock farming’s contribution to environmental pollution. It is a major source of air, soil, and water contaminants, being responsible for 12-17 % of the EU’s total greenhouse (GHG) emissions, and a key driver of biodiversity loss in Europe.
The main objective of NUTRITIVE is to develop a decision-making tool (DSS, decision support system) able to define the most efficient and sustainable manure management strategy for a given livestock farm. Based on three pillars (environmental, economic, and social) it will limit manure air emissions as well as soil and water contaminants. This will allow for the formulation of technical guidelines and recommendations that will support policy makers with enhanced knowledge to establish requirements for future European policies.
To create an up-to-date inventory including available and experimental solutions covering the entire manure management chain and considering different types of livestock across European regions.
To investigate circular, innovative, and cost-effective solutions to reduce GHG emissions, and air, water and soil pollutants produced by livestock manure management throughout its chain.
Optimize management strategies to achieve highest efficiencies with lowest environmental emissions; simulating the biological activity of the bioprocesses and the transport and persistence of manure-derived contaminants in air, soil, and water among different climate regions.
To assess manure management across all areas of sustainability (environmental pollution, cost-benefit of practices/technologies, and social acceptance) overcoming the uncertainty of emerging technologies and including time-depending issues.
To obtain simplified life cycle assessment (LCA) models that can help non-expert users to easily obtain estimates of environmental impacts to be considered in the decision-making tool.
To integrate all the generated knowledge into a decision-making tool (DSS tool).
To formulate technical guidelines and recommendations for manure management based on multi-actor approach engagement.
To meet today’s challenges regarding manure use, further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of existing mitigation strategies and assess environmental and socioeconomic impacts along the entire manure management chain.
Besides, there is an urgent need to investigate, develop, demonstrate, and model innovative, improved, and circular cost-effective management strategies focused on optimizing existent processes effectiveness and reduce impacts (WP2, WP3). Then, once all this information is available, it is needed to improve, update, and adapt existent LCA methodologies and approaches to manure management issues to be able to assess the three sustainability pillars (environmental, economic, and social) (WP3).
Finally, from all this knowledge, a holistic and prospective decision-making tool able to provide, for a given farm and manure characteristics. It will be the result of a joint commitment and collaboration between the scientific community and policymakers, farmers, and other stakeholders.
Together, NUTRITIVE project pretends the development of technical guidelines and recommendations to achieve reduction targets of 2030 and beyond, expand the scope of current legislation and support future agricultural policies at the EU level (WP4).
novel strategies / technologies
Grant agreement No. 10113540
Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union.
Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.
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An app is a type of software that can be installed and used on a computer, a smartphone, or on another electronic device and has been designed for a specific function. For example, Mapeo Mobile is an app for Android smartphones and Mapeo Desktop is an app for computers. Both have been designed for and with earth-defenders to map and monitor their lands. Some very famous apps that have been designed for communication purposes are Whatsapp, TikTok, and Zoom.
In a Mapeo project, they are the maps used in the background of the home screen. In Mapeo Mobile, background maps are used to show users their current location and that of the collected data. In Mapeo Desktop, they are used as a background in the map screen for displaying data collected, created, or imported to Mapeo. Background maps can be customized (see more about it in Custom background maps) and usually, they include geographic elements such as rivers and mountains, as well as some political and urban elements such as borders, cities, roads, and others.
Background map package
In this context, a bug is an error or flaw in the software that causes it to produce an unexpected result, or to behave in unintended ways. We call "debugging" the process of finding and correcting bugs. Mapeo is under development and it may have some bugs that need to be fixed. If you ever encounter unexpected or incorrect behaviors, you can share them with us via Discord or Github, so that we can debug them.
In a Mapeo project, categories are the different groups or classes in which you can classify the data collected or created using Mapeo. For example, when you create a new point on the map, you can choose among categories such as "house", "tree", "hunting site" and many others to classify it. Each category is represented by a different icon and has different questions attached to it. By default, Mapeo comes with a set of categories, but they can be customized. For more information on customization, see Custom configurations.
Compressed file (.zip
)Compressed or zipped files and folders are commonly used because they take up less storage space than uncompressed files and can be transferred to other computers more quickly. They often have an .zip
extension (they can sometimes have an .7z
extension as well) and can be easily created and unzipped. In Mapeo, we use compressed folders to share background map packages, since they are composed of many files, and it is easier to share them as a folder.
In Mapeo, the configuration of a project determines which categories, icons, and questions users see when they are collecting data. For each data point collected with Mapeo, users can select a category to classify the point and may answer questions or respond to prompts to provide more detail about what is being documented. When you install Mapeo, it comes with a default configuration that includes general categories and questions for territory mapping and monitoring. Mapeo offers the option to create custom configurations to fit the needs of specific projects. For more information on customization, see Custom configurations.
[Content coming soon]
It is a platform that helps companies and organizations to translate their software. We use the Crowdin platform to translate Mapeo into different languages. It is free to create an account on Crowdin and anyone can contribute translations to Mapeo for new or existing languages. For more information, see Translating Mapeo & default configurations
It refers to information in digital form that can be transmitted or processed. In Mapeo, the word "data" is used for both observations collected by Mapeo Mobile (observation data) as well as lines, points, and polygons created using Mapeo Desktop (territory data). Data can be organized and stored in databases and be accessed electronically.
Device Accessibility Feature Settings
Most phones and computers have an Accessibility settings menu to help users change the settings of their devices to adapt to their needs. For example, there are often features for blind or low-vision computer users, such as Text-to-speech or Enlarged cursors, icons, and text. There are features for deaf or low-hearing computer users, such as Closed-captioning to convey audio information into a visual form or Mono audio, and there are also features for limited-mobility computer users, such as Keyboard shortcuts.
We use the word features to describe things that appear on the map, such as rivers, buildings, or points of interest. In Mapeo Desktop - Territory mode, you can create features in the form of points, lines, and areas.
It refers to the letters appearing at the end of a file's name, after the dot. It indicates the type of file. Common examples are .doc
for Word documents, and .pdf
for PDF files. In a Mapeo project, some files have very uncommon extensions, such as .mapeosettings
for the configurations and .mapeodata
for sync files.
[Content coming soon]
In a Mapeo project, an observation refers to a point on the map collected by Mapeo Mobile. It is based on a geographic location (it has coordinates) and can have associated photos, notes, and other details.
Not connected to the internet.
Connected to the internet.
Also called P2P, it refers to a database or network that connects all different devices participating in a project, such as cell phones or computers. This is the type of database used by Mapeo and it allows users to transfer data to other users offline, and also allows several users with computers or smartphones to all work on the same dataset and share edits. For more on this, read Peer-to-peer & Mapeo sync
In Mapeo, a project key is a random cryptographic string of characters that prevents unwanted devices from getting access to your data and allows you to synchronize data with your teammates. It offers more security since synchronization will only happen between Mapeo devices using the same project key, ergo, participating in the same project.
In a Mapeo project, synchronization is a process in which information is shared directly between different devices, and each device receives and shares data. In this non-hierarchical process, all devices that synchronize end up having the same information, and changes made on one device will be reflected on the other devices after syncing. To know more about it, visit Peer-to-peer & Mapeo sync
It is a type of file created in Mapeo Desktop that allows the synchronization of Mapeo data between computers. It has an .mapeodata
extension and, similarly to synchronization via Wi-Fi, it uses a two-way sync method. To learn more about how synchronization works, see
A computer or smartphone virus, similar to a flu virus, is designed to spread from device to device and causes problems, often impeding the proper functioning of a file, a program, an app, or the device itself.
It is a wireless connection that’s shared with multiple devices via a router. If the router is connected to an internet modem, your Wi-Fi network would have internet. Otherwise, it would be an offline network. Even using an offline Wi-Fi network, Mapeo allows you to synchronize data with other Mapeo devices connected to the same network.
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Pile driving, earth moving, and concrete pouring were only the beginning. Track, lighting, signal equipment, and other working elements of the subway had to be installed. Cosmetic finishing was also required to provide the convenient, comfortable, modern commute the TTC promised its riders.
Tiles used in the stations were made of opaque glass bonded to a concrete backing. The large wall tiles, such as the ones shown here, were in light shades of yellow, green, and grey. On the platforms, narrow bands of darker tiles (black, red, green, or blue) were placed at the junction of wall and ceiling. Each station had a different tile/band colour combination, so that passengers could easily recognize stations.
The TTC used one of the earliest-built tunnels to test over 100 paints for their endurance of temperature and humidity extremes, abrasion, mildew, and general dirt. Ninety percent failed the sixteen-month test. The chosen paint was a chlorinated rubber-based paint that was tinted to match each station’s wall tiles.
To reduce noise and vibration in the underground parts of the subway, heavy rubber pads were sandwiched between the steel rail plates (on which the rails rested) and the concrete floor to which they were bolted.
Subway cars were made by the Gloucester Railway Carriage & Wagon Company in London, England, which had also built many cars for the London tube. The TTC initially ordered 104 cars, of which 100 were steel. The last four cars, identical in appearance, were aluminium, so that the TTC could test whether the lighter aluminium cars cost less to run. (The TTC chose exclusively aluminium cars for the University subway line built in the 1960s.) The cars were 57 feet long; eight in total could fit the 500-foot station platforms.
The subway cars were designed with both comfort and efficiency in mind. The floors were made of cork and rubber to reduce noise, and the paint was of a special sound-deadening type. The windows could be opened at the top. Light levels were high enough to allow reading in the tunnels, and several lights per car were battery-operated in case of power failure. The 62 seats per car were covered in vinyl, and every one was located, said the TTC, “within five steps of the nearest doorway.”
All stations but one contained an underground mezzanine level, where passengers paid fares and obtained transfers before proceeding down another escalator to the subway level. The exception was Dundas, where due to soil conditions the track level had to be as close to the surface as possible. Therefore, Dundas station had no mezzanine level, and passengers paid fares on the same level where they boarded the subway trains.
Transfers had to be obtained from a dispenser (as this man shown is doing) and then inserted into a separate slot in the centre of the same machine to be stamped with the station name and time.
The subway cars were attached in pairs, with a driver’s cab (a very small control room) at each end. This arrangement meant trains could go in either direction without having to turn around first.
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What is the role of the Cabinet?
What is the symbolism of Inauguration Day, and why does it matter?
Why does the peaceful transition of presidential power matter, and how is it supposed to happen?
What is a presidential pardon and how has it been used throughout history?
What should you be watching for during Election Day?
What role does the Electoral College play in presidential elections?
What is a battleground state and why do they matter?
How do political action committees impact elections?
Happy 100th Birthday Jimmy Carter! Let’s learn about the life, presidency, and legacy of the 39th President of the United States.
Do presidential debates matter?
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Black History Month serves as a great reminder for us to learn about the harsh past of this country and celebrate Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC). However, it’s also important to remember to continue this work year-round. To kickstart an ongoing conversation within our outdoor community, I delved into the history of the National Park Service (NPS).
National Parks are a wonderful way to escape for so many folks. I know that I always enjoy taking a trip out to Big Bend to unwind, destress, and get out in nature. However, something that had never occurred to me was that the National Parks used to be segregated.
First and foremost, I acknowledge my privilege in being able to say that “it had never occurred to me” regarding segregation of many of the National Parks.
Not all National Parks were segregated. This only occurred in states where segregation was enforced in the mid-1930s; however, that’s still a large number of parks! Familiar places like Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Hot Springs National Park, and Shenandoah National Park all had separate campsites, picnic tables, and even separate trails. Sometimes the trails for BIPOC were subpar and limited so they couldn't even visit the most notable attractions of the park. Imagine spending the money to take your family on a trip to a National Park only to be severely limited in the activities and places you can visit. It is infuriating to think about, but that was the reality of BIPOC during the 1930s to the end of segregation around the 1960s.Because BIPOC were severely limited at most of the southern National Parks, this further skewed the public’s perception of their enjoyment and knowledge of the outdoors for years—and even decades—to come. This perception is still pervasive in our society today, long after the National Parks in the South were integrated. Thinking about representation and accessibility in outdoor recreational spaces now, this still affects people of color, specifically Black and Indigenous folks. When these spaces do not show significant diversity, it is difficult for those who do not fit into the traditional box of “outdoorsy” (aka: white and wealthy) to see a space for themselves.
While the government and the larger white population of America did not see BIPOC as “enjoying” available outdoor spaces, BIPOC were a large part of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), an effort to build more NPS trails and facilities. CCC taught many Black and Indigenous men about forestry and conservation. With all this knowledge, you would think more BIPOC would have gotten long-term job opportunities with NPS. However, those positions instead went to the white folks who worked in the CCC. This only widened the generational gap of those who had access to these natural areas.
The repercussions of NPS decisions to segregate National Parks are still present today. While NPS is making an effort to acknowledge its all-too-recent restrictions on BIPOC in National Parks, there is still little known about it—and when people don’t know the history, it becomes harder to comprehend the inequities of today and make amends. Acknowledgement is the first step for this country to heal.
That being said, there are so many organizations nationwide helping to spread diversity in the wonderful world of outdoor recreation. At Gossamer Gear, we’re excited to be partnering with Explore Austin and Black Outside Inc., who are doing just that. And we’re committed to working with more groups and listening to BIPOC voices on what they need from us and our community. This is only just the beginning of the work that we all need to do.
It’s up to all of us to learn more about the systematic oppression of BIPOC in the United States and to take action. If you’ve never had to worry about your safety or whether you belong in a National Park, recognize that privilege, and then make an effort to create a more welcoming space for others. There is most definitely space for everybody out here.
Sarah del Puerto (she/her) is the customer experience and product specialist for Gossamer Gear. She loves rock climbing, yoga, hiking, and really any activity outside in her free time. Feel free to shoot an email over to [email protected] with any questions or just to chat!
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It’s shocking to think, but the vast majority of incidents that occur within confined spaces never go reported. Even when they do, fatalities that occur as a result of an accident within an enclosed environment are rarely reported, leading to a lack of awareness of the dangers these environments pose.
The hazards present within a confined space are huge and extremely varied. Anyone who has any interactivity with one of these areas at absolutely any level of an organisation must have the understanding and knowledge to effectively and safely interact with the environment and provide the equipment necessary to do so.
Unfortunately many professionals are gravely injured or even killed every year because of a lack of specialist training within confined spaces. The knowledge necessary to work in these environments isn’t present, leading to a huge risk of danger to those within and around the environment.
The risks don’t stop there either – many of the fatalities that take place are actually those who try to rescue those within the confined space from harm, succumbing to the effects of the space themselves. This is because these employees also don’t have the necessary knowledge to work safely with confined spaces and had they done so, they may have been able to save the life of the trapped person and not place themselves in great danger.
The following story is just one example of an incident that occurred within a confined space:
October 1996 – Local Authority Drainage Department
Two workers employed by a local authority’s drainage department were directed to a small pumping station to pump out liquor ready for another team to carry out maintenance work later that day. The pumping station was classified as a wet well in open ground with surface mounted covers with no associated buildings; the two employees were expected to do the work from the surface, outside of the pumping station.
On the day of work, one of the two men entered the well at attend to the pump inside the well (this could of been pulled out, but wasn’t). Within seconds, due to fumes in the well, the man was overcome, collapsed and died shortly afterwards. His colleague immediately raised the alarm by shouting at several bystanders on a nearby garage forecourt before entering the well himself to provide rescue. As he wasn’t using specialist equipment to do so, he too was overcome and died the same way his colleague did inside the well.
Eventually the local fire and rescue service, dressed in protective gas suits, were able to recover the bodies from the well. Several bystanders who came near the well and fire service staff hosing down the rescuer’s suits were also affected by the materials inside the well.
When taking the bodies to the mortuary afterwards, the paramedics were also overcome from the extreme vapour rising from the bodies of the two employees. This resulted in the bodies having to be sealed inside body bags, the ambulance and hospital staff had to wear respirators when handling the two bodies and extreme measure of protection had to be taken.
So toxic was the mixture of chemicals that contaminated the bodies that relatives also had to wear protective equipment when formal identification was carried out. This, of course, added enormously to their distress.
The bystanders and ambulance paramedics were still receiving medical treatments and surveillance three years after this incident took place and the contaminated bodies of the employees were only released once hermetically-sealed coffins could be provided.
These two victims at no point knew that the fumes/vapours within the well were deadly. Their employers had never trained them to enter such hazardous environments, nor had they ever prohibited such entry.
This negligence by the employer led to a court case, fines and the UK Health and Safety Executive to issue warnings to the press to raise public awareness.
Prevent the Silent Killer
It’s a horrible story, but its also a true one. Countless ones just like this ranging from being overcome by carbon dioxide fumes to a lack of oxygen within an environment kill professionals every single year, but there’s a simple solution to the problem.
Every employer must ensure at all times that their employees have access to the training, instruction and equipment necessary to prevent harm within confined spaces. Risk assessments of a space, adequate training and specialist equipment such as suits/oxygen tanks must be provided and all employees must have rescue equipment and the training necessary to use it safely if they are involved with confined spaces at any point.
Don’t let the silent killer catch you, or your employees. Raise awareness of confined spaces within your staff, carry out confined space training and make sure you have a comprehensive safety program tailored to each risk within your work environment.
Negligence in confined spaces costs lives. Don’t take the risk.
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An antioxidant is the much talked about topic nowadays. They are much in demand today all over the world. People are using them to regain mental as well as physical well-being.
Despite their popularity, there is a great lack of information on the topic of antioxidants. This article tries to deal with that issue. Firstly, we should know what antioxidant means. Antioxidants are molecules that are useful in preventing the early oxidation of our bodily cells. Oxidation of the body cells can lead to the generation of free radicals that are solely responsible for the aging as well as degenerative processes happening in the body. These antioxidants are involved in inhibiting the production of these free radicals thereby making you feel younger and healthier both mentally and physically.
In our body, there are continuous constructive (anabolism) and destructive (catabolism) processes going on. These are collectively known as metabolism. During such metabolic changes, ions or ionic groups are produced, called as free radicals. These free radicals are produced help the body to carry out the normal functions. Though these free radicals are produced by the normal bodily activity, they are indeed harmful to our body especially when considered in the long term. In simple words, these are responsible for making us old and initiate the process of aging. Growing old can be defined as the process in which there is decline in the physical and mental functioning of the body. In simple words decreased memory skills, lower immunity and reduced physical stamina is the sign of aging.
In general, it means people consume these antioxidants to avoid aging, impaired metabolism and general debility of the body. People conceptualize antioxidants as per their convenience. According to some people, antioxidants are substances that are consumed to strengthen the immune system, for some it is being consumed to avoid aging processes of the body and for some it is the method by which they can be healthy and attain longevity.
Ayurveda, being an age-old science, also laid stress on consuming the antioxidants. These are mentioned in the very first chapter of the Ayurvedic book of medicine, Charaka Samhita. According to the text, rasayana the synonym of antioxidant are consumed to attain longevity and maintain the healthy life.
# Below are some powerful Anti-oxidants that are the contributions of Ayurveda :
Amalaki : is an herb famous for its rich Vitamin C content has also attained its popularity due to its bulk presence in chyawanprash. Amalaki possesses certain chemicals like gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulinic acid, quercetin, chebulagic acid and corilagin that provide it with the power to act as an antioxidant. According to the Ayurvedic point of view, due to its cold potency and presence of five tastes, it is very helpful in avoiding oxidation of the cells.
Haritaki: has hot potency and has five tastes. Botanically Haritaki is known as Terminalia chebula. The herb is famous for its astonishing healing power and its wonderful results in treating many diseases.
Asparagus : A rich source of vitamins and minerals, asparagus contains glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that is very helpful in reducing free radical production. Glutathione has been involved curing the thirty types of cancers. It is also a powerful agent, which is helpful in treating diseases of cardiovascular system and respiratory system.
Triphala : This is not a single herb but a uniqueness of ayurveda and its power of treatment. Triphala is a miraculous herb combination that has gained its popularity as the most successful antioxidant. Triphala contains a mixture of three prestigious herbs Amalaki, Haritaki and Bhibitaki. Triphala is considered as the a divine medicine that has gained a respect as the drug of choice for treating almost every disease that exist on the face of the earth
To conclude this article I will always prefer all the reader of this article to definitely try the herbal antioxidant so as to achieve the maximum benefit without facing any harmful side effects of the chemically prepared antioxidants. Feel the power of ayurveda in your life !
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We have mentioned a few times the importance of designing your classes before starting to write code. It’s important to think about the fields, properties, and methods of your classes, as well as the relationship of your various classes to each other. Doing so will not only result in better code, but will also mean that you’re less likely to have to rewrite your code due to lack of foresight.
Class diagrams are informal tools for sketching out class design. They are often discussed in the context of the Unified Modeling Language , but most programmers use them much less formally. This will be our approach as well.
We’ll introduce you to a few accepted conventions used when drawing class diagrams. These guidelines are by no means comprehensive, and they should not be thought of as rigid rules. There’s no compiler to yell at you for not drawing a class diagram properly! Instead, we encourage you to use class diagrams as planning and communication tools. Use whichever of the conventions you choose, based on your needs.
Class diagrams can be created within some IDEs (including IntelliJ) and with specialized software. However, most of the time you’ll be drawing them by hand, so that’s what we’ll do here.
Diagramming a Single Class
In diagramming a single class, we create a box and divide it into three sections:
- Top: Class name
- Middle: Fields
- Bottom: Methods
For fields, we can specify additional useful information, such as access level and data type. For methods, we can similarly specify access level, return type, and input parameter types. We will often use “+” as shorthand for public, and “-” as shorthand for private. If we want to indicate that some methods or fields are omitted, we can use ellipses “…”.
Diagramming Class Relationships
What’s even more useful than just diagramming a single class is diagramming the relationships between the classes within our programs.
Suppose we are designing a program to track students and the classes that they have taken. We might think about three classes:
: Represents an individual studentTranscript
: Represents a student’s transcript, including classes that they have takenCourseRecord
: Represents an individual course that a student has completed, along with the grade achieved.
We can represent these three classes and their relationships to each other in the following diagram:
Since, in this situation, we’re only concerned with their relationships, we’ve omitted the fields and methods of these classes. The lines between each are different, and convey different information.
A plain, solid line between two classes indicates a one-to-one
relationship. For each Student
, there is one Transcript
, and a
can be owned by only one Student
A line with an open diamond on the end indicates a one-to-many
relationship. Each Transcript
has many CourseRecord
Another type of relationship that we have recently encountered is the is-a relationship of inheritance. This can be expressed via a class diagram by using an arrow, directed from the subclass to the base class.
There are many more ways to express relationships in class diagrams, and you’ll even see slight variations in usage of lines and the decorators used to specify the type of relationship.
For most purposes, your main concern should be visually communicating information about your program design. To that end, if you are going to share your diagram with somebody else, it is always helpful to use a key to indicate the specific meaning you have attached to each symbol used.
If you’d like to learn a bit more about informal class diagrams, we’ve collected some short, relevant videos .
Check Your Understanding
With pen and paper, write a class diagram that depicts the relationship
between a class Rocket
, that extends a SpaceCraft
and has a
and several Engine
objects. Include some fields and methods.
True/False: You drew a class diagram by hand.
True/False: When making class diagrams, the main idea is to get the design rules just right so that you won’t need to update your classes in the future.
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The English Springer Spaniel traces its origin back to the mid-19th century England. Originally bred as a gun dog to flush, or ""spring,"" game in the field, the breed is thought to be descended from the Norfolk or Shropshire Spaniels. Springer Spaniels would work with their hunters to bring down their prey with nets, falcons or bows. Their job was to detect birds in high grass and flush the birds from their cover, and lastly to retrieve the bird after it was downed. The breed has since been used in K-9 detective work because of their trainability, strength, and keen nose. The English Springer Spaniel was recognized by the Kennel Club of England in 1902, distinguishing it as a separate breed from English Cockers. The American Kennel Club (AKC) recognized the English Springer Spaniel as a breed in 1910.
English Springer Spaniels can suffer from elbow or hip dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy, otitis externa, phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency, and retinal dysplasia. Genetic testing for these and other conditions such as acral mutilation syndrome, degenerative myelopathy, familial nephropathy, fucosidosis, glycogen storage disease VII, cone-rod dystrophy 4, and chondrodystrophy and intervertebral disc disease (CDDY and IVDD risk) with or without chondrodysplasia (CDPA) is recommended to assist veterinarians with diagnosis and proactive care, as well as help breeders identify affected and carrier dogs.
English Springer Spaniels are known for their friendly, eager-to-please demeanor. They are quick learners and are generally known to get along well with children and other pets. However, they require plenty of exercise due to their working dog heritage, and can become destructive when bored. Early socialization and obedience training is recommended for this breed.
Despite their friendly nature, English Springer Spaniels are still often used as working dogs in police departments for drug detection, and as search and rescue dogs.
They are often divided into two types: show dogs and working (field) dogs, with the latter typically having a leaner body and shorter coat.
The English Springer Spaniel is the ancestor to all modern spaniels, including the English Cocker Spaniel and the Clumber Spaniel.
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Many people – including doctors – have no idea what supplementing this vitamin without the aid of injections should look like. I’m often asked about this, it’s worth having it all in one place.
By way of introduction, some interesting facts.
No animal can synthesize this vitamin in its body, and no plant contains it, although there are reports that marine algae can be a source of it – generally thought to contain mostly inactive analogs, but studies of people eating large amounts of sea greens have shown that they are not deficient:
I suppose, however, that it is not so much about the production in the algae themselves, but simply about the bacteria that either live in symbiosis with them, or simply find themselves on the surface of these plants.
It is practically impossible to maintain adequate levels of this vitamin on a vegetarian diet, let alone a vegan one. A vegan woman once told me that she had good results – she did, but then it turned out that someone simply put supplements in her food. On such diets, levels will slowly, inexorably drop until unpleasant symptoms begin to appear. This lasts long enough that people simply don’t associate it with themselves, or they think it’s normal because of aging. The reserves in the body can last up to 15 years.
An attentive reader will notice a contradiction here – how is it, since no plant contains this vitamin, and animal organisms are not able to produce it, how come herbivores are able to survive without pills? The answer is very simple – exactly how the vegetarian communities of our ancestors survived, and the vegetarian communities today in poor countries like India.
B12 is produced by bacteria, on top of being a fairly common metabolic product. In practice, dirty water, dirty food, and – or rather, primarily – insects and small invertebrates such as snails are sufficient sources. Herbivorous monkeys, when they are in captivity and given “sterile” food, begin to show deficiency symptoms after a while.
In theory, it is possible to eat a B12 sufficient diet without meat, milk and eggs, but in practice it would be prohibitively expensive, time-consuming and above all unhealthy. Quite quickly we would end up with infections of the digestive tract, as well as growing a lot of parasites.
A bit of assimilation theory. In order for this vitamin to be digested, it has to combine with a certain substance in the stomach (lack of its production is one of the most common causes of deficiencies). This is why the one produced by bacteria in the gut is useless to us. But this substance is very little, only enough for 1 mcg (about half of what we should eat each day). This means that no matter how much we eat in a supplement – whether it is 1 mcg or 10,000 mcg, we will assimilate the same amount. A supplement that contains 500% of your needs won’t really be any different from one that contains 100% – both will give about 50%.
But here is something that can help us – the passive penetration of B12 through the intestinal membranes. About 1% of what we ingest will be absorbed this way, even if our stomach does not produce the factor responsible for enabling digestion at all. In practice, this means that by swallowing a supplement that has 10,000% of the requirement, we are providing 150% – the amount that will combine in the stomach, and 1/100th of the rest.
Now about the deficiency itself. Usually when we detect it, it’s already very bad – if you’re diagnosed with blood changes, you’ve probably had time to develop irreversible brain changes. Anemia is one of the last stages, so it is a crime to say that someone is not deficient because they are not anemic.
It is safe to assume that a person diagnosed with deficiency has depleted B12 stores in the liver and cells. The human body stores about 2500 mcg of B12, so it’s safe to assume that we’re aiming to replenish about 2000 mcg to restore full function, as well as to build up reserves to maintain health during, for example, intestinal disease, during which consumption is very high.
It is difficult to tell how much of the ingested B12 is stored, and how much will be immediately used up or simply peed out. However, one can rely on the tripling rule for safety – that is, we aim to get about 6,000 mcg of B12 into our blood, appropriately timed to give the body a chance to slowly store it.
It’s time to combine the information given above into a logical whole. We want to provide 6000 mcg of a substance that we assimilate only 1% of. This means that we need to consume 600,000 mcg, 600 mg in supplements, with a very large improvement expected after “only” 200 mg.
Now let’s look at what you can buy at the pharmacy. If one tries to supplement the deficiency with popular 10 mcg tablets, the full effect will be achieved after eating 60,000 pills. If one buys “very strong” tablets containing 500 mcg, then “only” 1,200 of them will be enough, but after only 400, a very big improvement will be visible.
You can buy capsules that contain 5000 mcg – and these should be used. 100 such tablets, spread over several months, should be enough to make up for the deficiency and create a sufficient supply to survive states of increased demand.
Now a word about the different forms.
Very often you can read that the methyl~ or adenosyl~ forms are much better absorbed, that our body will not use ordinary cyanocobalamin as it can use the “active” ones. The source of this myth is that inside cells we have just these forms – methyl, adenosyl and hydroxy. On the face of it, it is logical that by providing adenosylcobalamin, for example, we are making our body’s task easier.
However, the truth is different – these vitamins are broken down into their individual components before they enter the cell, and only inside the cell does our body produce the methyl and adenosyl forms:
In other words, it makes virtually no difference which form we choose. Methylcobalamin may turn out to be a source of methyl groups, I would add, nightmarishly expensive compared to betaine, for example, and this may explain the improvement felt by some people over regular cyanocobalamin. I am also not sure if there is no mistake in the above studies – it is possible that the adenosyl form is destroyed before entering the cell, but perhaps it will be better stored in the liver – in that form it is found there.
Finally, it’s not possible to stay healthy on a vegan diet by taking very large doses of supplements e.g. once a month. To avoid deficiency, B12 needs to be supplemented regularly with smaller doses.
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The September 11, 2001, attack on the World Trade Center towers left New Yorkers stunned and bloodied, but unbowed. It was not the first attempt against the buildings; in 1993 terrorists exploded a car bomb in the basement of one of the towers. At that time, Thomas McLarty, then President Bill Clinton’s chief of staff, said, ‘To my memory, we had never really experienced anything like this on American soil.’ In reality, terrorists had struck at Manhattan more than a century earlier.
In 1864 New York was the nation’s largest city and a world unto itself. When the Southern states seceded from the Union in 1861, some even called for New York City to follow suit and set itself up as a city-state, though it soon elected to stick with the North. At the time more than 814,000 people were crammed onto Manhattan Island, many of them living in near poverty around the slum of Five Points. A few small communities sprinkled the wilderness above 42nd Street, though far-sighted city fathers had purchased the land for Central Park back in 1856, and construction began as a relief project during the panic and depression of the following year. The water of the Hudson and East Rivers was clean enough that people could still swim in it, and they did.
Nevertheless, some things never change. ‘The greatest characteristic of New York is din and excitement,’ said The Stranger’s Guide to New York, a contemporary travel book. ‘Everything is done in a hurry, for all is intense anxiety. It is especially noticeable in the leading thoroughfare of Broadway, where the noise and confusion caused by the incessant passing and re-passing of some 18,000 vehicles a day render it a Babel scene.’ Broadway was indeed the city’s leading avenue. Large hotels stood on nearly every corner, and it was the street where legendary showman Phineas T. Barnum had purchased the old five-story Scudder’s Museum and renamed it Barnum’s American Museum. Here the master showman operated a spectacular place where people of all ages could marvel at his collection of the weird and wonderful or attended entertainments in the Lecture Room. ‘Three Mammoth Fat Girls, Weighing One Ton!’ Barnum’s notice in the New York Times for November 25, 1864, promised, as well as ‘Three Giants, Two Dwarfs, Indian Warriors, French Automatons, &c. Dramatic Entertainments Morning, Afternoon, and Evening.’
New York was also a city torn asunder by divergent politics. For three days in July 1863 it had erupted in protest against the draft, with lynch mobs running wild in the streets and rioters burning houses and businesses. Although the initial reports of more than 1,200 deaths proved exaggerated, as many as 118 people may have been killed before exhausted Union troops, marching straight from their victory at Gettysburg, put down the riot. In the aftermath, President Abraham Lincoln appointed Major General John Dix to oversee the military control of the city.
However, all that was in the past, and November 25, 1864, promised to be a day of celebration. For more than 80 years the date had been remembered as Evacuation Day, the day when the British abandoned New York City during the Revolutionary War. And this year it marked the first time the three famous acting brothers, Edwin Booth, Junius Booth, Jr., and John Wilkes Booth, had performed together. They were putting aside their own political differences to appear at the Winter Garden Theatre in Shakespeare’s play about an assassination, Julius Caesar. The production was a benefit to raise funds for a fine bronze statue of Shakespeare for Central Park.
Yet this Evacuation Day would be remembered for another reason. That evening Confederate agents planned to set New York City aflame. The plot had been concocted a few months earlier by Robert Martin, a former colonel under Confederate cavalry commander John Hunt Morgan (see ‘The Great Escape,’ February 2000). In 1864 Martin traveled to Canada to take part in the Confederate espionage operations being planned there. Like most acts of terrorism, the Confederacy hatched the New York operation as an act of retribution, a way to seek revenge for the Union’s ravaging of Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley, the breadbasket of the Confederacy. The plot was a simple one. Colonel Martin and seven other agents, dressed as civilians, would cross the Canadian border to aid in an uprising by Copperheads-Northerners who sympathized with the South-on Election Day, November 8. At a predetermined time, the agents would set fire to several of the hotels along Broadway, and the Copperheads would begin an uprising similar to the Draft Riots. Once they had captured General Dix and placed him in irons, they would raise the Confederate flag over the city and declare it an independent entity.
This audacious plot quickly fell apart. Union forces, tipped off by an informer, discovered the scheme, and troops under General Benjamin Butler marched into the city to maintain order. The quick action, plus the demoralizing news from Georgia that General William T. Sherman had captured Atlanta, deflated the Copperheads’ ambitious plans.
Nevertheless, the eight Confederates assigned to torch the city remained determined to complete their task. One by one, they made their way into New York City and registered under assumed names at various hotels, all of them along Broadway. John W. Headley, Martin’s second in command, contacted a local chemist from whom the Confederates had arranged to obtain 12 dozen bottles of a mixture that contemporary reports said was phosphorus. Other reports called it ‘Greek Fire,’ an incendiary mixture of sulfur, naphtha, and quicklime that bursts into flame when exposed to air. The mixture had a long history. The Ancient Greeks had invented it, and the Byzantines used it to destroy a Saracen fleet in the seventh century. For setting things ablaze, this was clearly the right stuff to use.
Headley found the chemist ‘in a basement on the west side of Washington Place.’ The old man handed him a heavy valise, and Headley lugged it onto a street car and took it with him to a rendezvous point. There he divided the bottles up among the other would-be arsonists, who put them in cheap black satchels. ‘We were now ready to create a sensation in New York,’ Headley declared.
The saboteurs struck on the evening of Friday, November 25. The first hotel they hit was the St. James on 26th and Broadway, where around 8:45 a guest saw smoke coming from a room that had been rented to a man calling himself John School. The locked door was broken down and the fire was put out in seconds. The room was empty, save for an empty bottle of Greek Fire in a black satchel.
The next hotel to report a blaze was the United States. A young man with a carpetbag had arrived that afternoon and asked for a room on a lower floor. The only one available was on the fifth floor, however, and the man agreed to take it ‘with great reluctance,’ reported the Times. The young man’s odd behavior, as well as his wig and fake whiskers, aroused the proprietor’s suspicions, or so he later said. But he rented the man a room anyway. At 8:45 someone discovered flames coming from the room, and the occupant had disappeared. Again, the fire was quickly extinguished.
A permanent resident of the St. Nicholas, a three-building hotel, noticed two men behaving suspiciously as they left the hotel. ‘It’s all right,’ one reassured the other before they both disappeared into the night. At 8:55 fires broke out in Rooms 128, 129, 130, and 174, but the house fire department kept the blazes under control and restricted damage to those four rooms. Then shortly after 9:00 an employee of Barnum’s Museum noticed a flash of fire on the fifth-floor staircase. His cry of fire ‘ran through the Lecture Room, startling everyone and causing the most intense excitement,’ said the New York Herald. ‘Almost before any of those in the Lecture Room could get out the fire had been extinguished, but this did not seem to allay the excitement . . . . The giantess became so alarmed that she ran down the main stairs into the street, and took refuge in Powers’ Hotel.’
At 9:20 a blaze erupted in a third-floor room of the Lafarge House, but guests and staff quickly extinguished it. The room’s occupant, one J.B. Richardson of Camden, New Jersey, was nowhere to be found. ‘When the alarm of fire was given at the Lafarge, the excitement became very intense among the closely-packed mass of human beings in the Winter Garden Theatre adjoining the Lafarge,’ said the Times. Edwin Booth, a police inspector, and a local judge helped calm the anxious audience.
The fires continued. A room at the Belmont Hotel was set ablaze around 10:00, and a room at Tammany Hall around the same time. The man who checked into the latter room, who gave his name as C.E. Morse of Rochester, had disappeared, but his handwriting resembled that of the man who had checked into one of the rooms of the St. Nicholas Hotel that had been set alight. Both blazes were quickly extinguished. Also at 10:00, residents of the Metropolitan discovered a fire on the upper floor, but hotel workers put it out. Around 10:30 someone opened the door to a fourth-floor bedroom on the northeast wing of Lovejoy’s Hotel and discovered a flaming mattress, but rapid action doused the blaze. At 11:00 in the New-England House, a man calling himself George Morse took a room on the second floor. ‘In a few minutes he came down stairs and went out, saying he would return,’ reported the Times. ‘Soon afterward the room which he occupied was found to be on fire.’ Here, too, the flames were doused quickly. Then at Lovejoy’s Hotel another room was discovered on fire, this time on the southeast wing. It was rapidly extinguished.
Headley set one of his fires in the plush Astor House. He put the bedclothes and furniture on the bed, added some newspapers, poured turpentine on the pile, then took out his Greek Fire. ‘I opened a bottle carefully and quickly, and spilled it on the pile of rubbish. It blazed up instantly and the whole bed seemed to be in flames before I could get out,’ he wrote in 1906. Headley locked the door, casually made his way downstairs, and left his key with the clerk. He then set blazes at the Everett and United States Hotels. Walking down the street, Headley recognized another member of his gang, Captain Robert Cobb Kennedy, in front of him. ‘I closed up behind him and slapped him on the shoulder,’ Headley recalled. ‘He squatted and began to draw his pistol, but I laughed and he knew me. He laughed and said he ought to shoot me for giving him such a scare.’
The fires continued. A room on one of the upper floors of the Fifth Avenue Hotel burst into flames when a porter opened the door. The arsonist had saturated the bedding with phosphorous, but it didn’t ignite until the open door supplied the draft it needed. The porter extinguished the fire. At the five-story Hanford Hotel-which neighbored a planing mill and a large lumberyard-one of the upper floor rooms was found ablaze, but an employee put the flames out. Had the blaze spread, the entire Lower East Side might have been threatened. Meanwhile, the police discovered a couple of hay barges spitting fire, but they put them out without much difficulty.
Somehow the city’s luck continued to hold, despite the fact that some people kept ignoring all warning of calamity. ‘Immediately after the first alarm was given [Police Chief of Detectives John Young] went to the Metropolitan Hotel, told the proprietors what was anticipated, and urged them to set double watches through all the halls,’ reported the Herald. ‘He also sent similar messages to the other hotels, and had his advice been heeded, many of the fires would doubtless have been prevented.’ All in all, the saboteurs set more than a dozen buildings ablaze that night, but none of them burned long. That was mainly because the raiders, in their desire to remain undetected, made one major mistake: ‘It was noticed that in every room where the phosphorus was found the windows and all apertures for the admission of air and ventilation were tightly closed,’ the Herald reported. Without a draft, the fires didn’t have the oxygen they needed to reach dangerous levels.
New York City responded to the attack with fear and outrage. Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper called it ‘The most diabolical attempt at arson and murder of which there is any record in the history of our country.’ The Times called the plot ‘one of the most fiendish and inhuman acts known to modern times.’ P.T. Barnum quickly assured patrons with a statement that detailed his safeguards against future fires and said his museum was ‘as safe a place of amusement as can be found in the world.’
The following day, the police began rounding up suspects-nearly 200 people in all. Among them was a women from Baltimore whom police had taken into custody after she was ‘noticed going from one hotel to another, leaving each hotel just previous to the breaking out of the fire.’ She was later released after explaining she had merely been trying to track down a store clerk who was living at one of the hotels. While the Times called for stricter control of Southerners in the city, and the Hotel Keepers’ Association offered $20,000 in reward money for the apprehension of the arsonists, somehow all the Confederates managed to take trains out of town. They crossed back into Canada just two days later.
Robert Cobb Kennedy was not content to lie low in Canada. He was a man of action. A former West Pointer from Louisiana, Kennedy had maintained Southern sympathies and joined the Confederate army. Although captured and sent to the notorious Johnson’s Island Prison on Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie, Kennedy had escaped only six weeks before the New York attack. A contemporary at the prison remembered him as ‘a perfect dare-devil, and no situation, however perilous, seemed to daunt his courage.’ It was Kennedy who set the fire in the Barnum Museum, when he ducked into the building to hide after setting fire to his assigned hotels. Kennedy decided to burn the museum on a whim, feeling ‘there would be fun to start a scare,’ as Headley recounted. ‘He broke a bottle of Greek fire, he said, on the edge of a step like he would crack an egg. It blazed up and he got out to witness the result.’
Just two weeks after trying to set Broadway ablaze and crossing into Canada and safety, Kennedy involved himself in another covert operation-this time a plot to rescue seven Confederate generals being transferred between prisons by rail. This plot also failed, and soon after Kennedy returned to Canada he decided to make a break for his home state. This time his luck ran out. Detectives arrested Kennedy in Detroit and placed him on a train bound for New York City. There, in a military trial, judgment was swift and furious. ‘The attempt to set fire to the city of New York,’ said General Dix, ‘is one of the great atrocities of the age. There is nothing in the annals of barbarism which evinces greater vindictiveness. It was not a mere attempt to destroy the city, but to set fire to crowded hotels and places of public resort, in order to secure the greatest possible destruction of human life.’ And then the punishment was read: ‘Robert C. Kennedy will be hanged from the neck till he is dead at Fort Lafayette, New York Harbor, on Saturday, the twenty-fifth day of March.’
On that day Kennedy stood on the gallows, and a hood was placed over his head. He began singing: ‘Trust to luck/trust to luck/stare Fate in the face/for your heart will be easy/if it’s in the right place . . . ‘ Then the platform dropped. He was the last Confederate soldier executed by the Union.
‘Though the damage was minor, as it turned out,’ Civil War historian Shelby Foote wrote, ‘the possibilities were frightening enough. Federal authorities could see in the conspiracy a forecast of what might be expected in the months ahead, when the rebels grew still more desperate over increasing signs that their war could not be won on the field of battle.’ Life in New York quickly returned to normal, so much so that an editorial writer for the New York Times believed that the city had not learned its lesson. ‘The effective measures taken by the authorities will cause a temporary suspension of incendiary operations, no doubt,’ he wrote, ‘but it becomes us to see to it that we are not put off our guard by relapsing into a somnolent indifference. It is when we have got to fancy ourselves perfectly secure, that the pestilence will break out with new and accumulated force.’
This article was written by Phil Scott and originally published in the January 2002 issue of American History Magazine. For more great articles, subscribe to American History magazine today!
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This term our 'Va Va Voom!' topic will allow us to go back in time and learn about how transport has changed and developed over the years. Children will learn about the Wright Brothers and the invention of the airplane, as well as George Stephenson and the invention of the steam train. They will think about how their work developing different transport had an effect on people's lifestyles, such as their holiday destinations.
Children will then get to become designers themselves, and will use different materials and equipment to design and create their own futuristic vehicle. They will learn about how a wheel and axis works and use them in their creations.
In the build up to Christmas, children will use their art sessions to create fantastic festive gifts to sell at our school Christmas Fayre.
Throughout the term Year 2 will be working together to create a fantastic production of 'How the Grinch Stole Christmas' to share with parents. We will be working really hard to learn and practice our lines, actions and songs to celebrate Christmas and end the term in a festive fahsion.
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The battle against cancer is one of the most enduring in medical history. The term “cancer” traces its origins back to Hippocrates, often called the Father of Medicine, who used the term “karkinos” (Greek for crab) to describe tumors. This name was inspired by the claw-like extensions that tumors form, resembling a crab digging into the body. While Hippocrates’ understanding of cancer was rudimentary, his terminology laid the groundwork for future exploration into the disease.
Table of Contents
The 19th century marked a significant leap in understanding cancer with the work of Rudolf Virchow, a pioneer in cellular pathology. Virchow discovered that cancer results from abnormal cell division, shifting the perception of cancer to a disease of the cells. This insight redefined the approach to cancer, paving the way for treatments focused on targeting cellular abnormalities. With cancer now seen as a cellular disease, early detection and treatment methods began to evolve rapidly.
Moving into the early 20th century, efforts to systematically treat cancer gained momentum. Sidney Farber, recognized as the Father of Modern Chemotherapy, made groundbreaking strides in the 1940s by using antifolate drugs to treat childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). His success with chemotherapy not only transformed leukemia treatment but also influenced the broader field of oncology. The foundation laid by these early pioneers set the stage for the development of cancer screening tools aimed at early detection and intervention.
The Development of Cancer Screening
The 20th century saw the emergence of various cancer screening tools that dramatically improved survival rates by enabling early detection. One of the first breakthroughs was the Pap smear, developed in the 1940s by Dr. George Papanicolaou. This test revolutionized cervical cancer screening by allowing the detection of abnormal cells in the cervix before they turned cancerous. The widespread adoption of the Pap smear led to a significant decline in cervical cancer incidence and mortality.
The 1950s brought another pivotal moment in cancer prevention when Sir Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill published studies linking smoking to lung cancer. This finding spurred public health campaigns to reduce smoking rates, leading to a decrease in lung cancer cases. Concurrently, advances in imaging technology were making headway. In the 1960s and 1970s, mammography became a key tool for breast cancer screening. Its ability to detect breast tumors at an early stage transformed breast cancer outcomes, saving millions of lives worldwide.
By the 1980s, prostate cancer screening was revolutionized with the introduction of the PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) test. The PSA test measures the level of a specific protein in the blood, with elevated levels often indicating the presence of prostate cancer. This allowed for earlier detection and intervention, significantly improving survival rates. Additionally, ultrasound technology, originally developed for obstetric use, evolved into a crucial diagnostic tool for various cancers. By the late 20th century, ultrasound was widely used to detect tumors in organs like the liver, thyroid, kidneys, and bladder, further enhancing the capacity for early cancer detection.
UDS’s 9-Organ Ultrasound-Based Early Detection Program
Building on this historical foundation, UDS has developed a comprehensive ultrasound-based screening program focusing on early cancer detection, particularly for public safety professionals such as firefighters. Firefighters are at an elevated risk for certain cancers due to their exposure to hazardous environments, making early detection vital for this population. The UDS Early Detection program focuses on nine critical areas of the body, providing a holistic assessment of cancer risk and overall health.
- Echocardiogram: Evaluates heart health, identifying potential abnormalities that could signal heart disease.
- Carotid Doppler: Screens for plaque buildup in the carotid arteries, a risk factor for stroke.
- Aortic Aneurysm (AAA): Detects aneurysms in the abdominal aorta that could rupture and cause life-threatening bleeding.
- Thyroid: Screens for nodules or cancer in the thyroid gland.
- Liver: Identifies liver masses or conditions such as hepatocellular carcinoma.
- Spleen: Assesses spleen health for potential abnormalities.
- Kidney: Screens for kidney tumors or cysts.
- Bladder: Detects bladder cancer, particularly prevalent in high-risk populations like firefighters.
- Pelvic (for women) and Testicular (for men): Screens for ovarian or testicular cancer.
In addition to these screenings, UDS provides a suite of services designed to ensure a thorough and accessible process. The program includes onsite delivery to fire departments and public safety institutions, making it convenient for high-risk professionals to receive screenings. Detailed reports from both a Radiologist and a Cardiologist ensure a comprehensive review of results. For any positive findings, a Nurse Practitioner consultation is available, offering immediate expert guidance. Furthermore, UDS conducts a second outreach for abnormal results, coordinating care for further testing or treatment as needed.
UDS’s Success in Early Cancer Detection
UDS’s ultrasound-based program has proven highly effective in detecting cancers at their earliest stages, particularly in organs like the thyroid, bladder, kidneys, testicles, and liver. Early detection in these areas is crucial, as these cancers often remain asymptomatic until they reach advanced stages. By identifying cancers when they are most treatable, UDS’s program significantly improves patient outcomes.
One of the program’s notable successes is the early detection of thyroid cancer. Through regular screenings, UDS has identified thyroid abnormalities in individuals before the onset of symptoms, enabling timely intervention. This early detection has been instrumental in reducing the mortality rate associated with thyroid cancer. Similarly, bladder cancer, a known risk for firefighters, has been caught early through UDS’s screenings. Detecting this cancer before symptoms arise allows for less invasive treatments and better prognoses.
In addition, UDS’s program has successfully identified kidney tumors, which are often asymptomatic in their early stages. By catching these tumors early, UDS enables patients to pursue treatment options that can prevent the cancer from spreading. Testicular cancer, a concern for younger men, has also been detected at early stages through routine ultrasound screenings, contributing to higher survival rates. These success stories underscore the life-saving potential of UDS’s comprehensive screening approach.
UDS’s Commitment to Public Safety
UDS’s ultrasound-based early detection program represents the culmination of centuries of progress in cancer screening. From the ancient understanding of cancer as an incurable disease to the modern era of advanced diagnostic tools, the fight against cancer has made tremendous strides. UDS’s program is a vital component of this ongoing effort, particularly in its focus on public safety personnel who are at an elevated risk for certain cancers.
By delivering comprehensive, life-saving screenings directly to those who serve the public, UDS demonstrates a deep commitment to early detection and preventive care. The program not only provides immediate health benefits but also raises awareness about the importance of regular cancer screenings. UDS ensures that public safety professionals have access to state-of-the-art early detection services, improving their chances of overcoming cancer should it develop.
In summary, the historical journey of cancer screening has led to remarkable advancements in early detection and treatment. UDS’s impact on this journey is significant, offering a comprehensive ultrasound-based screening program that addresses the unique risks faced by public safety professionals. Through ongoing efforts to enhance cancer screening and promote early detection, UDS continues to contribute to the broader fight against cancer, helping to save lives and improve outcomes for those most at risk.
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Can we entrust our pets' care to robotically-enhanced technology? This question was the central theme of a recent study aiming to understand and enrich the dynamic relationship between cats and robots. While it seems that a well-designed robot could be trusted with caring for your feline friend, the research offers a nuanced perspective, showing that the environment the robot navigates, as well as human interaction, also play significant roles.
At the heart of the research is "Cat Royale," a novel project dreamed into life by the collaboration of computer scientists from the University of Nottingham and artists from Blast Theory. Together, they created a multispecies world; a bespoke enclosure where three cats and a robot arm coexisted for six hours a day for twelve days. This innovation-packed installation was launched in 2023 at the World Science Festival in Brisbane, Australia, later garnering a Webby award for its immersive experience.
The research paper titled "Designing Multispecies Worlds for Robots, Cats, and Humans" has since graced the annual Computer-Human Conference (CHI'24) where it won the accolade for best paper. It argued the significance of not just considering the design and interactions of technology, but also the 'world' within which the tech operates. It underscored the importance of human involvement in aspects such as recovery from breakdowns, ensuring animal welfare, and the human role as an audience.
In the "Cat Royale" experiment, the robot arm performed activities specifically meant to satiate the play needs of the cats. It trailed a 'mouse' toy on the floor, hoisted a feathery 'bird' into the air, and even offered the cats eats. Then, an AI was trained to interpret which games the cats preferred so that it could customize their experiences.
Professor Steve Benford from the University of Nottingham, the research lead, stated that while the project might seem merely about crafting a robot to keep cats engaged, it also explores the deeper concern of our ability to trust a robot with the care of our loved ones, and potentially even ourselves.
The research team, partnering with Blast Theory, procured vital insights into robot design and interaction with the feline subjects during the development of "Cat Royale". They achieved creating a tranquil environment for the overlays between the cats and robot arm, even further refining it to accommodate the robot's best chances of detecting the cats.
The research hinted towards the significance of the interior design facet when implementing robots, alongside the necessity for engineering and AI. If you plan to incorporate robots in your home to care for your loved ones, you might need to redesign your home contextually.
Research and design workshops were held at the University of Nottingham's innovative Cobotmaker Space. Stakeholders ganging to discuss the design aspects of the robot were also encouraged to contemplate the welfare of the cats. Eike Schneiders, a Transitional Assistant Professor from the Mixed Reality Lab at the University of Nottingham, affirmed that creating a system catering to multi-species, required much more than just a well-designed robot.
Disclaimer: The above article was written with the assistance of AI. The original sources can be found on ScienceDaily.
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This set of Engineering Geology Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Geological Characters for Investigation”.
1. When a site is said to be sound, which of the following character is not desirable?
Explanation: Technically, the site should be as sound as possible: strong, impermeable and stable strong rocks at the site make the job of the designer much easy: he can evolve best designs.
2. Rocks are inherently which type of materials?
Explanation: Rocks are inherently anisotropic materials, showing variation in properties in different directions.
3. When is the strength of sound rock always greater?
a) When stresses are normal to bedding planes
b) When stresses are parallel to bedding planes
c) When stresses are inclined at 45° to bedding planes
d) When stresses are inclined at 60° to bedding planes
Explanation: The strength of sound, unfractured stratified rock is always greater when the stresses are acting normal to the bedding planes than if applied in other directions.
4. The most unfavourable strike direction is when the beds?
a) Strike parallel to axis of dam and the dip is upstream
b) Strike parallel to axis of dam and the dip is downstream
c) Strike normal to axis of dam and the dip is downstream
d) Strike normal to axis of dam and the dip is upstream
Explanation: The most unfavourable strike direction is the one in which the beds strike parallel to the axis of the dam and the dip is downstream. It must be avoided as far as possible.
5. Which of the following is not a method for dam construction when a shear zone is encountered?
a) Construct on shear zone
b) Grouting the shear zones
c) Try and avoid the site as much as possible
d) Excavation and back filling
Explanation: Generally small scale fault zones and shear zones can be treated by grouting. But in the case of major shear zones, weak material would be excavated and the space backfilled with hard material like concrete up to the required depth.
6. In synclinal bends, dams placed on which part would run risk of leaking?
a) Upstream limb
b) Downstream limb
d) Sloping side
Explanation: In synclinal bends, dams placed on the upstream limbs would run the risk of leakage from beneath the dam.
7. What aspect of the joint has to be thoroughly studied before construction of a dam?
a) Geometry of the joint
b) The depth of the joint
c) Nature of the joint
d) The texture of the rocks
Explanation: The geometry of joints, their intensity, nature and continuity with depth, all must be thoroughly established and their effects on the site rocks evaluated and remedial measures taken in advance.
8. Which joints have to be established with greater care?
a) Sheet joints
b) Mural joints
c) Micro joints
d) Columnar joints
Explanation: Occurrence of micro-joints has to be established with still greater care as such joint systems, if left untreated, could be source of many risks.
9. The fish culture in the stream is not affected by the construction of a dam.
Explanation: Environmentally speaking, the fish culture in the stream is the first sector to suffer a major shock due to the construction of a dam.
10. Knowing the lithology of the site is very important in terms of its safety and feasibility.
Explanation: The single most important feature that must be known thoroughly at the site and all around and below the valley up to a reasonable depth is the Lithology, i.e., the types of the rocks that make the area.
Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Engineering Geology.
To practice all areas of Engineering Geology, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and Answers.
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There is no cure, but treatment helps you manage and successfully live with the disease. High-rent districts, « seedy » neighborhoods, age, race, sex or income—addiction weaves its way through http://ynik.info/2014/01/31/poleznye_jady.html all walks of life. No one thing can predict your risk of developing a substance use disorder. But researchers agree there are a combination of factors involved that can increase your risk.
Clinically, alcohol consumption that exceeds guidelines for moderate drinking has been used to prompt brief interventions or referral for specialist care . More recently, a reduction http://breaking-benjamin.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=183&p=198 in these quantitative levels has been validated as treatment endpoints . I have made peace with the idea that I am the kind of person who should not drink, at least for today.
Causes of Substance Use Disorder
One use is all it takes for some drugs to set a person on the wrong course, and even legal drugs such as prescription opioids can easily catapult addiction if they are misused. This means that anyone with access to medical care is potentially at risk, and so long as old misconceptions continue to prevail, they are in greater danger than they would otherwise be. However, we must insist that individuals struggling with addiction need to find a way of overcoming the stigmatization and seek professional help. They must learn to appreciate the fact that their state may not be their choice, but they can choose to improve their health or make it worse. They overstimulate your brain’s reward system, and two, they tend to mimic the natural transmitters such as dopamine to send false signals to the central nervous system.
In recent years, the conceptualization of addiction as a brain disease has come under increasing criticism. When first put forward, the brain disease view was mainly an attempt to articulate an effective response to prevailing nonscientific, moralizing, and stigmatizing attitudes to addiction. According to these attitudes, addiction was simply the result of a person’s moral failing or weakness of character, http://ramp1.ru/gnine-stubborn-sober-2012.html rather than a “real” disease . To promote patient access to treatments, scientists needed to argue that there is a biological basis beneath the challenging behaviors of individuals suffering from addiction. A premise of our argument is that any useful conceptualization of addiction requires an understanding both of the brains involved, and of environmental factors that interact with those brains .
Arguments Against the Disease of Addiction
Options include withdrawal and detox, ongoing treatments such as medications and therapy, and intensive outpatient programs. Alcohol or drug addiction, also known as substance use disorder, is a chronic disease of the brain that can happen to anyone. Severe substance use disorder happens when substance use becomes an uncontrollable habit that hurts your day-to-day life, showing up as struggles at work or in school, conflicts with relationships, legal or money problems. The American Medical Association (AMA) and the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) classify addiction as a disease. When compared to other diseases like heart disease, diabetes type 2, and cancer, addiction is also made up of a combination of environmental, behavioral, and genetic or biological factors. Just like with other hereditary diseases, genetic links account for about half of the likelihood of developing an addiction.
- To reflect this complex nature of addiction, we have assembled a team with expertise that spans from molecular neuroscience, through animal models of addiction, human brain imaging, clinical addiction medicine, to epidemiology.
- Behavioral researchers like Dr. Lewis try to argue this by acknowledging that the brain does change during addiction, but they view it as a situation like playing with clay.
- However, it is also clear that the probability of them choosing to their own disadvantage, even when more salutary options are available and sometimes at the expense of losing their life, is systematically and quantifiably increased.
- Accordingly, we do not maintain that a chronic relapsing course is a defining feature of SUD.
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Easy for you to teach.
Easy for them to grasp.
All Starlab content meets current Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) and is quickly and easily accessed by an intuitive interface. Allowing you to deliver each lesson on each topic smoothly and confidently.
Journey together from our solar system to deep space, while exploring everything in between.
What’s unique about the planets and stars closest to us? What do we know about the edges of our universe? And how are stars born—and how do they die?
You’ll get answers to all these and more with our Astronomy software.
Complete 3D Hipparcos and tycho 2 database of 16+ million stars
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Customizable, high-resolution 360-degree panoramas and dazzling visual displays of planets and known solar system moons as quality textured, accurately placed 3D objects
Discover how the world works, inside and out, and how it has changed throughout history.
What lies beneath Earth’s crust? How do earthquakes and volcanoes impact the Earth in real-time? And how have major landmasses changed over time?
That's what you'll find out with Geology.
Visually immersive, 3D landscapes and representations to help see Earth as a whole system
Accurate depictions of tectonic plate boundaries, mountain ranges, volcanoes, earthquakes, mineral resources, and biomes
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Why is Antarctica a desert if it’s cold? How and when do hurricanes form? And how is climate change impacting our planet?
That's what you'll uncover in Meteorology.
Immersive 3D visuals that help students understand what makes up our atmosphere and how it behaves—from climates to climate change and the weather
The ability to measure data and manipulate models to foster a deeper understanding of how the atmosphere works
Engaging simulations and visualizations that capture students’ attention as they learn new concepts and deepen their knowledge of existing ones
Choose Your Own Adventure
With Starlab, you can truly teach without limits—project any open-source or custom educational content regardless of which or how many software programs you purchase.
You can even encourage students to create and share their own projects or content through Starlab.
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The participants were afforded an exclusive insight into the production of analytical instruments on site in Langenselbold, where Elementar is active with a workforce of over 120 employees. All operational areas of the company, including research and development, production, application lab, quality assurance, service, sales and warehousing, are located on the same site.
Another element of the user meeting was the exciting and informative specialist presentations and field reports on applications in which the analyzers from Elementar are used. Leonard Wassenaar from the WasserCluster Lunz am See research institute in Austria, for example, reported on the fascinating flight of the North American orange and black monarch butterflies. In the fall, millions of these butterflies fly from the north to their wintering grounds in the Sierra Nevada northwest of Mexico City. Isotope analysis can determine exactly where the moths were born. Dr. Christine Lehn from the Institute of Forensic Medicine at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich showed how the analysis of stable isotopes on body tissue from dead people can help the police to identify unknown deceased persons. Dr. Andreas Rossmann, Managing Director of Isolab GmbH, presented the European Union's wine database. Isotope data on all EU wines has been collected there for over 30 years, which can be used, for example, to check for unauthorized treatment such as watering or sugaring of wines. The influence of climate change on wines can also be tracked.
Isotope analysis supports climate research
The method of isotope analysis utilizes an interesting property of various elements such as hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. This is because these elements occur in isotopes of different weights. This means that they differ in the number of neutrons they contain. Isotope analyses determine the proportion of isotopes of a chemical element within a sample. “Using highly sensitive mass spectrometers, we can determine this isotopic composition very precisely and detect the small differences in mass. For example, oxygen and hydrogen isotopes can be used in plant ecology to determine the water sources of plants,” says Kathrin Rosenthal, describing one of the many possible applications.
Another important field of application is climate research. By determining the oxygen isotopes in drill cores from inland ice, researchers can draw conclusions about past weather conditions in Greenland, for example. In this way, information can be obtained about the average temperature and thus the warming and cooling of the climate in earlier times.
Elementar is a specialist in isotope analysis
Isotope ratio mass spectrometry, or IRMS for short, is a powerful technology that makes it possible to gain a more precise insight into a wide range of research areas, from palaeoclimatology and climate research to forensics, archaeology, food monitoring, doping control and the testing of oil deposits. “We develop and produce a comprehensive portfolio of IRMS systems for stable isotope analysis for this wide range of applications,” says Kathrin Rosenthal, describing the expertise of the medium-sized German company. Elementar's instruments are also equipped with special software from data acquisition to data analysis for stable isotope analysis.
“Equally important for the optimization of the IRMS method, however, is the direct exchange between us as instrument manufacturers and the users, and the discussion of practical applications. The meeting was an optimal forum for mutual learning and the establishment of trust,” resumed Kathrin Rosenthal, drawing a positive conclusion from the user meeting, which will now take place regularly.
In the end, the participants of the successful new event edition could be sure: Elementar meets increasing demands on analytics as well as data processing and evaluation with continuous optimization and further development of its analytical systems to support laboratories worldwide.
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Surely, their versatility is one of the best things about human beings, but when push comes to shove, there is still an awful little that they do better than improving on a consistent basis. This …
Surely, their versatility is one of the best things about human beings, but when push comes to shove, there is still an awful little that they do better than improving on a consistent basis. This ability, in particular, has brought the world some huge milestones, with technology emerging as quite a major member of the group. The reason why we hold technology in such a high regard is, by and large, predicated upon its skill-set, which guided us towards a reality that nobody could have ever imagined otherwise. Nevertheless, if we look beyond the surface for one hot second, it will become abundantly clear how the whole runner was also very much inspired from the way we applied those skills across a real world environment. The latter component, in fact, did a lot to give the creation a spectrum-wide presence, and as a result, initiated a full-blown tech revolution. Of course, the next thing this revolution did was to scale up the human experience through some outright unique avenues, but even after achieving a feat so notable, technology will somehow continue to bring forth the right goods. The same has turned more and more evident in recent times, and assuming one new discovery ends up with the desired impact, it will only put that trend on a higher pedestal moving forward.
The researching team at Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory has successfully conceived a brand new way to release carbon dioxide (CO2) from a solvent used in direct air capture (DAC) and trap the greenhouse gas for good. Before we get into the discovery itself, we must talk about all those existing methods that we use to perform the stated extraction, You see, the current methods filter it through an aqueous solution containing a sorbent material, such as an amino acid, that takes up atmospheric CO2 and holds it. Next up, heat is roped in to release the carbon dioxide and regenerate the amino acid for recycling purposes. As far as CO2 is concerned, it is either stored or converted into value-added products, such as ethanol, polymers or concrete. Now, as comprehensive and ingenious as they sound, these current methods come with a major energy-related drawback. To offer more details, the process for releasing CO2 and regenerating the sorbent material actually shakes out to be a pretty energy-intensive affair, thus causing all sorts of sustainability concerns. But how does our new technology solve such a massive conundrum? Well, it bets on a novel acid called photoacid, which becomes more acidic when it absorbs light. So, when you expose the acid to something like ultraviolet light, a chemical group in the middle of the acid rotates from the opposite side of a bond to the same side. Forming a ring, the reaction instigates transfer of a proton, or hydrogen ion, to the water solvent. Once the transfer has been duly completed, it bolsters the solution’s acidity levels to produce a change called pH Swing, leaving excess protons to interact with bicarbonate, or HCO3, which was made when CO2 reacted with the sorbent. Following their interaction, the bicarbonate is to accept proton to become carbonic acid, and in other words, a material just one energetically favorable step away from carbon dioxide and water.
In the existing direct-air-capture technologies, CO2 release and sorbent regeneration are the most energy-intensive steps,” said Yingzhong Ma, a chemist at Oak Ridge National Laboratory who led the study. “The goal here is to use the amino acid sorbent, which is recyclable and has a lot of attractive properties, combined with a more energy-efficient approach to release the CO2 and regenerate the sorbent.”
Another major member of the researching team behind this development was a chemist named Radu Custelcean, who led a separate study, back in 2017, where it was found that a guanidine sorbent could directly capture CO2 from air. One year later, he and his team demonstrated a practical and energy-efficient DAC method using solar heat to drive the release of the greenhouse gas from an amino-acid sorbent. After gaining enough confidence regarding its viability, the team would license the technology to a Knoxville-based startup Holocene to prepare it for industrial deployment.
Coming back to the discovery in focus, the researchers faced a huge roadblock during their journey when they tried using conventional photoacids. This was mainly because the lifespan of their excited state was eventually deemed to be too short.
“When carbonic acid decomposes, it has a short lifetime in water, on the order of a few seconds. But that’s an infinity compared to the lifetime of a regular photoacid, which is nanoseconds, or billionths of seconds,” Custelcean said. “That’s why you cannot do this chemistry with a regular photoacid: It takes seconds to release CO2 from carbonic acid, but it takes only nanoseconds for the photoacid to take the proton back.”
The team, however, was able to find an answer in a different class of photoacids called metastable-state photoacid. Boasting a structure that persists in solution from seconds to hours, the stated element ensured the pH change driven by the photoacid’s structural change also lasts a lot longer.
Now, while they did get their breakthrough, the technology will likely need a lot of fine-turning, if it is to reach its optimal version. For instance, the researchers hope to improve the solubility of compounds in water, as well as scale-up the absorption of light from the visible spectrum. Furthermore, they also have a plan to decrease the time required to regenerate the photoacid, and widen our understanding of its long-term stability.
Copyrights © 2024. All Right Reserved. Engineers Outlook.
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“Sometimes we struggle through a tasteless coffee till the last sip, then we find sugar lying at the bottom. That’s life, sweetened but not stirred well.” – Unknown
Let’s get one thing straight: Sugar is not evil! The current health and nutrition culture treats sugar as if the world has been unknowingly putting belladonna on their corn flakes. While the sugar most westerners consume is devoid of any vitamins and minerals, it’s not necessarily a bad thing. However, our overconsumption of it, the addictive qualities of processed sugar, and the effects on testosterone and cyclical effects on weight and health, are all things we need to be concerned about.
Note: As mentioned in Part 1 of this series, much of what is being discussed about sugar can be used for any type of food addiction. In this article we’ll talk about the particular qualities of sugar that lead to addictive behavior, though many highly processed foods have similar characteristics.
A Brief History of Sugar
I find it interesting that sugar has been available for the longest period to the people of India and Asia, both cultures we would not equate with obesity, rather, just the opposite. Originating in India, cane sugar was not processed into dry, crystalized sugar until around 350AD though it had been enjoyed by Indians for millennia prior. It eventually made its way to Asia and then to Africa where it was discovered by Muslim invaders. Europeans discovered sugar when they fought the Muslims in the Crusades, around 1100AD.
While the process for making dry, shippable sugar had improved, it was still expensive due to the limited number of regions it would grow. With the discovery of the new world by Europeans, along with a vast array of islands, came new areas to grow cane. Slave labor and the abundance of growing area drove down the price and it soon became more affordable, though it was considered a luxury item and was used sparingly until the industrial revolution.
Before too long, it was finding its way into everyday meals, and as the availability of sugar widened, so did the consumption of candies and soft drinks, and so did our waistlines.
Sugar Consumption Per-Person Since 1822
Stephan Guyenet of Whole Health Source created a graph which shows the average pounds of sugar consumption per-person, per-year since 1822. I don’t know how the data was obtained or anything about his site, but I have seen similar data on other sites, just not in graph form.
Forbes also has a really cool infographic on sugar with a ton information. Check it out here or by clicking the image below.
Why a Man Should Care About Sugar
OK, we get the idea; we eat a lot of sugar. This isn’t something entirely new to most people. However, we may not understand the negative implications on us as men and how we need to change our mindset towards it. Here is a quick run-down of the problems associated with sugar overconsumption.
Sugar Decreases Testosterone Levels – Directly
I’m always leery of using any “scientific” data in an article because the findings are subject to change. That being said, studies have shown a decrease in T-levels after the consumption of sugar. Regardless, I know most men see low-T symptoms when they are on a high-sugar diet:
- The energy crash at the end of the day.
- Mood swings
- Sleep disorders
- Inability to loose fat\gain muscle
- Less sex drive
Sugar Decreases Testosterone Levels – Indirectly
In other words, too much sugar makes you fat which indirectly decreases testosterone. There are a number of studies which show the link between obesity and low-T, though the exact reason is still a mystery.
Excess sugar is stored as fat. What is considered excess? More than what your body thinks it needs for a given task. If your body needs the quick energy which sugar provides, it will go to the muscles and be used. If not, which is most cases, it is stored as fat.
Eating additional sugar every once in a while is alright assuming you have a healthy and active lifestyle. You will eventually burn through the extra fat. The problem comes in when you consume more sugar than you will ever be able to burn through, thus, you gain weight.
Sugar Can Cause Mood-Swings, Lethargy, and Depression
When we eat something sweet the reward centers of the brain are activated as the levels of dopamine, a feel-good hormone, is increased. You may have seen research which compares this to cocaine and other drug addictions, which is true, but the same thing occurs when you exercise or have sex.
The release of dopamine does not equate addiction, though the repeated release of this hormone begins to set a new baseline for what your body believes is normal. It’s like driving a McLaren for a year on the Autobahn and then trading it in for a Camry in the suburbs. Everything feels slow and lethargic in comparison until you adjust. The same thing happens with sugar, drugs, sex, and even exercise when done to excess.
After a day of sugar-filled lattes, granola bars (yes, granola bars), and cookies, you crash when you get home, and try to please the reward centers of your brain by eating other foods, gaming, watching a movie, or some over-stimulating, yet generally lethargic, activity.
Sugar Masks Nutrition-Robbed Food
What is nutrition-robbed food? Usually this is processed foods which have been stripped of vitamins for greater shelf life or other commercial reasons not intended to benefit the consumer. Sugar (and\or other flavor enhancers and a mound of sodium), along with vitamins, are then added to the food to make it palatable and to light up those reward centers of the brain, which is great for repeat business.
This means that much of the “natural” food we consume is actually fairly doctored with sugar and sodium; both natural substances. It also means that when we thought we were buying life-giving sustenance we were actually getting a product void of the kind of nutrition that leads to health.
Fellas, when you begin looking at the food available to you in the grocery store and see how little of it is actually quality, a certain sense of disgust will overcome you. That, I believe, is when things will start to change for you!
The next two articles will focus on identifying if and why you are a sugar addict and how to put sugar back in its proper place. Stay tuned!
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Your GP may suspect gout based on your symptoms. Sometimes further tests will be needed to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other possible causes.
See your GP if you experience symptoms of gout for the first time.
Your GP willask aboutyour symptoms andmedical history, and examine the affected area, to help make a diagnosis.
Theymay also ask you about your diet, particularly your intake of beer, spirits and foods high in purines, such as red meat and seafood.
Many conditions can cause gout-like symptoms.
Your GP may be unable to make a firm diagnosis straight away and you may be referred for further tests. These will either confirm the diagnosis of gout or rule out other conditions.
A sample of fluid may be taken from the affected joint.The fluid can be checked for the small crystals that cause gout,and it can be tested for infection to rule out Septic arthritis .
A blood test known as aserum uric acid testmay be used to measure the amount of uric acid in your blood. A high level or uric acid is often associated with gout.
Its sometimes best to wait until two to four weeks after an attack of gout before this test is carried out, as the level of uric acid in your blood is often not raised at the time of an attack. This is because the level of uric acid in your blood can drop when uric acid crystals form in the joints.
An X-ray is rarely used to diagnose gout because the condition isn't usually detectable using this method.
However, an X-ray is sometimes used to help rule out similar conditions that affect the joints, such as chondrocalcinosis (a build-up of calcium crystals in the joints) or to assess whether there has been any joint damage due to repeated or persistent attacks of gout.
An ultrasound scan of an affected joint is a simple and safe investigation that's increasingly used to detect crystals in the joints. It can also detect crystalsdeepin the skin that aren't obvious during a physical examination.
There is no direct connection, but some gout medications can cause hyperglycemia.
Read about gout, a type of arthritis where crystals form inside and around joints. Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments.
The most common symptom of gout is sudden and very severe pain in one or more of your joints.
Find out about the main causes of gout, and read about what can increase your risk, such as your diet, medications and family history.
Read about how gout is diagnosed, including what your GP may ask and what tests may be carried out.
Read about the main treatments for gout, including ways to relieve pain during an attach and prevent attacks occurring in the first place.
Read about the possible complications of gout, including small lumps under the skin (tophi), joint damage and kidney stones.
Read the story of Gina Beauchamp, who was diagnosed with gout in her late 30s.
Read the story of Patrick Hanmer, who was 32 and living life to the full when he had his first attack of gout.
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When Richard Krott and Belva Lotzer of Tizer Botanic Gardens and Arboretum woke up on the morning of June 7, 2011, their landscape had literally changed. The usually docile Prickly Pear Creek that quietly flowed outside of their home in Jefferson City, Mont., turned into a raging torrent overnight, tearing through their property and uprooting plants, trees and shrubs.
“The flood waters cut several channels more than 2 feet deep in an area of about 150 feet wide and 450 feet long,” Krott says. “One stretch of the creek bank that was 6 feet wide and 7 feet deep and 150 feet long was completely washed away. FEMA estimated more than $225,000 property damage. An unknown dollar amount of trees, shrubs and perennials were lost. There were thousands of plants in all washed away.”
Two out of the 4 acres of their property were affected by the flooding.
“Water always wins,” says John Wilson, extension educator at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, quoting a saying he heard on a home-improvement radio program. After dealing with the long-term problems resulting from the devastating floods along the Missouri River in 2011, he is only too familiar with the consequences of flooding in agricultural settings.
The healing process for the land after such an event primarily depends on the severity of the flooding and the extent of the damage. Dealing with the aftereffects of a flood is never easy. Not only is your growing plan permanently changed, but oftentimes the entire landscape, as well. Take these steps to ensure a healthy and productive season once the water recedes.
1. Clean Up
The first step on the to-do list after a flood is cleaning up what the water brought to your growing area.
“We found center pivots were great for catching debris,” Wilson says. The main problem they experienced from the flooded Missouri was displaced logs and larger debris, including a few cabins.
In some areas, there was a significant amount of plant residue. When corn stalks and other plant materials are deposited at 4 inches deep or less, growers can typically till them into the soil, though Wilson caution that this can temporarily cause artificial nitrogen deficiency. As the carbon-rich plants break down, nitrogen is tied up in the process, providing less to the growing plants.
In areas with more than 4 inches of plant debris, Wilson recommends spreading it out to dry before hauling it away or burning it. However, you can use some of the debris to help repair your land. Instead of hauling all of the branches, uprooted trees and shrubs away, Knott says they covered it with a base of gravel and a homemade topsoil mix made from 20-year-old manure, wood chips and sand. They used over 150 cubic feet of the mix to repair the area.
2. Remove Water
There are times, even after weeks of dry weather, when areas simply don’t dry out as they should after a flood.
“If someone has standing water on their lawn or garden and want to get rid of it more quickly than Mother Nature does, simply install a pump below ground level,” Krott says. He installed sump pumps 2 to 3 feet deep and ran them for several months to move the standing water out of planting areas.
Remember, after a flood, the water table might be changed permanently, so use caution when digging. Knott says if he jumped on a shovel on certain areas of his land, he would hit water.
3. Beware of Contamination
One of the greatest hazards after a flood is the harmful bacteria water brings with it. If septics or municipal waste systems are impacted in your area, you have to be particularly careful. If a flood ran through a growing area of something normally eaten raw, such as spinach or other greens, pitch the plants. Cooking produce should eliminate pathogens, though if the water is filled with other types of pollutants, such as oil or industrial products, the food could still be unsafe.
As a guide, consider the requirements of the National Organic Program, which requires a 120-day waiting period before harvesting any food that comes in direct contact with non-composted manure (this includes human waste in the case of a flood). Always err on the safe side. It’s not worth becoming terribly ill over a carrot.
4. Level the Land
Water moves a lot of soil, whether it takes it away completely or deposits it where you don’t necessarily want it. The major chore after a flood if trying to reassemble your landscape as close to the original condition as possible.
For minor sand or other sediment deposits 1 to 2 inches deep, you can till it into the soil normally, Wilson says, but as depths increase up to 8 inches, more rigorous plowing is needed. Multiply the depth of the sand by 1.5, and that’s how deep you need to till. For example, a 4-inch sand deposit needs to be tilled 10 inches deep. If you allow a layer of sediment to form, it will hurt root development and water infiltration.
After the Missouri flooding, some farmers had sand 15 feet deep, while others suffered erosion issues where channels were dug into new areas, Wilson says. For severe issues like these, you have to bring in the big equipment. Dirt scrapers, excavators and bulldozers become your best friend when you have to move hundreds of tons of dirt deposited where you need to grow crops.
Farmers were able to use the excess sand from some areas to fill in swirl holes or gullies in others. They filled the recesses with sand to within 3 feet of the native soil level, then brought in topsoil to finish filling in the depression. Krott and Lotzer used some of the stream’s re-landscaping effort as future flood control.
“We left one major washed-out new channel in place and are now using it as an overflow diversion in case of future flooding,” Krott says. “We lined the walls of it to prevent bank erosion.”
5. Rebuild the Soil
Once the soil is put back into place as best as possible, it’s time to rebuild the soil with cover crops.
“In general, as far as cover crops go, the grassy cover crops help more with soil stabilization with their fibrous root system,” Wilson says. Cover crops with long taproots, such as turnips, oilseed radishes and winter peas, do a better job of water infiltration. Often a mix of the two is needed, and it’s best to work with your local extension agent to determine the best crops for your area and season.
In long-term flooding situations, where there’s standing water for a month or longer, there are serious issues with the loss of the valuable microorganisms, Wilson stresses. Known as “flooded soil syndrome,” the lost microorganisms results in phosphorous deficiency, and the proper cover crops can help remedy that, improving future crop yields.
Get more help preparing your farm for natural disaster:
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Online games have become a phenomenon in recent years, with millions of people around the world spending hours each day playing various games on their computers, smartphones, and other devices. From simple puzzle games to massive multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), the options for online gaming seem to be endless. The growing popularity of online games has not only captured the attention of players but also raised concerns and controversies about their impact on individuals and society.
The rise of online games can be attributed to advancements in technology, making it easier for people to access and play games on various devices. With the widespread availability of high-speed internet, it has become possible to play games with people from all over the world, breaking geographical barriers and creating a global gaming community. Additionally, the convenience of being able to play anytime, anywhere has also contributed to the growing popularity of online games.
One of the main reasons for the appeal of online games is the social aspect. Many online games allow players to interact and collaborate with others, forming friendships and communities. This has led to the development of strong online friendships and even real-life relationships. The social aspect of online games has also made them popular among introverts and individuals who struggle with face-to-face interactions.
Another factor that adds to the attraction of online games is the constant updates and new content. Unlike traditional video games that are sold as a one-time purchase, online games often receive regular updates and additions, keeping the gameplay fresh and engaging. This incentivizes players to continue playing and spending money on in-game purchases, contributing to the revenue of online game developers.
Despite their growing popularity, online games have also faced criticism and controversies. One of the main concerns is the impact of excessive gaming on individuals, especially children. The addictive nature of online games can lead to a decrease in physical activity, social interaction, and academic performance. It is also a cause for concern for parents who worry about their children’s safety while playing online games and the potential exposure to inappropriate content and online predators.
In recent years, there has also been a rise in loot boxes and microtransactions in lan house s. Loot boxes are random virtual items that players can purchase with real money, often with the chance to receive rare or valuable items. This has been criticized as a form of gambling, especially when targeted towards children. Microtransactions, on the other hand, offer in-game advantages or cosmetic items for a fee, creating a pay-to-win dynamic that can give players with more money an unfair advantage in the game.
In addition to these concerns, online games have also been linked to increased aggression, particularly in multiplayer games. The competitive nature of these games and the anonymity of online interactions can lead to toxic behaviors and cyberbullying. There have also been cases of extreme violence and even deaths related to online games, such as in the case of the Blue Whale Challenge, a social media game that encouraged self-harm and suicide among players.
In conclusion, the rise of online games has brought about both positive and negative impacts. While they offer a fun and engaging form of entertainment, it is important to be aware of the potential consequences and to practice responsible gaming. Game developers and regulatory bodies also have a responsibility to monitor and address issues such as addictive gameplay, online safety, and predatory practices. Only then can online games continue to be a source of enjoyment for players without compromising their well-being and safety.
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If we are to get serious about reducing greenhouse gas emissions, we must put down the mud balls, enjoy some sacred-cow burgers, burn the little boxes in which we confine ourselves, and maybe have a little counseling about that boogeyman under the bed.
This post first addresses the little boxes and may assuage fear of the boogeyman. A major step in the right direction is a rebirth of nuclear power as discussed in a recent post, The Nuclear Option.
One thing is for sure, if you find yourself in any sort of reader comment and chat session, there is apparently no shortage of PhD nuclear physicists. Readers can find every combination of nuclear fuel and coolant there is – from uranium to thorium, heavy water, light water, and liquid salt, which I would guess is what we used to call liquid sodium.
I have been out of the nuclear business for 20 years, and I see that the nuclear plants under construction for Georgia Power are using the same fuel and coolant as we used back then: Uranium 235 and light water (the stuff you drink).
Over 99% of natural uranium comes in the form of U238. The 238 is simply the atomic weight, and if you remember from chemistry or maybe physics, the atomic weight is essentially the sum of protons and neutrons an atom possesses. The other 0.7% of natural uranium is U235. Uranium 238 is stable and won’t fission (split) to produce heat and power. Uranium 235 will, once it absorbs a neutron. In the manufacture of nuclear fuel, it is “enriched” to contain something like 5% U235 for commercial use.
As mentioned, U235 must absorb a neutron to fission. Consider neutrons to be like billiard balls, which upon a fission, may be akin to a high speed projectile. Like a bullet, such a neutron can penetrate human tissue. However, we have these lovely molecules called H2O, light water. Neutrons collide with water molecules to quickly lose their energy and thus all we need for neutron protection is water.
For the fissile U235 to fission and produce heat/power, it must absorb a “thermal” neutron. A thermal neutron is one that has slowed by colliding with a bunch of water molecules. This is (pun alert) critical. A nuclear reactor for power generation is self-regulating. More fissions produce more heat. More heat decreases the density of water. Lower water density results in fewer thermal neutrons. Fewer thermal neutrons leads to less fission and heat. To sum: a nuclear reactor automatically adjusts power (nuclear chain reaction) to maintain water temperature.
Beautiful. Extremely stable.
There are obviously many other design features and issues to consider. One is control rods. Control rods are essentially neutron sponges. Simply, when the fuel (U235) is new, the rods are furthest into the core to maintain an appropriate chain reaction and desired water temperature. As U235 is consumed over a period of months/years, it’s slowly extracted – like over months/years. There are other ways to control reactivity over the life of the fuel, but I’m not going there for now at least.
Developed countries have a decades-long, safe track record of operating under nuclear power. The only boondoggle in the US was of course Three Mile Island (TMI), which occurred before a large share of you reading this were born. What happened there? Refer to the chart, courtesy Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and follow along below.
At TMI, the primary pumps that move water/heat from the reactor core where heat is produced by fission, inadvertently shut down. The reactor scrammed as designed. The pressurizer that maintains steady high pressure on the reactor side experienced a relief valve lifting – which allowed primary coolant to discharge from the system. The operators apparently had indications that the valve had closed. The water level in the pressurizer had stabilized. However, what was happening is a steam bubble had developed and uncovered the fuel on the top portion of the reactor. Water from the reactor was maintaining level in the pressurizer as it leaked – not good.
With no water (except vapor), there was no fuel fissioning, but decay heat resulted in fuel (metal) melting, and thus the infamous “meltdown”. This worst accident in the country’s history resulted in zero deaths and zero quantifiable health hazards. Since that time, roughly 1.4 million people have been killed in the ubiquitous automobile, in the US alone.
Tell me – Is fear of nuclear power hyper insanity and the mother of all irrational thought, or what?
Per my read of the publicly available Georgia Power brochure, it appears the fuel technology has hardly budged, if at all in the past twenty years and probably going back to the 1970s. The thing that has changed is the plant design – to be simpler and still safer. The design includes fewer moving parts and less piping and cable.
The other thing is passive cooling systems are being added. Fuel damage at Fukushima was due to loss of all available driving forces for coolant (water). This included backup power from offsite as well as on-site generators, which were all wiped out. Passive cooling systems simply use the wonders of gravity and density to move coolant with no external driving force at all. Decay heat from a scrammed reactor heats the water making it less dense. The water rises and circulates to a giant heat exchanger where it is cooled, becomes denser and sinks – round and round it goes. I don’t know the specifics of the giant heat exchanger, but something like a swimming pool would work just fine.
Critical is the term for a self-sustaining, nuclear chain reaction required to generate power.
Months for low enrichment; years for high enrichment.
Control rods dropped to shut down reactor.
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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The most important aspects of a teaching philosophy are flexibility of teaching styles and the ability to set the correct teaching method for each individual students’ needs, abilities and limitations. With these thoughts in mind the philosophy for teaching starts with the Laws, Principles and Preferences, as well as the Ball Flight Laws as the foundation for teaching. Primary focus for teaching is usually put on the large muscles and how they function when dynamic balance is achieved.
Although a model can be constructed to exemplify sound principles, there is no perfect swing. Rather, there are a variety of possibilities that are functional and can be considered correct if they do not violate physical laws.
From this conclusion there follows a rationale. If there is no one perfect swing to make, then there can be no one perfect swing to teach. That is, no one swing for all players. However, players can be grouped into three categories by their body style: A) Width, B) Leverage, and C) Arc players. From these parameters you will categorize the student. Aside from the categories, additional testing and analyzing of the student is necessary. This information will aide in building an appropriate program which is tailor-made for each student. Not all players bodies are capable of making all the correct kinetic moves. Because the individual differences in pupils result in varieties of the swing, we also must allow for a variety in teaching.
Having a teaching procedure or method is a sign of an organized instructor. The good teacher has a method; the great teacher has many. The good teacher prescribes; the great teacher diagnoses, evaluates the pupil, then prescribes. Recognizing individual differences in students makes teaching an art.
All beginning students are greeted with a brief opening interview. This interview will uncover the students’ motivation, current ability, physical limitations, goals and other information which will lead to a greater understanding of the students’ points of references by the instructor.
Returning students are questioned of their current progress and achievements of previously stated goals and objectives.
In both cases, the opening interview is designed to put the student at ease as well as to inform the instructor. The lesson continues with practice swings and short iron shots for purposes of warming up.
During the warm-up period the instructor begins his appraisal of the five basic set-up elements. These basic elements include: grip, stance, posture, alignment, and ball position. Also, the instructor monitors the ball flight paying particular attention to initial direction, curvature, and trajectory. From these observations the lesson is developed. It should be noted that despite the teacher’s desire to help the student to become the best player they possibly can, the instructor must be disciplined enough not to “overload” the student. Most people can only work on a maximum of two new ideas at a time. Therefore, the instructor keeps major points to only one or two separate ideas at a time and does not add others until he is satisfied that the new swing thought has become “permanent”.
Finally, the lesson is concluded with a review of the one or two swing thoughts discussed during the lesson and any applicable drills to enhance the learning process will be given to the student.
A fundamental set-up is essential for solid ball striking and ball control. Players of all levels looking for lessons are looking for teachers to change their swings. The players set-up dictates the way he or she swings a golf club and the swing can only be consistent with the proper set-up. Using the proper swing motion and balance will give the player the best opportunity to hit the ball solidly. Balance is achieved by incorporating five factors: GRIP, STANCE, POSTURE, ALIGNMENT and BALL POSITION.
GRIP - The term “grip” indicates the mere act of holding on to the club. The purpose of maintaining a correct grip is to insure that the arms can swing the club freely on the correct path and the hands can react to square the clubface at impact. To accomplish this, one should accommodate the grip with the players body type and style of play.
STANCE - It is important to establish and faithfully follow a pre-shot routine for the proper stance. Using the same procedure for all shots will establish proper optical alignment. Keeping ones eyes in proper alignment will aide in starting the swing on the proper path and plane. A player has a successful set-up when he or she has adjusted his or her body to the correct altitude in relation to the ball, the lie and the desired shot. A player’s width of stance and distance from the ball will be determined by the length and lie angle of the club.
POSTURE - The primary spinal tilt comes from the pelvis area. The tilting motion is forward until ones shoulders are adjusted above their toes. The secondary spinal tilt is to the right for the right handed player. This will position the right shoulder, and the right hand for the proper takeaway in the backswing. The legs should be bent at a ready athletic position to give the player dynamic balance, which is needed at the set-up position and during the swing.
ALIGNMENT - Aiming the body refers to the aligning the various body parts in relation to the target. There are five lines of alignment: Imagine lines running across your toes, knees, hips, shoulders, and eyes. The aim of the players body is strongly determined by what he or she sees. Because the eye line influences swing path, the player must set the eyes parallel to the target line. All the lines should be parallel to the target line. To achieve square alignment, the player should imagine standing on a set of railroad tracks aimed at the target. The players feet will be on the inside rail and the club-head aligned squarely with the outside rail, which is pointed directly at the target.
BALL POSITION - the ball position will vary due to the length of the shaft and the lie angle of the shaft coming out of the clubhead. In general, the longer the shaft the wider the distance between the feet and the further the distance you should stand from the ball. The ball position should be played inside the left heel, but never back of center on a normal lie.
A SOLID SWING:
TAKEAWAY – The first foot to foot and a half of the swing, the club head moves nearly straight back along the target line. It follows the turning of the left knee, hips and shoulders. The shaft relationship should remain constant with the torso. There should be a feeling of heaviness in the right hip, thigh, and foot.
BACKSWING – As the club shaft reaches parallel to the ground, the lower body has shifted and the shoulders will continue to rotate along with the arms to the top of the backswing. The shoulders will rotate to 90 degrees to the target line. The arms will continue to swing on plane. The plane line as an image of a pane of glass, extends up from the ball and rests on the player shoulders. The right leg remains flexed as the body weight gradually transfers over the right foot.
TOP OF THE SWING – At the top of the backswing, the left wrist, forearm, and shaft should be on the same plane. The left wrist should be flat and the right wrist should be bent back. The player should be in a balanced position and the body weight should be on the right side of his or her body with the weight resting in the right heel.
TRANSITION – At this point in the swing, the starting motion of the downswing should be initiated by letting the arms fall towards the ground, or more specifically the right hip. The right elbow should fall towards the right hip. The shoulders will become relaxed, due to the dissipation of the weight falling from the arms and shaft towards the ball.
DOWNSWING – As the club continues to fall, it will be picking up speed quickly, due to the centrifugal force of the body turning towards the target. The pane of glass will shift towards a lower plane as the hips turn to the left to continue the downswing. The body weight is still on the players right side and the player should be holding back the shoulders from turning to the left to soon.
IMPACT – Upon contact with the ball, the left arm, wrist, shaft and clubface, should all be aligned. The back of the left wrist must be flat and pointing down the target line. The right wrist should still be bent back while the right arm lengthens. This impact position with the arms and shaft will reassemble a lower case “y”. The right forearm should be on plane with the club shaft. The right ankle will be rolling towards the target and the heel will be lifting slightly off the ground.
FINISH – The body continues to rotate after impact to the left side. The body weight should be over to the left foot and the right foot has to rotate up onto its toes. A perfect golf swing finishes in balance.
CONCLUSION – In the golf swing we are attempting to complete the swing on plane and with a square impact position. With these two samenesses we will have a true ball flight. The more rudimentary a player’s skill, the less differences the differences make and the more difference the samenesses make. This concept reverses as the player becomes more precise. Most importantly, the player needs to maintain proper dynamic balance in the entire golf swing.
THE IMPORTANCE OF HAVING A GREAT SHORT GAME:
Most instructors agree that amateur players don’t practice enough on their short game. 65% of player’s aggregate swings happen inside of 100 yards. The premise of the golf swing is based around three positions: the golf club reaching parallel to the ground on the backswing motion, moving forward through the impact zone, and the golf club once again reaching parallel to the ground on the forward side of the swing. Regardless of the club selection the swing path must remain consistent throughout the impact zone. When practicing inside 100 yards, the golf club is moving at a slower rate of speed and is easier to control. The game is won or lost inside of 100 yards. If improved scoring is the objective, than the teacher should begin by encouraging his or her students to spend at least 50% of their practice time on the short game.
PITCHING – The sandwedge is the normal club used for pitching. It is designed differently from other irons; on the back edge of the club head the sandwedge has a flange. The flange is lower than the front edge of the club, which is referred to as the digging edge. This back edge of the club is called the skidding edge. The club is designed to skid or bounce along the ground and not dig.
GRIP – The pitching grip could be the same as the full swing grip.
SET-UP – To assume the correct positioning, one must take an open stance, with his or her left foot 3 to 4 inches back from the target line. The body is aligned slightly open to the target. The trajectory will be determined by the head position, hand position, and ball position. The spinal tilt and the leg flex are the same as the full swing set-up.
SWING MOTION – Distance control will be determined by the length and speed of the stroke. In general, the following can be used as a starting point: for the shorter shots, the arm swing will be from hip to hip; for medium length shots, it will be from a point midway between the hip and shoulder; and for a longer shot, it will be from shoulder to shoulder.
BUNKER – The critical factor to remember about sand play : you want to hit the sand, not the ball.
GRIP – The bunker grip could be the same as the full swing grip.
SET-UP – Take an open stance, with your left foot 3 to 4 inches from the target line. The body is aligned slightly open to the target. The spinal tilt and leg flex are the same as the full swing set-up, except the overall body weight of the player will be leaning on the left leg. In the bunker shot, you want less lower body involvement. The lower body will be used as a support mechanism, rather than a power accumulator and producer. The clubface will be open slightly to the right of the target line.
SWING MOTION – Distance control will be determined by the length and speed of the stroke. In general, the following can be used as a starting point: for the shorter shots, the arm swing will be from hip to hip; for the medium length shots, it will be from a point midway between the hip and shoulder; and for a longer shot, it will be from shoulder to shoulder. Hitting the sand will slow down your club. To compensate, you will need a harder swing. In general, you need to hit hard enough to get the sand up onto the green. The divot in the sand should be in the direction of the target, not a side angle or a glancing blow. The player always finishes with the body weight on the left side, over the left foot.
PUTTING – Putting is the major contributor to saving strokes. Great putting will make-up for many errors of the full swing.
GRIP – The change in the full swing grip to the putting grip occurs in the left hand. The shaft is gripped in the palm of the left hand with the thumb running down the flat side of the grip. The right hand is placed on the same way on the grip, but on the opposite side of the grip. The grip of the club could be placed more up in the palm rather than across the fingers (as would be the case for the full swing grip). This hand position gives the player a grip that is both stable and united.
SET-UP – Proper position of the players body during the putting stroke is critical in establishing the controlled face path and alignment. The players feet should be at shoulders width with the player leaning 60% of his or her weight on the left leg for stability purposes. The spinal tilt and the leg flex are the same as the full swing set-up. The hand position and shaft tilt should be in front of the ball and the players eyes should be over the target line or just inside the target line. This will produce an improved target alignment for the eyes to see the line of putt.
SWING MOTION – Distance control will be determined by the length and speed of the stroke. The ideal putting stroke, regardless of the length of the putt, requires the same putt completion time from the beginning of the stroke to ball contact. Since all length putts take the same amount of time, the tempo for the longer putts must be considerably faster than the short putts. There are three elements involved in the putting stroke: length, tempo, and time. The length and tempo will vary from stroke to stroke however, the time will always remain the same. On the forward stroke the putter blade must accelerate beyond the ball to have a consistent roll of the ball.
CHIPPING – There is one simple rule in chipping: the player must hit the ball first, and then hit the ground. Achieving that “ball-first” contact requires hitting the ball with a descending blow. In chipping, the player has three goals: 1) Achieve consistent and solid contact with the ball. 2) Create the minimum air time and the maximum ground time (roll) for the ball. 3) Be in control of the distance the ball will travel.
GRIP – The chipping grip could be the same as the putting grip.
SET-UP – The feet are at shoulder width and are square to the target line. The spinal tilt and the leg flex are the same as the full swing. The hand position is forward towards the target. The players body weight is forward on the left leg (60%). The players head is forward of the ball. The ball is back of center, towards the right foot. The shaft is not angled, but laid on the toe of the club, achieving a more upright or vertical position of the club.
SWING MOTION – Distance control will be determined by the length and speed of the stroke. There is no wrist involvement in any of these shots. Chip shots should be played with a firm-wrist stroke. The action is mainly in the arms and shoulders; keeping the hands in front of the club head will help in achieving the proper action. The path of the arms, the club shaft and clubhead should all be close to straight back and straight through the target line. Distance will be affected mainly by the length of the stroke. There are three main ideas to remember in chipping: 1) Maintain an even rhythm, 2) No wrist action, 3) Use a descending stroke to assure contact with the ball first and not the ground.
ADAPTING TO YOUR CLIENTELES ABILITIES –
There are five important steps a pupil can take with the instructor to help find his or her best swing: 1) Learn cause and effect relationships in determining the outcome of golf shots, 2) Become familiar with the principles of making a golf shot and how variations affect the result, 3) Through experimentation and instruction, choose a style or technique compatible, 4) Learn to appreciate one’s physical assets and liabilities, use the advantages and compensate for disadvantages, and 5) Once the preferences have been selected, stay with them and practice.
THE TEACHING TRIANGLE – The triangle suggests that there needs to be a balance among the three variables which influence one’s success on teaching. The WHAT side of the triangle represents technique, the mechanical elements like grip, stance, and swing. It is WHAT the teachers selects to teach. The HOW side refers to the process or HOW the teacher communicates to his or her student the content relating to mechanics. The ability to communicate, or the HOW, can be at least as important, if not more important, than the WHAT. The final side of this equilateral triangle is the WHEN which may be referred to as sequence and pacing. It relates to WHEN the teacher introduces certain elements of the game. I feel the communication aspect of the model is the crucial element to great teaching. Communicating clearly with the pupil is very important. I, as a teacher should think about the whole communication process, acting as a source trying to reach a receiver with a message. The difficulty lies in the communication process and occurs during sending and receiving of the message. This process can be complicated. The meaning of various words and symbols may differ, depending on the attitudes and experiences of the two people. People need a common frame of reference to communicate effectively. Communicating as with teaching is an art, which bonds the student and instructor.
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Hydrocolloids, such as food additives, thickening agents, gelling agents, stabilizers, and emulsifiers, play a critical role in our lives, from foods and medicines to everyday products. These polysaccharides or proteins have the unique ability to bind water and modify the properties of food ingredients, making them indispensable in the food industry for their functional properties.
They serve as thickeners, gelling agents, emulsifiers, stabilizers, and more in various food products such as sauces, dressings, yogurts, and ice creams. Hydrocolloids also have the advantage of being labeled as dietary fiber sources with several health benefits. They contribute to the regulation of blood cholesterol, help in achieving normal body weight, and reduce postprandial glycemic responses.
The market for hydrocolloids is rapidly growing, and North America stands out as the largest consumer for food hydrocolloids. The demand for these versatile ingredients is increasing, reflecting their importance in various industries.
Imagining a world without hydrocolloids would entail a lack of texture, stability, and sensory appeal in many everyday products. From foods to medicines, the absence of hydrocolloids would have a profound impact on the functionality and versatility of these products.
Hydrocolloids, with their unique functional properties, play a crucial role in the food industry. These polysaccharides or proteins have the remarkable ability to bind water and modify the properties of food ingredients. As a result, they are widely used as thickeners, gelling agents, emulsifiers, stabilizers, and more in a variety of food products.
The versatility of hydrocolloids allows them to enhance the texture, stability, and sensory appeal of different food items. For example, they are commonly used in sauces and dressings to provide a smooth and creamy consistency. In yogurts, hydrocolloids help maintain a desirable texture and prevent whey separation. And in ice creams, they contribute to a creamy and indulgent mouthfeel.
Furthermore, hydrocolloids are often labeled as dietary fiber sources, which adds to their importance in the food industry. Consuming foods containing hydrocolloids can have several health benefits. They have been linked to the regulation of blood cholesterol levels, the achievement of normal body weight, and the reduction of postprandial glycemic responses. This makes hydrocolloids an attractive choice for manufacturers looking to provide functional and nutritious food options.
Hydrocolloid Types | Functional Properties |
Agar | Thickening, gelling |
Carrageenan | Stabilizing, gelling |
Xanthan Gum | Thickening, stabilizing |
Pectin | Thickening, gelling |
The demand for hydrocolloids is on the rise, and North America stands at the forefront as the largest consumer for food hydrocolloids. This growth is attributed to the increasing usage of hydrocolloids in various industries, including food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. With their functional properties and wide range of applications, hydrocolloids have become an essential ingredient in countless everyday products.
Hydrocolloids find wide application in various food products, including sauces, dressings, yogurts, and ice creams. These versatile substances play a crucial role in enhancing the texture, stability, and sensory appeal of these popular food items.
When incorporated into sauces and dressings, hydrocolloids help create smooth and consistent textures, preventing the separation of ingredients and ensuring uniformity in taste. The addition of hydrocolloids also contributes to the creamy mouthfeel and enhances the overall visual appeal of these condiments.
In yogurts, hydrocolloids act as stabilizers, preventing syneresis or the separation of whey from the solid components. This helps maintain the desired thickness and consistency of the yogurt. Additionally, hydrocolloids can improve the creaminess and smoothness of ice creams, preventing the formation of ice crystals and enhancing melt-in-your-mouth sensations.
Food Product | Hydrocolloid Used | Function |
Sauces | Xanthan gum | Thickening, stabilizing |
Dressings | Gellan gum | Emulsifying, stabilizing |
Yogurts | Carrageenan | Stabilizing |
Ice Creams | Locust bean gum | Stabilizing, preventing ice crystal formation |
As seen in the table above, different hydrocolloids are used in each food product to provide specific functional benefits. These hydrocolloids, such as xanthan gum, gellan gum, carrageenan, and locust bean gum, play a vital role in maintaining the desired texture, stability, and overall quality of the end products.
Consuming hydrocolloids as dietary fiber sources offers several health benefits, including the regulation of blood cholesterol, achieving normal body weight, and reducing postprandial glycemic responses. These natural compounds, found in a variety of foods and food additives, have been recognized for their ability to improve cardiovascular health and promote weight management.
Studies have shown that hydrocolloids, when included in the diet, can help lower blood cholesterol levels. This is particularly important as high cholesterol is a risk factor for heart disease. Hydrocolloids work by binding to bile acids in the digestive system, preventing them from being reabsorbed by the body. This leads to an increased excretion of cholesterol and a reduction in its levels in the bloodstream.
In addition to their cholesterol-lowering effects, hydrocolloids also play a role in weight management. These dietary fibers have the ability to absorb water and form a gel-like substance in the stomach, promoting a feeling of fullness and reducing appetite. By increasing satiety, hydrocolloids can help control calorie intake and support healthy weight loss or maintenance.
Furthermore, hydrocolloids have been shown to have a positive impact on postprandial glycemic responses. These soluble fibers slow down the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, leading to a more gradual release of glucose into the bloodstream. This can help stabilize blood sugar levels, particularly in individuals with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. By regulating glycemic responses, hydrocolloids contribute to better overall blood sugar control and can help prevent spikes and crashes in energy levels.
Health Benefits of Hydrocolloids as Dietary Fiber Sources |
- Regulation of blood cholesterol |
- Promotion of normal body weight |
- Reduction of postprandial glycemic responses |
The health benefits of hydrocolloids as dietary fiber sources are significant and highlight the importance of including these compounds in our daily diet. Whether naturally occurring in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, or added as food additives, hydrocolloids provide functional and nutritional benefits that contribute to overall well-being.
The market for hydrocolloids is expanding rapidly, with North America emerging as the largest consumer for food hydrocolloids. Hydrocolloids, which are polysaccharides or proteins that have the ability to bind water and modify the properties of food ingredients, play a crucial role in various industries, particularly the food industry. These versatile compounds are widely used as thickeners, gelling agents, emulsifiers, and stabilizers, enhancing the texture, stability, and sensory appeal of numerous food products.
According to market research data, North America accounts for the largest share of the global hydrocolloids market, driven by the increasing demand and usage of hydrocolloids in the food industry. The region's well-established food processing sector, coupled with the growing consumer preference for convenience foods, has contributed to the substantial consumption of hydrocolloids in North America.
As the demand for hydrocolloids continues to grow, manufacturers are looking for natural alternatives to conventional hydrocolloids to meet the increasing consumer demand for clean labels and health-conscious products. The industry is exploring the use of natural hydrocolloids and alternative solutions to maintain the functionality and provide similar benefits as traditional hydrocolloids.
The significant consumption of hydrocolloids in North America reinforces the indispensable role of these compounds in the food industry. Their widespread usage not only enhances the quality and appeal of food products but also supports the development of innovative ingredients and formulations that cater to evolving consumer preferences. With North America leading the market, the future growth and advancements in the hydrocolloids industry are expected to continue driving innovation and enhancing the overall consumer experience.
If hydrocolloids were to disappear, the loss of texture, stability, and sensory appeal would be felt in numerous everyday products. These versatile substances play a crucial role as thickening agents, gelling agents, emulsifiers, and stabilizers in a wide range of food products, including sauces, dressings, yogurts, and ice creams. Without hydrocolloids, these products would lose their desired consistency, resulting in a less enjoyable sensory experience for consumers.
The absence of hydrocolloids would lead to significant textural changes in various food items. For example, sauces and dressings would become watery and lose their ability to coat and cling to food. Yogurts and ice creams would lose their smooth and creamy texture, becoming icy and grainy. Hydrocolloids provide the necessary viscosity and structure to these products, ensuring a pleasant mouthfeel and enhancing their overall sensory appeal.
Stability is another critical aspect impacted by the absence of hydrocolloids. These compounds act as stabilizers, preventing undesirable phase separation and maintaining the overall integrity of food products. For instance, in salad dressings, hydrocolloids help to stabilize emulsions, ensuring that oil and vinegar remain well-mixed. In the absence of hydrocolloids, such emulsions would quickly separate, resulting in an unappealing appearance and reduced product shelf life.
Hydrocolloids play a vital role in providing texture, stability, and sensory appeal to a wide variety of everyday products. The absence of these essential substances would have a profound impact on the quality and enjoyment of many food items. As we appreciate the contributions of hydrocolloids, it becomes increasingly important to explore alternative solutions that can replicate their functionality and ensure the continued availability of these desirable properties.
The absence of hydrocolloids would pose significant challenges and drawbacks for various industries. Hydrocolloids, such as food additives, play a crucial role in enhancing the texture, stability, and sensory appeal of many everyday products. Without these versatile ingredients, the food industry would struggle to create products that meet consumer expectations and demands.
One of the main drawbacks of missing hydrocolloids would be the loss of texture in a wide range of food products. Hydrocolloids function as thickeners and gelling agents, providing the desired consistency and mouthfeel. From creamy sauces and dressings to smooth yogurts and indulgent ice creams, hydrocolloids contribute to the overall sensory experience. Their absence would result in products that lack the desired texture, leaving consumers unsatisfied.
Not only would the absence of hydrocolloids affect texture, but it would also impact the stability of many products. Hydrocolloids act as stabilizers and emulsifiers, preventing ingredient separation and maintaining product integrity. Without these additives, products like dressings and sauces would separate, leading to an unappealing visual appearance and compromised quality.
The absence of hydrocolloids would not only affect the quality and sensory attributes of products but also impact the potential health benefits associated with dietary fiber consumption. Hydrocolloids are often labeled as dietary fiber sources and have been linked to various health benefits, including the regulation of blood cholesterol, achieving normal body weight, and reducing postprandial glycemic responses. Without hydrocolloids, consumers would miss out on these potential health advantages.
In summary, the absence of hydrocolloids would have significant drawbacks for various industries. From texture and stability issues in food products to the loss of potential health benefits, the absence of hydrocolloids would leave a void that would be challenging to fill. It highlights the essential role that hydrocolloids play in our everyday lives and the need for alternative solutions to ensure product quality, consumer satisfaction, and health benefits.
In the quest for solutions without conventional hydrocolloids, the exploration of natural alternatives and substitutes becomes crucial. Natural hydrocolloids, derived from plant sources such as seaweed, guar gum, locust bean gum, and xanthan gum, offer potential as functional ingredients in the food industry. These natural alternatives possess similar thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying properties to their synthetic counterparts, making them viable options for maintaining texture and sensory appeal in various food products.
One of the advantages of natural hydrocolloids is their clean label appeal, as consumers are increasingly seeking simpler, more natural ingredient lists. Manufacturers can capitalize on this trend by incorporating natural hydrocolloids into their formulations, providing the functionality required without compromising on consumer preferences for clean and transparent labels. Moreover, the use of natural hydrocolloids aligns with sustainability goals, as they are often renewable resources with lower environmental impact compared to synthetic options.
Hydrocolloid | Source | Functional Properties | Applications |
Seaweed Extracts | Seaweed | Thickening, gelling, stabilizing, emulsifying | Dairy products, meat analogs, baked goods |
Guar Gum | Guar beans | Thickening, stabilizing | Sauces, dressings, ice creams |
Locust Bean Gum | Carob seeds | Thickening, gelling, stabilizing | Beverages, dairy products, desserts |
Xanthan Gum | Fermented glucose or corn syrup | Thickening, stabilizing, suspending | Sauces, dressings, bakery products |
Alternative solutions to hydrocolloids can also involve the exploration of other functional ingredients, such as proteins, fiber-rich ingredients, and modified starches. These alternatives can provide similar functionalities and contribute to the desired texture, stability, and sensory appeal in food products. The key is to identify ingredients with appropriate functional properties and compatibility with the specific application.
Natural hydrocolloids and alternative solutions offer potential pathways for maintaining functionality and meeting consumer demands in a world without conventional hydrocolloids. By exploring these options, manufacturers can ensure the continued availability of diverse, appealing, and sustainable food products that cater to evolving dietary preferences and industry expectations.
Hydrocolloids are indispensable in our lives, with their absence having far-reaching implications for various industries and everyday products. These polysaccharides and proteins play a crucial role in the food industry, serving as thickeners, gelling agents, emulsifiers, stabilizers, and more. They enhance the texture, stability, and sensory appeal of a wide range of food products, including sauces, dressings, yogurts, and ice creams.
Moreover, hydrocolloids also offer significant health benefits as dietary fiber sources. They help regulate blood cholesterol levels, promote normal body weight, and reduce postprandial glycemic responses. The labeling of hydrocolloids as dietary fiber sources has further emphasized their importance in supporting overall health and wellbeing.
The market for hydrocolloids is rapidly growing, with North America emerging as the largest consumer for food hydrocolloids. This reflects the increasing demand and usage of hydrocolloids across various industries. Their functional properties and versatility make them a vital ingredient in the production of numerous everyday products.
A world without hydrocolloids would result in a lack of texture, stability, and sensory appeal in many of our favorite foods and other everyday items. It would also mean losing out on the potential health benefits associated with dietary fiber consumption. However, researchers are continuously exploring natural hydrocolloids and alternative solutions to mitigate these potential drawbacks and ensure the functionality and benefits of hydrocolloids can be maintained even in their absence.
Hydrocolloids are polysaccharides or proteins that have the ability to bind water and modify the properties of food ingredients.
Hydrocolloids serve as thickeners, gelling agents, emulsifiers, stabilizers, and more in various food products such as sauces, dressings, yogurts, and ice creams.
Hydrocolloids are labeled as dietary fiber sources and have several health benefits, including the regulation of blood cholesterol, achieving normal body weight, and reducing postprandial glycemic responses.
North America is the largest consumer of food hydrocolloids.
Without hydrocolloids, many everyday products would lack texture, stability, and sensory appeal.
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For further reading: The Future of Food: How Hydrocolloids Can Help in Producing Lab-Grown
About the Chef Edmund: Chef Edmund is the Founder of Cape Crystal Brands and EnvironMolds. He is the author of several non-fiction “How-to” books, past publisher of the ArtMolds Journal Magazine and six cookbooks available for download on this site. He lives and breathes his food blogs as both writer and editor. You can follow him on Twitter and Linkedin.
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A pellicle is a very thin optical-grade nitrocellulose membrane (or film) stretched over an aluminum ring and bonded in place. In function, a pellicle beamsplitter serves the same purpose as a common plate beamsplitter. Upon close inspection, a plate (or "mirror-type") beamsplitter produces two reflected beams for a single input beam. One is a reflection off the first (or front) surface and the second is off the second (or back) surface. The result is what is called a "ghost image" or secondary reflection. In addition, plate beamsplitters slightly displace the transmitted beam laterally from the input beam due to the thickness of the glass substrate (1-3mm depending on size). For these reasons, plate beamsplitters minimize these effects and offer the best performance when the glass thickness is minimal, the coated surface is oriented toward the source, it is inserted in a collimated beam, and the back surface is AR (anti-reflection) coated. Pellicles on the other hand eliminate ghost images because of the thinness of the membrane (2 microns), since the first and second surface reflections are superimposed. In addition, absorption is imperceptible. Pellicles can be used uncoated as well as coated for several different reflection percentages. Also because of their lightweight, pellicles can be used when weight issues prevent the use of heavier plate or cube beamsplitters. However, since pellicles are extremely delicate, they have several drawbacks. The membrane can be easily broken (and cannot be repaired), thus they require caution in handling and mounting. Pellicles are also very sensitive to mounting stresses and atmospheric vibrations (including acoustic noise and compressed air), both can cause the film to warp or vibrate and therefore result in reflection and transmission distortions. Pellicles are highly desirable for interferometric applications since there are no ghost images, no change in the optical path length, and no chromatic aberrations with converging beams. However due to their cost and delicate nature, they are often not selected for the majority of applications requiring a beamsplitter.
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On the evolutionary tree, humans and octopuses separated 500 million years ago. And they evolved distributed intelligence into a completely different extreme than humans. What if the world is not centered around humans but octopuses?
We imagine a world where global warming causes sea levels to rise and all continents are submerged underwater. As a highly intelligent species in the ocean, the octopuses have unlocked the optic gland gene that releases self-destructing hormones after giving birth. Now they can pass on the wisdom of their ancestors from generation to generation.
The "Anthropocene" ends, and the earth enters the "Chthulucene."
When humans are on the edge of extinction due to environmental breakdown, how can we design an elegant extinction? What can we create so that the upcoming species, in this case, the octopus, will remember us with a little bit of tenderness and empathy?
In the first attempt, we try to connect with octopuses through learning their movements, through interspecies metamorphosis. Shifting from human supremacy worldview to a world where we have to adapt and learn the becoming of other species; shifting from the central governed brain to distributed intelligence; shifting our visual dominated senses to tactile perception.
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Southern Europe is known worldwide for its sunny weather. The balmy climate that attracts countless tourists to the shores of the Mediterranean also makes Southern Europe an ideal location for solar energy plants.
One such plant, Andasol 1, is located in Andalusia, Spain. It’s the largest solar power plant in the world. The plant, which went online in November 2008, uses two vast fields of trough-shaped parabolic mirrors to concentrate sunlight and generate heat. This heat is stored in reservoirs containing a molten salt mixture. At night, or when the sky is overcast, this heat is tapped to run a steam turbine that generates 50 megawatts of electricity.
Positioning the mirrors in optimal relation to the sun is critical to maximize efficiency. That’s why the mirror frames are put together with lockbolts. These permanent, high-strength fasteners will not lose clamp load when subjected to vibrations from constant repositioning or exposure to the elements.
A lockbolt is a two-piece fastener that’s part bolt and part blind rivet. It consists of a short, nonthreaded, cylindrical collar and a long, headed pin with nonhelical threads. “At first glance, the pin looks like a threaded bolt, but it has annular rings rather than helical threads,” explains Pete Beecher, director of sales and distribution at Avdel USA LLC.
The pin is inserted from one side of the assembly; the collar is inserted from the other. (A lockbolt variation is available for blind fastening applications.) Initially, the collar slips loosely over the pin.
The fastener is tightened with a tool similar to that used to install blind rivets, explains Bob Corbett, director of technical services for Alcoa Fastening Systems. The nosepiece of the tool is a cylindrical die for forming the collar. Jaws inside the die grip the threads on the pin. To tighten the fastener, the nosepiece is slipped over the pin until it contacts the collar. When the trigger is actuated, the jaws grip the threads and pull. This applies tension to the pin while simultaneously forcing the collar through the die. The collar is elongated and compressed against the pin, and the collar material flows into the threads. Like a blind rivet, the pin breaks off at a predetermined location when a specific tension is reached. The collar is locked in place and so, too, is the clamp load in the joint.
“No torque is used to install a lockbolt,” says Corbett. “Tension is applied directly to the bolt. That gives you really tight control over clamp load. Scatter on clamp load is ±5 percent.”
Lockbolts are available in diameters ranging from 0.1875 to 1.375 inch. The grip range of the fastener varies with the diameter of the pin and size of the collar. For example, with a full-size collar, one model of lockbolt 0.1875 inch in diameter has a grip range of 0.062 to 0.187 inch with the shortest pin and 0.875 to 1 inch for the longest. A lockbolt 0.375 inch in diameter has a grip range of 0.125 to 0.375 inch with the shortest pin and 1.875 to 2.125 inches for the longest.
Lockbolts can be made from steel, stainless steel, aluminum or titanium. Various coatings and platings can be applied to prevent corrosion.
“Lockbolts are one of the few bolt designs that can be made of aluminum,” says Corbett. “With [helical threads], you could have galling in the threads during run-down. With the swaging action of a lockbolt, you avoid that. ...In fact, a manufacturer of snowmobiles uses more than 100 quarter-inch aluminum lockbolts in one of its products. It chose aluminum lockbolts to reduce the weight of the vehicle.”
Because the head does not need to be held for installation, pins are produced with round, brazier, truss, mushroom and countersunk heads. Collars can be made with or without flanges.
Advantages of Lockbolts
Lockbolts are ideal for applications requiring excellent vibration resistance, high shear strength and high tensile strength. Data from Junkers tests-a standard test that exposes fastened joints to transverse vibrations-indicate that lockbolts maintain consistent clamp load over time. “With nuts and bolts, the clamp load drops right off within 10 or 20 seconds,” says Corbett. “With lockbolts, there’s no need for secondary devices, such as lock washers or thread-locking compounds.”Lockbolts are used in buses, trucks, trailers, recreational vehicles, car seats, railcars, mining equipment, passenger jets, and heating and ventilation equipment. They’re also used in architectural applications, such as bridges and electrical towers.
Because of the high strength and consistency of lockbolts, engineers can often specify a smaller diameter fastener than they would need if using a nut and bolt. “The clamp load applied by a 12-millimeter lockbolt overlaps with the low-end clamp load applied by a 16-millimeter nut and bolt,” says Corbett. “That’s because the clamp load on a nut and bolt can vary by as much as 25 percent.”
Another advantage of lockbolts is installation speed. “A 5/8-inch lockbolt can be installed in less than 3 seconds,” says Corbett.
Unlike a nut and bolt, a lockbolt cannot be removed easily, says Beecher. The assembly can be removed with a grinder, a torch or a specialized cutting tool called a collar cropper. As a result, lockbolts may not be the best choice for assemblies that require frequent servicing. On the other hand, the permanence of the fastener also prevents theft or tampering.
Although lockbolts and blind rivets are installed with similar equipment, the fasteners aren’t comparable. Blind rivets don’t provide much clamp load, nor do they provide similar pull-out strength to lockbolts. Blind rivets are designed to provide shear strength by filling the hole in which they are inserted.
Variations on a Theme
Alcoa recently introduced a new lockbolt called the Bobtail. As its name implies, the Bobtail lockbolt does not have a breakaway pin tail. As a result, 40 percent less force is needed to install Bobtail lockbolts compared with standard designs. That means installation is faster and quieter, and the tool is smaller and lighter. For example, a tool to install a Bobtail lockbolt 0.625 inch in diameter weighs 10 pounds, whereas a tool to install a standard lockbolt of the same size weighs twice as much.Engineers need not worry about accounting for foreign object damage, since there’s no pin tail to get lost. And without a breakaway, there’s no initiation point for corrosion.
“With some lockbolts, the pin tail can represent 40 percent of the fastener material,” says Corbett. “With the Bobtail, nothing breaks off. There’s no waste. There’s no cleanup.”
Another innovation can be found in the Bobtail’s collar. Bumps along the flange show creases when the collar has been fully swaged. This gives operators an easy visual cue that the fastener has been installed correctly.
Another lockbolt variation is the Avtainer from Avdel. This lockbolt was designed for joining aluminum or composite panels to metal supports. The body of the collar is thin-walled to extend into the hole. The collar also has a thin, wide flange to better distribute the clamp load and avoid crushing the panels. The head of the bolt is equally wide and equipped with a Santoprene seal to ensure a watertight joint.
The tool for installing lockbolts can be pneumatic or hydraulic. Pneumatic or hydropneumatic tools are best for lockbolts under 0.5 inch in diameter. Hydraulic tools are necessary for anything larger. The tools are somewhat flexible, in that a single tool can install a range of fastener diameters. However, the nosepiece of the tool does need to be changed to match the diameter of the fastener.These tools are usually operated manually, but semiautomated workcells can be built, particularly for installing lockbolts ranging from 0.1875 to 0.25 inch in diameter, says Beecher. In such an application, an operator would manually load the parts and insert the pins and collars. Then, with the press of a button, multiple tools mounted on linear actuators would descend to swage all the collars simultaneously.
Because lockbolts are designed to provide maximum clamp load at the break point of the pin tail, engineers rarely, if ever, monitor installation in the same way they scrutinize installation of threaded fasteners. Technology is available to measure installation time, swage distance, and the force applied to the pin tail or the collar over time, but most assemblers rely on simple visual inspection for quality assurance.
“The break point of the fastener is carefully controlled during manufacturing to provide consistent installation,” says Daniel Pilsworth, product and business development manager at Avdel. “Because of that, you reduce a lot of the cost associated with maintenance and calibration of tools for nuts and bolts.”
To facilitate visual inspection, lockbolt manufacturers can provide data on the minimum and maximum lengths and widths of adequately swaged collars. “We can even provide templates or handheld gauges that fit over the collar,” says Pilsworth.
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Relays are switches that let one circuit control another, despite differences in current capacity. They are common in automotive electrical systems, and testing a relay switch with a multimeter is an easy task that anyone can do.
Think of a group of people standing in a line. Several messages can be passed around them in different directions. This is the concept behind network topology.
A relay site is a location in a network that serves as the node between two devices, such as servers or computers, that are too far away to communicate directly. This system is widely used in wireless networks, such as the Internet.
Relay stations are commonly established by the same organisation responsible for the originating broadcast station. In addition to expanding their market coverage, they also help improve reception quality by duplicating the broadcast signal on a different frequency.
Use a satellite map to scan the area for potential sites. Try to find areas where rooftops are visible above the trees – that will be a good sign that a relay site might be in place. When you do find possible sites, negotiate a contract to lease space on the tower. Get the best terms you can – these contracts will be critical to your business. Be sure to review the terms carefully and consider hiring a lawyer.
Accessibility ensures that all people-regardless of ability-can interact with the information and services you provide. While it is often viewed as an issue for individuals with disabilities, anyone who has ever pushed a cart out of a grocery store or navigated a website on a mobile device can attest that accessible design offers benefits to all users.
With the emergence of national requirements (such as Section 508 in the United States) and international standards like Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0, accessibility is becoming increasingly important for businesses and organizations worldwide. For most, the most effective way to make sure that a website is accessible is to incorporate accessibility into the design process from the start.
As a note of clarification, when we talk about accessibility, we are referring to equity and not equality. Accessibility focuses on understanding the particular conditions of inaccessibility facing a person or group and finding equitable solutions to those conditions. Hence, the word “accessibility” is pronounced “ahs-suh-bilis.” It follows the convention for other software development terms such as localization and internationalization, which are pronounced as their respective letters.
Line of Sight
Typically, wireless communication networks transmit and receive electromagnetic radiation or acoustic waves. This type of transmission only works when transmitter and receiver antennas are in direct view with no obstacles between them. This is called line of sight (LOS). FM radio and microwave communication are examples of LOS. The curvature of the earth and geographical obstacles may cause problems with line of sight transmission. However, these issues can usually be mitigated through planning, calculations and the use of additional technologies such as diffraction, multipath reflection, local repeaters and rapid handoff.
The concept of line of sight has been around for much of human history. Think of a guard atop a watchtower, able to see across a large area without being blocked by the curve of the hill or the edge of the woods.
To ensure good line of sight, locate a relay site in an area with wide open spaces, and with no tall buildings or structures that could block the signal. Also, consider 24/7 access for maintenance – you need to be able to get to your equipment quickly if something goes wrong.
Depending on the network configuration, the relay site must take measures to prevent unauthorized access and other vulnerabilities. For example, a communication processor may be configured to switch relay settings groups in the event of a suspected security breach. These group changes incorporate complete protection, automation and control equations to protect power system assets during a suspected breach.
Another important factor in relay and substation communications is latency. You should select a product with low latency for time-sensitive communication needs.
NAD continues to urge business trade organizations and the FCC to do more outreach and education about how to recognize fraudulent orders placed by people without disabilities posing as deaf or hard of hearing consumers using relay services. It is also important to remind businesses that they cannot refuse to accept calls from these consumers. They must accept credit cards just as they would for any other customer. NAD also recommends that they consider implementing well-established safeguards to verify the validity of such transactions. 중계사이트
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The Environment and Climate Change
This priority is linked to SDGs 6, 12, 13, and 15. Our focus is on assessing the readiness of African countries to deal with vulnerability to the combined effects of rapid population growth and climate change. We support governments to apply systems thinking and planning in their efforts to address the two challenges. We promote:
- Multi-dimensional approaches to understanding intersections between population and gender dynamics and the environment in development planning
- Good stewardship of natural resources to halt environmental degradation (biodiversity loss, air pollution, desertification, and land degradation)
- Equitable access to potable water and improved sanitation
- Monitoring of national and regional policies and action plans for sustainable agriculture, food security, environment and climate change and disaster preparedness.
Build the evidence base for policy and programmes that address the health impacts of climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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It’s that time when classrooms crackle with energy, ideas fly like sparks, and keyboards clack a symphony of creativity.
These young minds are bursting with questions and ready to explore everything under the sun. Think growing butterflies, not awkward caterpillars.
So, whether you’re a teacher, parent, or even a 6th grader yourself, get ready to unlock some serious imagination power with these writing prompts!
Let’s dive in and watch awesome stories unfold, strong opinions take flight, and imaginations take off on epic adventures!
6th Grade Writing Prompts
Natural Wonders of the World: Earth is home to some of the most awe-inspiring natural wonders. From the Grand Canyon to the Northern Lights, there are so many breathtaking sites to learn about. Choose a natural wonder and explain its significance, formation, and why it fascinates you.
Influence of Technology on Youth: The digital age has brought with it many advancements, and young people today are often at the forefront of using new technology. Think about the gadgets, apps, and online platforms you use every day. Discuss the positive and negative effects of technology on your generation.
Role Models and Their Impact: People often have individuals they look up to, whether they are famous celebrities, historical figures, or personal acquaintances. Role models can greatly influence our decisions and aspirations. Write about a role model in your life and how they have inspired or guided you.
Cultural Festivals and Their Importance: Different cultures around the world celebrate various festivals with zeal and enthusiasm. These festivals often carry historical or spiritual significance and are a means to pass traditions from one generation to the next. Choose a cultural festival and explain its origins, customs, and the values it imparts.
Local Heroes and Their Legacy: Every community has unsung heroes – individuals who make a difference without seeking fame or recognition. They might be teachers, firefighters, volunteers, or even a neighbor. Identify a local hero from your community and detail their contributions and the impact they’ve had on others.
The Value of Teamwork: Whether in sports, class projects, or family chores, teamwork plays a crucial role in achieving goals. Collaborating with others can bring about different perspectives and solutions that one might not think of alone. Reflect on a time when you worked as part of a team and explain the lessons you learned from the experience.
Saving Our Environment: The environment faces various challenges, from pollution to deforestation. As the future generation, it’s crucial to be informed and proactive about these issues. Research an environmental issue of your choice and propose ways in which kids your age can make a difference.
The Joy of Reading: Books have the power to transport readers to different worlds, teach new things, and even shape one’s perspective on life. With the rise of digital entertainment, however, the habit of reading is seeing a shift. Discuss your relationship with reading and how it has influenced your life.
World Cuisine and Cultural Understanding: Every country has its unique culinary delights, each carrying stories, traditions, and a touch of local flavor. By trying different foods, we can learn so much about cultures different from our own. Pick a dish from a culture unfamiliar to you, research its origins and significance, and explain what it teaches you about that culture.
The Magic of Music: Music is a universal language that can evoke emotions, memories, and even drive action. Different genres resonate with people for various reasons, from classical to pop to folk tunes. Describe a piece of music that has deeply moved you, and discuss how it impacted your emotions and thoughts.
Value of Community Service: Helping others in the community, whether through volunteering at a food bank or participating in a clean-up drive, teaches empathy and responsibility. Such experiences can be transformative. Reflect on a time when you participated in a community service activity and describe its impact on your worldview.
Challenges and Triumphs: Everyone faces challenges, big or small, at different points in their life. Overcoming these hurdles often teaches us resilience, patience, and determination. Write about a personal challenge you encountered and how you overcame it, focusing on the lessons it taught you.
Importance of Historical Monuments: Historical monuments and sites are a window to our past, giving insights into different eras, cultures, and events. They remind us of where we come from and help preserve our history. Choose a historical monument, research its background, and explain its importance in today’s context.
Travel and Broadening Horizons: Travel, whether within one’s country or internationally, exposes individuals to diverse cultures, landscapes, and ways of thinking. Even if it’s just a short trip to a nearby town, the experience can be enlightening. Write about a memorable trip you took and how it changed or broadened your perspective on something.
Animals and Human Connection: From household pets to wildlife, animals play a significant role in many people’s lives. They can be companions, a source of inspiration, or even teachers in their own right. Reflect on an experience or relationship you’ve had with an animal and describe the impact it had on you.
Hobbies and Personal Growth: Pursuing a hobby, be it painting, dancing, coding, or gardening, can provide relaxation, foster creativity, and even lead to new skills or career paths. Discuss a hobby you’re passionate about, and explain how dedicating time to this activity has contributed to your personal growth.
The Beauty of Seasons: Every season brings its own unique charm, from the blossoms of spring to the snowy landscapes of winter. Each offers different activities, sensations, and reflections on nature’s cycle. Describe your favorite season, capturing its essence and explaining why it resonates with you the most.
Personal Heroes and Their Lessons: Apart from celebrities and well-known figures, sometimes the most influential heroes in our lives are those closest to us, like a family member or friend. These individuals shape our values and aspirations in intimate ways. Identify a personal hero in your life, share their story, and discuss how their journey has impacted your beliefs and choices.
The Role of Sports in Personal Development: Engaging in sports, whether recreationally or competitively, offers more than just physical benefits. It also teaches discipline, teamwork, and handling success and failure. Reflect on an experience related to sports and detail how it helped in your personal or character development.
The Significance of Folktales: Folktales are timeless stories passed down through generations, offering both entertainment and moral lessons. They often reflect a culture’s values, beliefs, and societal norms. Choose a folktale you’re familiar with, recount its narrative, and discuss the underlying messages and their relevance today.
Dream Professions and Their Impact: Everyone has aspirations for what they might want to be when they grow up – from astronauts to writers to environmentalists. These choices often reflect our passions and the change we hope to bring to the world. Write about a profession you dream of pursuing and explain why you’re drawn to it and the impact you hope to achieve through it.
The World of Art and Self-Expression: Art, in its myriad forms, offers a platform for individuals to communicate emotions, ideas, and perspectives. Whether it’s through painting, sculpture, or digital media, artists share stories that can resonate globally. Describe an artwork or art form that you connect with deeply and elucidate how it speaks to your own experiences or feelings.
Role of School Clubs and Extracurricular Activities: Beyond the regular curriculum, school clubs and activities provide a venue for students to explore interests, develop skills, and foster camaraderie. From debate clubs to robotics teams, these platforms can be transformative. Discuss an extracurricular activity you’re involved in, detailing its significance and the growth you’ve experienced from participating.
Understanding Different Worldviews Through Literature: Reading offers an opportunity to step into different worlds, eras, and cultures. Literature, whether fiction or non-fiction, provides insights into diverse worldviews, broadening our horizons. Pick a book or story set in a culture or time different from your own and expound on how it enriched your understanding of the world.
Inventions That Changed the World: Throughout history, inventions have played a pivotal role in shaping societies, improving lifestyles, and driving progress. Some inventions, however, have had more profound impacts than others. Choose an invention you believe has greatly influenced the world and elaborate on its significance and the changes it brought.
Festivals as a Reflection of Society: Festivals are not just occasions of joy and celebration; they also mirror the values, history, and aspirations of societies. They often have layers of meaning and symbolism. Select a festival, either local or global, and dissect how it reflects the broader values and traditions of the society that celebrates it.
Stories Behind the Constellations: The night sky has fascinated humans for millennia. Many cultures have stories explaining the constellations and their origins. Choose a constellation, recount the myth or legend behind it, and discuss what it reveals about the culture from which it originated.
The Significance of Public Spaces: Public spaces like parks, squares, and beaches are more than just open areas. They are places of community gathering, recreation, and sometimes, historical significance. Examine a public space you frequently visit and describe its importance to you and your community.
Our Relationship with Plants: Plants play a myriad of roles in our lives – from the food we eat to the air we breathe, and even the joy a bouquet can bring. They also hold cultural and medicinal significance in many societies. Reflect on an experience or observation related to plants and discuss their value in our lives.
Learning from History’s Leaders: Throughout history, leaders have risen to challenges, driven change, and left legacies that we study today. Their decisions, for better or worse, offer lessons in leadership and human behavior. Pick a historical leader, outline their achievements and challenges, and deduce what modern-day lessons we can learn from their tenure.
Journeys and Discoveries: Every journey, whether it’s a family vacation or a short trek in the woods, holds potential for discoveries—about the world, about others, and about oneself. Write about a journey you undertook, detailing the discoveries and insights it brought you.
Impact of Movies and Television: In the modern era, movies and television are potent storytelling mediums. They can shape opinions, influence behavior, and even inspire actions. Think about a movie or TV show that left a lasting impression on you and analyze its message, impact, and relevance in today’s society.
6th Grade Story Ideas
The Mystery of the Lost Library Book: At Jefferson Middle School, the most popular book in the library has gone missing. Students are eager to read it, but the librarian insists it was just checked in. It’s up to a group of sixth graders to follow the clues and find out what happened to the book before the big book report is due next week. Will they solve the mystery in time or will the entire class be left in suspense?
A Time Capsule from 1980: While working on a school garden project, a group of students stumble upon a time capsule from the year 1980. Inside, there are letters, photos, and mementos from students of the past. As they explore the contents, they learn about the lives, dreams, and concerns of kids from over 40 years ago. How will they decide to respond to these long-ago students and what will they put in their own time capsule?
Friendship Across Borders: When the school launches a pen-pal program with a school in a different country, Mary gets paired with a girl named Laila. Through their letters, the two discover they have much in common, but also many differences due to their cultural backgrounds. Through their correspondence, both girls learn the value of understanding and accepting diverse perspectives. Will their bond be strong enough to meet in person one day?
The Community Garden Challenge: The mayor has announced a competition for all the schools in town to create the best community garden. The students of Mrs. Jensen’s class are determined to win. As they plant, water, and nurture their garden, they not only learn about botany but also about teamwork and community. Can they come together to create a garden that represents the unity of their class?
The Unplanned Field Trip: During a visit to the local history museum, a power outage traps a group of sixth graders inside. With only the emergency lights on and the exits temporarily locked, the students, along with their teacher, have to make the most of their unexpected extended stay. They explore exhibits in a new light, share stories, and even make up their own tales about the artifacts. What lessons will they take away from their unplanned adventure?
The Great Recycling Project: Inspired by a documentary, Sam wants to start a recycling initiative at his school. However, it’s not as easy as he thought. He faces challenges like getting approval, gathering resources, and convincing his classmates to participate. As he navigates through these obstacles, he learns the importance of persistence and advocacy. Will Sam’s efforts make a lasting impact on his school’s environmental footprint?
The Silent Talent Show: The school announces a unique talent show where the catch is that no act can produce any sound. Students have to think creatively about how to showcase their skills in complete silence. This challenge brings out unexpected talents and creative approaches among the participants. Who will steal the show without making a sound?
One Day as Principal: After winning an essay contest, Jenna is given the opportunity to be the principal of her school for one day. She gets a taste of the responsibilities and challenges that come with running a school. From handling teacher requests to resolving student conflicts and even making announcements, Jenna realizes that leadership is not just about authority but also empathy and understanding. How will Jenna’s one day at the helm change her perspective on school leadership?
The Disappearing Art Mural: Every morning, students at Lincoln Middle School pass by a beautiful art mural painted by last year’s sixth graders. But suddenly, the mural starts to fade. Pieces of the artwork are disappearing, day by day. A group of current sixth graders take it upon themselves to investigate why the mural is vanishing and how to restore it. Can they uncover the truth and bring color back to their school’s walls?
Message in the Bottle Rocket: As part of a science project, students are tasked with building bottle rockets. Emma decides to place a small note inside her rocket, hoping someone will find it when it lands. To her surprise, she receives a response from a student two towns over. Through their exchanged letters, they share their love for science and the cosmos. What new discoveries will their newfound friendship bring?
The Day the Internet Vanished: On a seemingly normal Tuesday, the internet stops working at Elmwood Middle School. Students are initially frustrated, but soon realize they have to rely on older methods of research and communication. This unexpected tech-free day pushes students to collaborate in new ways, visit the school library more, and even engage in face-to-face conversations. Will they find value in unplugging, even if just for a day?
Behind the Scenes at the Lunchroom: After hearing rumors about the school’s cafeteria food, a group of students decide to volunteer in the kitchen. They learn about food sourcing, preparation, and the hard work of the staff. As they delve deeper, they begin to appreciate the complexities of serving hundreds of students daily and start an initiative to reduce food waste. How will their experience reshape the lunchroom culture?
The Radio Station Revival: Students discover an old radio station equipment in the school’s attic. With the help of a retired teacher who once ran a school broadcast, they decide to revive the station. As they curate content, manage schedules, and reach out to their audience, they discover the power of voice and storytelling. Will the airwaves once again buzz with the voices of young broadcasters?
The Lost Diary of Elm Street: While cleaning out the storage room, students find a diary from the 1960s. The diary belongs to a former student and chronicles their life during tumultuous times. As they read through the pages, students get a firsthand account of history and decide to host a school event to share the diary’s stories. What lessons from the past will resonate with the students of today?
Swap Day: Teachers as Students: For one day, the school decides to have a “Swap Day” where teachers become students and students take on the role of teachers. The sixth graders get to design lessons, manage the classroom, and even grade assignments. It’s an eye-opening experience for both sides as they navigate role reversals. How will this unique switch challenge their perceptions of education?
The Uncharted Island on the School Map: In Geography class, students stumble upon an island not listed in any modern atlas. Curious, they embark on a research mission, diving into old books, interviewing experts, and even connecting with locals from nearby regions. Their findings lead to an incredible story of a forgotten island with a rich history. Will their discovery put this island back on the map?
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What we eat is often shaped not only by culture and tradition, but also society and government policies. Through one family’s changing palate, find out how all these factors have influenced what appears on the dining table.
Young boys having a meal at a roadside hawker stall. From the Edwin A. Brown Collection. Celia Mary Ferguson and National Library Board, Singapore, 2008.
When I was growing up, my grandfather’s elderly cousin would visit us during important festive occasions. The womenfolk in the family would gather to make steamed rice dumplings, or 桃粿 (tao guo; literally “peach dumplings”) to use as prayer offerings. I still remember the booming voice of my grandfather’s cousin as her large palms deftly shaped the pink-hued rice dumplings, pressing them into a wooden mould. Nowadays, no one seems to have the time to gather around the kitchen and cook while chatting in the Teochew dialect. These days, my uncles simply buy the tao guo, but it just tastes different and part of the fun is gone.
During the annual Dragon Boat Festival, my grandmother would spend days painstakingly preparing the ingredients required for making the pyramid-shaped rice dumplings called 肉粽 (rou zong). It was a tedious process: cooking red beans and grinding them into a paste; boiling dried chestnuts and removing the skin; chopping and stir-frying dried prawns, dried mushrooms and fatty pork with coriander powder and other spices; washing bamboo leaves, strings and glutinous rice; and cleaning caul fat membrane and stuffing it with a generous dollop of the red-bean paste. The ingredients were then assembled and neatly wrapped in bamboo leaves before being steamed to perfection in bamboo baskets. Nowadays, many families prefer to purchase ready-made dumplings from shops.
In recent years, there has been no lack of news lamenting the closure of many local food establishments. Most recently, in May 2013 – after 58 years of operation – the shutters came down at the iconic Mong Hing Teochew Restaurant on Beach Road. Exhausting and time-consuming food preparation, ageing cooks, the lack of successors, and rising cost of manpower and ingredients are frequently cited as reasons for these closures.
This essay examines the ethnological aspect of food and its impact on the food my grandparents, parents and my family have consumed over the decades. It offers perspectives on how our family’s eating habits have evolved over the course of three generations.
My Grandparents’ Generation: 1930s–1950s
My maternal grandmother arrived in Singapore from Guangdong province in China during the late 1930s. As a young bride, she lived with her husband and mother-in-law who were farmers. Life settled into a routine of waking up before dawn to feed the pigs and chickens, tending to the vegetable plots and cooking three meals a day. My great-grandmother would harvest the vegetables and sell them at a nearby makeshift market.
Breakfast was usually a bowl of steaming watery porridge served with some fried eggs and preserved olives; lunch comprised stir-fried vegetables and pork; while dinner was more stir-fried vegetables, along with fried or steamed fish. This was the typical fare of my grandmother’s generation. My paternal grandparents were fortunate enough to live along the banks bordering the Straits of Johor (on the Singapore side), where they enjoyed easy access to fresh seafood. As a result, freshly steamed fish and seafood, seasoned simply with salt, featured frequently at mealtimes. One of our relatives made her fish sauce as a seasoning, and it was also common for families to ferment their own rice wine for cooking. In those days, sumptuous dishes that required elaborate preparation or expensive and seasonal ingredients were only eaten during festivals and celebrations.
In Singapore, my maternal grandmother was exposed to new forms of cuisine as well as cultures. When she saw her first bowl of chendol, she thought it was disgusting how people could wolf down green worms swimming in a pool of dirty brown water. She later realised that those “worms” were actually strips of jelly made from rice flour mixed with the juice of the fragrant pandan (screwpine) leaf and green food colouring, and the liquid they were floating in was a delicious concoction of coconut milk and gula melaka (palm sugar).
There was a fourfold increase in Singapore’s population from 226,842 in 1901 to 938,144 in 1947. The growth rate gathered slight momentum after a lull period in the late 19th century, with a 3-percent increase between 1901 and 1911 and a 3.3-percent increase between 1911 and 1921. During the Great Depression, however, there was a drop of 2.9 percent due to restrictions imposed on immigrants from China and India. Then, between 1931 and 1947, the growth rate rebounded to 3.2 percent. My grandparents were part of this final wave of immigrants.
During the postwar period, the Chinese population dominated the influx of new immigrants. Several dialect groups lived in enclaves, particularly within the city-centre area. The Teochew community established themselves mainly on the south bank of the Singapore River. Many were employed as coolies (labourers), hauling goods between the riverside warehouses and tongkangs (local wooden boats) crowding the river. Some Teochews specialised in certain sectors of the inter-island boat trade, particularly between Singapore, West Borneo and southern Thailand where substantial Teochew trading communities were found. There were also others, like my grandparents and relatives, who were farmers and fishermen living in Teochew-dominated areas of Singapore like Sembawang, Upper Thomson and Punggol.
Located at Clemenceau Avenue, the Teochew-style grand mansion of Tan Yeok Nee is the last of its kind still standing, 1910. Courtesy of National Archives of Singapore
The Teochew Migrants
The Teochew migrants who arrived in Singapore from the 19th century onwards came from the Chaoshan (潮汕) region in the eastern Guangdong province of China, near the border of Fujian. This dialect group includes people from the Chaozhou (潮州), Shantou (汕头) and Jieyang (揭阳) cities. As the majority of Teochews lived by the sea or near waterways, Teochew cuisine often comprise the freshest fish and seafood. The dishes use minimal seasoning so as to enhance the natural taste of the food.
Teochew cuisine is made up of four broad categories: braised food, such as braised duck and braised pork belly; seafood dishes including freshly steamed white pomfret, steamed fishcakes and steamed mullet; pickled food like chye poh (salted radish) and dang cai (brown pickled cabbage); and lastly, dishes cooked with seasoning and sauces such as fish sauce, salted plums, kumquat oil and Teochew gong cai (a form of pickled mustard greens).
From the immediate postwar years up till the late 1960s, my grandparents lived in close proximity to their extended families and ate more or less the same meals every day. During festive seasons, food and invitations to more elaborate feasts were exchanged. Occasionally they would have their meals at makeshift stalls run by street hawkers, choosing cooked food that they were accustomed to. As unemployment rates in newly independent Singapore was high and jobs were scarce, many people become hawkers. It was definitely one of the easier ways to earn a living during those difficult times.
According to the 1950 Hawker Inquiry Commission Report, Cantonese, Teochew and Hokkien hawkers made up the largest percentage of hawkers at 30, 30 and 20 percent respectively. However, in the postwar years, itinerant hawkers were seen as a general nuisance to the public, obstructing roads, incessantly calling out to customers, creating trouble with their gang affiliations, and posing a serious threat to health with their unhygienic food preparation and storage. Still, there was a demand as these hawkers provided customers with easy access to reasonably priced cooked food, besides being their livelihood. The problem, however, was one of legislation. The report found that only between a quarter and a third of the hawkers were licensed, while the “remainder [were] breaking the law everyday merely in the course of earning their living”.
My Parent’s Generation: Post-independence Singapore
After Singapore’s independence in 1965, a series of broad, sweeping changes were made by the government across all sectors, many of which were felt by the masses from the 1970s to the 1990s. The Housing and Development Board (HDB) was set up in 1960, and in the decades that followed, more and more families were resettled from kampongs (villages) to public housing blocks. Communal cooking activities were no longer possible as kitchens shrank, families became smaller and their relatives and friends were scattered all over Singapore. As more women became educated and joined the workforce, they also became less inclined to spend time on domestic affairs.
As a young wife in the 1970s, my mother enjoyed collecting recipes from newspapers and magazines, attending cooking classes at community centres, watching cooking programmes on television and buying cookbooks. My mother was able to try her hand at cooking dishes from cuisines other than Teochew. And thanks to new kitchen equipment such as the refrigerator, gas stove, cake mixer and blender, she could reduce the time spent in the kitchen preparing ingredients and cooking. The introduction of supermarkets also widened the selection of ingredients available, while imported items started making their way to the supermarket shelves.
Shoppers at the new National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) supermarket at Toa Payoh, which opened on 22 July 1973. MITA collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore.
Over time, all this had a huge impact on what we ate. Our hot porridge breakfast gave way to the more convenient combination of bread, butter and jam, and our mealtimes saw greater variety on the table as Mum grew adventurous and experimented with new dishes. However, during important festivals and celebrations, we would still indulge in grandmother’s and mother’s traditional Teochew cooking. The success of the Speak Mandarin Campaign introduced in 1979 eroded our ability to converse in fluent Teochew. Today, my siblings and I are not as well versed in the Teochew dialect; as a result, cooking instructions issued to us in this Chinese dialect by our grandmother are sometimes lost in translation. Occasionally, grandmother would share Teochew food aphorisms such as 三四桃李奈 and 七八 油甘柿 (meaning “peaches, apricots and plums ripen during March and April” and “Indian gooseberries and persimmons are ready to be eaten in July and August”) and dispense practical advice such as 稚鸡, 硕鹅, 老鸭母 (meaning “young chicken, mature goose and old duck are the best stages of their growth for cooking”).
After 1971, when the Singapore economy became more stable, the government was able to focus on reining in unlicensed cooked-food hawkers. Many of them were relocated from the streets and alleys to centralised hawker centres that were installed with piped water, sewers and garbage disposal facilities. By the early 1980s, all of the hawkers in Singapore had been resettled in hawker centres. With increasing affluence, more families could afford to eat out. Hawker centres, with their affordable prices and variety of food, became sought-after places for people to have their meals, and have since become an indispensable part of Singapore’s culinary landscape.
In 1986, 30 percent of people aged between 15 and 64 ate breakfast outside the home, while 54 percent and 12 percent ate out for lunch and dinner respectively. As early as 1979, it was reported that the changing lifestyles of Singaporeans had led to an increase in diseases that were linked to unhealthy eating habits and harmful lifestyles. A household expenditure survey conducted between 1987 and 1988 reported that “hawker foods accounted for almost 80 percent of an average household’s cooked food budget”. In 1992, Dr Aline Wong, then Minister of State (Health), encouraged Singaporeans to eat more homecooked meals as it was perceived to be healthier.
The Ministry of Health launched studies of the food consumed by Singaporeans. One of the earliest projects was conducted by the Institute of Science and Forensic Medicine under the Ministry of Health in 1992. The following year, 200 commonly available foods at hawker centres were subjected to chemical analysis by laboratories commissioned by the Food and Nutrition Department. A series of booklets on food and nutrition was published and distributed to the public, covering subjects such as healthy eating at childcare centres, serving healthy food to students, healthier menu choices for workplace canteen operators, coffeeshops and restaurants, and a guide to making sensible food choices at hawker centres.
Posters from a government campaign to encourage healthier eating among the population in the 1980s. Ministry of Health Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore.
Over the years, changes in lifestyle, national campaigns, and new ways of storing, processing and cooking food have contributed to changes in our diets. The author of Soya & Spice, Jo Marion Seow, lamented that some food “[has] gone the way of the dinosaurs”, citing the example of the cheap preserved or pickled side dish known as zahb khiam in Teochew, which was commonly eaten with porridge.
Certain common hawker dishes have also been gradually disappearing from the culinary horizon. Local food blogger Dr Leslie Tay noted a steady decline in the standards of char kway teow (fried rice noodles) as the dish has come to be regarded as “unhealthy and the fear of contracting Hepatitis A from eating partially cooked cockles has put another nail in the coffin”. He also remarked that Teochew eateries no longer use the meaty Asian carp in traditional fish head steamboat. These days, the “muddy-tasting” freshwater fish has been replaced by more popular varieties such as pomfret and grouper. Mass-produced pre-cooked ingredients manufactured by factories and supplied to hawkers have also contributed to this loss of food heritage: hawkers’ culinary skills among hawkers have been eroded by these shortcuts, and many complain that the old-style dishes just do not taste the same anymore.
The loss in food heritage is also felt in the home. My family does not consciously partake of traditional Teochew cuisine at home anymore. Everyday dishes are not uniquely Teochew, except for special occasions such as festivals and celebrations when our family buys Teochew confectionery or steamed kueh (cakes).
In 2013, four students from the Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information at the Nanyang Technological University worked on a project that aimed to raise awareness of the origins of Singapore’s food heritage. They interviewed hawkers of signature local dishes. The findings – sponsored by the National Heritage Board and supported by the Singapore Memory Project.
Deborah Lupton is of the view that “food consumption habits are not simply tied to biological needs but serve to mark boundaries between social classes, geographical regions, nations, cultures, genders, life cycle stages, religions and occupations, to distinguish rituals, traditions, festivals, seasons and times of day”. Where food can be culturally reproduced from generation to generation, it is a denominator that distinguishes one group from another. The act of preparing food is “part of [an] individual’s incorporation into a culture, of making it ‘their own’, which then culminates in the act of eating … [and] sharing the act of eating brings people into the same community”.
In this respect, food helps strengthen group identity. Therefore, what we eat, how we eat, and how we feel about it reflects our perception of ourselves in relation to others. Katarzyna Cwiertka also observed that “not only do global brands spread worldwide [diminish] the diversity of local cuisines, but new hybrid cuisines are created and new identities embraced through the acceptance and rejection of new commodities and new forms of consumption”.
With the plethora of cuisines competing for attention today, it is impossible to retain the exact ingredients and time-honoured cooking methods that our forefathers used. Like all cuisines, Chinese dishes, too, have evolved, incorporating ingredients that were previously alien to its form, like peppers, peanuts, tomatoes and corn. The art of eating is a constantly evolving repertoire of recipes old, new and invented. Each dish will enjoy a “shelf life” depending on its popularity and acceptance. Over time, a new concoction may be accepted as a signature dish by members of a particular ethnic or dialect group, who come to embrace the dish as their own.
Lenore Manderson sums it up by writing that the changes in the mode of production may affect food resources while offering new items, thus leading to dietary changes. The “marking, enactment and elaboration of key cultural and life-cycle events through the use of food further determine dietary variation seasonally and throughout the life span … and the allocation of food within the domestic sphere and in the larger community; the style and elaborateness or simplicity of the preparation and presentation of food, and the particular responsibilities of individuals in these activities … all provide a key to social life and to the role and status of members of a given society”.
The Challenge of Preserving our Food Heritage
My grandparents came from a homogeneous community where everyone spoke the same language and shared the same cultural practices and values. When they migrated to Singapore, they discovered new languages, cultures and food, while still living among people from the same dialect group. In contrast, my parents’ generation interacted more with people from other ethnic and dialect groups through school or work, gaining an understanding of other cultures and their practices.
Today, changes in lifestyle, a greater awareness of nutrition and health, and the accessibility to delicious food from all over the world threaten the culinary heritage of our forebears. People rarely have the time to cook at home and sit down to a leisurely meal of homemade dishes. The days of communal cooking in a large kitchen with lots of people chatting animatedly, while hands are busy chopping, cutting and frying, are long gone. It is quite different cooking alone in a small kitchen after a hard day at the office, or relying on a domestic helper to prepare the family meals. Without constant pointers from elderly folks on the significance of certain dishes, or gentle reminders on the right cooking methods or techniques, it will be impossible to replicate the dishes of an earlier generation. The onslaught of Western food and the assimilation of other cultures coupled with the unavailability of certain ingredients from yesteryear present further challenges to preserving Singapore’s food heritage.
Given an option, will the younger members in my family choose a simple dish of Teochew caramelised yam cubes over the assortment of potato crisps in exotic flavours spilling over from supermarket shelves? There is growing nostalgia over the gradual loss of traditional food and authentic hawker fare, and both individuals and the government are trying to take steps to preserve Singapore’s culinary heritage. It will be a shame if one day, my family’s memories of traditional Teochew food become something that can only be found in books in the library or in a museum.
Ang Seow Leng is a Senior Reference Librarian at the Lee Kong Chian Reference Library at the National Library Board. Her responsibilities include managing and developing content as well as providing reference and research services relating to Singapore and Southeast Asia.
Cwiertka, K., & Walraven, B. (Eds.). (2001). Asian food: The global and the local. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press. (Call no.: R 394.1095 ASI)
Drive to fight harmful life styles. (1979, September 23). The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
Home-cooked vs hawker food. (1992, December 15). The Straits Times, p. 24. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
Kong, L. (2007). Singapore hawker centres: People, places, food. Singapore: National Environment Agency. (Call no.: RSING 381.18095957 KON)
Lee, K.Y. (2000). From third world to first: The Singapore story, 1965–2000: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew. Singapore: Times Editions: Singapore Press Holdings. (Call no.: RSING 959.57092 LEE)
Lupton, D. (1996). Food, the body, and the self. Calif.: Sage Publicatons. (Not available in NLB holdings)
Manderson, L. (1986). Shared wealth and symbol: Food, culture, and society in Oceania and Southeast Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press. (Call no.: RSING 301.5099 SHA)
Neville, W. (1969). The distribution of population in the postwar period. In J.B. Ooi & H.D. Chiang (Eds.), Modern Singapore. Singapore: University of Singapore. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 OOI)
Newman, J.M. (2004). Food culture in China. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. (Call no.: R 394.120951 NEW)
Saw, S.H. (2007). The population of Singapore. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. (Call no.: RSING 304.6095957 SAW)
Seow, J.M. (2009). Soya & spice: Food and memories of a Straits Teochew family. Singapore: Landmark Books. (Call no.: RSING 641.595957 SEO)
Singapore. Hawkers Inquiry Commission. (1950). Report of the hawkers inquiry commission. Singapore: G.P.O. (Call no.: RCLOS 331.798095957 SIN)
Singapore. Ministry of Health, Food and Nutrition Dept. (1993). The composition of 200 foods commonly eaten in Singapore (p. 1). Singapore: Food and Nutrition Dept., Ministry of Health. (Call no.: RSING 641.10212 COM)
Tay, L. (2012). Only the best!: The ieat, ishoot, ipost guide to Singapore’s shiokiest hawker food. Singapore: Epigram Books. (Call no.: RSING 641.595957 TAY)
张新民 [Zhang, X.]. (10 May 2013). 潮汕饮食词条 [Chaoshan food entry]. Retrieved from http://wh.csfqw.com/w/csys/44122282.htm
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Vitamin D levels in the body at the start of a low-calorie diet predict weight loss success, a new study found. The results, which suggest a possible role for vitamin D in weight loss, were presented at The Endocrine Society’s 91st Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C.
“Vitamin D deficiency is associated with obesity, but it is not clear if inadequate vitamin D causes obesity or the other way around,” said the study’s lead author, Shalamar Sibley, MD, MPH, an assistant professor of medicine at the University of Minnesota.
In this study, the authors attempted to determine whether baseline vitamin D levels before calorie restriction affect subsequent weight loss. They measured circulating blood levels of vitamin D in 38 overweight men and women before and after the subjects followed a diet plan for 11 weeks consisting of 750 calories a day fewer than their estimated total needs. Subjects also had their fat distribution measured with DXA (bone densitometry) scans.
On average, subjects had vitamin D levels that many experts would consider to be in the insufficient range, according to Sibley. However, the authors found that baseline, or pre-diet, vitamin D levels predicted weight loss in a linear relationship. For every increase of 1 ng/mL in level of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol—the precursor form of vitamin D and a commonly used indicator of vitamin D status—subjects ended up losing almost a half pound (0.196 kg) more on their calorie-restricted diet. For each 1-ng/mL increase in the active or “hormonal” form of vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), subjects lost nearly one-quarter pound (0.107 kg) more.
Additionally, higher baseline vitamin D levels (both the precursor and active forms) predicted greater loss of abdominal fat.
“Our results suggest the possibility that the addition of vitamin D to a reduced-calorie diet will lead to better weight loss,” Sibley said.
She cautioned, however, that more research is needed. “Our findings,” she said, “need to be followed up by the right kind of controlled clinical trial to determine if there is a role for vitamin D supplementation in helping people lose weight when they attempt to cut back on what they eat.”
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Engineering is all about using scientific principles to create structures and machines. Examples include bridges, pharmaceuticals, vehicles, airplanes, factory machines, buildings, roads, robots, and tunnels.
It is the application of mathematics and science to solve problems. Engineering professionals, i.e., engineers, figure out how things function. They look at scientific discoveries and find ways to get them onto the market.
Inventors, especially scientists, tend to get the credit for new inventions that improve your quality of life. However, we must not forget that those who are instrumental in finding practical uses for them are engineers.
The University of Bath in England has the following definition of the term:
“Engineering is a discipline dedicated to problem solving. Our built environment and infrastructure, the devices we use to communicate, the processes that manufacture our medicines, have all been designed, assembled or managed by an engineer.”
Engineering is a wide field
There are many different types of engineers. The term may have a variety of meanings, depending on who uses it, where, and in which circumstances.
While some design and build roads, others are involved in food processing, creating robots, making industrial chemicals, or are trying to overcome manufacturing challenges.
Let’s look at five different types of engineers:
Mechanical engineers design and create mechanical systems. They study systems and objects in motion. This field touches many aspects of our everyday life.
Mechanical engineers are key personnel in various industries, including aerospace, biotech, automotive, energy conversion, and manufacturing.
According to Columbia University in the City of New York:
“The role of a mechanical engineer is to take a product from an idea to the marketplace. To accomplish this, the mechanical engineer must be able to determine the forces and thermal environment that a product, its parts, or its subsystems will encounter; design them for functionality, aesthetics, and durability; and determine the best manufacturing approach that will ensure operation without failure.”
These professionals focus on technology that uses electricity as its power source. They work on electrical devices, systems, and components. One might be working on something tiny, such as a microchip, while another may be building a massive power station.
Regarding products we use today, austintec.com says the following:
“Electrical engineers can be credited with feats such as inventing the radio, television, induction motor, and more. None of these iconic items would be available without electrical engineers.”
“One of the most famous electrical engineers is Thomas Edison, who is credited with inventing the electric light bulb.”
These engineering professionals, as the name suggests, work in industry. More specifically, they focus on boosting efficiency, lowering costs, improving product quality (or service quality), and health and safety in the workplace.
They also implement strategies to make a company or its factory environmentally friendly. Compliance is also the focus of industrial engineers. Compliance refers to adhering to or complying with (obeying) a set of rules and regulations.
According to IISE (Institute of Industrial & Systems Engineers):
“Industrial and systems engineering is concerned with the design, improvement and installation of integrated systems of people, materials, information, equipment and energy.”
“It draws upon specialized knowledge and skill in the mathematical, physical, and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design, to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems.”
Chemical engineers work in creating industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, as well as food processing. They design the systems, processes, and equipment for refining raw materials and processing chemicals to make products that consumers, businesses, and other entities use.
The US Bureau of Labor Statistics has the following job description of a chemical engineer:
“Chemical engineers apply the principles of chemistry, biology, physics, and math to solve problems that involve the use of fuel, drugs, food, and many other products.”
Civil engineering has been around for thousands of years. Professionals design, build, and maintain the infrastructure items of a country, region, or town.
They build, for example, railways, hospitals, water supply systems, bridges, tunnels, buildings, dams, and sea defenses. Much of what we see around us outdoors has something to do with civil engineering.
Regarding items in the world around us, the Institution of Engineers in the United Kingdom says the following:
“Civil engineering is everything you see that’s been built around us. It’s about roads and railways, schools, offices, hospitals, water and power supply and much more. The kinds of things we take for granted but would find life very hard to live without.”
“Civil engineers design, create and connect up the world around us. They help make our villages, towns and cities work for the people that live there.”
There are over forty different types of engineering degree courses at universities. Did you know that there are forensic engineers? Experts expect the whole sector, which is huge, to see significant growth over at least the next couple of decades.
If you are wondering what to study, bear in mind that engineering today is a top career. It will continue to be so for a very long time.
The notion that this type of career is for men is a myth. There are hundreds of thousands of women globally either studying or working as engineers. In fact, women are representing an ever-growing percentage of all engineers in the advanced economies and many of the emerging ones.
If you like math and science, and enjoy solving problems, you should seriously consider becoming an engineer.
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In August 2014 Yasuyuki Kaneko, a city councillor for Sapporo, sparked intense controversy by tweeting ‘there are no such people as the Ainu any more, are there? [But] they constantly demand rights they don’t deserve. How can this be reasonable?’
Ainu drummers hammer out the sounds of their musical tradition. The Ainu were not officially recognised as an indigenous people until 2008. (Photo by: Gianfranco Chicco).
The comments evoked an outpouring of criticism from Ainu — the indigenous people of northern Japan — and their supporters. But the blogosphere was also quickly filled with comments supporting Kaneko’s views.
Kaneko was subsequently removed from the local Liberal Democratic Party caucus, of which he had been a member, but he remains on the city council and has refused to withdraw his comments.
This controversy recalls a notorious incident in 1986, when then prime minister Yasuhiro Nakasone stated in parliament that there were no minority racial groups in Japan and that Japan therefore had no racial discrimination. Those comments too provoked an angry response from many people, including prominent figures in Ainu and resident Korean communities. A comparison of the two statements, and of the reactions they produced, shows both how much and how little has changed in Japan over recent decades.
Although a city councillor can still make a statement like Kaneko’s with scant damage to his career, it is hard to imagine a Japanese prime minister publicly denying the existence of Ainu or insisting on Japan’s racial purity today. In 1986 the government had not yet officially recognised the Ainu as an ethnic minority. Large numbers of people in Japan still accepted that Japan was an ethnically homogeneous nation — despite the presence of not only the indigenous Ainu, but also of around one million Okinawans and hundreds of thousands of descendants of colonial-era migrants from Korea, not to mention numerous other smaller migrant communities.
Since then, rising levels of immigration, cultural globalisation and the rise of minority rights movements at home and abroad have helped to change those perceptions and have resulted in some improvements for minority groups in Japan.
In 1986, the Ainu people were still subject to the antiquated and discriminatory Former Natives Protection Law, which aimed to eradicate their distinctive traditions, but (after lengthy protest campaigns) this was replaced in 1997 by an Ainu Cultural Promotion Law. In 2008, the Diet officially recognised the Ainu as an indigenous people.
In 2005 the number of foreign residents in Japan exceeded two million for the first time. Many political leaders, including Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, have acknowledged that Japan needs to further open its borders to inflows of foreign workers as the population ages and declines. Public recognition of Japan’s ethnic diversity has been expanding, and many local governments now have active policies to promote ‘multicultural coexistence’ (tabunka kyōsei).
The ‘Korean wave’ of the early 2000s created a new sense of cultural confidence amongst Koreans in Japan. Urban areas like the Tsuruhashi district of Osaka, with its large Korean community, began enthusiastically displaying and advertising their distinct cultural identity. In addition to the ethnic Korean population, whose origins go back to the colonial period, Japan now has substantial communities of more recent immigrants from Korea, China, South Asia and Southeast Asia, as well as ethnic Japanese Brazilians and Peruvians — descendants of prewar waves of Japanese emigration to Latin America.
But the wide online support for councillor Kaneko’s statements on the Ainu is just one symptom of continuing deep-seated problems. Legal protections for many ethnic minorities have certainly been strengthened since the early 1980s, but more comprehensive proposals for change — such as a radical revision of the immigration control system, recognition of dual nationality, or local voting rights for foreign permanent residents — have failed to get off the ground. The Ainu Cultural Promotion Law has also disappointed many within the Ainu community because it fails to recognise indigenous land or resource rights.
Okinawa, which was the independent Ryūkyū Kingdom until the 1870s, when it was absorbed into the Japanese state, is still Japan’s poorest prefecture and is the site of large numbers of controversial US military bases. The expansion of these bases despite impassioned local opposition has left many Okinawans feeling that their interests are being sacrificed to the US-Japan alliance. An Okinawan independence movement, though still very small, has been gaining strength in recent years.
Meanwhile rising nationalist tensions between Japan and its neighbours have spilled over into troubling incidents of racial vilification by far-right groups. Drawing on the frustrations of Japanese whose living standards have suffered during decades of economic stagnation and channelling public anger towards minority scapegoats, these groups use street demonstrations and the internet to direct messages of hate and violence against Ainu, Koreans and Chinese in Japan, and others.
As it prepares for the 2020 Olympics the Japanese government has been highlighting Japan’s multicultural credentials. The government has promised a new national Ainu cultural centre in time for the Olympics and is seeking to double the number of foreign visitors to the country. But its efforts to tackle issues of discrimination and racial vilification have been less impressive. Japan still has no national human rights commission and the government has rejected UN pressure to enact specific laws against racism and racial vilification.
In 2014 the ruling Liberal Democratic Party established a committee to examine the problem of hate speech, but the committee chair is a politician who has been an active campaigner against voting rights for foreign residents. So far the committee has debated limiting noisy political demonstrations outside government buildings and launched an investigation into ‘anti-Japanese’ rhetoric in Korea — two moves that suggest little commitment to the task of eradicating hate speech in Japan.
Prime Minister Abe has publicly stated that ‘it is totally wrong to slander and defame people of other nations and hold the feeling that we are somehow superior. That would only lead to dishonouring ourselves’. But to give life to such statements, Japan needs much stronger and more effective strategies to celebrate ethnic and cultural diversity, and protect social justice.
Source: East Asia Forum
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- Easily goes up and down the stairs.
- Carries, pushes, pulls, and drags toys in all directions.
- Uses a tricycle.
- Throws the ball upwards and moves to catch it.
- Uses both hands equally.
- It becomes clear which hand is the dominant one; they hold the pen comfortably while writing and painting.
- Uses scissors and performs fine motor activities such as bead stringing.
- Draws people only with their heads in their paintings. Writes a few letters and usually knows colors.
- Completely self-centered.
- The child is in a period of purely symbolic games. It is usually a period of pretending. Pretends to hold a real baby, acts like a doctor, and cooks like a mother.
- Washes their hands and is familiar with cleaning procedures, but there may be problems in practice.
- Takes off their clothes and puts them on but needs help with those that have buttons.
- Usually gains bowel and bladder control.
- Very eager to help with many chores at home.
- Starts playing games with their peers and becomes more likely to cooperate in games.
- They are more understanding and may be persuaded by talking.
- They are affectionate towards their younger sibling and those younger than them.
- Begins to recognize the distinction between the past and the present.
- Their fears may arise, and they may have imaginary friends.
- Believes that events are just their thoughts and doesn't realize that other people also have thoughts. The sense of sharing has not yet developed. Especially children between the ages of 2-7 cannot classify and group.
- They are very curious, and as they begin to understand sexual differences, they start to seriously ask questions about this topic.
- Chats with more complex sentences.
- Starts to make associations between cause and effect.
- Knows about 300 words and is constantly learning new ones. Some words may still be mispronounced or half-pronounced, but they speak very fluently and continuously. Uses the word 'and' from time to time in a sentence.
- Enjoys spending time with adults and listening to fairy tales and riddles.
- Knows the names of some organs. However, the concepts of number and quantity are not developed. Does not establish a relationship between the part and the whole.
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Get ready to see the world around you in a whole new way. Because today we're diving deep into the world of extrusion.
Yeah. Have you ever thought about, like, how many extruded products you encounter every single day?
It's really one of those things, isn't it? Like, hidden in plain sight?
At its core, extrusion is all about taking a raw material and. And then pushing it through a shaped opening.
Yeah, they call it a die to create a continuous product with a constant cross section.
So it's kind of like.
Imagine squeezing toothpaste.
Out of a tube.
But on a massive scale.
Exactly. On an industrial scale.
With some pretty incredible results. It's really mind boggling when you think about, like, the intricate designs that extrusion can achieve.
It really is.
It's not just like basic shapes like pipes and rods or.
No, not at all.
There's way more to it.
The beauty of extrusion is its versatility.
You can create incredibly complex profiles with a high degree of precision, whether it's a simple pipe for plumbing or an ornate window frame with intricate details.
Okay. So, yeah, I'm starting to see extruded shapes everywhere now.
You start to notice them.
So let's break it down.
What are the main types of extruded shapes that we might encounter and what makes each one unique?
Well, you've got your basic shapes, like pipes and rods, which are like the workhorses of the extrusion world.
Yeah. Pipes are pretty self explanatory.
Yeah. You see them everywhere.
You see them everywhere in plumbing.
Yeah. Drainage systems, gas lines.
Exactly. Even transporting fluids in industrial settings.
And what's interesting here is the range within this category.
Oh, okay. Interesting.
So you've got water supply pipes with specific thicknesses.
You've got drainage pipes that are built to resist corrosion.
And you've got gas pipes that are designed to handle high pressure.
Right. So they're all different.
They're all different, yeah. The material and the extrusion process are carefully tailored to meet those specific needs.
Each pipe has its own secret backstory.
Based on what it's going to be used for.
Its intended use. Yeah.
Now, rods seem a little bit more basic.
Yeah, they do.
But I bet there's more to them than meets the eye.
Absolutely. They're often used as starting points for machining.
Creating everything from custom bolts and screws to intricate components for machines.
They can also be used as structural supports.
Taking advantage of their strength and consistent shape.
Think about the metal framework inside a car door.
Or even the support rods inside a tent. Those are likely extruded rods.
Okay. Yeah, that makes sense. Let's move on to, like, the really cool stuff, the special profiles. Okay. These are the ones that seem almost limitless in terms of design.
That's where things get really interesting.
Think of those decorative moldings you see on buildings.
Like those really fancy ones.
Intricate frames of windows and doors, Even complex architectural elements with patterns and protrusions.
Those are all made possible through extrusion.
By carefully designing the die, you can create profiles with curves, angles, grooves.
And even internal cavities.
So we're talking about taking, like, a flat sheet of material and transforming it into a three dimensional object with a very specific shape and function.
It's pretty amazing, isn't it?
Yeah. That's incredible.
But why is this method so widely used? What are the advantages of using extrusion Compared to, like, cutting or molding individual parts?
Well, one of the biggest advantages is cost effectiveness.
Extrusion allows for large scale production with minimal waste.
Which drives down the cost per unit.
Plus, the continuous nature of the process means you can create extremely long lengths of material.
Reducing the need for joining or assembly.
This is a major advantage in industries where you need long, continuous components like construction or transportation.
Right. So it's not just about making complex shapes. It's about efficiency, too.
What about design flexibility? How much freedom do designers have when they're working with extruded profiles?
Well, the design possibilities are almost endless.
Because you're essentially squeezing the material through a die.
You can create virtually any cross sectional shape imaginable.
This opens up a world of possibilities for designers and engineers, Allowing them to create products with unique features and functionalities.
You mentioned performance earlier.
What kind of superior qualities can we expect from extruded products? Does the process itself influence the final product's strength or durability?
Absolutely. One great example is aluminum extrusions.
Yeah. They're incredibly lightweight, yet remarkably strong.
Strong and lightweight?
Yeah. Now, why is that combination so valuable?
It seems like it would be.
Well, think about applications where weight reduction is critical.
Like aerospace or automotive. Using aluminum extrusions allows you to create components that are both strong and lightweight, which can significantly improve fuel efficienc and performance.
And this concept applies across various materials.
You can tailor the material properties during extrusion to achieve specific performance characteristics.
So choosing the right material for the job is obviously a big deal.
What are some of the most common materials that we might encounter in extruded products?
And what are their typical applications?
On the thermoplastic side, you have the usual suspects.
Pvc, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene.
Okay, so those are all plastics.
Yeah. Each one has unique characteristics that make it suitable for specific applications. Pvc, for instance, is known for its durability and resistance to environmental factors, making it perfect for things like plumbing and construction.
Oh, okay. Yeah, yeah, I've definitely heard of all those, but I wouldn't have necessarily connected them back to extrusion.
Yeah, it's not always obvious.
What about metals?
Models are huge in extrusion. Aluminum, as we discussed, is a superstar.
But you also have copper, with its excellent conductivity.
Often used in electrical wiring and components. Then there's brass, known for its strength and corrosion resistance, which you might find in things like door handles or plumbing fixtures.
Wow. So it seems like pushing material through a shaped opening can result in, like, a dizzying array of different products.
It really can.
But I'm guessing there's a lot of science and precision that goes into to making sure that final product is high quality.
It can't be as simple as just squeezing it through a hole.
There's a lot more to it than meets the eye.
The extrusion process is actually a delicate dance of various factors.
A delicate dance? What kind of factors?
Everything from the specific type of material you choose to the speed at which the material is pushed through the dye. Even the temperature control and cooling rate can significantly impact the final product.
Okay, so it's not just about the shape, it's about the entire process.
Yeah, the whole thing.
Can you give us an example of how one of these factors might affect the quality of an extruded product?
Let's say the temperature isn't quite right.
What could happen?
Let's take temperature control. Imagine trying to extrude plastic, but the temperature is too low.
The material might not meld completely, resulting in weak spots or inconsistencies in the final shape. Oh, think about it like trying to squeeze a tube of toothpaste that's been sitting in the freezer.
It's not going to flow smoothly and evenly.
Right. It's going to be all chunky.
Okay, I can picture that. So it's like a delicate balance. Too cold. And the material doesn't Flow properly.
What happens if it's too hot?
If the temperature is too high, you risk degrading the material.
Affecting its strength and overall quality.
So it's like Goldilocks.
Yeah, like Goldilocks.
It has to be just right.
It's like baking a cake. If the oven is too hot, the cake will burn and become unusable.
In extrusion, excessive heat can cause the material to become brittle or lose its desired properties.
It's a constant balancing act.
To maintain those ideal conditions throughout the process.
Even something like moisture content in the material.
Yeah. Can have a significant impact.
Too much moisture can lead to bubbles or voids forming within the extruded product, compromising its integrity.
So even tiny amounts of water can mess everything up.
It can. Yeah.
This is making me look at everyday objects in a whole new light.
That's the fun part, isn't it?
Yeah. I'm never going to look at a plastic pipe or a metal window frame the same way again.
It changes your perspective.
Yeah. I'm starting to see, like, the intricate dance of factors.
The delicate dance.
Yeah. That go into creating these seemingly simple objects.
Yeah. And that's just scratching the surface.
We haven't even delved into the intricacies of screw design, cooling methods, or the various quality control measures that ensure those extruded products meet the highest standards.
Okay. You've definitely piqued my curiosity.
I want to hear more about how those special profiles are created and the incredible applications that they have.
Get into that.
Yeah. In the world around us.
We'll dive deeper into these aspects after a quick word from our sponsors. But when we come back, I want to hear more about how those special profiles are created and the incredible applications they have in the world around us.
Don't go anywhere.
We'll be right back. So before the break, we were starting to explore those specialized extruded profiles.
Yes, we were.
It's really a realm where form and function come together.
In some pretty fascinating ways.
Yeah. I'm ready to have my mind blown.
Can you give us some specific examples of these intricate designs and how they're being used in, like, everyday products?
Okay. Imagine your walk, walking down the street.
And you pass a building with those beautiful, ornate window frames.
Those intricate designs.
Lots of little details.
Yeah. The little details that add so much character.
Those are likely extruded profiles.
They not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of the building.
But also contribute to its structural integrity.
It's amazing to think that something as functional as a window frame can also be a work of art.
It really is.
It's like form and function working together in perfect harmony.
In perfect harmony. Yeah.
What other applications benefit from this level of customization?
Think about door frames, for example.
They might have integrated channels for weather stripping, slots for reinforcement, or even hidden drainage paths.
All incorporated during the extrusion process.
So it's not just about the outward appearance.
It's about building in functionality right from the start.
Exactly. Right from the get go.
That's so clever.
It seems like extrusion allows designers to create products that are both beautiful and functional.
Yeah. They can achieve both.
What other industries are taking advantage of this kind of design freedom?
Architectural decorations are a great example.
You know those intricate moldings, cornices, and other decorative elements you see on buildings.
Like those really fancy ones?
Yeah. A lot of those are created using extruded profiles.
The ability to create complex shapes with protrusions, curves, and even undercuts.
Allows architects to achieve stunning visual effects.
While maintaining structural integrity.
Wow. I never would have guessed that those intricate details were created using extrusion.
It's pretty amazing, isn't it?
Yeah. It sounds like the possibilities are practically endless.
They really are.
But I imagine, like, designing these complex profiles requires a lot of specialized knowledge and collaboration, right?
Absolutely. You're absolutely right. It's not a one person job.
It's a collaborative process.
That often involves architects, engineers, and material scientists working together.
To ensure the profile not only meets the aesthetic requirements, but also performs its intended function. They have to consider things like load bearing capacity, weather resistance, and even thermal insulation, all while ensuring the design is compatible with the extrusion process.
So it's like a delicate balancing act between creativity, functionality, and the limitations of the extrusion process itself.
Yeah. You got it.
It's fascinating to see how these different disciplines come together to create these amazing products.
It really is a team effort.
And this collaborative approach is becoming even more important as extrusion technology advances.
Allowing for even more complex and intricate designs.
So it's. Extrusion is not just a manufacturing technique. It's an enabler of design innovation.
It is. Yeah. You could say that.
What other industries are leveraging the power of extruded profiles to create innovative products?
Think about the automotive industry.
Cars. Yeah. A lot of the components that make up a car's body, interior, trim, and even structural elements are created using extruded profiles. The lightweight yet strong nature of aluminum extrusions Makes them ideal for reducing vehicle weight while maintaining safety standards.
Yeah. Because like, lighter cars are more fuel efficient.
And the ability to integrate complex shapes and features during extrusion Simplifies assembly and reduces manufacturing costs.
Right. So it's not just about making things look pretty.
It's about improving performance, efficiency, and even safety.
It's about the whole package.
Yeah. It seems like extrusion is having a major impact on how we design and manufacture the products we use every day.
It really is.
What other industries are benefiting from this technology?
This extends to industries like aerospace.
Where extruder profiles are used to create everything from aircraft's fuselage panels.
To intricate components for engines and landing gear.
The ability to precisely control the shape, dimensions, and material properties of extruded profiles is crucial in these high performance applications.
Yeah. Because you need materials that can, like, withstand extreme conditions.
Exactly. You need materials that can withstand extreme conditions and perform reliably under pressure.
An extrusion plays a key role in achieving that.
It's incredible to think that something as seemingly simple as pushing material through a shaped opening can have such a profound impact on industries like aerospace and automotive.
Yeah. It's pretty remarkable.
It's truly a testament to the versatility and power of extrusion.
It really is.
And you know what's even more fascinating? That's that you'll find extruded profiles Even in everyday products like furniture, appliances, and consumer electronics.
Oh, yeah. For sure.
Think about the sleek aluminum frame of your smartphone.
Or the lightweight yet sturdy legs of your desk chair.
Those are likely the result of extrusion.
Wow. I'm starting to see extruded shapes everywhere now.
You start to notice them, don't you?
It's like a hidden world that's been right in front of me all along.
Hidden in plain sight.
Out of all the applications you've researched.
What are some of the most surprising or unexpected uses of extruded profiles that you've come across?
One that always stands out to me is the use of extruded profiles in medical devices.
Yeah. Think about it. Intricate shapes are used to create things like catheters, implants, and even surgical instruments.
The ability to create profiles with smooth surfaces, Precise dimensions, and biocompatible materials is essential in these life saving applications.
It's really mind blowing to consider the wide ranging impact of extrusion on our lives.
Yeah. It's a technology that's often hidden in Plain sight. But it's quietly shaping the world around us in ways we might not even realize.
Yeah, you're right. It's a silent hero.
You've hit the nail on the head.
Extrusion is this hidden force that shapes so much of our world from the mundane to the extraordinary.
It really does.
And what's even more exciting is what's coming next.
Oh yeah. The future of extrusion is full of possibilities.
Okay, now you've really got my attention. What's on the horizon for the future of extrusion? Are there any emerging trends or innovations that are going to change the game?
There are some truly game changing advancements happening in the world of extrusion.
But before we dive into those, let's take a moment to hear from our sponsors.
Okay. Sounds good.
When we come back, we'll explore the cutting edge developments that are pushing the boundaries of extrusion.
And shaping the future of manufacturing.
Stay tuned. We're back and ready to explore the future of extrusion.
The future is bright.
You hinted at some pretty game changing advancements before the break.
What's on the horizon for this fascinating field?
Well, what's really exciting is that extrusion is becoming even more precise and sophisticated.
We're seeing advancements in die design and manufacturing.
Allowing for the creation of even more complex and intricate profiles.
With tighter tolerances.
So we're talking about like pushing the limits of what's physically possible.
Yeah, pushing the boundaries with extruded shapes. Exactly.
What does that look like in practical terms? Can you give us some examples?
Imagine holding a medical device so tiny and intricate.
It seems impossible to manufacture.
Or a lightweight aircraft component with internal channels for wiring and cooling.
All created seamlessly in a single extrusion process.
That's the level of precision we're moving towards.
It sounds like science fiction.
It does a bit, doesn't it?
But it's happening right now.
It is. It's happening now.
Are there any new materials on the horizon that are going to like, further revolutionize extrusion?
Absolutely. We're seeing incredible advancements in material science.
That are opening up a whole new world of possibilities for extrusion.
What kind of materials?
Researchers are developing new alloys and composites specifically designed for extrusion.
With properties tailored for specific applications.
So can you give us an example?
Imagine lightweight, ultra strong materials that can withstand extreme temperatures or resist corrosion like never before.
It's like we're on the cusp of a materials revolution.
We are. It's a very exciting time.
What kind of impact could these new materials have on industries like aerospace or automotive?
Think about the possibilities for lighter, more fuel efficient aircraft.
Or cars that are stronger and safer than ever before.
So it's not just about making things lighter, it's about making them stronger too.
Exactly. It's about pushing the limits of performance in every aspect.
It's incredible to think about the potential impact on like the products that we use every day.
But it's not just about the materials themselves. Right. You mentioned earlier that the extrusion process itself itself is also evolving.
It is. Yeah.
What kind of innovations are happening on that front?
One of the most exciting areas of innovation is in process monitoring and control.
Sensors and sophisticated software.
Are being used to track every aspect of the extrusion process in real time.
In real time. Wow.
From material temperature and pressure to die wear and product dimensions.
Wow. So it's like having a digital eye watching over every step.
Yeah, you could say that.
Making sure everything's running smoothly.
What kind of benefits does this real time monitoring bring to the table?
It's a game changer in terms of efficiency and quality control.
Imagine being able to identify and correct potential problems before they even occur.
Minimizing waste and ensuring that every extruded product meets the highest standards.
That makes sense.
We're also seeing a trend towards automation and extrusion automation with robots and automated systems being used to handle tasks like material feeding, die changing, and even product inspection.
So it's making the whole process more hands off.
It is making it more efficient and safer.
Right. Because then there's less risk of human error.
It seems like the future of extrusion is all about smarter, more efficient and more sustainable manufacturing.
I think that's a great way to put it.
Is sustainability like a driving force behind these innovations?
It really is.
One of the key drivers drivers behind these innovations is the growing demand for sustainable manufacturing practices.
Okay. Yeah, that makes sense.
Extrusion by its very nature is a relatively resource efficient process.
But there's always room for improvement. Of course, we're seeing a push towards using recycled materials and extrusion.
Reducing energy consumption during the process.
And even developing closed loop systems that minimize waste and environmental impact.
So it's not just about making cool stuff. It's about making it in a way that's good for the planet.
Exactly. It's about responsible manufacturing.
It sounds like the future of extrusion is bright it is not just in terms of technological advancements, but also in terms of its commitment to sustainability.
I agree. I think that's a great takeaway from our Deep Dive today.
This Deep Dive has been a real eye opener.
Good. I'm glad to hear that.
I feel like I've gained a whole new appreciation for the extruded objects that I encounter every day.
That's the goal.
I'll never look at a simple pipe or window frame the same way again.
That's the beauty of it, isn't it? Extrusion is this hidden force that shapes so much of our world.
It really is.
From the mundane to the extraordinary.
So to our listeners out there.
Next time you see a plastic pipe, a sleek aluminum frame, or even a complex medical device.
Take a moment to think about the ingenuity and precision behind it.
It's worth a second thought.
You might be surprised by what you discover.
You might be.
That's all for this episode of the Deep Dive. We'll catch you next
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OT network refers to the systems that control and monitor the operation of generation networks, such as electricity generation and distribution by electricity companies. The OT network consists of hardware, software and a network that allows communication between various devices. Among other things, this network helps to guarantee the ongoing and uninterrupted operation of the power network by monitoring and controlling the generating process.
OT network operation
OT networks are specifically designed for industry to manage and automate physical processes such as energy production, factory operations, water supply, transport systems and other critical infrastructures. In other words, OT network devices usually operate autonomously without a human operator.
OT networks are designed for high-speed real-time data transmission. The network usually involves a system that monitors and collects data, such as SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) and the sensors, pumps and circuit breakers in the network that generate data and can be controlled. Additional devices that supply data to the OT network are PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) in industry and RTUs (Remote Terminal Units), also called substations in power grids.
Operational technology in English: - definition
Operational Technology, or OT for short, is a network system used for industrial and infrastructure monitoring and control, Information is sent to this system by a device that independently identifies a change or event. One major difference between the networks is that in the OT network, most devices operate autonomously without human contact, whereas in the IT (Information Technology) network, most devices are operated daily by users.
Internet technology (IT)
The acronym "IT" stands for "Information Technology". Information technology covers a wide range of technologies and processes related to the storage, processing, transfer and use of information through computers and other digital devices. It includes, among other things, the use of computers, software development, database management, network technologies and much more.
The term "Internet technology" describes the tools and technologies associated with using the Internet. Global information networks such as the Internet link billions of devices and services globally. Network security, communication protocols, website and application development, and many other topics are covered by Internet technology.
What is the difference between IT and OT?
It is crucial to remember that OT and IT are not synonymous, they may face different security obstacles and requirements. OT networks are specialized industrial service-specific systems, while IT networks are general enterprise networks that handle IT-related functions.
The OT network also aims for a very high level of availability compared to the average IT network. This also affects the services used. For example, Intrusion Protection Systems (IPS) are not yet widely deployed in OT networks. An IPS system can be mistaken for a network event, which can then cause, even critical, production interruptions.
OT network equipment
In a traditional IT network, the lifespan of equipment is usually 3-6 years. OT network equipment is usually designed to last. Some equipment manufacturers design their equipment to have a calculated lifetime of tens of years. This means that OT equipment is often in use for more than 20 years.
OT network hardware is also often difficult to upgrade or does not release updates regularly. Some vendors release system updates to hardware once or twice a year, usually to fix security vulnerabilities. As a result, even in a customer's production environment, there may often be many critical updates that are not applied to the hardware.
OT network protocols
OT network devices have supported in the past, and to some extent still do today, so-called closed protocols. These protocols are used by certain companies and no description of how they work is available. Integration between systems can therefore be a problem.
Today, implementations of the IEC protocol family have become more common in Finland for the management and control of electricity networks. Among these, the IEC 60870-5-101 serial communication protocol and the IEC 60870-5-104 TCP/IP based communication protocol are currently used. These protocols have facilitated integration between systems and have introduced new players for the benefit of customers. Industrial protocols still in use include OPC, Modbus and Profibus.
Give us a call, then let's fix things in the production network
Cybersecurity of industrial systems is part of industrial internet security
OT data security
OT security is crucial because these networks manage and control industrial processes and critical infrastructure. The challenges associated with OT security are different from those of traditional enterprise IT networks because OT networks often use specialized systems, older hardware and specialized protocols specific to the enterprise.
A well-protected OT network ensures the reliability of production and prevents malicious elements from getting through the system. The OT network and its security are essential for the operation of companies. They support process management and increase the trust of customers and stakeholders.
Network isolation and segmentation
Isolating the OT network from IT networks and other external networks helps limit the spread of attacks, while reducing the risk that attacks on OT systems will not affect the entire organization or even the entire OT network.
Segmentation, or dividing the network into smaller parts, can be used to separate different types of equipment and services into their own OT networks or to limit the risks between different connections. For example, a customer wanted to separate networks because an external company was connecting to the networks. Network segmentation provided the third party with its own network on the existing switch network. The level of data protection for the consumer was raised as a result.
Encryption and immutability of the data transferred
The security of connections outside the system can be done by With remote VPN connections, which guarantee data integrity and prevent eavesdropping. VPN connections provide a secure connection for OT network protocols, which usually do not have built-in security.
VPN connections have been used, for example, for connections between the substation and the SCADA system. Nowadays, wireless connections are also used, where the use of VPN connections is highly recommended. Some of the devices used in processing networks directly support SSL-based VPN access. In this way, the security of the network can be increased without the need for new equipment.
Updating and vulnerability management
The OT network's systems and equipment should be kept up to date with security and firmware updates. Using old, unsupported equipment can increase security risks. Assessing vulnerabilities and security class is critical for production network operators.
Vulnerability monitoring can be easily implemented Traficom service. In this case, a point-by-point summary shows the vulnerability and exploitation threats of different vendors. In addition, devices and software should be updated. In general, the urgency is determined by the criticality of the threat. Some vulnerabilities are published with an exploitation method, in which case updates have a higher urgency rating.
User identification and access management
There should be clear authentication procedures and access control for users of the OT network. Only necessary users should be allowed access to sensitive systems and functions.
Users of OT networks should have personal IDs. Personal IDs allow for accurate tracking of changes to the company and for auditing after the fact. Master or public user IDs for equipment and services should be deactivated. When managing passwords, it should be taken into account that passwords expire through automation. This will make the password change process routine for users. Another advantage is the locking of unused passwords, which increases security.
Two-step authentication can further strengthen the OT network's security. For example, a high level of security for critical systems can be achieved by using an unencrypted username and password and an ID from a separate program or device.
Physical security of OT equipment and systems is important to prevent unauthorized access to equipment and systems. The security of equipment and facilities at the edges of the process is often the most important.
Physical security is not only limited to rooms and buildings, but also the physical security of servers and field devices. This can mean, for example, disabling USB ports. When deploying new equipment, these issues should be taken into account.
Regular security training should be provided to users of the OT network, so that they are all aware of potential threats and know how to react in case of an emergency. In particular, the criticality of production networks and potential threats should be emphasized to users during training.
In general, malware can be spread via email, for example, Users can unintentionally click on an email link that appears to be authentic, such as one from a transportation firm. This could lead to the infection of the entire device via the email program. Infecting one device may not be a problem, but if the malware is allowed to spread, it can bring the whole production process to a standstill.
Appropriate anti-malware solutions, such as antivirus software for workstations, should always be installed on OT network devices and systems. Other ways to limit malware include network segmentation and attack detection systems, or IDS systems. The service may therefore cover only detection or may also include response.
IDS can be used, for example, to detect the spread of malicious software on the network. On the other hand, if IDS detects the spread of malware on the network, it may already be too late to save the network devices. Malware can spread across the entire network in a matter of seconds or minutes.
Monitoring and logging
The devices and systems in the OT network should store a comprehensive set of data, i.e. logs, in memory. This will assist in the subsequent investigation and fault diagnosis. Logs can be stored locally, but the modern way is to export them over the network to a dedicated system.
Preparation and recovery
The OT network should have a plan in place for potential disruptions and attacks, and ensure that data recovery and system recovery is as quick as possible. It is considered particularly important that different situations are rehearsed and not just theoretically recorded.
In summary, OT network security requires specific measures and attention to ensure that critical processes are protected and potential risks are avoided. Organizations need to be well aware of these specific requirements and invest sufficient resources to improve and maintain the security of the OT network.
OT production network
OT A production network is a term that refers to the overall production process of a company or organization in which different actors and resources are interconnected. This network may include several production plants, suppliers, subcontractors and distribution networks that work together to produce and deliver a finished product or service to end users or customers.
Production networks can vary widely across industries and companies, depending on the complexity of the production process, production volumes, market requirements and logistical factors. For example, in a large international company, the production network may be extensive, covering several factories in different countries and many suppliers around the world. In smaller companies, the production network may be more local and its networks may be a simpler solution. In some plants, the age of the machinery is such that the data may not necessarily be exported to analytical systems.
Cybersecurity in production networks and systems
Cybersecurity in production networks is a very important topic, as the digitalization of industry and the increasing use of the network have also brought new threats and challenges. Critical functions and systems in production networks are vulnerable to various security attacks, and any disruption or attack can have serious consequences such as production downtime, quality degradation or even incidents.
The interconnection of networks and remote connections between suppliers has grown rapidly. This brings new threats, as threats can spread from the office network to the production network. In addition, production network data is increasingly being exported to the office network to support the business. Data is needed for process improvement, monitoring antivirus ERP systems, and to increase real-time business monitoring. Such connectivity brings entirely new threats to the maintenance of production networks.
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Told through the voices―and windows―of children from around the world, this story’s comforting message and bright illustrations bring hope into your home even as our world changes outside. The book’s beautiful design reveals similarities―“In different windows everywhere, I see rainbows, hearts, and teddy bears”―that can comfort and unite us, even in hard times.
¿Qué es un virus? ¿Cuántos hay a nuestro alrededor? ¿Dónde viven estos microorganismos invisibles al ojo humano? Las respuestas, adaptadas a lectores de todas las edades. Después de las pupas y los mocos, es el turno de los virus, el tercer título de la exitosa colección “La vida secreta de…”. Las ilustraciones son también de Mariona Tolosa Sisteré. Una herramienta para familiarizar a los más pequeños con los virus, saber cómo protegerse de estos y descubrir que la mayoría son inofensivos.
This perfectly revolting — and perfectly timely! — introduction to germs from award-winning comedy writer Edward Kay will turn any kid into a master of microbes! Children get up close and personal with germs (ew!) in this entertaining, thoroughly researched exploration of the science and history of these tiny, ubiquitous creatures. Heavy on the gross factor to keep readers engaged, the book covers what germs are, how we get sick, how the human immune system works and the best ways to stay healthy. There are intriguing stories about early attempts to fight disease (heard about corpse catapults? how about shaved chicken butts?), and the plagues and pandemics that changed the course of history. A look to the future describes how germs may be helpful for cleaning the environment and solving crimes. It’s a kid-friendly overview that provides the perfect introduction to the world of germs.
Stump always has a fantastic time with his grandparents, filled with flowers, puzzles, crosswords, and endless love. But one day, Stump’s grandfather starts to lose his memory―and his words, which literally fall from him. Stump tries his best to keep the lost words safe, collecting them in a special box. But Grandpa seems to forget more and more everyday, and the situation comes to a head one snowy night when Stump wakes up to find Grandpa missing. Together, Stump and Grandma must find new ways to connect with Grandpa, and show him that he’s not alone. This poignant, tender picture book depicts the struggle of coping with a loved one’s dementia with honesty and sensitivity, with a message of hope that affirms the deep bonds of love between grandchild and grandparent. This book includes an afterword to the adult reader about dementia and recollection, written by Ove Dahl, a historian and head of the Danish Center for Reminiscence. He provides some practical tips, as illustrated in the story with Stump, for establishing a meaningful way of being together when caring for a relative with dementia.
Seventeen-year-old Bobby Seed, the devoted but exhausted primary caregiver for his terminally-ill mother and difficult younger brother, finds respite in a support group and good friends, but must face his mother’s impossible choice alone.
One day Dad comes home with one of those old cameras, the kind that uses film. But he doesn’t take photos of the regular things people photograph. He takes pictures of his keys, his coffee cup, the objects scattered on his desk. He starts doing a lot of things that are hard to understand, like putting items that belong in the fridge in the cupboard and ones that belong in the cupboard in the fridge. In a sensitive, touching tale about losing a family member to a terminal illness, Ross Watkins and Liz Anelli prove that love is the one thing that can never be forgotten.
What happens when someone you love is diagnosed with cancer? In this inspiring story written by a breast cancer survivor, The Little Green Monster helps Marie and her family survive and thrive through her mother’s treatment. The book includes cancer and feelings vocabulary, as well as family cancer resources and activities. The book explores the questions like: what can you expect while the loved one goes through treatment? While science does its work, what can love and everyday magic do to help?
From bestselling author Kenneth C. Davis comes a fascinating account of the Spanish influenza pandemic 100 years after it first swept the world in 1918.
For fans of Counting by 7s and Fish in a Tree, a touching story about the power of love and family in the face of a parent’s early-onset Alzheimer’s disease.
Two teenagers learning what to hold on to, what to let go of, and that sometimes love gets in the way of our plans.
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- Embrace the Challenge
- Quote 1. "The only way to learn mathematics is to do mathematics." - Paul Halmos
- Quote 2. "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts." - Winston Churchill
- Quote 3. "The expert in anything was once a beginner." - Helen Hayes
- Cultivate a Growth Mindset
- Quote 4. "It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop." - Confucius
- Quote 5. "The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today." - Franklin D. Roosevelt
- Seek Inspiration from the Masters
- Quote 6. "Simplicity is the soul of efficiency." - Austin Freeman
- Quote 7. "The best way to predict the future is to invent it." - Alan Kay
- Quote 8. "The only place where success comes before work is in the dictionary." - Vidal Sassoon
Students have an engaging and difficult opportunity to practice critical thinking, problem-solving, and problem analysis through algorithm assignments. However, it is common for learners to encounter moments of uncertainty and difficulty as they progress through the learning process. We have carefully chosen a selection of eight motivational quotes to help students feel motivated and motivated to give their best. These sayings, which come from well-known figures in a variety of fields, provide insightful commentary and words of inspiration that will inspire students to persevere through my algorithm assignments help Students can find the courage and tenacity to take on algorithmic challenges with new vigor by internalizing these motivating messages. Students will be equipped to embrace the difficulty of algorithm assignment and turn it into an opportunity for learning and mastery by using each quote as a compass.
Embrace the Challenge
A crucial aspect of learning is overcoming challenges and taking on challenging tasks head-on. This section examines the significance of accepting the difficulties that come with doing assignments on algorithms.
Students can navigate through complexity and find the growth opportunities concealed within each problem by adopting a positive and determined mindset. Accepting the challenge means realizing that failures and errors serve as building blocks for innovation and improvement. It entails cultivating resiliency and persistence and realizing that learning algorithms are a lifelong journey that demands commitment and hard work. This section offers viewpoints and insights from influential people, highlighting the importance of tackling obstacles with zeal and unwavering determination. By accepting the challenge, students can develop a mindset that views obstacles as chances for improvement, giving them the confidence to take on algorithmic problems and eventually become experts in this field.
Quote 1. "The only way to learn mathematics is to do mathematics." - Paul Halmos
Famous mathematician Paul Halmos emphasizes the value of practical instruction. Similar to how they must engage in real-world problem-solving to master algorithms. Accept the challenge and approach your algorithm assignment with enthusiasm, understanding that every answer, even if it's not perfect at first, advances your programming abilities. Take advantage of the chance to put your knowledge to use and actively participate in algorithmic problem-solving. You will gain greater comprehension and intuition for algorithms through practice and practical application, which will pave the way for greater mastery.
Quote 2. "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts." - Winston Churchill
Students who are struggling with algorithmic challenges can relate to Winston Churchill's advice. Both successes and failures are necessary parts of the learning process, but persistence is what counts most. Every algorithmic assignment offers a chance to grow and learn. So don't let failures stop you from doing your best. Instead, consider difficulties as stepping stones to achievement. Take lessons from your errors, modify your strategy, and keep moving forwards. Your resilience develops with each failure, and you become better equipped to overcome challenges in the future. Adopt the perspective that failure is not the end, but rather an important step on the path to algorithmic excellence.
Quote 3. "The expert in anything was once a beginner." - Helen Hayes
Keep in mind that every algorithm expert was once a beginner just like you. Complex algorithms and the accomplishments of seasoned programmers can quickly overwhelm one. However, remember that they too were beginning from scratch. Celebrate your accomplishments, no matter how small, and have confidence in your capacity to master algorithms with hard work and practice. Recognize that expertise develops over time and that each step you take to better your understanding of algorithms will bring you one step closer to your objectives. Recognize that every effort you put into your algorithm assignment helps you become a better programmer, and embrace the process of continuous learning and improvement. You have the potential to master algorithms, just like those who came before you, if you persevere and adopt a growth mindset.
Cultivate a Growth Mindset
When doing algorithm assignments, it's essential to adopt a growth mindset. In this section, we examine the significance of encouraging a mindset that welcomes challenges, views failures as teaching moments, and has faith in the efficacy of hard work and perseverance. Students who adopt a growth mindset are encouraged to see their skills as malleable and expandable traits rather than fixed ones. The idea that intelligence and abilities can be developed through commitment, practice, and ongoing learning is emphasized. Students can overcome self-doubt and approach algorithmic tasks with a positive outlook by developing a growth mindset. They become more receptive to criticism, eager to tackle challenging issues, and resilient in the face of setbacks. This section features motivational quotes from well-known people who have understood the transformative potential of a growth mindset. Students can realize their full potential, push their limits, and produce amazing results in their algorithm studies by adopting this mindset.
Quote 4. "It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop." - Confucius
Although mastering algorithms may seem like a difficult task, keep in mind that progress is progress no matter how slowly it happens. Develop a growth mindset that favors tenacity over quick outcomes. Even if you only make small progress at a time, consistently working on your algorithm assignment will eventually yield noteworthy results. Celebrate every accomplishment, no matter how small, and embrace the process of continuous improvement. Keep in mind that every step you take will bring you closer to your objectives, and if you are persistent in your algorithmic studies, you will see how your knowledge and abilities advance over time.
Quote 5. "The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today." - Franklin D. Roosevelt
Your algorithmic learning may be hindered by uncertainties and self-limiting beliefs. Focus on what you can learn rather than worrying about what you might not know. Recognize your strengths and picture the day when you will have mastered difficult algorithms. This optimistic perspective will encourage you to work harder on your studies and reach your full potential. Utilize your inner strength to overcome your doubts and self-doubt. Keep in mind that each successful algorithm you solve and each concept you understand is evidence of your development and capacity to overcome challenges. Believe in yourself and your journey, and have faith that the work you do today will help create an algorithmically successful tomorrow.
Seek Inspiration from the Masters
Students' motivation and drive can be increased by looking up to those who have achieved success in the field of algorithms. This section examines the value of drawing ideas from great thinkers in algorithm design and problem-solving. Students can gain useful insights, novel strategies, and a deeper understanding of algorithmic concepts by studying the works and insights of influential figures in the field. This section emphasizes how important it is to absorb the knowledge and expertise of those who have gone before us. Students are guided and inspired to think creatively, explore novel possibilities, and push the limits of algorithmic thinking by inspirational quotes from notable people. Students can broaden their horizons, encourage creativity, and build a solid foundation for their own algorithmic endeavors by immersing themselves in the knowledge and achievements of these masters. As students set out on their own path to algorithmic excellence, seeking inspiration from the masters can serve as a source of direction and motivation.
Quote 6. "Simplicity is the soul of efficiency." - Austin Freeman
The quote from Austin Freeman has significant implications for algorithm design. When solving complicated problems, make an effort to keep your solutions simple. Simple concepts are frequently the foundation of elegant and effective algorithms. Let this wise saying direct your approach to assignments and inspire you to design efficient yet understandable algorithms. Prioritizing simplicity will improve your code's readability and maintainability, resulting in more effective solutions and a deeper comprehension of algorithmic principles.
Quote 7. "The best way to predict the future is to invent it." - Alan Kay
The adage from Alan Kay applies to algorithm assignments as well. Don't be afraid to experiment with new algorithms and come up with fresh ideas. Be open-minded when approaching each assignment, and look for original solutions to problems. This proactive approach can result in ground-breaking findings and improved comprehension of algorithmic ideas. You have the ability to influence the direction of your algorithmic proficiency by actively seeking out novel approaches and taking responsibility for your learning process.
Quote 8. "The only place where success comes before work is in the dictionary." - Vidal Sassoon
The quote by Vidal Sassoon emphasizes the value of perseverance in achieving success. When it comes to learning algorithms, there are no shortcuts. It's crucial to put forth consistent effort and set aside enough time for your assignment. Keep in mind that achievement in algorithm studies requires hard work and dedication rather than wishful thinking. You set yourself up for success by adopting a strong work ethic and committing to ongoing education. Take on each algorithmic challenge head-on, confident that your perseverance and diligence will eventually produce the desired outcomes. Let your unwavering work ethic pave the way for algorithmic excellence by remaining motivated, focused, and focused.
Algorithm assignments may have their share of difficulties, but it's crucial to keep in mind that you can get past any difficulty if you have the right attitude and a constant source of motivation. The quotes found in this blog serve as a potent reminder that every action you take, no matter how small, contributes to your overall learning process. You will advance if you embrace the difficulties that algorithm assignment presents, develop a growth mindset, and look for inspiration from those who are accomplished in the area. You will acquire the abilities and confidence to succeed not only in your algorithm studies but also in other facets of your academic and professional life by exerting consistent effort and keeping a high level of motivation. Let these motivational sayings serve as your beacon of hope as you set out on the road to algorithmic mastery, confident in your capacity to succeed with hard work and perseverance.
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• The shock protection of live and insulated
parts must be fastened in such a way that it
cannot be removed without tools.
• Connect the mains plug to the mains socket
only at the end of the installation. Make sure
that there is access to the mains plug after
• If the mains socket is loose, do not connect
the mains plug.
• Do not pull the mains cable to disconnect
the appliance. Always pull the mains plug.
• Use only correct isolation devices: line
protecting cut-outs, fuses (screw type fuses
removed from the holder), earth leakage trips
• The electrical installation must have an
isolation device which lets you disconnect
the appliance from the mains at all poles.
The isolation device must have a contact
opening width of minimum 3 mm.
• This appliance complies with the E.E.C.
Risk of injury, burns and electrical
shock or explosion.
• This appliance is for household use only.
• Do not change the specification of this
• Make sure that the ventilation openings are
• Do not let the appliance stay unattended
• Deactivate the appliance after each use.
• Be careful when you open the appliance
door while the appliance is in operation. Hot
air can release.
• Do not operate the appliance with wet hands
or when it has contact with water.
• Do not apply pressure on the open door.
• Do not use the appliance as a work surface
or as a storage surface.
• Open the appliance door carefully. The use
of ingredients with alcohol can cause a
mixture of alcohol and air.
• Do not let sparks or open flames to come in
contact with the appliance when you open
• Do not put flammable products or items that
are wet with flammable products in, near or
on the appliance.
• Do not use microwave function to preheat
Risk of damage to the appliance.
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– do not put aluminium foil directly on the
bottom of the appliance.
– do not put water directly into the hot
– do not keep moist dishes and food in the
appliance after you finish the cooking.
– be careful when you remove or install
• Discoloration of the enamel has no effect on
the performance of the appliance.
• Use a deep pan for moist cakes. Fruit juices
cause stains that can be permanent.
• This appliance is for cooking purposes only.
It must not be used for other purposes, for
example room heating.
• Always cook with the oven door closed.
• If the appliance is installed behind a furniture
panel (e.g. a door) make sure the door is
never closed when the appliance is in
operation. Heat and moisture can build up
behind a closed furniture panel and cause
subsequent damage to the appliance, the
housing unit or the floor. Do not close the
furniture panel until the appliance has cooled
down completely after use.
Care and cleaning
Risk of injury, fire, or damage to the
• Before maintenance, deactivate the
appliance and disconnect the mains plug
from the mains socket.
• Make sure the appliance is cold. There is the
risk that the glass panels can break.
• Replace immediately the door glass panels
when they are damaged. Contact the
Authorised Service Centre.
• Be careful when you remove the door from
the appliance. The door is heavy!
• Clean regularly the appliance to prevent the
deterioration of the surface material.
• Clean the appliance with a moist soft cloth.
Only use neutral detergents. Do not use any
abrasive products, abrasive cleaning pads,
solvents or metal objects.
• If you use an oven spray, obey the safety
instructions on the packaging.
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Greenlyhttps://www.greenly.earth/https://images.prismic.io/greenly/43d30a11-8d8a-4079-b197-b988548fad45_Logo+Greenly+x3.pngGreenly, la plateforme tout-en-un dédiée à toutes les entreprises désireuses de mesurer, piloter et réduire leurs émissions de CO2.Greenlyhttps://www.greenly.earth/Greenly, la plateforme tout-en-un dédiée à toutes les entreprises désireuses de mesurer, piloter et réduire leurs émissions de CO2.Descending4
The environmental challenges surrounding fertilisers
In this article, we’ll explore the environmental challenges of fertilisers and what’s being done to address them.
Fertilisers are essential for modern agriculture, but their environmental impact is hard to ignore. While they boost food production, they also contribute to water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and soil degradation.
In regions like the EU, UK, and US, these challenges are driving new policies and debates. The EU’s Farm to Fork strategy aims to cut fertiliser use, while the UK navigates post-Brexit regulations. In the US, rising prices and innovations are reshaping the industry, but controversies - like cheap Russian imports - add complexity.
👉 In this article, we’ll explore the environmental challenges of fertilisers and what’s being done to address them.
What are fertilisers and why are they essential?
Fertilisers play a fundamental role in global agriculture, providing crops with the nutrients needed to grow efficiently and produce higher yields. Fertilisers replenish essential nutrients in the soil, particularly nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) – often referred to as NPK. These nutrients are vital for plant health, supporting everything from root development to photosynthesis.
There are two main types of fertilisers: synthetic (chemical) and organic. Synthetic fertilisers, produced through industrial processes, offer quick and targeted nutrient delivery. Their widespread use over the past century has been instrumental in feeding a growing global population. However, their production is energy-intensive and contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions.
Organic fertilisers – such as compost, manure, and biofertilisers – provide a more sustainable alternative by improving soil health and structure over time. While they are slower to release nutrients, they play a crucial role in regenerative agriculture and reducing reliance on chemical inputs.
Today, fertilisers are a necessity for farmers. With the global population expected to reach 10 billion by 2050, demand for food continues to grow. Yet, as fertiliser use increases, so too do its environmental consequences.
The environmental challenges of fertiliser use
While fertilisers are essential for modern agriculture, their overuse and mismanagement have led to significant environmental challenges. From polluting water systems to contributing to climate change, the consequences of fertiliser use are increasingly difficult to ignore.
Soil degradation and nutrient imbalances
Over-reliance on synthetic fertilisers can degrade soil health over time. Excessive application often leads to soil acidification and reduces organic matter, making soils less fertile. For example, continuous use of nitrogen-based fertilisers can cause nutrient imbalances, which not only impact crop yields but also reduce the soil’s ability to retain water and nutrients naturally.
Water pollution – eutrophication
Nutrients from fertilisers, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, often leach into nearby rivers, lakes, and oceans through runoff. This leads to a process called eutrophication, where excess nutrients trigger rapid algae growth. The resulting algal blooms block sunlight and deplete oxygen in the water, creating “dead zones” where aquatic life cannot survive. A well-known example is the Gulf of Mexico, where fertiliser runoff from the Mississippi River Basin has contributed to one of the largest dead zones in the world.
Greenhouse gas emissions
Fertiliser use is a major contributor to climate change. The production of synthetic fertilisers is energy-intensive, relying heavily on fossil fuels. Additionally, when nitrogen-based fertilisers are applied to soil, they release nitrous oxide (N₂O) – a greenhouse gas nearly 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide. The IPCC estimates that nitrous oxide emissions from fertilisers account for around 5% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
Fertiliser runoff doesn’t just affect water systems – it also disrupts ecosystems on land and at sea. Excess nutrients favour certain fast-growing species, often at the expense of native plants and animals. For example, in coastal areas, nitrogen pollution can disrupt marine ecosystems, impacting fish populations and local biodiversity. On land, fertilisers can alter the natural composition of grasslands and forests, leading to a decline in plant and animal diversity.
Reduces soil health, causes acidification, and nutrient imbalances.
Nitrous oxide emissions contribute to climate change; production is fossil fuel-dependent.
IPCC: 5% of global emissions.
Alters ecosystems, reduces native plant and animal diversity on land and in coastal areas.
Coastal nitrogen pollution.
The global reliance on fertilisers
Fertilisers are a cornerstone of modern agriculture, but their global scale of use is staggering. Each year, millions of tonnes of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilisers are applied to fields across the world, enabling higher crop yields to sustain a growing population. However, this reliance has significant environmental and socio-economic consequences.
Increasing fertiliser demand
As the global population approaches 10 billion by 2050, the demand for food – and therefore fertilisers – continues to rise. Countries with intensive agricultural practices, such as the US, China, and India, account for the majority of fertiliser use. For example, nitrogen fertiliser consumption has more than doubled in the past 50 years, driven by industrial farming and the need for higher yields.
While fertiliser overuse in developed regions leads to environmental harm, underuse in many developing countries contributes to poor crop yields and food insecurity. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, fertiliser application rates are among the lowest in the world, leaving soils depleted and limiting agricultural productivity.
The economic pressures on farmers
Fertilisers are expensive, particularly in times of energy crises and geopolitical instability. For example, the war in Ukraine has disrupted global fertiliser supply chains, with sanctions on Russian exports and rising natural gas prices significantly increasing costs. In Europe, fertiliser prices more than doubled in 2022, placing enormous financial strain on farmers and food systems.
The unintended consequences
While fertilisers are necessary to feed the world, their widespread use has unintended consequences. Excess nutrients leach into water systems, nitrous oxide emissions worsen climate change, and long-term soil degradation threatens future agricultural productivity. In regions with intensive farming, this creates a cycle of dependency: degraded soils require even more fertiliser to maintain yields, further exacerbating environmental harm.
“ Balancing fertiliser use is a global challenge. Without significant changes to agricultural practices, the environmental and economic consequences of fertiliser reliance will only grow. ”
Recent developments and controversies in fertiliser use
The fertiliser industry is undergoing significant changes, influenced by regulatory shifts, market dynamics, and technological innovations. These developments, particularly in the EU, UK, and US, are accompanied by growing controversies, including farmer protests and geopolitical tensions.
The EU Fertilising Products Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 came into effect to harmonise standards across member states and encourage the use of organic and recycled fertilisers. This regulation aligns with the EU’s Farm to Fork strategy, which aims to reduce fertiliser use by 20% and cut nutrient losses by 50% by 2030.
While these measures are intended to reduce environmental harm and promote circular economy practices, they have triggered widespread protests among farmers. Agricultural workers across Europe – particularly in countries like France and Germany – argue that the targets are overly ambitious, increasing production costs and threatening food yields. Farmers contend that policies fail to provide sufficient support for transitioning to sustainable practices while maintaining competitiveness.
UK post-Brexit adjustments
In the UK, fertiliser regulations have shifted following its departure from the EU. New UK-specific standards have been introduced, with oversight divided across devolved governments. For example, in Scotland, organisations such as the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency (SASA) are responsible for ensuring quality and safety. In England and Wales, fertiliser regulation falls under the jurisdiction of DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs), which focuses on balancing productivity with environmental goals.
While the UK government attempts to strike a balance between food security and sustainability, British farmers face familiar pressures. Rising fertiliser costs, energy volatility, and stricter regulations have added to the economic strain, echoing concerns raised by their EU counterparts. Farmers across the UK argue that without sufficient support, achieving sustainability targets while maintaining competitive yields will be increasingly difficult.
Russian fertiliser imports and energy crisis impacts
Europe’s reliance on fertiliser imports has been brought into sharp focus by geopolitical tensions. Sanctions on Russian exports have disrupted global markets, yet cheap Russian fertilisers continue to flow into Europe, creating a divide. While some see these imports as essential to controlling costs, others warn that they undermine European producers and jeopardise long-term food security.
Adding to the pressure, the energy crisis has significantly increased the cost of fertiliser production. With natural gas prices soaring, fertiliser plants in Europe have struggled to remain operational, forcing farmers to either absorb higher costs or cut back on application – risking lower yields and food shortages.
Emerging solutions and alternatives
Despite the mounting challenges, innovations and sustainable practices offer promising alternatives to traditional fertilisers. From technological advancements to circular solutions, these developments highlight pathways to reduce fertiliser-related environmental impacts while maintaining food production.
Precision agriculture is revolutionising fertiliser application by enabling more efficient and targeted use. Technologies like soil sensors, GPS mapping, and data analytics allow farmers to apply fertilisers exactly where and in the quantities they are needed. This minimises waste, reduces runoff, and lowers costs. For example, farmers in the US using precision tools have successfully cut nitrogen fertiliser use while maintaining yields – a significant step toward balancing productivity with sustainability.
Green ammonia production
Green ammonia is emerging as a cleaner alternative to traditional ammonia, which is a key component of nitrogen fertilisers. Produced using renewable energy – such as wind or solar – instead of fossil fuels, green ammonia significantly reduces carbon emissions associated with fertiliser production. Companies in Europe and the US are piloting large-scale green ammonia plants, with Norway and the US leading the way in scaling this technology. This innovation is a critical step toward decarbonising the fertiliser industry.
Urine-derived fertilisers and circular solutions
Circular approaches to nutrient management are gaining attention. Researchers in the UK are developing urine-derived fertilisers, extracting nitrogen and phosphorus from human urine to create eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic products. These projects highlight the potential to reduce waste, close nutrient cycles, and decrease reliance on fossil fuel-based fertilisers. In addition, nutrient recovery technologies – such as extracting phosphorus from wastewater – are being trialled in parts of Europe, offering another sustainable solution.
Organic and bio-based fertilisers
Organic fertilisers – including compost, manure, and biofertilisers – are increasingly seen as viable alternatives to chemical fertilisers. They release nutrients slowly, improve soil health, and support biodiversity. Biofertilisers, in particular, harness microorganisms to enhance nutrient availability in soil while reducing the need for synthetic inputs. These practices align with regenerative agriculture methods, which aim to restore soil health and sequester carbon.
Government action is helping drive these innovations forward. In the EU, the Farm to Fork strategy sets ambitious targets to cut fertiliser use while promoting organic and bio-based alternatives. In the US, the government is investing in sustainable fertiliser technologies to reduce emissions and strengthen domestic production. Meanwhile, the UK is exploring ways to incentivise farmers to adopt precision farming, circular approaches, and other sustainable practices
“ These developments highlight the complex landscape of fertiliser use today. While governments and innovators push for sustainable solutions, farmers continue to face mounting economic and operational pressures – driving protests and debates, particularly across Europe. Balancing environmental goals with food security remains one of the greatest challenges for the future of agriculture. ”
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In this article, we’ll review what a cruise ship is, the nature of a vacation on a cruise ship, examples of cruise ship packages, the environmental impact of a cruise ship, and ways for cruise ships to become more sustainable.
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by Kenneth Florey
My journey with suffrage artifacts began in 1989 when a trade journal for book dealers, AB Bookman’s Weekly, asked me to write on article on the subject for a special issue on women’s studies they were preparing in conjunction with the 11th Annual National Women’s Studies Association Conference held on June 14-18 of that year at Towson State University in Maryland.
As background, I had access to the collection of Frank Corbeil, then one of the outstanding accumulations of suffragist material in the country. I have always been interested in causes and their associated ephemera. There is something vital in movements that inspires so many of their adherents to essentially devote their lives to effect changes in our social fabric.
But as I viewed the suffrage objects in Frank’s collection, there was something about them that especially attracted me. The buttons were not designs produced by various badge makers that were sold to anyone, but they were creations of activists themselves. The postcards reflected period reactions to the movement, both pro and anti, and gave me a strong sense, not of collectibles, but of a meaningful cultural history.
NOT SIMPLY COLLECTABLES,
BUT EVIDENCE OF A RICH CULTURAL HISTORY
This is how my collection of suffrage material began. It’s a collection that grew from tiny to respectable and finally to one that I believe is the largest such accumulations in private hands in America. At present it consists of about 250 different buttons and badges, approximately 1900 postcards that deal specifically with suffrage, 75 pieces of suffrage sheet music, and many three-dimensional pieces such as a hunger strike medal. The medal was presented to English prisoners who refused to eat while they were in prison and eventually force fed. The National Woman’s Party issued a “Silent Sentinel” pin to protestors who demonstrated outside the gates of the White House. Activists used suffrage board and card games to promote the cause, as well as suffrage china that was distributed at movement tea and dinner parties.
As my collection grew, I learned more about movement history and developed close friendships not only with other collectors but also with scholars both here and abroad. Included among these is a direct descendant of Elizabeth Cady Stanton. And, fortuitously, one of my editors at McFarland is probably related to Inez Millholland, a martyr for the suffrage cause, whose death was in part caused by exhaustion and exposure while she was out campaigning.
A collection that consists simply of objects is meaningless unless one understands the context in which that memorabilia was produced. It was the desire to know what suffragists themselves thought of their material, the stories behind their manufacture, and the involvement of memorabilia in the campaign for equal rights that encouraged me to do research for my book. The stories are fascinating.
HIGHLIGHTS OF SUFFRAGE STORIES REPRESENTED BY COLLECTABLES
There was the suffrage prisoner who was accused of “biting” her warden when the official tried to rip off her blouse and he was stuck by a suffrage pin. There was the anti-suffragist who wrote to the Times, complaining that suffrage workers were essentially soliciting sex by having “pretty young girls” sell suffrage pencils on the street. There was the Wall Street Broker who hawked colorful suffrage pins on the sidewalk much like stocks to the delight of the crowds surrounding him.
There was the waitress who was ordered to distribute anti-suffrage matches but hid them under a group of pro-suffrage posters instead. There was the suffrage worker who was moved through French customs quickly when the guard saw her suffrage button and sympathized with her. There were attempts on the part of police to ban the sale of buttons at demonstrations. And in England, agents for the authorities disguised themselves as sympathizers by wearing pro-suffrage badges only to harass and beat suffrage workers.
Writing this book, then, has been a cathartic experience, and my collection continues to grow in meaning. My editors have been enthusiastic about the project and have even allowed me a color insert even though they ordinarily do not publish in color. Suffrage artifacts are too graphic simply to be reproduced in black and white. Finally, I would love to correspond with anyone who is interested in suffrage memorabilia, either from the standpoint of a collector or from someone who is interested in these pieces as a reflection of history.
“Women’s Suffrage Memorabilia: An Illustrated Historical Study,” will be published in April/May 2013. It consists of a discussion of over 70 different types of memorabilia that were produced by activists to promote the cause, including postcards, buttons, ribbons, sashes, sheet music, china, and toys and games. The book relies on numerous period references to discuss how important memorabilia was to the movement, and includes a number of fascinating stories about individual objects. With over 215 photographs, many of which are in color, this work is intended for both collectors and historians. Link to author’s website.
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In the grand tapestry of human evolution, our sense of hearing has played a pivotal role in our survival and cultural development. Over time, our hearing has evolved in response to environmental cues and the intricate dance of language and communication. This journey has left its imprint on the very structure of our inner ears and the regions of our brains responsible for language processing.
As our societies grew in complexity, so did our music. It was evolving from simple and rhythmic, to intricate compositions of classical music and avant-garde, experimental, serialist, highly spatialized music. It was changing from danceable to complex and dissonant rhythms. Some complex music was very popular - such as psychedelic rock band Pink Floyd; other not so much - such as Karlheinz Stockhausen's compositions. Modern music was incorporating elements of many other genres - eg alternative rock: punk rock, heavy metal, and experimental music and even simpler Hip Hop: jazz, funk, and soul. The most popular music was not always simplest but was more accessible.
In the 2020s, the world of music experienced a seismic shift with the rise of streaming platforms like Spotify, Tencent, and Apple Music. The impact was profound, not only revitalizing the music industry's revenue but also redefining the very essence of music itself.
Traditionally, music was a patient storyteller, often taking its time to build up to a climactic chorus or hook. Yet, the economics of streaming introduced a new imperative – capturing the listener's attention within the first 30 seconds. Enter the "Pop Overture," a clever technique where a song hints at its chorus within the initial moments, engaging the listener and encouraging them to stay for the full musical journey.
To keep the dreaded "skip rate" at bay, artists began to craft shorter songs. Lengthy instrumental intros were swapped for immediate engagement, resulting in a significant reduction in the average duration of hit songs. In 2021, nearly two-thirds of chart-toppers clocked in at under three minutes, a departure from the days when a four-minute+ song was the norm.
As individual songs shrank, albums expanded. Streaming listeners, keen to maximize their musical experience, embraced longer albums. More songs equaled more income, with Taylor Swift's "Midnights" dominating the Hot 100 chart by offering an extensive musical journey. The average complexity of melodies had fallen over time, with two big drops in 1975 and 2000, as well as a smaller drop in 1996. The overriding pattern shows decreasing complexity and increasing note density in popular melodies over time, especially since 2000.
Streaming opened doors for genres that once struggled for visibility. Latin and K-Pop artists rose to prominence on Spotify's Global Top 100, fostering a rich tapestry of cross-genre collaborations. Remixes featuring artists from different backgrounds expanded a song's appeal and audience, exemplified by Justin Bieber's "Sorry (Latino Remix)" with J. Balvin.
While artistic creativity remains paramount, commercial considerations loom large. The streaming economy's dynamics, with its emphasis on plays, playlists, and recommendations, have compelled artists and labels to explore innovative strategies to maximize reach and revenue.
In this ever-evolving landscape of sound, music's essence has been reshaped by the streaming revolution. The emphasis on retaining listeners and optimizing plays has redefined how songs are crafted and albums are composed. With an emphasis on retaining listener engagement and maximizing plays, the industry has adapted to the evolving preferences and economics of the streaming era.
Streaming is changing the sound of music(https://www.wsj.com/arts-culture/music/streaming-is-changing-the-sound-of-music-182dc907)
Hamilton, M., Pearce, M. Trajectories and revolutions in popular melody based on U.S. charts from 1950 to 2023. Sci Rep 14, 14749 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64571-x
Acknowledgements: ChatGPT, Bard and Bing image creator
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Works carried out with groups of magnets. They are anisotropic ferrite magnets type, broken in several sizes or rectangular blocks. The magnets attaches strands of wire, bring the glass bottles together, hold iron pins and fillings to serve different continents.
Solstício de Inverno (Winter solstice) 1990
This work follows a path between two cast-iron teeth suspended from the hall ceiling and a set of teeth installed on the floor with broken magnets. One of the hanging teeth is inside a transparent tank while the other is at a distance, placed on an iron sheet. Electrolysis is introduced inside the tank where the tooth bathes. The copper sulfate and sulfuric acid solution has a bluish tone and this process gradually colors the tooth’s black iron into rosy tones until it reaches the reddish ones. The tooth, a premolar, hangs by copper wires from its own root. These wires, like nerve connections, are extended through the ceiling until they connect with the other tooth’s root. Between the tooth inside the tank and the one outside it there is an extensive floor occupied by a configuration of twelve teeth installed with magnet pieces. The copper wires that come out of these teeth’s roots are extended until they reach the tank. One of which is displaced from the radial formation as if drawn by the big iron tooth that hangs outside the tank on the iron sheet. Iron filings describe the magnetic contact among the magnetic teeth inside the radial formation, as well as between the displaced magnet and the one that hangs.
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If you think that coal is the worst gift you can find in the stocking of the Epiphany, you are wrong, because the Epiphany could bring you something equally black, but much more dangerous: caries!
The Epiphany is the last day of a period of holidays that puts us to the test from the point of view of nutrition and consequently also tests the health of our teeth. Sweets, candies and even coal are delicious treats for the bacteria that live in our mouth.
Bacteria and tooth decay in our mouth: a delicate balance
Between our body and the bacteria that live in our mouth there is a delicate balance, a relationship that in nature is defined as mutual opportunism. Bacteria feed on the residues of what we eat, at the same time defending us from external bacteria that could be carriers of diseases.
We are talking about a delicate balance because the number of bacteria should remain constant, saliva has the function of diluting acids and dragging excess bacteria into the stomach, where they are destroyed.
When this mechanism does not work effectively, due to reduced salivation or in the event that bacteria multiply quickly, our body pays for the consequences.
As acidity increases in our mouth, acid-resistant microorganisms proliferate, of which they are also the main producers.
Under these conditions there is a progressive lowering of the pH, below the critical value of pH 5.5 the caries process starts and consequent corrosion of the enamel.
24 hours without oral hygiene: hell of caries
Among the friendly inhabitants of our mouth there is streptococcus mutans, one of the main bacteria that cause tooth decay.
Feeding on the carbohydrates that we ingest, it produces an adhesive substance, insoluble in water that adheres to the enamel of the teeth and attracts other microorganisms that feed on sugars producing slag with a very high acid content.
Two to three hours after the meal, the colonies of bacteria already populate the entire surface of the tooth in a leopard spot.
After twelve hours the tooth is completely covered with bacteria with stratifications of 8-10 cells, after 24 hours, without an oral hygiene intervention, the cell layers become 100.
The enzymes produced by bacteria are able to attack the hard tissues of the tooth; in its initial stage, caries does not generate particular symptomatic conditions, but when it pushes deeply and attacks the dentine, the layer that encloses the pulp, discomfort and pain begin to appear.
If no action is taken in time, the infection can reach the nerves and blood vessels of the dental pulp, spreading into numerous painful pathologies: neuralgia, pulpits, abscesses which in turn give rise to even more serious diseases, such as periodontitis.
In order not to do wrong to the Befana, we can also consume all the contents of her stocking, but we keep in mind the speed with which the bacteria proliferate in our mouth.
That delicate balance between the number of bacteria and saliva is a guarantee of our well-being, brushing your teeth within an hour of the end of each meal is the good rule of thumb to derive mutual benefit from bacteria.
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Distance learning programs on orthodontic courses are extensive programs meant to educate pediatric and general dentists who wish to add orthodontics to their practices. This course is based on the ideas and methods presented in a graduate school of the orthodontic curriculum. It takes you from analysis through execution and into preservation. Facial aesthetics and facial symmetry, craniofacial growth and development, growth forecast, cephalometric analysis, skeletal age estimation, treatment planning and orthodontic diagnosis, early interceptive treatment, functional/orthopedic treatment, Straight-Wire edgewise tool therapy, differential set tool selection and supervision, biomechanical principals and retention are covered under the orthodontic course.
Access your orthodontic course when it’s suitable for you, For learners to learn the best concepts and principles there are a number of online orthodontic courses or part-time orthodontic courses are available. Live and interactive videos as well as online seminars are there for learners to get hands-on practical knowledge and experience, which is very essential for the best treatment of the patients. You can interact with your tutors and fellow pupils in online webinar classes. In case if you miss one or want to re-watch, all live webinars are recorded, so you don’t need to worry about it and the best part, you can have it whenever it suits you.
Orthodontics Online classification for Learning:
*The Biology of Orthodontics
The growth and development of the face and jaws will be introduced in this part of the orthodontic course; this will provide trainees with an understanding of the biology of tooth moments in orthodontics.
*Principles of Orthodontics
The foundations required for specific problem description, treatment preparation, consisting methods of photography, radiography is provided in this part of the online course.
In this part, you will learn about the identification of clinical conditions and the application of Orthodontic instruments relevant to regular cases in clinical practice. Principles of the fixed and removable aligner and other orthodontic appliances are classified in this part of the orthodontic courses.
*Exceptional Treatment procedures
On the basis of the information gained in the above parts, in-depth details are taught to the aspirants, which includes biomechanics, long-term stability of cases, and more advanced techniques in this advanced treatment procedure part.
This part of the orthodontic course is classified as the final module in which encountering common conditions while treating an adult orthodontic is covered including all the complications that one shall be handling in orthodontics while practicing it in real life
Why go for orthodontic education through distant programs?
In orthodontic education through distant programs more interactive and visually pleasing form of education is gained through distance learning with the ease of learning any time anywhere, it opens a plethora of opportunities by motivating the students through live projects, interactive quizzes, instant feedbacks, video lectures, etc.
Final Remarks –
The final outcome shows us that distant learning in orthodontic is very efficacious but is a corresponding element, with not many alterations compared with the old methods of educating about the course.
From the emerging evidence from studies done on orthodontic education, it proves that learning through distance programs on orthodontic courses is a mixture or blends of both face to face and E-learning concepts which is so far an effective medium for gaining knowledge and learning
Jack Sylvester is a freelance writer, He is extremely fond of anything that is related to ghostwriting, copywriting, and blogging services. He works closely with B2B businesses providing digital marketing content that gains social media attention. His aim to reach his goals one step at a time and He believes in doing everything with a smile.
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Ginkgo biloba is a substance used in medicine for over 1000 years and is currently one of the herbal medicines commonly used in the world due to its antioxidant action and its alleged benefits in treating memory problems, lack of energy, lack of concentration, impotence sexual, among others.
Unfortunately, the fact that a substance is widely used for centuries does not guarantee that it is really effective against everything as advertised, or that it is free of side effects and contraindications. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to address the ginkgo biloba in a scientific way, showing what the studies proved to be true, what is myth and what is not yet fully understood from a scientific point of view.
The ginkgo biloba extract is a substance obtained from the leaves of the Ginkgo tree, native of Korea, China and Japan, but now present throughout the world, including in large Brazilian cities. The ginkgo tree can exceed 40 meters and live more than 1,000 years.
The ginkgo biloba extract is currently one of the 10 medicinal herbs commonly used worldwide. This herbal medicine has two active substances which are responsible for its effects on our body: flavonoids and terpenes.
Ginkgo biloba is a aclamadamente substance beneficial for the brain functions, but its real effectiveness in the treatment of cognitive disorders is not yet fully understood. This does not mean, however, that various effects and brain ginkgo biloba actions have not been unveiled.
Studies in animals and humans have shown that the drug acts directly on neurotransmitters and offers protection to neurons by different mechanisms. Ginkgo biloba has proven antioxidant activity, it causes vasodilation of cerebral blood vessels, increasing blood perfusion in the brain, prevents clot formation and optimizes the use of glucose by the brain.
These and other actions already recognized drug provide the theoretical basis for use of ginkgo biloba in treating various neurological diseases. However, modern medicine is evidence-based. Do not just be a theoretical basis behind the treatments, we must prove that these actions are in practice effective against diseases. It is because ginkgo biloba increases blood perfusion in the brain and prevents clots we can say that it is effective in the prevention and treatment of stroke, for example. Often, a drug has a strong theoretical basis, but when we go to practice, its use does not show any beneficial effect in the treatment of diseases that supposedly they would be effective.
So do not just ginkgo biloba have different actions supposedly beneficial in the brain. So its use is indicated for the treatment and prevention of diseases, it needs to prove that it really brings real benefits to the patient. Therefore, it is important to study drug separately for each disease.
Let's talk briefly about some diseases for which the use of ginkgo biloba has been relatively well studied.
Ginkgo biloba in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias
Despite some isolated studies showing little cognitive improvement in Alzheimer's patients who used Ginkgo biloba for at least 6 months, a major review conducted in 2007 of 35 studies concluded that previous studies had methodological flaws and had studied very groups Note patients. The conclusion of this systematic review of the main studies was that there is not enough data to say that Ginkgo biloba is superior to placebo in the treatment of Alzheimer's. When compared to drugs commonly used to treat dementia, ginkgo biloba has inferior results.
Another study published in 2008 that followed for 8 years, more than 3000 elderly showed that daily use of ginkgo biloba showed no evidence that the drug is superior to placebo in preventing dementia. Therefore, there is no scientific evidence to support the use of ginkgo biloba for treatment or prevention of dementia.
Ginkgo biloba for memory loss and concentration problems
Historically ginkgo biloba has always been indicated as a good treatment to improve memory, concentration and the degree of attention, especially in the elderly. Unfortunately, studies have also shown that the drug is not superior to placebo in these cases. There is, therefore, no scientific evidence to indicate ginkgo biloba to improve the memory of elderly patients.
Diseases that seem to respond to the use of ginkgo biloba
Despite the disappointment with the lack of efficacy of ginkgo biloba in treating dementia, the memory loss and other cognitive functions of the elderly, there are a number of problems that seem to improve with the use of the extract. Among those who have scientific studies confirming positive results include:
Circulatory problems of members lower (small effectiveness, only slightly higher than placebo)
In general, ginkgo biloba not shown, the light of scientific studies as a drug with great efficacy in the treatment of any significant disease. In most cases, the efficacy is only slightly superior to placebo.
On the other hand, a lower rate of side effects and potential benefit, even if it takes in some cases, make their use is indicated for some patients.
However, the inhibitory action on platelets might increase the risk of bleeding in some situations. The drug should not be used in patients with high risk of bleeding. Following the same logic, in patients who will undergo surgical procedures, it is suggested to ginkgo biloba suspension at least 36 hours before the operation.
Ginkgo biloba can increase the risk of bleeding when used concomitantly with other drugs acting on platelets and other coagulation factors, such as aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, heparin or warfarin.
Due to lack of clinical studies in pregnant proving their safety, currently not recommended the use of ginkgo biloba during pregnancy or lactation.
Patients with a history of seizures or epilepsy should also avoid the use of ginkgo biloba as there are sporadic reports that the drug may facilitate the occurrence of epileptic seizures. There is also the possibility of ginkgo biloba interact and reduce the effects of anticonvulsants.
No evidence that ginkgo biloba interact with the effects of the contraceptive pill.
Most studies on ginkgo extract used the standard form of Ginkgo biloba EGb 761, which contains 24% of flavonoids and 6% terpenoids. Typical dosages of Ginkgo biloba EGb 761 used in studies and recommended by manufacturers is 40 mg three times daily or 60 to 80 mg twice per day.
Studies show that daily use for over a year is not associated with any serious security problem.
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These quick, four-minute health quizzes help you estimate your risk of conditions like colorectal cancer, diabetes and chronic pain – so you can decide how to prioritize your prevention. Because staying healthy doesn’t happen on its own. You’ve got to make it happen.
Millions of people suffer from acid reflux, which is also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or more commonly known as heartburn. Symptoms of acid reflux are chest pain, sore throat, nausea, burping or trouble swallowing. Our acid reflux quiz helps evaluate your symptoms, identify your risk factors and gives you an idea about whether you should see your doctor about being evaluated. Learn more about GERD.
Back & neck pain
Back and neck pain can interrupt even the simplest things in life. And lasting or severe discomfort along your spine could point to a serious problem. Our back and neck pain quiz helps you evaluate your spine function, pain symptoms and risk factors – and it’ll give you an idea of what to do next based on your results. When it comes to treating back and neck discomfort, our specialists can help you return to the activities you love. Learn more about spine health.
This breast health quiz estimates your five-year and lifetime risks of developing breast cancer. Knowing your chances may lead you to plan a routine screening schedule – a critical first step in a battle against the disease. Because the best time to fight breast cancer is before it begins. Learn more about mammograms and breast health.
Colon cancer is the third most common cancer among men and women in the U.S. If detected early, the disease usually responds well to treatment. Take our colorectal health quiz to determine your estimated lifetime risk and whether an evaluation is recommended for you. Talk to your primary care doctor about scheduling a colonoscopy.
Diabetes can lead to other serious health problems if left untreated, including heart disease, stroke and blindness. This diabetes risk quiz estimates your risk of developing the disease and determines which of your risk factors are controllable. If you’re at risk, you can share your results with your primary care doctor to help with diabetes prevention or identify whether you have diabetes.
Your weight has a big impact on your overall health. Obesity is linked to some of the leading causes of death in adults, including stroke, heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, asthma and even some cancers. Take our healthy weight quiz to learn whether you’re within an ideal range and how the number may be affecting your life and future. Your primary care doctor can use your results to help you reach your goals.
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in America, and knowing your risk of developing it can help you lower your chances. Take our heart health quiz to estimate your risk, determine your controllable and uncontrollable risk factors and receive guidance on what to do next. If you need care, our renowned cardiovascular experts can help.
Hip & knee pain
Hip and knee pain doesn’t have to interfere with your life. The right treatment can give you the relief you need. Take our hip and knee pain quiz to evaluate your knees and hips, gauge the severity of your issues and figure out what you could do moving forward. Our experts can use your results to create a treatment plan and lead you to back to a pain-free lifestyle.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in America, and screening for the disease can have substantial benefits for many of those who are at risk. Our lung health quiz helps you identify your risk of lung cancer and decide if a screening makes sense for you. You can share your results with your primary care doctor and work with them to schedule a screening, if needed.
Up to 80% of strokes are preventable, and many of the risk factors are controllable. Our stroke risk assessment will help you estimate your chances of experiencing one and learn about ways you can minimize your risk. We’re home to experts who are dedicated to prevention but also provide the highest level of stroke care to those who need it. Learn about stroke care.
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Consuming large amounts of animal proteins (meat, deli etc.), in amounts exceeding our body’s daily demand, causes rotting processes, constipation, and poisoning of the body by lactic, oxalic, and uric acids (the three main culprits responsible for joint diseases, back pain, osteoporosis, and other mobility-reducing disorders).
Meat itself does not have taste nor smell so we fry, cook, and season it to improve its taste. When meat is processed, it releases about 20 poisonous substances that can cause damage to blood vessels and the nervous system. The digestion of meat requires large amounts of vitamins and microelements. If we do not eat adequate amounts of raw vegetable salads together with meat, digestion is incomplete and the undigested meat putrefies in our intestines. The putrefaction processes increase the alkalinity of our large intestine, which leads to blood acidity. Alkaline environment promotes the development of diseased cells (especially cancerous). Those who excessively consume meat are the prime candidates for cancer.
There is one more fact that requires your attention. Excessive consumption of animal proteins, especially in early childhood, puts us at risk of immune system disorders. The digestion of meat needs large amounts of vitamins and microelements that are taken from the child’s blood. Depleted levels of these substances cause the development of hidden anemia and blood diseases. Ironically, all kinds of allergies, eczemas, and other disorders typical for the age of puberty are usually the result of our parents’ well-intended care. Unaware of the dangers, they cause damage to their children’s health by including too much meat in the diet.
Eastern philosophy teaches that each food product we consume contains information about its place of birth and development: - the climate, the exposure to sunrays, moonlight, etc. What kind of information can be contained in meat? Times when cattle were grazing on green pastures are long over. They are raised their entire lives without sunlight or fresh air. Instead of eating fresh, juicy grass, they are fed hormones and various synthetic feeds.
When we buy a shapeless piece of meat, we do not think that it was once a part of a lovable animal that was killed by electrocution. It is naive to believe that animals do not sense impending death in their last moments. They sense it very clearly. Faced with aggression and driven by fear, a slaughtered animal’s body produces large amounts of poisonous hormones, which we consume later as we enjoy our steaks. No wonder that both adults and children become increasingly aggressive and hot-tempered. Aggression always breeds aggression - this old truth is confirmed by the results of high meat consumption.
In recent years (1999-2002), the number of BSE (Mad Cow Disease) cases in Western Europe has grown to epidemic proportions. Cattle affected by BSE experience a complete degeneration of their nervous system (sections of their brain tissue turn spongy). Instead of feeding cattle exclusively with plant-based food, the industry started using animal proteins in the form of meat and bone meal. BSE is a vivid example of physiological changes that can be caused by eating improper food. To prevent the spread of BSE, whole herds of cattle are slaughtered and incinerated. May God prevent children whose diet is based on meat from the consequences of unnatural feeding practices in the cattle industry!
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Views: 0 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2022-11-03 Origin: Site
The brazed plate heat exchanger is made of many stamped corrugated sheets at certain intervals, sealed around by gaskets, and overlapped with a frame and a compression screw. The four corner holes of the plate and the gasket form the separation of the fluid. At the same time, the cold and hot fluids are reasonably separated so that they flow in the flow channels on both sides of each plate, and heat exchange is carried out through the plates.
Brazed plate heat exchangers have been widely used in metallurgy, mining, petroleum, chemical industry, electric power, medicine, food, chemical fiber, papermaking, light textile, shipbuilding, heating and other departments, and can be used for heating, cooling, evaporation, condensation, sterilization and disinfection , waste heat recovery, etc.
solar energy utilization
Participate in the heat exchange process of antifreeze liquid such as the heat transfer medium ethylene glycol in the solar collector plate to achieve the purpose of utilizing solar energy.
Manufacture of titanium oxide, alcohol fermentation, synthetic ammonia, resin synthesis, manufacture of rubber, cooling phosphoric acid, cooling formalin, alkali carbon industry, electrolytic alkali production.
Cooling quenching oil, cooling electroplating liquid, cooling reducer lubricating oil, cooling rolling mill, wire drawing machine coolant.
Heating and cooling of aluminate mother liquor, cooling of sodium aluminate, cooling of lubricating oil of aluminum smelting mill.
Various quenching liquid cooling, cooling press, industrial mother machine lubricating oil, heating engine oil.
Salt, dairy, soy sauce, vinegar sterilization, cooling, animal and vegetable oil heating, cooling, beer, wort heating and cooling in beer production, sugar, gelatin concentration, sterilization, cooling, manufacture of sodium glutamate.
Heat recovery of various waste liquids, cooling of boiling phosphating fibers, cooling of viscose liquid, cooling of acetic acid and acetic anhydride, cooling of alkaline aqueous solution, heating and cooling of viscose yarn.
Cooling black water, heating and cooling of bleaching salt and lye, heat recovery of cellophane waste liquid, heating and cooking acid, cooling of sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, recovery of waste liquid from bleaching paper, condensation of exhaust gas, preheating of concentrated pulp similar waste.
Thermal power plant waste heat district heating, heating domestic water, boiler district heating.
Heating and cooling synthetic detergent, heating whale oil, cooling vegetable oil, cooling sodium hydroxide, cooling glycerin, emulsified oil.
Generator shaft pump cooling, transformer oil cooling.
Diesel engine, central cooler, jacket unloading water cooler, piston cooler, lubricating oil cooler, preheater, seawater desalination system (including multi-stage and single-stage).
The matching boiler to heat up the seawater for seedlings has saved the use of coal, thereby saving energy and environmental protection and improving efficiency.
Brazed plate heat exchanger design features
1. High efficiency and energy saving: its heat transfer coefficient is 3000～4500kcal/m2·°C·h, which is 3~5 times higher than that of shell and tube heat exchangers.
2. Compact structure: The plates of the plate heat exchanger are closely arranged. Compared with other types of heat exchangers, the plate heat exchanger occupies less floor space and space, and the plate heat exchanger with the same area for heat exchange is only the tube 1/5 of the shell heat exchanger.
3. Easy to clean and easy to assemble and disassemble: the plate heat exchanger is clamped by clamping bolts, so it is easy to disassemble and assemble, and it can be opened and cleaned at any time.
4. Long service life: The plate heat exchanger is pressed by stainless steel or titanium alloy plates, which can resist various corrosive media.
5. Strong adaptability: The plate heat exchanger plate is an independent component, and the process can be increased or decreased at will according to the requirements, and the forms are various; it can be applied to various different process requirements.
6. No liquid leakage: The sealing groove of the plate heat exchanger is provided with a liquid leakage channel, and various media will not be connected with each other. Even if there is leakage, the medium will always be discharged outwards.
International Business:+86 0519 8878 2189
Domestic business:+86 0519 8878 2190
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Intestinal foreign bodies can come in all shapes, sizes and contents. While some objects like rocks and bones will show up clearly on plain radiographs, there are many other materials that do not. These include, but are not limited to: Vegetable matter (corn cobs, seeds and nuts), many rubber and plastics (chew toys, kongs, tennis balls), and materials (cloth, towels, cotton wool, hairballs, cardboard).
Clinical signs associated with intestinal foreign bodies can be wide and varied. Inappetance, vomiting and lethargy are most common but are not always present or witnessed. It is surprising how often dogs with intestinal foreign bodies are not witnessed to be vomiting. A large percentage of dogs with an intestinal foreign body will be diagnosed or taken to exploratory laparotomy based on history, prior behaviour, abdominal palpation, abdominal xrays and electrolyte/biochemistry changes. In a number of cases these tests, history and physical examination are not definitive. This is where abdominal ultrasound can be very valuable in confirming that surgery is required, or just as importantly, giving confidence that surgery is not required and that further medical management is appropriate.
The confident identification of intestinal foreign bodies causing obstruction takes a high level of experience with diagnostic ultrasound and a detailed abdominal examination. Suggestive signs of an intestinal obstruction are a fluid distended stomach, fluid filled, dilated small intestines oral to the obstruction and normal, empty small intestine distal or aboral to the obstruction. Seeing these signs should direct the ultrasonographer to thoroughly interrogate the intestines for an obstruction. The key to confirming a diagnosis of an intestinal foreign body causing obstruction is documenting the foreign body. The foreign body will be identified by an ultrasound artefact known as attenuation. This is where the ultrasound beam is highly reflected at the surface of an object and does not penetrate distal to the surface. Complicating matters is that gas and faeces will also cause attenuation. It is important to be able to image the area of attenuation with dilated intestine orally and normal intestine aborally. The intestinal wall should be stretched over the foreign body. Expansion of the small intestinal wall with disruption of the normal layering is an indication of a mass lesion rather than an intraluminal obstruction. Surgery is now indicated as soon as fluid resuscitation and electrolyte imbalances are restored. This case turned out to be a corn cob. No vomiting was seen by the owners.
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Computers have always generated warm. As a security feature, when their components get also warm, they shut down. Desktop are much less prone to overheating than laptops since the case is usually huge enough to enable an excellent airflow which is enhanced by several fans. Laptop computers are more likely to get too hot simply due to their design. The same parts that run a desktop are packed right into the much smaller laptop computer case without the surrounding air. Much of the parts are made smaller sized, yet they create the very same warmth. Additionally, the followers are also smaller, and the confined room makes them much less efficient.
When taking into consideration a pad, the line between requirement as well as high-end varies with the user. All laptops will certainly overheat if they are made use of greatly. Putting the machine on a solid surface with plenty of room around it will assist to delay the trouble. If the only use is to inspect email and social networking websites, overheating will most likely not be an issue and a cooling pad is a luxury. If you have to maintain the device running for hours at once, a cooling pad becomes more important.
If the Free Laptop is made use of for vital work, the cooling pad might be the difference in between effectively ending up the project or losing everything that hasn’t already been saved since the machine closed itself off in the center of your job. Even if you just utilize your machine for recreation, you could wish to buy an cooling pad; video gaming is just one of the most common reasons for laptop overheating. There are dozens of various cooling pads offered. They all fit into two standard categories: A lot of passive laptop pads function by elevating the device to permit better airflow underneath it. A few of them are made from specialized materials to drain the warmth. Considering that they are usually thinner and lighter compared to a mechanized version, these may be the most sensible for someone that needs to take a trip with their computer system frequently. As a basic guideline, they are additionally more economical.
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Historically, Parkinson’s was rare. In 1855, for instance, just 22 people living in the United Kingdom died with Parkinson’s disease.
Today, in the United States, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) estimate that about half a million people are living with the disease.
Recently, a group of experts from the field of movement disorders published an article in the Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. Titled ‘The emerging evidence of the Parkinson’s pandemic,’ the authors outline their growing concerns and what might be done.
Globally, neurological disorders are the leading cause of disability. Of these, Parkinson’s disease is the fastest growing. From 1990 to 2015, the number of people living with Parkinson’s doubled to more than 6.2 million. By 2040, experts predict that that number will reach 12 million.
The term ‘pandemic’ is normally associated with diseases that can spread from person to person. Of course, this does not apply to Parkinson’s. However, according to the study authors, the condition’s spread does share some of the characteristics of a pandemic.
For instance, it is a global concern that is present in every region of the planet. It is also becoming more prevalent in all regions that scientists have assessed.
Additionally, pandemics tend to move geographically. In the case of Parkinson’s disease, it seems to be moving from West to East as demographics slowly change.
Some researchers also believe that although people cannot “catch” noncommunicable conditions such as diabetes through contact with pathogens, they may still be pandemics. They explain that these conditions are still communicable via new types of vectors – namely social, political, and economic trends.
In the case of diabetes, for instance, one author argues that we are transmitting risk factors across the world. Such factors include “…ultra-processed food and drink, alcohol, tobacco products, and wider social and environmental changes that limit physical activity.”
Because Parkinson’s primarily affects people as they grow older, the steady increase in humanity’s average age means an inevitable increase in the prevalence of Parkinson’s. This slow lift in our average age is not the only factor playing into the hands of a potential epidemic.
Some studies show that, even when analysis accounts for increasing age, Parkinson’s disease still seems to be becoming more prevalent.
This means that the average older adult today has an increased risk of developing Parkinson’s disease.
The study authors outline some of the factors that appear to be increasing the risk of Parkinson’s disease today.
Tobacco’s surprising influence
Globally, the number of people who smoke tobacco has dropped significantly over recent decades. People rightly consider this to be a huge benefit to public health.
However, smoking tobacco appears to reduce the risk of Parkinson’s disease. Some studies have shown that smoking can reduce risk by more than 40 percent.
Reducing tobacco consumption may therefore be raising the overall prevalence of Parkinson’s disease.
The growth of industry
Also, industrialisation might be playing a part in the steady rise in Parkinson’s risk. As the authors write: “Numerous by-products of the Industrial Revolution, including specific pesticides, solvents, and heavy metals, have been linked to Parkinson disease.”
For instance, China – a country that has witnessed rapid industrial growth – has had the swiftest increase in Parkinson’s disease.
Scientists are still debating the role that pesticides play in Parkinson’s. However, one in particular, paraquat, is strongly linked to the condition and is now banned in 32 countries.
Despite this, the study authors say that in the U.S., people are using it “…in ever greater quantities.” The U.K. is one of 32 countries to have banned paraquat usage. Regardless, they continue to manufacture it and sell it to countries including the U.S., Taiwan, and South Africa.
“Parkinson[‘s] disease is increasing and may be a creation of our times,” write the authors. “As opposed to most diseases whose burden decreases with improving socioeconomic level, the burden of Parkinson[‘s] disease does the opposite.”
Increasing rates of Parkinson’s disease are concerning for obvious reasons, but what can we do? Can we turn the tide?
The study authors believe that the key to transforming this seemingly inevitable rise in Parkinson’s disease is activism.
Conditions such as HIV and breast cancer have benefited widely from this approach. For example, many focus on raising awareness, amassing funds, improving treatments, and changing policy.
Stopping the production and use of certain chemicals that may increase the risk of Parkinson’s is essential. As the authors write:
“We have the means to prevent potentially millions from ever experiencing the debilitating effects of Parkinson disease.”
Also crucial, as ever, is financial backing. More research is needed to understand why the condition appears and how it progresses, and this type of scientific investigation is never cheap.
In particular, scientists need to develop better medications. Currently, the most effective therapy is levodopa, which is 50 years old and not without its issues, including both psychological and physical side effects.
While this recent analysis is worrying, the authors leave the reader with some positivity, concluding that “…the Parkinson pandemic is preventable, not inevitable.”
The Times They Are a-Changin’: Parkinson’s Disease 20 Years from Now
Editors: Patrik Brundin, J. William Langston, and Bastiaan R. Bloem
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Anorexic Dangers and Warning Signs
Loss of body fat creates it so that the body has no way of insulating and keeping heat anymore. For the anorexic it seems like everyday even if it is 85 degrees is freezing. This can also be due to electrolyte disturbances from not eating properly.
Decreased eye movement
Mostly due from electrolyte disturbances and hormonal problems.
Poor blood from not enough iron; causes lack of vitality.
Yes your teeth will rot with anorexia even if you do not purge. Most anorexics do not intake enough calcium in their diets and because of this the body begins to find calcium and takes it out of body parts such as the bones but also the teeth. The teeth are stripped of the calcium and become weak.
Delayed gastric emptying:
The tone of the stomach area becomes poor and weak so that it cannot produce the power to push out whatever food the anorexic does eat. This can lead to a lot of toxins building up inside which also weakens the immune system and leaves the anorexic susceptible to many more viruses.
Also from the delayed gastric emptying but can also be because of laxative abuse.
Blood gets too acidic which can lead to other sicknessess.
Bones become significantly weakened leaving the anorexic susceptible to broken bones from just falling out of bed.
Slow irregular heart beat.
Heart out of rythym; sudden death.
From not eating properly and possible purging there is a water retention imbalance cause the feet and hands to swell.
Indicates a failure of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal interaction to produce cyclic changes in the endometrium resulting in menses. In other words the periods stop or do not start. Primary amenorrhea is the absence of menarche by age 16 and Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menarche for more than 3 months.
Metabolic problems - Hypocalcemia:
Low blood glucose levels from too low of weight and malnutrition. Signs of this include listlessness jitteriness and seizures.
A soft downy hair fur begins to grow to try to insulate some heat after the body does not have enough calories to burn to produce heat.
Decreased cardiac muscle mass chamber size and output:
This leads to many cardiac arrests.
Deficiency of potassium.
Weak hair that often falls out:
Along with dry skin and brittle nails this consequence is a result of not enough fat in the diet.
Urinary tract infections:
Decreased fluid intake is the cause of this.
Loss of potassium:
Can result in diminished reflexes fatigue and cardiac arrythmias.
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In the vast tableau of the periodic table, one element stands out for its unparalleled versatility and its pivotal role in both the natural world and human advancement: Cảbon. This remarkable element is not only foundational to life as we know it but also to the vast array of technologies and industries that define the modern era. In this article, we delve into the essence of Cảbon, exploring its basic properties, benefits, workings, and its indispensable presence in industry, technology, and beyond.
What is Cảbon?
Cảbon, symbolized as “C” on the periodic table, is a nonmetallic element that forms the basis of all known life. It is the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass and is found in various forms throughout the world, from the air we breathe (in the form of carbon dioxide) to the very DNA that defines our existence. Cảbon’s ability to form a vast number of compounds, more than any other element, stems from its unique atomic structure, which allows it to bond in many different ways and with various elements.
The Basics of Cảbon
At the heart of Cảbon’s versatility is its atomic structure. Cảbon atoms have four electrons in their outer shell, enabling them to form four covalent bonds with other atoms. This tetravalency makes Cảbon incredibly adaptable, forming chains, rings, and complex structures essential for the complexity of organic life. From simple molecules like methane (CH4) to complex polymers and the intricate biomolecules that constitute living organisms, Cảbon is at the center of a vast chemical repertoire.
Cảbon in Industry, Business, and Technology
Cảbon’s impact on industry and technology cannot be overstated. In its elemental form and as compounds, Cảbon is critical in the manufacturing of steel and concrete, the production of synthetic materials, and in energy generation and storage solutions. The development of carbon fiber composites has revolutionized industries by providing materials that are stronger and lighter than ever before. Furthermore, the exploration of nanocarbon structures, like carbon nanotubes and graphene, promises to usher in a new era of electronic, mechanical, and energy technologies.
The Environmental Impact of Cảbon
Mitigating Carbon Emissions
The conversation around Cảbon often pivots to its environmental impact, particularly concerning carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas. The increasing concentration of CO2 in the Earth’s atmosphere is a major contributor to climate change, leading to global efforts to reduce carbon emissions. Strategies such as renewable energy adoption, enhancing energy efficiency, and carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies are critical. These efforts aim to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability, showcasing the intricate role of Cảbon in our ecological system.
Carbon Footprints: A Global Challenge
Individual and organizational carbon footprints—the total amount of carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds emitted due to fossil fuel consumption—have become a focal point for reducing global emissions. Efforts to minimize these footprints are varied, ranging from simple lifestyle changes to the integration of high-tech carbon management solutions in industries. The push towards a low-carbon economy is not just an environmental necessity but also an opportunity for innovation in carbon management technologies.
The Future of Carbon Technology
Advancements in Carbon Capture and Utilization
As the world grapples with the need to reduce atmospheric CO2, advancements in carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies are promising. These technologies not only aim to capture CO2 emissions at the source but also convert them into useful products such as biofuels, plastics, and concrete. This dual approach helps mitigate climate change impacts while also creating economic opportunities, showcasing Cảbon’s potential as a resource rather than merely a problem.
Carbon-based Materials in Technology
The development of carbon-based materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon fibers continues to revolutionize various sectors, including electronics, aerospace, automotive, and construction. These materials are valued for their exceptional strength, lightweight, and conductivity. The ongoing research and development in this field promise to unveil applications that could transform current technologies, making them more efficient, durable, and environmentally friendly.
Cảbon in the Circular Economy
Sustainable Carbon Use and Recycling
The concept of a circular economy—a system aimed at eliminating waste and the continual use of resources—has become increasingly relevant to carbon management. Innovations in carbon recycling processes, where carbon emissions are captured and converted into fuels or other chemicals, are pivotal. This approach not only reduces the carbon footprint but also aligns with global sustainability goals, demonstrating Cảbon’s adaptability and resilience as a resource.
The Role of Policy and Innovation
Effective policy frameworks and continued innovation are crucial in harnessing Cảbon’s benefits while mitigating its challenges. Policies that encourage the development and deployment of low-carbon technologies, along with incentives for carbon capture and utilization, are vital. Moreover, fostering innovation through research and development in carbon-based technologies will be key to achieving sustainable growth and environmental protection.
Cảbon’s Unique Properties and Atomic Structure
The unique properties of Cảbon stem from its atomic structure, as mentioned earlier. Its allotropes—different forms in which an element can exist, such as graphite, diamond, and graphene—exhibit remarkably diverse properties. Graphite is soft and conductive, making it ideal for use in batteries and as a lubricant. Diamond, the hardest naturally occurring substance, is used in cutting, drilling, and as a gemstone. Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, is renowned for its strength, flexibility, and electrical conductivity, heralding a revolution in materials science and electronics.
Cảbon’s omnipresence in our world, from the air we exhale to the technologies we develop, underscores its fundamental role in life and human civilization. Its versatility and the benefits it offers across various domains of life and industry make it a focal point of scientific research and technological innovation. As we continue to explore and harness the properties and potentials of Cảbon, we open new avenues for advancement in materials science, energy, medicine, and beyond, making it truly the backbone of modern innovation.
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We’ve said it before and we’ll say it again: the pandemic forever changed the way we function. From an increased focus on using hand sanitizer and cleaning up after ourselves in public spaces to a bigger digital presence in practically every meaning of the phrase, the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic’s effect is obvious and will continue to be so for many years to come.
One of the areas in which the pandemic had a big effect on our lives is our relation to the internet. Let’s review a few clear ways that the pandemic impacted this basic aspect of our lives:
People were suddenly unable to travel or even visit family and friends, leading to an increase in posting about their lives online and sharing information that otherwise would have been divulged in person.
Trapped at home and with many people laid off, people spent more and more time on social networks and checking out what others were up to, catching up via video chat, and being altogether more active online.
With tons of free time for practically everyone, people began to think about the ways the internet could help them advance their goals; from online courses to remote work, many people took this chance to see what a digitally-focused world could lead to in the future.
The vast majority of professionals who worked desk jobs were forced to work remotely for months on end in a matter of months without proper protections or at-home offices; this led to sensitive and important corporate information on non-secure servers.
Advised to stay at home and not risk going to the grocery store or any other form of in-person activity such as eating out, people began relying heavily on services that would deliver goods and services right to their front door.
You’re probably familiar with all this--after all, you lived it with the rest of us! But let’s think about what all these aspects have in common: an increased dependence on the internet and an increased willingness to share personal information online. You might think entering your credit card information on a food delivery website is normal, but every time you enter or post any sort of identifying or personal information online, you run the risk of malicious users taking this information and doing what they please with it. And this is a risk that needs to be taken very seriously.
What are Cyber Risks?
Cyber risks have existed for years; it’s certainly not something that emerged in 2020. But what did happen in 2020 was key: more and more people trusting the internet with their personal information and relying on it for basic supplies such as masks, food, water, and more. In addition, user privacy was seriously threatened as the entire young population of the world moved their classes online.
There are lots of cyber risks and new ones are emerging practically every day; however, we can sum up the main ones (and those that gained the most importance in 2020) here:
Phishing attacks have one specific goal: accessing personal and identifying information by posing as a credible and trustworthy source. You’ve probably seen clear attempts at phishing at some point, with poorly written emails with an exaggerated sense of urgency tipping you off. But as artificial intelligence tools, together with natural language processing technology, advance, it’s becoming much easier for phishing attempts to seep through the cracks and convince the user it’s real. With more and more people spending time online, the risk of falling for a phishing scam rose rapidly.
An example of a phishing attack would be a cybercriminal posing as a relative or friend and telling you they’re in trouble and in need of money transferred immediately.
On the other hand, we have ransomware attacks, which is when a user’s system is held hostage by the cybercriminal until they agree to pay a ransom. As we mentioned above, the instant move to remote work left a lot to be desired when it came to at-home security and it took time for companies to adopt VPNs and educate their employees on the risk of working from their personal computer or a public location.
An example of a ransomware attack would be an email sent to your work account impersonating higher management, prompting you to click on a link that would then download the malicious software.
The last common cyber threat is malware, which is similar to ransomware, but has a different objective: instead of trying to get you to pay to regain access to your server, malware seeks to gain access to your server to access the private and important information located on it. Malware is one of the greatest threats to companies who store all of their data on the server, including sensitive company data or private client information.
An example of malware would be if you went to an unsecure or dangerous website on your work computer, where the malware was able to access your software and take control.
Protecting Against Cyber Threats
With the pandemic behind us, it’s time to take what we’ve learned from those chaotic months and move forward, ensuring that our digital assets are properly protected from all kinds of cyber threats. To make sure we cover all of our bases, we’ve broken down our tips for protecting yourself against cyber threats into two areas: personally and professionally.
Personal protection from cyber threats
We put a lot of information on the internet; from pictures of us on our birthdays with our family to entering credit card information online to complete a purchase, it’s kind of astounding how casually we share personal information. And if we start to think about what could happen if that information falls into the wrong hands, the need to take the right steps to protect yourself online becomes even more important.
To protect your personal information from cyber threats, we recommend:
Taking your passwords seriously: it’s definitely easier to use the same password for every account and even easier when it’s something like the name of your first pet or family members. But your passwords block access to incredible amounts of identifying information such as bank information, your personal messages, and your address. It can be tedious to enter a long and complicated password every single time you want to access an account, but it will ultimately lead to a safer internet presence.
Keep up with updates on all your devices and back up your data: your phone and computer (and any other smart device) probably get updates all the time and while updating constantly might be annoying, these updates typically include new security features that are essential for protecting your device.
Educate yourself about potential cyber attacks: cyber attackers are getting good at what they do and they’re more than capable of figuring out which brands and people you trust and imitating them to make you fall for their scam. If you’re unaware of these potential scams or not sure of what the telltale signs are (urgency, spelling/grammar mistakes), it will be much harder to protect yourself from them.
Professional protection from cyber threats
The rise of remote work during the pandemic was welcomed by many: who doesn’t want to get up one minute before work starts or spend all day playing with their dog?! But an unexpected consequence of this was the lack of home security that many have and a new group of challenges.
To protect yourself professionally from cyber threats, we recommend:
Using two-factor authentication: entering a password twice or using another device to authenticate your online access is quite a pain, especially when you were used to just entering your password before. But asking you to verify your information from an entirely separate device means your information is even more secure and hackers won’t be able to log in.
Using VPNs: with employees working remotely from different servers, protecting their access, no matter where they are, has never been more important. VPNs protect their server access, mask their IP address, and encrypt user data. And if you have employees working from different locations, make sure you educate them on the risks of using public WiFi connections.
Educating your team: most cyber risks are relatively new and employees, especially those not in tech, may struggle to understand the importance of taking the right steps towards protecting company information. Inform your team of potential risks, such as phishing attempts and data breaches, to take preventative action before a potential issue becomes a real problem.
The future of cybersecurity is bright, but its recent trajectory has been heavily influenced by the pandemic and the rush of digital advancements seen in recent years. As we continue to let tech run wild and change the way we do pretty much anything, learning to better protect ourselves and our information will become crucial.
If you’re ready to take on the challenge and work to protect the internet from cyber threats, Ironhack’s Cybersecurity Bootcamps are perfectly designed to help you make the most of each and every moment in class, preparing you to enter the workforce immediately after graduation.
What are you waiting for?! We’ll see you in class.
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Dеaling with picky еatеrs can bе a challеnging aspеct of parеnting, but with thе right stratеgiеs and a touch of crеativity, it’s possiblе to еncouragе hеalthy еating habits in childrеn. In this comprеhеnsivе guidе, wе’ll еxplorе practical tips and mouth-watеring rеcipеs dеsignеd to transform mеaltimе battlеs into еnjoyablе and nutritious еxpеriеncеs for both parеnts and picky еatеrs.
1. Idеntifying Picky Eating Bеhaviors
Picky еating is common among childrеn and oftеn manifеsts as a rеluctancе to try nеw foods or a limitеd accеptancе of cеrtain food groups. Undеrstanding thе rеasons bеhind picky еating can hеlp parеnts addrеss thеsе bеhaviors еffеctivеly.
2. Rеasons Bеhind Picky Eating
Factors contributing to picky еating can rangе from sеnsory sеnsitivitiеs, a dеsirе for control, or simply a child’s cautious approach to nеw tastеs and tеxturеs. Acknowlеdging thеsе factors is thе first stеp in addrеssing picky еating habits.
1. Introducing Nеw Foods Gradually
Gеntly introducing nеw foods whilе rеspеcting a child’s pacе can hеlp in еxpanding thеir palatе. Gradual еxposurе to nеw flavors incrеasеs thе likеlihood of accеptancе.
2. Encouraging Involvеmеnt in Food Prеparation
Involving childrеn in mеal prеparation or grocеry shopping oftеn sparks an intеrеst in trying nеw foods. This participation cultivatеs a sеnsе of ownеrship and curiosity about thе mеals bеing prеparеd.
3. Crеating a Positivе Mеaltimе Environmеnt
Sеtting a rеlaxеd and еnjoyablе mеaltimе atmosphеrе hеlps rеducе strеss associatеd with еating. Avoid prеssurе or coеrcion, and instеad, focus on making mеaltimеs plеasant and еngaging.
4. Offеring Hеalthy Food Choicеs
Providе a variеty of hеalthy food options and avoid rеpеatеdly offеring only prеfеrrеd foods. A divеrsе rangе of nutritious choicеs incrеasеs thе chancеs of childrеn еxploring nеw tastеs and tеxturеs.
1. Hiddеn Vеggiе Pasta Saucе
Crеatе a dеlicious pasta saucе packеd with hiddеn vеgеtablеs by blеnding carrots, bеll pеppеrs, and spinach. Pour ovеr pasta for a nutriеnt-rich and tasty mеal.
2. Vеggiе Popsiclеs
Makе fun and hеalthy popsiclеs by blеnding fruits and vеgеtablеs likе bеrriеs, kalе, and yogurt. Frееzе thе mixturе into molds for a rеfrеshing and nutritious snack.
3. Rainbow Fruit Skеwеrs
еncouragе hеalthy еating habits by crеating fruit skеwеrs with a variеty of fruits. Childrеn еnjoy thе vibrant appеarancе and thе fun of еating from a skеwеr.
4. Vеggiе Pizza Crеations
Allow childrеn to dеcoratе thеir own pizza by providing a variеty of vеgеtablе toppings. This involvеmеnt oftеn еncouragеs thеm to try nеw vеgеtablеs.
1. Patiеncе and Pеrsistеncе
Addrеssing picky еating habits takеs timе and pеrsistеncе. Bе patiеnt and avoid crеating unnеcеssary strеss around mеaltimе.
2. Rеspеct Prеfеrеncеs
Rеspеcting a child’s prеfеrеncеs is crucial. Offеr choicеs and еncouragе еxploration, but do not forcе or prеssurе thеm into еating.
3. Consistеncy in Approach
Consistеncy is kеy. Stick to stratеgiеs that work and maintain a positivе approach toward mеaltimеs and introducing nеw foods.
Dеaling with picky еatеrs is a common challеngе for many parеnts, but with patiеncе, crеativity, and a supportivе approach, it’s possiblе to еncouragе hеalthy еating habits in childrеn. By undеrstanding picky еating bеhaviors, implеmеnting еffеctivе stratеgiеs, and introducing dеlicious and nutritious rеcipеs, parеnts can crеatе a positivе mеaltimе еnvironmеnt that nurturеs a child’s intеrеst in divеrsе and hеalthy foods. Rеmеmbеr, it’s not just about thе food but thе еxpеriеncеs and connеctions formеd around mеaltimе that truly mattеr.
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The issue of fraud has existed for any lengthy time inducing the collapse of all companies due to misleading financial reporting and misappropriation of funds. It is also requested the integrity of some key industry players additionally to major accounting firms. Regrettably, fraud is not in any physical form such that it could easily be seen or held. It describes a deliberate act by a few individuals among management, individuals billed with governance, employees, or organizations, involving using deceptiveness to get an unlawful or illegal advantage.
In line with the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, fraud is described as any intentional or deliberate act to deny another of property or money by guile, deceptiveness, or other unfair means. It classifies fraud the next:
Corruption: conflicts of curiosity, bribery, illegal gratuities, and economic extortion.
Cash asset misappropriation: larceny, skimming, check tampering, and fraudulent disbursements, including billing, payroll, and expense reimbursement schemes.
Non-cash asset misappropriation: larceny, false asset requisitions, destruction, removal or inappropriate usage of records and equipment, inappropriate disclosure of non-public information, and document forgery or alteration.
Fraudulent statements: financial reporting, employment credentials, and exterior reporting.
Fraudulent actions by customers, vendors or other parties include bribes or inducements, and fraudulent (rather of erroneous) invoices in the supplier or information in the customer.
Fraud necessitates the motivation to commit fraud plus a perceived chance to get this done. A perceived opportunity for fraudulent financial reporting or misappropriation of assets may exist whenever a person believes internal control may be circumvented, for example, because the individual is ready of trust or has knowledge of specific weaknesses inside the internal control system. Fraud is generally fuelled by three variables: pressures, chance and rationalization as portrayed inside the diagram.
There’s the requirement to separate fraud and error in operating plan preparation and reporting. The distinguishing factor between fraud and error is if the particular action leading towards the misstatement inside the fiscal reports is intentional or unintended. Unlike error, fraud is intentional generally involves deliberate concealment in the details. Error describes an unintended misstatement inside the fiscal reports, like the omission from the amount or disclosure.
Although fraud can be a broad legal concept, the auditor is anxious with fraudulent functions that induce a cloth misstatement inside the fiscal reports and you’ll find 2 kinds of misstatements inside the deliberation over fraud – misstatements brought on by fraudulent financial reporting and people because of misappropriation of assets. (componen. 3 of ISA 240)
Misappropriation of assets necessitates the thievery from the entity’s assets and is accomplished in many ways (including embezzling receipts, stealing physical or intangible assets, or creating a business to pay for services or products not received). It’s frequently based on false or misleading records or documents so that you can hide the fact the assets are missing. Individuals might be motivated to misappropriate assets, for example, because the people are living beyond their means.
Fraudulent financial reporting may be committed because management is pressurized, from sources outdoors and inside the entity, to achieve an anticipated (and perhaps impractical) earnings target – particularly since the effects to manage over neglecting to satisfy financial targets might be significant. It requires intentional misstatements, or omissions of amounts or disclosures in fiscal reports to trick operating plan users. Fraudulent financial reporting could be transported out through:
- Deceptiveness i.e. manipulating, falsifying, or altering of accounting records or supporting documents the fiscal reports are prepared.
- Misrepresentation in, or intentional omission from, the fiscal reports of occasions, transactions, or other significant information.
iii. Intentionally misapplying accounting concepts with regards to measurement, recognition, classification, presentation, or disclosure.
The problem of Auditors’ in Fraud Recognition and Prevention in Financial Reporting
Auditors maintain the audit does not make sure that all material misstatements will probably be detected due to the natural limitation from the audit plus they can buy only reasonable assurance that material misstatements inside the fiscal reports will probably be detected. It is also known that the risk of not finding a cloth misstatement due to fraud is larger when compared with not finding misstatements brought on by error because fraud may involve sophisticated and completely organized schemes designed to hide it, for instance forgery, deliberate failure to record transactions, or intentional misrepresentations being made to the auditor.
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Extracurricular Activities to Build Public Speaking Skills
It’s no secret that extracurricular activities are an important aspect of any high school experience. They allow you to branch outside of your academic interests, pursue your unique passions, and create an outward expression of your values and priorities in a way that will be of utmost importance on your college applications. Simply put, extracurricular activities are an outlet for expressing who you are and what you care about beyond the walls of your classroom.
There is also another advantage to extracurriculars that is less often reflected upon, and that is their ability to build life skills. Usually, we think of extracurriculars as a way that you can pursue the things you’re most interested in and build your profile as a college applicant. It is less often that we think of them as a way in which you can pursue and build the skills that you’ll need to be successful in your future career. Though we think of them in this light less frequently, it is no less a valid reason for pursuing certain activities.
For students who are interested in a career that requires public speaking, or who just want to build public speaking skills to use in other contexts, there are many different extracurriculars to choose from. Some build impromptu speaking skills, while others build rehearsed and even dramatic speaking skills. No matter their exact focus, all build confidence and poise in front of an audience. To learn more about extracurriculars that reinforce and build public speaking skills, keep reading.
Why Build Public Speaking Skills?
There are many career paths that involve public speaking, and many more that involved face-to-face communications on a daily basis. Teachers, lawyers, politicians, performers, and managers all rely on strong public speaking skills to do their work. Beyond that, any professional in an office or team setting will be expected to communicate professionally and confidently with those around them.
Furthermore, public speaking skills also build a foundation of broader soft skills, such as confidence, poise, and composure. These skills can be applied to almost any professional setting, including those that don’t necessarily require any public speaking.
Finally, the skills built by public speaking are the same skills used in a college interview. You will need to present a polished, articulate image of who you are and what matters most to you, often after having rehearsed some anticipated prompts. The soft skills that you build in extracurriculars that involve public speaking will easily translate to the college interview.
Extracurriculars That Build Public Speaking Skills
In mock trial, students enact a modified court trial, with each participant playing the role of someone in a court hearing. Through this activity, students gain experience with the function of the courts while exercising their critical thinking, decision making, and speaking skills in a competitive context. Mock trial participants compete in local and regional contests throughout the year, culminating in a national competition in May of each year.
One unique aspect of mock trial is the potentially tense or emotional scenarios that can be presented. As students take on their parts, they are part-actor, part-presenter. Emotions can run high, and the ability to effectively communicate in a public, stressful setting will be paramount.
Students who participate in mock trial can expect to gain experience with logical reasoning, build confidence, and develop their ability to accept and use constructive criticism. Each of these skills easily translates into public speaking, and mock trial itself is composed almost entirely of students taking turns speaking before the group.
Speech and Debate
Speech and Debate are often the first activities that come to mind when you think about advancing your public speaking abilities. In Speech Competitions, a presentation by a single, a pair, or sometimes even a group of students is judged against a similar presentation by other teams in a round of competition. Specific events vary and range from limited preparation events that require impromptu presentations based on knowledge of current events, to prepared dramatic or humorous interpretations of powerful moments in literature, recreated for an audience.
In Debate competitions, individuals or teams of debaters work to effectively convince a judge that their side of a resolution is more valid than that presented by their competitors. In general, students in debate must work to understand both sides of a resolution, researching each extensively, and learning to think critically about every argument that could be made on each side.
As noted by the National Speech and Debate Association, “each event in speech and debate features a different form of public speaking and requires a unique skill set and talent.” Through participation, you can expect to build a broad variety of public speaking skills, from impromptu, unrehearsed monologues to deeply researched and prepared speeches. By doing so, you will also inevitably build your confidence, poise, and public speaking experience.
Members of Speech and Debate also learn about the nuances of public speaking. They delve into the importance of eye contact and body language, the tools of verbal persuasion, and the ability to think and respond on their feet.
Another way to build your public speaking skills is through participation in the performing arts. This could include anything from theater or dramatic readings to poetry open mic nights. The skills required for these events are generally somewhat different from those required for Speech and Debate or Mock Trial, but they are no less relevant to public speaking.
In theater performance, dramatic readings, or poetry readings, you generally study a script or written piece and then memorize it, before presenting it dramatically to an audience. Sometimes you may be involved with putting on a whole play complete with costumes and sets, while other times you might be staging a brief dramatic reading in your everyday clothes. Whatever the case may be, you will still be practicing your public speaking skills.
For example, in a theater performance or a dramatic reading, you will more or less need to memorize a speech verbatim. There may be times when some improvisation is permitted, or when you are able to glance at some text, but for the most part you go into your performance knowing exactly what you must say and when you must say it. This memorization and presentation process is a valuable one when it comes to delivering powerful public speeches.
Similarly, you will practice your body language, your verbal expression, and your tone ahead of time, perfecting each to take on the character you hope to portray. In the performing arts, the way you say something is just as important as what you say, if not even more so.
By participating in the performing arts, you will continue to build the confidence and poise necessary to deliver a verbal message in front of a group. You will also learn how to project a certain image, and you will develop the ability to appear confident and poised, even when you don’t necessarily feel that way. These types of dramatic skills easily translate into public speaking skills.
Anything Involving Formal Presentations
Finally, public speaking skills can be developed through any activities that require formal presentations, whether they are delivered to a single person or to an entire audience. These types of activities might range from the science fair to tutoring to student council. In each of these activities, you will need to polish a performance to be delivered orally.
When you participate in science fairs, you will need to deliver a presentation about your project to the judges. You will need to outline the work you’ve done, express its importance, and demonstrate your expertise. Successful science fair competitors know that in order to accomplish this, you must practice the delivery of this presentation again and again, ideally receiving some feedback from others along the way. You’ll need to speak clearly and confidently, use precise terminology, and stay poised as you answer sometimes unexpected questions.
When you tutor students, especially if running a tutoring group, you’ll prepare your instruction ahead of time. You’ll need to learn the material to be taught and decide how to present it best. As a tutor, your job is to take complicated material and turn it into a simple presentation that’s easy for others to understand. Summarizing complex content can be a difficult job, but it’s a great skill to practice for public speaking.
Finally, in student council you will often use the tools of verbal persuasion to deliver campaign speeches and, if you’re successful, to address large groups at meetings throughout the year. You’ll need also to develop good listening skills to pair with your speaking skills in order to make sure that your classmates feel heard and validated.
There are many activities that build public speaking skills. While Mock Trial, Speech and Debate, and the Performing Arts are certainly among the most obvious, any activity that includes an element of oral presentation is a great start. By building strong public speaking skills, you prepare for a broad variety of career paths and ensure that you’ll be ready for your college interviews.
For more about extracurricular activities, see these great CollegeVine posts:
- Extracurricular Activities with Animals for High Schoolers
- Extracurriculars for the Prospective BS/MD Student
- Extracurricular Ideas for the Aspiring Journalist
- How To Become President of Your High School Club
- Demonstrating Leadership as a High School Sports Captain
- How to Start a Club in High School
- Community Service Projects for Music Majors
- A Beginner’s Guide to Starting Your Own Business In High School
Want access to expert college guidance — for free? When you create your free CollegeVine account, you will find out your real admissions chances, build a best-fit school list, learn how to improve your profile, and get your questions answered by experts and peers—all for free. Sign up for your CollegeVine account today to get a boost on your college journey.
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The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's International Affairs Program invests in a conservation legacy in the United States and around the world on behalf of the American people. We support on-the-ground conservation that addresses threats and strengthens capacity, provide leadership in international wildlife conservation policy, and implement laws and regulations in the United States to ensure complementarity between trade and conservation.
The Service's International Affairs Program coordinates domestic and international efforts to protect, restore, and enhance the world’s diverse wildlife and their habitats with a focus on species of international concern. We envision a world where all people value nature and conserve living resources for the well-being of life on Earth.
The Service has engaged in international work for more than a century, starting with the 1916 Migratory Bird Treaty with Canada, which was later replicated with Russia and Japan. Across the Service, staff have a long history of collaborating with global partners in wildlife and habitat conservation and in knowledge exchange.
In 1969, Congress amended the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966 to provide protection to species at risk of "worldwide extinction" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. Following its recommendation to convene an international meeting to adopt a convention to conserve endangered species, in 1973 representatives of 80 nations gathered in Washington, D.C. to ratify the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Later that year, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) was signed into law, and in 1975, CITES went into effect.
These matters were initially led by the Service's Office of Endangered Species and International Activities. International Activities then separated from Endangered Species and became the precursor of today's International Affairs Program.
In the 1980s, we expanded our work with Russia and China and launched a financial assistance program through the Multinational Species Conservation Funds, starting with the passing of the African Elephant Conservation Act in 1989.
In 1994, we officially became the Service’s International Affairs Program with three divisions: the Division of International Conservation, which provides financial and technical assistance for wildlife and habitat conservation around the world, and the Divisions of Management Authority and Scientific Authority, which together make up our International Wildlife Trade Program and ensure we meet our obligations under CITES and manage a conservation permitting program.
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I’ve just picked up a post on LinkedIn (here) that labelled the the above sheet as “Developing reflective learners”. Really???
To save your eyesight, here are the two student comments from the bottom of the sheet:
I think that I did well on talking about the formation of ox-bow lakes and identifying river processes. However, I didn’t do well on the formation of waterfalls and advantages and disadvantages of channel straightening.
I need to use PDL structures when I am answering the questions and highlight words from the questions to get a better understanding.
Now I don’t know about you, but to me these scream “comment bank”. Perhaps not a formal bank, but the student clearly has a formula in her head for what will keep the teacher happy. It has everything to do with mollification and nothing to do with grasp of, or passion for, the subject. These comments are utterly inauthentic and will not produce real learning above the level of rôte.
One should not criticise without offering a constructive alternative. Here is mine. To get authentic writing, provide an authentic frame. I asked students write feedback to short-text answers written by their peers, but anonymised. Here is an example:
Well this is obviously the incorrect answer, because if this was the correct answer we would all be dying or dead by now because radiation can kill ! So to help you with this maybe you should think about this a bit more and maybe look for things that happen and where about it occurs, such as in the air, under water etc., then compare them.
Not formulaic, I think you would agree.
Then I went one step further. I asked students to vote on the most useful feedback they had received, and then explain to the feedback writer why it was useful.
This answer is better because it is more detailed and a lot easier to follow, also it actually tells the person why he is wrong but the person doesn’t tell him what the answer is. Also the explanation is supportive and easy to follow so the person trying to follow this explanation so then they can work out what the answer could actually be.
This exercise became the basis of our Peer Feedback feature (logged here if you are a Yacapaca member) and is also used in our CPD modules.
Perhaps ‘reflection’ is an apt metaphor for that assessment feedback sheet. Contrast a mirror that reflects your image unmodified with an artist who must interpret and understand what he sees before he can draw it. The mirror may reflect accurately, but it does not learn.
If you want your feedback exercise to result in worthwhile learning, you must engage your students’ minds. One great way to gain evidence that they are engaged is to ask yourself if their writing is authentic. If you see your own stock phrases being repeated back to you, then sorry, but you have failed.
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Following the exclusionary process, nine studies spanning the years 2011 through 2018 were selected for a qualitative examination. From the 346 patients examined, 37 were male and 309 were female. A broad range of ages, spanning from 18 to 79 years, was observed in the study sample. A spectrum of follow-up durations, from one to twenty-nine months, was observed across the studies. Silk's role in wound management was investigated in three separate studies: one focused on topical application of silk-based products, one on silk-based frameworks for breast reconstruction, and three others on silk undergarments to address gynecological health. Every study revealed positive outcomes, whether evaluated alone or against control groups.
Through a systematic review, the clinical utility of silk products is found to be driven by their structural, immune-system regulating, and wound-healing properties. Further investigation is necessary to corroborate and solidify the advantages presented by these products.
From this systematic review, it's evident that silk products' structural, immune-modulating, and wound-healing characteristics possess significant clinical value. However, more exhaustive studies are required to solidify and validate the advantages these products provide.
A crucial benefit of exploring Mars is not only expanding our knowledge, but also understanding the potential for ancient microbial life forms and discovering invaluable resources beyond Earth—an essential step in preparing for future human missions. For the purpose of aiding aspiring unmanned missions to Mars, particular types of planetary rovers have been created to execute tasks on the Martian surface. Contemporary rovers are challenged by the surface's composition of diversely sized granular soils and rocks, hindering their ability to move through soft soils and climb over rocks. Overcoming these obstacles is the objective of this research, which has developed a quadrupedal creeping robot, its design emulating the locomotion of a desert lizard. Locomotion in this biomimetic robot incorporates swinging movements, enabled by its flexible spine. A four-linkage mechanism is a key component of the leg structure, enabling a dependable lifting motion. The foot's construction involves an active ankle and a round sole with four flexible, grasping toes. This structure is perfectly adapted for handling the unevenness of soils and rocks. Robot movement analysis relies on kinematic models that account for the foot, leg, and spine. The numerical data confirms the synchronous movements observed between the trunk spine and the legs. Experimental results on the robot's mobility in granular soils and rocky surfaces suggest its potential for operation on the terrain of Mars.
Functional bi- or multilayered structures typically comprise biomimetic actuators, where the interplay of actuating and resistance layers dictates bending reactions in response to environmental stimuli. Imitating the adaptive movement of plant stems, particularly the stalks of the resurrection plant (Selaginella lepidophylla), we present polymer-modified paper sheets that function as single-layer, soft robotic actuators, displaying humidity-dependent bending. A tailored gradient modification of the paper sheet, impacting its thickness, boosts dry and wet tensile strength and concomitantly enables hygro-responsiveness. Initial evaluation of the adsorption properties of a cross-linkable polymer on cellulose fiber networks was undertaken for the creation of these single-layer paper devices. By meticulously adjusting concentrations and drying methods, precisely calibrated polymer gradients can be established across the entire material thickness. The covalent interlinking of the polymer with the fibers contributes to a significant rise in both dry and wet tensile strength of these paper samples. Regarding mechanical deflection, we additionally scrutinized these gradient papers' behavior during humidity cycling. Employing a polymer gradient within eucalyptus paper (150 g/m²), treated with IPA (~13 wt%) polymer solution, results in the optimal humidity sensitivity. The design of novel hygroscopic, paper-based single-layer actuators, using a straightforward approach, is explored in this study, highlighting its significant potential for diverse applications in soft robotics and sensing.
Despite the apparent stability in tooth development, a substantial range of dental structures is found in various species, reflecting distinct ecological constraints and survival necessities. The conservation of this evolutionary diversity enables optimized tooth structures and functions under varying service conditions, yielding invaluable resources for rationally designing biomimetic materials. This review synthesizes current data on tooth structures from various mammals, aquatic animals, like human teeth, teeth of herbivores and carnivores, shark teeth, calcite teeth in sea urchins, magnetite teeth in chitons, and transparent teeth in dragonfish, among others. The remarkable diversity of tooth compositions, structures, properties, and functions could potentially inspire further research into the synthesis of advanced materials, mirroring the tooth's exceptional mechanical properties and expanded functional capabilities. A summary of the current pinnacle of enamel mimetic synthesis and its attendant properties is presented. We project that future progress in this domain will demand the utilization of both the protection and the spectrum of tooth types. Our analysis of the opportunities and obstacles in this pathway centers on the hierarchical and gradient structure, the multi-functional design, and a precise, scalable synthesis approach.
Attempts to replicate physiological barrier function in laboratory settings are fraught with difficulty. The dearth of preclinical modeling for intestinal function directly impacts the accuracy of predicting candidate drug performance during the drug development procedure. 3D bioprinting enabled the creation of a colitis-like model, which permits an evaluation of the barrier function of anti-inflammatory drugs nanoencapsulated within albumin. The disease's presence was evident in the 3D-bioprinted Caco-2 and HT-29 models, as shown by histological characterization. The proliferation rates of 2D monolayer and 3D-bioprinted models were also evaluated. The model's compatibility with current preclinical assays allows for its implementation as a valuable tool for predicting efficacy and toxicity in the drug development pipeline.
To evaluate the association between maternal uric acid levels and the risk of pre-eclampsia development in a substantial group of women carrying their first child. A study comparing pre-eclampsia cases (1365) with normotensive controls (1886) was conducted using a case-control design. Pre-eclampsia's clinical definition was established by elevated blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg alongside proteinuria exceeding 300 mg in a 24-hour urine specimen. Early, intermediate, and late phases of pre-eclampsia were analyzed as part of the sub-outcome analysis procedure. medicine containers Using logistic regression, binary for single outcomes and multinomial for multiple outcomes, the multivariable analysis investigated pre-eclampsia and its subdivisions. To confirm the lack of reverse causation, a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies that measured uric acid levels less than 20 gestational weeks was undertaken. selleck products A linear and positive relationship between rising uric acid levels and the presence of pre-eclampsia was noted. An increase of one standard deviation in uric acid levels corresponded to a 121-fold (95% confidence interval 111-133) greater likelihood of developing pre-eclampsia. The magnitude of association for early and late pre-eclampsia showed no divergence. Analysis of three studies measuring uric acid in pregnancies before 20 weeks' gestation revealed a pooled odds ratio for pre-eclampsia of 146 (95% CI 122-175) comparing the highest and lowest quartile of uric acid levels. A potential relationship exists between maternal uric acid concentrations and the incidence of pre-eclampsia. Mendelian randomization studies hold promise for further examining the causal link between elevated uric acid levels and pre-eclampsia.
Investigating the comparative efficacy of highly aspherical lenslets (HAL) in spectacle lenses versus defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) in modulating myopia progression over twelve months. biological optimisation Children prescribed HAL or DIMS spectacle lenses at Guangzhou Aier Eye Hospital, China, formed the dataset for this retrospective cohort study. In order to address the variation in follow-up durations, which included instances of less than one year or exceeding one year, the standardized one-year changes in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) from baseline were calculated. Employing linear multivariate regression models, the mean differences in change between the two groups were assessed. The variables age, sex, baseline SER/AL levels, and treatment were present within the models. A total of 257 children meeting the inclusion criteria were selected for the analyses; 193 were in the HAL group, and 64 were in the DIMS group. Controlling for baseline variables, the mean (standard error) of the standardized one-year changes in SER for HAL and DIMS spectacle lens users displayed -0.34 (0.04) D and -0.63 (0.07) D, respectively. One year after treatment, HAL spectacle lenses showed a 0.29 diopter reduction in myopia progression (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.13 to 0.44 diopters) relative to the use of DIMS lenses. Following the adjustments, children wearing HAL lenses saw a 0.17 (0.02) mm increase in the adjusted mean (standard error) ALs, whereas those wearing DIMS lenses experienced a 0.28 (0.04) mm increase. HAL users' AL elongation was found to be 0.11 mm less than that of DIMS users, within the 95% confidence interval of -0.020 to -0.002 mm. Age at baseline was substantially correlated with the elongation of AL, demonstrating statistical significance. There was less myopia progression and axial elongation in Chinese children who wore HAL-designed spectacle lenses, contrasting with those who wore DIMS-designed lenses.
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It is one of the great ironies of the immediate post-war period that the Wild Life Conservation Special Committee, chaired initially by Dr Julian Huxley then by Sir Arthur Tansley, in producing Command 7122 Conservation of Nature in England and Wales (the first blueprint for statutory habitat conservation in England and Wales), failed to identify what would prove to be the greatest threat of all to the UK’s range of natural and semi-natural ecosystems – namely the mechanisation and intensification of agriculture.
In terms of habitat conservation, Command 7122 and its progeny The National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 were focused on the creation of nature reserves in which scientific research could be carried out on relatively natural ecosystems, while “scattered through the country [were] many small sites of considerable scientific importance”.
Command 7122, Section 214 was at pains to emphasise that these many scattered “Sites of Special Scientific Importance” (later to be termed “Sites of Special Scientific Interest” by Section 23 of the 1949 Act) would not stand in the way of development: It is not suggested that the existence of any such site should hold up plans for development, but that there should be machinery by which its existence could be made known at the earliest stage of planning so that such action as may be possible can be taken for its protection.
Farming practices, however, were not subject to planning control. One is left with the impression that the members of the Wild Life Conservation Special Committee retained a pre-war view of agriculture, a view of agriculture which, until the outbreak of war in 1939, looked remarkably similar to farming carried out a century or even two centuries earlier and in some cases dating back to pre-Norman times. These labour-intensive and in most cases manual practices gave rise to the rich diversity of habitats and species for which the UK countryside was famed and for which UK troops were urged to fight.
Your Britain – Fight for it Now [South Downs]© IWM (Art.IWM PST 14887)
Indeed a succession of committes sat through some of the darkest days of the war to frame the remit of the Wild Life Conservation Special Committee, but neither they nor the members of the Special Committee appear to have recognised that this landscape, which so many people were working or fighting to protect, was already vanishing because agriculture was undergoing a second agrarian revolution. Agriculture was mechanising and doing so at breathtaking speed because German U-boats were in danger of starving the UK into submission by sinking more than 3,500 allied merchant ships during what Churchill dubbed ‘The Battle of the Atlantic’. Indeed he later claimed that the only thing to have frightened him during the war was the U-Boat threat:
U Boote Heraus! [The U-boats Are Out!]© IWM (Art.IWM PST 0515)
So great was the danger of starvation and collapse that War Agricultural Executive Committees (War Ags) were established to encourage and enforce expansion of land under agriculture, with the result that the area of land under agriculture rose from a historic low of 5.2 million hectares in 1938 to almost 8 million hectares by 1945 – the largest area of arable land since formal records began to be collated in 1875 and representing a 50% expansion in just 5 years.
This expansion undoubtedly rescued the UK from starvation but still came at a huge environmental cost. Swathes of formerly unploughed ground, including chalk downlands of the type featured in the ‘Fight for it now’ poster, were put to the plough, while new chemical fertilisers such as nitro-chalk were added to the land to encourage grasses at the expense of rich wildflower communities and their associated extraordinary butterfly populations. Few farms possessed tractors before the war but by the end of the war most farms relied entirely on tractor power.
Post-war planning led to both the Agriculture Act 1947 and the National parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949, but the provisions for habitat conservation contained within this latter Act, based as it was on Command 7122, provided little or no protection from the new force shaping the countryside – namely modern agriculture.
Jump forward almost 70 years across a relentless picture of declining habitats, declining invertebrate assemblages and declining bird populations, and the story of agriculture is picked up by Dieter Helm. The BREXIT vote has shaken many of the UK’s longest-established institutions, but potentially nowhere more so than the possible long-term effects on agriculture. After almost three-quarters of a century supported first by the UK Government and the once-mighty MAFF (now extinct), then by the even more mighty CAP (now heading for the divorce courts), it is not clear who in future will provide shelter for the agricultural industry nor what form the agricultural industry will be forced to take. I am not sure that Dieter’s paper has all the answers, but it certainly asks the right questions about the relationship between the environment, agriculture and land-use support mechanisms:
British Agricultural Policy after BREXIT
His paper can be read as a blog but it is also available as a downloadable PDF, which I find easier to read.
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Studies on molecular hydrogen have evolved tremendously from its humble beginnings and have continued to change throughout the years. Hydrogen is extremely unique since it has the capability to act at the cellular level. Hydrogen is qualified to cross the blood brain barrier, to enter the mitochondria, and even has the ability to translocate to the nucleus under certain conditions. Once in these ideal locations of the cell, previous studies have shown that hydrogen exerts antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties that are beneficial to the cell. Hydrogen is most commonly applied as a gas, water, saline, and can be applied in a variety of other mediums. There are also few side effects involving hydrogen, thus making hydrogen a perfect medical gas candidate for the convention of novel therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, cancer, metabolic, and respiratory diseases and disorders. Although hydrogen appears to be faultless at times, there still are several deficiencies or snares that need to be investigated by future studies. This review article seeks to delve and comprehensively analyze the research and experiments that alludes to molecular hydrogen being a novel therapeutic treatment that medicine desperately needs.
Hydrogen gas (H2), a colorless, tasteless, odorless, non-irritating and highly flammable diatomic gas, has been used in medical applications to prevent decomposition sickness in deep divers. For a long time, H2 was thought to be a “biologically inert gas” which could not react with biomolecules under normal pressure. In 2007, Ohsawa et al. first reported that inhalation of H2 markedly suppressed brain injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion, which made the antioxidant properties of H2 drew wide attention (Ohsawa et al., 2007). Soon afterwards H2 was found to be effective for many other diseases, including hepatic and cardiac hypoxia-ischemia injury, inflammation injury caused by small intestine transplantation, neonatal hypoxia–ischemia injury, and lung allograft, (Fukuda et al., 2007; Buchholz et al., 2008; Cai et al., 2008; Hayashida et al., 2008; Kawamura et al., 2011;). Besides, other ways to administrate H2, such as drinking H2-saturated water, intraperitoneal and intravenous injection of H2-saturated saline (first developed by our group), have also been proved to be effective to many disorders related with oxidative stress, such as cerebral hypoxia-ischemia injury, human typeⅡ diabetes, nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin, Parkinson’s disease and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein (Cai et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2009; Mao et al., 2009; Sun et al., 2009; Zheng et al., 2009; Oharazawa et al., 2010). Up to now, H2 has been proved to be effective to various disease models. Considering the unique antioxidant properties of H2, we believe it is important to review the medical researches of this novel antioxidant in this chapter. The aim of this chapter is to summarize research findings and mechanisms concerning the therapeutic potential of H2.
Link to Full Text
Liu S, Sun X, Tao H. Hydrogen: from a biologically inert gas to a unique antioxidant. In: Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects (Ed. Volodymyr Lushchak). Rijeka: InTech, 2012.
A review of hydrogen as a new medical therapy
In the past few years many initial and subsequent clinical studies have demonstrated that hydrogen can act as an important physiological regulatory factor to cells and organs on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and other protective effects. So far several delivery methods applied in these studies have proved to be available and convenient, including inhalation, drinking hydrogen-dissolved water and injection with hydrogen-saturated saline. This study reviews recent studies on the protectiveness of hydrogen and discusses the possible mechanisms including antioxidant ability as a gaseous signaling molecule, anti-cancer capability and others. It also tries to reveal whether endogenous hydrogen has an important role in the protective system. Nevertheless, there are still many remaining questions in the domain of hydrogen medicine and much work needs to be carried out in the future.
Link to Full Text
Zhang JY, Liu C, Zhou L, Qu K, Wang R, Tai MH, et al. A review of hydrogen as a new medical therapy. Hepatogastroenterology. 2012 Jun;59(116):1026-32.
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Well-meaning advice is abundant when it comes to saving energy. Statements like "switch off the lights when you leave the room" or "don't take the elevator if it's just for one floor" are easy. Changing one's behavior, on the other hand, is very hard as we all know. Wouldn't it be nice then to know, which changes in habit actually make a real difference?
That is where What is Watt comes in, one step before the well-meaning advice. The project lets people see for themselves, which change in habit truly makes a difference. It, therefore, doesn't just save power but also willpower.
The goal of What is Watt is to compare everything with everything. How much energy does my daily train-commute take? (12.8 kWh) How many times can I take one of my famously long hot showers for the same amount of energy? (9 times) Or how many times could I take the elevator for just one floor? (1200 times) In the end, the decision is with each person, if she wants to move closer to her place of work or if she takes a hot shower less often to save energy.
Naturally, these values are highly dependant on the length of the train ride, the duration of the shower or the type of elevator. And not everyone wants to compare the same things. What is Watt is therefore modifiable on multiple levels:
- The readers can select different scenarios and modify their parameters
- New scenarios can be added by interested readers.
- The calculations are transparent and based on open data. So they are contestable.
- Everything is available as an API so that third-parties can have their own spin with the comparisons
Being thus open, a range of people may make use of or contribute to What is watt. For example by adding a new scenario of personal interest. How much energy would, for example, be used by a Bitcoin transaction. Or my model railway. Or e-guitar?
The difficulty in designing What is Watt is, that it needs to be able to accommodate user-added data and stay visually appealing. The design is still work in progress and I will explain some of the reasoning behind the first few iterations.
The first design iteration was strongly inspired by designs of currency converter apps. A genre which is a stomping ground for creative designs.
But already, the case showed to be a bit more complex than these. On one hand, the design should evoke a feeling for the weight of each side in the reader. But at times, differences between to scenarios might be multiple orders of magnitude. This excluded design ideas based on pictorial unit charts like this one:
On the other hand, the design needed to make the parameters visible on which a scenario was based. These could vary widely in number and type. This lead to the following design that accommodates these two constraints:
This design uses circles to hint at the weight each scenario has in terms of energy usage. The circles also remind of electrons orbits around an atom's nucleus. They this subtly reinforce the topic of electricity. Also, the lines represent an abstracted scale which is held in balance. A visual cue that the values on both sides are equal in terms of energy consumption.
During the 2019 Energy Data Hackdays a team of seven continued to evolve What is Watt conceptually. This also led to one important new design constraint. The design should be able to accommodate more than two scenarios that can be compared. This led to some interesting new design ideas based on having some sort of a map of scenarios.
Although these experiments showed new interesting directions, the team concluded that the focus should stay on comparing a few scenarios and the design should not get too abstract or it would lose the appeal it has by being quite specific with the scenarios.
The result of this thinking and experimentation process stays close to the first iteration but expands on it.
The second iteration retains the circular orbit design but gets rid of the balance-analogy in order to present more than two scenarios. It also clarifies the meaning of the parameters by embedding them in a descriptive text. A searchable list of scenarios is always visible to invite readers to try out different scenarios.
The design process is still ongoing and the team is looking forward to making What is watt a reality.
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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5th to 9th grades
What secrets do the stones hold? Within the walls of the ancient castle, we'll listen to stories told by simple household items and learn about the different types of historical sources. We'll discuss the impact of human activity on the preservation of historical values and the achievements of modern technologies that bring life back to destroyed architectural monuments.
This program, dedicated to the life of Estonians several hundred years ago, will attempt to imagine what life was like without electricity, heating, warm showers, and other amenities modern children are accustomed to. We'll learn what a distaff and a beetle are, as well as how to iron clothes without an electric iron. We'll explore the layout of a living Riga in miniature and get acquainted with the ancestor of the modern Kendama.
Terra Mariana, Livonia – that's how beautifully the territory, where our country is located today, was called in the distant Middle Ages. Since then, not only names have changed but also the way of life, social values, systems of urban and state governance. We'll talk about the lives of people from different social classes in Estonia during the Middle Ages, feel like representatives of that time, and experience the "spirit of the age" that filled the hearts and minds of the inhabitants of the medieval city.
Ivan the Terrible, Peter I, Charles XII, J. Stalin, V. Lenin, K. Päts… These names are surely familiar to all modern children. But do they know how these historical figures are connected to Narva? We'll discuss the great commanders and battles that took place in the city's territories and left indelible marks on its appearance. We'll look at the city's military constructions, various types of weapons, and also the uniforms of soldiers from different periods.
From the Height of Long Hermann
From the height of the tower of Narva's castle, a magnificent view of all the city's landmarks opens up: the 15th-century Ivangorod Fortress, the 17th-century river promenade with bastions, the mid-19th-century towers of the Krenholm Manufacturing Company, cathedrals, factories… We'll talk about changes in urban space and architectural decisions of different periods, learn the stories behind the construction of city landmarks that have become Narva's visiting cards.
Cost: €4 per child
Duration: 60 min
Minimum number of participants: 10
Language options: Estonian, Russian, Ukrainian
For every 10 children, one accompanying adult is free of charge, and each additional accompanying adult costs €4.
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CC-MAIN-2025-05
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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