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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fo%20Guang%20Shan
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Fo Guang Shan
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Fo Guang Shan (FGS) () is an international Chinese Mahāyāna Buddhist organization and monastic order based in Taiwan that practices Humanistic Buddhism whose roots are traced to the Linji school of Chan Buddhism. The headquarters, Fo Guang Shan Monastery is located in Dashu District, Kaohsiung, and is the largest Buddhist monastery in Taiwan. The organization is also one of the largest charity organizations in Taiwan. The organization's counterpart for laypeople is known as the Buddha's Light International Association.
Founded in 1967 by Hsing Yun, the order promotes Humanistic Buddhism and is known for its efforts in the modernization of Chinese Buddhism. The order is famous for its use of technology and its temples are often furnished with the latest equipment. Hsing Yun's stated position for Fo Guang Shan is that it is an "amalgam of all Eight Schools of Chinese Buddhism" (). The Fo Guang Shan order has several associated colleges, among them Fo Guang University in Taiwan and University of the West in the United States, which offers undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in both Buddhist Studies and secular fields.
In Taiwan, Hsing Yun is popularly referred to as one of the "Four Heavenly Kings" and Fo Guang Shan is considered one of the "Four Great Mountains" or four major Buddhist organizations of Taiwanese Buddhism, along with Dharma Drum Mountain, Tzu Chi, and Chung Tai Shan.
History
In 1967, Hsing Yun purchased more than 30 hectares in Dashu Township, Kaohsiung County as the site for the construction of a monastery. The groundbreaking ceremony was held on 16 May 1967.
Fo Guang Shan has embarked on many construction projects, including university buildings, shrines, rectories, retirement homes, and a cemetery. In 1975, Fo Guang Shan's iconic 36-metre tall statue of Amitābha Buddha was consecrated. In 1981, 15 years after its establishment, the Great Hero Hall was built. During these times, many other Fo Guang Shan temples outside the order's mother monastery were also built. In May 1997, Hsing Yun announced that he would close the mountain gate of Fo Guang Shan to the general public. His reason in closing the monastery was to give monastics the cloistered atmosphere they need for their Buddhist practice. In practice, many Chinese monasteries have also closed their mountain gates to give a cloistered atmosphere to the temple residents. At the end of 2000, then President Chen Shui-bian of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and government officials from Kaohsiung visited Fo Guang Shan, bringing with them the wish from their constituents that Fo Guang Shan reopen its mountain gate. After due consideration, Fo Guang Shan decided to reopen the monastery to some extent, thereby providing the public a place to practice Pure Land Buddhism. On top of its headquarters being the largest monastery in Taiwan, it has a network of over 300 branches throughout Taiwan.
In the 2010s, Fo Guang Shan began establishment in mainland China, focusing more on charity and Chinese cultural revival rather than Buddhist propagation in order to avoid conflict with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which opposes organized religion. Fo Guang Shan's presence in China increased under the leadership of CCP general secretary Xi Jinping after he started a program to revive traditional Chinese faiths.
As of 2017, the order had over 1,000 monks and nuns, and over 1 million followers worldwide, with branches in fifty countries.
On 5 February 2023 founder Hsing Yun died at his residence at the age of 95 in Kaoshiung, Taiwan. His funeral is scheduled for 12 February 2023.
Activities
Temples and organizations have been established in 173 countries throughout the world, and now encompasses more than 3,500 monastics. The organization emphasizes education and service, maintaining universities, Buddhist colleges, libraries, publishing houses, translation centres, Buddhist art galleries, teahouses, and mobile medical clinics. It has also established a children's room, retirement home, high school and television station.
Social and medical programs
The social and medical programs of Fo Guang Shan include a free medical clinic with mobile units that serve remote villages, an annual winter relief program organized to distribute warm clothing and food supplies to the needy, a children's and seniors' home, wildlife conservation areas to protect living creatures, and a cemetery for the care of the deceased. Fo Guang Shan's social work focuses primarily on helping the poor in remote areas.
The organization also runs orphanages, homes for the elderly, and drug rehabilitation programs in prisons. Fo Guang Shan has also been involved in some international relief efforts.
Educational programs
The educational programs of Fo Guang Shan include four Buddhist colleges, three regular colleges, and various community colleges. The Fo Guang University was established in 2000. It focuses mainly on the humanities and social sciences. The Chinese Buddhist research institute is subdivided into four separate departments; a women's and men's college, and an international and English Buddhist studies department. Tuition fees and lodging are provided by Fo Guang Shan, free of charge. Other prominent universities the order has established include Nanhua University in Taiwan and the University of the West in the United States.
The organization also operates Pu-Men High School in Taipei, Jiun Tou Elementary and Junior High School, Humanities Primary and Junior High School, which provides regular curriculum for students. Fo Guang Shan also has nursery schools, kindergartens, and Sunday schools for children.
Along with Tzu Chi, Fo Guang Shan is the only major Buddhist organization in Taiwan that offers some form of strictly secular education, as opposed to purely religious.
In mainland China, Fo Guang Shan operates numerous cultural education programs and has built several libraries, even having gotten several books published through state controlled media.
Fo Guang Shan Buddha Museum
Building plans for the Fo Guang Shan Buddha Museum (formerly called the Buddha Memorial Center) started with support from the Taiwanese government. The museum's Jade Buddha Shrine is purported to hold tooth relics of the historic Buddha. The site is situated immediately adjacent to the main monastery and covers more than 100 hectares. The complex faces east and is built along a central axial line. Beyond the Welcoming Hall are eight Chinese-styled pagodas on either side of the main avenue leading up to the Bodhi Square, about which are statues of the Buddha's main disciples and of the founders of the principal schools of Chinese Buddhism. The path leads onto the Memorial Hall, which holds several shrines including the Jade Buddha Shrine. Above the hall are four stupas that symbolize the Four Noble Truths. Standing behind but separate from it, there is an enormous seated metal Shakyamuni Buddha 108 meters high. The Center was opened at an international ceremony on 25 December 2011 and the first anniversary celebrated on Christmas Day 2012.
Governance
Board of directors
In 1972, Hsing Yun established a nine-member council, known as the Fo Guang Shan Religious Affairs Committee, later renamed the Fo Guang Shan Board of Directors. These nine members govern and oversee the operations of the order through making appointments to various departments and other temples from within the order’s network. Each of the nine members are elected prior to the resignation, death, or the ending of a term of an abbot. Once elected by members of Fo Guang Shan, the votes are openly counted. The nine members then nominate their next abbot, who in practice was chosen by Hsing Yun personally. Eight members of the council are ordained monastics, and one is a non-voting layperson.
Abbots
Unlike a traditional Mahayana Buddhist monastery, where the incumbent abbot usually selects his successor, Fo Guang Shan directly elects an abbot to head the Order and its temple branches worldwide. The head of the FGS order and all of its branches is the abbot and chief executive of Fo Guang Shan Monastery. The abbot is the chairperson of the Board of Directors, serving a term of six years, with one reappointment by popular vote and, under exceptional circumstances, a second reappointment by two-thirds vote. The abbot is elected by all monastic members of Fo Guang Shan through public vote.
Per tradition, the abbot-elect then begins to use their "inner name", in place of his/her own dharma name, with the first character being Hsin ("心", xin, or heart). In fact, all monastics of Fo Guang Shan have such a name, and several Elders also use theirs publicly. At the beginning of the year, the abbot-elect is inaugurated as the new director of Fo Guang Shan through a traditional dharma transmission ceremony, receiving the robe, bowl, khakkhara, and a copy of the FGS constitution. In the case of Venerable Hsin Bau’s inauguration in 2013, he and 72 other monastics received dharma transmission from Hsing Yun along with him.
Hsing Yun is the only abbot to have served as such for more than two terms and was not elected by the board of directors. In the case of Venerable Hsin Ping, he was also not officially elected, as he was Hsing Yun's designated heir apparent. After Hsin Ping died of sudden illness in 1995, the vice director of Fo Guang Shan, Venerable Hsin Ting was immediately elevated to serve the remaining years of Hsin Ping's term before he was elected to a term in his own right. Abbots have been elected according to FGS's constitution since then.
As with Hsing Yun, emeritus abbots do not leave the order when they retire. They continue to make Dharma talks throughout the world and become elder teachers of the order in their later years.
Dharma propagation
Dharma programs of Fo Guang Shan include lectures given in prisons and factories; programs on television, radio, and online, large-scale public lectures in Taiwan and overseas, and the five precepts initiation given twice a year at the monastery.
All branches of Fo Guang Shan organize pilgrimages to bring devotees to the monastery from different parts of Taiwan and overseas. Once pilgrims arrive, they are free to make use of all of the different activities that are open to the general public.
An exception is made in mainland China, as the order focuses strongly on cultural exchange rather than religion as a way to introduce Buddhist ideas, as proselytizing is illegal in China.
Fo Guang Shan's approach to Dharma propagation focuses on simplifying Buddhism in order to make it more appealing to the masses. The organization is known for utilizing modern marketing techniques and methods to preach such as the use of laser shows and multimedia displays. Fo Guang Shan temples have no entrance fee, and do not allow many of the practices commonly found in other Chinese temples, such as fortune-telling or the presence of sales vendors. Despite the popularity of the organization, Fo Guang Shan has received criticism for being "too focused on commercialism, expanding its membership base, and building large temples." (Schak and Hsiao)
Objectives
To propagate Buddhist teachings through cultural activities
To foster talent through education
To benefit society through charitable programs
To purify human hearts and minds through Buddhist practice
Mottos
Official motto
The Four Verses of Fo Guang Shan and BLIA
May kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity pervade all worlds;
May we cherish and build affinities to benefit all beings;
May Chan, Pure Land, and Precepts inspire equality and patience;
May our humility and gratitude give rise to great vows.
BLIA guidelines
Offer others confidence
Offer others joy
Offer others hope
Offer others convenience
Abbots and directors
Branches
Fo Guang Shan Mabuhay Temple, Philippines
Zu Lai Temple, Cotia, Brazil
Chung Tian Temple, Queensland, Australia
Hsi Lai Temple, California, US
Nan Hua Temple, South Africa
Nan Tien Temple, Berkeley, Australia
Fo Guang Shan Temple, Auckland, New Zealand
Fo Guang Shan Temple, Toronto, Canada
Guang Ming Temple, Central Florida, US
London Fo Guang Shan Temple, UK
Fo Guang Shan New York Temple. New York, US
See also
Buddhism in Taiwan
Four Great Mountains (Taiwan)
Four Heavenly Kings (Taiwan)
Linji school
Buddha's Light International Association
Beautiful Life Television
Fo Guang University
University of the West
References
Bibliography
Chandler, Stuart (2002). Globalizing Chinese Culture, Localizing Buddhist Teachings: the Internationalization of Foguangshan, Journal of Global Buddhism 3, 46–78
Chandler, Stuart (2004). Establishing a Pure Land on Earth: The Foguang Buddhist Perspective on Modernization and Globalization. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
External links
Religious organizations established in 1967
Buddhist orders
Buddhist organizations based in Taiwan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Brunson
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Andrew Brunson
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Andrew Craig Brunson (born January 3, 1968) is an American pastor and a teaching elder of the Evangelical Presbyterian Church. Brunson was an evangelical pastor of the Izmir Resurrection Church, a small Protestant church with about 24 congregants. German news service T-Online describes the church as having been held in a room in a tenement. Brunson was arrested in October 2016 in Turkey, where he had lived since the mid-1990s, for being associated with the Gülenist Terror Group (FETÖ) and the PKK as well as espionage, during the purges following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt against the democratically elected government of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (along with the arrests of tens of thousands of Gulenist Turkish military personnel, civil servants, educators, academics, dissidents, and journalists). In 2019, Brunson published a memoir about his ordeal.
On September 28, 2017, Erdoğan unsuccessfully proposed exchanging Brunson for Fethullah Gülen, an Islamic preacher accused of supporting the coup attempt from his exile in the United States. On August 1, 2018, the United States Department of Treasury imposed sanctions on two top Turkish government officials who were involved in the detention of Brunson, Turkish Justice Minister Abdulhamit Gül and Interior Minister Suleyman Soylu. On August 9, U.S. President Donald Trump raised tariffs on Turkish products. Erdogan followed with tariffs on U.S. products.
On October 12, 2018, Brunson was convicted, by Turkish authorities, on the charge of aiding terrorism, but sentenced to time served. He was released from Turkish custody and immediately returned to the United States.
Arrest
Andrew Brunson is originally from Black Mountain, North Carolina. He is married and has three children. Brunson lived in Turkey for 23 years where he served as pastor of the Izmir Resurrection Church. Brunson, who was applying for Turkish permanent residency, was imprisoned on October 7, 2016, as part of the purges that followed the failed 2016 coup attempt. His wife, Norine, was initially arrested alongside him, but was released after 13 days. For a time Brunson was held with 21 others in a cell that was made for eight prisoners. He reportedly lost over while he was in prison. He was moved to house arrest on July 25, 2018.
Indictment
The Turkish government primarily claimed that Brunson was a member of the Gülen movement, but also claimed that he worked with the banned Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), and claimed that he was involved with American espionage, among other things. In addition, they claimed that he was interested in overthrowing the Turkish government and that he supposedly helped plan the coup, which he denied.
Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu claimed that the case was triggered by a complaint from a translator. The Turkish government claimed that they didn't know about the case until the consulate addressed it.
The trial caused a major public diplomatic row between the United States and Turkey. The United States stood firm in its argument that the trial was unacceptable because the government "has not seen credible evidence Mr. Brunson is guilty of a crime and are convinced that he is innocent"., as the State Department said in a statement. The Trump administration insisted that the Turkish government free Brunson entirely. Turkey objected to this on the basis of this being an interference with the country's sovereignty.
Erdogan objected to the idea of interfering with the courts, arguing that he shouldn't on the basis that they are independent.
Hearings
In May 2018, a hearing for his case occurred in Aliaga that lasted eleven hours. The judge dismissed all of Brunson's defense witnesses without listening to any of their testimony.
The prosecution used secret witnesses who "testified through video monitors that distorted their faces and voices in order to conceal their identities".
Sandra Jolley, vice chair of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom attended the case, and released the following statement:
"We leave the courthouse with serious concerns. Today's eleven hours of proceedings were dominated by wild conspiracies, tortured logic, and secret witnesses, but no real evidence to speak of. Upon these rests a man's life" She described the judge's decision not to allow any of the witnesses called by Brunson's defense to testify on his behalf as "simply unconscionable". The judge would relent in a later hearing. Hearings were held on July 13, 2018.
At his final hearing on October 12, 2018, several prosecution witnesses retracted their earlier statements which led to his release that same day.
Trial
Brunson was held for over a year without charges. Turkish prosecutors charged Brunson with involvement in the failed July 2016 coup attempt. Turkish media reported that Brunson had been accused of espionage and attempting to overthrow the government. He was originally charged with having links to FETÖ and PKK (both are considered terrorist organizations by the Turkish state). The New York Times reported that two secret witnesses accused Brunson of "hosting Kurdish refugees in a guesthouse and holding services and gatherings sympathetic to the PKK". Brunson denied helping the coup, and denied he had intentionally had contact with either group blamed for the coup. He was one of 20 American citizens who were prosecuted in connection with the post-coup purges.
Fethullah Gülen network ("FETÖ")-related
Court documents said that a photo of maqluba, a popular Levantine rice dish, was found on Brunson's phone. The court documents described maqluba as a "Gulenist delicacy". The Asheville Citizen-Times says that it mentions that Brunson's daughter, who was raised in Turkey, had sent the offending video of the maqluba to his iPhone, which was found by the Turkish government. The Turkish government alleges that it is eaten in Gülenist safe houses.
According to Slate, "The case against Brunson is reportedly based on the testimony of an undisclosed witness, though reports vary as to what exactly the witness alleges. In one version, Brunson attended a Gülenist event. In another, he spoke positively once about relations between Christians and the movement." Brunson was charged with "membership in an armed terrorist organization", "gathering state secrets for espionage, attempting to overthrow the Turkish parliament and government, and to change the constitutional order".
Brunson contacted the chair of Amnesty International in Turkey, Taner Kilic, to ask about his residency permit nine times. Kilic would later be indicted as a member of the alleged Gülenist organization on the grounds that he allegedly had a particular secure messaging app on his phone, which he denies, and opening a bank account. Because of this, Brunson's prior contact with the lawyer was deemed retroactively terrorist in nature.
A secret witness claimed to have overheard a supposed "Israeli missionary" say that Brunson attended an alleged March 2013 event at an Istanbul convention center where the attendees supposedly plotted the Gezi Park protests. It was claimed that Brunson possessed a list containing information for gas station workers in Turkey's southeast,' 'railway employees,' or 'soldiers to get in contact with in relation to this supposed planning.
Another secret witness involved claimed that they could not understand what the information meant, possibly that certain locations were supposedly meant to be "logistics centers".
PKK-related
The prosecution claimed that Brunson was a collaborator with armed Kurdish groups, that he went to YPG territory in Syria (specifically Kobani and Turkey's Suruç district), and that he wanted to Christianize Kurdistan and have it be a Christian state.
Brunson claimed that he evangelized Syrian refugees without regard to their ethnic identity, and strongly denied the idea that he had any connection with PKK members.
The prosecution claimed that there was GPS data that placed him near the Syrian border. According to a July 2018 article in World by Aykan Erdemir and Merve Tahiroglu, there was a photograph that features both Brunson and a man wearing a yellow, red, and green scarf, which is presented as proof of his involvement with Kurdish nationalist terrorism.
It is claimed by the prosecution that Brunson published Kurdish Bibles. It is also claimed that he was part of an operation to help Kurdish families write asylum letters to Canada that strongly criticized the AKP and MHP.
US-related
The prosecution claimed that Brunson helped the CIA with the attempted coup.
In relation to claims about Christianity, the indictment also made the claim that there was a so-called "Mormon Gang" within American intelligence.
It was alleged by one of the witnesses that Brunson's church was supposedly a waypoint for co-ordinates between the CIA and YPG due to alleged support for the PKK.
Brunson was accused of attending an event in a Turkish hotel where the American anthem was allegedly playing and several Turkish college students put their right hand on their heart and made vows, which the prosecution further alleges was some kind of "brainwashing" of these alleged students.
Christianity-related
The indictment also made many other broad claims about Christianity and the United States government that the Asheville Citizen-Times described as conspiracy theories.
According to the Asheville Citizen-Times, the indictment contained a "lengthy discourse on the alleged influence of Mormons in Turkey" (Brunson is not Mormon). According to World, the secret witness was specifically concerned with English teachers at the nation's "military high schools". The secret witness also made claims about them missing fingers. Brunson is not Mormon, but is alleged to have LDS contacts, which they further allege is suspicious.
According to the Asheville Citizen-Times, it also contained an accusation that every church in the United States is connected to some organization with the acronym "CAMA", that "holds sway over" every one of them. The indictment also made the claim that every evangelical missionary and Mormon missionary who wants to leave the United States must have permission from this organization, indicating that they allege that it influences both. (However, Protestants and Mormons have many theological disagreements.) This group is unfamiliar to Christian officials within the ACLJ, who view it as an "unfounded" theory.
It was also alleged by the prosecution that there are websites on the internet that describe Turkish president Erdogan as the Antichrist, and the indictment almost suggests it as a motive for Brunson, a Christian, to help the coup plotters. The Citizen-Times argued that theory is most likely overshadowed by theories regarding more popular leaders, wildly obscure, and not likely to be widely believed in.
Further claims by Turkish media
A December 14, 2016, a Sabah daily news story, said to be based on an informant, claimed that Brunson, while dispensing aid among Syrian refugees, tried to divide Turkey with sermons praising Gülenism and by speaking in support of the banned Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). The pro-Erdogan administration newspaper Takvim alleges that Brunson was a "high-level member of the Gülen movement" and an American spy, positioned to become CIA chief in Turkey had the 2016 coup attempt succeeded. Takvims editor-in-chief, Ergun Diler, alleged that Brunson fended off an assassination attempt thanks to his intelligence agency training, further claiming that Brunson was influential all over the region. Diler speculated that the CIA would assassinate Brunson in prison if it thought he would not be deported back to the U.S.
Reactions
In April 2018, a bipartisan group of U.S. senators led by North Carolina senator Thom Tillis sent a letter to Erdoğan stating they were "deeply disturbed that the Turkish government has gone beyond legitimate action against the coup plotters to undermine Turkey's own rule of law and democratic traditions."
Brunson has said, "I am not a member of an Islamic movement. I have never seen any member of FETÖ [the Gülen movement] in my life." In a March 2017 letter to U.S. President Donald Trump through an attorney with the American Center for Law and Justice, Brunson said, "Let the Turkish government know that you will not cooperate with them in any way until they release me."
According to a February 2017 letter to the president of Turkey signed by 78 members of the U.S. Congress, "There appears to be no evidence to substantiate the charges against him for membership in an armed terrorist organization."
A petition for the release of Brunson was launched on the White House's "WE the PEOPLE" citizen petitions website in February 2017, but was later closed without garnering enough signatures. The American Center for Law and Justice launched similar petitions on its main website and the website of its Be Heard Project.
The Evangelical Presbyterian Church of America called for a prayer and fasting October 7–8, 2017 for Brunson's release.
In October 2017, Ihsan Ozbek, chairman of the Association of Protestant Churches in Turkey, told The New York Times, "Andrew was a normal American Christian; he is not a spy. I know him".
International relations
Trump brought this issue up with Erdogan at a meeting on May 13, 2017.
On September 28, 2017, Erdoğan said the United States should exchange Pennsylvania-based Islamic preacher Fethullah Gülen with Pastor Andrew Brunson, saying "You have a pastor too. Give him to us. ... Then we will try [Brunson] and give him to you." The federal judiciary alone determines extradition cases in the U.S. An August 2017 decree gave Erdogan authority to approve the exchange of detained or convicted foreigners with people held in other countries. Asked about the suggested swap on September 28, 2017, U.S. State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert said: "I can't imagine that we would go down that road. ... We have received extradition requests for [Gülen]." Anonymous U.S. officials have said to reporters that the Turkish government has not yet provided sufficient evidence for the U.S. Justice Department to charge Gülen.
On October 11, 2017, departing U.S. Ambassador to Turkey John R. Bass said Brunson "appears to be being held simply because he's an American citizen who as a man of faith was in contact with a range of people in this country who he was trying to help, in keeping with his faith".
In June 2018, a bipartisan bill changing the NDAA to block the transfer of F-35 fighter jets to Turkey was authored by senators Thom Tillis (R-NC) and Jeanne Shaheen (D-NH) and was passed through Congress. Alongside a third senator, Senator James Lankford (R-OK), special legislation was created with the intent of preventing Turkey from "working to degrade NATO interoperability, exposing NATO assets to hostile actors, degrading the security of NATO member countries, seeking to import weapons from a foreign country under sanction by the U.S., and wrongfully or unlawfully detaining any American citizens." The senators expressed concerns about Turkey's growing ties to Russia and their concerns about the Brunson case.
On July 5, 2018, in anticipation of Pastor Brunson's third day of trial, 98 Members of the European Parliament, from all political groups and 21 countries, sent an open letter to remind President Erdoğan of "the European and International commitments of the Republic of Turkey in regard to freedom of religion, to the prohibition of arbitrary detention, and to the right to a fair trial." They especially protest "against the fact that Pastor Brunson had to wait almost a year and half before being indicted" and against "the fact that the indictment associates 'Christianization' with terrorism, considering the Christian faith as endangering Turkey's unity, while Christianity has been peacefully present in this land long before the current Republic of Turkey."
On July 18, 2018, President Trump tweeted President Erdogan calling for Brunson's release. Trump called the Turkish government's refusal to release Brunson a "total disgrace", described him as being "held hostage" and defended Brunson against the government's accusations. On the same day, President Trump released a tweet, stating that the United States would impose sanctions on Turkey due to Brunson's detention.
According to The Independent, Turkey moving Brunson to house arrest on July 25 was seen as "too little, too late" by American authorities and a phone call between the two countries on July 26 was described as "not going well". It associates the July 25 swap with the release of a Turkish citizen by Israel on July 15, as it is claimed that there was an offer for a swap between the two.
On August 1, 2018, the United States Department of Treasury imposed sanctions on two top Turkish government officials who were involved in the detention of Brunson, Turkish Justice Minister Abdulhamit Gül and Interior Minister Suleyman Soylu. Daniel Glaser, the former Treasury official under President Barack Obama, said: "It's certainly the first time I can think of" the U.S. sanctioning a NATO ally. "I certainly regard it as a human rights violation to unlawfully detain somebody, so I think it falls within the scope of the Global Magnitsky Act."
On August 9, 2018, Trump raised tariffs on Turkish aluminum and steel to 20 and 50 percent, respectively. Erdogan reacted on August 14 by placing tariffs of 120 and 140 percent on U.S. cars and alcohol. Commentators such as Vox's Jen Kirby have pointed to the pivotal role Brunson's case plays in it.
Turkish President Erdogan described American actions in the case as choosing a pastor above the strategic relationship between Ankara and Washington, and that Washington has "turned their back on" Ankara, stating that it "annoyed" and "upset" them.
According to The Washington Post, there was supposedly a deal to free Brunson if the U.S. would ask Israel to free a Turkish citizen accused of being part of Hamas, which fell through. According to a White House official, "Turkey missed a real opportunity. Pastor Brunson is not a bargaining chip." Senior Turkish officials deny the existence of such a deal. A report from The Economist said diplomatic talks involving Brunson on one side and Halkbank's Atilla on the other came close to success but then broke down over Turkish interest in stopping further Halkbank investigations. Brunson was moved to house arrest in Turkey from prison there following these negotiations.
U.S. repatriot
Release
On Friday, October 12, 2018 Brunson was released and flown to the United States, where he met in the Oval Office with President Trump the next day.
Prison memoir
American politics
Since his return, Brunson has become involved in US political activism, telling a group including many Republican members of Congress that the United States is the new "Babylon" due to not following Christian nationalist social policies.
Rumor of would-be assassination
In 2020, a Turkish ex secret service agent imprisoned in Argentina, Serkan Kurtulus, said to reporters that in 2016, when Brunson was in Turkey, individuals with ties to the Turkish government had requested for Kurtulus to recruit someone to assassinate Brunson with the intention of making the assassination appear the work of individuals within exiled Turkish preacher Fethullah Gülen's Hizmet network, Kurtulus's saying that the officials had asked him "to find a young person, a religious person who would sacrifice himself for the nation". A spokesperson for the Turkish Embassy in Washington, D.C., denied Kurtulus's claim.
See also
2016–present purges in Turkey
Human rights in Turkey
Hostage diplomacy
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
20th-century Protestant religious leaders
21st-century Protestant religious leaders
American humanitarians
American people imprisoned abroad
American Presbyterian ministers
Turkey–United States relations
People convicted on terrorism charges
People from Black Mountain, North Carolina
People from İzmir
People involved in the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt
Political repression in Turkey
Prisoners and detainees of Turkey
Religious leaders from North Carolina
Terrorism in Turkey
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School alumni
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
20th-century American clergy
21st-century American clergy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-inch/50-caliber%20gun
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3-inch/50-caliber gun
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The 3"/50 caliber gun (spoken "three-inch fifty-caliber") in United States naval gun terminology indicates the gun fired a projectile in diameter, and the barrel was 50 calibers long (barrel length is 3 in × 50 = ). Different guns (identified by Mark numbers) of this caliber were used by the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard from 1900 through to 1990 on a variety of combatant and transport ship classes.
The gun is still in use with the Spanish Navy on Serviola-class patrol boats.
Early low-angle guns
The US Navy's first 3"/50 caliber gun (Mark 2) was an early model with a projectile velocity of per second. Low-angle (single-purpose/non-anti-aircraft) mountings for this gun had a range of 7000 yards at the maximum elevation of 15 degrees. The gun entered service around 1900 with the s, and was also fitted to s. By World War II these guns were found only on a few Coast Guard cutters and Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships.
Low-angle 3"/50 caliber guns (Marks 3, 5, 6, and 19) were originally mounted on ships built from the early 1900s through the early 1920s and were carried by submarines, auxiliaries, and merchant ships during the Second World War. These guns fired the same ammunition used by the following dual-purpose Marks, but with range limited by the maximum elevation of the mounting. These were built-up guns with a tube, partial-length jacket, hoop and vertical sliding breech block.
Dual-purpose guns of the World Wars
Dual-purpose 3"/50 caliber guns (Marks 10, 17, 18, and 20) first entered service in 1915 as a refit to , and were subsequently mounted on many types of ships as the need for anti-aircraft protection was recognized. During World War II, they were the primary gun armament on destroyer escorts, patrol frigates, submarine chasers, minesweepers, some fleet submarines, and other auxiliary vessels, and were used as a secondary dual-purpose battery on some other types of ships, including some older battleships. They also replaced the original low-angle 4"/50 caliber guns (Mark 9) on "flush-deck" and s to provide better anti-aircraft protection. The gun was also used on specialist destroyer conversions; the "AVD" seaplane tender conversions received two guns; the "APD" high-speed transports, "DM" minelayers, and "DMS" minesweeper conversions received three guns, and those retaining destroyer classification received six.
These dual-purpose guns were "quick-firing", meaning that they used fixed ammunition, with powder case and projectile permanently attached, and handled as a single unit weighing 34 pounds (as opposed to older guns and/or heavier guns, in which the shell and powder are handled and loaded separately, which reduces the weight of each handled component, but slows the loading process). The shells alone weighed about 13 pounds including an explosive bursting charge of 0.81 pounds for anti-aircraft (AA) rounds or 1.27 pounds for High Capacity (HC) rounds, the remainder of the weight being the steel casing. Maximum range was 14,600 yards at 45 degrees elevation and ceiling was at 85 degrees elevation. Useful life expectancy was 4300 effective full charges (EFC) per barrel.
This is not to be confused with the "rapid-fire" of later gun mounts that used an autoloader mechanism to insert the fixed QF ammunition into the breech. This in turn is not to be confused to a fully automatic gun. The autoloader was still manually filled with shells.
Submarine deck guns
The 3"/50 caliber gun Marks 17 and 18 was first used as a submarine deck gun on R-class submarines launched in 1918–1919. At the time it was an improvement on the earlier 3"/23 caliber gun. After using larger guns on many other submarines, the 3"/50 caliber gun Mark 21 was specified as the standard deck gun on the Porpoise- through s launched in 1935–1942. The small gun was chosen to remove the temptation to engage enemy escort vessels on the surface. The gun was initially mounted aft of the conning tower to reduce submerged drag, but early in World War II it was shifted to a forward position at the commanding officer's option. Wartime experience showed that larger guns were needed. This need was initially met by transferring 4"/50 caliber guns from S-class submarines as they were shifted from combat to training roles beginning in late 1942. Later, the 5"/25 caliber gun, initially removed from battleships sunk or damaged in the attack on Pearl Harbor and later manufactured in a submarine version, became standard.
Cold War anti-aircraft gun
During the final year of the Second World War, it was found that multiple hits from Oerlikon 20 mm cannon and Bofors 40 mm guns were often unable to shoot down high-speed Japanese kamikaze aircraft at short ranges before they hit Allied ships; the 3-inch/50 caliber gun was adopted as a more powerful replacement for these weapons.
The 3-inch/50 caliber gun (Mark 22) was a semiautomatic anti-aircraft weapon with a power-driven automatic loader and was fitted as single and twin mounts. The single mount was to be exchanged for a twin 40 mm antiaircraft gun mount, and the twin 3-inch/50 for a quadruple 40 mm mount, on s, and and s. Although intended as a one-for-one replacement for the 40 mm mounts, the new mounts were heavier than expected, and on most ships, the mounts could only replace Bofors guns on a two-for-three basis. The mounts were of the dual purpose, open-base-ring type and the right and left gun assemblies were identical. The mounts used a common power drive that could train at a rate of 30 degrees/second and elevate from 15 degrees to 85 degrees at a rate of 24 degrees/second. The cannon was fed automatically from an on-mount magazine which was replenished by two loaders on each side of the cannon.
With proximity fuze and fire-control radar, a twin 3-inch/50 mount firing 50 rounds per minute per barrel was considered more effective than a quad Bofors 40 mm gun against subsonic aircraft, but relatively ineffective against supersonic jets and cruise missiles. Destroyers that were modernized during the Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization (FRAM) program of the 1960s had their guns removed. Experimentation with an extended range variant the fully automatic 3"/70 Mark 26 gun was abandoned as shipboard surface-to-air missiles were developed. The United States Navy considered contemporary 5"/38 caliber guns and 5"/54 caliber Mark 42 guns more effective against surface targets. In 1992, the 3-inch/50 caliber main battery on was removed and was supposedly the last 3-inch/50 caliber gun in service aboard any US warship, although US Navy s retained their forward mounts until was decommissioned in 1994. The gun is still in service on warships of the Philippine Navy.
The 17 s mounted a single 3-inch/50 Mk 34 as their primary armament.
Ships mounting 3"/50 caliber guns
World War I
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
R-class submarines
cruisers
s
s
s
s
s
World War II
The 3-inch/50 was standard-issue on at least 63 classes of ships that have a strong association with World War II.
The total number of vessels amounts to
10 light cruisers
119 submarines (est. maximum 119 installed)
498 destroyer escorts and frigates (1494 installed, 111 removed)
1110 patrol boats, mine sweepers and submarine chasers (1110 up to 1453 installed)
161 landing craft / amphibious assault ships (247 installed)
116+ auxiliaries (274 installed)
Submarines listed here were built in the 1930s under the limitations of the Washington Naval Treaty and its successors during a period of isolationism and economic austerity. The division into classes was typically a result of construction during a particular fiscal year, but the number built each year was small.
The Gatos became a mass produced iteration of this line of research and development, because they coincided with the Two-Ocean Navy Act.
Starting with the class of submarines, the 5-inch/25-caliber gun became the standard deck gun of the US Navy
2 (FY33)
10 Porpoise (FY34, FY35)
6 (FY36)
10 (FY37, FY38)
12 (FY39, FY40)
2 (FY40)
77 (FY41)
Destroyer escorts were a relative late-comer with production commencing in 1942
Thus they were all mass produced. They were quick to build and entered service in 1943.
Later war-time classes had a main armament of two 5-inch/38, APD conversions had one such gun. Separation into classes is a result of different propulsion systems used and whether or not torpedoes were carried.
3 guns per vessel
probably all manually loaded Mark 21 or Mark 22
65 (diesel-electric, short hull, no torpedoes)
102 (turbo-electric, 3 torpedoes)
37 converted to APDs after commissioning, all 3-inch guns removed
72 (diesel-electric, 3 torpedoes)
85 (geared diesel, 3 torpedoes)
78 s
32 of 97 Evarts and 46 of 148 Buckley converted before commissioning, all 3-inch guns retained
75 s (3 guns per ship)
essentially a destroyer escort with a merchant hull and triple expansion steam engines)
21 s (3 guns per ship)
21 of 96 Tacoma in Royal Navy service
Converted destroyers of the WW1-era and classes were equipped with 3-inch/50 guns while being converted to high speed transports (3 guns), minelayers (3), minesweepers (3) or seaplane tenders (2).
Patrol boats of less than 1000 tons, some of which were wooden boats. These minesweepers were equipped with anti-submarine warfare equipment and their designs are closely related to the submarine chasers. Submarine chasers can be characterized as smaller, cheaper, coastal waters destroyer escorts. All ships in this group used diesel propulsion.
2 s (1 per boat)
343 s (1 or 2 per boat)
123 s (1 per boat)
68 s (1 per boat
95 s (1 per boat)
481 yard minesweepers (1 per boat)
Amphibious Assault Ships
130 Landing Craft Support (1 per vessel)
Attack transports
Based on pre-war cargo ships
8 (4 per ship)
2 (4 per ship)
5 (4 per ship)
(4)
(1)
Type C3 ship
7 (4 per ship)
3 (4 per ship)
2 (2 per ship)
Type P1 ship
2 (4 per ship)
Auxiliary vessels, typically made of a cargo or tanker hull
T1 tanker
23 s (4 per ship)
34 s (1 per ship)
T2 tanker
16 (geared turbine) s (4 per ship)
14 (turbo-electric) s (4 per ship)
12 (turbo-electric) s (4 per ship)
T3 tanker
5 s (4 per ship)
23 of 35 s (4 per ship)
C1 Cargo
63 s (C1-M-AV1) (1 per ship)
C2 Cargo
7 s (C2-S-B1) (4 per ship)
2 s (C2-S-AJ1) (4 per ship)
8 s (C2-S-AJ1) (4 per ship)
7 s (4 per ship)
C3 Cargo
4 s (4 per ship)
Liberty Ships
18 s (Z-ET1-S-C3) (1 per ship)
48 of 65 s (EC2-S-C1) (1 per ship)
16 s (Z-EC2-S-C5) (2 per ship)
11 s (EC2-S-C1) (1 per ship)
40 s (1 per ship)
15 s (1 per ship)
32 s (1 per ship)
10 s (1 per ship)
12 s (1 per ship)
49 s (1 per boat)
29 fleet tugs (1 per boat)
27 fleet tugs (1 per boat)
17 s (1 per ship)
6 s (3 or 4 per ship)
9 s (2 per ship)
3 s (1 per ship)
2 s (2 per ship)
4 s (1 per ship)
13 s (1 per ship)
6 s (1 per ship)
20 s (1 per ship)
Others
s (8 per ship, upgraded from 2)
the only vessels in the World War II category that had any armor.
s
Post–World War II
Individual ships:
– built with 2 twin mounts
– built with 4 twin mounts, reduced to 2 during 1967 refit (Canada)
– refit with 7 twin mounts
– built with 4 twin mounts
– built with 2 single mounts
– built with 6 twin mounts
Ship classes:
s – refit up to 6 guns
s – built with 4 twin mounts
s – built with one Mark 33 twin mount forward (Canada)
s – built with a single mount
– built with 4 single mounts
s – built with 4 twin mounts
s – refit up to 20 guns
s – built with 2 single mounts
s – built with 4 twin mounts
s – built with 1 twin and 1 single mount
s – built with 4 twin mounts
s – built with 2 single mounts
s – built with 3 twin mounts
s – built with 1 twin and 2 single mounts
s – built with 2 twin mounts
s – built with 10 twin mounts
s – refit up to 24 guns
s – built with 2 twin mounts
s – refit up to 6 guns
s – built with 2 twin mounts
s – refit up to 6 guns
s – converted from Liberty ships with 2 single mounts
s – built with 4 twin mounts, some reduced to 2 mounts to provide space for missile launchers
s – built with 4 twin mounts
s – built with 2 twin mounts
s – built with one Mark 33 twin mount aft except , which received two Mark 33 twin mounts (one forward, one aft) (Canada)
s – built with 4 twin mounts
s – refit up to 40 guns
s – built with 4 or 6 twin mounts
s – built with 2 twin mounts
s – built with 4 twin mounts
s – built with one Mark 33 twin mount aft, those refitted to the Improved Restigouche configuration had them removed (Canada)
s – built with 2 twin mounts
s – built with 4 twin mounts
s – built with 2 twin mounts
s – built originally with 2 Mark 33 twin mounts, later had one mount removed (Canada)
s – built with 2 twin mounts
s – built with 3 twin mounts
s – built with 6 twin mounts
s – built with 4 twin mounts
s – built with 2 single and 11 twin mounts
Gallery
See also
Deck gun
Notes
Footnotes
References
External links
76 mm artillery
Naval anti-aircraft guns
Naval guns of the United States
World War I anti-aircraft guns
World War I naval weapons
World War II anti-aircraft guns
World War II naval weapons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine%20in%20ancient%20Rome
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Medicine in ancient Rome
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Medicine in ancient Rome was highly influenced by ancient Greek medicine, but also developed new practices through knowledge of the Hippocratic Corpus combined with use of the treatment of diet, regimen, along with surgical procedures. This was most notably seen through the works of two of the prominent Greek physicians, Dioscorides and Galen, who practiced medicine and recorded their discoveries. This is contrary to two other physicians like Soranus of Ephesus and Asclepiades of Bithynia, who practiced medicine both in outside territories and in ancient Roman territory, subsequently. Dioscorides was a Roman army physician, Soranus was a representative for the Methodic school of medicine, Galen performed public demonstrations, and Asclepiades was a leading Roman physician. These four physicians all had knowledge of medicine, ailments, and treatments that were healing, long lasting and influential to human history.
Ancient Roman medicine was divided into specializations such as ophthalmology and urology. To increase their knowledge of the human body, physicians used a variety of surgical procedures for dissection that were carried out using many different instruments including forceps, scalpels and catheters.
Introduction
The Roman Empire was a complex and vigorous combination of Greek and Roman cultural elements forged through centuries of contact. Later Latin authors, notably Cato and Pliny, believed in a specific traditional Roman type of healing based on herbs, chants, prayers and charms easily available to and by the head of household.
Greek medicine was introduced into Italy with the establishment and development of military and political contacts between the two regions. It was not until the introduction of the healing god Asclepius in 291 BC and the arrival of the Greek doctor Archagathus in 219 BC that foreign medicine was publicly accepted in Rome, mainly due to future overall adaptation to the Roman practices.
Setting aside some of the broader implications of the Greek influence on Roman society, the effect of ancient Greek medicine, ethnography, and meteorology was particularly pertinent to two fields: architecture and health care. This was particularly important from the perspective of the Roman army, in which there were many medical advances. A medical corpus was established, permanent physicians were appointed, the valetudinaria (military hospitals) were established, and in Caesar's time, the first traces of systematic care for the wounded appeared. The variety and nature of the surgical instruments discovered in Roman remains indicate a good knowledge of surgery.
Roman medicine
Roman medicine was highly influenced by the Greek medical tradition. Prior to the introduction of Greek medicine Roman medicine was a combination of religion and magic. The first Roman physicians were religious figures with no medical training or the head of the family. The first professional physicians were Greek physicians. Asclepiades of Bithynia arrived in 124 BC. He was a popular physician known for his kindness to his patients often prescribing wine, rest and a swinging couch. The incorporation of Greek medicine into Roman society allowed Rome to transform into a monumental city by 100 BC. Like Greek physicians, Roman physicians relied on naturalistic observations rather than on spiritual rituals; but that does not imply an absence of spiritual belief. Tragic famines and plagues were often attributed to divine punishment; and appeasement of the gods through rituals was believed to alleviate such events. Miasma was perceived to be the root cause of many diseases, whether caused by famine, wars, or plague. The concept of contagion was formulated, resulting in practices of quarantine and improved sanitation. The Romans established systems of public hygiene indicating there was an understanding that this was of importance to public health. This can be seen in their practices of burying the dead outside the city walls, their large supplies of water available through aqueducts, public bathing areas and public sewage systems. They also began draining swamps in close proximity to cities.
One of the first prominent doctors in Rome was Galen. He became an expert on the human anatomy by dissecting animals, including monkeys, in Greece. Due to his prominence and expertise in ancient Rome, Galen became Emperor Marcus Aurelius' personal physician.
In 46 BC, Julius Caesar granted Roman citizenship to physicians when the Roman army had a need for trained surgeons. The Romans conquered the city of Alexandria in 30 BC, which was an important center for learning; its Great Library held countless volumes of ancient Greek medical information. The Romans adopted many of the practices and procedures they found in the Great Library. In 10 AD Augustus gave tax immunity to physicians practicing in Rome, as well as excluding them from public duties. These incentives caused uneducated and unqualified physicians to flood to Rome, causing tax exemption to only be offered to a select number of public physicians per region.
Greek symbols and gods greatly influenced ancient Roman medicine. The caduceus, a staff wrapped with two snakes, was originally associated with Hermes, the Greek god of commerce. This symbol later became associated with the Roman god Mercury. Later, in the 7th century, the caduceus became associated with health and medicine due to its association with the Azoth, the alchemical "universal solvent".
Opposition to Greek medicine in Rome / Pre-Physicians
Cato the Elder despised every aspect of Greek society the Romans decided to mimic including sculptures, literature and medicine. He regarded the welcome given in Rome to Greek medicine and physicians as a major threat.
In Rome, before there were doctors, the paterfamilias (head of the family) was responsible for treating the sick. Cato the Elder himself examined those who lived near him, often prescribing cabbage as a treatment for many ailments ranging from constipation to deafness. He would issue precise instructions on how to prepare the cabbage for patients with specific ailments. He also used cabbage in liquid form. For example, a mixture of cabbage, water, and wine would be embedded in a deaf man's ear to allow his hearing to be restored. Cato would treat fractured or broken appendages with two ends of a cut reed that were bandaged around the injury.
Contributors
Many Greek doctors came to Rome. Many of them strongly believed in achieving the right balance of the four humors and restoring the natural heat of patients. Around 200 BC many wealthy families in Rome had personal Greek physicians. By around 50 BC, it was more common than not to have a Greek physician. Physicians were also more inclined to study anthropology, biology and physiology because of the great impact that philosophy had on them. The popular belief was that philosophy created interest in medicine as opposed to medicine creating an interest in philosophy.
Dioscorides
Pedanius Dioscorides (c. 40–90 AD), was a Greek botanist, pharmacologist and physician who practiced in Rome during the reign of Nero. Dioscorides studied botany and pharmacology in Tarsus. He became a well-known army surgeon. While traveling with the army, Dioscorides was able to experiment with the medical properties of many plants. Compared to his predecessors, his work was considered the largest and most thorough in regards to naming and writing about medicines, many of Dioscorides predecessors work was lost. Dioscorides wrote a 5-volume encyclopedia, De materia medica, which listed over 600 herbal cures, forming an influential and long-lasting pharmacopoeia. De materia medica was used extensively by doctors for the following 1500 years. Within his five books, Dioscorides mentions approximately 1,000 simple drugs. Also . . . contained in his books, Dioscorides refers to opium and mandragora as a sleeping potion that can be used as a natural surgical anesthetic.
Galen
Galen of Pergamon (129 – c. AD 216) was a prominent Greek physician, whose theories dominated Western medical science for well over a millennium. By the age of 20, he had served for four years in the local temple as a therapeutes ("attendant" or "associate") of Asclepius. Although Galen studied the human body, dissection of human corpses was against Roman law, so instead he used pigs, apes, sheep, goats, and other animals. Through studying animal dissections, Galen applied his animal anatomy findings and developed a theory of human anatomy.
Galen moved to Rome in 162. There he lectured, wrote extensively, and performed public demonstrations of his anatomical knowledge. He soon gained a reputation as an experienced physician, attracting to his practice a large number of patients. Among them was the consul Flavius Boethius, who introduced him to the imperial court, where he became a physician to Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Despite being a member of the court, Galen reputedly shunned Latin, preferring to speak and write in his native Greek. He treated Roman emperors Lucius Verus, Commodus, and Septimius Severus. In 166, Galen returned to Pergamon, but went back to Rome for good in 169.
Galen followed Hippocrates' theory of the four humours, believing that one's health depended on the balance between the four main fluids of the body (blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm). Food was believed to be the initial object that allowed the stabilization of these humours. By contrast, drugs, venesection, cautery and surgery were drastic and were to be used only when diet and regimen could no longer help. The survival and amendment of Hippocratic medicine is attributed to Galen, who coupled the four qualities of cold, heat, dry, and wet with the four main fluids of the body, would remain in health care for another millennia or so.
Galen wrote a short essay called "The Best Doctor Is Also A Philosopher", where he writes that a physician needs to be knowledgeable about not just the physical, but additionally logical and ethical philosophy. He writes that a physician "must be skilled at reasoning about the problems presented to him, must understand the nature and function of the body within the physician world, and must practice temperance and despise all money". The ideal physician treats both the poor and elite fairly and is a student of all that affects health. Galen thought that eleven years of study was an adequate amount of time to make a competent physician. He references Hippocrates throughout his writings, saying that Hippocratic literature is the basis for physicians' conduct and treatments. The writings of Galen survived longer than the writings of any other medical researchers of antiquity. Galen also wrote an astrological doctrine, De diebus decretorus (Critical Days Book III), in which he describes the importance of astrology in prognosis and diagnosis.
Asclepiades
Asclepiades studied to be a physician in Alexandria and practiced medicine in Asia Minor as well as Greece before he moved to Rome in the 1st century BC. His knowledge of medicine allowed him to flourish as a physician. Asclepiades was a leading physician in Rome and was a close friend of Cicero.
He developed his own version of the molecular structure of the human body. Asclepiades' atomic model contained multi-shaped atoms that passed through bodily pores. These atoms were either round, square, triangular. Asclepiades noted that as long as the atoms were flowing freely and continuously, then the health of the human was maintained. He believed that if the atoms were too large or the pores were too constricted, then illness would present in multiple symptoms such as fever, spasms, or in more severe cases paralysis.
Asclepiades strongly believed in hot and cold baths as a remedy for illness; his techniques purposely did not inflict severe pain upon the patient. Asclepiades used techniques with the intent to cause the least amount of discomfort while continuing to cure the patient. His other remedies included music therapy to induce sedation, and consuming wine to cure headache and a fever. Asclepiades is the first documented physician in Rome to use massage therapy.
Aulus Cornelius Celsus
Celsus (25 BC–AD 50) was a Roman encyclopaedist who wrote a general encyclopaedia about many subjects. His exact place of birth as well as when he lived are unknown; however, it is known he lived during the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. The only surviving work from his larger encyclopaedia is De Medicina. This work contains eight volumes, two of which are on surgery. De Medicina provides some of the best accounts of Roman medicine during his time. Its contents proved to be valuable even into the 15th century after Pope Nicolas V rediscovered it, becoming the first medical book to be published in 1478. It is still debated if he practiced medicine himself or just compiled the works of the time, much of it from Greek sources. This is important because at the time Greeks were looked down upon by the Romans and thus so was the work of doctors.
In his book he discussed the two different schools of thought at the time relating to medicine he calls "Empirics" and "Dogmatics". Empirics followed empirical observation while Dogmatics needed to understand the theory behind how a treatment works. Celsus is also credited with writing on four of the five characteristics of inflammation, redness (rubor), swelling (tumour), heat (calor), and pain (dolor). Galen would write about the fifth, loss of function (functio laesa).
Soranus
Soranus was a Greek physician born in Ephesus, who lived during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian (98–138 AD). According to the Suda, he trained at the Alexandria School of Medicine and practiced in Rome. Soranus was a part of the Methodic school of Asclepiades, which fostered the ideals of the Hippocratic doctrine. He was the chief representative of the Methodic school of physicians. Soranus's most notable work was his book gynaecology, in which he discussed many topics that are considered modern ideas such as birth control, pregnancy, midwife's duties, and post-childbirth care. His treatise Gynaecology is extant (first published in 1838, later by V. Rose, in 1882, with a 6th-century Latin translation by Muscio, a physician of the same school). He accounts for the internal difficulties that could arise during labor from both the mother and the fetus. He also did work with fractures, surgery, and embryology.
Hospitals
The Roman medical system saw the establishment of the first hospitals; these were reserved for slaves and soldiers. Physicians were assigned to follow armies or ships, tending to the injured. In Rome, death was caused by a combination of poor sanitation, famine, disease, epidemics, malnutrition, and warfare; this led to high Roman mortality rates. The development of health services was prolonged by the unsympathetic attitudes of the Romans towards the sick, superstition, and religious beliefs.
Ancient Roman hospitals were established by the 1st century BC as military hospitals known as valetudinaria. The valetudinaria began as a small cluster of tents and fortresses dedicated to wounded soldiers. The original hospitals were built along major roads, and soon became part of Roman fort architecture. They were usually placed near the outer wall in a quiet part of the fortification. The earliest known Roman hospitals of the Roman Empire were built in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, in the reign of the emperor Trajan. The Roman military established these hospitals, as the army's expansion beyond the Italian Peninsula meant that the wounded could no longer be cared for in private homes. The temporary forts developed into permanent facilities over time. It is possible that some valteduinaria were established at earlier parts of history. They may also have been established by Julius Caesar. Other hospitals were possibly built during the reign of Augustus or Claudius.
Valetudinaria were field hospitals or flying military camps primarily used to treat soldiers in the military. Access to these hospitals was likely an important perk of military service. The care these institutions provided was likely highly professional for the time, and they were capable of holding up to 200 patients. Celsus describes these hospitals as large and staffed by "over-worked doctors". These over-worked doctors were known as the medici. Alongside the medici, there was a group of veterinarians, administrators, and wound dressers, known as veteranarii, optio valetudinarii, and capsarii respectively. Other hospitals were designed to care for slaves. Slave valetudinaria were of lower quality then the military hospitals, with less equipment and poorer doctors. Roman writers compared these institutions to veterinary care, and equated the treatment these hospitals gave to barbarity.
A standard valetudinarium was a rectangular building consisting of four wings, connected by an entrance hall that could be used as a triage center. Each legion's hospital was constructed to accommodate 6–10% of the legion's 5,000 men. The building also included a large hall, reception ward, dispensary, kitchen, staff quarters, and washing and latrine facilities. All of these hospitals were the exact same shape and layout, and one was located in every castra.
Doctors could also set up public clinics in tabernae. Tabernae were another way of getting medical attention in ancient Rome. These facilities were very expensive, and there was no inpatient care. This method was rare; it was far more common for the physician to arrive at the patient's house. People who could not afford a doctor or go to a valetudinaria would pray at a temple of Asclepius, the Roman god of medicine, for healing.
Surgery
Surgery was typically used as a last resort because of the risks involved. When surgery did happen though, it was usually limited to the surface of the body because doctors recognized that injuries regarding the body's most important physiological functions (brain, heart, spine, etc.) could not usually be treated. There were a variety of surgical tools in ancient Rome. For example, bone levers were tools used to remove diseased bone tissue from the skull and to remove foreign objects (such as a weapon) from a bone. The ancient Romans were capable of performing techniques like cataract surgery and caesarean sections. They also could perform more outdated procedures such as bloodletting. Ancient Roman surgery was developed in the 2nd century from Greek techniques by doctors such as Galen.
Medicines
Diet
Correct diet was seen as essential to healthy living. Food was perceived to have a healing effect or a causative effect on disease, determined by its impact on the humors; as well as preventing disease. Some of these foods included rice, chic peas, and olives, which were widely used by the Roman military. At an archaeological site, other plants were found that were used for medicinal purposes such as lentils, garden peas, and figs. A variety of meats were also discovered at the site which were believed to be used for sick individuals. Poultry, eggs, and oysters were used as a diet for those with health issues. Moderation of foods was key to healthy living and gave rise to healthy eating philosophies. When diet no longer promoted health, drugs, phlebotomy, cautery, or surgery were used. Patients having control of their lives, managing their own preventative medical diets, and the freedom to seek physicians, indicates that patient autonomy was valued.
Herbal and other medicines
Roman physicians used a wide range of herbal and other medicines. Their ancient names, often derived from Greek, do not necessarily correspond to individual modern species, even if these have the same names. Known medicines include:
Statues and healing shrines were sites of prayer and sacrifice for both the poor and the elite, and were common throughout the Roman Empire. Reverence for shrines and statues reflected a search for healing, guidance, and alternatives to ineffectual human physicians and drugs.
In 2013, Italian scientists studied the content of a Roman shipping vessel, known as the Relitto del Pozzino, sank off the coast of Populonia, Tuscany around 120 BC, which was excavated during the 1980s and 90s. The vessel had a medicine chest with pyxides inside, which contained medicinal tablets or pills full of a number of zinc compounds, as well as iron oxide, starch, beeswax, pine resin and other plant-derived materials, all probably served as some sort of eye medicine or eyewash.
Treatments
Healing sanctuaries
A physician's overall goal was to help those afflicted by disease or injury as best as they could; the physician's credibility rested on their successful cures. Of course they could not reliably cure ailments; sometimes the best they could hope for was that their treatments did not worsen their patients' problems. Many physicians were criticised by their peers for their inability to cure an apparently simple illness. Gaps in physician-provided care were filled with several types of supernatural healthcare; the Romans believed in the power of divine messages and healing. There have been descriptions of many gods from multiple religions that dealt with destruction or healing. For example, in 431 BC, in response to the plague running rampant all over the country of Italy, the temple of the Apollo Medicus was accredited with an influence of healing.
Scattered across Greco-Roman and Egyptian history are descriptions of healing sanctuaries dedicated to the various healing gods. Sick or injured Romans would often flock to Asclepieia, temples dedicated to Asclepius, the god of healing, as it was believed that the god actually inhabited the sanctuary and would provide divine healing to supplicants. The process itself was simple: the sick person would give a specified donation to the temple, and then undergo a process called "incubation" in which they would relocate to a special room where the god would be able to contact them, often through dreams in which the god would either prescribe care or provide it themselves. Often the type of cure prescribed would be rather similar to the actual medical practices of physicians of the time. This type of supernatural care did not conflict with mainstream healthcare. Physicians would often recommend that patients go to a healing sanctuary when they were afflicted by an illness that the physician could not cure. This allowed the reputation of the physician to remain unharmed, as it was seen more as a referral than as a failure.
Stab wounds
Roman physicians tried their best to help treat battlefield wounds. Celsus describes treatments early Roman doctors used for battlefield abdominal wounds. Celsus describes that doctors should first observe the color of the intestines to see that if they are “...livid or pallid or black…” in which case treatment is impossible. If the large intestine is found to be cut he says treatment is unlikely to be successful but suggests suturing the intestine. Treatment of abdominal wounds should occur quickly and for fear exposed intestines would dry out. Celsus suggests adding water to the intestines to prevent this. The Romans also knew about the delicate care needed for such complex wounds. Assistants with surgical hooks were used to stitch up large abdominal wounds. They were used to help separate the margins of the abdomen because both the inner membrane and the surface skin needed to be sutured with two sets of stitches because it could be broken easily. The Romans applied a variety of ointments and dressings to these wounds. Celsus describes 34 different ones.
Colostrum
Colostrum is the first form of milk produced by lactating mammals. Both Greek and Roman medical texts prescribe the use of a variety of substances, of varying medical and religious significance. Several substances, such as sulfur, asphalt and animal excrement, were associated with the practice of human purification. The practice of using a woman's breast milk as a medicine has very early roots in Egyptian medical texts. In several such texts there are references to the use of the milk of a woman who has given birth to a male child. This practice is said to be based on depictions in several statues of the goddess Isis breastfeeding her son, the god Horus. Both Egyptian and Greek texts state that the milk used for medicinal purposes should be strictly from a woman who has borne a male child. The treatments using breast milk differed vastly between Greek and Roman culture. In Greek medicine, milk was very rarely actually consumed. Instead, it was used in recipes for ointments and washes that would treat burns and other skin-related maladies. These treatments were exclusively given to women, as women's bodies were viewed as "polluted" in some sense. In stark contrast, the Roman use of colostrum was more widespread and varied. Stories suggest that adults drinking breast milk was viewed as socially acceptable, but was not common unless used for treatment. The milk was instead ingested by the patient, and the treatment was given to both men and women, which then allowed the views of the female body to be viewed as analogous compared to their male peers, rather than as the opposites they have been for centuries before. In general, while not every single fear about the changing medical views of female physiology went away, the Romans then seemed less concerned about the so-called "pollution" of a woman's body and therefore need to have the women have special requirements needed for "purification."
It has been shown in modern times that having patients ingest mother's milk (or colostrum) is actually a rather effective treatment due to the benefits associated with it. For example, the use of colostrum has been shown to prevent the growth of Staphylococcus bacteria, which are a known cause of several types of infection. Colostrum is about half as effective as some antibiotics prescribed to patients today. Colostrum is also effective against the bacterium chlamydia. Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease in which some subtypes of it can cause trachoma, which is a major source of cause for severe sight impairment, if not blindness. Colostrum was a reasonably effective treatment for Chlamydia in the absence of other antibiotics.
Diagnostic methods
Dreams
Dream interpretation was another avenue for treatment of illnesses by physicians. Often the interpretations of a patient's dreams would actually determine what treatment they received. A Hippocratic work titled Regimen in Acute Diseases details much of the principles outlined by Galen: specifically the humors and examples of how they could be used to prescribe treatment. The theme of this method is knowing the patient. To know how to treat a person, the physician must become familiar with and interpret the important aspects of their lives: the climate, their food intake, how much they sleep, how much they drink, any injuries. They would then draw conclusions about the patient and what must be done to set them back to equilibrium. The fourth book of the Regimen is the earliest mention of the topic of dream medicine. Dreams were used by physicians in diagnosis. They added another layer of depth to the physician's investigation of the patient. The soul was thought to serve the purpose that the brain has been discovered to serve. Sensation, pain, motion and other physiological concepts were thought to be the work of the soul. It was also thought that the soul continues the work of bodily upkeep even when a person is sleeping. Thus, dreams would show what ailed a person.
There were two types of dreams associated with medicine: prophetic and diagnostic. Prophetic dreams were divine in origin and foretold good or bad tidings for the future. Diagnostic dreams were a result of the soul telling what afflicted the body. If the dreams were of normal everyday events, their body was healthy and in equilibrium. The farther from the norm, and the more chaotic the dreams were, the more ill the patient was. The treatments that were recommended addressed what the dreams showed, and attempted to set the body right through consumption of food that carried the correct humor characteristics.
Astro-medicine
Galen wrote a treatise on diagnosis and prognosis by celestial movement. This ancient medical practice associated that disease and parts of the body were affected by the movement or location of the sun, moon and planets. This is similar to horoscopic astrology and the notion of astrological signs. These celestial signs were only a part of the process in his work Critical Days. Galen also includes that the patients' feces, urine, sputum should be examined for diagnosis. He states that examination of the excrement could indicate a disease of the respirator system, urinary tract or vascular system. Many physicians at the time believed in the association of astrology and medicine. Book III of Galen's writing he correlates the lunar phases which cause changes in the tides to also cause changes the fluid humors in the body. He also makes reference to "medical months", which are based on the two periods of the moons which are about two calendar months. There were also days that were considered critical including day seven, fourteen and day twenty which were considered favorable for a medical crisis to occur.
Textual transmission
Galenic medical texts embody the written medical tradition of classical antiquity. Little written word has survived from before that era. The volume of Galen's extant written works, however, is nearly 350 – far surpassing any other writer of the period. Prior to Galen, much of medical knowledge survived through word of mouth. The tradition of transmission and translation originated with the De materia medica, an encyclopaedia written by Pedanius Dioscorides between 50 and 70 AD. Dioscorides was a Roman physician of Greek descent. The manuscripts classified and illustrated over 1000 substances and their uses.
De materia medica influenced medical knowledge for centuries, due to its dissemination and translation into Greek, Arabic, and Latin. Galen wrote in Greek, but Arabic and Syriac translations survived as well. He referenced and challenged written works by Hippocratic physicians and authors, which gave insight into other popular medical philosophies. Herophilus, known for his texts on anatomy through dissection, and Erasistratus, also known for anatomy and physiology, survive through Galenic reference. Galen also referenced the written works of Soranus, a physician of the Methodic school known for his four-book treatise on gynecology. His synthesis of earlier medical philosophies and broad range of subjects produced the textual legacy that Galen left for the medical community for the next 1500 years.
See also
Ancient Egyptian medicine
Ancient Greek medicine
Byzantine medicine
References
Sources
Medical News Today: Ancient Roman Medicine
Further reading
Roman
Ancient Roman science
Rome
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging%20in%20dogs
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Aging in dogs
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Aging in dogs varies from breed to breed, and affects the dog's health and physical ability. As with humans, advanced years often bring changes in a dog's ability to hear, see, and move about easily. Skin condition, appetite, and energy levels often degrade with geriatric age. Medical conditions such as cancer, kidney failure, arthritis, dementia, and joint conditions, and other signs of old age may appear.
The aging profile of dogs varies according to their adult size (often determined by their breed): smaller dogs often live over 15–16 years (sometimes longer than 20 years), medium and large size dogs typically 10 to 20 years, and some giant dog breeds such as mastiffs, often only 7 to 8 years. The latter reach maturity at a slightly older age than smaller breeds—giant breeds becoming adult around two years old compared to the norm of around 13–15 months for other breeds.
Aging profile
They can be summarized into three types:
Popular myth – It is popularly believed that one dog year equals seven human years. This is considered to be inaccurate because dogs often reproduce at age 1 while humans almost never reproduce at age 7.
One size fits all – A general rule of thumb is that the first year of a dog's life is equivalent to 15 human years, the second year equivalent to 9 human years, and each subsequent year about 5 human years. So, a dog age 2 is equivalent to a human age 24, while a dog age 10 is equivalent to a human age 64. This is more accurate but still fails to allow for size/breed, which is a significant factor.
Size- or breed-specific calculators – These try to factor in the size or breed as well. These are the most accurate types. They typically work either by expected adult weight or by categorizing the dog as "small", "medium", or "large".
No one formula for dog-to-human age conversion is scientifically agreed on, although within fairly close limits they show great similarities. Researchers suggest that dog age depends on DNA methylation which is an epigenetic process. Epigenetic changes occur nonlinear in dogs compared to human.
Emotional maturity occurs, as with humans, over an extended period of time and in stages. As in other areas, development of giant breeds is slightly delayed compared to other breeds, and, as with humans, there is a difference between adulthood and full maturity (compare humans age 20 and age 40 for example). In all but large breeds, sociosexual interest arises around 6–9 months, becoming emotionally adult around 15–18 months and fully mature around 3–4 years, although as with humans learning and refinement continue thereafter.
According to the UC Davis Book of Dogs, small-breed dogs (such as small terriers) become geriatric at about 11 years; medium-breed dogs (such as larger spaniels) at 10 years; large-breed dogs (such as German Shepherd Dogs) at 8 years; and giant-breed dogs (such as Great Danes) at 7 years.
Life expectancy by breed
Life expectancy usually varies within a range. For example, a Beagle (average life expectancy 13.3 years) usually lives to around 12–15 years, and a Scottish Terrier (average life expectancy 12 years) usually lives to around 10–16 years. The longest living verified dog so far is Bobi, a male purebred Rafeiro do Alentejo, who died at age 31 in 2023.
Two of the longest living dogs on record, "Bluey" and "Chilla", were Australian Cattle Dogs. This has prompted a study of the longevity of the Australian Cattle Dog to examine if the breed might have exceptional longevity. The 100-dog survey yielded a mean longevity of 13.41 years with a standard deviation of 2.36 years. The study concluded that while Australian Cattle Dogs are a healthy breed and do live on average almost a year longer than most dogs of other breeds in the same weight class, record ages such as Bluey's or Chilla's should be regarded as uncharacteristic exceptions rather than as indicators of common exceptional longevity for the entire breed.
A random-bred dog (also known as a mongrel or a mutt) has an average life expectancy of 13.2 years in the Western world.
Some attempts have been made to determine the causes for breed variation in life expectancy.
Sorted by breed or life expectancy
These data are from Michell (1999). The total sample size for his study was about 3,000 dogs, but the sample size for each breed varied widely. For most breeds, the sample size was low. For a more comprehensive compilation of results of longevity surveys, search for breed specific tables.
Factors affecting life expectancy
Apart from breed, several factors influence life expectancy:
Frequency of feeding — Researchers associated with the Dog Aging Project report that dogs that are fed just once daily are healthier on average than dogs fed more frequently. Dogs that received one meal per day had fewer disorders related to their dental, gastrointestinal, orthopedic, kidney, and urinary systems.
Diet — There are some disagreements regarding the ideal diet. Commonly, senior dogs are fed commercially manufactured senior dog food diets. However, at least two dogs were listed as having died at 27 years old with non-traditional diets: a Border Collie who was fed a purely vegetarian diet, and a bull terrier cross fed primarily kangaroo and emu meat. They died only 2 years and 5 months younger than the second oldest reported dog, Bluey.
Spaying and neutering — According to a study by the British Veterinary Association (author AR Michell is the president of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons), "Neutered females lived longest of dogs dying of all causes, though entire females lived longest of dogs dying of natural causes, with neutered males having the shortest lifespan in each category." Neutering reduces or eliminates the risk of some causes of early death, for example pyometra in females, and testicular cancer in males, as well as indirect causes of early death such as accident and euthanasia (intact dogs roam and tend to be more aggressive), but there might increase the risk of death from other conditions (neutering in cited paper only showed an increase in the risk for prostate cancer but has not been repeated in subsequent papers) in males, and neutered males might have a higher rate for urinary tract cancers such as transitional cell carcinoma and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Caution should be used when interpreting the results of these studies. This is especially important when you consider the frequency of transitional cell carcinoma and prostate carcinoma in a male dog versus the chance an intact male dog will succumb to death from roaming (hit by car or other injuries), benign hyperplasia of the prostate causing prostatic abscesses or inability to urinate (causing euthanasia if this does not resolve with therapy) or euthanasia due to fighting or aggression.
Another study showed that spayed females live longer than intact females (0.8 years more on average) but, unlike the previous study, there were no differences between neutered and intact males. But both groups lived 0.4 years more than intact females.
For more information, see Health effects of neutering.
A major study of dog longevity, which considered both natural and other factors affecting life expectancy, concluded that:
"The mean age at death (all breeds, all causes) was 11 years and 1 month, but in dogs dying of natural causes it was 12 years and 8 months. Only 8 percent of dogs lived beyond 15, and 64 percent of dogs died of disease or were euthanized as a result of disease. Nearly 16 percent of deaths were attributed to cancer, twice as many as to heart disease. [...] In neutered males the importance of cancer as a cause of death was similar to heart disease. [...] The results also include breed differences in lifespan, susceptibility to cancer, road accidents and behavioral problems as a cause of euthanasia."
Effects of aging
In general, dogs age in a manner similar to humans. Their bodies begin to develop problems that are less common at younger ages, they are more prone to serious or fatal conditions such as cancer, stroke, etc. They become less physically active and less mobile and may develop joint problems such as arthritis. They also become less able to handle change, including wide climatic or temperature variation, and may develop dietary or skin problems or go deaf. In some cases incontinence may develop and breathing difficulties may appear.
"Aging begins at birth, but its manifestations are not noticeable for several years. The first sign of aging is a general decrease in activity level, including a tendency to sleep longer and more soundly, a waning of enthusiasm for long walks and games of catch, and a loss of interest in the goings on in the home."
In studies of cognitive abilities in aging dogs, it has been shown that qualities such as problem-solving, boldness and playfulness tend to decline with age. However, in tasks involving high motivation and low physical demands, older dogs have learned to perform a new task just as well as younger ones. In old age dogs may develop dementia, which is associated with amyloid-beta, a misfolded protein that has been observed in both dogs and humans.
The most common effects of aging are:
Loss of hearing
Loss of vision (cataracts)
Decreased activity, more sleeping, and reduced energy (in part due to reduced lung function)
Weight gain (calorie needs can be 30–40% lower in older dogs)
Weakening of immune system leading to infections
Skin changes (thickening or darkening of skin, dryness leading to reduced elasticity, loss or whitening of hair)
Change in feet and nails (thicker and more brittle nails makes trimming harder)
Arthritis, dysplasia and other joint problems
Loss of teeth
Gastrointestinal upset (stomach lining, diseases of the pancreas, constipation)
Weakness in muscles and bones
Urinary issues (incontinence in both genders, and prostatitis/straining to urinate in males)
Mammary cysts and tumors in females
Dementia
Heart murmurs
Diabetes
Importance of diet in aging
By changing the nutrition of a dog's diet as it ages, certain ailments and side effects of aging can be prevented or slowed.
Some important nutrients and ingredients in senior dog diets include:
Good sources of protein to meet higher protein requirements
Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate to help maintain joint and bone health
Omega-3 fatty acids for joint and bone health as well as maintaining immune system health
Calcium and phosphorus for maintenance of bone structure
Beet pulp and flaxseed for gastrointestinal health
Fructooligosaccharides and mannanoligosaccharides work to improve the health of the gastrointestinal tract by increasing the number of "good" bacteria and decreasing the amount of "bad" bacteria
Appropriate levels of vitamin E and addition of L-carnitine to support brain and cognitive health
Dietary antioxidants such as vitamin E.
See also
Aging
List of oldest dogs
Old age
Pet loss
Dog year
Bobi
References
Dog health
Senescence in non-human organisms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20Footlights%20Revue
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Cambridge Footlights Revue
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The Cambridge Footlights Revue is an annual revue by the Footlights Club, a group of comedy writer-performers at the University of Cambridge. Three of the more notable revues are detailed below.
1963 revue
"A Clump of Plinths" — "Cambridge Circus"
The 1963 revue, entitled "A Clump of Plinths" (later retitled Cambridge Circus), played at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 1963 before opening at West End in London on 10 July 1963. Unfortunately, the revised title sometimes confused audiences, as it was not actually playing at Cambridge Circus itself. "Cambridge Circus" then toured New Zealand in July and August 1964, where they recorded a television special and four radio shows. which were eventually broadcast in November and December 1964. The radio shows were rediscovered in the New Zealand national sound and film archives in 2015 and broadcast again in January 2016 under the title "Goodie, Goodie! Python, Python! The Cambridge Circus Tapes" The New Zealand tour was also notable for the one-hour Cambridge Circus special made for New Zealand television, screened in November and December 1964. It was the first on-screen performance by most of the cast.
Following their successful New Zealand tour, "Cambridge Circus" transferred to Broadway in September 1964 and finally Off-Broadway. The revue was broadcast on television in the United States when the cast made an appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show during October 1964, featuring some of the sketches.
The show was written by, and starred, Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graham Chapman, John Cleese, David Hatch, Bill Oddie, Chris Stuart-Clark and Jo Kendall. Also in the original cast was Tony Buffery, who later became an experimental psychologist. As well as writing and acting in the revue, Bill Oddie also wrote the music for the revue, and an album of sketches and songs, produced by George Martin, was released by Parlophone in 1963. Graham Chapman took over from Tony Buffery when he left the revue to pursue an academic career. Likewise, Jonathan Lynn took over from Chris Stuart-Clark when Stuart-Clark left to become a schoolteacher.
This revue is a notable part of British television history because it includes early appearances by John Cleese and Graham Chapman (later members of Monty Python), as well as Tim Brooke-Taylor and Bill Oddie (later members of The Goodies), and Jonathan Lynn (later one of the co-writers of Yes Minister, and Yes, Prime Minister). One of the comedians became the head of ITV Comedy and another became the head of BBC Radio. Jo Kendall spoke the very first line in Emmerdale. A decade or so later, Cambridge Circus's piano player Dee Palmer joined the band Jethro Tull.
Sketches
Sketches in the revue included;
Swap a Jest (written by Tim Brooke-Taylor, Bill Oddie, and Chris Stuart-Clark) – with Tim Brooke-Taylor and Chris Stuart-Clark (later with Jonathan Lynn in place of Stuart-Clark) as Elizabethan entertainers.
Cloak and Dagger sketch – with John Cleese.
Custard Pie sketch – with Bill Oddie, Tim Brooke-Taylor and Jonathan Lynn demonstrating the throwing of custard pies. David Hatch narrated the sketch.
Judge Not (written by John Cleese) – with John Cleese (as the prosecuting counsel), David Hatch (as the judge), Tim Brooke-Taylor (as Percy Molar company director of no fixed abode and music-hall comedian), Tony Buffery (as Arnold Fitch the defendant), and Bill Oddie (as Sidney Bottle – the plaintiff). (Tim Brooke-Tayor and Bill Oddie also appeared in the sketch as ushers).
A radio version of the revue was broadcast by the BBC on 30 December 1963. Originally intended as a one-off special, this went on to become a successful and long-running radio series called I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again, which premiered in April 1964.
The Cambridge Revue recorded four studio radio shows during their New Zealand tour for Radio New Zealand in August 1964 (broadcast November 1964).
1981 revue
"The Cellar Tapes"
The 1981 revue, entitled "The Cellar Tapes", was broadcast on television in 1982. The revue won the first-ever Perrier Award at the 1981 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. It is a notable part of British television history because it includes early appearances by Hugh Laurie (President of Footlights), Stephen Fry, and Emma Thompson (Vice President of Footlights), all of whom went on to greater fame in the film and television industry.
It was written by Hugh Laurie and Stephen Fry with Penny Dwyer, Kim Harris, Katie Kelly, Jan Ravens, Paul Shearer, Tony Slattery, and Emma Thompson and performed by Laurie, Fry, Dwyer, Shearer, Slattery, and Thompson. Additional material was provided by Anthony Berendt, Greg Brenman, David Tyler (as Dave Meek), Neil Mullarkey, Greg Snow, Nick Symons and Sandi Toksvig. The music is written by Steven Edis with Hugh Laurie and Tony Slattery (the exception being the music in the Dracula monologue which is Francis Poulenc's Concerto for Organ, Strings and Timpani in G minor). The director was Jan Ravens.
Sketches and songs
The order of sketches and songs featured in the revue is as follows.
A melodramatic opening credit sequence featuring all of the cast members running through the woods in slow motion in a manner reminiscent of the film Chariots of Fire.
Two short blackout-type sketches, the first with a lone radio announcer (Hugh Laurie) cryptically asking, "Is there anybody there?... Is there anybody there?...," then, "This is Radio 3, is there anybody there?" and the second set at a disco where an apparently enthusiastic dancer (Tony Slattery) lures a girl (Penny Dwyer) onto the dance floor in order to steal her chair.
A sketch about a Shakespeare masterclass ("an actor prepares"), where a teacher (Stephen Fry) with delusions of grandeur gives pretentious, nonsensical acting advice to his eager student (Laurie).
A sketch about a chess tournament, with an experienced Russian champion (Paul Shearer) beaten by a clueless beginner (Slattery) who chooses moves that constitute a brilliant strategy despite not knowing the names of the pieces or the rules of the game.
A monologue about Dracula read by Fry, consisting largely of puns and wordplay. ("Tell me, what blood type are you?" "A?" "I said, what blood type are you?" "O!" I said. "B." "Of all the hideously twisted spectacles I have ever beheld, the pair perched on this man's nose ...)
A sketch with Slattery and Laurie as two privileged would-be revolutionaries, featuring their performance of the song "If You Can't Smoke It, Kick It to Death," which has the refrain, "They hate you/Everybody hates you/You better look out behind you to see them stabbing you between the eyes".
A sketch with Emma Thompson as Juliana Talent, a West End actress accepting an award in the most obnoxious, falsely modest manner possible. ("At this point I'd like to say a very warm 'hello and good luck' to Glenda, who's taking over for me tonight... brave, brave lady...") Shearer plays the presenter who gives her the award.
Another blackout depicting "today in Parliament," which consists of an exterior shot of the building, the voice of Fry calling for order over sounds of unrest, and the voice of Laurie demanding to know why there is "only one monopolies commission."
A sketch with Fry, Laurie, Slattery and Dwyer, set after dinner in the living room of a couple hosting a father and son. Themes include marital tensions, sexism, and the father's displeasure with his son's acting aspirations and implied homosexuality. The characters also play a game of charades that quickly deteriorates into shouting and name-calling due to Fry's character's ineptitude.
Slattery singing the song "I'm Going to Shoot Somebody Famous", referencing the shocking assassination of the late John Lennon (which took place only a few months before it was written). This song, with its haunting text and its ominous performance, is the only non-comedic segment of the revue.
A last blackout, with Laurie babbling gibberish sounds in the style of someone emphatically arguing a point, and Fry firmly telling him, "Now that's a lot of nonsense, and you know it."
A sketch with Thompson as a bedridden Elizabeth Barrett and Fry as Robert Browning coming to visit her. In ridiculous, affected accents, they have a classically romantic conversation that ends with Browning finally enticing Barrett out of bed (in spite of her feeling "so desperately weak") by promising to "whip [her] senseless."
A choral performance featuring all of the cast members, led by Thompson and Dwyer. The song is a satirical exhortation to join the British Movement, full of racist and militaristic imagery. The final stanza describes the party's goal:
Imagine a society with skinheads roaming wild and freeAnd not a pair of thick lips in sight!Fumigate the Underground and sterilize the cricket ground,White hope and white elephant, white wash and white Christmas,White horse and white rich and white poor,White dirt and white licorice, white helmets, white truncheons,White face and white Willie Whitelaw!
Home media
This film is included as a special feature on the DVD of Series 2 of A Bit of Fry and Laurie.
2012 revue
"Perfect Strangers"
In 2012, the Cambridge Footlights celebrated 50 years at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. The 2012 show "Perfect Strangers" had a cast of five made up of outgoing president Phil Wang (Chortle Student Comedian of the Year 2010 and Comedy Central Funniest Student 2011), Pierre Novellie, Jason Forbes, George Potts and Emma Powell.
Footlights revues
Information about the Footlights Club and its revues can be accessed through the Cambridge Footlights official website The History of Footlights.
References
External links
The History of Footlights
Revues
British comedy troupes
Comedy collectives
Student comedy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20minor%20planets%3A%20135001%E2%80%93136000
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List of minor planets: 135001–136000
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135001–135100
|-bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135001 || || — || April 23, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=002 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135002 || || — || April 27, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=003 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135003 || || — || April 17, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 7.0 km ||
|-id=004 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135004 || || — || April 17, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || RAF || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=005 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135005 || || — || April 24, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || H || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=006 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135006 || || — || April 25, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=007 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135007 || || — || April 25, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || EUN || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=008 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135008 || 2001 JB || — || May 2, 2001 || Reedy Creek || J. Broughton || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=009 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135009 || || — || May 15, 2001 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || RAF || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=010 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135010 || || — || May 15, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=011 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135011 || || — || May 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=012 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135012 || || — || May 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || PAE || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=013 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135013 || || — || May 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=014 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135014 || || — || May 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || MAS || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=015 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135015 || || — || May 21, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=016 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135016 || || — || May 23, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || ADE || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=017 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135017 || || — || May 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=018 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135018 || || — || May 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || GEF || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=019 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135019 || || — || May 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=020 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135020 || || — || May 24, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|-id=021 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135021 || || — || May 26, 2001 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=022 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135022 || || — || May 22, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=023 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135023 || || — || May 31, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=024 bgcolor=#C2E0FF
| 135024 || || — || May 23, 2001 || Cerro Tololo || M. W. Buie || res4:7critical || align=right | 185 km ||
|-id=025 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135025 || || — || June 12, 2001 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=026 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135026 || || — || June 15, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || TIN || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=027 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135027 || || — || June 15, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.8 km ||
|-id=028 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135028 || || — || June 21, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=029 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135029 || || — || June 20, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.0 km ||
|-id=030 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135030 || || — || June 24, 2001 || Desert Beaver || W. K. Y. Yeung || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=031 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135031 || || — || June 25, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || WAT || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=032 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135032 || || — || June 20, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 7.4 km ||
|-id=033 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135033 || || — || June 27, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || NYS || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=034 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135034 || || — || June 21, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 7.1 km ||
|-id=035 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135035 || || — || July 13, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=036 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135036 || || — || July 14, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || HNA || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=037 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135037 || || — || July 14, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=038 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135038 || || — || July 14, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 6.3 km ||
|-id=039 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135039 || || — || July 18, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.8 km ||
|-id=040 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135040 || || — || July 19, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=041 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135041 || || — || July 21, 2001 || San Marcello || L. Tesi, M. Tombelli || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=042 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135042 || || — || July 17, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=043 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135043 || || — || July 22, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 6.6 km ||
|-id=044 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135044 || || — || July 19, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.9 km ||
|-id=045 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135045 || || — || July 24, 2001 || Lake Tekapo || I. P. Griffin, N. Brady || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=046 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135046 || || — || July 22, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 6.3 km ||
|-id=047 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135047 || || — || July 23, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 6.2 km ||
|-id=048 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135048 || || — || July 16, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || MRX || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=049 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135049 || || — || July 21, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=050 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135050 || || — || July 22, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || GEF || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=051 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135051 || || — || July 22, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || EOS || align=right | 9.5 km ||
|-id=052 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135052 || || — || July 23, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.3 km ||
|-id=053 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135053 || || — || July 21, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.3 km ||
|-id=054 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135054 || || — || July 16, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || GEF || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=055 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135055 || || — || July 29, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || BRA || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=056 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135056 || || — || July 25, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|-id=057 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135057 || || — || July 26, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=058 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135058 || || — || July 30, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || TIR || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=059 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135059 || || — || July 23, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || DOR || align=right | 6.4 km ||
|-id=060 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135060 || || — || July 28, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || HEN || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=061 bgcolor=#FA8072
| 135061 || || — || August 3, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || H || align=right data-sort-value="0.89" | 890 m ||
|-id=062 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135062 || || — || August 10, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 6.2 km ||
|-id=063 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135063 || || — || August 10, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=064 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135064 || || — || August 11, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 6.1 km ||
|-id=065 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135065 || || — || August 9, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 8.0 km ||
|-id=066 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135066 || || — || August 11, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=067 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135067 || || — || August 11, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=068 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135068 || || — || August 11, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=069 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135069 Gagnereau || || || August 15, 2001 || Pises || Pises Obs. || GEF || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=070 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135070 || || — || August 10, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || EOS || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=071 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135071 || || — || August 10, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || EOS || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=072 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135072 || || — || August 10, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|-id=073 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135073 || || — || August 11, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=074 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135074 || || — || August 11, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=075 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135075 || || — || August 12, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || INO || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=076 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135076 || || — || August 14, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || HOF || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=077 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135077 || || — || August 14, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=078 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135078 || || — || August 14, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 7.3 km ||
|-id=079 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135079 || || — || August 11, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=080 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135080 || || — || August 13, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 6.3 km ||
|-id=081 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135081 || || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=082 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135082 || || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=083 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135083 || || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.5 km ||
|-id=084 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135084 || || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=085 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135085 || || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || AGN || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=086 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135086 || || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || AGN || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=087 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135087 || || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=088 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135088 || || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=089 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135089 || || — || August 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.5 km ||
|-id=090 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135090 || || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 7.1 km ||
|-id=091 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135091 || || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=092 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135092 || || — || August 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.0 km ||
|-id=093 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135093 || || — || August 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 7.7 km ||
|-id=094 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135094 || || — || August 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.3 km ||
|-id=095 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135095 || || — || August 16, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=096 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135096 || || — || August 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || PHO || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=097 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135097 || || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=098 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135098 || || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.2 km ||
|-id=099 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135099 || || — || August 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 8.4 km ||
|-id=100 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135100 || || — || August 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EMA || align=right | 7.5 km ||
|}
135101–135200
|-bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135101 || || — || August 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || GER || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=102 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135102 || || — || August 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 7.7 km ||
|-id=103 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135103 || || — || August 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=104 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135104 || || — || August 21, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 7.0 km ||
|-id=105 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135105 || || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 7.1 km ||
|-id=106 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135106 || || — || August 22, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 7.8 km ||
|-id=107 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135107 || || — || August 19, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 6.2 km ||
|-id=108 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135108 || || — || August 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 7.7 km ||
|-id=109 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135109 || || — || August 21, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=110 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135110 || || — || August 24, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=111 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135111 || || — || August 25, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=112 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135112 || || — || August 25, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.8 km ||
|-id=113 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135113 || || — || August 25, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=114 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135114 || || — || August 25, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 6.1 km ||
|-id=115 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135115 || || — || August 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=116 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135116 || || — || August 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.8 km ||
|-id=117 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135117 || || — || August 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=118 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135118 || || — || August 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || TIR || align=right | 5.7 km ||
|-id=119 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135119 || || — || August 20, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=120 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135120 || || — || August 20, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.2 km ||
|-id=121 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135121 || || — || August 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.4 km ||
|-id=122 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135122 || || — || August 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 5.5 km ||
|-id=123 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135123 || || — || August 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || Tj (2.98) || align=right | 6.0 km ||
|-id=124 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135124 || || — || August 20, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.7 km ||
|-id=125 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135125 || || — || August 23, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 8.2 km ||
|-id=126 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135126 || || — || August 23, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || KOR || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=127 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135127 || || — || August 23, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 5.9 km ||
|-id=128 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135128 || || — || August 23, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 6.1 km ||
|-id=129 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135129 || || — || August 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=130 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135130 || || — || August 24, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.7 km ||
|-id=131 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135131 || || — || August 26, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=132 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135132 || || — || August 21, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || 615 || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=133 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135133 || || — || August 28, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 9.2 km ||
|-id=134 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135134 || || — || August 28, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || EOS || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=135 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135135 || || — || August 25, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 7.2 km ||
|-id=136 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135136 || || — || August 17, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.3 km ||
|-id=137 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135137 || || — || August 22, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || ALA || align=right | 11 km ||
|-id=138 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135138 || || — || August 21, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || TIR || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=139 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135139 || || — || August 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=140 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135140 || || — || August 22, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || H || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=141 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135141 || || — || August 22, 2001 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || EOS || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=142 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135142 || || — || August 22, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 6.9 km ||
|-id=143 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135143 || || — || August 23, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=144 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135144 || || — || August 23, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=145 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135145 || || — || August 23, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || EOS || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=146 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135146 || || — || August 23, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=147 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135147 || || — || August 23, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=148 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135148 || || — || August 23, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=149 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135149 || || — || August 23, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || EOS || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=150 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135150 || || — || August 23, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 5.7 km ||
|-id=151 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135151 || || — || August 23, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || ALA || align=right | 8.5 km ||
|-id=152 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135152 || || — || August 23, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || H || align=right data-sort-value="0.88" | 880 m ||
|-id=153 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135153 || || — || August 24, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || EOS || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=154 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135154 || || — || August 24, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || GEF || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=155 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135155 || || — || August 24, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || EOS || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=156 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135156 || || — || August 24, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=157 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135157 || || — || August 24, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || RAF || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=158 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135158 || || — || August 24, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=159 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135159 || || — || August 24, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=160 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135160 || || — || August 24, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=161 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135161 || || — || August 24, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=162 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135162 || || — || August 24, 2001 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=163 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135163 || || — || August 24, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=164 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135164 || || — || August 24, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 8.5 km ||
|-id=165 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135165 || || — || August 24, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || EOS || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=166 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135166 || || — || August 25, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.4 km ||
|-id=167 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135167 || || — || August 25, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.1 km ||
|-id=168 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135168 || || — || August 25, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || TEL || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=169 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135169 || || — || August 25, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.1 km ||
|-id=170 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135170 || || — || August 25, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=171 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135171 || || — || August 25, 2001 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || EOS || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=172 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135172 || || — || August 26, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 5.9 km ||
|-id=173 bgcolor=#FA8072
| 135173 || || — || August 20, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || H || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=174 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135174 || || — || August 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=175 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135175 || || — || August 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || PAD || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=176 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135176 || || — || August 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=177 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135177 || || — || August 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=178 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135178 || || — || August 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EUP || align=right | 6.4 km ||
|-id=179 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135179 || || — || August 19, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || EOS || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=180 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135180 || || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=181 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135181 || || — || August 24, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=182 bgcolor=#C2E0FF
| 135182 || || — || August 21, 2001 || Cerro Tololo || M. W. Buie || other TNOcritical || align=right | 255 km ||
|-id=183 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135183 || || — || August 23, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 5.5 km ||
|-id=184 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135184 || || — || August 23, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 5.9 km ||
|-id=185 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135185 || 2001 RR || — || September 8, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.3 km ||
|-id=186 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135186 || || — || September 8, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || H || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=187 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135187 || || — || September 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || ALA || align=right | 8.4 km ||
|-id=188 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135188 || || — || September 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=189 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135189 || || — || September 7, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.2 km ||
|-id=190 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135190 || || — || September 7, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || URS || align=right | 9.0 km ||
|-id=191 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135191 || || — || September 7, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || KOR || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=192 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135192 || || — || September 7, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.9 km ||
|-id=193 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135193 || || — || September 7, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=194 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135194 || || — || September 7, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=195 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135195 || || — || September 7, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || MAS || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=196 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135196 || || — || September 8, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || 628 || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=197 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135197 || || — || September 11, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=198 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135198 || || — || September 6, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=199 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135199 || || — || September 13, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || TIR || align=right | 7.4 km ||
|-id=200 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135200 || || — || September 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|}
135201–135300
|-bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135201 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=202 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135202 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=203 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135203 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=204 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135204 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.5 km ||
|-id=205 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135205 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=206 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135206 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|-id=207 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135207 || || — || September 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=208 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135208 || || — || September 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 9.0 km ||
|-id=209 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135209 || || — || September 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.98" | 980 m ||
|-id=210 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135210 || || — || September 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.9 km ||
|-id=211 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135211 || || — || September 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=212 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135212 || || — || September 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=213 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135213 || || — || September 11, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || EOS || align=right | 6.5 km ||
|-id=214 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135214 || || — || September 11, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 5.5 km ||
|-id=215 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135215 || || — || September 11, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || NYS || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=216 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135216 || || — || September 11, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=217 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135217 || || — || September 11, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || EOS || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=218 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135218 || || — || September 11, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=219 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135219 || || — || September 11, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=220 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135220 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=221 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135221 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.3 km ||
|-id=222 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135222 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.2 km ||
|-id=223 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135223 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || KOR || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=224 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135224 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=225 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135225 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=226 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135226 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=227 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135227 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=228 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135228 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=229 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135229 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=230 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135230 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || URS || align=right | 7.0 km ||
|-id=231 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135231 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=232 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135232 || || — || September 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=233 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135233 || || — || September 8, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || H || align=right data-sort-value="0.98" | 980 m ||
|-id=234 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135234 || || — || September 11, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || MEL || align=right | 5.8 km ||
|-id=235 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135235 || || — || September 11, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || HYG || align=right | 5.3 km ||
|-id=236 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135236 || || — || September 11, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 6.0 km ||
|-id=237 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135237 || || — || September 18, 2001 || Goodricke-Pigott || R. A. Tucker || CRO || align=right | 6.6 km ||
|-id=238 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135238 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || H || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=239 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135239 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Fountain Hills || C. W. Juels, P. R. Holvorcem || — || align=right | 9.1 km ||
|-id=240 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135240 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Prescott || P. G. Comba || THM || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=241 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135241 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.8 km ||
|-id=242 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135242 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=243 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135243 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=244 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135244 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.8 km ||
|-id=245 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135245 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=246 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135246 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=247 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135247 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=248 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135248 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.8 km ||
|-id=249 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135249 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.9 km ||
|-id=250 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135250 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=251 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135251 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.7 km ||
|-id=252 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135252 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EUP || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=253 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135253 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || HYG || align=right | 6.9 km ||
|-id=254 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135254 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=255 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135255 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=256 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135256 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.8 km ||
|-id=257 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135257 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=258 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135258 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=259 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135259 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || URS || align=right | 6.2 km ||
|-id=260 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135260 || || — || September 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=261 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135261 || || — || September 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 6.4 km ||
|-id=262 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135262 || || — || September 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=263 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135263 || || — || September 18, 2001 || Jonathan B. Postel || V. Pozzoli || EOS || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=264 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135264 || || — || September 21, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.3 km ||
|-id=265 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135265 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || EOS || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=266 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135266 || || — || September 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || HYG || align=right | 7.6 km ||
|-id=267 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135267 || || — || September 20, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=268 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135268 Haigneré || || || September 20, 2001 || Le Creusot || J.-C. Merlin || — || align=right | 6.2 km ||
|-id=269 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135269 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.7 km ||
|-id=270 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135270 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=271 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135271 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=272 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135272 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.2 km ||
|-id=273 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135273 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=274 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135274 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=275 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135275 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=276 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135276 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=277 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135277 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=278 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135278 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=279 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135279 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.9 km ||
|-id=280 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135280 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.2 km ||
|-id=281 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135281 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=282 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135282 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=283 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135283 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.5 km ||
|-id=284 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135284 || || — || September 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=285 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135285 || || — || September 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=286 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135286 || || — || September 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=287 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135287 || || — || September 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=288 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135288 || || — || September 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=289 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135289 || || — || September 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=290 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135290 || || — || September 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=291 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135291 || || — || September 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=292 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135292 || || — || September 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=293 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135293 || || — || September 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.8 km ||
|-id=294 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135294 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=295 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135295 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=296 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135296 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=297 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135297 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || HYG || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=298 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135298 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=299 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135299 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=300 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135300 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|}
135301–135400
|-bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135301 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=302 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135302 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=303 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135303 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=304 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135304 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=305 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135305 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=306 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135306 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=307 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135307 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=308 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135308 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=309 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135309 || || — || September 21, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 7.1 km ||
|-id=310 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135310 || || — || September 17, 2001 || Desert Eagle || W. K. Y. Yeung || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=311 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135311 || || — || September 25, 2001 || Desert Eagle || W. K. Y. Yeung || — || align=right | 6.1 km ||
|-id=312 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135312 || || — || September 25, 2001 || Desert Eagle || W. K. Y. Yeung || — || align=right | 5.3 km ||
|-id=313 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135313 || || — || September 19, 2001 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KOR || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=314 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135314 || || — || September 20, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=315 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135315 || || — || September 21, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || 7:4 || align=right | 7.2 km ||
|-id=316 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135316 || || — || September 21, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 6.8 km ||
|-id=317 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135317 || || — || September 21, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || THM || align=right | 6.1 km ||
|-id=318 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135318 || || — || September 22, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=319 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135319 || || — || September 29, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || RAF || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=320 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135320 || || — || September 20, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=321 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135321 || || — || September 20, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=322 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135322 || || — || September 20, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=323 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135323 || || — || September 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 7.0 km ||
|-id=324 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135324 || || — || September 21, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|-id=325 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135325 || || — || September 23, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=326 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135326 || || — || September 21, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=327 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135327 || || — || September 25, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=328 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135328 || || — || September 25, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=329 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135329 || || — || September 18, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || NYS || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=330 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135330 || || — || September 22, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 9.0 km ||
|-id=331 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135331 || || — || September 25, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=332 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135332 || || — || September 25, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.7 km ||
|-id=333 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135333 || || — || October 8, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=334 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135334 || || — || October 15, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|-id=335 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135335 || || — || October 7, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=336 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135336 || || — || October 11, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EUP || align=right | 8.6 km ||
|-id=337 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135337 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Ondřejov || P. Pravec, P. Kušnirák || HEN || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=338 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135338 || || — || October 9, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=339 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135339 || || — || October 11, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || URS || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=340 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135340 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || AEG || align=right | 6.5 km ||
|-id=341 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135341 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=342 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135342 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=343 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135343 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=344 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135344 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=345 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135345 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 8.4 km ||
|-id=346 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135346 || || — || October 15, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EUP || align=right | 7.6 km ||
|-id=347 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135347 || || — || October 9, 2001 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=348 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135348 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=349 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135349 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || HYG || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|-id=350 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135350 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || PAD || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=351 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135351 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=352 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135352 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=353 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135353 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=354 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135354 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 5.8 km ||
|-id=355 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135355 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.4 km ||
|-id=356 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135356 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=357 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135357 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 5.5 km ||
|-id=358 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135358 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=359 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135359 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || HYG || align=right | 5.0 km ||
|-id=360 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135360 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.3 km ||
|-id=361 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135361 || || — || October 15, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 9.8 km ||
|-id=362 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135362 || || — || October 15, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=363 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135363 || || — || October 6, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 6.4 km ||
|-id=364 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135364 || || — || October 12, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || EOS || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=365 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135365 || || — || October 12, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || EOS || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=366 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135366 || || — || October 12, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 6.4 km ||
|-id=367 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135367 || || — || October 10, 2001 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=368 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135368 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=369 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135369 || || — || October 10, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || WIT || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=370 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135370 || || — || October 12, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || LUT || align=right | 8.6 km ||
|-id=371 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135371 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || INO || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=372 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135372 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 6.1 km ||
|-id=373 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135373 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || LIX || align=right | 6.8 km ||
|-id=374 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135374 || || — || October 10, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || POS || align=right | 7.0 km ||
|-id=375 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135375 || || — || October 10, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 8.0 km ||
|-id=376 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135376 || || — || October 10, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || TIR || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=377 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135377 || || — || October 10, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || HYG || align=right | 6.8 km ||
|-id=378 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135378 || || — || October 10, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || V || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=379 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135379 || || — || October 15, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 6.2 km ||
|-id=380 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135380 || || — || October 11, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.8 km ||
|-id=381 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135381 || || — || October 11, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.3 km ||
|-id=382 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135382 || || — || October 11, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=383 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135383 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.5 km ||
|-id=384 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135384 || || — || October 15, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || LIX || align=right | 7.4 km ||
|-id=385 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135385 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || FIR || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=386 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135386 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || HYG || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=387 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135387 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=388 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135388 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=389 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135389 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.2 km ||
|-id=390 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135390 || || — || October 12, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || ALA || align=right | 5.0 km ||
|-id=391 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135391 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 7.4 km ||
|-id=392 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135392 || || — || October 11, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|-id=393 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135393 || || — || October 11, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=394 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135394 || || — || October 11, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=395 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135395 || || — || October 11, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=396 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135396 || || — || October 11, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=397 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135397 || || — || October 12, 2001 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=398 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135398 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 7.3 km ||
|-id=399 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135399 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=400 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135400 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|}
135401–135500
|-bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135401 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || ELF || align=right | 6.3 km ||
|-id=402 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135402 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || ALA || align=right | 8.5 km ||
|-id=403 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135403 || || — || October 13, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 7.2 km ||
|-id=404 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135404 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || VER || align=right | 7.2 km ||
|-id=405 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135405 || || — || October 14, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || TIR || align=right | 6.5 km ||
|-id=406 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135406 || || — || October 15, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || 637 || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|-id=407 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135407 || || — || October 15, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.7 km ||
|-id=408 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135408 || || — || October 15, 2001 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 6.1 km ||
|-id=409 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135409 || || — || October 15, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || EOS || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=410 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135410 || || — || October 21, 2001 || Desert Eagle || W. K. Y. Yeung || HYG || align=right | 6.1 km ||
|-id=411 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135411 || || — || October 25, 2001 || Desert Eagle || W. K. Y. Yeung || HYG || align=right | 6.5 km ||
|-id=412 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135412 || || — || October 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=413 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135413 || || — || October 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=414 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135414 || || — || October 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || ALA || align=right | 9.9 km ||
|-id=415 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135415 || || — || October 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.9 km ||
|-id=416 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135416 || || — || October 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || VER || align=right | 6.8 km ||
|-id=417 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135417 || || — || October 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || ALA || align=right | 5.8 km ||
|-id=418 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135418 || || — || October 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 8.1 km ||
|-id=419 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135419 || || — || October 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=420 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135420 || || — || October 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=421 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135421 || || — || October 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || slow || align=right | 6.1 km ||
|-id=422 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135422 || || — || October 20, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=423 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135423 || || — || October 20, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.1 km ||
|-id=424 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135424 || || — || October 21, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.0 km ||
|-id=425 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135425 || || — || October 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || MRX || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=426 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135426 || || — || October 20, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || HOF || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=427 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135427 || || — || October 21, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=428 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135428 || || — || October 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.5 km ||
|-id=429 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135429 || || — || October 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || TIR || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|-id=430 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135430 || || — || October 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || HYG || align=right | 6.5 km ||
|-id=431 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135431 || || — || October 20, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=432 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135432 || || — || October 23, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|-id=433 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135433 || || — || October 23, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=434 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135434 || || — || October 23, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=435 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135435 || || — || October 23, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=436 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135436 || || — || October 23, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 5.7 km ||
|-id=437 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135437 || || — || October 23, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || HEN || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=438 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135438 || || — || October 23, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=439 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135439 || || — || October 26, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 8.0 km ||
|-id=440 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135440 || || — || October 26, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 6.7 km ||
|-id=441 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135441 || || — || October 19, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.96" | 960 m ||
|-id=442 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135442 || || — || October 20, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=443 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135443 || || — || October 20, 2001 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.97" | 970 m ||
|-id=444 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135444 || || — || November 9, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=445 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135445 || || — || November 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=446 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135446 || || — || November 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 7.9 km ||
|-id=447 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135447 || || — || November 6, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 7.0 km ||
|-id=448 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135448 || || — || November 10, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 8.6 km ||
|-id=449 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135449 || || — || November 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 7.1 km ||
|-id=450 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135450 || || — || November 9, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.5 km ||
|-id=451 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135451 || || — || November 9, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || AGN || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=452 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135452 || || — || November 9, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 7.0 km ||
|-id=453 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135453 || || — || November 9, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.6 km ||
|-id=454 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135454 || || — || November 9, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=455 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135455 || || — || November 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.5 km ||
|-id=456 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135456 || || — || November 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 5.3 km ||
|-id=457 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135457 || || — || November 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.7 km ||
|-id=458 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135458 || || — || November 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 8.1 km ||
|-id=459 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135459 || || — || November 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=460 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135460 || || — || November 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.8 km ||
|-id=461 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135461 || || — || November 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=462 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135462 || || — || November 15, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || H || align=right data-sort-value="0.92" | 920 m ||
|-id=463 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135463 || || — || November 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=464 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135464 || || — || November 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=465 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135465 || || — || November 15, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=466 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135466 || || — || November 15, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=467 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135467 || || — || November 15, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 7.0 km ||
|-id=468 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135468 || || — || November 15, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.1 km ||
|-id=469 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135469 || || — || November 12, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=470 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135470 || || — || November 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 7.7 km ||
|-id=471 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135471 || || — || November 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=472 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135472 || || — || November 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=473 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135473 || || — || November 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=474 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135474 || || — || November 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=475 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135475 || || — || November 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=476 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135476 || || — || November 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=477 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135477 || || — || November 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || H || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=478 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135478 || || — || November 19, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 5.8 km ||
|-id=479 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135479 || || — || November 19, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 7.8 km ||
|-id=480 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135480 || || — || November 19, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || ALA || align=right | 6.4 km ||
|-id=481 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135481 || || — || November 19, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 6.1 km ||
|-id=482 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135482 || || — || November 20, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=483 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135483 || || — || November 17, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || SYL7:4 || align=right | 7.0 km ||
|-id=484 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135484 || || — || November 16, 2001 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || FLO || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=485 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135485 || || — || December 8, 2001 || Oizumi || T. Kobayashi || FLO || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=486 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135486 || || — || December 8, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || H || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=487 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135487 || || — || December 8, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || H || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=488 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135488 || || — || December 7, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 7.0 km ||
|-id=489 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135489 || || — || December 8, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || TIR || align=right | 7.3 km ||
|-id=490 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135490 || || — || December 9, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || TRP || align=right | 6.6 km ||
|-id=491 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135491 || || — || December 9, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || MRX || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=492 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135492 || || — || December 9, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=493 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135493 || || — || December 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 10 km ||
|-id=494 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135494 || || — || December 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=495 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135495 || || — || December 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=496 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135496 || || — || December 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.4 km ||
|-id=497 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135497 || || — || December 11, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || HYG || align=right | 5.9 km ||
|-id=498 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135498 || || — || December 11, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || EUP || align=right | 8.1 km ||
|-id=499 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135499 || || — || December 11, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || AGN || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=500 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135500 || || — || December 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|}
135501–135600
|-bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135501 || || — || December 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=502 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135502 || || — || December 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 7.7 km ||
|-id=503 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135503 || || — || December 10, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=504 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135504 || || — || December 11, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || URS || align=right | 6.4 km ||
|-id=505 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135505 || || — || December 14, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=506 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135506 || || — || December 14, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=507 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135507 || || — || December 14, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || HYG || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=508 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135508 || || — || December 15, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || AGN || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=509 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135509 || || — || December 15, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=510 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135510 || || — || December 15, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=511 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135511 || || — || December 15, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=512 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135512 || || — || December 7, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 8.4 km ||
|-id=513 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135513 || || — || December 11, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=514 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135514 || || — || December 14, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 7.1 km ||
|-id=515 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135515 || 2001 YT || — || December 18, 2001 || Kingsnake || J. V. McClusky || EUP || align=right | 6.5 km ||
|-id=516 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135516 || || — || December 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=517 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135517 || || — || December 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=518 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135518 || || — || December 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.98" | 980 m ||
|-id=519 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135519 || || — || December 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=520 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135520 || || — || December 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=521 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135521 || || — || December 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=522 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135522 || || — || December 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=523 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135523 || || — || December 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || HYG || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=524 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135524 || || — || December 19, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=525 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135525 || || — || January 11, 2002 || Desert Eagle || W. K. Y. Yeung || — || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=526 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135526 || || — || January 13, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || AGN || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=527 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135527 || || — || January 13, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=528 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135528 || || — || January 5, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || H || align=right data-sort-value="0.99" | 990 m ||
|-id=529 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135529 || || — || January 13, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=530 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135530 || || — || January 13, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=531 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135531 || || — || January 19, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=532 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135532 || || — || February 7, 2002 || Fountain Hills || C. W. Juels, P. R. Holvorcem || — || align=right | 6.7 km ||
|-id=533 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135533 || || — || February 12, 2002 || Desert Eagle || W. K. Y. Yeung || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=534 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135534 || || — || February 7, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=535 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135535 || || — || February 7, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=536 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135536 || || — || February 7, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.88" | 880 m ||
|-id=537 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135537 || || — || February 8, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=538 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135538 || || — || February 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=539 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135539 || || — || February 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right data-sort-value="0.96" | 960 m ||
|-id=540 bgcolor=#C2FFFF
| 135540 || || — || February 13, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || L4 || align=right | 12 km ||
|-id=541 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135541 || || — || February 3, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.97" | 970 m ||
|-id=542 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135542 || || — || February 10, 2002 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=543 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135543 || || — || February 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=544 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135544 || || — || February 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=545 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135545 || || — || February 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=546 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135546 || || — || March 13, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=547 bgcolor=#C2FFFF
| 135547 || || — || March 6, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || L4 || align=right | 18 km ||
|-id=548 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135548 || || — || March 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=549 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135549 || || — || March 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.99" | 990 m ||
|-id=550 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135550 || || — || March 9, 2002 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.99" | 990 m ||
|-id=551 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135551 || || — || March 12, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=552 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135552 || || — || March 12, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=553 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135553 || || — || March 13, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=554 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135554 || || — || March 13, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=555 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135555 || || — || March 13, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=556 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135556 || || — || March 13, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || KLI || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=557 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135557 || || — || March 13, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=558 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135558 || || — || March 13, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.94" | 940 m ||
|-id=559 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135559 || || — || March 16, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=560 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135560 || || — || March 20, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || PHO || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=561 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135561 Tautvaisiene || || || March 16, 2002 || Moletai || K. Černis, J. Zdanavičius || FLO || align=right | 1.00 km ||
|-id=562 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135562 || || — || March 16, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=563 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135563 || || — || March 16, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=564 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135564 || || — || April 14, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=565 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135565 || || — || April 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=566 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135566 || || — || April 14, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right data-sort-value="0.95" | 950 m ||
|-id=567 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135567 || || — || April 15, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=568 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135568 || || — || April 15, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=569 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135569 || || — || April 15, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || NYS || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=570 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135570 || || — || April 14, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=571 bgcolor=#C2E0FF
| 135571 || || — || April 8, 2002 || Cerro Tololo || M. W. Buie || res2:5critical || align=right | 161 km ||
|-id=572 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135572 || || — || April 1, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || FLO || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=573 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135573 || || — || April 4, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=574 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135574 || || — || April 5, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=575 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135575 || || — || April 5, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=576 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135576 || || — || April 5, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=577 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135577 || || — || April 8, 2002 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || FLO || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=578 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135578 || || — || April 9, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=579 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135579 || || — || April 9, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=580 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135580 || || — || April 9, 2002 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=581 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135581 || || — || April 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=582 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135582 || || — || April 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || ERI || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=583 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135583 || || — || April 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=584 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135584 || || — || April 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=585 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135585 || || — || April 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || GEF || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=586 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135586 || || — || April 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=587 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135587 || || — || April 11, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || GEF || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=588 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135588 || || — || April 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=589 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135589 || || — || April 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=590 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135590 || || — || April 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=591 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135591 || || — || April 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=592 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135592 || || — || April 12, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=593 bgcolor=#C2FFFF
| 135593 || || — || April 12, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || L4 || align=right | 12 km ||
|-id=594 bgcolor=#C2FFFF
| 135594 || || — || April 13, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || L4 || align=right | 17 km ||
|-id=595 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135595 || || — || April 14, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=596 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135596 || || — || April 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=597 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135597 || || — || April 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=598 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135598 || || — || April 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=599 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135599 || 2002 HU || — || April 16, 2002 || Desert Eagle || W. K. Y. Yeung || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=600 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135600 || || — || April 16, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|}
135601–135700
|-bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135601 || || — || April 16, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=602 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135602 || || — || April 17, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=603 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135603 || || — || April 29, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=604 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135604 || || — || May 8, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=605 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135605 || || — || May 7, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=606 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135606 || || — || May 7, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=607 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135607 || || — || May 9, 2002 || Desert Eagle || W. K. Y. Yeung || V || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=608 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135608 || || — || May 8, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=609 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135609 || || — || May 8, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=610 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135610 || || — || May 8, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=611 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135611 || || — || May 8, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=612 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135612 || || — || May 8, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=613 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135613 || || — || May 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=614 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135614 || || — || May 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=615 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135615 || || — || May 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=616 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135616 || || — || May 9, 2002 || Desert Eagle || W. K. Y. Yeung || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.95" | 950 m ||
|-id=617 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135617 || || — || May 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=618 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135618 || || — || May 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=619 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135619 || || — || May 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=620 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135620 || || — || May 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=621 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135621 || || — || May 8, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=622 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135622 || || — || May 8, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=623 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135623 || || — || May 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || H || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=624 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135624 || || — || May 7, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=625 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135625 || || — || May 8, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=626 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135626 || || — || May 8, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=627 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135627 || || — || May 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=628 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135628 || || — || May 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.00 km ||
|-id=629 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135629 || || — || May 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=630 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135630 || || — || May 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=631 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135631 || || — || May 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=632 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135632 || || — || May 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=633 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135633 || || — || May 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=634 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135634 || || — || May 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=635 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135635 || || — || May 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right data-sort-value="0.93" | 930 m ||
|-id=636 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135636 || || — || May 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=637 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135637 || || — || May 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.97" | 970 m ||
|-id=638 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135638 || || — || May 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=639 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135639 || || — || May 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=640 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135640 || || — || May 8, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=641 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135641 || || — || May 6, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || PHO || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=642 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135642 || || — || May 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || MAS || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=643 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135643 || || — || May 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.90" | 900 m ||
|-id=644 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135644 || || — || May 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=645 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135645 || || — || May 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=646 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135646 || || — || May 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=647 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135647 || || — || May 16, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=648 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135648 || || — || May 16, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=649 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135649 || || — || May 17, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.96" | 960 m ||
|-id=650 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135650 || || — || June 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=651 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135651 || || — || June 1, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=652 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135652 || || — || June 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=653 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135653 || || — || June 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=654 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135654 || || — || June 6, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=655 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135655 || || — || June 6, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=656 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135656 || || — || June 7, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=657 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135657 || || — || June 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=658 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135658 || || — || June 12, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=659 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135659 || || — || June 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=660 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135660 || || — || June 12, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=661 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135661 || || — || June 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.2 km ||
|-id=662 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135662 || || — || June 19, 2002 || Campo Imperatore || CINEOS || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=663 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135663 || || — || July 5, 2002 || Reedy Creek || J. Broughton || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=664 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135664 || || — || July 3, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=665 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135665 || || — || July 4, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || NYS || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=666 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135666 || || — || July 4, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || V || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=667 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135667 || || — || July 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=668 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135668 || || — || July 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=669 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135669 || || — || July 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || HYG || align=right | 5.5 km ||
|-id=670 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135670 || || — || July 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || MAR || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=671 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135671 || || — || July 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=672 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135672 || || — || July 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=673 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135673 || || — || July 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=674 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135674 || || — || July 15, 2002 || Reedy Creek || J. Broughton || NYS || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=675 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135675 || || — || July 9, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || EUN || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=676 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135676 || || — || July 14, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || NYS || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=677 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135677 || || — || July 14, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=678 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135678 || || — || July 15, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=679 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135679 || || — || July 14, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || MAS || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=680 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135680 || || — || July 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=681 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135681 || || — || July 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || CHL || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=682 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135682 || || — || July 17, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=683 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135683 || || — || July 17, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=684 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135684 || || — || July 18, 2002 || Needville || Needville Obs. || V || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=685 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135685 || || — || July 20, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=686 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135686 || || — || July 18, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || MAS || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=687 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135687 || || — || July 17, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || ALA || align=right | 7.8 km ||
|-id=688 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135688 || || — || July 18, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=689 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135689 || || — || July 18, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || MAR || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=690 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135690 || || — || July 18, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=691 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135691 || || — || July 22, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=692 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135692 || || — || July 30, 2002 || Haleakala || A. Lowe || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=693 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135693 || || — || July 23, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=694 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135694 || || — || July 21, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=695 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135695 || 2002 PK || — || August 1, 2002 || Campo Imperatore || CINEOS || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=696 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135696 || || — || August 4, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=697 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135697 || || — || August 6, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=698 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135698 || || — || August 6, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=699 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135699 || || — || August 6, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || MAS || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=700 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135700 || || — || August 6, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|}
135701–135800
|-bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135701 || || — || August 6, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=702 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135702 || || — || August 6, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=703 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135703 || || — || August 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=704 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135704 || || — || August 7, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || MAS || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=705 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135705 || || — || August 8, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=706 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135706 || || — || August 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || MAR || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=707 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135707 || || — || August 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=708 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135708 || || — || August 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=709 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135709 || || — || August 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=710 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135710 || || — || August 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=711 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135711 || || — || August 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || EUN || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=712 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135712 || || — || August 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 8.9 km ||
|-id=713 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135713 || || — || August 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || MIT || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=714 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135714 || || — || August 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=715 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135715 || || — || August 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || EUN || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=716 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135716 || || — || August 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=717 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135717 || || — || August 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=718 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135718 || || — || August 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || MIT || align=right | 6.6 km ||
|-id=719 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135719 || || — || August 6, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=720 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135720 || || — || August 12, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=721 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135721 || || — || August 11, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=722 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135722 || || — || August 11, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=723 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135723 || || — || August 13, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=724 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135724 || || — || August 12, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=725 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135725 || || — || August 14, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=726 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135726 || || — || August 12, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=727 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135727 || || — || August 12, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || MAS || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=728 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135728 || || — || August 15, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=729 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135729 || || — || August 15, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=730 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135730 || || — || August 13, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || ALA || align=right | 7.7 km ||
|-id=731 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135731 || || — || August 13, 2002 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=732 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135732 || || — || August 14, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=733 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135733 || || — || August 14, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || ADE || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=734 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135734 || || — || August 15, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=735 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135735 || || — || August 15, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=736 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135736 || || — || August 13, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=737 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135737 || || — || August 14, 2002 || Siding Spring || R. H. McNaught || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=738 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135738 || || — || August 14, 2002 || Siding Spring || R. H. McNaught || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=739 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135739 || || — || August 9, 2002 || Cerro Tololo || Cerro Tololo Obs. || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=740 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135740 || || — || August 8, 2002 || Palomar || S. F. Hönig || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=741 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135741 || || — || August 8, 2002 || Palomar || A. Lowe || — || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=742 bgcolor=#C2E0FF
| 135742 || || — || August 5, 2002 || Mauna Kea || Mauna Kea Obs. || cubewano (hot) || align=right | 185 km ||
|-id=743 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135743 || || — || August 11, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=744 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135744 || || — || August 16, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=745 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135745 || || — || August 17, 2002 || Tenagra || Tenagra Obs. || — || align=right | 7.7 km ||
|-id=746 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135746 || || — || August 16, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=747 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135747 || || — || August 19, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=748 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135748 || || — || August 24, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=749 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135749 || || — || August 27, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || MAR || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=750 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135750 || || — || August 26, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=751 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135751 || || — || August 28, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=752 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135752 || || — || August 27, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || MAS || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=753 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135753 || || — || August 30, 2002 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=754 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135754 || || — || August 17, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || MAR || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=755 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135755 || || — || August 16, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=756 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135756 || 2002 RN || — || September 2, 2002 || Ondřejov || P. Pravec, P. Kušnirák || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=757 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135757 || || — || September 4, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=758 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135758 || || — || September 4, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=759 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135759 || || — || September 4, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=760 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135760 || || — || September 4, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || BRU || align=right | 6.9 km ||
|-id=761 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135761 || || — || September 4, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=762 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135762 || || — || September 4, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=763 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135763 || || — || September 4, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=764 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135764 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=765 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135765 || || — || September 3, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || RAF || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=766 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135766 || || — || September 4, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=767 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135767 || || — || September 4, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=768 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135768 || || — || September 4, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || CLO || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=769 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135769 || || — || September 4, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 5.0 km ||
|-id=770 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135770 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || RAF || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=771 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135771 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=772 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135772 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=773 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135773 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=774 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135774 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=775 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135775 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=776 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135776 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=777 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135777 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=778 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135778 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || MIS || align=right | 5.5 km ||
|-id=779 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135779 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=780 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135780 || || — || September 3, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.9 km ||
|-id=781 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135781 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || HEN || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=782 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135782 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=783 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135783 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=784 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135784 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=785 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135785 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=786 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135786 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=787 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135787 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.5 km ||
|-id=788 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135788 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || MAR || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=789 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135789 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=790 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135790 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=791 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135791 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=792 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135792 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || PAD || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=793 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135793 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=794 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135794 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=795 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135795 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=796 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135796 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || EUN || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=797 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135797 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=798 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135798 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=799 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135799 Ráczmiklós || || || September 7, 2002 || Piszkéstető || K. Sárneczky || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=800 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135800 || || — || September 6, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|}
135801–135900
|-bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135801 || || — || September 6, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || ADE || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=802 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135802 || || — || September 3, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || HNS || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=803 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135803 || || — || September 6, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || MAR || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=804 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135804 || || — || September 6, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=805 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135805 || || — || September 7, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || INO || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=806 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135806 || || — || September 8, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=807 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135807 || || — || September 11, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=808 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135808 || || — || September 10, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || MAR || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=809 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135809 || || — || September 11, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || ADE || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=810 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135810 || || — || September 11, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || MRX || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=811 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135811 || || — || September 11, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=812 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135812 || || — || September 13, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || MIS || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=813 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135813 || || — || September 13, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=814 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135814 || || — || September 13, 2002 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=815 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135815 || || — || September 12, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=816 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135816 || || — || September 12, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=817 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135817 || || — || September 13, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=818 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135818 || || — || September 13, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || WIT || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=819 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135819 || || — || September 13, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=820 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135820 || || — || September 13, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || ADE || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=821 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135821 || || — || September 14, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=822 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135822 || || — || September 12, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=823 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135823 || || — || September 13, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=824 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135824 || || — || September 14, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=825 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135825 || || — || September 13, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || HEN || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=826 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135826 || || — || September 14, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=827 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135827 || || — || September 14, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || MAR || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=828 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135828 || || — || September 14, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=829 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135829 || || — || September 14, 2002 || Palomar || R. Matson || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=830 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135830 || || — || September 13, 2002 || Palomar || R. Matson || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=831 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135831 || || — || September 1, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=832 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135832 || || — || September 5, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=833 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135833 || || — || September 14, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=834 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135834 || 2002 SO || — || September 21, 2002 || Pla D'Arguines || R. Ferrando || MAR || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=835 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135835 || || — || September 26, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=836 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135836 || || — || September 27, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || HEN || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=837 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135837 || || — || September 27, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=838 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135838 || || — || September 27, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || PAD || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=839 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135839 || || — || September 26, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || WIT || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=840 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135840 || || — || September 28, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=841 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135841 || || — || September 28, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=842 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135842 || || — || September 28, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=843 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135843 || || — || September 28, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=844 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135844 || || — || September 28, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=845 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135845 || || — || September 28, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || MAR || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=846 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135846 || || — || September 29, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=847 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135847 || || — || September 30, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=848 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135848 || || — || September 28, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=849 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135849 || || — || September 28, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=850 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135850 || || — || September 28, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=851 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135851 || || — || September 29, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || MIT || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=852 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135852 || || — || September 30, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=853 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135853 || || — || September 17, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=854 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135854 || || — || September 18, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=855 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135855 || || — || September 20, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || EUN || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=856 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135856 || || — || September 30, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || CHA || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=857 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135857 || || — || September 30, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=858 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135858 || || — || September 30, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=859 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135859 || 2002 TS || — || October 1, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=860 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135860 || || — || October 1, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=861 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135861 || || — || October 1, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || KOR || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=862 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135862 || || — || October 1, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || MIS || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=863 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135863 || || — || October 1, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=864 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135864 || || — || October 1, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=865 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135865 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=866 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135866 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=867 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135867 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || NEM || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=868 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135868 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=869 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135869 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || HOF || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=870 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135870 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || HEN || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=871 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135871 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || HEN || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=872 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135872 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=873 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135873 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || RAF || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=874 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135874 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=875 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135875 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=876 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135876 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || AGN || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=877 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135877 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=878 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135878 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=879 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135879 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || GEF || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=880 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135880 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=881 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135881 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=882 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135882 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || PAD || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=883 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135883 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=884 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135884 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=885 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135885 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=886 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135886 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=887 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135887 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || DOR || align=right | 6.1 km ||
|-id=888 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135888 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || MRX || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=889 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135889 || || — || October 3, 2002 || Campo Imperatore || CINEOS || CLO || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=890 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135890 || || — || October 3, 2002 || Campo Imperatore || CINEOS || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=891 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135891 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Fountain Hills || C. W. Juels, P. R. Holvorcem || — || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=892 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135892 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Campo Imperatore || CINEOS || HEN || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=893 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135893 || || — || October 3, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=894 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135894 || || — || October 3, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=895 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135895 || || — || October 3, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.5 km ||
|-id=896 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135896 || || — || October 1, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || NEM || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=897 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135897 || || — || October 1, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=898 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135898 || || — || October 1, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=899 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135899 || || — || October 1, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=900 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135900 || || — || October 1, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|}
135901–136000
|-bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135901 || || — || October 1, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=902 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135902 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=903 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135903 || || — || October 3, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || WIT || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=904 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135904 || || — || October 3, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.8 km ||
|-id=905 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135905 || || — || October 3, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=906 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135906 || || — || October 3, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=907 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135907 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=908 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135908 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || AGN || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=909 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135909 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || ADE || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=910 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135910 || || — || October 2, 2002 || Campo Imperatore || CINEOS || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=911 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135911 || || — || October 3, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=912 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135912 || || — || October 3, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || DOR || align=right | 6.7 km ||
|-id=913 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135913 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=914 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135914 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 7.3 km ||
|-id=915 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135915 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|-id=916 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135916 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=917 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135917 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || PAD || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=918 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135918 || || — || October 5, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || ADE || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=919 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135919 || || — || October 5, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.0 km ||
|-id=920 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135920 || || — || October 5, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=921 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135921 || || — || October 3, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=922 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135922 || || — || October 3, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=923 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135923 || || — || October 3, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=924 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135924 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=925 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135925 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=926 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135926 || || — || October 14, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || AGN || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=927 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135927 || || — || October 14, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || JUN || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=928 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135928 || || — || October 14, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || ADE || align=right | 5.9 km ||
|-id=929 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135929 || || — || October 14, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=930 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135930 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=931 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135931 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=932 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135932 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=933 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135933 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|-id=934 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135934 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=935 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135935 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=936 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135936 || || — || October 11, 2002 || Essen || Walter Hohmann Obs. || EUN || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=937 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135937 || || — || October 1, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=938 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135938 || || — || October 5, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=939 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135939 || || — || October 5, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=940 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135940 || || — || October 3, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=941 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135941 || || — || October 3, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=942 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135942 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=943 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135943 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=944 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135944 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=945 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135945 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=946 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135946 || || — || October 6, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || EUN || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=947 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135947 || || — || October 6, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=948 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135948 || || — || October 4, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=949 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135949 || || — || October 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=950 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135950 || || — || October 8, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=951 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135951 || || — || October 8, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=952 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135952 || || — || October 8, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || JUN || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=953 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135953 || || — || October 8, 2002 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=954 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135954 || || — || October 6, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=955 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135955 || || — || October 6, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || ADE || align=right | 6.2 km ||
|-id=956 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135956 || || — || October 7, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || MIT || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=957 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135957 || || — || October 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=958 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135958 || || — || October 7, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || HOF || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=959 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135959 || || — || October 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=960 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135960 || || — || October 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || HEN || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=961 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135961 || || — || October 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || WIT || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=962 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135962 || || — || October 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=963 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135963 || || — || October 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=964 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135964 || || — || October 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.9 km ||
|-id=965 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135965 || || — || October 9, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=966 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135966 || || — || October 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || WIT || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=967 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135967 || || — || October 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=968 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135968 || || — || October 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=969 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 135969 || || — || October 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=970 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135970 || || — || October 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=971 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135971 || || — || October 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=972 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135972 || || — || October 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || WIT || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=973 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135973 || || — || October 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || TEL || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=974 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135974 || || — || October 10, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=975 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135975 || || — || October 11, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || AEO || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=976 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135976 || || — || October 13, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.0 km ||
|-id=977 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135977 || || — || October 12, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || WIT || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=978 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135978 Agüeros || || || October 4, 2002 || Apache Point || SDSS || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=979 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135979 Allam || || || October 10, 2002 || Apache Point || SDSS || MAR || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=980 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135980 Scottanderson || || || October 10, 2002 || Apache Point || SDSS || GEF || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=981 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135981 || || — || October 29, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.3 km ||
|-id=982 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135982 || || — || October 28, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || ADE || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=983 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135983 || || — || October 28, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.0 km ||
|-id=984 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135984 || || — || October 30, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 9.6 km ||
|-id=985 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135985 || || — || October 30, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=986 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135986 || || — || October 30, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=987 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135987 || || — || October 30, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || NAE || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=988 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135988 || || — || October 30, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=989 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135989 || || — || October 30, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || AGN || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=990 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135990 || || — || October 30, 2002 || Haleakala || NEAT || GEF || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=991 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135991 Danarmstrong || || || October 31, 2002 || Jornada || D. S. Dixon || EUN || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=992 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135992 || || — || October 31, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=993 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135993 || || — || November 1, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=994 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135994 || || — || November 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=995 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135995 || || — || November 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=996 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135996 || || — || November 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=997 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135997 || || — || November 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=998 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 135998 || || — || November 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=999 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 135999 || || — || November 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=000 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 136000 || || — || November 5, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|}
References
External links
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (135001)–(140000) (IAU Minor Planet Center)
0135
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34529305
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%20American%20League%20Championship%20Series
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2012 American League Championship Series
|
The 2012 American League Championship Series was a best-of-seven playoff pitting the New York Yankees against the Detroit Tigers for the American League pennant and the right to play in the 2012 World Series. The series, the 43rd in league history, began on Saturday, October 13 in New York and ended on Thursday, October 18 in Detroit. The Tigers swept the Yankees, winning the series 4–0. TBS televised all games in the United States. In global markets, MLB International broadcast the ALCS in its entirety, with long-time Baltimore Orioles announcer Gary Thorne and ESPN's Rick Sutcliffe calling the games.
This was the third postseason meeting between the Yankees and the Tigers, but the first in the ALCS. The Tigers previously beat the Yankees in the 2006 ALDS (3–1) and the 2011 ALDS (3–2). The last appearance for each team in the ALCS resulted in a loss to the Texas Rangers; the Yankees in the 2010 ALCS and the Tigers in the 2011 ALCS.
The Tigers would go on to lose in a sweep to the San Francisco Giants in the World Series.
Summary
New York Yankees vs. Detroit Tigers
†: postponed from October 17 due to rain
Game summaries
Game 1
The Yankees threatened in the first inning when they loaded the bases on three walks, but Jhonny Peralta robbed Alex Rodriguez of an RBI single with a diving stop to end the inning. Peralta also took away a run in the second when, with the bases loaded via three singles and two outs once again, Robinson Canó hit a ball that glanced off the wrist of Tiger starter Doug Fister and caromed to shortstop. Peralta fielded it and just nipped Canó at first, which was revealed to be the wrong call. The Yankees would leave the bases loaded for the third time in the game in the sixth inning, and were 1-for-10 with runners in scoring position, with the only hit being an infield single by Ichiro Suzuki that did not score a run.
Fister threw shutout ball into the seventh inning, scattering six hits. Postseason veteran Andy Pettitte almost matched him, pitching five shutout innings for the Yankees before giving up RBI singles to Prince Fielder and Delmon Young in the sixth after a triple and intentional walk. A home run by Delmon Young and an RBI single by Avisaíl García after a Peralta double in the eighth off Derek Lowe and Boone Logan, respectively, gave Detroit a 4–0 lead. In the bottom of the ninth, Detroit brought in José Valverde to get the final three outs.
Russell Martin led off the Yankees ninth with a single, and Ichiro Suzuki followed two batters later with a home run to cut the lead in half. Canó then struck out for the second out, and Valverde got to 0–2 on Mark Teixeira before walking him. Raúl Ibañez hit a game-tying home run, forcing extra innings.
Rafael Soriano and David Robertson each pitched one scoreless inning out of the bullpen, but the Yankees could not capitalize off Tiger relievers Octavio Dotel and Drew Smyly. Detroit finally broke the tie in the top of the 12th on a Delmon Young double off David Phelps, which scored Miguel Cabrera, who walked to lead off. Six pitches later, Derek Jeter broke his left ankle while stopping a groundball from Peralta, forcing him to miss the rest of the postseason. One batter later, Andy Dirks drove in an insurance run on a chopper that glanced off Phelps' pitching hand for an infield single. The Tigers held on to their two-run lead in the bottom of the 12th, to take the series' first game. Despite the loss, Ibañez's clutch homers in both the ALDS and ALCS brought him distinction as the only player to ever hit three home runs in the ninth inning or later in one postseason.
This was Derek Jeter's 158th and final playoff game. Before getting injured, Jeter recorded his 200th career postseason hit earlier in the game which is still the most all-time.
Game 2
Hiroki Kuroda retired the first 15 Detroit Tigers he faced and held the Tigers scoreless through six innings, allowing only one hit and no walks while striking out eight—including seven of the first nine batters. The Tigers' Aníbal Sánchez was nearly as efficient, allowing three hits, striking out five and walking two.
The Tigers finally broke through with a run off Kuroda in the seventh. Quintin Berry doubled to lead off the inning, and advanced to third on a single by Miguel Cabrera. After Kuroda struck out Prince Fielder, Delmon Young hit an RBI force out, on which the potential double play relay throw was mishandled by Robinson Canó.
In the eighth, Kuroda struck out the first two batters he faced, then allowed a single to Omar Infante. Austin Jackson then singled to right. Nick Swisher fielded the ball and threw it to second as Infante ran past the base and attempted to get back. Baseman Robinson Canó's tag on Infante beat him touching the base, but umpire Jeff Nelson ruled him safe even though television replays confirmed he was out. Yankees Manager Joe Girardi argued during a pitching change and was ejected. The play would have resulted in the inning's third out, and the Tigers took advantage by getting two insurance runs on RBI singles by Avisaíl García off of Boone Logan and Miguel Cabrera off of Joba Chamberlain.
Prior to the game, Tiger manager Jim Leyland stated that struggling closer José Valverde, who had allowed seven runs in his last two postseason appearances, would not close Game 2 if the situation called for it. He instead used Phil Coke over the final two innings in this game, and Coke earned the save.
The Yankees' lineup continued its struggles in Game 2. Robinson Canó, batting second for the first time since September 2010, grounded out in all four times at bat, with this 0-for-4 performance resulting in an 0-for-26 hitless streak—the longest such barren streak in any single year of postseason play in MLB history. Alex Rodriguez took a called third strike on a changeup in the second and struck out on a foul tip in the fourth, dropping to 2-for-21 with no RBIs in the postseason, including 0-for-18 with 12 strikeouts against right-handers. Curtis Granderson fanned twice, falling to 3-for-25 with 13 strikeouts.
Game 3
Game 3 saw Justin Verlander pitch for the third time against the Yankees in postseason play. In the previous season's Division Series, Verlander struck out 11 batters, but in the process, he expended 120 pitches and gave up four runs. This time around was different, as the Yankees waited out pitches and struck out only three times against him. Nonetheless, Verlander took a shutout into the ninth inning. He allowed only a pair of singles by Ichiro Suzuki and a leadoff homer by Eduardo Núñez in the ninth. After Brett Gardner grounded out on Verlander's 132nd pitch of the night, the Tigers starter was lifted for Phil Coke. Coke induced a grounder from Suzuki for the second out of the inning, but then gave up consecutive singles to Mark Teixeira and Robinson Canó (Canó's single ended a personal 0-for-29 slump). Postseason star Raúl Ibañez worked Coke to a 3–2 count before striking out on a slider, giving Coke his second save in two games.
Delmon Young hit a home run (his seventh post-season home run with the Tigers) in the fourth off of Yankees starter Phil Hughes, who was then lifted because of a stiff back, and manager Joe Girardi's lineup shuffle had Alex Rodriguez benched again. Next inning, Quintin Berry reached first on Yankees third baseman Eric Chavez's error, stole second and scored on Miguel Cabrera's double off of David Phelps.
The home run by Núñez ended a streak of scoreless innings by Tigers starters in the postseason, breaking the 1974 record of 29 innings set by the Oakland Athletics. The Tiger starters had also gone 37 straight innings without surrendering an earned run.
Game 4
Game 4 was originally scheduled for October 17, 2012 - 8:07pm (EDT), and was postponed due to rain.
Game 4 saw Detroit come out swinging early, going up 2–0 on RBI singles by Delmon Young in the first and Avisaíl García in the third. The Tigers broke this game open with a pair of two-run home runs by Miguel Cabrera and Jhonny Peralta. Yankee starter CC Sabathia exited after just innings. The Tigers' Max Scherzer, meanwhile, maintained a no-hitter until the sixth inning, and struck out 10 batters in his innings of work. The Yankees drove in one run in the sixth, when a triple by Eduardo Núñez was followed by a Nick Swisher double. Austin Jackson homered off of Derek Lowe in the seventh inning, and Peralta closed the scoring with his second homer in the eighth off of David Robertson, to give the Tigers an 8–1 lead. Former Yankee Phil Coke, who was on the 2009 World Series championship team, closed the game by pitching the final two innings, finishing the series and handing the Yankees their first postseason series sweep since the 1980 American League Championship Series, when they were swept by the Kansas City Royals. It was also the first time the Yankees were swept in a best-of-seven series since the 1976 World Series against the Cincinnati Reds and the 4th time overall.
Delmon Young, who hit .353 in the series with two home runs and six RBI, was named ALCS MVP for 2012.
The Yankees finished the 2012 postseason hitting a dismal .188, including batting only .157 against Tiger pitching in the ALCS. Tiger starters allowed only two earned runs in the ALCS, posting a 0.66 ERA. Miguel Cabrera set a major league record by having at least one hit in all 17 of his League Championship Series games, besting the previous mark of 15 shared by Manny Ramirez and Pete Rose. Cabrera has also reached base safely in all 20 of his postseason games with the Tigers, a team record.
It would be the last time where the #1 seeded teams from every major professional sports league in North America were defeated until 2019.
Composite line score
2012 ALCS (4–0): Detroit Tigers over New York Yankees
Aftermath
In regards to playoff baseball, this would be it for the Core Four era Yankees. Jorge Posada retired just before the 2012 season, after losing playing time to Russell Martin. Andy Pettitte, who was the first player of the Core Four to retire on February 4, 2011, came out of retirement to pitch for the Yankees in 2012 and 2013, before retiring for good after the 2013 season. Mariano Rivera retired after the 2013 season as well, while Derek Jeter retired after 2014. Rivera and Jeter were inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2019 and 2020, respectively (Jeter's 2020 induction was delayed a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic).
The Yankees would not return to the American League Championship Series until 2017. Manager Joe Girardi, C.C. Sabathia, Brett Gardner, and David Robertson were the only Yankees on the 2017 club that played for the team in 2012. Robertson left the Yankees in free agency in 2015, but returned to the team at the 2017 trade deadline.
The 2017 Yankees also had trouble hitting Justin Verlander, just as the 2011-2012 teams did. During the 2017 ALCS, and now pitching for the Houston Astros, Verlander won the ALCS MVP after helping the Astros beat the Yankees in seven games. In that series, he allowed 1 run on 16 innings pitched to go with 21 strikeouts.
The Tigers returned to the American League Championship Series in 2013, but lost to the eventual champions Red Sox in six games. General manager Dave Dombrowski aggressively sought pitching improvements, despite having a rotation that featured Justin Verlander, Max Scherzer, Rick Porcello, and Anibal Sanchez. At the 2014 trade deadline, the Tigers traded for 2012 American League Cy Young award winner David Price. At the time, their rotation featured the 2011 (Verlander), 2012 (Price), and 2013 (Scherzer) AL Cy Young winners; afterwards, Scherzer would win the National League equivalent of the award pitching for the Washington in 2016 and 2017, Porcello won one pitching for Boston in 2016, and Verlander won the award again pitching for Houston in 2019 and 2022. The Tigers won the division AL Central for the fourth straight year, but they were upset by the Orioles in the 2014 American League Division Series.
References
External links
ALCS at Baseball-Reference
American League Championship Series
American League Championship Series
New York Yankees postseason
Detroit Tigers postseason
American League Championship Series
American League Championship Series
American League Championship Series
Baseball competitions in Detroit
American League Championship Series
2010s in the Bronx
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33458869
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucifer%20%28wrestler%29
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Lucifer (wrestler)
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Timothy James "Tim" Burke (October 1, 1960 – June 21, 2011), known by his ring name Lucifer, was an American professional wrestler, trainer and promoter who competed in numerous East Coast and Mid-Atlantic independent promotions during the 1990s and early 2000s; among the promotions he appeared in included the Atlantic Wrestling Federation, East Coast Wrestling Association, Cueball Carmichael's Independent Professional Wrestling Alliance, Long Island Wrestling Federation, New Jack City Wrestling, Regional Championship Wrestling, United Independent Wrestling, and the Wrestling Independent Network.
As co-founder of the Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation with promoter Dennis Wipprecht, Burke was a major figure in Maryland professional wrestling during the 1990s. He not only brought in stars from Extreme Championship Wrestling, World Championship Wrestling and the World Wrestling Federation to the area but gave many future independent stars their first big break in the business. His "Brain Buster's Pro Wrestling Academy", the MEWF's official training facility, produced many of these wrestlers, most notably, Ruckus and Tonya Stevens.
Burke went into semi-retirement after the MEWF folded in 2004, partially due to his declining health, and spent his final years in Maryland Championship Wrestling until his death from cancer six years later. He wrestled his final match at MCW's "Legends of Maryland" show against the Cat Burglar on November 7, 2009, and where he was inducted into the MCW Hall of Fame. The company, which competed against the MEWF in a bitter 5-year rivalry, acknowledged Burke and Wipprecht's role in developing "indy wrestling" on the East Coast and "had it not been for these two men there may not be wrestling in Maryland today".
Career
Early career and the Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation (1991–1992)
Timothy James Burke was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on October 1, 1960, to Eleanora and William M. Burke. He was trained by Bob Starr who later helped he and promoter Dennis Wipprecht establish the Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation, then one of the first independent promotions in Maryland. He made his pro debut as "Lucifer" on its first show held in Pasadena, Maryland on August 2, 1991. One of his earliest opponents during the MEWF's first year was Rasta the Voodoo Mon. The MEWF would eventually become of top independent promotions on the Eastern seaboard during the 1990s. Burke also wrestled for other promotions while running the MEWF, using variations of his "Lucifer" ring name "Mr. Lucifer" and "Lucifer, the Knight of the Road", including the Atlantic Wrestling Federation and the Wrestling Independent Network. While working for promoter Steve Unterman, Burke was involved in several of WIN's charity events, most notably, wrestling Cream Team (Rip "Rest In Piece" Sawyer and "Diamond" Dave Casanova) with Morgus The Maniac at the Preakness Festival in Highlandtown, Baltimore on May 16, and Ivan Koloff for the Ronald McDonald House at Martin's North Point on November 15, 1992.
He and Wipprecht participated in fundraisers for their own promotion as well. Five days after the Ronald McDonald House benefit show, the Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation held a fundraiser for North Carroll High School in the school's gymnasium with the proceeds going towards the purchasing of computer software. The main event saw The Honky Tonk Man wrestle Max Thrasher and featured appearances from "Hot Stuff" Eddie Gilbert, A. C. Golden, Morgus the Maniac, Rusty "The Fox" Thomas, MEWF Woman's Champion Heidi Lee Morgan, midget wrestlers Haiti Kid and Butch Cassidy, and the Cream Team. Also on the card, AWF Heavyweight Champion Kirk Dredd defended his title against Axl Rotten. Burke himself wrestled Bob Starr in a stretcher match. Though still a fledgling promotion, which used a 1/3 the budget of its rivals, it eventually outlasted both the United Independent Wrestling and WIN to become the sole remaining promotion in the region.
Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation (1993–1997)
After two years in the MEWF, Burke won the MEWF Heavyweight Championship from Max Thrasher on February 5, 1993, in Gaithersburg, Maryland. It was also around this time that Burke formed the "Hollywood Hunks" with Bob Starr. In August, they won the ECWA Tag Team Championship while touring the Mid-Atlantic "indy circuit" which they would hold until their eventual defeat by Ace Darling & Kid Flash two years later. They also briefly held the MEWF Tag Team Championship, defeating The Goodfellows (Romeo Valentino & Dino Casanova), before dropping the belts to Road Warrior Hawk and Ultimate Comet in Catonsville on November 11, 1994. Two days later, Burke's lost the heavyweight title to Morgus the Maniac in Hampstead ending his first championship reign after nine months. He regained it the following night in a no-disqualification match at Kenwood High School in Essex, and successfully defended it against Doink the Clown among others, before finally losing the title back to Morgus in Baltimore on May 13, 1994.
On March 26, 1995, Burke attempted to win the MEWF Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship from The Ultimate Comet. In spite of outside interference from Burke's then manager "Stud" Lee Osborne and bodyguard The Freak of Nature, he ended up being pinned by the champion. Months later at the MEWF's annual benefit show for North Carroll High School, Burke officiated a "bunkhouse match" between The Ultimate Comet, now wrestling as Corporal Punishment, and Morgus The Maniac for the MEWF Heavyweight Championship. At the end of the year, he began teaming with the Cat Burglar and the two defeated The Bad Crew for the tag team titles on December 3. Burke made two appearances at the Good Sports Arena in Aberdeen, New Jersey for New Jack City Pro Wrestling and the Garden State Wrestling Alliance. On December 18, 1995, he wrestled Steve Richards, Inferno Kid, and The Juggernaut in a 6-man tag team elimination match with The Dream Team which lasted 34 minutes. He and the Cat Burglar continued defending the belts until February 25, 1996, when Burke was abandoned by his partner in a title defense against Darkside (Glen Osbourne and Rockin' Rebel) and forced to defend the championship in a handicap match which he lost. He subsequently feuded with Cat Burglar as well as Bob Starr on MEWF television. Their feud ended up spilling into other promotions such as Cueball Carmichael's Independent Professional Wrestling Alliance. He continued making appearance in NJCW during the first half of 1997 and later had matches against Joe Thunder and joined forces with Mad Dog O'Malley to face Thunder and Gino Caruso.
By the mid-1990s, the MEWF was at the peak of its success. It regularly featured talent from Philadelphia's Extreme Championship Wrestling, due in part to then booker Axl Rotten, including Raven, Stevie Richards, The Blue Meanie, Damien Kane, Pit Bull #2, and The Bad Breed (Ian and Axl Rotten), as well as The Honky Tonk Man, Jim Neidhart, Tom Brandi, and The Headbangers from the World Wrestling Federation and World Championship Wrestling's Joey Maggs and Disco Inferno. Several independent stars such as Boo Bradley, Devon Storm, Steve Corino, Jimmy Cicero, Christian York, Quinn Nash, and "Judge" Jeff Jones also made their home in the MEWF. Their success encouraged he and Wipprecht opened their own training facility for the MEWF, the "Brain Buster's Pro Wrestling Academy", which included Bob Starr as an instructor.
Rivalry with Maryland Championship Wrestling (1998–2002)
In 1998, Corporal Punishment and Mark Shrader left the MEWF to form a rival company, Maryland Championship Wrestling, over creative control and salary disagreements. Most of the roster jumped to the newly formed promotion, leaving few of the originals remaining. Axl Rotten, MEWF's longtime booker, was among those who had departed the company, which meant MCW was not receiving ECW's talent. Burke was forced to use Brain Buster students to make up the loss while mainstays such as Bob Starr and Morgus The Maniac were tasked with carrying the promotion during 1998–99. Burke brought in World Wrestling Federation legends including The Honky Tonk Man and George "The Animal" Steele as well as developed new stars through its training facility such as Ruckus and Tonya Stevens. Stevens, one of the few female referees in pro wrestling, was initially trained as a wrestler and later agreed to referee for the promotion.
On April 29, 2000, after Patch was stripped of the MEWF Heavyweight Championship, a match was held between Burke and Max Thrasher for the vacant title in Middle River, Maryland, which Burke won. "Hacksaw" Jim Duggan was the special guest referee. During his third championship reign, he defeated Dino Casanova, Ruckus, and Mad Dog O' Malley. O'Malley would become one Burke's major rivals for the title. Though defeating O'Malley in a cage match several months earlier, he was confronted by the 450-pound Irish brawler at a June 24 MEWF house show in Dundalk, Maryland while conducting an in-ring interview. O'Malley had taken issue with Burke's announcement to the crowd that he would be defending the championship against the "younger and newer competition in the MEWF". After a brief argument between the two, Burke was blindsided by O'Malley and left lying in the ring. Burke ended up getting the better of O'Malley, decisively defeating him in their match at the main event. Burke voluntarily forfeited the title on August 9, 2000, at a special memorial show for fellow MEWF wrestler DOA, "DOA: A Night to Remember", in Martinsburg, West Virginia so DOA could be posthumously awarded the title for one night only. He was defeated for the title by Buzz Stryker in Middle River three days later.
He and Bob Starr reunited to defeat The Tokyo Terrors (Keushiro and Watsumi) for the MEWF Tag Team Championship a month later. They remained champions for over a year, defending the titles against teams such as The Freak Show and Tommy Hawk & Jimmy Jannetty, before losing the titles to Rayne and Buzz Stryker in Dundalk, Maryland on October 16, 2001. Burke had one more tag team championship run with his old rival Max Thrasher, winning them KPA on June 9, 2002, and successfully defended the belts until November 24, 2002, when he and Bob Starr (substituting for Thrasher) lost to Chad Bowman and Dino Casanova.
Final years of the Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation (2002–2004)
Through Bruke's efforts, the MEWF was able to survive the departure of Corporal Punishment and Mark Shrader. It continued suffering from internal problems with MEWF talent, specifically backstage politics among the younger wrestlers, which resulted in stars like Ruckus and Sonjay Dutt, despite remaining loyal to the promotion and willing to work for less money, being phased out from the company. The promotion also failed to find a long-term replacement for booker Axl Rotten, using Bob Starr and Mark Osbourne among others, instead changing bookers every few months. These reasons, among others, ensured the MEWF would never fully recover. In early 2002, Tim's wife, Donna Burke took over the day-to-day running of the MEWF promoting shows twice a month at Dundalk's North Point Flea Market.
On March 1, 2002, MEWF original Dave Casanova died following heart attack. A memorial show was held in his honor three months later jointly promoted by both the MEWF and MCW. It was the first time that wrestlers from either promotion appeared in the same ring together since the 1997 split. Lucifer and Thrasher successfully defended the tag titles against Thunder & Ceremery at the show. It was around this time that Derek Wayne, a former student of MCW's Bonebreakers wrestling school, heavily invested in the promotion and became a third co-owner. Wayne was able to make peace between Burke and MCW owner Dan McDevitt and was able to persuade them to begin working together in October 2002. A storyline invasion took place between the two companies for the next seven months, to somewhat mixed reaction from fans, ending with MCW's final show, the 2003 Shane Shamrock Memorial Cup, on July 16, 2003, at Michael's Eighth Avenue in Glen Burnie, Maryland. Burke previously appeared on several MCW show during this time against Gillberg (January 29, 2003) and with The Holy Rollers (Earl The Pearl & Ramblin Rich) won a six-team blindfolded match with Lita as special guest referee (May 15, 2003).
Though the MEWF was now the single remaining promotion in the Baltimore area, it was unable to win over MCW's former fanbase and attendance gradually dwindled as the booking became increasingly comedic. Former MCW talent began to leave the company and, if fact, many one-time MCW wrestlers refused to work for Burke despite Jeff Jones and Dan McDevitt were now involved backstage. McDevitt would quietly leave within a few months while Derek Wayne was forced out of the company.
Meanwhile, Burke was wrestling less and less. In June 2003, when Brand X's G-Dawg was stuck at the airport, Burke took his place so that his tag team partner Buckchyld would be able to face then MEWF Tag Team Champions Team Punishment (Buzz Stryker & Derek Wayne). One of his last matches was another tag team match with Dustin Timberlake defeating The Cracker Express in Dundalk, Maryland on March 28, 2004. Its final show was held on October 30, 2004.
Later career (2005–2009)
After the close of the MEWF, Burke went into semi-retirement though he continued to be a fixture at many Maryland wrestling events. He joined Maryland Championship Wrestling following its revival in 2006 and could be seen by fans selling tickets or working gimmick tables at the MCW events. He was also known for friendly interactions with audience members, both in the MEWF and MCW, often welcoming arriving fans "with a small joke or high five" and enjoyed personal relationships with a number of regulars. To his fellow wrestlers, he was a colorful character with a penchant for "ribbing". His frequent use of the phrase "Hey boss" as a greeting, according to "Judge" Jeff Jones, was imitated by many who knew him. He was very much characterized by his many catchphrases and a well known quote in the business, "Wrestling is no place for people with long memories", is attributed to Burke.
At MCW's "Legends of Maryland" show, Burke was inducted into the MCW Hall of Fame along with Duane Gill and Axl Rotten. It was also at the event that he wrestled his final match against the Cat Burglar, which he won.
Death
Burke died on June 21, 2011, after a long battle with cancer. He was buried in Meadow Ridge Memorial Park in Elkridge, Maryland. At the time of his death, a number of wrestling personalities left messages of condolences at MCW's official website which it then posted publicly. Many of them, such as those from Christian York, Jimmy Cicero, Tonya Stevens and "Judge" Jeff Jones, thanked Burke for giving them their first opportunities in pro wrestling.
At MCW Shane Shamrock Cup 11 on July 30, 2011, a ten-bell salute was observed in honor of Burke's death. At the time of his MCW Hall of Fame induction, the company acknowledged the contributions of Burke and Dennis Wipprecht stating that "had it not been for these two men there may not be wrestling in Maryland today".
Championships and accomplishments
East Coast Wrestling Association
ECWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bob Starr
Maryland Championship Wrestling
MCW Hall of Fame (Class of 2009)
Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation
MEWF Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
MEWF Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Bob Starr (2), Cat Burglar (1), and Max Thrasher (1)
Regional Championship Wrestling
RCW Television Championship (2 times, first)
RCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Trooper Gilmore
RCW United States Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Adam Flash
References
External links
Lucifer at IndyWrestlingNews.com
1960 births
2011 deaths
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
American male professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Baltimore
Professional wrestling promoters
Professional wrestlers from Maryland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Nixon%27s%20November%201962%20press%20conference
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Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference
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The so-called "last press conference" of US politician Richard Nixon took place on November 7, 1962, following his loss in the 1962 California gubernatorial election to Democratic incumbent Pat Brown. Appearing before 100 reporters at the Beverly Hilton Hotel, an embittered Nixon lashed out at the media, proclaiming that "you don't have Nixon to kick around any more, because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference."
Nixon's electoral loss in his home state, failing to capture what was then a traditionally Republican state that he had carried in the 1960 presidential election, combined with his actions at the press conference, was seen at the time as permanently damaging his chances at playing a role in national politics. While Nixon played almost no role in Barry Goldwater's resounding defeat in the 1964 presidential election, Nixon won the presidency in the 1968 election, making a political comeback that seemed nearly impossible after the "last press conference."
1962 California gubernatorial election
At the time, California had been considered a reliably Republican stronghold. Following World War II, all of the state's governors and US Senators had been Republican until Pat Brown was elected Governor of California and Clair Engle was elected U.S. Senator in 1958, bucking the trend.
US President Dwight Eisenhower, with Nixon as his vice presidential running mate, had carried California in both 1952 and 1956, and Nixon defeated John F. Kennedy there in the 1960 presidential election. Nixon was widely viewed by the California Republican Party as its best hope for defeating the popular Brown to retake the governor's mansion, itself perceived as a prominent stepping stone for a rematch against Kennedy in 1964.
In a hard and bitterly fought campaign, early polling showed Nixon winning by a significant margin. The polls showed Brown, who made a point of not beginning to campaign until late in the season, closing the margin in the days before the election, but Nixon was still favored to win. Brown won the election, and the 5% margin stunned Nixon and political pundits nationwide.
Press conference
As election results came in on Tuesday, November 6, Election Day, Nixon and his staff monitored results at a suite in the Beverly Hilton Hotel in what was becoming a tighter race than expected. Nixon's press secretary Herbert G. Klein held a news conference at 2:30 a.m. on Wednesday, telling the assembled reporters that despite trailing Brown by 90,000 votes at that time, Nixon was going to bed without issuing a concession, as there appeared to be sufficient uncounted votes in reliably Republican Orange County and San Diego County to overturn Brown's margin.
As the night progressed, the returns showed a tide of additional votes for Brown, who had pulled 250,000 votes ahead of Nixon. By 10 a.m. on Wednesday, Nixon sent a congratulatory telegram to Brown that read, "Congratulations on your re-election as Governor. I wish you the best in your great honor and opportunity which you now have to lead the first state in the nation." Klein appeared before the press and started his press conference with the announcement that Nixon would not speak to the media; 10 minutes into Klein's press conference, an aide notified him that Nixon would indeed speak to the media.
A tired-looking Nixon spoke with a quavering voice, delivering what was described as a "15-minute monologue." He spent most of the talk criticizing the press, his remarks interrupted only by brief interjections from reporters, but he acknowledged well into his remarks that the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962 did not allow his campaign to get his message across during the final two weeks in his election bid. Nixon began his remarks stating that "now that all the members of the press are so delighted that I have lost, I'd like to make a statement of my own." Nixon insisted that the press had attacked him since 1948 following the Alger Hiss case. He said: "I leave you gentlemen now. And you will now write it. You will interpret it. That's your right. But as I leave you, I want you to knowjust think how much you're going to be missing. You don't have Nixon to kick around anymore. Because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference."
He accused the press of printing articles supporting their favored candidates and stated that while they may "give... the shaft" to future candidates, they should have "one lonely reporter on the campaign who will report what the candidate says now and then." Nixon reserved praise for Carl Greenberg of The Los Angeles Times, who he felt "wrote every word I said." Also praised was Edwin Tetlow of The Daily Telegraph of London.
Aftermath
Having seen Nixon's remarks, Brown was quoted as stating, "That's something Nixon's going to regret all his life. The press is never going to let him forget it." As described in his obituary in The New York Times, Nixon's farewell-to-politics speech made him appear to be a sore loser violating a cardinal rule of US politics so that it seemed to indicate "that his political career was over."
Five days after the election, Howard K. Smith hosted a documentary, The Political Obituary of Richard Nixon, broadcast as a half-hour special by ABC as part of its Howard K. Smith: News and Comment series. The panelists discussing Nixon's demise were Murray Chotiner and Gerald Ford (one of Nixon's future Vice Presidents and a future United States President himself), who regretted Nixon's departure from politics. Jerry Voorhis, whom Nixon had defeated in a 1946 congressional run, criticized Nixon's tactics in that campaign. Alger Hiss discussed his bitterness at how Nixon had used him to advance his own career at Hiss's expense. While the program was on the air, angry callers clogged the ABC switchboard with complaints, many criticizing the decision to include Hiss, a convicted perjurer, to comment on Nixon. Ultimately, ABC received 80,000 letters and telegrams, almost all of which were critical of the network's special and its choice of panelists.
The partisan nature of Smith's broadcast may well have been the beginning of Nixon's rehabilitation and ascent towards the presidency, with former Governor of New York Thomas E. Dewey, the Republican presidential nominee in 1944 and 1948, writing to Nixon on November 15, "It seems to me that Howard K. Smith has been quite helpful, unwittingly." Noting that many people were outraged by the broadcast, Dewey went on to say that "Smith has proved you were right in your comments about the press".
Nixon never showed any remorse for his remarks, instead feeling that the benefits outweighed any possible repercussions, noting in his memoirs:
As a political term
The "last press conference" has become a generic term for a politician's valedictory address, one in which all possibilities for future political activity are being abandoned. Alternatively, a politician speaking to the press after an electoral loss who does plan to continue in politics will state that it is not a "last press conference."
In an editorial, The New York Times noted Gary Hart's statement following his withdrawal from the 1988 Democratic Party presidential process, in which he stated that he was "angry and defiant" at a system that "reduces the press of this nation to hunter and Presidential candidates to being hunted," likening his remarks to Nixon's "last press conference".
Dan Quayle, effectively conceding defeat to Republican rival George W. Bush in the party's 2000 presidential primaries, noted his relative youth and stated, "I seriously doubt if this will be my last press conference."
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Video of Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference after losing the California governor's race
Audio of Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference after losing the California governor's race
Text of Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference after losing the California governor's race
Corpus of Political Speeches, publicly accessible with speeches from United States, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and China, provided by Hong Kong Baptist University Library
1962 speeches
Speeches by Richard Nixon
1962 in American politics
Politics of California
1962 in California
Farewell addresses
November 1962 events in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20English%20penny%20%281154%E2%80%931485%29
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History of the English penny (1154–1485)
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The history of the English penny from 1154 to 1485 covers the period of the House of Plantagenet, up to the Battle of Bosworth Field which brought about the beginning of the Tudor period. The Plantagenet era saw an overall rise in quality of the coinage but saw a decline in the number of mints used to produce coins.
The first years of the reign of Henry II saw no change in the production of coins from the reign of Stephen, until the Tealby penny was introduced, minted from 1158 to 1180. These coins' weight and quality of silver were good, but the overall production was poor; as a result, in 1180 the short-cross penny was introduced.
The coinage during the reigns of Richard I and John remained largely unchanged. In 1247, under Henry III, the long-cross penny replaced the short-cross penny to deter clipping. In 1279 Edward I began a new coinage which was admired and imitated on the continent, and included the introduction of the farthing, halfpenny and groat, as well as making clipping easier to detect. This design remained similar throughout the reigns of Edward II and Edward III, with the addition of the quarter noble, half noble and noble in the latter's reign.
During the Wars of the Roses, Henry VI's administration kept a sufficient supply of coins in circulation, with many designs and variations of the penny minted. Henry would later be overthrown by Edward IV, who was in turn succeeded by Edward V, with Richard, Duke of Gloucester acting as Lord Protector. Richard became king in 1483 with only a small number of coins minted in his name, and was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth Field by Henry VII in 1485.
The Plantagenets (1154–1485)
Henry II
Henry II ascended the throne in 1154 as the first of the Plantagenet dynasty. For the first few years of his reign the coins of Stephen continued to be produced, but in order to restore public confidence in the currency a new standard was introduced: the Tealby penny, so named after a hoard of such coins was found at Tealby, Lincolnshire in 1807. A total of 30 mints were employed in the initial recoinage (the mint at Ipswich was not active during the early stages – but was extremely productive from class B until the end of the series). The mints in operation at the beginning of the recoinage were: Bedford, Bristol, Bury St Edmunds, Canterbury, Carlisle, Chester, Colchester, Durham, Exeter, Gloucester, Hereford, Ilchester, Launceston, Leicester, Lincoln, London, Newcastle, Northampton, Norwich, Oxford, Pembroke, Salisbury, Shrewsbury, Stafford, Thetford, Wallingford, Wilton, Winchester, and York. However, once the recoinage was completed only 12 mints were allowed to remain active. This marked the beginning of the gradual decline in the number of mints used to strike English coins.
While the Tealby coinage was acceptable in terms of weight and silver quality, the overall quality of production was quite poor. To remedy this, in 1180 a new style of coin, the short-cross penny, was introduced. This style remained largely unchanged until 1247, which gave both the coinage and the state a sense of stability. The practice of placing the moneyer's name and mint on the reverse continued, though the reduction in the number of mints enabled better quality control to be applied. The Tealby coins bear the obverse inscriptions HENRI REX ANG, HENRI REX AN, HENRI R ANG, HENRI REX, HENRI REX A, or HENRI REX – Henry King of England, or King Henry, while the short-cross pennies are inscribed HENRICUS REX. Short-cross coins were minted at Carlisle, Exeter, Lincoln, London, Northampton, Norwich, Oxford, Wilton, Winchester, Worcester, and York.
Richard I and John
During the reign of King Richard I (1189–1199) the short-cross coinage continued unchanged, even to the extent of still being inscribed HENRICUS REX. Ricardian coins were minted at Canterbury, Carlisle, Durham, Exeter, Lichfield, Lincoln, London, Northampton, Norwich, Shrewsbury, Winchester, Worcester, and York.
King John's coins (1199–1216) continued the short-cross series, still inscribed HENRICUS REX. John's coins were minted at Bury St Edmunds, Canterbury, Carlisle, Chichester, Durham, Exeter, Ipswich, King's Lynn, Lincoln, London, Northampton, Norwich, Oxford, Rhuddlan (although many of the short-cross coins minted there were doubtless imitative issues by Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, prince of Wales, John's son-in-law), Rochester, Winchester, and York.
Henry III
In King Henry III's long reign (1216–1272) the short-cross penny continued in use until 1247. By then, however, through no fault of the moneyers' there was a problem in that many of the coins in circulation were underweight. This was caused by the illegal practice of clipping silver off the edge of the coin, which was made easier by the cross on the reverse not extending to the rim thus giving people no clear indication of exactly how big the coin was supposed to be. In 1247 therefore, a new long-cross penny replaced the short-cross coin, which made it more obvious when the coin had been clipped. Apart from the change in the size of the cross, the rest of the design did not substantially change, and the long cross made it easy to cut the coin into halves or quarters for change. Because of the introduction of the new coinage, it was necessary to reopen many of the old mints to supply sufficient coins. Short-cross Henry III pennies were minted at Bury St Edmunds, Canterbury, Durham, London, Winchester and York. Long-cross pennies were produced at Bristol, Bury St Edmunds, Canterbury, Carlisle, Durham, Exeter, Gloucester, Hereford, Ilchester, Lincoln, London, Newcastle, Northampton, Norwich, Oxford, Shrewsbury, Wallingford, Wilton, Winchester, and York.
The inscription on the short-cross penny was still HENRICUS REX, while the long-cross pennies were variously inscribed HENRICUS REX TERCI, HENRICUS REX III (King Henry the Third), while one issue unpopularly omitted the moneyer's name, instead having HENRICUS REX on the obverse and ANGLIE TERCI on the reverse, while another issue had HENRICUS REX ANG on the obverse and continued on the reverse with LIE TERCI LON (or CAN or AED) indicating it was minted in London or Canterbury or Bury St Edmunds.
Edwardian coins
Edward I (1272–1307) succeeded his father while on Crusade in the Holy Land. Coin production had to continue while the king made his two-year journey home, so long-cross pennies inscribed HENRICUS REX III continued to be produced at the Bury St Edmunds, Durham, and London mints. As Edward made his way home, he concluded an important wool-trade treaty in the Netherlands, which indicated the importance of foreign trade at that time. He also acknowledged the need to improve the style and fineness of English coins to avoid the poor-quality coins which had sometimes appeared during earlier reigns and shaken public confidence in the currency. There was also a need for larger and smaller denominations since the penny had not changed much in 500 years, so the groat (4d), halfpenny, and farthing were successfully introduced. Finally, there was the problem of clipping, for which the Jews were blamed.
In response to all these pressures, a completely new coinage was struck in 1279 with a different design which made clipping much easier to detect. Millions of coins were struck at London and Canterbury and the public could take their old, underweight short- and long-cross pennies to the mint and exchange them for new coins of the correct weight and fineness. This exchange also served as a form of taxation as moneyers were required to charge a fee for the service. The new coins were much admired in Europe and were extensively copied there, often with poorer fineness silver – but this only made Edward's coins even more popular and severely drained the local supply of silver such that the export of English coins was forbidden in 1299. The strong, good-quality coins strengthened the economy and brought prosperity to the country. The 1279 penny was different from earlier issues in many ways. The king's bust is more lifelike, facing the front, and the legend on the obverse is longer, usually EDW REX ANGL DNS HYB – Edward King of England Lord of Ireland. The reverse had a long cross going to the edge of the coin; the moneyer's name is omitted except for one issue, but the name of the mint is usually given in full, e.g., CIVITAS LONDON City of London, or VILLA NOVI CASTRI Town of Newcastle. The new coins also contained a privy mark, small differences such as a rose on the king's breast, differences in the king's hair style, or an alteration in the size of the king's eyes, or the style of a letter; these differences were not caused by carelessness but to enable identification of the moneyer who produced the coin, in place of giving the moneyer's name.
The crockards, pollards, and rosaries minted in Europe as debased forms of Edward's penny were first accepted as the legal equivalents of halfpence and then banned as counterfeit. The treasurer and justiciar of Ireland, Archbishop Stephen de Fulbourn, had permitted the use of similarly debased Dutch shillings as equivalent to pence. These became known as steepings, scaldings, and Bishop's money but were also banned, as were leonines, mitres, and eagles named for the images they bore.
Coins of Edward II (1307–1327) were deliberately made very similar to those of his father. Edward I coins were minted at Berwick-upon-Tweed, Bristol, Bury St Edmunds, Canterbury, Chester, Durham, Exeter, Kingston-upon-Hull, Lincoln, London, Newcastle, Reading, and York. Edward II coins were only minted at Berwick, Bury St Edmunds, Canterbury, Durham, and London.
Edward III (1327–1377) succeeded his father at the age of 14. His reign was a period of conflict with Scotland and France, which is reflected in his coins. In the first part of Edward's reign only a small quantity of pennies was produced, in a similar style to those of his father. New gold coins – the noble, half noble, and the quarter noble – were introduced, followed later by the silver groat or fourpence which became very popular and eventually superseded the penny in importance, together with the half groat which was also popular. Together with the production of half pennies and farthings, England had at last an adequate supply of varying denominations which benefited both internal trade and trade with other countries in Europe where English coins were readily accepted.
Edward III's first coinage, between 1327 and 1335, is very similar to the Edward I and II pennies, with the inscription EDWAR ANGL DNS HYB around a front-facing bust of the king; these pennies were minted in London, Bury St Edmunds, Canterbury, Durham, York, and Berwick upon Tweed. No more pennies were minted until his third, or florin, coinage in 1344–1351 (so-called because the dies were made by two craftsmen from Florence). In this coinage the king's hairstyle appears to be much longer and more unkempt. These coins were produced in London, Canterbury, Durham, Reading, and York. During the period of Edward's fourth coinage (1351–1377) politics affected the inscription on most coins, but to a lesser extent on the penny than on the larger coins, due to the lack of available space. Edward claimed the throne of France, but the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360 granted him land in France; on some coins, but not the penny, his overlordship of Aquitaine is recognised. After the treaty was repudiated by the French in 1369 the claim to France was reinstated and England and France went to war again, though England lost most of its French possessions except Calais and Bordeaux. Pre-treaty pennies were minted in London, Durham and York, with the obverse legend EDWARDUS REX ANGLI. During the Treaty period the Durham and York mints continued to mint pennies with that inscription, while ones produced by the London and Calais mints were inscribed EDWARD ANGL R DNS HYB. During the post-treaty period the Durham and York mints became ecclesiastical mints, under the authority of the local bishop or archbishop, and thus a source of money for the Church. Typical inscriptions of this period are EDWARD R ANGL FRANC, EDWARDUS REX ANGLIE FR, EDWARD REX ANGL FR – Edward King of England and France.
Richard II
Edward III's son, the Black Prince, died in 1376, a year before his father, which meant that the next king was Edward's eleven-year-old grandson Richard II (1377–1399). England continued to lay claim to France and remained at war until 1396; high taxation to pay for the war caused several peasant uprisings. During this period large quantities of inferior quality European coins circulated alongside the high-quality English coins, producing a real-life example of Gresham's law as English coins were smuggled to the continent to be melted down, alloyed with other metals and remanufactured as fake pennies and returned to England. Pennies were produced at London, York and Durham, and inscribed RICARDUS REX ANGLIE, RICARDUS REX ANGLE Z FRANC, RICARDUS REX ANGLIE Z, RICARD REX ANGL Z FRANC, RICARD REX ANGLIE or RICARDUS REX ANGL Z F.
Lancastrians and Yorkists
In 1399, Henry, Duke of Lancaster – another grandson of Edward III – overthrew his cousin and ruled as Henry IV (1399–1413). This was a turbulent time with wars being fought in both Scotland and Wales, and the coinage problems of the previous reign continued; the price of silver and gold was low in England compared to Europe, and coins were illegally smuggled abroad, causing major problems in England as not only were there insufficient coins in circulation, but the mints could not buy enough bullion to make new coins. Henry IV's pennies are divided into heavy coinage (prior to 1412), when the weight of the coins had not been adjusted to reflect the continental price of silver, and the light coinage of 1412–13 when the silver content was reduced to correspond to the continental price of silver, thus putting an end to the illegal export of English coinage. The heavy coinage was minted at London and York, inscribed HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL – Henry by the Grace of God King of England, while the light coinage was minted at London, York, and Durham, inscribed HENRIC REX ANGLIE.
Henry V (1413–1422) continued his father's light coinage, with similar inscriptions on the coins produced at London, Durham, and York.
Henry VI (1422–1461, 1470–1471) came to the throne as an infant. He favoured making peace with France, but his heir, Richard, Duke of York, a descendant of the second son of Edward III, favoured war; this disagreement precipitated the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses between his supporters, the Lancastrians (red rose), and those of the Yorkists (white rose). The nobility attached itself to one side or the other (and often changed sides), but eventually in 1461 Henry was defeated by Richard's son, who became King Edward IV; Henry was incarcerated in the Tower of London for nine years, but the wars continued and in October 1470 Edward was forced to flee to the continent and Henry was restored to the throne. This restoration was only brief, however, as Edward mustered more support and after two battles at Barnet and Tewkesbury Edward was back on the throne in April 1471 where he stayed until his death in 1483. Henry was returned to the Tower, where he was murdered the same night.
Despite the upheavals of the time, Henry VI's administration maintained an adequate supply of coinage throughout the first reign. There were several different issues of pennies distinguished by different features such as rosettes or pinecones appearing in the legend, or a leaf appearing on the king's breast, etc. The normal inscription was HENRICUS REX ANGLIE. Pennies were minted at London, Calais, York, and Durham.
During Edward IV's first reign the problem of English coins' face value being worth less than their metal value in Europe recurred. In 1464 Edward acted to solve the problem by reducing the weight of all silver coins by about 20%: the heavy penny issued between 1461 and 1464 weighed 15 grains (1.0 gram) and was minted at London, York, and Durham; the light penny weighed 12 grains (0.8 gram) and was minted in London, Bristol, Canterbury, Durham, and York. They were all inscribed EDWARD DI GRA REX ANGL.
Despite the short duration of Henry VI's second reign, pennies were produced in similar style to the first reign at London, Bristol, and York. Edward IV's second reign pennies are basically continuations of his first reign, produced at the same mints. By this time all reigns used mintmarks on their coins to identify the moneyers.
Edward IV died suddenly in 1483 and was succeeded by his twelve-year-old son Edward V. In the turbulent times it became known that there was some problem with the legality of Edward IV's marriage, and rather than let Edward be king with a regency, Parliament deposed him and appointed Edward IV's brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester as King Richard III. Edward and his younger brother Richard, Duke of York, were taken to the Tower of London, and the Princes in the Tower were never seen again. Who was responsible for their ultimate fate remains a topic of heated discussion to this day. There is evidence that some coins were struck for King Edward V, but it is uncertain that any have survived.
Richard III (1483–1485) was the last of the Plantagenet kings. Before his demise at the Battle of Bosworth Field, pennies were produced for him, inscribed RICARD DEI GRA REX ANGL, at London, York and Durham, but they are very rare – only one penny is known which was produced in the London mint.
References
Coincraft's Standard Catalogue English & UK Coins 1066 to Date, Richard Lobel, Coincraft.
12th century in England
13th century in England
14th century in England
15th century in England
Coins of medieval England
History of the English penny
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o%20Pinheiro%20Chagas
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João Pinheiro Chagas
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João Pinheiro Chagas (1 September 1863 – 28 May 1925; ) was a Portuguese politician, literary critic, propagandist, editor, and journalist. He was heavily involved in several rebellions condemning the monarchy and disseminating materials via pamphlets and newspaper in support of the Portuguese Republican Party. He was among the leaders of the 5 October 1910 revolution and the Lisbon Regicide, and later served as Ambassador to Paris for 14-years, and twice as interim prime minister of the Portuguese First Republic.
Biography
Early years
Chagas was born 4 September 1863 in Rio de Janeiro, Empire of Brazil to João Pinheiro Chagas and Maria Amélia Rosa Pereira. His father was a Portuguese emigrant with ancestral ties to Portuguese refugees from Beiras who fled to Brazil during the Liberal Wars. On his paternal side, Manuel Pinheiro Chagas was his cousin and his son Mário was his first cousin once removed. His mother was an Indigenous American. The family relocated to Lisbon when Chagas was a child and he was orphaned at a young age.
Writing career
Chagas could not afford to attend university, so he moved to Porto at age 16 and began his writing career. At times, he wrote under the pseudonym João Rimanso or Ivan. His first publication was in O Primeiro de Janeiro in Porto; he later moved back to Lisbon to collaborate with Temps, Correio da Manhã, and O Diá.
At the end of the 19th century, Chagas founded La Marseillaise (1896—1898), O Berro (1896), Branco e Negro (1896—1898), A Paródia (1900—1907), and A República Portuguesa, and became director of Brazilian newspaper O Paiz (1898) and the Portuguese publications A Lanterna (1899) and Batalha (1900). While incarcerated in Angola, he headed the prison's newspaper (1896—1897). La Marseillaise closed in 1898 due to censorship laws and Chagas' known allegiance to the Republican Party. When he returned from exile, he founded A Portuguesa (1893), which he considered a revival of La Marseillaise.
All of the newspapers he founded, directed, and contributed to were anti-monarchy propaganda tools; his articles were extremely controversial and led to him being arrested several times.
Political activism
During his early years in Porto, he met and befriended several members of Life's Vanquished. He became more critical and more deeply involved with the Republican Party as a result. In 1891, he published an article in A República Portuguesa that was controversial enough to get him arrested and jailed for 10 days. Within days, he participated in and helped plan a rebellion, and his sentence was increased to 4 years in prison or 6 years in exile. Chagas was originally bound for Luanda but was transferred to Moçâmedes after one day. He escaped within a few months and traveled to Paris before returning to Portugal in 1892, where he was arrested again. While in prison, he continued petition against governmental oppression of rights and wrote extensively about his experiences, making him the only primary source from a Portuguese prisoner from that period.
He was freed from prison in 1893 due to an amnesty resulting from the 1890 British Ultimatum. He lived in Porto, Brazil, and Madrid for varying lengths of time before being arrested again in 1896, and again in 1908 for his involvement in the Lisbon Regicide. He participated in the 5 October 1910 revolution not long after.
Political career
The Portuguese First Republic was established in 1910, and Chagas' governmental career began. His first role was an ambassador to Paris; he did, however, resign twice due to political disagreements with his supervisors. He served as both prime minister and Interior Minister for 70 days in late 1911 and again in 1915. While in Paris, he continued to keep a critical eye on Portugal's political decision-making. During the Republic's early days, Chagas met with Sir Lancelot Carnegie of Britain, Portuguese War Minister Freire de Andrade, and French diplomat Émile Daeschner to keep himself informed. He was very critical of Portugal's lack of involvement when World War I broke out and was one of the delegates who led the Republic to join the war in 1916.
Final years and death
Following the 1915 May 14 Revolt, Chagas was nominated to succeed Manuel de Arriaga's role as president of Portugal. Senator João José de Freitas disagreed with this decision and attempted to assassinated him. He shot several times at a car Chagas was traveling in with his wife in Entroncamento. Chagas' head was shaved and he lost an eye in the attack. He withdrew from politics during his recovery and turned down the presidential nomination, preferring instead to continue working as an ambassador in Paris. He kept this role until he retired in 1924, with the exception of 1917—1918 during the period of Sidónism. Chagas died on 28 May 1925 in Estoril, Cascais, Portugal.
He died of aortitis and is buried in the Alto de São João Cemetery.
Honours
Chagas served as part of the Portuguese delegation at the Versailles Peace Conference and the League of Nations. He was also a co-founder of the Portuguese Association of Journalists and the Porto Men of Letters, and became a Freemason in 1896. In 1919, he was awarded a Gold Cross from the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword.
He is the namesake for a road in Lisbon and a garden in Porto.
Bibliography
During his lifetime, Chagas wrote at least 15 books and many more journal articles and pamphlets:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
! width=2% | Year
! width=32% | Original title
! width=32% | Title in English (Approx.)
|-
| 1894 || Diario de um condemnado politico || Diary of a Political Convict
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1897 || De Bond. Algunas aspectos da civilisaçaõ brasileira || Some aspects of Brazilian culture
|-
| O crime da sociedade || Society's crime
|-
| 1898 || Na Brecha (Pamphletos) || The Gap (Pamphlets)
|-
| 1900 || Trabalhos forçado || Forced labour
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1905 || Bom-Humor || Good spirits
|-
| Homens e Factos 1902—1904 || Men and Facts 1902—1904
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1906 || As minhas razões || My reasons|-
| Posta-restante (Cartas a toda a genta) || Remaining notes (Letters to everyone|-
| Vida Litteraria (ideias e sensacoes || Literary life: Ideas and sensations|-
| 1907 || João Franco. 1906—1907 ||
|-
| 1908 || 1908. Subsidios criticos para a historia da dictadura || 1908. Critical subsidies for the history of the dictatorship|-
| 1908—1910 || Cartas Politicas || Political notes|-
| rowspan="2" | 1915 || A ultima crise. Comentários a situação da Republica Portuguesa || The last crisis: Comementary on the Portuguese Republic|-
| Portugal perante a Guerra. Subsidios para uma pagina da Historia Nacional || Portugal before the war. Subsidies for a page in National History|-
|}
In 1929, four years after his death, Diario de João Chagas was published. He wrote the prefaces for Guedes d'Oliveira's 1890 Gazetilhas; and Luciano Fataça's 1895 A revolução de Cuba. He co-wrote Historia da revolta do Porto de 31 de Janeiro de 1891 (depoimento de dois cúmplices) with Ex-Tenente Coelho. He was also a translator; works included prose from Jacques Offenbach's operetta Os Bandidos and Adolphe d'Ennery's play Martyr''.
References
1863 births
1925 deaths
Ambassadors of Portugal to France
Writers from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Politicians from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Portuguese Republican Party politicians
Prime Ministers of Portugal
Foreign ministers of Portugal
Government ministers of Portugal
Portuguese diplomats
Portuguese journalists
Portuguese male journalists
19th-century Portuguese writers
19th-century male writers
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
Political prisoners
Mestizo people
Political activists
People from Porto
Portuguese escapees
Escapees from Portuguese detention
Portuguese prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Portugal
People from Lisbon
People from Paris
League of Nations people
Portuguese Freemasons
Brazilian emigrants to Portugal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston%20and%20Longridge%20Railway
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Preston and Longridge Railway
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The Preston and Longridge Railway (P&LR) was a branch line in Lancashire, England. Originally designed to carry quarried stone in horse-drawn wagons, it became part of an ambitious plan to link the Lancashire coast to the heart of Yorkshire. The ambition was never achieved, but the line continued to carry passengers until 1930 and goods until 1967.
Early history
The Preston and Longridge Railway Company was set up in 1836 to build a tramway from the newly opened Tootle Heights Quarry in Longridge to Preston. The 6½-mile (10½ km) single-track line was opened on 1 May 1840, with crude passenger facilities at , and in Preston.
Wagons were horse-drawn from Preston uphill to Longridge. Wagons ran by gravity in the opposite direction as far as Ribbleton, which was then a village just outside Preston. Horses were used for the final two miles (3 km) to Deepdale. Longridge ashlar sandstone was widely used in the region, for example in the building of Lancaster Town Hall, Bolton Town Hall, Preston railway station and Liverpool Docks.
Development
In 1846, the Fleetwood, Preston and West Riding Junction Railway (FP&WRR) Company was set up. It had an ambitious plan to link Fleetwood on the Lancashire coast to Leeds and Bradford in Yorkshire. It would link the existing Preston and Wyre Joint Railway to the Longridge line in Preston, and build a new line from via Ribchester, Hurst Green and Clitheroe to Skipton, where it would join the proposed Leeds and Bradford Extension Railway. The line would give Lancashire passengers access to the spa towns of Harrogate and Knaresborough, and beauty spots such as Bolton Abbey. Reciprocally, it would give Yorkshire passengers access to the seaside resorts of Fleetwood and Blackpool. Freight trains would carry cattle from Craven Valley, and stone from quarries near Clitheroe as well as from Longridge. Stonyhurst College would be within a mile of the line and would be able to use it to bring in supplies as well as pupils.
The P&LR was duly leased to the FP&WRR. The line was adapted for steam and the first steam-hauled train ran on Whit Monday 1848.
In 1850, a double-track extension was built connecting to the existing line a few hundred yards east of the terminus. The line passed via the Miley Tunnel under the north part of Preston and connected to the Preston and Wyre Joint Railway very close to that line’s original terminus at . The extension was initially used for goods only.
The first work on the Grimsargh to Skipton line was the excavation of a short cutting (which still exists) south of Hurst Green (at ), but then the project was abandoned. In 1852, the FP&WRR Company collapsed. The Preston and Longridge Railway acquired the engines and rolling stock of the collapsed company in lieu of owed rental fees.
However, in 1856 a reformed Fleetwood, Preston and West Riding Junction Railway Company purchased the line. The line through Miley Tunnel was opened to passengers, with new stations at each end, at on Deepdale Road and at . The original terminus was closed to passengers but continued to be used for goods.
By 1866, the plan to extend the line to Yorkshire had been revived. Fearing that the rival Midland Railway would buy the line to gain access to Preston, the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) bought the line instead. From the following year, the line was owned jointly by the L&YR and the London and North Western Railway (LNWR).
In 1885, Maudland Bridge Station was closed and passenger trains ran on to the adjacent LNWR main line to Preston Station, allowing connections to other railway lines for the first time.
Whittingham Hospital branch
In June 1889, a private branch line was opened northwards from to Whittingham Asylum two miles (3 km) away. As well as supplies, hospital staff and visitors were carried free of charge in converted goods brake vans. Trains (as many as twelve per day) were timed to connect with passenger trains at Grimsargh.
The locomotives used on the hospital branch were industrial types with the exception of the ex-London, Brighton and South Coast Railway no. 357, Riddlesdown, which was purchased in February 1948 from British Railways for £745.
The hospital line continued to operate long after the main branch closed to passengers in 1930. The hospital trains were now timed to connect with bus services at Grimsargh. The line eventually closed on 29 June 1957.
Decline
In 1918 there was another plan to extend the railway from Longridge to Yorkshire along the Loud and Hodder valleys to Whitewell, Tosside, Wigglesworth and Hellifield, but the plan was never implemented. This plan was revived once more in 1924 in connection with the Stocks Reservoir scheme and a Light Railway Order was confirmed on 19 March, however no further action was taken.
By 1930 the popularity of bus travel caused the line to close to passengers. The line to Longridge remained open to goods traffic until November 1967.
Goods traffic continued to use part of the line as far as the Courtaulds factory at Red Scar, until the last train worked by class 25 diesel, number 25 142 on Friday 8 February 1980. The Gamull Lane bridge over the line at was subsequently removed. All that now remained of the whole line was a Y-shaped link between the West Coast Main Line and coal yards at the site of the original Deepdale Street terminus. This, too, was closed in the 1990s, although the tracks for this section were never taken up.
Remains
The track through Miley Tunnel, though rusty and overgrown, still exists.
The line’s route in Preston between Blackpool Road and Red Scar is now a cycle path and footpath. It is planned to extend the path to Grimsargh.
In Longridge, a portal to a blocked-off tunnel under Higher Road that led to Tootle Heights Quarry is a Grade II listed building. The station buildings at and still survive.
In 2003, the Preston City Link Canal Trust was formed with a plan to reopen part of the Lancaster Canal to a new marina to be constructed in the vicinity of the former Maudland Bridge railway station. One option being considered was to reopen the Longridge line as far as Deepdale or Ribbleton, the line passing by viaduct over the new marina.
In 2010, light rail manufacturer Trampower UK opened negotiations to use a segment of the former route as a tram demonstrator line. Initially, Trampower UK would have used the line from the Miley Tunnel portal to Ribbleton, although the company’s long term ambition was to provide a service on the line from the M6 Junction 31A to Preston city centre.
Notes
References
Aubertin, C. (2006) "Solving a Victorian Problem", Steam World, 232 (October), p. 26-31
Biddle, G. (1989) The Railways Around Preston — A Historical Review, Scenes from the Past: No. 6, Foxline Publishing,
Bowtell, H.D. (1988) Lesser Railways of Bowland Forest and Craven Country - and the dam builders in the age of steam, Platewell Press,
Gilbert, A.C. and Knight, N.R. (1975) Railways around Lancashire, Manchester Transport Museum Society,
Hilbert, M. (1998) "Coal To Deepdale No More", Traction magazine 42, April 1998.
Hunt, D. (2003) The Wharncliffe Companion to Preston — An A to Z of Local History, Wharncliffe Books, Barnsley, .
Mitchell, L., Hopkins, B. and Newman, C. , Lancashire County Council and Egerton Lea Consultancy, July 2006, accessed 15 June 2007.
Parker, N. (1972) The Preston and Longridge Railway, Oakwood Library of Railway History No. 30, Lingfield: Oakwood Press
Pattinson, M. (Ed.) (1999) Longridge — The Way we Were, Hudson History of Settle,
Potter, T. (1993) Reflections on Preston, Wilmslow: Sigma Leisure,
Suggitt, G. (2003, revised 2004) Lost Railways of Lancashire, Countryside Books, Newbury,
Till, J.M. (1993) A History of Longridge and its People, Carnegie Publishing, Preston,
Welch, M.S. (2004) Lancashire Steam Finale, Runpast Publishing, Cheltenham,
External links
Villages around the Ribble Valley — Longridge
The History of Longridge
Preston Station : Past & Present - page covering the Longridge line including recent and older photos
British Railways in 1960 - The Longridge Branch
British Railways in 1960 - The Deepdale Branch
'Tunnel Visions' Interactive website about Miley Tunnel
Closed railway lines in North West England
Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway
Early British railway companies
Historic transport in Lancashire
Railway companies established in 1836
Railway lines opened in 1840
Railway companies disestablished in 1847
Transport in the City of Preston
Railway lines closed in 1967
1836 establishments in England
Horse-drawn railways
1967 disestablishments in England
British companies disestablished in 1847
British companies established in 1836
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo%20Miami
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Zoo Miami
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The Miami-Dade Zoological Park and Gardens, also known as Zoo Miami, is a zoological park and garden in Miami and is the largest zoo in Florida. Originally established in 1948 at Crandon Park in Key Biscayne, Zoo Miami relocated in 1980 as Miami MetroZoo to the former location of the Naval Air Station Richmond, southwest of Miami in southern unincorporated Miami-Dade County, surrounded by the census-designated places of Three Lakes (north), South Miami Heights (south), Palmetto Estates (east) and Richmond West (west).
The only tropical zoo in the continental United States, Zoo Miami houses over 3,000 animals of around 500 species on almost , of which are developed. It is around if walked on the path, and features over 100 exhibits. The zoo's communications director is zookeeper Ron Magill. Zoo Miami is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA).
History
The history of Zoo Miami can be traced back to 1948, when a small road show, stranded near Miami, exchanged three monkeys, a goat and two black bears for approximately $270 in repairs for the truck. These six animals were the beginning of the Crandon Park Zoo at Crandon Park on the island of Key Biscayne, just southeast off the coast from downtown Miami. The Crandon Park Zoo occupied of the park. The first animals in the zoo, including some lions, an elephant and a rhinoceros, had been stranded when a circus went out of business in Miami. Some Galapagos tortoises, monkeys and pheasants were added from the Matheson plantation. By 1967, the Crandon Park Zoo had grown to over 1,200 animals, and was considered one of the top 25 zoos in the country.
Other animals were added, including a white Bengal tiger in 1968.
In 1965, Hurricane Betsy devastated the zoo and killed 250 animals. After the hurricane, there was talk of a new zoo for Dade County, but not until 11 December 1970 did Dade County officials apply for of land in the Naval Air Station Richmond property. Construction began in 1975. The zoo opened on July 4, 1980, as Miami MetroZoo, with a preview section of 12 exhibits; Asia, the first major exhibit, opened on December 12, 1981. A total of 38 exhibits, covering , were open to the public at this time.
In the 1980s, the zoo continued to expand. An additional , with six new African hoofed-mammal exhibits, opened in 1982, along with the zoo's monorail in 1984. After the closing of the 1984 Louisiana World Exposition in New Orleans, the expo’s visitor monorails were moved to Florida to be re-purposed at Miami MetroZoo and operated until 2022. Wings of Asia, a free-flight aviary, was opened in December 1984. Three additional African hoofed stock exhibits followed in 1985, and two new exhibits were opened in the African savanna section in 1986. The Australian section of the zoo was opened in 1989, and PAWS, the children's petting zoo, opened in 1989. The Asian Riverlife Experience opened in August 1990.
In 1992, the zoo suffered extensive damage when Hurricane Andrew made landfall in South Florida, on August 24. The small, yet intensely powerful category 5 hurricane toppled over 5,000 trees and destroyed the Wings of Asia aviary (which had been built to withstand winds of up to ) resulting in the loss of approximately 100 of the 300 resident birds. Despite the majority of the zoo's animals remaining outside during the duration and aftermath of Hurricane Andrew, only five animals were killed from either debris or the consumption of contaminated water. MetroZoo, though looking dramatically different, reopened on December 18, 1992, with the zoo's tiger temple exhibit renamed in honor of Naomi Browning, a local 12-year-old zoo volunteer who was one of the storm's casualties.
By July 1993, many of the animals that were sent to other zoos and animal parks across the United States (during the zoo's reconstruction) had been returned to Miami, and over 7,000 new trees had been planted to begin restoring the zoo's tree canopy.
In 1994, stray dogs entered the zoo during off-hours, and killed five Thomson's gazelles and two Grant's gazelles.
In 1996, a brush fire burned 100 acres in the southeast portion of the zoo's undeveloped land. Nearly 30 animals from adjacent exhibits were evacuated. The Falcon Batchelor Komodo Dragon Encounter opened that same year, followed by exhibits featuring Andean condors (1999), meerkats (2000), Cuban crocodiles and squirrel monkeys (2001). Dr. Wilde's World, which is an indoor facility for traveling zoological exhibits, was also opened in 2001. The rebuilt Wings of Asia aviary, housing more than 300 individual birds and representing 70 species, refurbished in the spring of 2003.
On July 4, 2010, the zoo was renamed the Miami-Dade Zoological Park and Gardens, or Zoo Miami (for marketing and branding purposes). This was a part of the zoo's 30th anniversary celebration. The zoo broke ground on a $43 million project that included an Everglades exhibit and a new state-of-the-art entryway. The Everglades exhibit opened on December 10, 2016.
In 2017, the zoo was struck by Hurricane Irma, which impacted South Florida on September 10. The Amazon and Beyond exhibit suffered the most damage, with widespread tree loss in that area. According to the zoo, one American flamingo, one Great hornbill, and a few other birds died reportedly due to stress. The zoo remained closed until October.
In May 2023, footage of a kiwi named Paora at Zoo Miami being handled by visitors and exposed to daylight caused outrage amongst New Zealanders and conservation experts, including Paora Haitana for whom the bird is named. The New Zealand Department of Conservation stated they would raise their concerns with the AZA. Zoo Miami subsequently apologized and said it would cease these practices.
Conservation efforts
Zoo Miami supports conservation programs at the local, national and global level, and was a founding member of the AZA's Butterfly Conservation Initiative (BFCI), a program designed to assemble governmental and non-governmental agencies to aid in the population recovery of vulnerable, threatened and endangered butterflies in North America.
The zoo has also provided financial help through the Zoo Miami Conservation Fund to upgrade captive-breeding facilities in Thailand’s zoos, notably for endangered clouded leopards and fishing cats.
Exhibits and animals
There are five main exhibit sections in the zoo: Florida: Mission Everglades, Asia, Africa, Amazon and Beyond, and Australia. The zoo's main entry includes an entryway canopy structure, conjoining ticket booths and gift shop, and an adjacent American flamingo exhibit. At the junction of the zoo's main pathways, is the Conservation Action Center, an indoor pavilion featuring interactive exhibits themed to conservation and wildlife preservation. The property includes a large lake, called Lake Iguana. Zoo Miami is characterized by large cage-less, moated exhibits.
From 1984 until 2022, an air-conditioned monorail system traveled around the zoo's premises, providing both an aerial view of the zoo and a convenient way to move between sections. The monorail system had four stations throughout the zoo. Narrated tram rides and guided tours were given daily. The monorail was decommissioned due to unaffordable maintenance costs. There were 5 trains in total, 3 of which were formerly used for the New Orleans World's Fair. One train was decommissioned in 1987 so that it could be used for parts for the others, as the manufacturer ceased business.
Florida: Mission Everglades
The Florida: Mission Everglades exhibit features native fauna and flora species found in Florida, particularly from the state's Everglades region. Species displayed include American alligators, American crocodiles, North American river otters, American black bears, Florida panthers, bald eagles, brown pelicans, and roseate spoonbills. The $33 million project features Lostman's River Ride, a gentle airboat ride attraction.
Asia
The zoo's Asian exhibit features dozens of animals such as Bornean orangutans, Asian elephants, Indian rhinoceros, Sumatran tigers, gaur, banteng, lowland anoa, Arabian oryx, Bactrian camels, dromedary camels, Malayan tapirs, dhole, sloth bears, clouded leopards, northern white-cheeked gibbons, siamang, Asian small-clawed otters as well as a variety of Asian birds. The multi-leveled Asian Riverlife Experience replicates the appearance of an Asian river brook. Until 2023, Zoo Miami was only one of two zoos in the United States to display a pair of black-necked storks. Several species not native to Asia are also found in this area like lions, African painted dogs, spotted hyenas, addax, sable antelope, Addra gazelle, mongoose lemur, and Cuban crocodiles.
The American Banker's Family Aviary, Wings of Asia is a walkthrough aviary that's home to approximately 85 species of birds.
Bird Species List:
Buff-banded rail
Masked lapwing
Nicobar pigeon
Red-knobbed imperial pigeon
Pied imperial pigeon
Victoria crowned pigeon
Mindanao bleeding-heart
Luzon bleeding-heart
Crested pigeon
Pheasant pigeon
Chestnut-breasted malkoha
Oriental dollarbird
Red-vented bulbul
White-eared bulbul
Black bulbul
Black-throated laughingthrush
White-crested laughingthrush
Metallic starling
Black-collared starling
White-breasted woodswallow
Black-naped oriole
White-eared catbird
Fawn-breasted bowerbird
Azure-winged magpie
Javan pond heron
Painted stork
White stork
Straw-necked ibis
Magpie goose
Bar-headed goose
Red-breasted goose
Spotted whistling duck
Mandarin duck
Indian spot-billed duck
Australian shoveler
Marbled teal
Falcated duck
Tufted duck
Scaly-sided merganser
White-winged duck
Ruddy shelduck
Great argus
Germain's peacock-pheasant
Edward's pheasant
Green junglefowl
Green peafowl
Sarus crane
Grey-headed swamphen
The zoo's orangutan exhibit once housed Nonja, a female Sumatran orangutan that was relocated from a Dutch zoo to Zoo Miami. She was widely believed to be the oldest living specimen of her species, until her death in 2007. Another notable resident was Carlita, a 21-year-old female white Bengal tiger, who resided in the zoo's tiger enclosure from 1994 until her death in 2013.
The Asian exhibit is home to two Asian elephants: an elderly female named Nellie and a young male named Ongard. Dalip (a bull born on June 8, 1966, in Kerela), arrived at the old Crandon Park Zoo on Key Biscayne as a young calf in August 1967, along with his mate Seetna and he is the father to Spike (born on July 2, 1981, in Zoo Miami and he is Dalip's only surviving offspring) who currently lives in the Smithsonian National Zoo in Washington. Seetena and Dalip were separated due to the damage caused by Hurricane Andrew in 1992. Both were separated during the storm, Seetna moved to Two Tails Ranch (Patricia Zerbini) and stayed there for breeding purposes but died of labor issues in 1996 while Dalip returned to Zoo Miami in 1995 where he remained until his death in 2022.
The American Banker's Family Aviary, Wings of Asia is also located here. The aviary features 300 rare birds of 70 species in a temperate mixed forest, and it highlights the evolutionary connection of birds to dinosaurs. At , it is the largest open-air Asian aviary in the Western Hemisphere. The Children's Zoo hosts animals that can be approached to a close distance by guests. Guests can view meerkats, a petting zoo, an exhibit that displays small species of reptiles, amphibians and insects, butterfly gardens, a carousel dedicated to individual animal species, and experience traditional camel rides.
Africa
The African loop of the zoo offers animals from different locations on Africa. Visitors can observe species including reticulated giraffes, pygmy hippos, African bush elephants, eastern black rhinoceroses, greater kudu, nyala, slender-horned gazelle, Grevy's zebras, giant elands, ostriches, chimpanzees, western lowland gorillas, mountain bongo, okapis, and servals. Oasis Grill, a small eatery plaza, is situated at the northern end of the African exhibits. Zoo Miami has one of the most diverse collections of hoofed stock in the United States.
Eleven-year-old "Pongo," at sixteen feet the tallest giraffe in the zoo, was euthanized on January 4, 2021, after failing to recover from a foot injury.
Amazon and Beyond
Amazon and Beyond, situated in the zoo's northwest corner, opened on December 6, 2008 and is a collection of South America animals. This area has dedicated to the flora and fauna of South America, and is subdivided into four distinct areas: Village Plaza, Cloud Forest, Amazon Flooded Forest, and Atlantic Forest. Three areas represent native habitats that are found in the Amazonian region—the "cloud forest", the Amazon River basin, and the Atlantic Forest-Pantanal—with species such as giant otters, jaguars, Orinoco crocodiles, giant anteaters, black howler monkeys, black-handed spider monkeys, Hoffmann's two-toed sloths, harpy eagles, fruit bats, poison dart frogs, and various Amazonian fish.
Australia
The zoo's Australian habitat showcases specimens from throughout the region of Australia, Oceania, and the Pacific islands, including koalas, southern cassowaries, southern hairy-nosed wombats, cockatiels, and Matschie's tree-kangaroos. Situated near this to habitat, is the 800-seat Sami Family Amphitheater, where daily animal presentations, concerts and cultural events are held.
The amphitheater is named in memory of Albert and Winifred Sami, who anonymously donated an estimated $3 million to the zoo from 1993 until their deaths in 2007 and 2014, respectively. Zoo Miami recently celebrated the birth of a baby koala, who was actually born in May, 2019, but only emerged from its mothers pouch on January 8, 2020. The baby koala was named Hope in light of the recent fires that devastated Australia.
Near the Australian habitat is a trail with Galapagos giant tortoises, babirusas, red river hogs, common warthogs, and Visayan warty pigs.
Gallery
Zoo Miami Foundation
The Zoo Miami Foundation is a group setup as the non-profit support organization of Zoo Miami. It was founded in 1956 and is responsible for improvements over the years of the zoo. Key members of the foundation include Senator Dwight M. Bullard and Diana L. Fitzgerald, among others.
See also
Gold Coast Railroad Museum (adjacent to Zoo Miami)
References
External links
Overview of the Florida: Mission Everglades and Front Entry Project
1948 establishments in Florida
Aviaries in the United States
Botanical gardens in Florida
Buildings and structures in Miami-Dade County, Florida
Education in Miami-Dade County, Florida
Parks in Miami-Dade County, Florida
History of Miami-Dade County, Florida
Tourist attractions in Miami-Dade County, Florida
Zoos established in 1948
Zoos in Florida
Monorails in the United States
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58497859
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biloela%20House
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Biloela House
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Biloela House is a house at the centre of a heritage-listed historic precinct on Cockatoo Island, Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the Australian Commonwealth Heritage List on 22 June 2004.
History
Cockatoo Island became a gaol in 1839, following advice by NSW Governor George Gipps to the British Secretary of State for the Colonies that convicts would be sent to the island after the closure of the Norfolk Island convict establishment. The Prison Barracks Precinct was built over several years. Quarrying of grain silos (see also Underground Grain Silos) was one of the early convict tasks. In order to service Royal Navy ships, the Fitzroy Dock was built on the island and completed in 1857. Cockatoo became the major government dockyard in Australia.
In 1869 prisoners were transferred from the island to Darlinghurst, and the prison buildings became an industrial school for girls and a reformatory from 1871. At this time the name of the island became Biloela. The dockyard area was now separated from this institutional area on the top of the island by a fence. Following the departure of the females in 1888, prisoners were again sent to the island, and the gaol function continued until about 1909. Meanwhile, the dockyard function expanded, and the Sutherland Dock was built in 1890. The New South Wales Public Works Department declared Cockatoo the state dockyard.
After Federation, in 1913 Cockatoo became the Commonwealth Dockyard, and the island, both through ship-building and servicing, played an important role both in the development of the Royal Australian Navy and during the First World War. The former prison buildings were now used for offices and other purposes. From 1933 the dockyard was leased from the Australian Government by Cockatoo Docks and Engineering Co Ltd and the island played a very significant role during the Second World War. After the war the dockyard (now known as Vickers) continued, and submarine facilities were introduced. The dockyard closed in 1992, and some demolition took place. Sale of the island was proposed. The island is now vested in the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust.
There are four elements to this precinct: Biloela House, a modest cottage adjacent, Clerk of Petty Sessions Cottage, and some of the island's grain silos.
Biloela House was built c.1841 as a superintendent's residence and it was designed by Colonel George Barney, the Commanding Royal Engineer who played a notable engineering role in New State Wales during the period. The building was soon enlarged. Again in 1859-60 extensions were erected to accommodate the new Engineer in Chief and Superintendent, Gother Kerr Mann. During the period of the girls school, the residence was occupied by the new registrar of the Sydney water police who stayed until 1896. By 1898 the house had become two barrack quarters for the unmarried male and female gaol warders. With the Commonwealth takeover in 1913, the northern quarters became the shipyard manager's home and the southern became offices.
Little historical information is available for the small cottage adjacent to Biloela House.
Clerk of Petty Sessions Cottage was built prior to 1845 and was also designed by the Commanding Royal Engineer. Extensions were soon added and the building's orientation changed. In the early 1890s extensive changes were made and the building was also re-roofed; the building today is basically the 1890s plan. It has always been a residence. By 1892 it was the foreman shipwright's house and then, upgraded, the dock master's residence.
The main buildings in the group, along with the Prison Barracks Precinct, form the only imperial-funded (as opposed to colonial-funded) convict public works complex in NSW.
Due to the uncertain grain supplies available in the early colony of NSW, Governor Gipps in 1839 decided to embark on a program of silo construction on the Island. In this way grain could be stored for future use. The silos were designed by Barney and were excavated into Cockatoo's sandstone by convict work gangs and, being well sealed, the silos were weevil-free. By November 1840 20,000 bushels of wheat were stored in the completed silos, and other silos were underway. Gipps hoped to increase storage up to 100,000 bushels if the low price of wheat then prevailing continued. Over twenty silos were eventually quarried. However, as grain storage (and hence regulation of the market) was at odds with Britain's subsequent free market policies, Gipps was instructed to sell the grain. Later, either in the 1870s or early 1880s, the silos were re-used for water storage purposes. Some of the silos were subsequently destroyed by building construction. The surviving silos on the Island are believed to be the only group of convict-cut rock silos in the nation. The other major group of convict constructed underground silos are located on Norfolk Island, these are cut into the earth.
Description
The Biloela House precinct includes:
Biloela House, the former superintendent's quarters and extensions (stone enclosure of western corner excluded)
the stone cottage to west of Biloela House
remaining underground silos to south-east of Biloela House
north-east part of small sandstone cottage south-east of Biloela house (Clerk of Petty Sessions Cottage)
The Biloela House precinct is located on the summit of the island and consequently the precinct possesses notable aesthetic qualities given its site on Sydney Harbour's biggest island and its harbour outlook.
Biloela House is Old Colonial Georgian in style. It is "L" shaped, and the small cottage adjacent is rectangular, thus the two form a courtyard. The buildings are of similar style and are constructed of unpainted sandstone. Windows are mainly casements. The roofs are hipped and clad in corrugated iron. There is a picket fence.
The Clerk of Petty Sessions Cottage is modest and single storey. It was originally constructed of sandstone, but has been extended in brick and fibreboard. Here the roof is again hipped and clad with corrugated iron; there are several chimneys. An infilled verandah faces a grassed area with walled garden near the escarpment.
The silos appear to be nine in number, though not all are necessarily intact or complete. The perfectly symmetrical silos are bottle-shaped, and an incision on the surface of the rock indicates the diameter of the silo below ground. The mouth is square and provided with a lip to exclude water; there is also a metal plate over the mouth. The "bottle" is circular in plan and approaching 5.5 metres in diameter. The silos held from 3000 to 5000 bushels of grain each. Visible evidence of thirteen silos remains on the island (the other silos are part of the Underground Grain Silos).
Condition
The 1997 Conservation Management Report commented that Biloela House had been re-roofed. The stonework of the north and south wings was in mainly good condition. The north wing interior was generally good, though the south was in need of work. The Clerk of Petty Sessions Cottage was in very good condition and had been recently re-painted and re-roofed. The fireplace in the front room had been blocked. As at May 2001, the surviving silos are understood to be in good condition.
Heritage listing
The Biloela House precinct was listed on the Australian Commonwealth Heritage List on 22 June 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.
Criterion A: Processes
Constructed mainly in the early 1840s, the elements of the Biloela Group are historically highly significant for their direct association with convict administration in the Australian colonies. The group is also associated with Cockatoo Island's role as a major government shipyard.
Criterion B: Rarity
The group, along with the separately registered prison barracks precinct, is the only remaining imperially funded convict public works complex in NSW. The silos on the island are believed to be the only major group of convict-cut rock silos in Australia.
Criterion D: Characteristic values
The group, along with the separately registered prison barracks precinct, is the only remaining imperially funded convict public works complex in NSW. As such, the buildings in the group are important examples of convict structures of the period.
Criterion E: Aesthetic characteristics
Located on the summit of Cockatoo Island (the largest island in Sydney Harbour), the group has an impressive harbour outlook and is evocative of the convict era. As such, the group with its sandstone forms has significant aesthetic qualities.
Criterion F: Technical achievement
The silos are finely excavated and reflect a high degree of stonemasonry skills on the part of their builders.
Criterion H: Significant people
The group has a close association with Colonel George Barney, the commander of the Royal Engineers, who played a notable engineering role in NSW during the period.
References
Citations
Sources
Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners Pty. Ltd. October 1988. Norfolk Island: Conservation Management Plan, for Australian Construction Services on behalf of the KAVHA Management Board.
Department of Housing and Construction. 1983. Norfolk Island: The archaeological survey of Kingston and Arthur's Vale, Volume II. Commonwealth of Australia.
Godden Mackay, 1997, Cockatoo Island Conservation Management Plan. Vols 1 and 2. Department of Defence.
Kerr, J.S., 1984, Cockatoo Island: Penal and Institutional Remains. National Trust of Australia (NSW).
Parker, R.G., 1977, Cockatoo Island, a history. Nelson Publishers, Melbourne.
Pike, Douglas, ed., 1966, Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 1. Melbourne University Press.
Attribution
External links
Commonwealth Heritage List places in New South Wales
Cockatoo Island (New South Wales)
Houses in Sydney
Articles incorporating text from the Australian Heritage Database
Sandstone buildings in Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Academy%20%28French%20TV%20series%29
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Star Academy (French TV series)
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Star Academy is a French reality television. It was produced by the Dutch company Endemol. It consists of a contest of young singers. It spawned an equally successful show in Canada called Star Académie. It was broadcast on TF1 (2001–2008 and 2022) and NRJ 12 (2012). At the end of each season, selected contestants would go on tour around France, Morocco, Switzerland, Belgium, Tunisia, and other French-speaking countries.
The contestants stay in the Dammarie-lès-Lys's Vives-Eaux castle.
The reality show is hosted by Nikos Aliagas and featured guest stars such as Mariah Carey, Madonna, Britney Spears, Beyoncé, Rihanna, Katy Perry, Jonas Brothers, Miley Cyrus, Celine Dion, The Corrs, Texas, Simple Plan, Moby, Tina Arena, Nelly Furtado, Tokio Hotel, Anastacia, Alicia Keys, Craig David, 50 Cent, will.i.am, Destiny's Child, James Blunt, Sean Combs, Sting, David Guetta, Lenny Kravitz, Janet Jackson, Liza Minnelli, Phil Collins, Laura Pausini, Kylie Minogue, Dannii Minogue, Tina Turner, Andrea Bocelli, Charles Aznavour, Hélène Ségara, Lorie Pester, Peter Kingsbery, Lara Fabian, Shania Twain, Avril Lavigne, Alizée, Johnny Hallyday, Paul Anka, Lionel Richie, Alanis Morissette, Ray Charles, Stevie Wonder, Elton John, Bee Gees, and Ricky Martin.
In 2012, Star Academy was cancelled again after only one season, in order for TF1 to focus on The Voice: la plus belle voix.
In October 2022, Star Academy received a reboot after ten years with thirteen new contestants taking part in the programme. Nikos Aliagas again hosted the series which returned to the Vives-Eaux castle. British singer Robbie Williams was named the godfather of the show.
Star Academy seasons
The contestants are classed in order.
Season 1
Jenifer Bartoli (winner) - participated in the Star Academy Tour, released debut album Jenifer and follow-up Le Passage. Also released live CD & DVD Jenifer fait son live.
Mario Barravecchia (finalist) - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Jean-Pascal Lacoste (semi-finalist) - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Carine Haddadou (semi-finalist)
Olivia Ruiz (semi-finalist) - participated in the Star Academy Tour, released debut album J'aime pas l'amour in 2003 and follow-up album La Femme Chocolat in 2005.
Jessica Marquez - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Patrice Maktav - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Djalil Amine - participated in the Star Academy Tour
François Roure - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Cécile Boutry
Sidonie Koch
Grégory Gulli - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Stéphane Bosmans
Amandine Bisqueret
Khalifa M'Baye
Catherine
Season 1 was won in 2001 by Jenifer Bartoli from Nice, who has become one of France's best-loved new female singers since then. Second studio album Le Passage has songwriting contributions from Calogero and Benoît Poher from Kyo. Later she released two other studio albums, Lunatic and Apelle-moi Jen.
Carine and Mario, along with series 2 contestants Anne-Laure and Houcine and series 5 contestants Pierre and Alexia make up the cast of a new comedie-musicale in France "Salut Joe" which features the songs of legendary star Joe Dassin.
Olivia Ruiz has enjoyed critical and commercial success with her album La Femme Chocolat.
Season 2
Nolwenn Leroy (winner) - participated in the Star Academy Tour, released debut album Nolwenn and follow-up Histoires Naturelles. Also released live CD & DVD Histoires Naturelles Tour.
Houcine Camara (finalist) - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Emma Daumas (semi-finalist) - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Georges-Alain Jones - (semi-finalist) participated in the Star Academy Tour
Aurélie Konaté - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Jérémy Chatelain - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Anne-Laure Sibon - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Fabien Fasake - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Alexandre Balduzzi - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Isabelle Lem
Eva Chemouni
Rudy Carvalho
Philip Miro
Nazim
Florence
Stéphanie Hansen
Season 2 of Star Academy launched some singers with successful solo careers - winner Nolwenn but also Emma, who reinvented herself as France's answer to Avril Lavigne; singer, songwriter and producer Jérémy Chatelain who married Alizée; singer-songwriter Georges-Alain Jones; Aurelie Konate who appeared in the comedie-musicale Belles belles belles based on the music of Claude François.
Season 3
Élodie Frégé (winner) - participated in the Star Academy Tour and released debut CD Elodie Frégé early in 2004 and 3 others in 2006, 2007 and 2010.
Michal (finalist) - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Sofia Essaïdi (semi-finalist) - participated in the Star Academy Tour and released debut CD Mon cabaret in 2005.
Patxi Garat (semi-finalist) - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Morganne Matis - participated in the Star Academy Tour and released debut cd Une fille De L'ere in 2006
Lukas Delcourt - participated in the Star Academy Tour - appeared in French drama series Sous le soleil.
Pierre Bouley - participated in the Star Academy Tour and member of Premix.
Romain Billard - participated in the Star Academy Tour and member of Premix
Amina El Bennouni
Stéphanie Dalmasso - appeared in French series Père et Maire.
Edouard Algayon - participated in the Star Academy Tour (as guitarist), formed the trio Premix with Pierre and Romain, released CD Chambre 1512 which included single "Oui ou Non". Premix split amicably in late 2005.
Anne Thibault
Valérie Deniz De Boccard
Marjorie Condoris
Michaël Sapience
Icaro Da Silva
After the highly successful season 2, much was expected of season 3 and the favourites were named at the beginning: Sofia and Michal. As it turned out, both of them made their respective male/female semi finals, joined by Elodie and Patxi respectively. Elodie ended up making it to the finals, where she beat Polish contestant Michal and become the winner of Star Academy 3.
Michal will return to the music scene in France in 2007 with his second album All Alone with my Gueule. Sofia ended up releasing her own album Mon cabaret in 2005.
Season 4
Grégory Lemarchal (winner) - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Lucie Bernardoni (finalist) - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Hoda Nekra (semi-finalist) - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Mathieu Johann (semi-finalist) - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Sofiane Tadjine-Lambert- participated in the Star Academy Tour
Sandy François - participated in the Star Academy Tour
John Eyzen - participated in the Star Academy Tour - came to play the role of Mercutio in the Asia Tour of Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour
Francesca Antoniotti
Harlem Parmentier - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Enrique Toyos
Radia Bensarsa - participated in the Star Academy Tour
Morgan Auger
Tina Gardinier
Karima
Sebastien Degut
Emilie Ducrot
Gauthier Roubichou
Lennie
Season 4 winner Grégory Lemarchal became the first male winner of Star Academy in France. He released his debut single "Écris l'histoire" and debut album Je deviens moi in France in 2005. Grégory also enjoyed success in 2006 with "Même si", a bilingual duet with Lucie Silvas of her song "What You're Made Of".
On April 30, 2007, Grégory Lemarchal died of complications due to cystic fibrosis while waiting for a lung transplant.
Season 5
Magalie Vaé (Winner - Also participated in the Star Academy Tour)
Jérémy Amelin (Finalist - Also participated in the Star Academy Tour)
Pascal Maunoury (Semi-Finalist - Also participated in the Star Academy Tour)
Ely Breton (Semi-Finalist - Also participated in the Star Academy Tour)
Emilie Minatchy (Semi-Finalist - Also participated in the Star Academy Tour)
Alexia Palombo (Also participated in the Star Academy Tour)
Jean-Luc Guizonne (Also participated in the Star Academy Tour)
Maud Verdeyen (Also participated in the Star Academy Tour)
Pierre Frischeteau (Also participated in the Star Academy Tour)
Arno Demessine(Also participated in the Star Academy Tour)
Grégoire Bourdin
Laure Ruhland
Jill Vandermeulen
Chloé Boucaud
Mickael Tabury
Moïse Quaresma
Nassim & Neissa Parize
Season 5 was notable for the return of some familiar faces - season 1 and 2 directrice Alexia Laroche-Joubert returned in the same role, after which the role was filled in season 3 by Nathalie Andre, and in season 4 by Gerard Louvin. Also back was Raphaelle Ricci as prof of scenic expression.
Despite an expanded age limit on participants, there was only one noticeably participant - Jérémy Amelin (18). His popularity grew over the series and he eventually reached the finale where he faced, and lost to, Magalie Vaé.
Among the female contestants the early favourite was Emilie, a violinist who originated from the island of Reunion. However, her popularity with the jury was seemingly not shared by the public. In the female semi final she and fellow student Ely were voted out in favour of Magalie, who had attracted much attention in France because, unlike previous Star Academy participants, she was overweight.
In the end, Magalie triumphed on 16.12.2005 and became the fifth Star Academy winner in France. Magalie sold the least CDs by a series winner compared to previous winners Jenifer and Nolwenn. This raises the question of whether the judging should be 100% in the hands of the voting public.
Season 6
Cyril Cinélu (Winner-Final week 16)
Dominique Fidanza (Second Place-Final week 16)
Marina (Eliminated week 15 semi-final)
Cynthia Brown (Eliminated week 15 semi-final)
Ludovic (Eliminated week 14)
Jean-Charles (Eliminated week 13)
Brice (Eliminated week 12)
Gaël (Eliminated week 11)
Elfy (Eliminated week 10)
Nicolas (Eliminated week 9)
David (Eliminated week 8)
Bastien (Eliminated week 7)
Judith (Eliminated week 6)
Faustine (Eliminated week 5)
Céline (Eliminated week 4)
Eloisha (Eliminated week 3
Fafa (Eliminated week 2)
Laurent (Eliminated week 1)
All of last year's profs returned this year including directrice Alexia Laroche-Joubert and dance teacher Kamel Ouali, the latter kept French fans guessing regarding his participation up to the last minute, as he remained involved in the popular musical Le Roi Soleil. Nikos Aliagas continued to present the daily updates and weekly "Prime" on Fridays.
The focus for this season was expected to shift from traditional songs to the "nouvelle chanson francaise" style made popular by singers like Benabar, Benjamin Biolay and former Star Ac 1 contestant Olivia Ruiz. Contestants Marina and Jean-Charles reflected this new musical style and Marina, in particular, was allowed to sing her own compositions on the "Prime".
Gael, whose musical style resembled that of the Gipsy Kings, eventually quit on 13 November, allegedly in relation to the refusal of the producers to allow him to record with the Gipsy Kings, whom his musical style clearly owed an allegiance to. There was also controversy over remarks made by Raphaelle Ricci following the eviction of fan favourite Nicolas Charvillat, suggesting that her fellow "profs" had decided to evict him before he even sang a note.
In the end Cyril, the first black person to win Star Academy or any singing contest in France, triumphed by 67% of the vote over Dominique (33%) on 22 December to become the sixth Star Academy winner in France.
This year was unusual as only seven students went on the tour: Cyril, Dominique, Cynthia, Jean-Charles, Brice, Marina, and Ludovic.
Season 7
Contestants include
Quentin Mosimann (winner) (will also participate in the Tour)
Mathieu (finalist) (will also participate in the Tour)
Claire-Marie (semi-finalist) (will also participate in the Tour)
Bertrand (semi-finalist) (will also participate in the Tour)
Jéremy (will also participate in the Tour)
Lucie (will also participate in the Tour)
Pierre
Alexia
Sevan
Maureen
Antoine
Eva
Claudia
Noémie
Dojima
Yaëlle
Alexandra
Maureen, the favorite, walked after 7 weeks. Mathieu had been nominated 8 times over Star Academy 7, but each time was favored by the public to continue. Until finally, improving his show greatly, ending up in the final where Quentin, the favorite of most spectators with 0 nominations, won by the close margin of 52.6% to 47.4% for Mathieu.
Season 8
The eighth season debuted on Friday September 19, 2008.
The students are no longer in the chateau, but in a private hotel in the 3rd arrondissement of Paris, located at 12 rue Charlot ()
The contestants in season 8 are:
Top 2 (the finale aired on 19/12/08) -
Mickels Réa (winner)
Alice (runner-up)
Eliminated (in order of elimination) -
Laure Cappellini (eliminated on 26/09/08)
Gaëtan (eliminated on 3/10/08)
Ana Palomo-Diaz (eliminated on 10/10/08)
Julia Jean-Baptiste (eliminated on 17/10/08)
Harold Haven (eliminated on 24/10/08)
Yvane Beharry (voluntarily withdrew on 31/10/08)
Marilyne Lecomte (eliminated on 7/11/08)
Quentin LeMonnier (eliminated on 14/11/08)
Anissa Stili (eliminated on 21/11/08 - double elimination)
Édouard Privat (eliminated on 21/11/08 - double elimination)
Solène Le Pierres (eliminated on 28/11/08 - quarter-finalist)
Joanna Lagrave (eliminated on 05/12/08 - semi-finalist)
Gautier Riese (eliminated on 12/12/08 - semi-finalist)
Alice has been nominated the most times, with five; but was saved by the public each time, with an overwhelming majority above two other nominees. The series also saw a decline in the ratings, as in the premiere week, it has received 5.5 million viewers with 29.6% share (mainly from their competition, NCIS on M6). This was considerably down from the previous series' 7.1 million viewers (30.7% share).
Season 9
NRJ 12 decided to reboot the show after TF1 cancelled it in 2008, due to declining ratings. It began airing again from December 2012.
Season 9 scholars:
Daniel, 20, Eliminated - Feb 21 (2013) - Semi-finals versus Laurene
Nancy, 25, Eliminated - Jan 31 (2013)
Sidoine, 23, Eliminated - Feb 14 (2013) - Semi-finals versus Zayra
Romain, 25, Eliminated (quarter finals) - Feb 07 (2013)
Vanina, 23, Eliminated (quarter finals) - Feb 07 (2013)
Tony, 23, Eliminated - Jan 17 (2013)
Mathilde, 20, Eliminated - Jan 10 (2013)
Tad, 21, Eliminated - Dec. 20
Jimmy, 25, Eliminated - Dec. 27
Pauline, 18, Eliminated - Jan 24 (2013)
Zayra, 25, Eliminated - Feb 28 (2013) - Finals versus Laurene
louis, 21, Eliminated - Jan 3 (2013)
Laurene, 18 - Winner
Manika, 22, Eliminated - Dec. 13
Laurene was nominated 2 times and Zayra only once. Zayra received the most number of marks in the history of
Star academy, Zayra's and Star academy best mark was 19 out of 20.
Season 10
After a break of ten years from the concept and a fourteen-year break from broadcasting it themselves, TF1 announced a return to Star Academy in France. The premiere of the tenth season of the show took part on 15 October 2022 on TF1 with the contestants moving into the castle that same evening. Nikos Aliagas again took up hosting the show, while British singer Robbie Williams was named the godfather of the programme for this season. Michael Goldman is the show's headmaster. The show had a notable change in the amount of contestants as only thirteen solo acts took part. The 2005 Bob Sinclar song "Love Generation" has been used as a generic theme throughout the promotion of the new season. The contestants stay in the Dammarie-lès-Lys's Vives-Eaux castle, which was renovated during summer 2022.
Anisha won by a solid margin of 57% to 43% for Enola.
See also
List of French television series
Music of France
References
External links
Homepage of Star Academy
Non official website of Star Academy in France and Lebanon
Operación triunfo (Spanish original) on imdb
2001 French television series debuts
2008 French television series endings
2012 French television series debuts
2012 French television series endings
Star Academy
French music television series
French reality television series
French television series based on non-French television series
TF1 original programming
Television series by Banijay
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalili%20Collection%20of%20Japanese%20Art
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Khalili Collection of Japanese Art
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The Khalili Collection of Japanese Art is a private collection of decorative art from Meiji-era (1868–1912) Japan, assembled by the British-Iranian scholar, collector and philanthropist Nasser D. Khalili. Its 1,400 art works include metalwork, enamels, ceramics, lacquered objects, and textile art, making it comparable only to the collection of the Japanese imperial family in terms of size and quality. The Meiji era was a time when Japan absorbed some Western cultural influences and used international events to promote its art, which became very influential in Europe. Rather than covering the whole range of Meiji-era decorative art, Khalili has focused on objects of the highest technical and artistic quality. Some of the works were made by artists of the imperial court for the Great Exhibitions of the late 19th century. The collection is one of eight assembled, published, and exhibited by Khalili.
Although the collection is not on permanent public display, its objects are lent to cultural institutions and have appeared in many exhibitions from 1994 onwards. Exhibitions drawing exclusively from the collection have been held at the British Museum, Israel Museum, Van Gogh Museum, Portland Museum, Moscow Kremlin Museums, and other institutions worldwide.
Background: the Meiji era
The Meiji era (1868–1912) was a period of modernisation and industrialisation, during which Japan opened itself to the world. It saw a rapid introduction of Western culture to Japan, and also of Japanese culture into Europe and America. Combining Western technology and government sponsorship, Japanese decorative arts reached a new level of technical sophistication. Decorative artists working in cloisonné enamel, lacquer or metal produced works which aimed to match Western oil paintings in detail, shading and subtlety. The works received positive press reviews and shops in European capitals began to cater for a new demand for Japanese decorative art. The Khalili Collection has been used in research to study how the late 19th and early 20th century availability of Japanese art in Europe influenced European art, especially Vincent van Gogh and the impressionists.
During the embrace of Western influences, demand for Japanese art declined within Japan itself. At the same time, art objects came to be a large part of Japan's exports, actively promoted by the government which wanted to reduce the country's trade deficit with the West. The government took an active interest in the standard of art exported, exerting quality control via the (Exhibition Bureau). The major exhibitions to which Japan sent examples of its arts and crafts included the Vienna World Exhibition of 1873, the Centennial International Exhibition of 1876 in Philadelphia, the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1901 in St. Louis.
Khalili Collections
The collection is one of eight assembled by Nasser D. Khalili, each of which is considered among the most important in its field. Three of them include works from Japan: the collection of Japanese art, the Khalili Collection of Kimono, and the Khalili Collection of Enamels of the World. Khalili observed that Japanese arts were less well-documented than European arts of the same period, despite being technically superior: "Whilst one could argue it is relatively easy to replicate a Fabergé, to replicate the work of the Japanese master is nigh on impossible." As well as assembling these collections, Khalili founded the Kibo Foundation (from the Japanese word for "hope") to promote the study of art and design of the Meiji era, publishing scholarship about the collection and its historical context.
Works
The collection includes metalwork, enamels, ceramics, and lacquered objects, including works by artists of the imperial court that were exhibited at the Great Exhibitions of the late 19th century. With more than 1,400 objects in total, it is comparable only to the collection of the Japanese imperial family in terms of size and quality. The collection catalogue published in 1995, , runs to eight volumes. Rather than covering the whole range of Meiji-era decorative art, Khalili has focused on objects of the highest technical and artistic quality. Twenty-five of the objects have emblems showing that they were commissioned by the Emperor as gifts for foreign dignitaries and royalty. Another twelve were made for international exhibitions around the turn of the 20th century.
Metalwork
Khalili's collection and documentation of Meiji era metalwork is a factor in the resurgence of interest in the topic in recent decades. The 1995 catalogue lists 161 items of metalwork, showing a variety of techniques and with themes from the history and legends of both Japan and China. Meiji era metalworkers created ambitious works in cast bronze for display at world's fairs. One such artist, eventually appointed an Artist to the Imperial Household, was Suzuki Chokichi, whose art name was Kako. Several of his works, including two intricately decorated incense burners, are in the collection.
The past history of samurai weaponry equipped Japanese metalworkers to create metallic finishes in a wide range of colours. By combining and finishing copper, silver and gold in different proportions they could give the impression of full-colour decoration. Some of these metalworkers were appointed Artists to the Imperial Household, including Kano Natsuo, Unno Shomin, Namekawa Sadakatsu, and Jomi Eisuke II, each of whom is represented in the collection. Other works include an elephant incense burner by Shoami Katsuyoshi, a sculpture of the deity Susanoo-no-Mikoto by Otake Norikuni, and a group of iron pieces by the Komai family of Kyoto, decorated with gold in a process known in the West as damascening.
Enamels
During the Meiji era, Japanese cloisonné enamel reached a technical peak, producing items more advanced than any that had existed before. Artists experimented with pastes and the firing process to produce ever larger blocks of enamel, with less need for cloisons (enclosing metal strips). Many enamel objects were exhibited in the Fine Art section of the National Industrial Exposition of 1895. There are enamels from this period, including some in the Khalili Collection, that could not be replicated with today's technology. Designs went from copies of Chinese objects to a distinctively Japanese style. The collection's near-300 cloisonné enamel objects include many works by each of three notable artists: Namikawa Yasuyuki, Namikawa Sōsuke, and Ando Jubei. These are regarded as the three great innovators of the golden age of Japanese cloisonné; they developed new firing techniques and reduced the visibility of wires. Namikawa Yasuyuki and Namikawa Sōsuke are known for introducing pictorial styles of cloisonné. An example in the collection is an incense burner by Namikawa Yasuyuki, created for presentation to the Emperor, that combines enamel with gold and shakudō to depict a landscape scene. Researchers have used the collection to establish a chronology of the development of Japanese enamelling.
Among the cloisonné enamel works is a trio of vases that have become known as the Khalili Imperial Garniture. Exhibited at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, United States, in 1893, they were described as "the largest examples of cloisonné enamel ever made". From the early 1990s to 2019, Khalili acquired the three pieces, including the third which had been considered 'lost' to the art trade. The design of the vases includes the symbolic use of a dragon, chickens, and eagles, on scenes representing the four seasons of the year.
Lacquer
Some lacquer works in the collection date from the 17th century. A hundred works are by Shibata Zeshin, who has been called Japan's greatest lacquerer. His works have an idiosyncratic, highly decorative style and the hundred works in the Khalili Collection of Japanese Art had a dedicated volume in the 1995 catalogue. Another lacquer item is a cabinet by Harui Komin, commissioned by the Japanese Crown Prince for presentation to the future King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom. Other lacquer works are by Nakayama Komin and Shirayama Shosai, who along with Shibata Zeshin are considered the three great late lacquerers of Japan. There are many examples of shibayama technique, in which designs are carved into natural materials which are inlaid in the lacquer.
Porcelain
The collection includes, among other porcelain works, more than eighty by Miyagawa (Makuzu) Kozan, described in 1910 as Japan's greatest living ceramic artist. Kozan was the second ceramicist ever to be appointed Artist to the Imperial Household. He and his workshop transformed underglaze blue porcelain, decorating with subtleties of colour that had not previously been possible. He also made award-winning objects with flambé or crystalline glaze. Some of his works showed the influence of European graphic design, while he combined traditional Japanese and Chinese techniques with new technologies from the West. The collection illustrates how he and his son Hanzan became increasingly ambitious, introducing new colours, designs and sculptural effects in works sent to international exhibitions.
Earthenware
The 171 earthenware objects in the collection include some by Yabu Meizan and his contemporaries, typically decorated with enamel and gold. Meizan was not only a prolific producer but won multiple awards at national and international exhibitions, where his creations were exhibited as works of art. The collection shows that Meizan used Chinese as well as Japanese motifs in his decoration, drawing from sources including Buddhist imagery and the prints of Hiroshige. His designs became more intricate, sometimes using a thousand motifs in a single art work; towards the end of his career, however, he took a different approach, covering whole vases in a single motif. Kinkozan Sobei VII and Takbe Shoko are other distinctive decorators represented in the collection.
Textiles
At some world's fairs where Japan exhibited, textile art works outnumbered all other categories. These include the World's Columbian Exposition, where textile art works were displayed alongside paintings and sculpture in the Palace of Fine Arts. The collection includes over 200 examples of silk textile work from the latter half of the Meiji era, mostly produced by workshops in Kyoto. One of these was presented to Nicholas II of Russia by the Emperor during the former's visit to Japan in 1891. Other items were exhibited at Japan's fifth National Industrial Exposition of 1903. These included works by Nishimura Sozaemon, whose embroidery firm was appointed by the Imperial household.
Publications
In 1995, the collection was documented in a multi-volume catalogue by Oliver Impey, reader in Japanese Art at the University of Oxford, and Malcolm Fairley, co-owner of the Asian Art Gallery in London. A separate volume of essays uses the collection to explore the phenomenon of Japonisme: the enthusiasm for Japanese arts in late 19th century Europe. There are also catalogues from various exhibitions.
Exhibitions and loans
The following exhibitions were drawn exclusively from the Khalili Collection of Japanese Art.
Japanese Imperial Craftsmen: Meiji Art from the Khalili Collection
Sep 1994 – Jan 1995, British Museum, London, UK
Treasures of Imperial Japan: Ceramics from the Khalili Collection
Oct 1994 – Jan 1995, National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, UK
Shibata Zeshin: Masterpieces of Japanese Lacquer from the Khalili Collection
Apr – Oct 1997, National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
Splendors of Meiji: Treasures of Imperial Japan
Apr – Oct 1999, First USA Riverfront Arts Centre, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
Shibata Zeshin: Masterpieces of Japanese Lacquer from the Khalili Collection
Oct – Nov 1999, Toyama Sato Art Museum, Toyama, Japan
Nov 2000 – Mar 2001, Roemer and Pelizaeus Museum, Hildesheim, Germany
Splendors of Imperial Japan: Arts of the Meiji Period from the Khalili Collection
June – Sep 2002, Portland Art Museum, Portland, Oregon, USA
Splendors of Imperial Japan: Masterpieces from the Khalili Collection
Sep 2004 – Feb 2005, Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel
Wonders of Imperial Japan: Meiji Art from the Khalili Collection
Jul – Oct 2006, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Meiji-Kunst & Japonismus: Aus der Sammlung Khalili
Feb – Jun 2007, Kunsthalle Krems, Krems, Austria
Beyond Imagination: Treasures of Imperial Japan from The Khalili Collection, 19th to early 20th century
Jul – Oct 2017, Moscow Kremlin Museums, Moscow, Russia
Items from the collection were lent to the following exhibitions:
Kyoto–Tokyo: from Samurai to Manga
Jul – Sep 2010, Grimaldi Forum, Monaco
Meiji, splendeurs du Japon impérial (Splendours of Imperial Japan)
Oct 2018 – Jan 2019, Guimet Museum, Paris
In June 2014, the Khalili Foundation made two donations of Japanese art to the UNESCO art collection. A pair of high cloisonné enamel vases were accompanied by a pair of bronze vases depicting birds in high relief.
See also
List of collections of Japanese art
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Video of an exhibition at the Israel Museum (Vimeo)
Japanese art collectors
Japanese Art
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Rappaport
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Theodore Rappaport
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Theodore (Ted) Scott Rappaport (born November 26, 1960 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American electrical engineer and the David Lee/Ernst Weber Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at New York University Tandon School of Engineering and founding director of NYU WIRELESS.
He has written several textbooks, including Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice and Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications (2014).
In the private sector he co-founded TSR Technologies, Inc. and Wireless Valley Communications, Inc. In the academic setting he founded academic wireless research centers at Virginia Tech, the University of Texas at Austin, and New York University.
His 2013 paper, "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!" has been called a founding document of 5G millimeter wave. He was elected a Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors in 2018, and to the Wireless Hall of Fame in 2019. He was also elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2021 for contributions to the characterization of radio frequency propagation in millimeter wave bands for cellular communication networks.
Early life and education
Ted Rappaport was born in Brooklyn, New York, and graduated from Lincoln High School in Cambridge City, Indiana.
Rappaport first developed an affinity for radio at age 5 when he would visit his grandfather, and together they would spend hours "tuning around, listening to Morse code and ship-to-shore" on his grandfather's Philco antique shortwave radio. From those early beginnings, he developed a fascination for wireless and "loves to experiment with antennas". At age 13, after he fractured his leg playing football his grandmother gave him a shortwave radio which helped keep him occupied while his leg was healing. He acquired his ham radio license, and while in high school began teaching adults Morse code.
Rappaport was among the first graduates of Purdue University's National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center (ERC) where he co-authored the proposal that resulted in the National Science Foundation award presented to Purdue by President Ronald Reagan.
Career
Academic
Rappaport graduated from Purdue University with a BS, MS, and PhD in electrical engineering in 1982, 1984, and 1987, respectively. He joined the faculty of Virginia Tech in 1988 as an assistant professor and in 1990 founded the Mobile and Portable Radio Research Group (MPRG), one of the world's first academic research centers for the fledgling wireless communications field.
In 2002 Rappaport accepted the William and Bettye Nowlin professorship at The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin).
In 2012, he joined New York University and Polytechnic University prior to the merger of the two universities to lead their wireless communications engineering and research initiatives as the David Lee/Ernst Weber Chair of Electrical Engineering while also holding professorships at NYU Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences and NYU School of Medicine. He founded NYU WIRELESS one of the world’s first academic research centers to combine wireless engineering, computer science, and medicine.
He founded three academic wireless research centers at New York University (NYU WIRELESS), The University of Texas at Austin (WNCG), and Virginia Tech (MPRG). He wrote one of the first widely used wireless communications textbooks for academia and industry and has co-authored textbooks on simulation, smart antennas, and millimeter wave wireless communications. He is a co-inventor on more than 100 US and International patents that have issued or are pending and has advised or launched high-tech companies in the wireless communications and computing fields, and two university spin-off companies.
While on the faculty of Virginia Tech, Rappaport launched the Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on Wireless Personal Communications that was held on campus each summer. He received the Virginia Tech Alumni Award for Research Excellence in 1996, TSR Technologies invented some of the world's first software-defined radio (SDR) products, including the Cellscope 2000. In 2005, Rappaport along with other faculty at UT Austin received an IC2 Endowed Research Fellows appointment.
Private sector
While at Virginia Tech, Rappaport founded two wireless companies with his students: TSR Technologies in 1989, and Wireless Valley Communications in 1995. TSR Technologies was engaged in the manufacture of cellular radio/PCS software radios. He sold the company in 1993 to Allen Telecom. With Roger Skidmore, a graduate student of MPRG, he co-founded Wireless Valley Communications in 1995; the firm was an early developer of site-specific design and modeling products for the wireless local area network (WLAN) and indoor cellular/PCS. It was sold to Motorola in December 2005. At UT Austin, Rappaport founded the Wireless Networking and Communications Group (WNCG), and in 2011 received the Industry/University Collaborative Research Center (IUCRC) award sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Rappaport also launched the Texas Wireless Summit which became an annual fall event hosted by UT Austin’s wireless research program.
At New York University, he launched the Brooklyn 5G Summit (B5GS) with co-sponsorship from Nokia in 2013, an annual event held in April on the NYU-Poly Campus. His propagation measurements and channel modeling work for millimeter-wave wireless communications proved to the world that millimeter waves could be used for future mobile communication systems, and was cited in the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Notice of Inquiry on the use of spectrum above 24 GHz for mobile communications (Spectrum Frontiers rulemaking proposal), and was featured in the September 2014 issue of IEEE Spectrum.
Other
Rappaport has served on the Technological Advisory Council of the Federal Communications Commission (TAC), assisted the governor and CIO of Virginia in formulating rural broadband initiatives for Internet access, testified before the US Congress and conducted research for National Science Foundation, Department of Defense, and other global telecommunications companies. Rappaport served as a technical advisor to Straightpath (NYSE: STRP). In April 2017, Straightpath entered into a definitive agreement to be acquired for $3.1 Billion.
His early work helped develop the first Wi-Fi standards and characterized multipath channels in a wide range of factory buildings in the 1300 MHz band when most wireless communication operated at lower frequencies. His research program at NYU has been developing fundamental theories and techniques for characterizing, modeling, and using knowledge of wireless channels for future potential in millimeter wave wireless communication systems.
Rappaport served as a senior editor of the IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (JSAC), and led in the creation of the IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. In 2006 he served on the Board of Governors of the IEEE Communications Society (ComSoc), has served consecutive terms on the Board of Governors for the IEEE Vehicular Technology Society (VTS) beginning in 2008 and served on the board of directors for the Marconi Society from 2012-2015.
Rappaport launched the Communications Engineering and Emerging Technologies (CEET) Book Series with Pearson/Prentice-Hall in 1996, and serves as Series Editor. The series has over 20 books in the field of communications technology.
Personal life
Rappaport met Brenda Velasquez during his sophomore year; she was an agricultural engineering student also attending Purdue. They married in 1981 before his senior year at Purdue, and had three children together. They divorced in 2021.
Honors and awards
1990 Marconi Young Scientist Award
1992 NSF Presidential Faculty Fellowship
1996 Virginia Tech Alumni Award for Research Excellence
1998 IEEE fellow for research contributions and educational leadership in the field of wireless communications.
1999 IEEE COMSOC Stephen O. Rice Prize
2000 Sarnoff Citation, Radio Club of America
2002 Fredrick E. Terman Outstanding Electrical Engineering Faculty Award, American Society for Engineering Education
2004 Outstanding Electrical and Computer Engineering Alumni Award, Purdue University
2005 IEEE Vehicular Technology Society – Stuart F. Meyer Award
2008 IEEE Communications Society Wireless Communications Technical Committee recognition award
2008 Austin Wireless Alliance (AWA) Wireless Industry Leadership Award
2010 Joe J. King award at UT Austin
2011 IET Sir Monty Finniston Medal for achievement in engineering and technology
2012 IEEE Education Society William E. Sayle Award for Achievement in Education
2013 Purdue University Distinguished Engineering Alumnus
2015 IEEE Donald G. Fink Paper Prize Award
2015 IEEE Communications Society Howard Edwin Armstrong achievement award
2013—2016 Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Vehicular Technology Society
2017 IEEE VTS Neal Shepherd Memorial Best Propagation Paper Award
2018 Radio Club of America Armstrong Medal
2019 Fellow: National Academy of Inventors
2019 Elected to Wireless History Foundation Hall of Fame
2020 IEEE Eric E. Sumner award
2021 Elected to National Academy of Engineering
2023 IEEE VTS Neal Shephard Memorial Best Propagation Paper Award
Books
T. S. Rappaport, R. Heath, R. Daniels, J. Murdock, Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications, Prentice Hall, 2015
W. H. Tranter, K. S. Shanmugan, T. S. Rappaport, K. L. Kosbar, Principles of Communication Systems Simulation, Prentice Hall, 2004
T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition, Prentice Hall, 2002
M. J. Feuerstein, T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Personal Communications, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993
T. S. Rappaport, B. D. Woerner, J. H. Reed, Wireless Personal Communications: Trends and Challenges, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994
B. D. Woerner, T. S. Rappaport, J. H. Reed, Wireless Personal Communications: Research Developments, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995
T. S. Rappaport. Wireless Communications: Principle and Practice Prentice Hall, 1996
T. S. Rappaport, B. D. Woerner, J. H. Reed, Wireless Personal Communications: The Evolution of Personal Communications Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996
J. H. Reed, B. D. Woerner, T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Personal Communications: Advances in Coverage and Capacity, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996
T. S. Rappaport, B. D. Woerner, J. H. Reed, W. H. Tranter, Wireless Personal Communications: Improving Capacity, Services, and Reliability, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997
W. H. Tranter, T. S. Rappaport, B. D. Woerner, J. H. Reed, Wireless Personal Communications: Emerging Technologies for Enhanced Communications, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999
W. H. Tranter, B. D. Woerner, T. S. Rappaport, J. H. Reed, Wireless Personal Communications: Channel Modeling and Systems Engineering, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000
W. H. Tranter, B. D. Woerner, J. H. Reed, T. S. Rappaport, M. Robert, Wireless Personal Communications Bluetooth Tutorial and Other Technologies, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001
Theodore S Rappaport, Smart Antennas: Adaptive Arrays, Algorithms, & Wireless Position Location, 1998
Joseph C Liberti; Theodore S Rappaport Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications: IS-95 and Third Generation CDMA Applications Prentice-Hall, 1999
Theodore S Rappaport, Cellular Radio & Personal Communications: A Book of Selected Readings, 1995
Theodore S Rappaport, Cellular Radio & Personal Communications: Advanced Selected Readings, 1996
References
External links
NYU Wireless
Marconi Society
IEEE News Source
IEEE Explore
Google Scholar page
Living people
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
New York University faculty
1960 births
Polytechnic Institute of New York University faculty
American electrical engineers
Writers from Brooklyn
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry%20Yakubovskiy
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Dmitry Yakubovskiy
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Dmitry Olegovich Yakubovskiy (; born September 5, 1963) is a Soviet and Russian lawyer, advocate and businessman. Yakubovskiy defended a number of famous people in high-profile cases and held important government positions. He was nicknamed "General Dima" by the Russian press for his swift rise to the highest ranks in Russian military. According to Bilanz Magazine, while living in Switzerland in 2009–2016, he was within the 200 richest people of Switzerland, with his private property amounting to CHF 700–800 million.
Since 2016 Yakubovskiy has been living in Russia.
Biography
Early life
Dmitry Yakubovskiy was born in a military town in Bolshevo near Moscow, Russia, on September 5, 1963. He is the eldest of three brothers. Yakubovskiy grew up in Bolshevo, where he graduated from high school in 1980. His father, Oleg Yakubovskiy, engineer, held the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, served under the Strategic Missile Command, and died in 1980 at the age of 42 due to medical malpractice.
Personal life
Yakubovskiy has been married 13 times. He is currently divorced, but remains on friendly terms with all his ex-wives.
Career
1980 – 1991
After having graduated from high school in 1980, Yakubovskiy successfully passed entrance exams to A.F. Mozhaysky's Military Engineering Institute in Leningrad, but denied admission by the Credentials Committee (committee responsible for security clearance). He then enrolled in Perm Senior Service College, and after a year, was expelled and conscripted to active duty as a private in the Soviet Army.
Upon completion of his military service, he held various positions in the Office of the Procurator General of the USSR, Gossnab (State Supplies) of the USSR, the Glavmosremont (state monopolist in the field of capital repair and reconstruction of residential buildings) of the Moscow City Executive Committee, Moscow City Bar Council, as the head of a directorate of the Moscow City Procurator's Office, and as the board secretary of the USSR Union of Lawyers. He joined the CPSU in 1989.
In 1990, he was appointed the leader of a working group of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR in the Western Group of Forces, Germany. He was soon discharged from that position following a complaint from the Germans of overzealous efforts to register to the Soviet Union, real estate vacated by the Russian Military in Germany. Following his discharge, Yakobovskiy was sent to Basel, Switzerland as the representative of Agrokhim (the former USSR Ministry of Mineral Fertilizers). After the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, he moved to Canada.
1992 – 1994
In March 1992, he returned to Russia. At the age of 28, he was an advisor at the Government of Russia, an advisor of the Prosecutor General of Russia for international legal matters, a consultant at the Criminal Militia Service of the MIA of Russia, and a Deputy Head of the Chief Signal Intelligence Directorate in the Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information (the former 16th Directorate of the KGB). In the process of his appointment to the position of the Plenipotentiary Representative of the Law Enforcement Authorities and Special and Information Services in the Government of Russia, a conflict developed between Yakubovskiy and Alexander Korzhakov, the head of the Presidential Security Service (Russia), and Mikhail Barsukov, the future head of FSB RF, with led to removing Yakubovskiy from all his offices.
In 1993, during the "Sleaze" War and at the time of the second coup, Yakubovskiy actively took part alongside the Russian President, Boris Yeltsinin, in the conflict between the president and the Supreme Soviet.
1994 – 1998
In December 1994, Yakubovskiy was arrested and accused of stealing books from the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg, and while being incarcerated in Kresty Prison, accused of "beating" a cellmate (an athlete, Candidate for Master of Sports of USSR). Yakubovskiy was sentenced to 4 years in minimum-security penal colony. He served his sentence in Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast, in a special colony for former law enforcement officials. Yakubovskiy was released in December 1998. In 2001, all convictions were pardoned.
1998–2007
While working as a lawyer, Yakubovskiy was involved in a number of high-profile cases, including the defense of Lyudmila B. Narusova, the widow of the ex-mayor of Saint Petersburg, Arnold A. Spuvakovsky, an established businessman from the Solntsevo District, and the representation of several minority shareholders in their dispute with Alfa Bank JSC. Yakubovskiy hosted the "Arrest and Freedom" show at Ren TV. Yakubovskiy earned a PhD in jurisprudence, worked as a Professor in the Department of Practice of Law and Human Rights of A.S. Griboedov Institute of International Law and Economics in Moscow and was the Chairman of the Presidium of the First Metropolitan Bar College.
In 2003, Yakubovskiy funded the construction of the church and clergy house of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius in the settlement of Gorki-8 of Odintsovsky District in Moscow Oblast – The Church of the Beheading of Saint John the Baptist.
2007–present
In 2007, Yakubovskiy transitioned to a business career and partnered with "Sistema Hals", a subsidiary of AFK Sistema PAO headed by Vladimir Yevtushenkov. Since 2009, he is a partner of VTB, initially, in "Gorki-8" and after, in the "City Land Group Company", with equity capital of over RUB 140 billion. In April 2015, Yakubovskiy sold his share in "City Land Group Company" to the VTB Group for the price of RUB 15.1 billion and fully immersed himself in bringining the low-temperature thermodiffusion coating technology of the Swiss company Thermission to Russia. Yakubovskiy founded the joint venture of "KamAZ-Thermission" in cooperation with JSC KamAZ and introduced this technology into the manufacturing processes of Uralvagonzavod, Russian Railways, and others. According to the estimates of PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), as of March 31, 2016, the market value (by IFRS) of the Russian part of that business amounted to over RUB 50 billion, and its investment value exceeded RUB 100 billion.
As a result of corporate battles around the primary business assets of Yakubovskiy in Russia, thedecision of the Arbitration Court of Moscow Oblast, dated December 15, 2017, set in motion Yakubovskiy's personal debt restructuring process. The creditors claimed under RUB 10 billion in total, which amounted to 20% of the market value of the assets. Yakubovskiy was adjudged insolvent (bankrupt) by the decision of the Arbitration Court of Moscow Oblast, dated September 9, 2019, and became subject to personal bankruptcy proceedings through the sale of his property. The proceedings were delayed due to the complex structure of the property.
General references
Yakubovskiy, D.O., Yakubovskaya, I.P. What Is Arrest and How to Fight It: A Practical Guide. — M.: Politburo; Vagrius, 1999. — 576 p. — 11,000 copies. — . (In Russian).
Yakubovskaya, I.P. General Dima. Career. Prison. Love. — M.: Sovershenno sekretno, 1999. — 280 p. — . (In Russian).
Topol, E., Grant, A. Prisoner to Kremlin. (In Russian).
Yakubovskaya, I.P., Padva, G.P. Case of Dmitry Yakubovskiy. A Documentary Report. — M.: Sovershenno sekretno, 1999. — 576 p. — . (In Russian).
References
External links
Sanarova, E. Who is Advocate Yakubovskiy // Advocacy Portal
Yakubovskiy, Forbes, and VTB: Answering the Questions // kp.ru – 2016 – Nov 15 (in Russian)
1963 births
Living people
Russian businesspeople
Russian Jews
Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation alumni
Kutafin Moscow State Law University alumni
Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration alumni
Russian lawyers
People from Korolyov, Moscow Oblast
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeotex
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Jeotex
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Jeotex, Inc. (known as Datawind, Inc until 2019) is a developer and manufacturer of low-cost tablet computers and smartphones. The company was founded in Montreal, Quebec, Canada to manufacture tablets for sale primarily in India, Nigeria, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. The company is known for its development of the Aakash tablet computer, which is the “world's cheapest tablet” at US$37.99/unit. The Aakash tablet was developed for India's Ministry for Human Resource Development (MHRD).
Datawind manufactures mobile, internet devices, such as Pocket Surfer smartphones, UbiSurfer netbooks, and Ubislate tablets. Formerly, the company manufactured the Aakash tablets on behalf of the Government of India. The company's devices use a patented web-delivery platform for low-cost internet access on mobile networks. Datawind was listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange from 2014 to October 2018 when it was relisted to the TSX Venture Exchange after failing to meet listing requirements. It was delisted from the TSX Venture Exchange in 2021.
Datawind has offices in Montreal, Mississauga, London, Delhi and Amritsar. At the shareholder meeting in April 2019 it was agreed to change the name of the company to Jeotex, Inc., and the change took effect that month. On 10 June 2021, the company was declared bankrupt.
History
Datawind was founded in Montreal in 2001 by brothers Suneet and Raja Tuli. Suneet and Raja Tuli grew up in Northern Alberta, Canada. Suneet Tuli is a civil engineer, who graduated from the University of Toronto. Raja is a computer engineer, who graduated from the University of Alberta. Suneet Tuli is Datawind's chief executive officer and is responsible for its vision, strategy, and execution. Raja Tuli is the company's co-chairman and chief technology officer; he is also an inventor with dozens of patents across a broad range of technologies related to the internet, to imaging, and to energy sustenance.
Datawind's product range includes PocketSurfer Smartphones and UbiSlate tablets. The company has a portfolio of 14 international patents for its web-delivery platform, which serves as the basis for its products. The company manufactures, markets, and sells UbiSlate tablets to various countries, and also provides a year of free internet browsing in some countries. In collaboration with the government of India, the company has also developed the Aakash tablet, which has gained worldwide attention for being the cheapest tablet.
With its research and development based in Montreal, the company launched its first products in 2004 and their products were sold primarily in the United Kingdom. In 2004, the company was described as a "small tech shop" marketing its key product, the PocketSurfer, a PDA/Mobile Phone/Web Browsing device. Several iterations of the PocketSurfer followed.
In 2009, the Indian government had pledged a low-cost laptop to improve the quality of education within the country; however, the development process was beset by delays until Datawind won the tender for the tablet in late 2011. In the same year, Datawind made its entry into the Indian market with the launch of the Aakash tablet, developed for the Indian government to enhance the quality of education. To enable ubiquitous, nationwide internet use, the Indian government announced at the October 2011 launch of the Aakash tablet that it will be offered to students at a subsidized price of $35 and to the public (as the Ubislate 7) for $60. At the subsidized price, the tablet would cost the same as a pair of shoes or a basic mobile phone. Some analysts claim that the tablet will not only have a positive impact on the education sector but will also lead to “has the potential to positively impact billions”. In his study, Rajat Kathuria, external consultant at the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER), stated that the Indian economy could grow 10.08% faster with every 10% increase in internet and broadband connections in the country.
The Ubislate tablets were commercially launched in April 2012, by which time bookings for the device had exceeded three-million units - more than ten times the size of the total market for tablets in India in the previous year. Since the commercial launch of the UbiSlate tablets, the company has been among the top three suppliers of tablets in India, according to Cybermedia Research. In the first quarter of 2013, Datawind dominated the Indian, tablet market with the largest market share of tablets sold in India, excluding the Aakash devices that were to be supplied to the government. Going forward, the company has plans to expose itself to tablet markets in the UK, the US, and Canada. Datawind is also working with governments, NGOs and distributors in Latin American and African countries, where its products are being deployed.
In 2012, Forbes magazine named the CEO of Datawind, Suneet Tuli, among the Impact 15 list of "classroom revolutionaries", who use innovative technologies to reinvent education for students and teachers throughout the world.
On 26 April 2012, Datawind launched Ubislate 7+ and 7C tablets in India, by which time three million units had been booked.
In 2013, according to Cyber Media Research, India's quarterly market report, during the first quarter of 2013, as published in The Times of India, Datawind had a market share of 15.3%; the company pulled ahead of rivals Micromax and Apple, although this strong market did not include the Aakash series of tablets.
In July 2014, the company completed its initial public offering of 6,316,000 common shares at $4.75 CAD per share, totaling $30 million CAD. Datawind's shares traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol, "DW". In November 2016, Datawind launched its state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in Hyderabad.
By October 2018, the company was de-listed from the Toronto Stock Exchange, after its share price had fallen to $0.02 per share.
Technology
Datawind's low-cost devices allow access to the internet at lower, data costs and faster speeds across congested mobile wireless networks by using the company's patented data compression technology, which serves Web pages as compressed images. In a 2011 interview, the company stated that it would lower the price of the tablet by developing patents to shift the device's processing burden to "backend servers in the cloud," DataWind identified the need for low-cost devices for web access as a means to provide an alternative to increasing costs of mobile internet devices caused by the corresponding increases in web complexity, which require greater memory and processing power. DataWind's web-delivery platform reduces bandwidth consumption by creating a parallel processing environment, which shifts the burden of memory and processing power to back-end servers, thus allowing users to access the web with a lower-cost device and lower data costs.
Datawind's web-delivery platform serves as the basis for its product innovations. Based on a patent portfolio of 14 US and international patents, DataWind's technology accelerates the delivery of web-content across wireless networks, and reduces data consumption by a factor of ten.
Datawind's acceleration and data-reduction is accomplished through the use of proprietary algorithms on its application servers, which constitute a gateway between the primary (Internet-based) content server, selected by the user, and the end user.
Datawind claims that its patented, acceleration technology allows its devices to deliver the fastest, mobile-web experience across cellular networks. A product review by PC Magazine of the Pocket Surfer stated that "it’s the only device that allows users to browse the web on a GPRS connection with any alacrity." In 2005, CNET stated that it was impressed with Pocket Surfer's page-load times. Various media outlets conducted live, speed tests on television with competitive products, including some on 3G networks, which resulted in DataWind's Pocket Surfer beating its competition in terms of page download time.
Business model
Datawind's business model focuses on providing to entry-level users a cost-effective, web-access device with free Internet access. The company, as a mobile, virtual-network operator (MVNO), purchases wholesale access to mobile data from wireless-network operators or as part of a bundling relationship in order to offer free, mobile-internet access to its customers. Datawind's web-delivery platform reduces bandwidth consumption.
In November 2012, in an interview with the New York Times, Datawind's CEO explained that the company's business model was focused on pursuing price-sensitive, entry-level consumers, on forgoing hardware margins, and on driving a recurring revenue stream (i.e. after sales revenue from network operators, content, subscriptions, device warranties, page impressions, location-based content and advertising). Datawind's advertising revenues are generated by loading applications on its devices. The company has formulated a full-service ecosystem of revenue streams that drive down the cost of hardware; hence, the devices act as customer- acquisition tools that provide "free mobile-internet services". Datawind has partnered with numerous firms as part of a comprehensive supplier-and-partner strategy to build applications and generate content for its devices.
Content, applications and advertising based partnerships
Datawind has partnerships with multiple firms to develop installed, free content for its devices. The content includes educational, language-based, interactive smart books, multimedia, games, and productivity tools.
On 20 November 2013, according to an article published in The Financial Express, "DataWind, driving its mission to see smart devices as education tools, partnered with American education provider CK-12 Foundation providing high quality free mathematics and science learning content that can be used by teachers, students, schools and parents." CK-12 content would be installed on most of the company's devices; the company stated that installed content on tablets will allow students to learn at their own pace, regardless of their locations; also, this content may be updated at regular intervals.
Datawind announced content partnerships with The Indian Express Group and Yahoo!. According to this agreement the Ubislate 7+ and the Ubislate 7C will come with the Indian Express news application, and customers of these new tablets will receive a 50% discount on annual subscriptions of The Indian Express and The Financial Express. The tablets will also come with Yahoo! Cricket, the Yahoo! Mail application. Yahoo! India will be the default-browser homepage for the Ubislate 7+.
On December 3, 2013, Datawind partnered with IT firm Happiest Minds Technologies to develop applications for its UbiSlate range of tablets. Under the partnership, Happiest Minds will develop Datawind's app store, which will be designed for first-time Android users.
Network operator partnerships
In July 2009, Datawind collaborated with Vodafone to offer a bundled SIM and GPRS modem within the price of its Pocket Surfer devices, thus allowing free access to the Internet across the United Kingdom.
In December 2013, BSNL, one of India's largest network operators, entered a partnership with DataWind to offer its services on the company's tablets.
In March 2015, Datawind partnered with Reliance Communications to offer bundled, unlimited, internet browsing for one year with any of its devices.
In September 2015, Datawind entered a partnership with Telenor India, a global, mobile- network operator with major Indian operations, to offer unlimited internet browsing for one year on all Datawind devices.
Partnerships for social causes
Datawind has partnered with a number of governments and non-governmental organizations(NGOs). Subsequent to the initial launch of the Aakash tablet for higher-learning institutions, Kapil Sibal, the Indian minister of human resources and development, announced that Aakash tablets will be provided free to all 220 million students in India over the next few years.
During the 2011 elections in Thailand, the Pheu Thai Party promised free tablets for all students, with numerous placards promising "One Tablet PC per Child". Analysts estimated that approximately 20 million units would be required. A senior figure said that the Pheu Thai party would fulfill its promise by importing the $35 Android tablets from India.
Contests
Datawind has sponsored a number of contests. On 29 November 2011, the Nasscom Foundation partnered with Datawind to announce a contest wherein 10 NGOs will have an opportunity to win 20 tablets each, mainly to improve their operations and program-implementation procedures. To win these tablets, the organizations had to showcase how they can best use the Aakash tablet for promoting education, health, and livelihood.
On 11 January 2013, Datawind and the United Nations, in partnership with Agnite Education, American Digital University, Applications for Good, BluWorld, Cat in Woods, and Equal Access International, launched a contest for developing socially responsible applications to empower women. The contest measured apps from the perspective of leadership and mentorship, jobs and entrepreneurship, and education and conflict resolution. The winners of the contest were the My Rights application, the Pictoson application, and the Talking English application.
Hackathons
To develop a new generation of software programmers who would focus on applications for humanitarian causes, Datawind regularly sponsors "hackathons". In 2012 and 2013, Datawind sponsored two "hackathons" with Geeks Without Bounds, an accelerator for humanitarian projects.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
Datawind partners with and supports a number of charitable and non-government organizations to deploy its technology for humanitarian causes.
On 23 October 2013, in an article published in The Washington Post, Chris Evans, a renowned philanthropist, donated 100 Aakash tablets to Raleigh schools in Wake County, North Carolina for its "Smart Summer" program—a summer camp that prepares disadvantaged African-American children for school. Ubislate tablets that contain science and mathematics applications proved to be effective learning tools.
Datawind also partnered with Virginia Advanced Study Strategies (VASS), a non-profit organization, to launch a contest in which six school districts enrolled 85 students in either of two coding courses to compete for a DataWind tablet by completing either course and developing an application.
In November 2013, Datawind and World Vision Canada collaborated to supply $40 tablets in African countries. As part of their on-going field testing at the community level, World Vision used the Ubislate tablets in Niger and Rwanda to collect data at the project level to monitor change and to measure the impact and the effectiveness of their development in the areas of health, education to families, and aid to children in need.
Products
Pocket Surfer series
The Pocket Surfer is Datawind's handheld, mobile-network-access device. The first version of the Pocket Surfer was launched in 2004.
The device featured a QWERTY keyboard and a 5.3 inch (diagonal) screen. Reviews for the Pocket Surfer had been mixed as PC Magazine's review of the product exclaimed that "it’s the only device that lets you browse the web on a GPRS connection with any alacrity" and CNET in 2005 stated that it was impressed with Pocket Surfer's page-load times.
In February 2007, at the 3GSM forum in Barcelona, Datawind introduced the improved "Pocket Surfer 2". It was described as the world's fastest handheld Internet device. The sleek mobile device offered free mobile-internet access and provided a desktop-like experience with a 640-pixel-wide, color screen that displayed webpages with HTML, graphics, Java-Script, Ajax, Frames, and other complex, web functionality. The Pocket Surfer 2 includes a built-in GPS receiver for location-based services with page-load times of less than seven seconds. Engadget referred to the original Pocket Surfer devices as "Iconic"
In December 2013, on the tenth anniversary of the launch of the original Pocket Surfer, the company entered the smart-phone market with the launch of the Pocket Surfer range of smartphones in India. Featuring 5" inch touchscreens, these dual-sim smartphones were available at an extremely low, price point. In reaction to the launch of the smartphone in India, The Economic Times exclaimed "Aakash maker DataWind enters smartphone market, breaks all price points!"
In March 2015, the company launched its range of low-cost smartphones, the Pocket Surfer 2G4 and the Pocket Surfer 3G4 with one year of free internet browsing on its proprietary UbiSurfer browser.
Datawind has partnered with Reliance Communication, one of the largest Telecom operators in the India to offer one year of free internet browsing along with its devices.
PocketSurfer Smartphone Range
UbiSurfer netbooks
The UbiSurfer is Datawind's range of netbooks. In April 2010, Datawind launched UbiSurfer netbooks in India. The UbiSurfer name is an amalgamated form of the two words, ubiquitous and surfing. The netbook offers mobile web browsing with an integrated modem and a SIM-card slot. The UbiSurfer supports both CDMA (1x) and GSM networks. The device offers WiFi and LAN connectivity, an in-built cellular modem, and an embedded SIM card that allows access to the internet with a mobile-phone signal. The UbiSurfer is also equipped with an ARM processor that runs at 450 MHz with 128MB RAM, 1GB Flash memory, and up to 50GB of online storage. The UbiSurfer has a seven-inch, bright TFT screen that supports a 800x480 pixel resolution. The device is also equipped with the UbiSurfer browser, which allows webpage delivery times of under seven seconds.
The UbiSurfer 9 was made available in India at a price of Rs. 7999, which also included a one-year free Internet browsing plan. On 7 April 2011, Datawind unveiled its new version of the mobile internet device, the UbiSurfer 9 3G, in London, England. This netbook offered users free Internet access in the UK and low cost roaming in Europe and USA. It had a nine-inch screen and weighed 700g, its free-usage model eliminated the user from any form of binding contracts, activation fees or credit checks.
Aakash tablets
In 2009, the National Mission on Education through Information Communication Technology (NME-ICT) initiative of the Indian Government cited that a lot could be done for education using information and communication technologies. An initiative by India's Ministry for Human Resource Development (MHRD) was launched to procure a low cost mobile web access device with built in features ensuring that technologies and content were accessible to everyone. In late 2011, Datawind won the Indian government tender to design the Aakash tablet computers with an initial trial run of 100,000 units. Upon its launch, The Wall Street Journal stated that the Aakash was the World's cheapest tablet.
On 5 October 2011, the Aakash was launched by Kapil Sibal, the then Minister of Human Resource and Development. Datawind designed, developed and manufactured this first version of Aakash on the specifications set by IIT Rajasthan. Its extremely low price garnered global attention and the tablet is known as the world's cheapest tablet device.
On 11 November 2012, President of India, Pranab Mukherjee launched the Aakash 2,an improved version of the Aakash tablet. This updated new version had a better processor based on the ARM Cortex A8 architecture and had a multi-touch projective capacitive screen in place of a resistive one. The Aakash 2 (Ubislate 7Ci) was considered the world's most cost effective web access device, it utilized a 1 GHz processor, of the same caliber as the original iPad, and contained 512 MB of RAM (twice that of the original iPad). The tablet supported a flash memory of 4 GB that can be supplemented by up to 32GB with the use of a micro-SD card. In addition it was loaded with Wi-Fi supported connectivity and also an external 3G and an EVDO dongle for mobile broadband data. Other features included Google's Android 4.0 operating system, a VGA camera, G-sensors, an internal microphone, speakers and a headphone jack. The Aakash 2 is considered a full-featured tablet computer.
Ubislate tablets
The UbiSlates are a series of Android tablets with touch screens that are also capable of performing as smart-phones and are built for mobile web access, multimedia content, android games and applications. The UbiSlate tablet has a High-Definition video co-processor for high quality video and comes equipped with Datawind's UbiSurfer browser that accelerates web page delivery. The device includes WiFi & GPRS connectivity as well as allows for mobile internet access through SIM and Phone connectivity. Optional 3G modems are also supported via USB. In addition to a micro-SD card slot, a full-sized USB port is integrated into the unit allowing pen-drives, external keyboards, web-cams, dongles and other inexpensive accessories can also be attached.
On 26 April 2012 Datawind launched Ubislate 7+ and 7C tablets in India, in the same month the company declared that it had 3 million pre-bookings for Ubislate tablets. The commercial version of Aakash was released online as the UbiSlate7 tablet PC at INR 3000 (US$46) and the Ubislate 7c+ tablet PC at INR 3500 (US$54)[12][25] on 11 November 2012 with plans to offer it at a subsidized cost for students of INR 1130 (US$17). In October 2013, Datawind launched UbiSlate 7Cx, UbiSlate 3G7 and UbiSlate 9Ci tablets in India.
In December 2013, Datawind officially launched three products from its range of UbiSlate Tablets in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom.
Ubislate Tablet Range
References
Home computer hardware companies
Mobile phone manufacturers
Networking hardware companies
Computer companies of Canada
Manufacturing companies based in Mississauga
Computer companies established in 2001
Electronics companies established in 2001
2001 establishments in Quebec
Companies formerly listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
Consumer electronics brands
Multinational companies headquartered in Canada
Canadian brands
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.%20H.%20Harriman
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E. H. Harriman
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Edward Henry Harriman (February 20, 1848 – September 9, 1909) was an American financier and railroad executive.
Early life
Harriman was born on February 20, 1848, in Hempstead, New York, the son of Orlando Harriman Sr., an Episcopal clergyman, and Cornelia Neilson. He had a brother, Orlando Harriman Jr. His great-grandfather, William Harriman, had emigrated from England in 1795 and became a successful businessman and trader.
As a young boy, Harriman spent a summer working at the Greenwood Iron Furnace in the area owned by the Robert Parker Parrott family that would become Harriman State Park. He quit school at age 14 to take a job as an errand boy on Wall Street in New York City. His uncle Oliver Harriman had earlier established a career there. By age 22, he was a member of the New York Stock Exchange.
Career
Harriman's father-in-law was president of the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad Company, which aroused Harriman's interest in upstate New York transportation. In 1881, at age 33, Harriman acquired the small, broken-down Lake Ontario Southern Railroad. He renamed it the Sodus Bay & Southern, reorganized it, and sold it to the Pennsylvania Railroad at a considerable profit. This was the start of his career as a rebuilder of bankrupt railroads.
Harriman was nearly 50 years old when in 1897 he became a director of the Union Pacific Railroad. By May 1898, he was chairman of the executive committee, and from that time until his death, his word was the law on the Union Pacific system. In 1903, he assumed the office of president of the company. From 1901 to 1909, Harriman was also the president of the Southern Pacific Railroad. The vision of a unified UP/SP railroad was planted with Harriman. (The UP and SP were reunited on September 11, 1996, a month after the Surface Transportation Board approved their merger.)
At the time of his death Harriman controlled the Union Pacific, the Southern Pacific, the Saint Joseph and Grand Island, the Illinois Central, the Central of Georgia, the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, and the Wells Fargo Express Company. Estimates of his estate ranged from $150 million to $200 million. That fortune was left entirely to his wife.
Harriman Alaska expedition
In 1899, Harriman sponsored and accompanied a scientific expedition to catalog the flora and fauna of the Alaska coastline. Many prominent scientists and naturalists went on the expedition, aboard the luxuriously refitted steamer SS George W. Elder.
Interest in ju-jitsu
Harriman became interested in ju-jitsu after his two-month visit to Japan in 1905. When he returned to America, he brought with him a troupe of six Japanese ju-jitsu wrestlers, including the prominent judokas Tsunejiro Tomita and Mitsuyo Maeda. Among many performances, the troupe gave an exhibition that drew some 600 spectators in the Columbia University gymnasium on February 7, 1905.
Personal life
In 1879, Harriman married Mary Williamson Averell, daughter of William J. Averell, a banker in Ogdensburg, New York. Together they had six children:
Mary Harriman (1881–1934), who married Charles Cary Rumsey (1879–1922), a sculptor, in 1910.
Henry Neilson Harriman (1883–1888), who died young.
Cornelia Harriman (1884–1966), who married Robert Livingston Gerry Sr. (1877–1957) in 1908.
Carol Averell Harriman (1889–1948), who married Richard Penn Smith Jr. (1893–1929) in 1917. After his death, she married W. Plunket Stewart, who had previously been married and divorced from Elsie Cassatt, the daughter of Alexander Cassatt, in 1930.
William Averell Harriman (1891-1986), the Secretary of Commerce under President Harry S. Truman, the 48th Governor of New York, the U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union and U.S. Ambassador to Britain. He was married three times: First to Kitty Lanier Lawrance (from 1915 until their divorce in 1929), then Marie Norton Whitney (from 1930 until her death in 1970), then lastly Pamela Beryl Digby Churchill Hayward (from 1971 until his death in 1986)
Edward Roland Noel Harriman (1895–1978), who married Gladys Fries (1896–1983) in 1917.
Harriman died on September 9, 1909, at his home, Arden, at 1:30 p.m. at age 61. Naturalist John Muir, who had joined him on the 1899 Alaska expedition, wrote in his eulogy of Harriman, "In almost every way, he was a man to admire." Harriman was buried at the St. John's Episcopal Church cemetery in the hamlet of Arden, near his estate.
Harriman estate
In 1885, Harriman acquired "Arden", the Parrott family estate in the Ramapo Highlands near Tuxedo, New York, for $52,500. The property had been a source of iron ore for the Parrott Brothers Iron Works. Over the next several years he purchased almost 40 nearby parcels of land, adding , and connected all of them with of bridle paths. His residence, Arden House, was completed just seven months before he died.
In the early 1900s, his sons W. Averell Harriman and E. Roland Harriman hired landscape architect Arthur P. Kroll to landscape many acres. In 1910, his widow donated to the state of New York for Harriman State Park. The estate was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966.
Legacy
Award
In 1913, his widow created the E. H. Harriman Award to recognize outstanding achievements in railway safety. The award has been presented on an annual basis since then.
Stephen Birmingham writes in the book Our Crowd that "Ned" Harriman was considered one of the most disagreeable men of his period. The book quotes James Stillman of the National City Bank calling him "not a safe man to do business with, yet the Illinois Central run by Harriman was one of the best-run and most profitable in the country."
Namesakes
Harriman, New York
The Union Pacific Harriman Dispatch Center in Omaha, Nebraska is named for Edward H. Harriman.
Harriman Glacier in Alaska's Chugach National Forest, located in Whittier, Alaska, was named for him by the Harriman Alaska expedition
Two post offices in Oregon were named for Harriman, including the one at Rocky Point, where he maintained a summer camp for several years.
Financial and business publisher Harriman House is named after Harriman.
The city of Sparks, Nevada, was known as Harriman during its early existence.
Harriman State Park in Tuxedo, New York
Harriman State Park in Island Park, Idaho
Places built using funds donated from his sponsorship or estate
Harriman founded the Tompkins Square Boys' Club, now known as The Boys' Club of New York. The original club, founded in 1876, was located in the rented basement of the Wilson School in Manhattan's Lower East Side, and began with three boys. Harriman's idea for the club was to provide a place "for the boys, so as to get them off the streets and teach them better manners." By 1901, the club had outgrown its space. Harriman purchased several lots on 10th and Avenue A, and a five-story clubhouse was completed in 1901.
Inheritance taxes from Harriman's estate, in the amount of $798,546 paid by his widow on March 1, 1911, to the State of Utah, helped fund the construction of the state's capital.
In popular culture
Harriman is the topic of a verse in the song "The Yama Yama Man" (1908) that concerns the war of succession with Stuyvesant Fish over the Illinois Central Railroad around 1906.
Harriman is mentioned in the movie Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), as the commercial baron whose agents become the title characters' nemeses. In the film's second train robbery, a railroad employee ascribes his refusal to cooperate with the robbery to his obligations to Harriman personally, and one of Butch and Sundance's intimates describes Harriman's hiring of famed outlaw-hunters to track down the gang's leaders.
In the movie The Wild Bunch (1969), a railroad official named Pat Harrigan serves as a stand-in for Harriman.
Harriman is a playable character in the video game series Railroad Tycoon.
Harriman is one of the several prominent industrial figures who serve as inspiration for Leviticus Cornwall in the 2018 video game Red Dead Redemption 2.
Science fiction author Robert A. Heinlein’s Future History stories feature a “robber baron” character named D.D. Harriman, a probable reference to E.H. Harriman.
See also
List of railroad executives
References
Further reading
Haeg, Larry, Harriman vs Hill: Wall Street's Great Railroad War, University of Minnesota Press, 2013
Hofsommer, Don L. "For Territorial Dominion in California and the Pacific Northwest: Edward H. Harriman and James J. Hill." California History 70.1 (1991): 30-45. DOI: 10.2307/25158551
Hofsommer, Don L. "Rivals for California: The Great Northern and the Southern Pacific, 1905-1931." Montana: The Magazine of Western History 38.2 (1988): 58-67.
Hofsommer, Don L. Minneapolis and the age of railways (2005)
Kahn, Otto H., Edward Henry Harriman (1911), reprinted as "The Last Figure of an Epoch: Edward Henry Harriman," in Our Economic and Other Problems (1920)
Klein, Maury. The Life & Legend of EH Harriman (U of North Carolina Press, 2000), The standard scholarly biography
Also see Northern Securities Co. v. United States.
Muir, John, Edward Henry Harriman (1911)
Myles, William J., Harriman Trails, A Guide and History, The New York-New Jersey Trail Conference, New York, N.Y., 1999
"In the Matter of Consolidations and Combinations of Carriers," Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, XII (1908)
Articles and estimates of his life and work in Cosmopolitan, Mar. 1903, July 1909; Moody's Mag., Oct. 1906, Oct. 1909; Am. Rev. of Revs., Jan. 1907, Oct. 1909; McClure's Mag., Oct. 1909, Jan. 1911; N. Y. Times and N. Y. Sun, September 10, 1909; Railway World, September 17, 1909.
External links
University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Harriman Alaska Expedition of 1899 254 photographs from 1899 of Edward Harriman's scientific expedition to Alaska, including images of Alaskan Native Americans and their villages, scenic views of the coastline, glaciers and Alaskan towns.
1848 births
1909 deaths
19th-century American railroad executives
American people of English descent
Philanthropists from New York (state)
20th-century American railroad executives
Explorers of Alaska
People from Klamath County, Oregon
People from Hempstead (village), New York
Southern Pacific Railroad people
Union Pacific Railroad people
19th-century American landowners
People from Tuxedo, New York
Harriman family
20th-century American landowners
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Union%20%28Notification%20of%20Withdrawal%29%20Act%202017
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European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017
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The European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017 (c. 9) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to empower the Prime Minister to give to the Council of the European Union the formal notice – required by Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union – for starting negotiations for the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union. It was passed following the result of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum held on 23 June in which 51.9% of voters voted to leave the European Union.
The Act
The Act's long title is To Confer power on the Prime Minister to notify, under Article 50(2) of the Treaty on European Union, the United Kingdom's intention to withdraw from the EU. The Act confers on the Prime Minister the power to give the notice required under the Treaty when a member state decides to withdraw. Section 1(2) states that no provision of the European Communities Act 1972 or other enactment prevents the (notification) act taking effect.
The Act's first reading as a bill in Parliament was on 26 January 2017, after the Supreme Court, in the Miller case, dismissed the government's appeal against the High Court's declaratory order, dated 7 November 2016, that "The Secretary of State does not have power under the Crown's prerogative to give notice pursuant to Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union for the United Kingdom to withdraw from the European Union."
David Davis, Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, formally introduced the bill for first reading in the House of Commons, and two days in the following week were allocated for the second reading debate.
Progress through Parliament
House of Commons
Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn said: "I am asking all our MPs not to block Article 50 and make sure it goes through next week". However, several Labour MPs were intending to rebel against the whip, including several of Corbyn's fellow opposition frontbenchers.
The vote for the bill's second reading was carried on 1 February by 498 to 114, and the bill was committed to a Committee of the Whole House, with a three-day programme for the conclusion of all proceedings up to and including third reading. 47 of 229 Labour MPs voted against the bill (in defiance of the party's three-line whip), including 10 junior shadow ministers and 3 whips from the party. One Conservative (Kenneth Clarke) voted against the bill, and 2 of the 9 Liberal Democrat MPs abstained. Diane Abbott, the shadow home secretary whose constituency voted to remain in the EU, was accused of having "Brexit flu" as she did not attend the vote on Article 50 due to illness, despite attending a debate in Westminster Hall three hours before the vote.
In the parliamentary debates on the bill before enactment, members expressed concerns about the prospective effects on trade and the economy, financial services, and research and innovation policy and the rights of British citizens in or entering the EU, and EU citizens in or entering the UK.
The House of Commons agreed to hold the Committee stage on 6, 7 and 8 February, followed by the report stage and third reading on 8 February. Topics covered by the amendments submitted by MPs and selected for debate at the Committee stage included: Parliamentary scrutiny, the devolved administrations (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland), and the status of citizens of the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA) (and also that of Swiss nationals) in the UK, and that of expatriate British citizens in other parts of the EU and the EEA outside the UK (and also in Switzerland). All amendments were withdrawn or outvoted in Committee.
At third reading, the Commons passed the bill by 494 to 122 on 8 February 2017, and the bill was sent for debate in the House of Lords.
On 17 February 2017 the House of Commons Library issued a briefing paper on "Parliament's role in ratifying treaties", which quoted David Jones, Minister of State for Exiting the EU, as confirming in the debate the government's commitment to bringing forward a motion, for the approval of both Houses, that will cover the withdrawal agreement and the future relationship with the European Union, and as stating that the government expected and intended this will be before the European Parliament debates and votes on the final agreement.
House of Lords
Before adjourning on 8 February 2017, the House of Lords gave the bill, as brought from the Commons, a first reading. The House of Lords announced that Lord Bridges of Headley would move the bill's second reading for debate on 20 and 21 February, and that the Lord Privy Seal (Baroness Evans of Bowes Park) would move that Standing Orders be dispensed with so as to allow manuscript amendments to be tabled and moved for the third reading.
In the second reading debate, one of the cross bench peers, Lord Hope, who had been a Supreme Court Justice from 2009 until his retirement in 2013, mentioned that the wording of the bill sufficed for giving notice of withdrawal, as the Supreme Court's decision in the Miller case required, but it said nothing about the process of the two further stages stated in article 50: negotiation, and the concluding of an agreement between the Union and the state that was withdrawing.
At the end of the second reading debate the House agreed that the bill would be considered by a committee of the whole house. This was timetabled for 27 February and 1 March 2017.
On 1 March, the House of Lords, debating in Committee, made an amendment to protect EU nationals living in the UK regardless of the rights of British nationals continuing to live in member states of the EU. The amendment was voted for by 358 with 256 against. Eight other major amendments were rejected. The amendment adds to the bill a requirement that the government will introduce proposals within three months of the withdrawal notification to ensure EU citizens in the UK have the same residence rights after Brexit as before. Published statistics show many more EU nationals live in the UK (the greater numbers coming from Poland and the Republic of Ireland) than British nationals living in other EU member states (the greater numbers in Spain and the Republic of Ireland). After the Committee debate, the bill was formally reported to the House with the amendment.
The House of Lords announced that the report stage would continue on 7 March, and, if concluded, the bill's third reading would be on the same day.
In advance of the continuation of debate, the House of Lords published on 4 March a report discussing financial and legal complexities involved in negotiating withdrawal, including settlement of outstanding financial liabilities and division of assets. The report stated that if there is no post-Brexit deal at the end of the two-year negotiating period, the UK could withdraw without payment of a "divorce bill" to the EU.
At report stage on 7 March 2017, the Lords voted against the government for a second amendment (passed by 366 votes to 268), adding a new clause to the bill, headed "Parliamentary approval for the outcome of negotiations with the European Union". Lord Forsyth of Drumlean, opposing the amendment, compared it to Gulliver, in trying to tie down the Prime Minister—by hair, arms and legs—in order to prevent her from getting an agreement for the UK before leaving the European Union.
The new clause was:
"(1) The Prime Minister may not conclude an agreement with the European Union under Article 50(2) of the Treaty on European Union, on the terms of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union, without the approval of both Houses of Parliament. (2) Such approval shall be required before the European Parliament debates and votes on that agreement. (3) The prior approval of both Houses of Parliament shall also be required in relation to an agreement on the future relationship of the United Kingdom with the European Union. (4) The prior approval of both Houses of Parliament shall also be required in relation to any decision by the Prime Minister that the United Kingdom shall leave the European Union without an agreement as to the applicable terms.".
At third reading, the Lords rejected a proposal presented by the Liberal Democrats for the Lords to decline "to allow the bill to pass, because the bill does not provide a mechanism for the people of the United Kingdom to have a vote, prior to the United Kingdom’s departure from the European Union, on the terms of the new relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union”. The proposal was outvoted by 340 to 95.
The Lords completed third reading on 7 March and voted to return the bill to the Commons with the two amendments.
Lords and Commons
The Brexit Secretary, David Davis, stated that the government aimed to overturn the Lords amendments in the House of Commons.
On 13 March the Commons voted against the first Lords amendment by 335 to 287 and against the second by 331 to 286. The bill passed both Houses of Parliament unamended.
Royal assent
The act came into effect when royal assent was signified on the morning of 16 March 2017.
Notification as authorised
On Wednesday 28 March 2017 with the authority given by the act Prime Minister Theresa May signed a letter that, on the following day, 29 March 2017, was handed to the President of the European Council Donald Tusk in Brussels by Sir Tim Barrow, the Permanent representative of the United Kingdom to the European Union which invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union and started the withdrawal process of the United Kingdom from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community that was also mentioned in the letter, meaning that the UK would become due to leave the EU before midnight on 29 March 2019, British time, when the two-year period for Brexit negotiations expired.
The UK's withdrawal from the EU was ultimately delayed by several months due to difficulties with ratifying a agreement, taking place on 31 January 2020.
See also
Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union
European Union Referendum Act 2015
European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018
References
External links
The bill as amended by the Lords and returned to the Commons.
Progress of the bill in parliament, with link to debates on all stages
Commons Briefing paper CBP-7884,30 January 2017
Parliament's role in ratifying treaties
Brexit
Consequences of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
2017 in the European Union
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2017
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Union
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlerjunge%20Quex%20%28film%29
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Hitlerjunge Quex (film)
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, in English Hitler Youth Quex, is a 1933 German film directed by Hans Steinhoff, based on the similarly named 1932 novel Der Hitlerjunge Quex by Karl Aloys Schenzinger. The film was shown in the US under the title Our Flag Leads Us Forward.
Plot summary
Heini Völker is a teenage boy, living in poverty with his mother and father. Heini's father, a veteran of the Great War, is an out-of-work supporter of the Communist Party. The organizer for the local communist chapter, a man named Stoppel, befriends Heini and invites him to an outing in the country, promising him swimming, camping and games. Heini accepts and duly turns up at the railway station the next day. The Hitler Youth are also there, taking the same train.
When the communists arrive at their own camp, there is only smoking, drinking, and dancing. Boys and girls play games like cards, unlike the games which Heini expected. Heini doesn't feel welcome, and wanders away. In another part of the forest, Heini comes across the Hitler Youth camping by a lake where they are holding a midsummer bonfire. Heini watches them from a distance, but is caught by them, and taken into the camp, but they recognised him as having travelled with the communists, and so they send him away as well. Heini sees them doing all the things that he hoped to participate in, i.e. camping and swimming. He is enamored by their singing. In the morning, Heini watches the Hitler Youth's morning activities, but Stoppel comes looking for him. He hides from Stoppel and instead catches a ride into town from a stranger. When Heini returns to his home, he tells his mother about the Hitler Youth, and sings one of their songs to her, but his father overhears it and beats him for it.
Heini wants to join the Hitler Youth and visits one of the Hitler Youth members' home, promising to come to the opening of their new club house. However, he arrives late, just as the communists are attacking the Hitler Youth members. Even though he had nothing to do with the attack, he is among those arrested by the police. The police arrest some of the Hitler Youth, but no communists. When the police let him go, he is recognised by the Hitler Youth members, who accuse him of colluding with the communists during the attack.
Stoppel is impressed by the fact that Heini didn't tell the police that the communists were the ones who started the ruckus. He confides in him that the communists plan to attack the Hitler Youth later that day, but Heini is distraught and threatens to tell the Hitler Youth about the attack. He attempts to warn Ulla by telephone, but Fritz dismisses the matter. Heini also informs the police, but they do not believe him either. In the end, Ulla seems to have convinced Fritz to do something, as the communists' weapons store is blown up.
Stoppel realises that Heini must have warned the Hitler Youth, and he goes to Heini's house and hints to his mother that he is going to kill him. However, later Stoppel has a change of heart and orders the communists not to retaliate against Heini. Heini's mother is so distraught that she decides to kill her son and herself by shutting the windows and leaving the gas on in their apartment at night. She is killed, but Heini survives.
Heini's father happens to meet Heini's Hitler Youth troop leader, Kass, when both men go to see Heini at the hospital. It is here that Heini's father reveals that he was injured in the war, and that that is the reason he could not work. Kass attempts to convince Heini's father to join the Nazis. Heini decides to move into a hostel run by the Hitler Youth, where he discovers to his dismay that not all members of Hitler Youth have such high moral values as he had thought. They call him Quex, originally as an insult, a shortening of “Quecksilber” (quicksilver).
The Hitler Youth leader takes care not to send Heini to the district where the communists live, but they find out where he is staying. Stoppel seeks Heini out on the street, and tries to convince him to return to the communists. Heini refuses, and Stoppel warns him not to return to the communist district. One day, one of the Hitler Youth is beaten up by the communists while putting up posters, and Heini convinces his leader to allow him to visit the communist district to hand out flyers. However, his fellow Hitler Youth Grundler has been taken in by the communist girl Gerda, and throws all the flyers in the river. Heini then offers to reprint all the posters during the night and puts up the posters before the morning. The communists hear about this and chase him and stab him. The Hitler Youth find him lying face-down dying.
Themes
A recurring character in the film is the Communist street performer. His theme is that "for some people things work out well... but for George they never do." The message is that life in Germany may improve for everyone else, but for the working man, George, life won't be good unless he joins the Communist Party.
The character of Wilde was played by Karl Meixner, of whom Jay Baird said that he looked like "a Nazi version of the incarnation of the 'Jewish-Bolshevik' will to destruction".
The film allows some sympathy for communists. Heini's father, though violent and drunk, has become a communist because of his, and the workers', desperate condition. In one scene, his argument for his son being with him revolves around his sufferings in the war and his unemployment. Stoppel, the communist who invited Heini to a Communist Youth outing, while saying that he has to be eliminated, takes no part in the killing, Quex having made a strong impression on him.
Differences from novel
There are a number of significant differences between the novel and the film.
The opening greengrocer scene in the film is absent in the novel.
In the novel, Heini is an apprentice carpenter, whereas in the film, he is an apprentice printer.
Heini's friends Kurt Bussack, Bruno Hellwig and Eugen Kappelmann do not appear in the film.
The "elimination" wrestling-cum-boxing matches at the Bernau Forest do not occur in the film.
Oskar Wisnewski is replaced with Grundler.
Many scenes or activities are cut out of the film such as Kass's backstory, the visit to the Bannführer, the camp and the speech night.
Kass in the novel was originally the Kameradschaftsführer of Heini's section, before becoming Scharführer. Heini then becomes the Kameradschaftsführer. In the film, Kass is the Bannführer whilst Fritz Dörries is Kameradschaftsführer.
Heini in the novel is beaten up whilst walking home from the Dörries' house after a rehearsal for a play (which does not occur in the film), whereas in the film he is stabbed at the fairground after putting up posters. The hospital scene is not included in the film either, and Heini's final words, “Germany awake!” is replaced by “Our flag flies before us”.
Cast
Jürgen Ohlsen as Heini Völker
Heinrich George as Vater Völker
Berta Drews as Mutter Völker
Claus Clausen as Bannführer Kaß (Brigade Leader Kass)
Franz Ramspott as Fritz Dörries (comradeship leader)
Helga Bodemer as Ulla Dörries
Rotraut Richter as Gerda
Hermann Speelmans as Stoppel
Hans Richter as Franz
Ernst Behmer as Kowalski
Hansjoachim Büttner as Arzt (doctor)
Franziska Kinz as Krankenschwester (nurse)
Hermann Braun as Grundler
Rudolf Platte as Moritatensänger (carnival singer)
Reinhold Bernt as Ausrufer (barker)
Hans Deppe as Althändler (furniture dealer)
Anna Müller-Lincke as Eine Nachbarin Völkers (Völkers' neighbour)
Karl Meixner as Wilde
Karl Hannemann as Lebensmittelhändler (grocer)
Ernst Rotmund as Revierwachtmeister (desk sergeant)
Hans Otto Stern as Kneipenwirt (bartender)
Soundtrack
"Unsere Fahne flattert uns voran" (music by Hans-Otto Borgmann, lyrics by Baldur von Schirach)
Sung several times by the communists: "The Internationale" (written by Eugène Pottier and Pierre Degeyter)
Sung on the camping trip of the communists and later by a Hitler Youth: "Das ist die Liebe der Matrosen" (written by Werner R. Heymann and Robert Gilbert)
Production and release
The film was produced in the Universum Film AG (Ufa) studios. The plot was written by Bobby E. Lüthge and Karl Aloys Schenzinger, the author of the novel. Produced by Karl Ritter, it was supported by the Nazi leadership and produced for 320,000 reichsmarks () under the aegis of Baldur von Schirach. The latter also wrote the lyrics for the Hitler Youth marching song "Vorwärts! Vorwärts! schmettern die hellen Fanfaren", better known by its refrain, Unsere Fahne flattert uns voran, using an existing melody by Hans-Otto Borgmann, who was also responsible for the music. The director was Hans Steinhoff. For the film, the subtitle Ein Film vom Opfergeist der deutschen Jugend ("A film about the sacrificial spirit of German youth") was added to the novel's title. The film has a length of 95 minutes (2,605 metres) and was premiered on 11 September 1933 at the Ufa-Phoebus Palace in Munich, and on 19 September at the Ufa-Palast am Zoo in Berlin. It was one of three films about Nazi martyrs in 1933, the other two being SA-Mann Brand and Hans Westmar.
The film's Producer, Karl Ritter, recalled in his private diaries the famous scene where Vater Völker slaps his son violently after he overhears him singing the HJ song Unsere Fahne flattert uns voran. The diary entry: Unforgettable was the George–Jürgen Ohlsen ear–slapping scene. George first paid for Jürgen's ice cream and took him into the canteen like a godfather would. Jürgen saw nothing to fear in him. So then, when the dreadful ear–slap scene came, the tears shot from his eyes.
The film premiered in the United States at the Yorkville Theatre on the Upper East Side of Manhattan on 6 July 1934 as Our Flag Leads Us Forward and in March 1942 in Paris as Le jeune hitlérien.
Reception
Adolf Hitler, Rudolf Hess, Joseph Goebbels and other high Nazi functionaries attended the first premiere in Munich. Goebbels reflected on the film as follows: "If Hitler Youth Quex represents the first large-scale attempt to depict the ideas and world of National Socialism with the art of cinema, then one must say that this attempt, given the possibilities of modern technology, is a full-fledged success." By January 1934 it had been viewed by a million people.
Hitlerjunge Quex is now classified in Germany as a Vorbehaltsfilm (conditional film), meaning it is illegal to show it outside of closed educational events guided by an expert.
See also
Der Hitlerjunge Quex, the novel
List of German films 1919-1933
List of German films 1933-1945
Nazism and cinema
Hitler Youth
Sources
Notes
References
External links
Antti Alanen: Film Diary Hitlerjunge Quex
Axis History Forum Hitlerjunge Quex (Hitler Youth Quex)
Hitlerjunge Quex: Ein Film vom Opfergeist der deutschen Jugend by BDM
1933 films
1933 drama films
Films of Nazi Germany
1930s German-language films
Films set in Berlin
German black-and-white films
Films based on German novels
German films based on actual events
Hitler Youth
German children's films
Nazi propaganda films
Anti-communist propaganda films
Films directed by Hans Steinhoff
Films set in 1932
Censored films
UFA GmbH films
German drama films
1930s children's films
Films shot at Babelsberg Studios
1930s German films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal%20mortality%20in%20the%20United%20States
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Maternal mortality in the United States
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Maternal mortality refers to the death of a woman during her pregnancy or up to a year after her pregnancy has terminated; this metric only includes causes related to the pregnancy, and does not include accidental causes. Some sources will define maternal mortality as the death of a woman up to 42 days after the pregnancy has ended, instead of one year. In 1986, the CDC began tracking pregnancy-related deaths to gather information and determine what was causing these deaths by creating the Pregnancy-Related Mortality Surveillance System. According to a 2010-2011 report although the United States was spending more on healthcare than any other country in the world, more than two women died during childbirth every day, making maternal mortality in the United States the highest (12.7 deaths per 100,000 births) when compared to 49 other countries in the developed world.
As of 2021, the US had an estimated 32.9 deaths per 100,000 births. The CDC reported an increase in the maternal mortality ratio in the United States from 18.8 deaths per 100,000 births to 23.8 deaths per 100,000 births between 2000 and 2014, a 26.6% increase. The mortality rate of pregnant and recently pregnant women in the United States rose almost 30% between 2019 and 2020. According to the CDC, a study that included data from 36 states found that more than 80% of pregnancy-related deaths were preventable between 2017 and 2019.
Monitoring maternal mortality
In 1986, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) created the Pregnancy-Related Mortality Surveillance System to monitor maternal deaths during pregnancy and up to one year after giving birth. Prior to this, women were monitored up to six weeks postpartum.
In 2016 the CDC Foundation, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs (AMCHP) undertook a collaborative initiative—"Building U.S. Capacity to Review and Prevent Maternal Deaths"— funded by Merck under the Merck for Mothers program. They are reviewing maternal mortality to enhance understanding of the increase in the maternal mortality ratio in the United States, and to identify preventative interventions. Through this initiative, they have created the Review to Action website which hosts their reports and resources. In their 2017 report, four states, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, and Ohio, supported the development of the Maternal Mortality Review Data System (MMRDS) which was intended as a precursor to the Maternal Mortality Review Information Application (MMRIA). The three agencies have partnered with Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, and Utah to collect data for the Maternal Mortality Review Information Application (MMRIA); the nine states submitted their first reports in 2018.
After decades of inaction on the part of the U.S. Congress towards reducing the maternal mortality ratio, the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations voted on June 28, 2018, to request $50 million to prevent the pregnancy-related deaths of American women. The CDC would receive $12 million for research and data collection. They would also support individual states in counting and reviewing data on maternal deaths. The federal Maternal and Child Health Bureau would receive the remaining $38 million directed towards Healthy Start program and "life saving, evidence-based programs" at hospitals. MCHB's Healthy Start was mandated to reduce the infant mortality rate.
In 2019, Black maternal health advocate and Parents writer Christine Michel Carter interviewed Vice President Kamala Harris. As a senator, in 2019 Harris reintroduced the Maternal Care Access and Reducing Emergencies (CARE) Act which aimed to address the maternal mortality disparity faced by women of color by training providers on recognizing implicit racial bias and its impact on care. Harris stated:"We need to speak the uncomfortable truth that women—and especially Black women—are too often not listened to or taken seriously by the health care system, and therefore they are denied the dignity that they deserve. And we need to speak this truth because today, the United States is 1 of only 13 countries in the world where the rate of maternal mortality is worse than it was 25 years ago. That risk is even higher for Black women, who are three to four times more likely than white women to die from pregnancy-related causes. These numbers are simply outrageous."
In the 1930s Maternal Mortality Review Committees (MMRCs), state and local committees that review pregnancy-related deaths, formed in New York City and Philadelphia in response to high maternal mortality rates. Philadelphia saw success with reducing the rates through data collected from their MMRC and over the next two decades MMRCs popped up throughout the country. MMRCs have grown and shrunk in popularity since, but the CDC now recommends MMRC data as the gold standard for understanding the causes of maternal mortality and planning intervention.The reasoning is that MMRCs are uniquely poised to identify opportunities for action despite difficulties in classifying deaths as pregnancy-related.
Measurement and data collection
According to a 2016 article in Obstetrics and Gynecology by MacDorman et al., one factor affecting the US maternal death rate is the variability in the calculation of maternal deaths. The WHO deems maternal deaths to be those occurring within 42 days of the end of pregnancy, whereas the United States Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System measures maternal deaths as those occurring within a year of the end of pregnancy. Some states allow multiple responses, such as whether the death occurred during pregnancy, within 42 days after pregnancy, or within a year of pregnancy, but some states, such as California, ask simply whether the death occurred within a year postpartum.
In their article, the authors described how data collection on maternal mortality rates became an "international embarrassment". In 2003 the national U.S. standard death certificate added a "tick box" question regarding the pregnancy status of the deceased. Many states delayed adopting the new death certificate standards. This "muddied" data and obstructed analysis of trends in maternal mortality rates. It also meant that for many years, the United States could not report a national maternal mortality rate to the OECD or other repositories that collect data internationally.
In response to the MacDorman study, revealing the "inability, or unwillingness, of states and the federal government to track maternal deaths", ProPublica and NPR found that in 2016 alone, between 700 and 900 women died from pregnancy- and childbirth-related causes. In "Lost Mothers" they published stories of some of women who died, ranging from 16 to 43 years of age.
Healthy People is a federal organization that is managed by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP) at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). In 2010, the US maternal mortality ratio was 12.7 (deaths per 100,000 live births). This was three times as high as the Healthy People 2010 goal, a national target set by the US government.
According to a 2009 article in Anthropology News, studies conducted by but not limited to Amnesty International, the United Nations, and federal programs such as the CDC, maternal mortality has not decreased since 1999 and may have been rising.
By November 2017, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City had established committees to "review deaths and severe complications related to pregnancy and childbirth" in their cities to prevent maternal mortality. New York's panel, the Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Review Committee (M3RC), included doctors, nurses, "doulas, midwives and social workers". New York City will be collaborating with the State of New York, the first such collaboration in the US. In July 2018, New York City's de Blasio's administration announced that it would be allocating $12.8 million for the first three years of its five-year plan to "reduce maternal deaths and life-threatening complications of childbirth among women of color".
Causes
Medical causes
Maternal death can be traced to maternal health, which includes wellness throughout the entire pregnancy and access to basic care.
The World Health Organization and the CDC's National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) define maternal death as that which occurs within the first 42 days after birth.
Since 1986, the Center for Disease Control conducts a Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance Service (PMSS) to study the medical causes of maternal death. This tool defines pregnancy-related death as death during or within one year of completion of a woman's pregnancy by any cause attributed to the pregnancy to capture all deaths which might be pregnancy-related.
Race, location, and financial status all contribute to how maternal mortality affects women across the country. Non-Hispanic blacks account for 41.7% of maternal deaths in the United States. Additionally to race, According to a study published in (Jones et al.,2022), a woman's social determinants of health can affect both her health and her ability to conceive. Black women are more likely than other races to experience life-threatening complications, such as hemorrhage and even worse maternal outcomes. The research investigates the link between maternal morbidity and social determinants of health. The study's author also mentioned a few risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes that were related to the social determinants of these women's lives. These include the mother's age, any existing health conditions, and so on (Jones et al., 2022).
Maternal Mortality Review Committees (MMRCs), state and local committees that review pregnancy related deaths, found that the leading causes of maternal mortality from 36 participating states 2017–2019 are:
Mental health conditions including deaths of suicide, overdose/poisoning related to substance use disorder, and other deaths determined by the MMRC to be related to a mental health condition, including substance use disorder. (23%)
Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage): Excluding aneurysms or cerebrovascular accident (14%)
Cardiac and coronary conditions (relating to the heart) (13%)
Infection (9%): including deaths of coronary artery disease, pulmonary hypertension, acquired and congenital valvular heart disease, vascular aneurysm, hypertensive cardiovascular disease, Marfan Syndrome, conduction defects, vascular malformations, and other cardiovascular disease; and excludes cardiomyopathy and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
Thrombotic embolism (a type of blood clot) (9%)
Cardiomyopathy (a disease of the heart muscle) (9%)
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (relating to high blood pressure) (7%)
Social factors
Social determinants of health also contribute to the maternal mortality rate. Some of these factors include access to healthcare, education, age, race, and income.
Access to healthcare
Women in the US usually meet with their physicians just once after delivery, six weeks after giving birth. Due to this long gap during the postpartum period, many health problems remain unchecked, which can result in maternal death. Just as women, especially women of color, have difficulty with access to prenatal care, the same is true for accessibility to postpartum care. Postpartum depression can also lead to untimely deaths for both mother and child.
Insurance companies reserve the right to categorize pregnancy as a pre-existing condition, thereby making women ineligible for private health insurance. Even access to Medicaid is curtailed to some women, due to bureaucracy and delays in coverage (if approved). Many women are turned down due to Medicaid fees, as well. According to a 2020 study conducted by Erica L. Eliason, cutting Medicaid funding limits access to prenatal healthcare, which has been shown to increase maternal mortality rates. This study concluded that Medicaid expansions directly correlated to decreases in maternal mortality rates.
Although the supportive care practice of a doula has potential to improve the health of both the mother and child and reduce health disparities, these services are underutilized among low-income women and women of color, who are at greater risk of poor maternal health outcomes. Women may be unable to find or afford services or unaware that they are offered. A 2012 national survey by Childbirth Connection found that women using Medicaid to pay for birth expenses were twice as likely as those using private insurance to have never heard of a doula (36% vs. 19%). Medicaid does not cover doula care during a woman's prenatal or post-partum period. Women have also reported access and mobility as reasons why they are unable to seek prenatal care, such as lack of transportation and/or lack of health insurance. Women who do not have access to prenatal care are 3–4 times more likely to die during or after pregnancy than women who do.
Education
It has been shown that mothers between ages 18 and 44 who did not complete high school had a 5% increase in maternal mortality versus women who completed high school. By completing primary school, 10% of girls younger than 17 years old would not get pregnant and 2/3 of maternal deaths could be prevented. Secondary education, university schooling, would only further decrease rates of pregnancy and maternal death.
Of note, higher education still does not improve the racial differences in maternal mortality and is not protective for Black mothers in the way they are for White mothers. It has been found that Black mothers with a college education have greater maternal mortality than White mothers with less than a high school education.
Age
Young adolescents are at the highest risk of fatal complications of any age group. This high risk can be accounted for by various causes such as the likelihood of adolescents giving birth for the first time compared to women in older age groups. Other factors that also may lead to higher risk among this age group includes lower economic status and education. While adolescents face a higher risk of maternal mortality, a study conducted between 2005 and 2014 found that the rate of maternal mortality was higher among older women. Additionally, another study found that the rate is higher specifically among women aged 30 years or older.
Intimate partner violence
Intimate partner violence (IPV) constitutes many forms of abuse or the threat of abuse, including sexual, physical or emotional abuse and manifests as a pattern of violence from an intimate partner. Protective factors include age and marital status, while risk factors include unplanned pregnancy, lack of education and low socioeconomic status, and a new HIV positive diagnosis. The greatest at-risk group is a young, unmarried woman. During pregnancy IPV can have disastrous maternal and fetal outcomes, and it has been found that between 3% and 9% of pregnant women experience IPV.
Maternal adverse outcomes include delayed or insufficient prenatal case, poor weight gain, and an increase in nicotine, alcohol and substance abuse. IPV is also associated with adverse mental health outcomes such as depression in 40% of abused women. Neonatal adverse outcomes from IPV include low birth weight and preterm birth, an infant who is small for gestational age and even perinatal death.
Through adequate training of healthcare professionals, there is opportunity for prevention and intervention during routine obstetric visits, and routine screening is recommended. During prenatal care, only 50% of women receive counselling on IPV. Pregnancy is a unique time during a woman's life and for many women is the only time when regular healthcare is established, heightening the need for effective care from the provider.
Race
African American women are four times as likely to experience maternal morbidity and mortality as Caucasian women, and there has been no large-scale improvement over the course of 20 years to rectify these conditions. Furthermore, women of color, especially "African-American, Indigenous, Latina and immigrant women and women who did not speak English", are less likely to obtain the care they need. In addition, foreign-born women have an increased likelihood of maternal mortality, particularly Hispanic Women. Cause of mortality, especially in older women, is different among different races. Caucasian women are more likely to experience hemorrhage, cardiomyopathy, and embolism whereas African American women are more likely to experience hypertensive disorders, stroke, and infection. In the case of Black women in the United States, a study from the World Journal of Gynecology and Women's Health found that in addition to the link between cardiovascular disease and maternal mortality, racism in healthcare contributes to these outcomes. Notably, experiencing racism and discrimination in healthcare makes Black mothers less likely to trust the healthcare system, and the authors of this study recommend that addressing this is key to rebuilding trust and encouraging reliance on healthcare system. Distrust in the healthcare system can be detrimental for the health and wellbeing of Black and minority mothers and their infants. Distrust in the healthcare system often results in reduced encounters with the system, which can be very harmful given the established association between late and inadequate prenatal care and poor pregnancy outcomes such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and infant mortality. According to the Listening to Mothers III Survey, 40% of minority participants experienced communication issues and nearly one-quarter of minority mothers felt discriminated against during birth hospitalization. The same survey revealed that Black and Hispanic mothers were nearly three times more likely to experience discrimination in the healthcare system due to their race, language or culture. These issues are exacerbating the observed maternal and infant morbidity and mortality disparity between minority mothers and White mothers in the United States.
Another factor contributing to the increased maternal and infant morbidity and mortality rates in African American and minority women is the difference in delivery hospital quality between minority women and White women. According to a study conducted by Dr. Elizabeth A. Howell, racial and ethnic minority women deliver "in different and lower quality hospitals" than White women. According to Dr. Howell, hospitals where African American women were disproportionately cared for during birth, "had higher risk-adjusted severe maternal morbidity rates for both Black and White women in those hospitals." In NYC, Black women were more likely to deliver in hospitals with a higher rate of "risk-adjusted severe maternal morbidity rates" and a study conducted in the same City revealed that if African American women delivered in the same hospitals as White women, "1000 Black women could avoid severe morbid events during their delivery hospitalization, which could reduce the Black severe maternal morbidity rate from 4.2% to 2.9%."
The US has been shown to have the highest rate of pregnancy-related deaths o/c maternal mortality amongst all the industrialized countries. The CDC first implemented the Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System in 1986 and since then maternal mortality rates have increased from 7.2 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1987 to 17.2 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015. The issue of maternal mortality disproportionately affects women of color when compared with the rate in white non-Hispanic women. The following statistics were retrieved from the CDC and show the rate of maternal mortality between 2011 and 2015 per 100000 live births: Black non-Hispanic – 42.8, American Indian/Alaskan Native non-Hispanic – 32.5, Asian/Pacific Islander non-Hispanic – 14.2, White non-Hispanic – 13.0, and Hispanic – 11.4.
There are racial disparities present when considering maternal mortality in the United States, with black women being 3 to 4 times more likely to die from pregnancy-related complications in comparison to white, Asian, and Hispanic women. The causes of death amongst these women were also different, some being more unconventional like hypertension and venous thromboembolisms.
According to Harriet Washington, author of Medical Apartheid, much of the Black maternal mortality crisis is predicated on a historical myth that Black people cannot feel pain. Washington asserts medical practice and literature remain from times of slavery. Washington points out medical figures like J Marion Sims, the "father of gynecology" and once President of the American Medical Association. Sims believed that black people did not feel as much pain as white people.
Income
It is estimated that 99% of women give birth in hospitals with fees that average between $8,900–$11,400 for vaginal delivery and between $14,900–$20,100 for a cesarean. Many women cannot afford these high costs, nor can they afford private health insurance, and even waiting on government-funded care can prove to be fatal, since delays to coverage usually result in women not getting the care they need from the start.
Other risk factors
Some other risk factors include obesity, chronic high blood pressure, increased age, diabetes, cesarean delivery, and smoking. Attending less than 10 prenatal visits is also associated with a higher risk of maternal mortality.
Researchers have found that another factor contributing to the elevated maternal mortality rates in the United States is the lack of attention given to black women during childbirth and the failure to recognize preexisting health conditions like diabetes and hypertension, which can cause preeclampsia and eclampsia. Despite the epidemic level of maternal mortality among black women, several states, like California, are working to lower the numbers.
Even in cases where they had never before experienced chronic hypertension, Black women are more likely to pass away from hemorrhage, cardiomyopathy, and hypertensive diseases of pregnancy than Hispanic women are (Howell, 2018). A national study examined the death rates from pregnancy in white and black women. The study found that for five particular pregnancy problems, the death risk was 2.4 to 3.3 times higher among black women. Preeclampsia, placenta abruptio, placenta previa, and postpartum hemorrhage were among them (Howell, 2018).
The Healthy People 2010 goal was to reduce the c-section rate to 15% for low-risk first-time mothers, but that goal was not met and the rate of c-sections has been on the rise since 1996 and reached an all-time high in 2009 at 32.9%. Excessive and non-medically necessary cesareans can lead to complications that contribute to maternal mortality.
Geographic location has been found to be a contributing factor as well. Data has shown that rates of maternal mortality are higher in rural areas of the United States. In 2015, the rate of maternal mortality in rural areas was 29.4 per 100,000 live births as compared to 18.2 in metropolitan areas.
Table. Overall and by race, age, ethnicity
* Rate does not meet National Center for Health Statistics standards of reliability.
1Maternal mortality rates are deaths per 100,000 live births.
2Includes deaths for race and Hispanic-origin groups not shown separately, including women of multiple races and origin not stated.
3Race groups are single race.
NOTES: Maternal causes are those assigned to code numbers A34, O00–O95, and O98–O99 of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. Maternal deaths occur while pregnant or within 42 days of being pregnant.
Prevention
Inconsistent obstetric practice, increase in women with chronic conditions, and lack of maternal health data all contribute to maternal mortality in the United States. According to a 2015 WHO editorial, a nationally implemented guideline for pregnancy and childbirth, along with easy and equal access to prenatal services and care, and active participation from all 50 states to produce better maternal health data are all necessary components to reduce maternal mortality. The Hospital Corporation of America has also found that a uniform guideline for birth can improve maternal care overall. This would ultimately reduce the amount of maternal injury, c-sections, and mortality. The UK has had success drastically reducing preeclampsia deaths by implementing a nationwide standard protocol. However, no such mandated guideline currently exists in the United States.
To prevent maternal mortality moving forward, Amnesty International suggests these steps:
Increase government accountability and coordination
Create a national registry for maternal and infant health data while incorporating intersections of gender, race, and social/economic factors
Improve maternity care workforce
Improve diversity in maternity care
Public health sector/government (federal/state/local level) should collaborate with the local community leaders in creating more awareness of maternal mortality rate in local communities.
Enlighten women on importance of early prenatal care registration.
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, out-of-hospital births (such as home births and birthing centers with midwifery assistance) "generally provided a lower risk profile than hospital births." Consistent home-nurse visitations have been found to reduce mortality both in infants and their mothers.
Procedures such as episiotomies and cesareans, while helpful in some cases, when administered unnecessarily increase the risk of maternal death. Midwifery and mainstream obstetric care can be complementary, which is commonly the case in Canada, where women have a wide arrange of pregnancy and birthing options, wherein informed choice and consent are fundamental tenants of their reformed maternity care. The maternal mortality rate is two times lower in Canada than the United States, according to a global survey conducted by the United Nations and the World Bank.
Gender bias, implicit bias, and obstetric violence in the medical field are also important factors when discussing maternal wellness, care, and death in the United States.
According to the Centers for Disease and Prevention, state prevention strategies are best developed using data from Maternal Mortality Review Committees.
Comparisons by state
It is clear that the U.S. has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the Western Hemisphere. The U.S. is to be considered one of the wealthiest and most developed countries on the globe but seems to lack in some areas in the health system. In the U.S., hospital bills for maternal healthcare total over $98 billion, and concerns about the degradation of the maternal resulted in a state-by-state breakdown. In the United States, maternal mortality has been increasing in the South for the past couple of years, specifically in Georgia. The lack of health professionals has limited access to healthcare, especially in communities where residents lack knowledge of prevention. Maternal mortality is one of the health issues that can be prevented if addressed appropriately. This is a gap in healthcare that needs to be addressed for further prevention, especially as the demand for maternal healthcare workers was expected to increase by 6% by 2020. It is clear that Georgia lacks prevention because they do not have access to care and providers in their community. The Spotlight in Poverty states 730,000 Hispanics and Blacks are below 200% level. Less than a quarter of Georgia's population lives in poverty and they are minorities. Living in poverty does increase the chances of maternal mortality because women and children do not have the finances to travel to areas in Georgia that have healthcare access. As of 2018, only 79 counties have an OB-GYN; within the past two years this has declined, especially under the Trump administration. This shortage of maternal healthcare workers is prevalent throughout the country, where as of 2016, 46 percent of U.S. counties have no OB-GYNs and 56 percent have no nurse midwives, according to data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Differences in Medicaid coverage also factor into disparities in maternal mortality, given that over 40% of births nationally are covered by Medicaid, which is administered by state governments and therefore can vary based on location. Currently, all pregnant people at or below 138% of the federal poverty level qualify for Medicaid coverage; however, states can choose to include pregnant people with higher incomes, or allow people to receive covered healthcare temporarily while their application is still being processed. Some state-by-state variations consist of eligibility to qualify for Medicaid, which services fall under the umbrella of covered prenatal and maternity care and how patients are reimbursed for care they receive. Medicaid coverage affects birthing parents from the process of receiving prenatal care through birth and postpartum care, although not all states cover the same range of prenatal services or offer postpartum care after the federally mandated 60-day period. Expansion of care past the 60-day period may prevent some pregnancy-related deaths, 11.7% of which occur between 42 days and 1 year. Only 27 states had expanded this coverage period as of September 2022, with 9 others proposing some sort of extension. As of the same date, 12 states had not implemented any Medicaid expansions.
Another difference is in how much of the state's hospitals are considered rural, since rural hospitals are 6% less likely to offer delivery services than urban hospitals. Rural hospitals also have higher rates of Cesarean sections, which can increase the risk of complications for the person giving birth, although why rates are higher is still unclear.
Table
From CDC source: "Maternal deaths include deaths of women while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and the site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes."
The overall rate for the US is for 2021, and is from a more recent CDC reference than the CDC reference for the individual states.
The asterisk (*) in the data columns is data suppressed due to reliability and confidentiality restrictions.
* next to state indicates "Healthcare in STATE"
Comparisons with other countries
See: List of countries by maternal mortality ratio.
Comparison of the US maternal death rate to the death rate in other countries is complicated by the lack of standardization. Some countries do not have a standard method for reporting maternal deaths and some count in statistics death only as a direct result of pregnancy.
In the 1950s, the maternal mortality rate in the United Kingdom and the United States was the same. By 2018, the rate in the UK was one-third of that in the United States due to implementing a standardized protocol. In 2010, Amnesty International published a 154-page report on maternal mortality in the United States. In 2011, the United Nations described maternal mortality as a human rights issue at the forefront of American healthcare, as the mortality rates worsened over the years. According to a 2015 WHO report, in the United States the MMR between 1990 and 2013 "more than doubled from an estimated 12 to 28 maternal deaths per 100,000 births." By 2015, the United States had a higher MMR than the "Islamic Republic of Iran, Libya and Turkey". In the 2017 NPR and ProPublica series "Lost Mothers: Maternal Mortality in the U.S." based on a six-month long collaborative investigation, they reported that the United States has the highest rate of maternal mortality than any other developed country, and it is the only country where mortality rate has been rising. The maternal mortality rate in the United States is three times higher than that in neighboring Canada and six times higher than in Scandinavia. As of 2020, the United States maternal mortality rate was two times higher than Canada and 10 times higher than New Zealand's.
In the United States specifically, maternal mortality is still a prevalent issue in health care. From the year 2003 to 2013, only 8 countries worldwide saw an increase of the maternal mortality rate. The United States was included in this group, seeing an increase in the pregnancy-related mortality ratio over the past 3 decades. Looking at the years 1990-2013 from a world-wide perspective, the United States of America was the only country to see an increase in the maternal mortality rate over this time period.
The US has the worst rate of maternal deaths in the developed world. The US has the "highest rate of maternal mortality in the industrialized world." In the United States, the maternal death rate averaged 9.1 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births during the years 1979–1986, but then rose rapidly to 14 per 100,000 in 2000 and 17.8 per 100,000 in 2009. In 2013 the rate was 18.5 deaths per 100,000 live births. It has been suggested that the rise in maternal death in the United States may be due to improved identification and misclassification resulting in false positives. The rate has steadily increased to 18.0 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2014. Between 2011 and 2014, there were 7,208 deaths that were reported to the CDC that occurred for women within a year of the end of their pregnancy. Out of this there were 2,726 that were found to be pregnancy-related deaths.
Since 2016, ProPublica and NPR investigated factors that led to the increase in maternal mortality in the United States. They reported that the "rate of life-threatening complications for new mothers in the U.S. has more than doubled in two decades due to pre-existing conditions, medical errors and unequal access to care." According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, c. 4 million women who give birth in the US annually, over 50,000 a year, experience "dangerous and even life-threatening complications."
According to a report by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 1993 the rate of Severe Maternal Morbidity, rose from 49.5 to 144 "per 10,000 delivery hospitalizations" in 2014, an increase of almost 200 percent. Blood transfusions also increased during the same period with "from 24.5 in 1993 to 122.3 in 2014 and are considered to be the major driver of the increase in SMM. After excluding blood transfusions, the rate of SMM increased by about 20% over time, from 28.6 in 1993 to 35.0 in 2014."
The past 60 years have consistently shown considerable racial disparities in pregnancy-related deaths. Between 2011 and 2014, the mortality ratio for different racial populations based on pregnancy-related deaths was as follows: 12.4 deaths per 100,000 live births for white women, 40.0 for black women, and 17.8 for women of other races. This shows that black women have between three and four times greater chance of dying from pregnancy-related issues. It has also been shown that one of the major contributors to maternal health disparities within the United States is the growing rate of non-communicable diseases. In addition, women of color have not received equal access to healthcare professionals and equal treatment by those professionals.
"Black women's poor reproductive outcomes are often seen as a women's personal failure. For example, Black women's adverse birth outcomes are typically discussed in terms of what the women do, such as drinking alcohol, smoking, and having less than optimal eating habits that lead to obesity and hypertension. They may be seen to be at risk based on the presumption that they are 'single,' when in fact they have a partner- but are unmarried.". Black women in the United States are dying at higher rates than white women in the United States. The United States has one of the worst maternal mortality rates despite it being a developed nation.
It is unclear why pregnancy-related deaths in the United States have increased. It seems that the use of computerized data servers by the states and changes in the way deaths are coded, with a pregnancy checkbox added to death certificates in many states, have been shown to improve the identification of these pregnancy-related deaths. Before 2016, there was not a standardized way to report maternal deaths in the United States. Each state was using a different method causing variation in MMR across the country. As more and more states implemented the checkbox, however, there was a large increase in the number of maternal deaths reported. However, this does not contribute to decreasing the actual number of deaths. Also, errors in reporting of pregnancy status have been seen, which most likely leads to an overestimation of the number of pregnancy-related deaths. Again, this does not contribute to explaining why the death rate has increased but does show complications between reporting and actual contributions to the overall rate of maternal mortality.
Even though 99% of births in the United States are attended by some form of skilled health professional, the maternal mortality ratio in 2015 was 14 deaths per 100,000 live births and it has been shown that the maternal mortality rate has been increasing. Also, the United States is not as efficient at preventing pregnancy-related deaths when compared to most of the other developed nations.
The United States took part in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set forth from the United Nations. The MDGs ended in 2015 but were followed-up in the form of the Sustainable Development Goals starting in 2016. The MDGs had several tasks, one of which was to improve maternal mortality rates globally. Despite their participation in this program as well as spending more than any other country on hospital-based maternal care, however, the United States has still seen increased rates of maternal mortality. This increased maternal mortality rate was especially pronounced in relation to other countries who participated in the program, where during the same period, the global maternal mortality rate decreased by 44%. Also, the United States is not currently on track to meet the Healthy People 2020 goal of decreasing maternal mortality by 10% by the year 2020 and continues to fail in meeting national goals in maternal death reduction. Only 23 states have some form of policy that establishes review boards specific to maternal mortality as of the year 2010.
In an effort to respond to the maternal mortality rate in the United States, the CDC requests that the 52 reporting regions (all states and New York City and Washington, DC) send death certificates for all those women who have died and may fit their definition of pregnancy-related death, as well as copies of the matching birth or death records for the infant. However, this request is voluntary and some states may not have the ability to abide by this effort.
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) provided additional access to maternity care by expanding opportunities to obtain health insurance for the uninsured and mandating that certain health benefits have coverage. It also expanded the coverage for women who have private insurance. This expansion allowed them better access to primary and preventative health care services, including for screening and management of chronic diseases. An additional benefit for family planning services was the requirement that most insurance plans cover contraception without cost-sharing. However, more employers are able to claim exemptions for religious or moral reasons under the current administration. Also under the current administration, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has decreased funding for pregnancy prevention programs for adolescent girls.
Those women covered under Medicaid are covered when they receive prenatal care, care received during childbirth, and postpartum care. These services are provided to nearly half of the women who give birth in the United States. Currently, Medicaid is required to provide coverage for women whose incomes are at 133% of the federal poverty level in the United States.
Deaths per 100,000 live births
There are many possible reasons why the United States has a much larger MMR than other developed countries: many hospitals are unprepared for maternal emergencies, 44% of maternal-fetal grants do not go towards the health of the mother, and pregnancy complication rates are continually increasing.
A recent report from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) showed that maternal mortality - deaths that occur during pregnancy or within 42 days after delivery - increased by 40% in 2021. This figure affirmed that the US is the most dangerous rich country to live in during pregnancy or childbirth. The figures put the maternal mortality rate at 32.9 deaths per 100,000 live births – or about one death per 3,000 births. The World Health Organization has announced this rate at 11 in high-income countries in 2017.
See also
Maternal death
Infant mortality
Perinatal mortality
Black Maternal Mortality in the United States
Obstetric transition
The Business of Being Born, a 2008 documentary
Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths in the UK
List of women who died in childbirth
Reproductive rights
Women's reproductive health in the United States
References
External links
BBC News. November 20, 2017. Video: Why do so many US women die giving birth?
"Maternal mortality: An American crisis" CBS News August 5, 2018
Maternal death
Maternity in the United States
Social problems in medicine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite%20Recharge
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Infinite Recharge
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Infinite Recharge (stylized in all caps) is the FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC) game for the 2020 season. The season is in partnership with Lucasfilm as part of its Star Wars: Force for Change initiative.
The Infinite Recharge game involves two alliances of three teams each, with each team controlling a robot and performing specific tasks on a field to score points. The game centers around a futuristic city theme involving two alliances consisting of three teams each competing to perform various tasks, including shooting foam balls known as Power Cells into high and low goals to activate a Shield Generator, manipulating a Control Panel to activate this shield, and returning to the Shield Generator to park or climb at the end of the match. The objective is to energize and activate the shield before the match ends and asteroids strike FIRST City, a futuristic city modeled after Star Wars.
The 2020 season was the first season without an enforced six-week build period, with teams able to work on their robot at any time after kickoff. However, teams are in general not permitted to work on their robot outside of pit hours during an event the team in question is competing at.
The 2020 season was suspended on March 12, 2020, and all remaining events were cancelled on May 13, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On the same day, it was announced that Infinite Recharge would also be played in 2021, with possible "changes" to be revealed at that season's kickoff.
Kickoff
The season's kickoff event took place on January 4, 2020, at 10:00 AM Eastern Time and was centered around an impending asteroid impact threatening the FIRST City. The event was broadcast from Manchester, New Hampshire over Twitch.
Field
Infinite Recharge is played on a 26 ft 11 1/4 in (~821 cm) by 52 ft 5 1/4 in(~1598 cm) field covered in grey low-pile carpet. The field is bounded by short transparent polycarbonate guardrails on the longer sides and the taller Alliance Station walls on the shorter side. The field features two sectors, with each containing one end for each alliance combined with the rendezvous point (center area). The sector contains robots at the start of each match, while drivers control their robots at the alliance station. The rendezvous point contains the Shield Generator and the Trenches.
Alliance Station
Each team has their own Alliance Station that is positioned at one of the ends of the field. The Alliance Station is where drivers control their robots, human players deliver game pieces to robots, and opposing alliance robots shoot game pieces. Alliance Stations contain three driver's stations, one for each participating team in the alliance. The center player station is flanked on one side by the loading bay, and on the other side by the opposing alliance's power port.
Loading Bay
Loading Bays are located in the alliance stations, with one per alliance. The Loading Bays are used by the human player to give game pieces to the robots on the field. There are five places that game pieces can be put into the Loading Bay, with two upper ports, and three ground ports.
Power Cell
Power Cells are the main game piece in Infinite Recharge. The Power Cell is a yellow, 7 in (~18 cm) diameter Medium Bounce Dino-Skin foam ball. The FIRST logo is printed in black ink on each Power Cell.
Shield Generator
The Shield Generator is a large box-shaped structure located in the center of the field. It contains both alliances Rendezvous Points, as well as the two Generator Switches.
Trench Run
The Trench Run is an approximately 4 ft by 18 ft rectangular area on each side of the field bounded by alliance-colored tape that contains the alliance's Control Panel. It is located in the middle of the field, directly adjacent to the Shield Generator.
Scoring Areas
Power Port
There are two Power Ports on the field, with one at each Alliance Station. An alliance's Power Port is located at the opposing alliance's Alliance Station, requiring robots that intake from the Loading Bays to drive across the field in order to score Power Cells. There are three levels of scoring on a Power Port. The rectangular Bottom Port is worth two points in autonomous, or one in the teleoperated (or teleop) period. The hexagonal Outer Port is located above the Bottom Port, and is worth four points during the autonomous period, and two points in teleop. The Inner Port is located inside of the Outer Port, and is a much smaller circular hole set in the back of the Outer Port. It is worth six points in autonomous, and three during teleop.
Scoring Power Cells into the Power Port also contributes towards reaching Capacity, which is a count of the number of power cells scored, regardless of port. Certain levels of Capacity require additional tasks to be completed. Lights around the Power Cell indicate progression towards reaching a stage's Capacity, lighting up in a chase pattern when Capacity is reached but the extra condition is yet to be fulfilled. Upon reaching Capacity and completing the stage's additional task, the stage is said to be Activated.
Control Panel
There are two Control Panels placed on either side of the middle of the field, in each alliance's Trench. They are large discs, with eight colored wedges (red, yellow, blue, and green, repeated once) printed on both the top and bottom. There is a glass panel on the bottom of the Control Panel, however, its wedges are still visible from underneath. After activating Stage 1 and reaching Stage 2's capacity, an alliance may score 10 points by performing Rotation Control on the Control Panel. This entails spinning the Control Panel at least 3 times, but not more than 5. Rotating past a fifth rotation resets this task, and the rotations must be completed again. After activating Stage 2 and reaching Stage 3's capacity, the alliance may score 20 points by performing Position Control. This entails rotating the Control Panel to a certain color specified by the Field Management System through a message sent to each team's driver's station. When complete, this energizes the Shield Generator, gaining the alliance one ranking point.
Rendezvous Point
An alliance's Rendezvous Point is located underneath the Shield generator, and is marked with each alliance's color on three sides, with the fourth side being a black line separating the two Rendezvous Points. Alliances gain 5 points for each robot parked there when the game ends or 25 for each robot hanging, which will be explained below.
Generator Switch
A Generator Switch is located above each alliance's Rendezvous Point, and is attached to the Shield Generator. During the final 30 seconds of a match, robots may extend up and attach to the bar on the bottom of the switch. Each robot attached to the switch and off the ground at the end of the match is worth 25 extra points. The switch is able to swing back and forth when robots attach to it, and there is an additional 15-point bonus for balancing the switch within ~8 degrees of level. An additional ranking point will also be given to an alliance if their endgame score (i.e., that of climbing and parking) is 65 points or more, which makes the Shield Generator operational.
Scoring Summary
In qualification rounds, teams are ranked by their Ranking Score, or their average number of Ranking Points (RP) per match. To ensure high placement, it is not only important to win matches, but to complete the secondary objectives as well, to amass as many Ranking Points as possible.
Events
The competition season for Infinite Recharge was planned to be divided into seven weeks, with many events occurring simultaneously during each week. After Week 7, teams that had qualified were scheduled to compete in the FIRST Championship, held over two weeks in Houston and Detroit. However, due to the coronavirus pandemic, a majority of these events including both championships were eventually cancelled. As a result, the final season covered only three weeks.
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Postponed and Cancelled Events
On January 30, 2020, FIRST announced that the two Beijing Cultural Exchange regional events that were scheduled for Weeks 3 and 4 would be postponed until after the FIRST Championship due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As teams will not have an opportunity to qualify for the 2020 Championship through these events, teams that win Championship-qualifying awards at these two events will qualify for the 2021 Championship instead.
The Taichung Science Park regional, scheduled for Week 2, was postponed for the same reason.
On March 5, FIRST Washington announced that the Auburn Mountainview district event, scheduled for Week 2, was cancelled due to the coronavirus. This was the first event cancellation or postponement in the United States as a result of the outbreak.
On March 6, the Central New York regional, scheduled for Week 4, was postponed due to the coronavirus. The Mount Olive district event, scheduled for Week 2, was cancelled for the same reason.
On March 8, both Australian regionals were postponed due to the coronavirus. All FIRST in Michigan district events after Week 3 were also postponed.
At 10 AM on March 12, the Finger Lakes regional was cancelled due to the coronavirus following an announcement from the Monroe County health department, which restricted events over a size of 50 persons. The FIRST Chesapeake district also cancelled all remaining events, and rescheduled their district championship to June 17–20. Additionally, FIRST Mid-Atlantic has postponed all of its remaining events, including the district championship.
On March 12, 2020, FIRST announced that the 2020 season was suspended effective immediately. It was also announced that both FIRST Championship events would be cancelled.
On May 13, all suspended events were cancelled by FIRST. Additionally, it was announced that Infinite Recharge will be replayed in 2021 "with adjustments".
Events Postponed or Cancelled Before March 12
Districts Postponed Before March 12
Events Suspended or Cancelled on March 12
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7
FIRST Championship
FIRST Virtual Showcase
On May 2, FIRST held a showcase event over Twitch, where they presented several awards that would have been otherwise awarded at the FIRST Championship. This included the Woodie Flowers Award and the Founders Award, which was presented to the FIRST community "in recognition of our members’ use of science and technology to make the world better and stronger." Additionally, it was announced that the championship would remain in Houston and Detroit for the 2021 season.
References
Notes
FIRST Robotics Competition games
2020 in robotics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelechi%20Iheanacho
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Kelechi Iheanacho
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Kelechi Promise Iheanacho () (spelled Ịheanachọ in Igbo) (born 3 October 1996) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a forward for club Leicester City and the Nigeria national team. A prolific goalscorer with creative abilities, he is nicknamed Senior Man and is renowned for his vision, dribbling, speed and finishing.
Iheanacho began his senior career at Manchester City during the 2015–16 season. He moved to Leicester City in 2017 for a reported £25 million fee, where he became the second African most expensive player after Salah, and Nigeria's most expensive player ever. He holds the record of the first player in Premier League history to score on all days of the week within a single season, with 12, and the first player in English Football to score a VAR goal which earned Leicester City the first team to score a VAR goal in English Football history. Iheanacho was the instrumental that led Leicester City to their first FA Cup final in the 2020–21 Tournament since their last appearance in 1969 (52 years). He is one of the sixteen teenagers to have ever scored 10 Premier League goals during his teenage career since the establishment of Premier League in 1992, he is the highest-scoring active player in FA Cup history, and the highest African goal scorer in the history of the tournament.
At international level, Iheanacho was part of the Nigeria squad that won the Nigeria U-20 team at the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup, and made his senior international debut for Nigeria the same year at the 2015 African Cup of Nations, in a qualifying match against Swaziland that Nigeria won. Since then, he has represented the country in various international tournaments. Iheanacho was awarded the Best Player award at the 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup, winning the Golden Ball and Silver Boot Awards and was voted the most valuable player of the tournament at the age of 17 as he led Nigeria's U17 team to their record 4th U-17 World Cup.
Following his performances at the FIFA U-17 and the 2016 AFCON, he was named CAF Most Promising African Talent twice (2013 and 2016) and CAF Team of the Year (2016). He won the EFL Cup with Manchester City and has won the FA Cup and the FA Community Shield with Leicester City.
Club career
Manchester City
Early career
Iheanacho was born in Owerri, Imo State. As a youth, he represented Taye Academy in Owerri, the capital city of Imo. His performances for Nigeria in the 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup led to interest from clubs in Europe; teams following his progress included Arsenal, Sporting CP and Porto. In December 2012, Iheanacho travelled to England to discuss a move to Manchester City. He signed a pre-contract agreement with the club, stating his intent to formally sign for City on his 18th birthday in October 2014. In the interim, he returned to Nigeria. As the year drew to a close, the Confederation of African Football (CAF) named him the Most Promising Talent of the Year for 2013 at the CAF Awards.
Iheanacho joined Manchester City's Academy on 10 January 2015. Before the 2014–15 season, City visited the United States on a pre-season tour, and although still not formally a City player, he joined up with the squad. He played and scored in the first match of the tour, a 4–1 win against Sporting Kansas City, and scored again against Milan in a 5–1 win. After the conclusion of the tour, Manchester City arranged for Iheanacho to train with the Columbus Crew until mid-October.
Delays in obtaining a work permit meant Iheanacho was unable to play in England until February 2015. He made his debut at under-19 level in a UEFA Youth League match against Schalke 04, but sustained an injury after only 11 minutes. After his recovery, he began to represent Manchester City at both youth and under-21 level in the latter part of the season. He played in the FA Youth Cup final, where he scored, but ended on the losing side after Chelsea claimed a 5–2 aggregate victory. The following week, he scored the only goal as Manchester City beat Porto in the final of the 2014–15 Premier League International Cup.
2015–16 season
In July 2015, Iheanacho was included in City's pre-season tour team in Australia. On the tour, he set up the first goal for Raheem Sterling and scored the second goal in the win against Roma in the 2015 International Champions Cup. He also set up Sterling for the fourth goal in City's 8–1 victory against the Vietnam national team. In City's last preseason game, against VfB Stuttgart, he came on as a substitute, scoring late on in a 4–2 defeat. Due to his impressive pre-season, Iheanacho was promoted to the Manchester City senior squad.
On 10 August 2015, Iheanacho was included in a first-team matchday squad for the first time in a competitive fixture, however he remained an unused substitute in their 3–0 win at West Bromwich Albion in their first game of the Premier League season. Nineteen days later, he made his competitive debut, replacing Raheem Sterling for the final minute of a 2–0 win against Watford at the City of Manchester Stadium. He scored his first competitive goal on 12 September, replacing Wilfried Bony in the final minute in a match away to Crystal Palace and scoring the only goal of the game.
Iheanacho scored his first career hat-trick on 30 January 2016 against Aston Villa in the fourth round of the FA Cup, also setting up City's fourth goal, scored by Raheem Sterling. The following month, he was put in City's UEFA Champions League squad at the expense of the injured Samir Nasri. During February, Iheanacho scored against Tottenham Hotspur in a 2–1 home defeat for City.
Iheanacho's next goals came on 23 April 2016, where he scored twice against Stoke City in a 4–0 victory. He followed this up with a Champions League semi-final substitute appearance on 26 April 2016. Five days later, on 1 May 2016, he scored two again, albeit in a 4–2 defeat at the hands of Southampton.
Iheanacho ended the 2015–16 season with eight Premier League goals and had the best goals-per-minute ratio of any player, averaging a goal every 93.9 minutes. In all competitions he finished with a record of 14 goals and 5 assists from 35 appearances, although he only started 11 of these games. His goals total also meant he ended the season as City's third-highest scorer.
2016–17 season
On 10 September 2016, Iheanacho started in the Manchester derby. He recorded an assist and his first goal of the season in a 2–1 win for City. Four days later, Iheanacho came off the bench to score the final goal in City's 4–0 home win in the Champions League, against Borussia Mönchengladbach. This was his first European goal for Manchester City. Three days after the 4–0 win, Iheanacho scored the second goal, also assisting the third, in City's game against AFC Bournemouth. That goal took his tally in the Premier League to 10, allowing him to join an exclusive list of players to have scored 10 Premier League goals before the age of 20. This list includes players such as Wayne Rooney, Ryan Giggs, Nicolas Anelka, Michael Owen and Romelu Lukaku.
In October 2016, Iheanacho was nominated for the FIFA Golden Boy award, which was eventually won by Bayern Munich's midfielder Renato Sanches. Previous winners of the award include teammates Raheem Sterling and Sergio Agüero.
Iheanacho's next goal would come in the Champions League, against Celtic, in a 1–1 home draw on 6 December 2016. Iheanacho's final goal of the season, and subsequently final goal for City, came against Huddersfield in a 5–1 FA Cup fifth round replay win, in which Iheanacho scored the final goal of the game.
Leicester City
2017–2020
Iheanacho was signed by Premier League club Leicester City on a five-year contract on 3 August 2017, for a reported £25 million fee. He made his debut for the club in a 4–3 defeat to Arsenal on 11 August 2017. He scored his first goal for Leicester in an EFL Cup tie against Leeds United on 24 October 2017. On 16 January 2018, Iheanacho became the first player in English football to be awarded a goal due to video assistant referee, as the referee deemed that the player had been incorrectly ruled offside for his second goal. The goal was Iheanacho's second in a 2–0 win over Fleetwood Town in the FA Cup Third Round replay.
2020–21 season
Iheanacho wasn't in the first-choice starting eleven at the start of the season, and only started two of Leicester's first 21 Premier League games. However, several injuries to key players meant that Iheanacho got an extended run of games. Iheanacho then went on a goalscoring run of 12 goals in 10 games in all competitions during March and April.
Iheanacho scored his first Premier League hat-trick in a 5–0 win against Sheffield United on 14 March 2021. A week later, Iheanacho netted a brace in Leicester's 3–1 win over Manchester United in the quarter-finals of the FA Cup, sending the club into the semi-finals of the competition for the first time since 1981–82. The two strikes were Iheanacho's eighth and ninth goals in his last nine matches in all competitions. Iheanacho won the Premier League Player of the Month award in March 2021 after scoring five goals in three league appearances.
On 3 April, Iheanacho signed a new three-year contract with Leicester, keeping him at the club until at least 2024. On 18 April, Iheanacho scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Southampton in the FA Cup semi-final at Wembley Stadium. The win took the Foxes to their first FA Cup final since 1969.
2021–22 season
Iheanacho and Leicester started the 2021–22 season with the 2021 FA Community Shield against Manchester City. Iheanacho was substituted on during the 79th minute and scored the winning goal, an 89th-minute penalty against his former club.
2022–23 season
Iheanacho received Leicester's Player of the Year award following a season that resulted in the club's relegation from the Premier League.
International career
Iheanacho has represented Nigeria at youth levels from under-13 upwards. His first experience of a major international tournament was the 2013 African U-17 Championship in Morocco. For Iheanacho, the highlight was a hat-trick in a win against Botswana. He dedicated his goals to his mother, who died two months before the tournament. Nigeria reached the final of the competition, where they were defeated on penalties by the Ivory Coast.
Iheanacho played a significant role in the 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup, where he won the Golden Ball award for player of the tournament. Nigeria won the competition, in which Iheanacho scored six times, including once in the final, and provided seven assists. In the run-up to the 2014 African Nations Championship, Iheanacho trained with the senior Nigeria squad but was released from the squad in order to travel to England to sign with Manchester City. He was part of the Nigeria squad for the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup in New Zealand, and featured in two matches.
He was selected by Nigeria for their 35-man provisional squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics, but failed to make the final 18.
Iheanacho made his senior debut as a substitute in a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying match against Eswatini in which Nigeria drew 0–0. His first start for the senior team was on 25 March 2016, a 1–1 draw with Egypt in a 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying match.
Iheanacho was selected by Nigeria in friendly matches against Mali and Luxembourg in May 2016. He scored in the two games, providing an assist against Luxembourg.
His performance in the friendly matches inspired further confidence within football circles in the nation and was invited to make his competitive debut against Egypt in an African Cup of Nations qualifying series where he provided an assist for Oghenekaro Etebo in the home game.
Despite the change made in the coaching personnel in August this year, he distinguished himself again as one of the most important players in the team when he scored two superb goals in the two matches against Tanzania in Uyo and Zambia in Ndola.
In May 2018 he was named in Nigeria's preliminary 30-man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia.
On 25 December 2021, Iheanacho was shortlisted in Nigeria's 2021 Africa Cup of Nations 28-man squad by caretaker coach Austin Eguavoen. He scored Nigeria's first goal of the tournament in the 30th minute of their opening match victory against Egypt.
Player profile
Style of play
A creative player and talented prolific goal scorer, he has been praised for his vision and goal-poaching prowess. Although he mainly plays as a striker but is a versatile player that can be deployed to various positions in the final third, and is generally described by pundits as one of the most efficient strikers in England.
Reception
Iheanacho first rose to prominence in 2013 after the FIFA U-17 World Cup as an attacking midfielder. Manuel Pellegrini has profiled him as an important and hard working player. His manager, Brendan Rodgers described him as an incredible, hardworking, and a highly talented player with no ego, in an interview with BBC and Sky Sports. FA Cup named him one of the most iconic black players in the history of the competition. BBC and other several media outlets profiled him as the “deadliest striker in Europe”, and has been deemed as the most in-form striker in Premier League while praising his speed rate at scoring goals. Former British strikers and sports pundits, Gary Linekar and Alan Shearer, described him as “bag of talents” and a player who has a great pace and massive potentials. His manager, Craig Shakespeare proclaimed him as an enormously talented player that has shown a huge amount of promise at every level in which he’s played. His teammate, Isaac Success described him as the best player he has ever played with in his entire career.
As of 2015-2016, Iheanacho emerged as the player who has the best goals-per-minute record in Premier League history and currently the only African to do so, and was proclaimed Premier League and Europe's "Most Prolific Goal Scorer" by The Telegraph, Sky Sports and various other media outlets. Former English Ballon d'Or nominee and pundit Rio Ferdinand has described him, saying to Sports Extra; 'Kelechi at the moment is the best Nigerian player playing in the EPL this season, because he scores goals man, he’s a goalscorer'. Emerging Nigerian football talents often consider Iheanacho a role model. He idolizes Kaka, Wayne Rooney, Didier Drogba and Leo Messi, and has profiled Ronaldinho and Sergio Aguero as his inspirations, also Jamie Vardy who has been described by pundits as his rival. But he has rejected this and cited him as a legend and a motivation for him to become a better player. He has also expressed his interest to emulate attacking midfielder Jay-Jay Okocha and forward Nwankwo Kanu in the Premier League and they have both cited Iheanacho as a great player and one of the best strikers in the world.
Goal celebration trademark
After scoring a goal, Iheanacho goal celebration trademark is going on his knees and pointing his both hands in respect to the sky which he has described wrestling legend, his favorite wrestler Bryan Danielson as the inspiration behind it. In 2013, the wrestler acknowledged him after he became the instrumental of Nigeria's win over Mexico with four goals that year.
Personal life
Iheanacho is from the Igbo ethnic group of Nigeria. He is a Christian.
Career statistics
Club
International
Nigeria score listed first, score column indicates score after each Iheanacho goal.
Honours
Manchester City
Football League Cup: 2015–16
Leicester City
FA Cup: 2020–21
FA Community Shield: 2021
Nigeria U17
FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2013
Individual
FIFA U-17 World Cup Golden Ball: 2013
CAF Most Promising Talent of the Year: 2013, 2016
CAF Team of the Year: 2016 (as a substitute)
FIFA U-17 World Cup Silver Shoe: 2013
CAF U-17 African Championship Silver Shoe: 2013
Premier League Player of the Month: March 2021
Leicester City Player of the Year: 2022–23
References
External links
Kelechi Iheanacho at the Leicester City F.C. website
1996 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Owerri
Nigerian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Manchester City F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Premier League players
Nigeria men's youth international footballers
Nigeria men's under-20 international footballers
Nigeria men's international footballers
2018 FIFA World Cup players
2021 Africa Cup of Nations players
Nigerian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in England
Nigerian Christians
Igbo sportspeople
English Football League players
Footballers from Imo State
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian%20%28band%29
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Caspian (band)
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Caspian is an American post-rock band from Beverly, Massachusetts, United States.
History
Early history: 2003–2004
Caspian loosely formed in Autumn of 2003 in Beverly, Massachusetts, developing material through the first year of its existence, recording a demo in May 2004 and performing a small number of shows in late 2004 and early 2005, including support for the Japanese post-rock band Mono. The band's first performance took place at The Pickled Onion in Beverly, Massachusetts on August 26, 2004. At the time, the band had not yet chosen the name Caspian and was looking for a vocalist.
You Are the Conductor: 2005–2006
In January 2005, the band signed with Dopamine Records, releasing a debut EP, You Are the Conductor in November 2005. This was followed, in January 2006, with the band's first tour of the Northeast comprising four dates in New York, D.C. and Pittsburgh. In April and May 2006, the band embarked on its first full tour of the US, reaching to the west coast and back. A hand pressed, limited edition tour EP was released by the band in September 2006 on their second full tour of the United States.
The Four Trees: 2007–2008
Over the course of 2006, the band developed material for a debut album, recording with Ethan Dussault again in August 2006 in Cambridge, Massachusetts at the newly renovated New Alliance Audio. Released on Dopamine Records on April 10, 2007, their debut album, The Four Trees, continued their positive exposure to a growing underground of Post-Rock fans. The album was re-released in Europe by Make My Day Records in July 2008. Later that year, they recorded a split 7-inch with fellow Massachusetts band Constants.
Once again Caspian embarked on a three-month-long coast to coast tour of the United States to support the release. After learning that founding member, guitarist Calvin Joss, could no longer fulfill touring duties, Erin Burke-Moran of The Fly-Agaris Sky, was initially recruited to tour in place of Joss, but became a full-time member immediately following their 2007 Spring U.S. Tour. Joss remains an active member of the band and will perform live with the band when scheduling permits.
Tertia: 2009–2011
Now officially a 5 piece band, Caspian released a follow-up to their debut called Tertia in Europe on 7 August 2009 and in the US on 15 September 2009. Caspian once again recorded the album in February 2007 at New Alliance Audio with Ethan Dussault.
To tour the album upon its release, Caspian enlisted Washington DC area guitarist, Jonny Ashburn, and Austin, TX bassist, Jon McMahan to assist. Tertia was supported by two massive European tours (Fall of 2009 and Spring 2010) and a two-month North American tour (March/April 2010) that included opening for Red Sparowes and Fang Island. In July 2010, the band played their first ever shows in China. The two-date "Asian Tour" was July 16 at the Hidden Agenda Live House and the second was on July 17 in Guangzhou, as part of the Qiangyuan Music Festival. The band toured the U.S. in September and October with their October 22 show at the Old South Church in Boston. The show was recorded, and highlights were released on an EP titled Live at the Old South Church in January 2012. The tour continued to Europe in November and December playing support with God is an Astronaut. In 2010, the band performed close to 150 concerts in 33 countries on 3 continents. The band played their final concert of 2010 at the Middle East Downstairs in Cambridge as part of the "Last Night on Earth", the eighth of the series, with Constants, Irepress and Moving Mountains.
Waking Season: 2011–2014
In a band blog update in early January 2011, the band said that most of their time over the next year would be spent writing and recording their 3rd full-length album. They performed at the 2011 SXSW Music Festival in Austin, Texas and played an 8-day European tour in April 2011 visiting Russia, Germany, Poland, and the Netherlands including a headline performance at the Dunk! Festival in Zottegem, Belgium.
During the summer of 2011, Caspian refrained from live performances and focused exclusively on writing new material. The band enlisted the services of Matt Bayles to co-produce, engineer, and mix the record, which was recorded at Q Division Studios in Somerville, MA in January 2012 for 3 weeks. Additional recording and production occurred in February 2012 at Radar Studios in Clinton, CT. The album was mixed at Red Room Studios in Seattle by Matt Bayles with the band for 10 days in May, 2012. On July 9, 2012, the band announced that the album title would be Waking Season. The release date was later confirmed to be September 21, 2012, sold via Triple Crown Records. A week before the album's U.S. release, Spin.com posted a full stream of the album and called it "The Post Rock Album of the Year".
The band played a few shows before starting a 16-show-run in support of Minus the Bear and Cursive. Upon completion of that string of dates, Caspian headed to Europe touring from October 10 through November 20, and completed a full U.S. headline tour in February and March 2013 with support from Junius and Native.
On May 26, the band opened up day two of the first Boston Calling Music Festival at the Boston City Hall Plaza.
The band played a short and spirited set and it also marked the first time the band played with six members on stage. The band followed up the outdoor show with a free concert in Beverly on July 13.
On August 28, 2013, the band announced via Facebook that bassist Chris Friedrich had died. He was 32 years old.
For much of the month of October 2013 the band supported HIM on a European tour. They subsequently returned to the U.S. for a string of dates with 65daysofstatic as co-headliners.
During this tour, the band announced the release of a new EP, entitled Hymn for the Greatest Generation, containing three new songs, as well as a demo and two remixes of songs from Waking Season. Pitchfork began to stream the title track on October 9, 2013, prior to the EP's release on November 11, 2013. Hymn for the Greatest Generation was the final recording on which bassist Chris Friedrich appeared, though it was released after his death.
The album Waking Season was later given an Australia and New Zealand release through Hobbledehoy Record Co. in January 2014.
In March 2014, the band did two shows before departing for a tour of Asia and Australia. The 14-show-tour had the band playing shows in the Philippines, Singapore, six shows in China, Taiwan, and a five shows in Australia.
Dust and Disquiet: 2015–2017
In June 2015, Caspian released a 10th anniversary concert film, Live From the Larcom, recorded at the historic Larcom Theatre in their hometown of Beverly, Massachusetts in October 2014. The release was followed by a free screening of the film at the Cabot Theater.
The band began work on their fourth LP in March and April, and began hosting "listening parties" where paying fans were given iPods loaded with tracks from the album and invited to listen and discuss the record. The band also hosted additional parties in Europe in April and May 2015. On June 26, Noisey premiered the first single, "Sad Heart of Mine", off the upcoming record, titled Dust & Disquiet. On September 13, 2015, the band appeared on "Boston Emissions", a radio program airing on WZLX. All six members were in studio for the interview and a number of the new songs were played from the forthcoming record. Dust & Disquiet was released worldwide on September 25, 2015. Along with the single, the band announced U.S. and Canada tour dates for the fall, 2015. The album was the first from the band to include vocals.
By the end of the first four months of 2016, the band had played over 50 shows. In February, the band did a U.S. tour with Defeater, after which they headed to Asia, where they performed a dozen total shows in China, Taiwan and the band's first-ever shows in Japan. Once back in the U.S., the band headed out on tour in support of Underoath. The tour opened in Houston on March 21 and concluded in Orlando Florida on April 24, with 29 total shows played.
After much of the summer was taken for personal time, the band headed back to Europe in mid August and played a series of headlining dates and appeared at 5 different festivals. On October 20, the band released a short film that was accompanied by a new song "Castles High, Marble Bright". The track made its first live appearance almost two years to the day prior. The band, when doing their 10th Anniversary show at the Larcom Theater, closed the show with this track, which some fans took to calling "Joy". Alongside the video, the band announced its plan to release the track via "8 Inch" and it would be sold on their tour as well as available online both digitally and in physical form. On October 22, the band hit the road in North America once more. The 22 date tour started in Washington DC at the Rock and Roll Hotel and ended on November 19 a Bar Le Ritz, in Montreal, Canada. All shows featured The Appleseed Cast. On the November 1, 2016 stop of the tour, the band was recorded performing live at the Teragram Ballroom in Los Angeles to be later featured on Last Call with Carson Daly. The segment aired on November 15 in the U.S. and it featured "Sad Heart of Mine" as well as a shortened version of "Arcs of Command" in the latter part of the program. This was the band's first appearance on late night television. The band appeared for a second time on the show in February 2017. Recorded at the same venue, the second airing of the show had an abridged performance of "Castles High, Marble Bright".
On 18, February 2017, the band played their first show in Mexico. The band was part of the "Forever Alone Festival" that took place at Foro Indie Rocks in Mexico City. Other bands on the bill included This Will Destroy You, TTNG, The Polar Dream, Mylets and many more. The band was then slated to support Katatonia on their 28-city-tour. The tour opened in Washington D.C. on March 16, and concluded on April 22 when both bands appeared at the New England Metal and Hardcore Festival in Worcester MA. No sooner did the band complete the tour with Katatonia when they played two additional shows in China. On April 29, the band played the Strawberry Festival in Shanghai and then on May 1, for a headline show at Modern Sky Lab in Beijing.
Touring and On Circles: 2018-2021
In March 2018, via social media, the band posted a shot of them in the studio. There was no indication given as to the potential release of any of the material.
The band headed to Europe for a brief tour that included a performance at DunkFest in Zottegem. The band then played two shows at Saint Vitus in New York City as part of the Northside Festival. At the time, it was slated to be the only U.S. shows for 2018, so the band celebrated by performing Dust and Disquiet in full on the June 8, their second night.
The band supported Minus the Bear from 9 October to 28 October 2018, for a total of 18 shows.
In May 2019, the band announced they were headed to the studio to record their next record. In a social media post, the band indicated they would be in studio for the month. The initial recording was completed in late-May 2019.
On June 11, 2019, the band formally announced that a longtime friend and collaborator, Justin Forrest, was the new drummer for the band. Forrest had been touring with the band since 2018 and was also the drummer while the band was in the studio over the prior month. In the same post, the band also acknowledged that the split with former drummer Joe Vickers was amicable.
On November 16, 2019, the band performed two shows (matinee and evening) show with the Losander Chamber Orchestra. The event was held at the Cabot Theater in Beverly, Massachusetts. The orchestra was made up of string, brass and woodwind instruments and they accompanied the band on many of the songs. The event featured never before heard songs as well as Caspian classics. Burke-Moran was responsible for much of the sheet music used by the Orchestra and would even put his guitar down on a few occasions during the event to "conduct".
On Circles was released January 24, 2020.
On March 25, 2020, many of the band members were involved with a Q+A on Reddit and handled well over 250 unique questions. With touring plans on hold and self quarantine due to COVID-19, many of the band members took to social media for chats and online lessons with fan interaction. Phil Jamieson explained "Circles on Circles", a few days later Calvin Joss worked through "(Hymn for) The Greatest Generation", Jonny Ashburn did "Rioseco" and finally Erin Burke-Moran worked "Arcs of Command".
Pairing up with Audiotree, who had filmed the Cabot Theater show, the band did a 24 hour "ticketed" stream of the show on 30 September 2020. Fans that bought "virtual tickets" were provided a code and a 24 hour window to watch the show as often as they'd like. Prior to the first airing (and during), Jamieson, Ashburn and Zubkov were all part of the live chat with fans. The band wanted the event to "feel like an actual concert", having said there is no plan to release the show other than this one off event. The following day, Jamieson and Burke-Moran did an Instagram Live session to further engage fans.
The band announced that a European tour was slated for October 2021. Caspian, along with Holy Fawn are slated to support Cult of Luna on 14 of 15 shows.
The album, On Circles, was nominated for the "Best Recording Package" Grammy Award. Jordan Butcher was the art director for the album.
The demos for On Circles were released via Bandcamp for just a 24 hour period in May, 2021.
Departure of Erin Burke-Moran and future performances end of 2022
In the late summer of 2021, guitarist Erin Burke-Moran announced his departure from the band.
The band performed two gigs at The Sinclair, in Cambridge, MA on 30 September and 1st October. These shows marked the bands return to a live setting in over 597 days. Guitarist Calvin Joss performed the Burke-Moran guitar sections and on night one tenor saxophonist John Aruda joined the band for two songs (just a single tune in the night two performance). Aruda became wildly popular with the audience after his stirring work during the bands orchestral shows in November 2019. Night two featured another local band Circus Trees.
The band had a few shows in the US in November where they opened for Murder By Death twice and were supported by Holy Fawn twice.
A few weeks after the short tour wrapped guitarist Phillip Jamieson announced a "Covers" album, aptly titled "Covers Vol. 1." The 8 track collection was uploaded to his Bandcamp page and Jamieson noted: %100 of all proceeds will be donated to the Petey Greene Program (PGP), a Massachusetts organization that recruits volunteers to support the academic goals of incarcerated and formerly incarcerated people. Jamieson had shared via social media his covers of "Name" by Goo Goo Dolls, "The Longest Time" Billy Joel and a day before the full release announcement "Don't Come Around Here No More" by Tom Petty. Jamieson indicated "There are more coming".
In April of 2022 the band played two shows in support of the Converge collaboration "Bloodmoon". The Boston show on 9, April was the bands first show at the new venue in Boston "Roadrunner". The following night the band played New York City. June of 2022 saw the band do a quick North American run of shows (6 total) with Arms and Sleepers as support. On the final night of the tour during the bands soundcheck the venue had electrical issues. A last minute update found the band in another venue, but happily wrapping up the tour. The band had a larger European run of shows (approx. 17) over the summer of 2022. Many of shows were Cult of Luna and Holy Fawn. To wrap up 2022 the band performed at "The Last Night on Earth". The show at The Sinclair in Cambridge, MA included Junius, Som and The Burning Paris. Limited edition posters were created with five color variations by Kris Johnsen who had done posters for the event in the past.
2023
The band announced via social media two concerts in the US to support Defeater. The shows slated for 21 July at the Middle East Nightclub in Cambridge MA and 22 July at Saint Vitus Bar in New York City. The event sold quickly and Caspian will play the night after, this time as the headliner. On 21st, June the band announced the release of "On Circles: The complete Sessions". The deluxe 2LP release is limited to 1500 copies and contains three unheard tracks (Nagoya”, “Vortices”, and “Barfly”). The band noted it would be vinyl only "for now".
Discography
Studio albums
The Four Trees (2007)
Tertia (2009)
Waking Season (2012)
Dust and Disquiet (2015)
On Circles (2020)
On Circles:The Complete Sessions (2023)
Other releases
You Are the Conductor (2005)
Tour EP (2006)
Split with Constants (2008)
Live at Old South Church (2012)
Hymn for the Greatest Generation (2013)
Castles High, Marble Bright (2016)
On Circles, the Demos digital only (2021)
Members
Current
Philip Jamieson - guitar, keyboards, synthesizers (2004–present)
Calvin Joss - guitar, pedal steel guitar (2004–present)
Jonny Ashburn - guitar (August 2009–present)
Jani Zubkovs - bass guitar (2013–present)
Justin Forrest - drums (2018–present)
Former
Chris Friedrich - bass (2004-2013; deceased)
Jon McMahan - bass (touring only, August 2009—March 2013)
Joe Vickers - drums (2004–2018)
Erin Burke-Moran - guitar (May 2007–2021)
See also
List of post-rock bands
References
External links
Official web site
MySpace page for Caspian
American post-rock groups
Rock music groups from Massachusetts
Beverly, Massachusetts
American post-metal musical groups
American ambient music groups
Heavy metal musical groups from Massachusetts
American experimental musical groups
Musical groups established in 2003
Triple Crown Records artists
Big Scary Monsters Recording Company artists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashby%2C%20Massachusetts
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Ashby, Massachusetts
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Ashby is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 3,193 at the 2020 census, which makes it the least populous municipality in Middlesex County. Ashby is primarily a bedroom community, consisting almost entirely of single family homes and a limited number of businesses.
Ashby is also host to a large portion of the Willard Brook State Forest. Including Damon Pond, Trap Falls, and numerous miles of hiking trails.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and (1.53%) is water.
Ashby is bordered by New Ipswich, New Hampshire and Mason, New Hampshire to the north, Townsend to the east, Lunenburg to the southeast, Fitchburg to the south, and Ashburnham to the west. Situated at the northwestern corner of Middlesex County, Ashby is the only town in Middlesex County that does not border more than one other town in the same county.
Transportation
Route 31 runs north–south through Ashby, and Route 119 runs east–west. The two routes have a short overlap to the east of the town center.
Ashby is a member of the Montachusett Regional Transit Authority (MART), but there is no direct public transportation to the town beyond paratransit services; the nearest service is in the city of Fitchburg, to the south.
Demographics
At the 2010 census, there were 3,074 people, 1,105 households and 862 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 1,191 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 97.1% White, 0.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.
There were 1,060 households, of which 34.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.5% were married couples living together, 0.9% had a male householder with no wife present, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.8% were non-families. 12.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.20.
Of the 3,074 people in the population, 24.5% were under the age of 18, 8.0% were 15 to 19 years of age, 4.6% were 20 to 24 years of age, 22.7% were 25 to 44 years of age, 35.6% were 45 to 64 years of age, and 10.5% were 65 years and over. The median age was 42.6 years. For every 100 females, there was 101.0 males. For every 100 females 18 years and over there were 102.0 males.
The median household income was $82,614, and the median family income was $84,655. The median income of individuals working full-time was $62,355 for males versus $44,511 for females. The per capita income for the town was $32,434. About 0.9% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.0% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.
History
Background
Ashby was first settled in 1676 and was officially incorporated in 1767. The town was formed from portions of Townsend, Ma., Lunenburg, Ma., Fitchburg, Ma., and Dorchester-Canada (portion of Ashburnham, Ma.) One of the earliest settlers of the town was John Fitch. Fitch was kidnapped by Native Americans in 1748 and was held hostage for six months. Fitch died in 1795 with his surviving children remaining in the community. The John Fitch Monument know to most at the "monument" is located at the intersection of South and Richardson roads stands to this day and was recently cleaned up by volunteers in 2021. Though some mills existed in the town, the community remained primarily an agricultural one with the majority of land being used for farming in the 1700s and 1900s. Ashby was at one time home to numerous apple orchards the remnants of which can be found in the woods behind present day houses.
Places of Interest
Historical Society
The Ashby Historical Society formed in 1900 with a goal of preserving Ashby's history for future generations. The group maintains and curates a small museum in the old engine house located in the center of town that was originally constructed around 1899. The society maintains a collection of artifacts from the town's history and continues to add donations and found artifacts to its collections. This collection of artifacts includes maps, books, letters, furniture, farm implements, firefighting apparatus, and much more. Hand pumped fire apparatus in are on display at the historical society along with are fire related tools.
"The Town Pump"
The Town Pump, a news letter published during the final two years of WWII had its first addition published in June 1944 and last in September 1945. The Town Pump circulated during as a means of keeping residents temporary out of town supporting the war effort informed on that which was happening at home. The news letter circulated during 1944 and 1945 until publication ceased with the end of the war. You can find scanned digital copies of "The Town Pump" online.
The Ashby Stock Farm
The Ashby Stock Farm, also known as the Middlesex Stock Farm is situated on the largest parcel of contiguous open space remaining in town today. The farm consists of 238 acres of hay fields and forestland. The farm once stretched all of the way into down town and up to the New Hampshire border. The farm has had several owners and was once a large dairy operation. Currently the farm is privately owned and has horses and active hay production on the property.
Gazebo and Town Common
The Ashby town common is a familiar sight for anyone traveling through town on Route 119. The common is a moderately sized triangular parcel of land in the center of town just at the crest of the hill in front of one of two remaining historic churches. The common was once shaded by several maple trees many of which have since died and been removed. The gazebo stands where it has since the 19th century and was restored in the 2000s.
South Village (Mill Village)
The South Village area also referred to on some historic maps as the "Mill Village" is the area surrounding the outlet of the Ashby Reservoir. This small section of town was home to a gristmill and some limited mill housing that was constructed by Ephraim Hayward around 1800. There are two buildings that still exist to this day on the property now owned by Middlesex County Foundation. The property remains in operation by Camp Middlesex as seasonal a 4-H camp. The mill buildings, dam and bridge have been maintained over the years with the bridge over the spillway being replaced in the 2000s. The mills changed hands multiple times during there operation eventually being operated by William O. Loveland who continued to run the saw mill and retrofitted the gristmill to produce electricity. Loveland is believed to have been the one to convince the Board of Selectmen to construct poles and run electric power to light the center of town around 1902. The mills were eventually closed in the 1920s.
Cemeteries
Ashby contains three historic cemeteries located through the town.
The First Parish Burial Ground also referred to as the "Old Burial Ground" was established on the common in 1767.
Glenwood cemetery is newer than all of the towns other cemeteries and was constructed in 1867.
West cemetery originally a family burial ground started during Revolutionary War was later used in the 20th century by many Finnish families. This cemetery like all of the others is now owned and maintained by the town.
Watatic Ski Area
Mount Watatic Located in the towns of Ashburnham, MA and Ashby, MA was once home to a small ski area that operated from the 1930s until its closure in 1984. The ski area started with a small rope tow and expanded to the summit some time later thought to be in the 1960s. At its height the ski area had snow making and night skiing, impressive features at the time. The area also included multiple rope tows, two T-bars and double chairs that eventually replaced the old rope tows and one T-bar. In 1984 the ski area eventually succumbed to competition and its poor location in relation to major roads. There was one attempt to reopen the ski area in 1988 under the name Ski Adventure that was in the end unsuccessful. The land of the former ski area is currently held in conservation and is accessible to the public for hiking. Hikers can find the old grown in trails and remnants of the area's structures still visible on the back side of the mountain.
Mount Watatic was also once home to state fire tower #31 that looked out over central Massachusetts at an elevation above sea level of 1590 FT. Phone lines to the tower ran up the Ashby and Ashburnham sides of the mountain over the years.
See more about Mount Watatic
Recent History
250th Parade and Celebration
The Ashby 250th celebration in 2017 featured a year long schedule of events including a parade, tour of the historical society, ecumenical camp meeting, horse demonstrations, old fashion baseball game, bonfire, and several other events.
Other
The majority European-American town gained national attention in 1973 when the Ashby Town Meeting voted 148 to 79 against inviting non-white people to live there.
Ashby Free Public Library
The library is a public library, founded in 1874 "largely through the efforts of Rev. George S. Shaw." In the 1890s it was "kept in a private house" open to the public Tuesday and Friday afternoons. Around 1890 the Ashby library had "1,584 volumes, with which its inhabitants have a pleasant and profitable acquaintance."
In 1901 businessman and Civil War veteran Edwin Chapman donated a new building, which opened in 1902.
In the early 2000s, Ashby's historic library received a large expansion and interior renovation, utilizing a "passive solar" building technique, and serving as a model library to Massachusetts Board of Library Commissioners (MBLC) on the same.
Education
Ashby is a member town of North Middlesex Regional School District, along with Pepperell, and Townsend. It has its own elementary school, Ashby Elementary School. Middle School students attend Hawthorne Brook Middle School, and high school students attend North Middlesex Regional High School.
State Forest
The Town of Ashby is home to a large portion of the Willard Brook State Forest managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation. Willard Brook contains 2,597 acres of land of varied terrain. The state forest property has facilities for camping, cooking, swimming and picnicking available. Info about the forests operating hours and amenities can be found on the Commonwealth of MA Website.
Damon Pond
Damon Pond is a man made swimming pond that was constructed along with several other features of the state forest property by the CCC somewhere between 1933 and 1940. The pond was created by an area of Willard Brook that is impounded by a dam.
Hiking Trails
The forest contains several hiking trails hiking, horseback riding, and mountain biking. In the winter the forest plays host to cross country skiing and snowmobiling. Many trails are groomed and maintained by local snowmobile groups in the winter to ensure safe and easy access to the trails.
The Friends and Family Loop Trail, a walking trail suitable for all ages, is 4-miles long and connects to the Pearl Hill State Forest.
Trap Falls
A waterfall located in the Willard Brook State Forest with a height of between 10 and 12 ft. The ferocity of the falls is dependent on the time of year with the highest flows being in the spring and early summer.
The falls is supplied by Trap Fall Brook that starts near the new Hampshire boarder and runs south east and eventually joins up with Willard Brook after crossing under Route 119.
The falls is a short easy walk from the parking area located along Route 119. A walking bridge is located at the base of the falls providing access to the opposite side.
Local events
The small town of Ashby hosts several community events each year.
Ashby 3 July Bonfire
Summer Night Band Concerts on The Common (July – August)
911 Ceremony
Winter Holiday Band Concert
Farmers Markets on The Common
Annual Car Show For Veterans
Pumpkin Festaval and Tractor Parade
Memorial Day Parade
Halloween Downtown Trick or Treat
Fire Department
The Ashby Fire Department located at 1093 Main Street, Ashby, MA provides fire protection, rescue and EMS (Emergency Medical Services) to the town. The department is made up of a combination of paid, on-call, and volunteer personnel that serve the community. Other services include permitting, inspections, community service, and CPR classes. The department's fire apparatus consist of three fire engines, one tanker, one forestry, a chief's car, utility pickup and two UTV's. The department has two ambulances, at 2018 Dodge PL Custom and a 1999 Ford F450 Road Rescue that operate at the BLS level.
Police Department
The Ashby Police Department (APD) has the primary responsibility for law enforcement and criminal investigation within the town of Ashby, Massachusetts. The Ashby Police Department is currently composed of one Chief of Police, one Sergeant, five full-time Patrolmen, and one Reserve Police Officer.
The Ashby Police Department is currently housed in a double-wide trailer which was formerly used as a classroom by the nearby Ashby Elementary School. The station has suffered substantial wear and tear due to its age and lacks the ability to provide many basic police functions. The current building does not house a prisoner lock-up. Prisoners who are to be held must be transported to one of several area police stations, who in turn bill the town of Ashby for housing the prisoners. In 2014 the station was tied into an electrical generator capable of allowing the facility to remain fully functional during power outages. Attempts to construct a new police facility in the town have not been met with success since 2006.
In addition to police personnel, the station also houses Ashby's Police-Fire signal operators (dispatchers).
Notable people
Lisa Anne Fletcher (1844–1905), poet and correspondent
References
External links
Ashby Free Public Library
https://ashbypolice.org/
1676 establishments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Populated places established in 1676
Towns in Massachusetts
Towns in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Saicos
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Los Saicos
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Los Saicos is a rock band formed in 1964 in Lima, Peru. Their use of fast tempos, screamed vocals and aggressive riffing has led some publication to retrospectively credit them as pioneering punk rock. In a short amount of time during the 1960s, they became one of the most successful groups in their own country, fashioning a unique surf-influenced garage sound, that would anticipate certain aspects of the later punk rock movement of the 70s. In addition to composing their own songs, written by band members Erwin Flores and Rolando Carpio, they are sometimes mentioned as the first South American band to record exclusively their own material. They released six singles between 1965 and 1966, of which the best known are "Demolición", "Fugitivo de Alcatraz" and "El Entierro de los Gatos", which have become anthems in Peruvian rock and, over time, have led to the recognition of the band worldwide. Though they broke up in 1966, Los Saicos re-united in 2006, and have since continued to play occasional venues.
History
Years of activity
The band was formed in the middle class Lince district of Lima in 1964 by guitarist and vocalist, Erwin Flores and drummer, Francisco Guevara, who were just out of high school. They asked Roland "El Chino" Carpio, previously of the group Los Steivos to join them on lead guitar and also invited César "Papi" Castrillón, whom they taught to play bass. The band attempted to find a lead singer, and they auditioned several, but none proved satisfactory. So, they decided to have Erwin Flores and "Papi" Castrillón swap on lead vocals, with Flores singing the more rocking numbers in his rough, guttural voice and Castrillón handling the more melodic songs. Initially the name of their band was "Los Sádicos," however, perhaps to avoid being banned for suggesting sadism, they dropped the letter "d" from the name, resulting in "Los Saicos." They liked the way the new name suggested not only the popular battery-powered Seiko watch, but also the title of the famous Alfred Hitchcock thriller, Psycho.
The band began by playing mostly local venues. On one occasion they played to a packed crowd as one of the acts on the bill of a show being held at the Tauro Cinema, in which they caught the attention of some of the numerous journalists and music industry executives attending the Association of Music Journalists in Peru, being held at that time in Lima, who were present. In early 1965, they appeared on the popular TV Show, El Show del Diana on Channel 9. They were chosen as "best of the week" and received a recording contract with the DisPerú label. The first single that they released for the label featured the songs, "Come On" and "Ana."
The single became a big hit in Peru. Later in 1965, they released the single, "Demolición," which became one of the biggest radio hits on the national charts that year. The song featured humorously anarchistic lyrics celebrating the demolition of a railway station. Los Saicos, released three more singles for the DisPerú label. In 1966, they signed to the larger IEMPSA label and cut one single, "Besando a Otra" / "Intensamente."
Later developments
However, as their popularity began to wane in 1966, and exhausted from the pressures of constant activity, they decided to break up. Their members went on to pursue more conventional careers. Singer/rhythm guitarist, Erwin Flores and singer/bass player César "Papi" Castrillón, eventually moved to the United States. Flores recorded two solo albums that were later shelved. He then moved to the Washington, DC area where he got a degree in Physics and worked for a number of years with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), sometimes moonlighting as a salsa singer for a Latin cover band in Maryland and Virginia. He is currently an executive for a pharmaceutical company. Coincidentally, Castrillón was living near Flores and they both became aware of their proximity after a few years. Castrillón is semi-retired and has taught occasional guitar classes at his church.
Guitar player Rolando Carpio, who died in early 2005, had made a point of not telling his children about his musical past until they discovered the fact by themselves. Drummer Pancho Guevara died in May 2015, in Lima.
Rediscovered by a new generation
In 1999, Spanish record label Electro Harmonix reissued the recordings of Los Saicos for the first time after being exposed to the band's music by Peruvian record collector and researcher Paul Hurtado de Mendoza. The compilation was pressed on a 10" vinyl record that was distributed worldwide, reaching a new audience that was soon fascinated by the punk pioneers efforts in 1965 Peru.
Reunion
In 2006, the surviving Saicos got together in their hometown, Lince, Lima, for some commemorative events. They apparently had not played together in public since 1966 (although local reports from Peru dispute this; there was reportedly a reunion gig in 2009). Erwin Flores made a public reappearance in Peru after 40 years, singing "Demolición" at a small concert with the garage band Manganzoides as a guest, in May 2006. He also performed that song in Madrid at the Joy Eslava Club, fronting Spanish band Wau y Los Arrghs! in 2009. In 2010 Los Saicos played on their first international concert ever at Spain, since the ABC newspaper called them 'the first punk band in the world'.
In 2011, Saicomania, a docummentary about the band's career, was released at the Julieta theatre, Miraflores, Lima, Perú. On the same day, Los Saicos played together, with the presence of the local psychedelic garage band Los Silver Mornings. The documentary was later shown in public in San Francisco, with, among others, Jello Biafra from the Dead Kennedys in attendance.
Also, in 2011, they played another 2 wild reunion shows in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
In 2022, César "Papi" Castrillón toured the United States and Mexico as Papi Saicos, performing the songs of Los Saicos with Mexico City/Seattle punk group Mala Suerte as his backing band. That year, the band headlined Freakout Festival in Seattle, MonkeyBee Festival III in Mexico City, and Psyched! Fest in San Francisco. The Black Lips appeared onstage with Castrillón for a rendition of "Demolición" at MonkeyBee Festival III.
Legacy
Their entire recorded output has been officially reissued by Spanish label Munster Records on several formats, managing Los Saicos recordings worldwide as exclusive and dealing with licensing and synch requests since 2012.
Psychedelic garage punk band, The Black Lips have acknowledged Los Saicos as a major influence.
In Lima, on May 26, 2006, the band members received a Civic Medal for their contributions to music; a plaque was dedicated to their name. In addition to their considerable success in Peru during their heyday the 60s, in more recent years they have become recognized as pioneers in protopunk. Their sound and lyrical approach anticipated aspects of the later punk movement of the 70s. Although they were apparently unaware of US garage rock or obscure British bands such as the Downliners Sect, in many ways their story parallels that of 60s bands such as The Sonics and The Standells, as well as other groups in North America. As in North America, the success of The Beatles unleashed a wave of bands in Peru, which resulted in what some have called the "Golden Age" of Peruvian Rock." In this context Los Saicos played a major role.
Discography
Albums
Wild Teen-Punk From Peru 1965 (1999) - by Helectro Harmonix
Saicos (2006) - by Repsychled Records
¡Demolición! - The Complete Recordings (2010) - by Munster Records
Los Saicos [boxset] (2022) - by Munster Records
Singles
"Come On" / "Ana" (March 1965) - Dis Perú
"Demolición" / "Lonely Star" (May 1965) - Dis Perú
"Camisa de fuerza" / "Cementerio" (1965) - Dis Perú
"Te Amo" / "Fugitivo de Alcatraz" (October 1965) - Dis Perú
"Salvaje" / "El Entierro de Los Gatos" (1965) - Dis Perú
"Besando a Otra" / "Intensamente" (1966) - El Virrey
"El Mercenario" / "Un Poquito de Cariño" (1969) - Dinsa
"Viejo y Enfermo" / "Tu Nombre En La Arena" (2016) - MCA Studies (Mexico)
"La Casa de Arroz" / "El Mercenario (Radio Edit)" (2016) - MCA Studies (Mexico)
Band members
1964–1966
Erwin Flores (lead vocals, rhythm guitar)
Rolando "El Chino" Carpio (lead guitar)
César "Papi" Castrillón (bass guitar, vocals)
Pancho Guevara (drums, vocals)
See also
Latino punk
Traffic Sound
References
Further reading
External links
Listen to the music of Los Saicos on Spotify
Was Punk Rock Born in Peru? - Los Saicos - Noisey Specials
Peruvian rock music groups
Peruvian garage rock groups
Protopunk groups
Musical groups established in 1964
Rock en Español music groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigoberta%20Mench%C3%BA
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Rigoberta Menchú
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Rigoberta Menchú Tum (; born 9 January 1959) is a K'iche' Guatemalan human rights activist, feminist, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Menchú has dedicated her life to publicizing the rights of Guatemala's Indigenous peoples during and after the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996), and to promoting Indigenous rights internationally.
She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1992 and the Princess of Asturias Award in 1998, in addition to other prestigious awards. She is the subject of the testimonial biography I, Rigoberta Menchú (1983) and the author of the autobiographical work, Crossing Borders (1998), among other works. Menchú is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador. She ran for president of Guatemala in 2007 and 2011, having founded the country's first Indigenous political party, Winaq.
Personal life
Rigoberta Menchú was born to a poor Indigenous family of K'iche' Maya descent in Laj Chimel, a rural area in the north-central Guatemalan province of El Quiché. Her family was one of many Indigenous families who could not sustain themselves on the small pieces of land they were left with after the Spanish conquest of Guatemala. Menchú's mother began her career as a midwife at age sixteen, and continued to practice using traditional medicinal plants until she was murdered at age 43. Her father was a prominent activist for the rights of Indigenous farmers in Guatemala. Both of her parents regularly attended Catholic church, and her mother remained connected to her Maya spirituality and identity. Menchú considers herself to be the perfect mix of both her parents. She believes in many teachings of the Catholic Church, but her mother's Maya influence also taught Menchú the importance of living in harmony with nature and retaining her Maya culture.
In 1979-80 her brother, Patrocinio, and her mother, Juana Tum Kótoja, were kidnapped, brutally tortured and murdered by the Guatemalan Army. Her father, Vicente Menchú Perez, died in the 1980 Burning of the Spanish Embassy, which occurred after urban guerrillas took hostages and were attacked by government security forces. In January 2015, Pedro García Arredondo, a former police commander of the Guatemalan Army who later served as the chief of the now defunct National Police (Policía Nacional, PN), was convicted of attempted murder and crimes against humanity for his role in the embassy attack; Arrendondo was also previously convicted in 2012 of ordering the enforced disappearance of agronomy student Édgar Enrique Sáenz Calito during the country’s long-running internal armed conflict.
In 1984, Menchú's other brother, Victor, was shot to death after he surrendered to the Guatemalan Army, was threatened by soldiers, and tried to escape.
In 1995, Menchú married Ángel Canil, a Guatemalan, in a Mayan ceremony. They had a Catholic wedding in January 1998; at that time they also buried their son Tz'unun ("hummingbird" in Mayan), who had died after being born prematurely in December. They adopted a son, Mash Nahual Ja' ("Spirit of Water").
She lives with her family in the municipality of San Pedro Jocopilas, Quiché Department, northwest of Guatemala City, in the heartland of the Kʼicheʼ people.
Guatemalan activism
From a young age, Menchú was active alongside her father, advocating for the rights of Indigenous farmers through the Committee for Peasant Unity. Menchú often faced discrimination for wanting to join her male family members in the fight for justice, but she was inspired by her mother to continue making space for herself. She believes that the roots of Indigenous oppression in Guatemala stem from issues of exploitation and colonial land ownership. Her early activism focused on defending her people from colonial exploitation.
After leaving school, Menchú worked as an activist campaigning against human rights violations committed by the Guatemalan Army during the country's civil war, which lasted from 1960 to 1996. Many of the human rights violations that occurred during the war targeted Indigenous peoples. Women were targets of physical and sexual violence at the hands of the military.
In 1981, Menchú was exiled and escaped to Mexico where she found refuge in the home of a Catholic bishop in Chiapas. Menchú continued to organize resistance to oppression in Guatemala and organize the struggle for Indigenous rights by co-founding the United Republic of Guatemalan Opposition. Tens of thousands of people, mostly Mayan Indians, fled to Mexico from 1982 to 1984 at the height of Guatemala's 36-year civil war.
A year later, in 1982, she narrated a book about her life, titled Me llamo Rigoberta Menchú y así me nació la conciencia (My Name is Rigoberta Menchú, and this is how my Awareness was Born), to Venezuelan author and anthropologist Elizabeth Burgos, which was translated into five other languages including English and French. The book made her an international icon at the time of the ongoing conflict in Guatemala and brought attention to the suffering of Indigenous peoples under an oppressive government regime.
Menchú served as the Presidential Goodwill Ambassador for the 1996 Peace Accords in Guatemala. That same year she received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award in Boston.
After the Guatemalan Civil War ended, Menchú campaigned to have Guatemalan political and military establishment members tried in Spanish courts. In 1999, she filed a complaint before a court in Spain because prosecutions of civil-war era crimes in Guatemala was practically impossible. These attempts stalled as the Spanish courts determined that the plaintiffs had not yet exhausted all possibilities of seeking justice through the legal system of Guatemala. On 23 December 2006, Spain called for the extradition from Guatemala of seven former members of Guatemala's government, including Efraín Ríos Montt and Óscar Mejía, on charges of genocide and torture. Spain's highest court ruled that cases of genocide committed abroad could be judged in Spain, even if no Spanish citizens were involved. In addition to the deaths of Spanish citizens, the most serious charges include genocide against the Maya people of Guatemala.
Politics
In 2005, Menchú joined the Guatemalan federal government as goodwill ambassador for the National Peace Accords. In April 2005, five Guatemalan politicians would be convicted for hurling racial epithets at her and also at court rulings which upheld the right to wear indigenous dress and practice Mayan spirituality.
On 12 February 2007, Menchú announced that she would form an Indigenous political party called Encuentro por Guatemala and that she would stand in the 2007 presidential election. She was the first Maya, Indigenous woman to ever run in a Guatemalan election. In the 2007 election, Menchú was defeated in the first round, receiving three percent of the vote.
In 2009, Menchú became involved in the newly founded party Winaq. Menchú was a candidate for the 2011 presidential election, but lost in the first round, winning three percent of the vote again. Although Menchú was not elected, Winaq succeeded in becoming the first Indigenous political party of Guatemala.
International activism
In 1996, Menchú was appointed as a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador in recognition of her activism for the rights of Indigenous people. In this capacity, she acted as a spokesperson for the first International Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples (1995–2004), where she worked to improve international collaboration on issues such as environment, education, health care, and human rights for Indigenous peoples. In 2015, Menchú met with the general director of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, in order to solidify relations between Guatemala and the organization.
Since 2003, Menchú has become involved in the Indigenous pharmaceutical industry as president of "Salud para Todos" ("Health for All") and the company "Farmacias Similares," with the goal of offering low-cost generic medicines. As president of this organization, Menchú has received pushback from large pharmaceutical companies due to her desire to shorten the patent life of certain AIDS and cancer drugs to increase their availability and affordability.
In 2006, Menchú was one of the founders of the Nobel Women's Initiative along with sister Nobel Peace Laureates Jody Williams, Shirin Ebadi, Wangari Maathai, Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan Maguire. These six women, representing North America, South America, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, decided to bring together their experiences in a united effort for peace, justice and equality. It is the goal of the Nobel Women's Initiative to help strengthen women's rights around the world.
Menchú is a member of PeaceJam, an organization whose mission is to use Nobel Peace Laureates as mentors and models for young people and provide a way for these Laureates to share their knowledge, passions, and experience. She travels around the world speaking to youth through PeaceJam conferences. She has also been a member of the Foundation Chirac's honor committee since the foundation was launched in 2008 by former French president Jacques Chirac in order to promote world peace.
Menchú has continued her activism by continuing to raise awareness for issues including political and economic inequality and climate change.
Legacy
Awards and honors
1992 Nobel Peace Prize for her advocacy and social justice work for the indigenous peoples of Latin America
1992 UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador position for her advocacy for the indigenous peoples of Guatemala
Menchú became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize at the time, and its first Indigenous recipient.
1996 Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award for her authorship and advocacy for the indigenous peoples of Guatemala
1998 Prince of Asturias Prize for improving the condition of women and the communities they serve. (Jointly with 6 other women.)
1999 asteroid 9481 Menchú was named in her honor ()
2010 Order of the Aztec Eagle for services provided for Mexico
2018 Spendlove Prize for her advocacy for minority groups
In 2022, the University of Bordeaux Montaigne, located in Pessac gave the name of its newly built library in her honor
Publications
I, Rigoberta Menchú (1983)
This book, also titled My Name is Rigoberta Menchú and that's how my Conscience was Born, was dictated by Menchú and transcribed by Elizabeth Burgos
Crossing Borders (1998)
Daughter of the Maya (1999)
The Girl from Chimel (2005) with Dante Liano, illustrated by Domi
The Honey Jar (2006) with Dante Liano, illustrated by Domi
The Secret Legacy (2008) with Dante Liano, illustrated by Domi
K'aslemalil-Vivir. El caminar de Rigoberta Menchú Tum en el Tiempo (2012)
Controversies about her testimony
More than a decade after the publication of I, Rigoberta Menchú, anthropologist David Stoll investigated Menchú's story and claimed that Menchú changed some elements about her life, family, and village to meet the publicity needs of the guerrilla movement. The controversy caused by Stoll's book received widespread coverage in the US press of the time; thus the New York Times highlighted a few claims in her book contradicted by other sources:
Many authors have defended Menchú, and attributed the controversy to different interpretations of the testimonio genre. Menchú herself states, "I'd like to stress that it's not only my life, it's also the testimony of my people." Some scholars have stated that, despite its factual and historical inaccuracies, Menchú's testimony remains relevant for the ways in which it depicts the life of an Indigenous Guatemalan during the civil war.
The Nobel Committee dismissed calls to revoke Menchú's Nobel Prize, in spite of Stoll's allegations regarding Menchú. Geir Lundestad, the secretary of the committee, stated that Menchú's prize was awarded because of her advocacy and social justice work, not because of her testimony, and that she had committed no observable wrongdoing.
According to Mark Horowitz, William Yaworsky, and Kenneth Kickham, the controversy about Stoll's account of Menchu is one of the three most divisive episodes in recent American anthropological history, along with controversies about the truthfulness of Margaret Mead's Coming of Age in Samoa and Napoleon Chagnon's representation of violence among the Yanomami.
See also
List of civil rights leaders
List of peace activists
List of female Nobel laureates
List of feminists
References
Bibliography
Ament, Gail. "Recent Maya Incursions into Guatemalan Literary Historiography". Literary Cultures of Latin America: A Comparative History. Eds. Mario J. Valdés & Djelal Kadir. 3 Vols. Vol 1: Configurations of Literary Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004: I: 216–215.
Arias, Arturo. "After the Rigoberta Menchú Controversy: Lessons Learned About the Nature of Subalternity and the Specifics of the Indigenous Subject" MLN 117.2 (2002): 481–505.
Beverley, John. "The Real Thing (Our Rigoberta)" Modern Language Quarterly 57:2 (June 1996): 129–235.
Brittin, Alice A. "Close Encounters of the Third World Kind: Rigoberta Menchu and Elisabeth Burgos's Me llamo Rigoberta Menchu". Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 22, No. 4, Redefining Democracy: Cuba and Chiapas (Autumn, 1995), pp. 100–114.
De Valdés, María Elena. "The Discourse of the Other: Testimonio and the Fiction of the Maya." Bulletin of Hispanic Studies (Liverpool), LXXIII (1996): 79–90.
Feal, Rosemary Geisdorfer. "Women Writers into the Mainstream: Contemporary Latin American Narrative". Philosophy and Literature in Latin America. Eds. Jorge J.E. Gracia and Mireya Camurati. New York: State University of New York, 1989. An overview of women in contemporary Latin American letters.
Golden, Tim. "Guatemalan Indian Wins the Nobel Peace Prize": New York Times (17 October 1992): p. A1, A5.
Golden, Tim. "Guatemalan to Fight on With Nobel as Trumpet": New York Times (19 October 1992): p.A5.
Gossen, Gary H. "Rigoberta Menchu and Her Epic Narrative". Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 26, No. 6, If Truth Be Told: A Forum on David Stoll's "Rigoberta Menchu and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans" (Nov., 1999), pp. 64–69.
Gray Díaz, Nancy. "Indian Women Writers of Spanish America". Spanish American Women Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical Source Book. Ed. Diane E. Marting. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988
Millay, Amy Nauss. Voices from the Fuente Viva: The Effect of Orality in Twentieth-Century Spanish American Narrative. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2005.
Logan, Kathleen. "Personal Testimony: Latin American Women Telling Their Lives". Latin American Research Review 32.1 (1997): 199–211. Review Essay.
Nelan, Bruce W. "Striking Against Racism". Time 140:61 (26 October 1992): p. 61.
Stanford, Victoria. "Between Rigoberta Menchu and La Violencia: Deconstructing David Stoll's History of Guatemala" Latin American Perspectives 26.6, If Truth Be Told: A Forum on David Stoll's "Rigoberta Menchu and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans" (Nov., 1999), pp. 38–46.
---. "From I, Rigoberta to the Commissioning of Truth Maya Women and the Reshaping of Guatemalan History". Cultural Critique 47 (2001) 16–53.
Sommer, Doris. "Rigoberta's Secrets" Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 18, No. 3, Voices of the Voiceless in Testimonial Literature, Part I. (Summer, 1991), pp. 32–50.
Stoll, David "Rigoberta Menchu and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans" (Westview Press, 1999)
---. "Slaps and Embraces: A Rhetoric of Particularism". The Latin American Subaltern Studies Reader. Ed. Iliana Rodríguez. Durham: Duke University Press, 2001.
Wise, R. Todd. "Native American Testimonio: The Shared Vision of Black Elk and Rigoberta Menchú". In Christianity and Literature, Volume 45, Issue No.1 (Autumn 1995).
Zimmerman, Marc. "Rigoberta Menchú After the Nobel: From Militant Narrative to Postmodern Politics". The Latin American Subaltern Studies Reader. Durham: Duke University Press, 2001.
External links
Salon.com: Rigoberta Menchú meets the press
"Peace Prize Winner Admits Discrepancies", AP story in New York Times, 12 February 1999 (Subscription only.)
"Spain may judge Guatemala abuses", BBC News, 5 October 2005
"Anthropologist Challenges Veracity of Multicultural Icon" – The Chronicle of Higher Education. (Subscription only.)
Sound recording of Elizabeth Burgos-Debray interviewing Rigoberta Menchu.
Guatemalan activists
Guatemalan indigenous rights activists
Women human rights activists
Nobel Peace Prize laureates
Guatemalan Nobel laureates
Women Nobel laureates
Women autobiographers
1959 births
Living people
People of the Guatemalan Civil War
Nonviolence advocates
20th-century Guatemalan women politicians
20th-century Guatemalan politicians
Guatemalan Maya people
Guatemalan women activists
Indigenous activists of the Americas
Indigenous writers of the Americas
Encuentro por Guatemala politicians
Winaq politicians
People from Quiché Department
Women in war in Central America
Women in war 1945–1999
20th-century Guatemalan writers
21st-century Guatemalan writers
K'iche'
Autobiographers
21st-century Guatemalan women politicians
21st-century Guatemalan politicians
20th-century Guatemalan women writers
UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors
Indigenous feminists
Feminism and history
Guatemalan feminists
Indigenous rights
Indigenous rights activists
Guatemalan socialists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20Chiefs%20of%20Staff
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Combined Chiefs of Staff
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The Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS) was the supreme military staff for the United States and Britain during World War II. It set all the major policy decisions for the two nations, subject to the approvals of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
History
It emerged from the meetings of the Arcadia Conference in Washington, from December 22, 1941 to January 14, 1942. Shortly after Pearl Harbor, Prime Minister Churchill and his senior military staff used Arcadia as an opportunity to lay out the general strategy for the war. The American Army Chief of Staff George Marshall came up with the idea of a combined board, and sold it to Roosevelt and together the two sold the idea to Churchill. Churchill's military aides were much less favorable, and General Alan Brooke, the chief of the British Armed Forces, was strongly opposed. Brooke believed that if the Western Allies were placed under international unified commands the United States would become dominant, and also feared that the situation of the CCS in Washington D.C. would leave Britain unable to initiate military policy. However, Brooke was left behind in London to handle the daily details of running the British war effort, and was not consulted. Charles de Gaulle requested Free French representation on the committee but was declined along with the other Western Allies.
As part of Marshall's plan, Roosevelt also set up a Joint Chiefs of Staff on the American side. The combined board was permanently stationed at the United States Public Health Service Building in Washington, where Field Marshal John Dill represented the British half. The CCS was constituted from the British Chiefs of Staff Committee and the American Joint Chiefs of Staff, The American unit was created in part to present a common front to the British Chiefs of Staff. It held its first formal meeting on 9 February 1942 to coordinate U.S. military operations between War and Navy Departments.
The CCS charter was approved by President Roosevelt 21 April 1942. The American members of the CCS were General George C. Marshall, the United States Army chief of staff, the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Harold R. Stark (replaced early in 1942 by Admiral Ernest J. King); and the Chief (later Commanding General) of the Army Air Forces, Lt. Gen. Henry H. Arnold. In July 1942 a fourth member was added, the President's personal Chief of Staff, Admiral William D. Leahy, who chaired the US Joint Chiefs of Staff.
On the British side the Chiefs of Staff only normally attended during the heads of states' conferences. Instead the British Joint Staff Mission was permanently situated in Washington, D.C. to represent British interests. The British members were a representative of the prime minister, in his capacity as Minister of Defence, and the Chiefs of Staff Committee, which consisted of the First Sea Lord, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, and the Chief of the Air Staff, or the Washington representative of each. The representative of the Prime Minister was Field Marshal Sir John Dill and after his death Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson. The Washington representatives of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, who normally met with the United States members in place of their principals, were the senior officers from their respective services on the British Joint Staff Mission in Washington. In the course of the war, the First Sea Lord was represented by Admiral Sir Charles Little, Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham, Admiral Sir Percy Noble, and Admiral Sir James Somerville; the Chief of the Imperial General Staff was represented by Lt. Gen. Sir Colville Wemyss and Lt. Gen. G. N. Macready; and the Chief of the Air Staff was represented by Air Marshal D. C. S. Evill, Air Marshal Sir William L. Welsh, and Air Marshal Douglas Colyer. Dill, a close friend of Marshall, often took the American position and prevented polarizations that would undermine effectiveness.
The Combined Chiefs of Staff organization included the Combined Secretariat and a number of committees.
In the spring of 1942, Britain and the United States agreed on a worldwide division of strategic responsibility. On 24 March 1942, the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff were designated as primarily responsible for the war in the Pacific, and the British Chiefs for the Middle East-Indian Ocean region, while the European-Mediterranean-Atlantic area would be a combined responsibility of both staffs. China was designated a separate theater commanded by its chief of state, Chiang Kai-shek, though within the United States' sphere of responsibility. Six days later the Joint Chiefs of Staff divided the Pacific theater into three areas: the Pacific Ocean Areas (POA), the South West Pacific Area (SWPA), and the Southeast Pacific Area. The Pacific Ocean Area command formally became operational on 8 May.
The CCS usually held its meetings in Washington. The full CCS usually met only during the great wartime conferences on grand strategy, such as at Casablanca (see List of World War II conferences). The meetings of heads of government at those conferences were designed to reach formal agreement on issues thoroughly staffed by the CCS. At the Casablanca Conference in January 1943, General Frank Maxwell Andrews was appointed commander of all United States forces in the European Theater of Operations.
Although it was responsible to both the British and American governments, the CCS controlled forces from many different countries in all theaters, including the Pacific, India and North Africa. Representatives of allied nations were not members of the CCS but accepted procedure included consultation with "Military Representatives of Associated Powers" on strategic issues; see Pacific War Council.
The end of the war left the status of the CCS uncertain. Although Marshall and some American military leaders favored retaining it or a similar organization, the majority of the American public and government favored abandoning the bilateral Anglo-American command structure in favor of either multilateral pacts such as the United Nations or a return to United States non-interventionism. Many Americans also disapproved of British imperialism. However, support for closer bilateral military integration rose due to the beginning of the Cold War, including the exposure of Soviet espionage in the United States.
Much cooperation continued between the British and American militaries after the war including the Combined Chiefs of Staff structure, and it was used again during the Berlin Blockade of 1948. At the same time other major Western European countries increased their demands for representation in the CCS, as they all would all require American assistance in the event of a Soviet Armed Forces offensive into Western Europe. The formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which had a multilateral unified command between Anglo-America and Western Europe, eliminated the need for the CCS. The British government agreed to the dissolution of the CCS in exchange for closer cooperation with the United States Department of Defense in 1949.
Present day
Both the US Joint Chiefs of Staff and the UK's Chiefs of Staff Committee met as a "Combined Chiefs of Staff Committee" around March 2013, the first time since their World War II meetings. This was held in Washington DC. Subsequent meetings were held in London 2014 and in the National Defense University, May 2015.
See also
United Kingdom-United States relations in World War II
References
Further reading
Adams, Henry H. Witness to Power: The Life of Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy (1985)
Bercuson, David, and Holger Herwig. One Christmas in Washington: Roosevelt and Churchill Forge the Grand Alliance (2005)
Butler, J.R.M. et al. Grand Strategy. Volume II. September 1939 - June 1941 (London: HMSO, 1976), official British history
Cline, Ray S. Washington Command Post: The Operations Division Vol. 4. Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1951.
Danchev, Alex. Being Friends: The Combined Chiefs of Staff and the Making of Allied Strategy in the Second World War (1992)
Davis, Vernon E. The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II: Organizational Development (Historical Section, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1953)
Freuding, Christian. "Organising for War: Strategic Culture and the Organisation of High Command in Britain and Germany, 1850–1945: A Comparative Perspective." Defence Studies (2010) 10#3 pp: 431-460.
Jackson, William Godfrey Fothergill. The chiefs: the story of the United Kingdom chiefs of staff (Potomac Books Inc, 1992), 504pp; includes postwar
Jordan, Jonathan W., American Warlords: How Roosevelt's High Command Led America to Victory in World War II (NAL/Caliber 2015).
Leahy, William D. I Was There: the Personal Story of the Chief of Staff to Presidents Roosevelt and Truman, based on his notes and diaries made at the time (Whittlesey House, 1950)
Matloff, Maurice and Edwin M. Snell. Strategic planning for coalition warfare, 1941-1942 (United States Army in World War II: The War Department; "Green Books"" series)) (1953) Kindle edition
Matloff, Maurice. Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare 1943-1945 (US Army Green Book) (1951) Kindle edition
Rice, Anthony J. "Command and control: the essence of coalition warfare." Parameters (1997) v 27 pp: 152-167.
Rigby, David. Allied Master Strategists: The Combined Chiefs of Staff in World War II (2012) excerpt and text search; online review
Roberts, Andrew. Masters and Commanders: How Four Titans Won the War in the West, 1941-1945 (2009), covers the interactions of Roosevelt, Churchill, Marshall, and Brooke.
Rosen, S. McKee. The combined boards of the Second World War: An experiment in international administration (Columbia University Press, 1951)
External links
United States Army in World War II - The War Department - Washington Command Post: The Operations Division; Chapter VI. Organizing The High Command For World War II "Development of the Joint and Combined Chiefs of Staff System"
Conference Proceedings of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, 1941-1945, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
Allied commands of World War II
Politics of World War II
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Girl%20%28TV%20series%29
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Super Girl (TV series)
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Super Girl or Super Voice Girls (; literally: "Super Female Voice", as it is homonym with "Super girl") was a Chinese singing contest for female contestants, organized by Hunan Satellite Television between 2004 and 2006. The show's official name was Mengniu Yoghurt Super Girl Contest until 2009; later it was known as BBK Music Phone Super Girl Contest, after the company that sponsored the series. It was generally described as the unofficial mainland Chinese version of the global television franchise Pop Idol (2001) and became one of the most popular entertainment shows in the country. Despite Super Girl'''s major popularity and success, the show was heavily criticised by Liu Zhongde, a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. He essentially claimed Super Girl was poison for the youth.
The program was relaunched in 2009. The Chinese title was changed to Happy Girls () though the official English title remains unchanged as Super Girl. In 2011, the Chinese government banned Super Girl from airing, claiming the program to be too long. The State Administration of Radio, Film and Television (SARFT) told the Hunan station that Super Girl broke time rules for this kind of show. They should be no more than 90 minutes long, but episodes of Super Girl can last more than three hours. More than 2.5 billion people watched the show.
Huanan announced a third incarnation of the show on October 30, 2015. Auditions for the series closed on April 16, 2016.
Outline
Partly inspired by the many spinoffs of the UK show Pop Idol, the competition was open to any female contestant regardless of her origin, appearance, or how she sings. The almost unrestricted audition sessions drew contestants of ages ranging from 4 to 89 years old. The 2005 season attracted more than 120,000 applicants during the preliminary selection rounds, held in the five provinces of Hunan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Henan and Zhejiang. Many applicants travelled long distances to take part in the competition hoping to become a star. Each contestant was allowed 30 seconds to perform in front of judges and find out if they were selected for the preliminary regional rounds. To prevent another overwhelming audition season, a minimum age of eighteen was later set during the 2006 season.
Following the selection of contestants in the five regions, the competition began with the preliminary rounds. Preliminaries were held in each of the five locations where auditions were located. Television viewers were able to watch each of the preliminaries and vote for their favorite singers. Voting was conducted by telephone and text messaging.
The regional preliminaries were followed by a weekly broadcast knockout competition held in Changsha, Hunan province. Viewers called in to vote for their favourite singers, and the weakest two—as voted by the judges and the audience's weekly SMS— faced-off subsequently in a PK, short for Player Kill. The term is derived from kill-or-be-killed multiplayer online games. The singer with the fewest votes was then eliminated. Unlike Pop Idol, the last event was contested between the final three, rather than the final two contestants.
Unlike American Idol, judges for the competition were selected from different backgrounds in society, but they were all still Chinese. A few dozen "audience judges" were selected in addition to several professional judges.
History
The original version of the show was known as Super Boy, and aired in 2003 on Hunan Entertainment Channel, a local broadcaster based in Changsha, Hunan province in South Central China. The show was a success and its counterpart, Super Girl, aired at the beginning of 2004 with the slogan, "Sing as you want, sing out loud," and became the most viewed show in Hunan. However, the programme's impact was limited as the channel does not broadcast outside the province.
On May 6, 2004, Super Girl was introduced to a national audience by its producer Liao Ke through Hunan Satellite Television. In addition to broadcasting the original episodes created by Hunan Entertainment Channel, the network also developed this show in other 3 cities: Wuhan in Hubei province, Nanjing in Jiangsu province, and Chengduin Sichuan province. This show attracted an average of 10,000 contestants in each city and received nationwide attention.
Hunan Satellite Television introduced a second season of Super Girl on March 19, 2005. The preliminary rounds were filmed in five cities: Changsha in Hunan province, Guangzhou in Guangdong province, Zhengzhou in Henan province, Hangzhou in Zhejiang province, and Chengdu in Sichuan province. By the middle of the season, the competition captivated a nationwide audience and became one of the most watched television entertainment shows in mainland China with tens of millions of viewers.
Cultural impact
Positive impact
The final episode of the 2005 season was one of the most popular shows in Chinese broadcast history, drawing over 400 million viewers, more than the China Central Television New Year's Gala earlier that year. The final peaked at 280 million viewers at a given time, dwarfing the 12-million-viewer figure for the finals of Pop Idol. Despite the show being condemned by China Central Television as being "vulgar and manipulative", a third season of the show was launched and finished in early October 2006.
On January 18, 2006, China National Philatelic Corporation released a postage stamp issue featuring 2005 winner Li Yuchun. The set was released ahead of Li's 22nd birthday in her commemoration.
On May 11, 2009, The Oprah Winfrey Show, a worldwide famous television show, invited Zhang Liangying, who ranked 3rd overall in the 2005 contest, to make an American television singing debut. The subtitle of the show was "The World's Got Talent" and Zhang Liangying was the only East Asian singer in the show.
Some who were not chosen as winners have also been able to enter the recording industry through other means. Ji Minjia, who ranked 5th overall in the 2005 contest, worked in Los Angeles in 2006 to help with production of the title song for Japanese anime series The Galaxy Railways. On March 15, 2007, Japanese recording group Hello! Project announced Li Chun, one of the top 50 contestants in the 2006 Changsha regional, as one of two new members of Chinese ancestry of its pop group Morning Musume. Li Chun's photograph is the center photograph on the first row.
The contest has also inspired television producers to create other talent search shows, including ones based on American shows such as The Apprentice.
The show was the feature of a 2007 documentary titled "Super, Girls!", produced and directed by independent Chinese filmmaker Jian Yi during the 2006 contest season and released at the Cambridge Film Festival. An ARTiSIMPLE Studio production, "Super, Girls!" is the only independent feature-length documentary ever made about the "Super Girls."
Democratic expression
One of the main factors contributing to the show's popularity was that viewers are able to participate in the judging process by sending text messages with their mobile phones to vote for their favorite contestants. During the 2005 regional contest in Chengdu alone, 307,071 message votes were cast for the top three contestants, each vote costing 0.5 to 3 yuan. This was, according to Jim Yardley of International Herald Tribune, considered as one of the largest "democratic" voting exercises in mainland China.
Over 800 million text messages were sent during the third season of Super Girl, and fan clubs began to appear throughout the country.
While some culture and media experts praised Super Girl in blazing "a trail for cultural democracy" and breaking elitism in China's entertainment industry, others were quick in pointing out that the show represented a superficiality in society, "propelled by behind-the-scenes manipulation and state-of-the-art pomp and circumstance".
Criticism
Liu Zhongde of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference criticised both the show and its negative influence on society, saying the audience watches the program under a distorted mentality and in an unhealthy condition. He claimed that the government departments oversee culture and art, and they should not permit something like Super Girl to exist. He admitted it was the choice of the market while claiming it as low culture. He said it wasn't as bad as the 1983 Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign, but the elements are there: cultural invasion, suspicion of market forces, spiritual health, preservation of national culture, and allegations of popular entertainment spreading corruption among the youth, all facing off against a new concept of socialist morality.
In the end of 2011, China's State Administration of Radio, Film and Television (SARFT) has suspended the show from future production. While the official reason for such decision is the fact that the show exceeded its airing time throughout the season, many believe that the moral issue was behind this act. This claim is reinforced by Hunan TV news spokesman, Li Hao, who admitted the network will incorporate more 'positive' content in its 2012 programs.
Economic impact
Mengniu Milk Group reportedly paid ¥14 million to Hunan Television for rights to sponsor the show's broadcast outside Hunan province beginning with the 2005 season. According to one of China's leading thinktanks, the 2005 contest was estimated to have drawn in a total of ¥766 million (US$95.75 million). Indirect business impact of the competition was estimated at several billion yuan.
Television advertisement slots cost an average of ¥33,400 for 15 seconds in 2006, compared to the average of ¥28,000 in 2005. Advertising sales were expected to reach ¥200 million (US$25 million), nearly double that of the previous year.
Season summary
2004 season
The first season of Super Girl aired from May 6 to September 22, 2004. Although the winners of the competition were not promised recording contracts, the top three winners signed such deals.
Qualifications
Final contest
Angela An Youqi (安又琪)
Katy Wang Ti (王媞)
Baby Zhang (Kristy Zhang Hanyun) (张含韵)
Strings
Jenne Sun Yibo ()
2005 season
The second season of Super Girl aired from March 19 to August 26, 2005. The announcement of Li Yuchun as the season's grand champion came under scrutiny as she had been leading voting results despite having the weakest voice among the top finalists. Despite the heavy criticism that arose during the competition season, the three 2005 finalists have been considered the most successful singers from the entire show.
Qualifications
Final contest (July 15 – August 26)
2006 season
The third season of Super Girl'' aired from April 2 to September 30, 2006. Shang Wenjie's selection as grand champion over Tan Weiwei, who is a professional vocalist from Sichuan Conservatory of Music, raised questions over each candidate's public appeal. Speculations arose that Shang, who appeared to be a copycat of Li Yuchun's image (somewhat androgynous), was voted grand champion due to the appeal of her Cinderella story.
Qualifications
Final contest
2009 season
E Media CEO Long Danni stated that through this competition, in addition to singers, the judges would also be looking for budding actresses and those that excel in other areas. Some of the Super Boys would also be co-hosts for the regional contests of Super Girls. The finale took place in August.
Regional contest
National Top 20 Qualifications
Qualified
Eliminated
Final Contest
Champion
ELLE cover girl
Challenges succeed to switch rank
Eliminated
Retired
Overall Final contest total votes
2011 season
The 2011 season was won by Jeremy Duan Linxi from Yunnan. The runner-up was Cici Hong Chen.
See also
Hunan Satellite Television
Idol series
Super, Girls! - Chinese documentary film about girls trying out for the Super Girl contest
Super Boy - counterpart contest for male
The Voice of China - Chinese singing competition
References
External links
Hunan TV 2011 Super Girl official site
Super Girl 2004 Influence Analysis
Super Girl economics (2005 season)
Watch Online Super Girl All Seasons
Singing talent shows
Chinese music television series
Mandopop
2004 Chinese television series debuts
2011 Chinese television series endings
Chinese television shows
Mandarin-language television shows
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20tropical%20cyclones%20in%20Pakistan
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List of tropical cyclones in Pakistan
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Pakistan lies in the temperate zone. The climate is generally arid, characterized by the extreme southwestern part of the country where Gwadar and Karachi are the main port cities. Though cyclones are rare in the Arabian sea which a part of North Indian Ocean, cyclones that form in this sea mostly move towards Western India rather than Pakistan. Cyclones in the Arabian sea form mostly from May till June and then from September till October, monsoon season plays a vital role for the formation of cyclone in this basin. Tropical storms that hit Pakistan are mostly remnants by the time reach Pakistan or make landfall in south eastern Sindh which is not very much populated they rarely move towards the Balochistan coast.
Background
Pakistan has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the extreme south western part of the country where Gwadar is the main port city. Though cyclones are rare in the Arabian sea which is a part of North Indian Ocean, cyclones that form in this sea mostly move towardsWestern India rather than Pakistan. Cyclones in the Arabian sea form mostly from May till June and then from September till October, monsoon season plays a vital role for the formation of cyclone in this basin.
Each year before the onset of monsoon that is 15 April to 15 July and also after its withdrawal that is 15 September to 15 December, there is always a distinct possibility of the cyclonic storm to develop in the north Arabian Sea. There is a 98 per cent chance of cyclones to turn towards the Indian state of Gujarat, one per cent chance of moving towards the Gulf and one per cent chance of moving towards the Pakistani coast.
There is only one tropical cyclone warning centre in Pakistan, which is in Karachi in Sindh province.
Cyclones mostly hit the Sindh coast than the Balochistan coast in Pakistan. During the last 125 years a number of cyclonic storms have struck Pakistan's coastal areas. The years involved were 1895, 1902, 1907, 1944, 1948, 1964, 1985, 1999, 2007 and 2010. Other cyclones that are listed below caused rains as remnants.
Systems
Pre-1900
10 July 1894 – A land depression moved westward through India, entering current-day Pakistan at Sindh.
18 June 1895 – A cyclonic storm hit the Makran coast in Balochistan province.
1900–1949
3 May 1901 – Originating off the southwest coast of India, a cyclone passed near Oman before making landfall along Balochistan. The storm moved through the country and dissipated on 5 May.
13 May 1902 – A cyclonic storm struck the coast in the vicinity of Karachi.
21 June 1906 – After moving across India, a storm crossed into Pakistan.
June 1907 – A tropical storm struck the coast near Karachi.
3 September 1926 – A storm moved from Gujarat into Pakistan.
30 June 1936 – A storm moved from India into Pakistan.
2 July 1936 – A tropical cyclone moved through southeastern Pakistan.
15 July 1936 – A depression moved off the coast of Pakistan.
27 July 1944 – A cyclone left some 10,000 people homeless in Karachi.
8 June 1948 – Moving ashore near Pasni along the Makran, a storm brought rainfall to Balochistan and Sindh.
1950–1999
12 June 1964 – A cyclone made landfall in Tharparkar and Hyderabad district in Sindh province. It killed 450 people and left some 400,000 people homeless.
May 1985 – A cyclonic storm made a landfall in the eastern direction of Karachi. The cyclonic storm in 1985 which was moving towards Karachi actually had weakened over the sea while still a few 100 Kilometers away south of Karachi.
16 November 1993 – A cyclone dissipated near the Sindh-Gujarat border. However it caused massive rainfall and flooding in Karachi but Thatta and Badin districts were the worst affected where the cyclone killed 609 people and displaced some 200,000 others.
9 June 1998 – Striking Gujarat in neighboring India, a cyclone electrocuted 12 people in Pakistan.
20 May 1999 – The strongest cyclone to hit Pakistan moved ashore near Keti Bandar at Category 3 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson scale. It killed 6,200 people in the country. At least $1 million in relief funds was to be supplied by the government.
2000–present
May 2001 – More than 100,000 people evacuated in southeastern Pakistan due to the threat from a powerful cyclone in the Arabian Sea. The storm struck Gujarat as a weakened cyclone on 29 May.
1 October 2004 – Cyclone Onil became the first named storm in the Indian Ocean, and meandered for several days off the coast of Gujarat. In Pakistan, Onil brought heavy rainfall and gusty winds. In Karachi, nine people died from the storm, as flooded streets and power outages contributed to at least two electrocution deaths.
June 2007 – Powerful Cyclone Gonu remained well southwest of Pakistan, but it still produced heavy rainfall and strong winds in the city of Gwadar in Balochistan, where it caused damage to dozens of boats and school buildings in the area. It also caused high winds with light rainfall in Karachi and other coastal areas.
23 June 2007 – Cyclone Yemyin, which developed over the Bay of Bengal and intensified into a cyclone over the Arabian Sea, killed 200 people alone in Karachi city due to heavy rainfall and intense windstorms as it was moving towards Balochistan province. It made landfall near the towns of Ormara and Pasni in the Balochistan province on 26 June where it killed 300 people. Overall it killed 730 people and affected the lives of 2 million people in Pakistan making it the third deadliest cyclone in the history of the country.
In November 2009, remnants of Cyclone Phyan caused gusty winds along the Sindh coast including Karachi. However six Pakistani fishermen were trapped in the storm later rescued by the Indian Navy.
6 June 2010 – Cyclone Phet made landfall near Karachi as a depression, having earlier dropped heavy rainfall along the Makran coast. Gwadar recorded of rainfall, which damaged 10,000 houses, and disrupted portions of the Makran Coastal Highway. Phet killed at least 18 people in Pakistan – 11 by electrocution, and 7 due to collapsed walls. The storm also injured dozens of others and left thousands of Pakistanis homeless. Damage was estimated at RS7 billion (US$80 million).
November 9 - 12, 2010 - The remnants of Cyclone Jal impacted Pakistan.
18 May 2021 – Cyclone Tauktae's landfall in Gujarat caused a roof to collapse in Karachi by a severe dust storm, killing four people in the city.
30 September 2021 – A developing depression – later named Shaheen – produced gusty winds and rainfall in Karachi. A person died in Orangi from electrocution.
15 June 2023 - Cyclone Biparjoy just made landfall on the border of Pakistan and India.
Climatological statistics
See also
List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks in Asia
List of wettest tropical cyclones by country
List of Arabian Peninsula tropical cyclones
Weather in Pakistan
Climate of Pakistan
Drought in Pakistan
List of floods in Pakistan
List of extreme weather records in Pakistan
References
External links
Pakistan Meteorological Department
01
Pakistan
Climate of Pakistan
Environment of Pakistan
Tropical cyclone meteorology
Weather events in Pakistan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compliance%20requirements
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Compliance requirements
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In the United States, compliance requirements are a series of directives United States federal government agencies established that summarize hundreds of federal laws and regulations applicable to federal assistance (also known as federal aid or federal funds). They are currently incorporated into the OMB A-133 Compliance Supplement, which was created by the US Office of Management and Budget (OMB).
To facilitate a recipients' compliance with federal laws and regulations, and as well as its annual Single Audit, the OMB created fourteen basic and standard compliance requirements that recipients must comply with when receiving and using such federal assistance. The OMB also provides detailed explanations, discussions, and guidance about them in the OMB A-133 Compliance Supplement. Compliance requirements are only guidelines for compliance with the hundreds of laws and regulations applicable to the specific type assistance used by the recipient, and their objectives are generic in nature due to the large number of federal programs. Each compliance requirement is identified by a letter, in alphabetical order.
Activities allowed or unallowed (A)
This compliance requirement establishes that each program operates for a specific purpose (such as the care of elderly persons or the education of children), and that funds provided for the program must only be used in activities that benefit that purpose. Therefore, federal assistance provided to a recipient for a specific purpose must be expended for such purpose only.
Allowable costs/cost principles (B)
This compliance requirements is one of the most important sections, because it covers cost accounting policies, expenses and expenditures, and actual use of federal funds to administer a federal assistance program. In other words, it provides the basis and principles recipients must adhere to when spending federal funds.
The federal government categorizes recipient types into three groups:
State, local, and Indian tribal governments
Institutions of higher education
Non-profit organizations
Prior to December 26, 2014, each group has a separate set of cost principles to follow. The cost principles applicable to a recipient type apply to all federal assistance received by that entity, regardless of whether the awards are received directly from the federal government or indirectly through a pass-through entity.
The OMB issues a Cost Principle Circular for each category. This is a guide for spending federal assistance in accordance with laws and regulations:
OMB Circular A 87, “Cost Principles for State, Local, and Indian Tribal Governments” (2 CFR part 225) – This circular includes the 50 States of the United States and the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.), any agency or instrumentality of these governments—and any county, parish, municipality, city, town, State-designated Indian tribal government, school district, United States territories and possessions, and any agency or instrumentality of these governments.
OMB Circular A-21, “Cost Principles for Educational Institutions” (2 CFR part 220) - All institutions of higher education (e.g., Colleges, Universities, etc.) are subject to the cost principles contained in this circular.
OMB Circular A-122, “Cost Principles for Non-Profit Organizations” (2 CFR part 230) - Non-profit organizations are subject to this circular, except those non-profit organizations listed in OMB Circular A-122, Attachment C that are subject to the commercial cost principles contained in the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR).
The three circulars list various types of cost or expense item (such as travel expense, maintenance expense, payroll salaries, lobbying costs, purchase of materials, payment of utility bills, etc.), and establishes whether each is either allowable or unallowable. Allowable costs are those the federal government determines permissible for federal assistance. Unallowable costs are those the government prohibits incurring for federal assistance. Certain cost items are considered universally unallowable, such as cost related to illegal activities and lobbying costs, but others may be considered unallowable for a type of recipient while being allowable for another type of recipient. As a general rule, any assistance used inappropriately, such as incurring unallowable costs, requires reimbursement to the federal government.
The Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards was issued by the Office of Management and Budget on December 26, 2013. This final guidance superseded and streamlined the requirements from OMB Circulars A-21, A-87, A-110, and A-122 (which have been placed in OMB guidance); Circulars A-89, A-102, and A-133; and the guidance in Circular A-50 on Single Audit Act follow-up.
In order for cost to be considered allowable, they must be supported by adequate documentation.
Documentation standards - payroll costs
Charges to federal awards for salaries and wages must be based on records that accurately reflect the work performed. These records must: (i) Be supported by a system of internal control which provides reasonable assurance that the charges are accurate, allowable, and properly allocated; [2 CFR § 200.430 (i)] Documenting time worked on federally funded activities is commonly referred to as Time and Effort Reporting.
Documentation standards - non-payroll costs
The nature of documentation required for nonpayroll costs will vary by the nature of the transaction.
Per 2 CFR §200.403, Except where otherwise authorized by statute, costs must meet the following general criteria in order to be allowable under federal awards:
(a) Be necessary and reasonable for the performance of the federal award and be allocable thereto under these principles.
(b) Conform to any limitations or exclusions set forth in these principles or in the federal award as to types or amount of cost items.
(c) Be consistent with policies and procedures that apply uniformly to both federally financed and other activities of the non-federal entity.
(d) Be accorded consistent treatment. A cost may not be assigned to a federal award as a direct cost if any other cost incurred for the same purpose in like circumstances has been allocated to the federal award as an indirect cost.
(e) Be determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), except, for state and local governments and Indian tribes only, as otherwise provided for in this Part.
(f) Not be included as a cost or used to meet cost sharing or matching requirements of any other federally financed program in either the current or a prior period.
(g) Be adequately documented.
Cash management (C)
This section covers the actual management, or handling, of funds pertaining to a federal program, specifically on how federal assistance is distributed to recipients and how recipients manage the funds until disbursement. The actual transfer of funds, commonly referred to as “drawdowns”, is usually done electronically by requesting the funds to the federal agency via website or a network. The funds are automatically transferred from the US Department of Treasury to the recipient's bank account. Federal assistance for program operations is provided to recipients usually by one of two methods, also called “funding techniques”: by either advances of funds or by reimbursement of funds.
Advances of funds – Advances are federal funds provided to a recipient before the program activity is performed. Recipients determine the amount needed for a future expenditure (e.g., through budget process) and request the amount to the federal government (or in the case of subrecipients to the pass-through entity, see Subrecipient Monitoring below). The federal funds received are then expended to perform the specific activity (e.g., purchase good or service or for payroll). However, laws and regulations require recipients to request funds only when it is immediately needed, and recipients must try to minimize the amount of time between the receipts of funds to the actual disbursement. Examples of programs under these funding techniques are the Section 8 program and the Community Development Block Grant program.
Reimbursement of funds – This funding technique requires the recipient to pay program expenditures with their own funds, and then request a reimbursement for those expenses from the federal government or pass-through entity. Recipients prepare and send reimbursement requests, and maintain supporting documentation showing that the costs for which reimbursement was requested were paid prior to the date of the reimbursement request.
Davis-Bacon Act (D)
As part of the US Department of Labor’s (DOL) governmentwide implementation of the Davis-Bacon Act, federal regulations require that all laborers and mechanics who work for a contractor or subcontractor on federally financed construction contracts over $2,000 must be paid wages not less than those the DOL established for the project location (i.e., the prevailing wage). This Compliance Requirement was created to assure that recipients oblige contractors to comply with the Davis-Bacon Act, by including in their construction contracts with a contractor or subcontractor a clause or requirement to comply with the Davis-Bacon Act and the DOL regulations. The clause should also include a requirement for the contractor or subcontractor to submit to the recipient weekly (e.g., for each week in which any contract work is performed) a copy of the construction payroll accompanied by statement of compliance. This report is commonly referred to as “certified payrolls”, and is often done using Optional Form WH-347 (OMB No. 1215-0149), a standard form pre-designed by the OMB.
Eligibility (E)
The main objective of this compliance requirement is that only eligible individuals or organizations participate in federal assistance programs. While the criterion for determining eligibility may vary from program to program, the objective that only eligible individuals or organizations participate is consistent across all federal programs, which forms the basis of this compliance requirement. To comply with this objective, recipients must first assure that proper eligibility determinations are made, which means that the recipient must determine the parameters and limitations to define eligibility for a specific program in accordance with the program's purpose. Many federal programs already contain eligibility requirements based on laws, agency regulations, grant agreements, etc., and recipients must assure that their eligibility determination complies with such requirements. An example includes federal programs that offer HIV/Aids treatment and require that the participants be victims of such diseases. It is usually the recipient's responsibility to determine how to determine such eligibility, such as establishing policy that requires an in-house doctor or laboratory to diagnose each prospective participant, accepting diagnoses from third-party doctors or laboratories, etc. However, certain agencies have included specific parameters for which the recipient should follow, as in the case of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) which states in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) that recipients of certain HUD housing subsidy programs must obtain specific income verification documents to prove participant eligibility, such as W-2 payroll forms, a federal income tax return, etc.
After determining which eligibility requirements participation in a program requires, the recipient must also assure that individual program participant or group eligibility was correctly determined by keeping evidence of such compliance, such as maintaining documentation in participant files (e.g., copies of HIV/Aids diagnosis, copies of federal income tax returns, etc.). Furthermore, the recipient must assure that only eligible individuals or groups participated in the program by establishing strict controls of program funds to avoid non-eligible persons from receiving the specific assistance.
Equipment and real property management (F)
This section established directives on how a recipient should manage equipment and real property of a federal program.
Equipment management
Equipment means tangible, non-expendable property acquired with federal assistance funds, that has a useful life of more than one year, and an acquisition cost of $5,000 or more per unit (though, consistent with a recipient's own equipment policy, lower cost limits may be established). Basically, this section requires that, as per A-102 Common Rule and OMB Circular A-110 regulations, equipment must be used in the federal program it was bought for, or—when appropriate—other federal programs. Additionally, the recipient must keep equipment records, perform a physical equipment inventory at least once every two years, and implement an appropriate internal control system to safeguard and maintain the equipment. When equipment with a current fair market value of $5,000 or more is no longer needed, it may be retained or sold, as a proportionate share is provided to the federal government amount of the current fair market value, based on the percent of federal funds to own recipients fund used to buy the item.
Real property management
Title to real property acquired by recipients with federal awards vests with the recipient. It must be used for the originally authorized purpose as long as needed for that purpose. Real property may be used in other federally sponsored projects or programs that have purposes similar to the one the property was bought for, as long as the federal government authorizes it. However it may not dispose of or encumber the title to real property without prior federal government consent. When it is no longer needed for the federally supported programs or projects, the recipient must request disposition instructions from the federal government. As with equipment, if the property is sold, a proportionate share is provided to the federal government, amount of the current fair market value, based on the percent of federal funds to own recipient's fund used to acquire the item.
Matching, level of effort, earmarking (G)
This section covers 3 compliance requirements concerning recipient performance. They may require that recipients provide a level of contributions to a federal program, maintain specific levels of performance or achievement, or restrict the amount of federal funds used for a specific purpose. Failure to meet these requirements may result in either limitation of future funds or termination of assistance. Specific requirements for matching, level of effort, and earmarking are unique to each federal program, and are described in the laws, regulations, and contract or grant provisions that pertain to the program.
Matching
Matching, also referred to as “cost sharing”, is a requirement for the recipient to provide contributions or donations (usually non-federal) of a specified amount or percentage to supplement federal assistance received. In other words, when the recipient participates in a federal program (e.g. it receives federal assistance) and an operating budget is prepared, the federal government may require the recipient to provide contributions to cover a portion of that program's operations. The matching requirement is based on the assertion that total program expenses are 100% and that, although the federal government provides assistance for most of those expenses, the recipient must still cover a portion of them. Such proportion is solely decided by the federal government, but usually the recipient decides how that contribution is provided and to which expenses, so long as the contribution is verifiable, generally does not originate from another federal program, and is considered in the operating budget. The expenses must be necessary and reasonable, allowed under cost principles (see B section above), and not used for another federal program. Matching may be in the form of contributing the recipient's own funds or money to suffrage program allowable costs (e.g., paying program utility bills, paying part of program personnel payroll, etc.) or, in some cases, in the form of in-kind contributions, which are donations of non-monetary objects such as services, materials, property, etc.
Examples of matching include the Head Start program, which requires that recipients provide 20% of the total annual expenses in either monetary or in-kind contributions. Recipients of these funds may contribute money to cover teacher payroll, or may contribute a building to house the program classrooms. However, the federal government requires that in-kind contributions be properly valued and evidenced (such as estimating the value of a building to make sure that it meets the 20% of the program budget), and certain programs specifically require that matching be made by contributing money only.
Level of effort
Level of effort defines particular goals or objectives the recipient must achieve with the assistance received, and includes recipient requirements for a specified level of service, specified level of expenditures for designated activities, and federal funds to supplement and not supplant non-federal services. Some examples are programs that establish that a recipient must provide medical services to 1,000 patients daily and programs that require that a recipients spend over 50% of its annual budget on capital projects, among other.
Earmarking
Earmarking is a requirement that specifies a limit amount or percentage of the program's assistance that must (minimum) or may (maximum) be used for specified activities. Examples of this include limits imposed on the federal government on the amount of federal funds to cover administrative expenses, or a percentage requirement for total program funds provided to subrecipients. Earmarking may also be specified in relation to the types of participants covered (e.g. a limit on how many participants a recipient can provide assistance to).
Period of availability of federal funds (H)
This section establishes the fact that, although recipients may receive various federal awards during their lifespan, the individual federal grants are awarded for a specified time period, usually one year. Federal regulations prohibit the use of funds from a grant award outside its specified time frame unless authorized by a federal agency, and auditors should verify that the recipient expends its grant during that time only. For example, a surplus from a federal award that starts on January 1, 2006 and ends on December 31, 2006 cannot be used after December 31, because its lifespan has terminated. This surplus must be returned to the federal agency unless otherwise authorized.
Procurement and suspension and debarment (I)
This section covers compliance of laws and regulations when obtaining a good or services from a vendor, supplier, or provider. The procurement requirement is established to ensure that such goods and services are obtained in an effective manner and in compliance laws and regulations, including the prohibition of conflicts of interest, the fair selection of vendors, provide open and free competition among vendors, etc. The suspension and debarment requirement establishes that certain non-federal entities have been prohibited from participating in or receiving federal assistance for various reasons, including prior mismanagement of funds or previous non-compliance of laws and regulations. This prohibition may be temporary (suspension) or indefinite (debarment; until specifically allowed by the government). When performing this purchase, the recipient must verify that the vendor, supplier, provider or their respective principals (e.g., owners, top management, etc.) are not suspended, debarred or otherwise excluded by the federal government. This is done by checking the Excluded Parties List System (EPLS) maintained by the General Services Administration or by contacting the federal agency.
Program income (J)
Program income is sometimes directly generated by the federally funded program. This type of income includes, but is not limited to, income from fees for services performed, the use or rental of property acquired with program funds, the sale of items fabricated under the program, and payments of principal and interest on loans made by the recipient to others with program funds. However, it generally does not include interest on program funds (which is covered under “Cash Management”, see above); nor does it cover rebates, credits, discounts, and refunds (covered under “Allowable Costs/Cost Principles”); nor proceeds from the sale of equipment or real property (covered under “Equipment and Real Property Management”). The uses or treatment of program income are either deducted by the federal agency from the current program budget (e.g., the program income substitutes part of the original budget), added to the current program budget, or used to meet matching requirements.
Real property acquisition and relocation assistance (K)
This section covers compliance with the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970 (URA). This act provides for uniform and equitable treatment of persons displaced by a federal programs from their homes, businesses, or farms, including assuring just compensation and assisting in relocation. For example, if the construction of a highway under a federal program requires the expropriation of homes, the expropriation must be made by either providing fair compensation for that property or providing assistance for, or reimbursement of, relocation expenses incurred by the affected person. The Compliance Supplement suggests verifying that the property acquired is appraised by qualified independent appraisers, the appraisals are examined by a review appraiser to assure acceptability, and that after acceptance, the review appraiser certifies the recommended or approved value of the property for just compensation to the owner.
Reporting (L)
This section establishes that all recipients must submit reports (whether financial, performance-related, or of special nature) to the federal government to monitor federal assistance activities and uses. The most common reports are pre-designed by the federal agency, are approved by OMB, and are freely available to all recipients and the general public. The time deadlines for submitting them vary depending on the report. Furthermore, the reporting requirements (e.g., which reports must be submitted, the timing of the submission, information in the reports, etc.) may vary from recipient to recipient, although the federal government has established several reports that apply to all recipients. Some of the most common of these “universal” reports include:
SF-269 (OMB approval no. 0348-0039) or SF-269A (OMB no. 0348-0038), commonly known as the Financial Status Report (FSR) – Used to report the status of funds (e.g., amount received, amount expended or used, amount reserved, amount unused, etc.)
SF-270 (OMB no. 0348-0004), also known as the Request for Advance or Reimbursement - Used to request U.S. Treasury advance payments and reimbursements under non-construction programs.
SF-272 (OMB no. 0348-0003) or SF-272-A (OMB No. 0348-0003), commonly known as the Federal Cash Transactions Report or Status of Federal Cash Report - Provides accountability of all federal cash received by the recipient. It is partially prepared by the Division of Payment Management (DPM) within the Department of Health and Human Services based on data reported to the DPM by recipients and federal agencies, and is completed and certified by the recipient.
Subrecipient monitoring (M)
This compliance requirement establishes that any non-federal recipient of federal assistance that passes that assistance, whether in part or in total, to another recipient (known as pass-through entities and subrecipients, respectively) is responsible to monitor the federal assistance activities of that subrecipient, as well as assure that they are both complying with laws and regulations. This requirement is based on the fact that they are both equally responsible for federal funds received. Subrecipient monitoring may consist of site visits, regular contact, interviews, meetings and examinations of the subrecipient, as well as requiring that the subrecipient be subject to an annual single audit.
Special tests and provisions (N)
Certain programs have unique compliance requirements—established by laws, regulations, and contract or grant agreements—that do not fit into the requirements listed above. This sections covers those requirements. The auditor must review the program's contract and grant agreements and referenced laws and regulations to identify unique compliance requirements, and develop audit objectives and audit procedures under this section.
Notes
See also
OMB A-133 Compliance Supplement
Single Audit
Code of Federal Regulations
Federal assistance in the United States
References
Primary sources
United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A-133, Audits of States, Local Governments, and Non-Profit Organizations, as revised on June 27, 2003
United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A-133: Compliance Supplement, Part III: Compliance Requirements and Part IV: Agency Program Requirements
United States Office of Management and Budget; Office of Federal Financial Management, The Single Audit
United States Office of Management and Budget A-102 Common Rule: Uniform Administrative Requirements for Grants and Cooperative Agreements to State and Local Governments
OMB Circulars
United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A-21, Cost Principles for Educational Institutions
United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A 87, “Cost Principles for State, Local, and Indian Tribal Governments”
United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A-110, Uniform Administrative Requirements for Grants and Agreements with Institutions of Higher Education, Hospitals, and Other Non-Profit Organizations
United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A-122, “Cost Principles for Non-Profit Organizations”
United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A-128, Audits of State and Local Governments
A-133 Sup (2013):
A-133 Sup Part 3 (2013):
A-133 Sup Part 4 (2013):
Secondary sources
Federal Grants Management Handbook, Thomson Publishing
Single Audit Information Service, Thompson Publishing
Warren Ruppel (2003), Miller Not-For-Profit Organization Audits With Single Audits: 2003–2004, Aspen Law & Business,
Rhett D. Harrell (May 4, 2006), Local Government and Single Audits 2006, CCH (Wolters Kluwer),
The Single Audit Act: Audits of States, Local Governments and Non-Profit Organizations; AICPA Audit Committee Toolkit: Non-profit Organizations; American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)
United States Code Title 40, Sections 276a to 276a-7, and Title 42 Sections 15(a)(7)(A) and 300ff-14(b)
Code of Federal Regulations Title 29: Labor, Subtitle A: Office of the Secretary of Labor, Part 5: Labor Standards Provisions Applicable to Contacts Governing Federally Financed and Assisted Construction and Title 24: Housing and Urban Development, Subtitle A: Office of the Secretary, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Chapter IX: Office Of Assistant Secretary For Public And Indian Housing, Department Of Housing And Urban Development
External links
US Office of Management and Budget website
OMB A-133 Compliance Supplement: Table of Contents
OMB Grants Management website
Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance website. It includes a list of all non-classified Federal programs that make awards to recipients.
ACART - Federal Requirements Compliance & Traceability
Single Audit
United States Office of Management and Budget
Corporate development
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20NK%20%C5%A0iroki%20Brijeg%E2%80%93FK%20Sarajevo%20football%20riots
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2009 NK Široki Brijeg–FK Sarajevo football riots
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The NK Široki Brijeg–FK Sarajevo football riot refers to the riot involving the football clubs NK Široki Brijeg (supported mostly by Herzegovian Croat fans) and FK Sarajevo (supported mostly by Bosniak fans) during a leg of the 2009 Bosnian-Herzegovian Premier League in the Herzegovian town of Široki Brijeg. During the riot members of Horde Zla ("Legions of Evil", a FK Sarajevo supporters group) and Škripari (a NK Široki Brijeg supporters group) confronted each other in altercations which subsequently spilled out to the majority of the town. Horde Zla burned cars and demolished shops while Škripari and residents of Široki Brijeg stoned Horde Zla buses and shot at supporters. Horde Zla also claim multiple counts of severe police brutality which led to the death of Horde Zla member Vedran Puljić from gunshot wounds.
The riots
There are conflicting reports about who started the violence. Horde Zla accused local residents and police for their mistreatment on their way to the match, saying that the incident was planned by local politicians and that their buses were separated and parked too far from the stadium which left them open to stoning and attacks. They also claim that initially there were only 30 local policemen present, and they did nothing to prevent the violence. Local police and residents said Horde Zla fans were the first to attack. According to local police officials, most of the regional police had earlier been sent to the nearby city of Mostar to prevent possible violence during the match between the rival Zrinjski and Velež clubs scheduled for the same day thus leaving the match in Široki Brijeg relatively ill secured.
Some 500 fans of the Sarajevo football club were present during the match in Široki Brijeg as well as between 150 and 200 members of the Red Army (supporters of FK Velež closely aligned with Horde Zla). According to Croatian media, members of Horde Zla have a history of starting riots in nearby Posušje
and that Horde Zla were involved in similar riots before. In September 1990 they had a conflict in Belgrade and they stabbed 2 members of Grobari (supporters of FK Partizan). While Škripari have been accused by Bosnian media of harboring far-right Ustaše sympathies including displaying the Nazi swastika in their stands on multiple occasions.
31 people were injured in the riots, 6 of them severely. One member of Horde, named Vedran Puljić (a Sarajevo Croat), was shot and subsequently died. According to Zlatko Galić, the chief of West Herzegovina Canton police, Vedran Puljić had a record for multiple violations related to hooliganism. Police arrested Oliver Knezović as a suspect of shooting Vedran Puljić. Knezović is believed to be a former member of Kažnjenička Bojna unit of HVO. He reportedly fired at the FK Sarajevo supporters using a Kalashnikov automatic rifle. Knezović escaped from prison only hours after he was apprehended. Eight Široki Brijeg policemen were detained for allowing the escape of Oliver Knezović.
Oliver Knezović fled to Zagreb, Croatia, where he would not be extradited to the authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as there is no agreement on this issue between the two countries. He gave an interview for a local TV network, asserting his innocence. After the interview Knezović surrendered to a Zagreb police station with his lawyer. An autopsy revealed that Puljić was killed by a bullet from a police pistol. Knezović reportedly had been shooting from an AK 47.
Citing unnamed police sources, some media reported that Knezović took the pistol from an officer before shooting Puljić. Knezović said that he had taken the pistol but returned it to the policeman before the shooting. He later came to the police station, but escaped after claiming that the police were looking to arrest him for not only shooting at members of Horde Zla (which he does not dispute he did) but also for the murder of Vedran Puljić (which he claims was committed by someone else. The policeman Dragan Vujović was also taken into custody in relation to the murder of Puljić. Citing unnamed police sources, some media reports claimed Vujović is being investigated as an accomplice to murder. Other media reports said that Vujović's hands tested positive for gunpowder residue, which he purportedly claimed was due to his coming into contact with the large quantities of fireworks used that day. Some reports say that the policeman has failed a polygraph test in relation to the event.
Some members of Horde zla were arrested and put in custody. But after Horde Zla spokespeople claimed they had reports that those members were being mistreated in prison the Federal Minister Of Justice Mirsad Kebo had them transferred to Sarajevo and released. This move was met with disapproval by citizens of Široki Brijeg.
Reactions
Široki Brijeg
During the following days many citizens had gathered in front of the West Herzegovina county headquarters. They blamed the violence on Horde Zla. Miro Kraljević, the mayor, addressed the audience giving them his support. The official representative of Škripari read a list of requests to the authorities of West Herzegovina county.
The protesters left after a speech by Stanko Škorba, the president of the Union of handicapped people from the Homeland war. Škorba told them that the ministry of internal affairs has accepted to look into their requests. Although, he said, that does not mean that the Ministry necessarily sees these complaints as valid.
The council of Široki Brijeg also held an extraordinary meeting. The counselors made a declaration denouncing the violence that occurred.
The protests were repeated the same week. There were between 13,000 and 15,000 protesters. Besides citizens of Široki Brijeg the fans of Croat dominated clubs from Mostar, Tomislavgrad, Livno, Žepče, Kiseljak, Posavina and a number of people from Croatia attended. Representatives of Škripari demanded the resignation of Mirsad Kebo and Zvonimir Jukić.
Sarajevo
In Sarajevo, members of Horde Zla also organized citywide demonstrations. They were joined by fans of Velež, Željezničar, Čelik, Rudar (Kakanj), Travnik, Sloboda and many other, mainly Bosniak, clubs as well as over 10,000 citizens.
They alleged that the causes for violence started even before they entered the town of Široki Brijeg in the form of provocations by local residents shouting ethnic slurs at them and gross negligence by the Široki Brijeg police which split them up into small unprotected groups and completely ignored any misconduct on the side of the Škripari up to and including doing nothing to stop the Škripari from hurling rocks at them. The supporters of many other Bosnian clubs present during the demonstrations have also reported that they were subject to similar ethnic provocations and willful police neglect when visiting Western Herzegovina.
They also expressed shock at the fact that as soon as physical confrontations broke out between them and the Škripari, the police started attacking members of Horde Zla in unison with Škripari and other local residents instead of doing their job of separating them. They demanded a thorough investigation into the misconduct of the Široki Brijeg police force which later confirmed that multiple policemen have been aiding and abetting assaults on members of Horde Zla including, in the case of policeman Dragan Vujović, being accomplices to murder. They also accused the police of ignoring local residents who had been shooting automatic weapons at the members of Horde Zla as in the case of Oliver Knezević who can be seen holding an AK-47 while being ignored by a nearby police officer on surveillance footage.
References
External links
facebook page
YouTube video
Riots and civil disorder in Bosnia and Herzegovina
2009 riots
FK Sarajevo
Football in Bosnia and Herzegovina
NK Široki Brijeg
Association football hooliganism
Association football riots
Deaths by firearm in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Police brutality in Europe
Riot
October 2009 events in Europe
2009 in Bosnia and Herzegovina
2009 crimes in Bosnia and Herzegovina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Gunston
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Norman Gunston
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Norman Gunston was a satirical TV character performed by Australian actor and comedian Garry McDonald. Norman Gunston was primarily well known in his native Australia, and to a lesser extent, the United States during the mid to late 1970s. He was the only Gold Logie winning fictional character on Australian television, with McDonald collecting the 1976 Gold Logie and the George Wallace Memorial Logie for Best New Talent in character.
Early years
The Gunston character was originally conceived by comedy writer Wendy Skelcher and first appeared as a minor character to appear in a single sketch in the second series of the cult Australian TV comedy series The Aunty Jack Show in 1973. Cast member Garry McDonald portrayed Gunston as a dull and talentless local TV reporter from the industrial city of Wollongong – a locale that was the butt of many jokes throughout the series. The Gunston character made enough of an impression for him to be revived in a subsequent comedy mini-series made by the Aunty Jack team, Wollongong the Brave (1974), in which he starred in a satirical mock documentary Norman Gunston: The Golden Weeks. His segments as Norman in What's on in Wollongong became one of the most popular parts of the Aunty Jack Show, and Norman appeared on the Aunty Jack Sings Wollongong album along with McDonald's other character, Kid Eager.
National fame
In his later and most famous incarnation, Gunston had evolved to become the unlikely host of his own national TV variety show, The Norman Gunston Show, which premiered with a live broadcast on ABC television on 18 May 1975. Dubbed "the little Aussie bleeder" (a play on the term "Aussie battler"), he satirised parochial Australian culture, media "personalities" and egocentric talk show hosts.
After a faltering start, the Norman Gunston Show rapidly gained a huge national audience and the series became the pre-eminent Australian TV comedy program of its day, with McDonald winning a Gold Logie and having several pop hits. He is, notably, the only Logie recipient who has received the award in the name of his character rather than in his own name.
According to McDonald, the Gunston character and his show were initially devised as a parody of an (unintentionally bad) late-night Sydney TV variety show of the early 1970s hosted by expatriate American club entertainer Tommy Leonetti.
The series producer director was John Eastway.
Format
The Gunston show was a subversive parody of the established variety "Tonight Show" format, centering on a weekly roster of celebrity guests who were 'interviewed' by Norman. Genuine musical performances by guest stars were countered by Norman's own unique interpretations of popular songs – he specialised in portraying his lyrics through mime and sign language and frequently punctuated the song with 'dramatic' interjections. Among his memorable performances were his histrionic rendition of the Tom Jones hit "Delilah", his charades-like version of "Send in the Clowns" and his heroic interpretation of the Liza Minnelli's theme-song "Liza with a Z", which Norman back-announced by guilelessly expressing surprise at the fact that few singers except "Miss Lisa Minnulli" had ever attempted the song. McDonald is in real life an accomplished blues harmonica player (he jammed with Frank Zappa in an interview recording during Zappa's second Australian tour) and many of Norman's musical performances were regularly punctuated by poorly executed and inappropriate harmonica playing, such as in his rendition of the Billy Joel signature tune "Piano Man".
Norman's distinctive interview "shtick" included several recurring features. He habitually presented himself as ill-prepared and under-researched, seeming largely ignorant of and/or uninterested in his guests' achievements, although he was always quick to exploit any chance that their celebrity status might enable him to achieve one of his ambitions, such as being chosen to star in a cigarette ad (which he eventually achieved with 'Dukes' Cigarettes), or winning a Gold Logie.
Norman would further undercut his guests' star status by linking any aspect of their lives and careers to the most mundane features of his own life; he also habitually employed malapropisms and made a particular feature of mis-pronouncing stars' names, or apparently mistaking them for someone else. In his debut show he repeatedly referred to wealthy Sydney socialite Lady Fairfax as "Mrs Lady Fairfax" and in a later show he introduced progressive union leader Jack Mundey as "Mister Jack Mondaay" – a satirical inversion of the Australian habit of pronouncing the morphograph '-day' as '-dee' in the days of the week (e.g. "Sat'dee" for "Saturday").
As the series developed McDonald and his team introduced additional live and pre-taped segments including:
"Norman's Dreamtime" – a mock-fairytale segment in which Gunston regaled a group of increasingly bored children with readings from a book of iconic Australian fables, with titles such as "Why Underpants Ride Up"
"Consumer Straight Talk" – helpful tips on alternative uses for everyday household items, which later evolved into the even more grandiose-sounding "Spaceship Southern Hemisphere"
a weekly review of the show's ratings over previous weeks, with suggestions on how viewers and the studio audience might help them skyrocket; later in Series 1 this focused on Norman's increasingly desperate campaign to win the coveted Gold Logie – which is, ironically, exactly what transpired at the 1976 Logies.
in Series 2 Gunston presented (but did not appear in) a 3-minute satirical 'micro-soap' called Checkout Chicks, which parodied current Australian TV soap operas and starred actresses well known for their appearances in such programs, including Number 96 stars Abigail and Philippa Baker, Class of 74 star Anne Louise Lambert, who went on to star in Picnic at Hanging Rock (in which McDonald also appeared in a 'straight' role).
Stage settings were defiantly downmarket and rooted in Australian suburbia and kitsch RSL club stylings – after being introduced, bemused guests were offered their choice of dubious delicacies (such as pineapple doughnuts or the infamous Chiko Roll) from Norman's hot food bar, before being invited to sit on his vinyl-clad "night-and-day" (an Australian term for sofa bed). Perhaps the most memorable example of this was his interview of Edward Woodward and Michele Dotrice, during which he performed his version of Othello 'for the rugby leagues clubs', which involved him squirting tomato sauce over a ventriloquists's dummy, reducing Woodward to helpless laughter.
Gunston's personal appearance satirised club performers and TV interviewers of the time – for the studio segments he wore an ill-fitting blue lurex tuxedo jacket (wrongly buttoned) and the fly on his (too short) trousers was habitually left undone, with the shirt-tail poking out through the zip. Gunston also adopted a deliberately bad comb over hairstyle to partially cover his balding head. One of his visual trademarks was the small pieces of tissue paper applied to his pasty white face to cover supposed shaving cuts. This comic device led to his memorable exchange with visiting American actress Sally Struthers – noting Norman's apparent shaving cuts, she kindly suggested that perhaps Gunston should use an electric razor; the nonplussed Norman replied "Uh, I do", at which point Struthers collapsed in a fit of laughter.
Gunston performed subversive TV interviews with many major celebrities – during a Wings press conference he quipped to Linda McCartney: 'That's funny, you don't look Japanese.' (referencing Yoko Ono); other famous victims included Mick Jagger, Warren Beatty, Charlton Heston, and Muhammad Ali. Perhaps Norman's most well known interview was with Keith Moon at Charlton stadium in 1976. Moon famously ended his brief encounter with Norman by tipping Vodka over his head and yelling "Piss off, you Australian slag".
McDonald was one of the pioneers of the satirical "ambush" interview technique, which was founded on his considerable improvisational acting skills and precise comic timing. The "Gunston Method" relied on the fact that, especially in the early days of the series, the Norman persona was still relatively unknown in his home country, and completely unknown outside Australia. Thus, he was successfully able to hide behind the guise of a fully rounded and highly plausible character who appears to be stupid in order to throw his otherwise media-savvy quarry off their guard. This caused various results, from hilarity (Sally Struthers and Cheech and Chong), to clever play-alongs like Muhammad Ali ("I'm punchy – what's your excuse?") to bewilderment (Warren Beatty), to complete outrage (Rudolf Nureyev, Michael Cole).
The Gunston technique has since been employed by many comedians. In both style and appearance, Paul Kaye's character Dennis Pennis was strongly reminiscent of Gunston. It later had a very successful revival thanks to the British satirist Sacha Baron Cohen through his characters Ali G, Borat and Brüno. Canadian comedian and actor Martin Short also employed a similar technique with his best-known character, the fawning, morbidly obese celebrity interviewer Jiminy Glick; another notable resemblance between Glick and Norman is the Glick show's "fairytale" segment "Lalawood Fables", which is very similar to the "Norman's Dreamtime" segments of the Gunston show, in which the host reads a satirical mock-fable (intercut with pre-produced vision) to a group of assembled children. The Australian satirical comedy team The Chaser have also frequently used the Gunston Method to ambush unwitting targets—examples include the Julian Morrow character the "Citizens' Infringment Officer", and the team's now-legendary stunt in which they managed to penetrate a tight security cordon around the APEC Forum, despite the fact that Chas Licciardello was masquerading as Osama bin Laden.
Through sheer good luck, Gunston was immortalised in Australian political history when, on the morning of 11 November 1975, McDonald and his film crew – who happened to be in Canberra at the time – found out that the Labor government led by Gough Whitlam had just been dismissed by the Governor-General Sir John Kerr. On hearing the news, McDonald and his crew raced to Parliament House, where they were able to film McDonald (as Gunston) briefly addressing the assembled crowd, only moments before Whitlam and the Governor-General's Official Secretary David Smith appeared for the reading of the now-famous proclamation announcing Whitlam's dismissal.
In 1976, the ABC aired a third season of The Norman Gunston Show. By this stage, increased production budgets afforded Gunston more opportunities for overseas interviews, including Malcolm Muggeridge, Michael Caine, John Sturges, Glenda Jackson, John Stonehouse, and Rudolph Nureyev. One memorable encounter with Frank Zappa ended with Zappa and Norman duetting respectively on guitar and harmonica in a spontaneous blues jam (McDonald is in fact a proficient harmonica player). As the jam concluded, McDonald threw in a witty musical quote from the well-known ABC news theme, a nod to Zappa's well-known proclivity for inserting musical quotes such as TV themes into his work.
In November 1976, a specially prepared 45-minute UK Gunston TV special was screened on BBC2 TV. Some of Gunston's guests on the show included Diana Dors and Tony Greig.
After the third and final ABC TV season finished in late 1976, Gunston was popular enough to approach commercial TV networks. In particular, the Seven Network showed interest in producing another Norman Gunston series. Because of McDonald's other commitments, the series did not commence production until early 1978.
Between July–September 1977, Norman Gunston was included in the 8-episode ABC TV series, The Garry McDonald Show. Other characters were also played by McDonald, including Harry Butler (Harry Butler in the wild), and Mo McCackie.
Channel 7 years
In 1978, the Australian Seven Network aired another Norman Gunston series, which continued over an 18-month period till 1979. Ten 60-minute episodes were produced by John Eastway and ATN7. Highlights of this series were also screened on UK Channel 4 TV from November to December 1982.
In February and March 1981, Channel 7 aired a program called Gunston's Australia, which intended to show the Gunston character approaching the end of his shelf life. In a satirical reference to personalities like former ABC current affairs host Bill Peach, the series parodied the perennial Australian TV practice of hiring celebrities to host magazine-style programs after leaving the show that had brought them to fame. Wearing a safari jacket and shorts, Gunston travelled around outback Australia, interfering and adventuring in high and low places in his usual cack-handed manner. This series was later screened from February to March 1983 on UK Channel 4 TV.
In 1985, a 2-hour video was released titled, The Gunston Tapes. This was a compilation of interviews and comic sketches from the first, second and third 1975–1976 ABC TV series. McDonald also temporarily revived the Gunston character for the purpose of narrating the video.
In February and March 1993, McDonald briefly revived the Gunston character for the Channel 7 network. However, by the time the series premiered McDonald was suffering from severe depression, and his much-publicised nervous breakdown and abrupt departure saw the series prematurely terminated. A 3-set DVD compilation of the 1993 series was subsequently released in 2003.
During the late 1990s, Foxtel's The Comedy Channel repeated all but the premiere episode from the 1975–76 ABC series. (A previously unaired pilot was screened in place of episode one, which is presumed lost.) This marked the first time the series had been aired since the late 1970s. The same episodes have been screened again, albeit in random order, from 2008 as part of the channel's Aussie Gold block hosted by Frank Woodley.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
Awards
ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards are a set of annual ceremonies presented by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), which recognise excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of the music of Australia. They commenced in 1987.
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| 1993
| "Amigos Para Siempre"/"Venereal Girl (Tribute to Madonna)" (with Effie)
| Best Comedy Release
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Program history
1973 The Aunty Jack Show (ABC TV – six B/W episodes)
1974 Wollongong the Brave (ABC TV)
1975 The Norman Gunston Show – season 1 (ABC TV – nine 30-minute colour episodes)
1975 The Norman Gunston Show – season 2 (ABC TV – eight 30-minute colour episodes)
1976 The Norman Gunston Show – season 3 (ABC TV – eight 30-minute colour episodes)
1976 The Norman Gunston Show (UK BBC TV one-off 60-minute special)
1977 The Garry McDonald Show (ABC TV – eight 30-minute colour episodes)
1978–79 The Norman Gunston Show (7 Network – ten 60-minute episodes)
1981 Gunston's Australia (7 Network 1981 – eight 30-minute episodes)
1993 The Norman Gunston Show (7 Network – five 30-minute episodes)
1975 season 1 ABC TV episodes
Series 1 episode 1 (18 May 1975)
Premier Norman Gunston Show episode filmed at ABN2 Gore Hill, Sydney TV studios. Norman Gunston interviews Mary Fairfax, Kerrie Biddell, and Rolf Harris.
Series 1 episode 2 (May 1975)
Norman Gunston interviews Prince Leonard and Lord Davies from the Hutt River Province, Western Australia; Rick Morosi (Junie Morosi's brother); Colleen Hewett before her departure overseas; Mrs Phillis Johnson; and Edward Woodward. Norman's dreamtime segment. Gunston concludes the show by performing "Keep You Satisfied".
Series 1 episode 3 (June 1975)
Norman Gunston interviews Stratford Johns; Chelsea Brown; Mrs Andrea (local talk back radio personality); and Fred Nile. Norman's dreamtime: "How Josyln Mathew got her spots". Consumer straight talk: Chewing gum special report. Gunston concludes the show by performing "If (They Made Me a King)".
Series 1 episode 4 (June 1975)
Norman Gunston interviews Ray Barrett; Edith Dahl, and Jack Thompson. Australian rock group Skyhooks perform "Horror Movie". Norman's dreamtime segment: "Why underpants ride up". Consumer straight talk: Venus flytrap.
Series 1 episode 5 (June 1975)
Norman Gunston interviews Jack Mundey; Paul Graham, Warren Beatty. Australian harmonica performing trio, The Horrie Dargie Trio, perform Theme From "Shaft" by Isaac Hayes. Paul Graeme wrestles alligator. Gunston performs "Sweet Caroline".
Series 1 episode 6 (June 1975)
Norman Gunston interviews the Carlton Football team in their dressing room; Mike Willesee; Marcia Hines; and Dr. Bertram Wainer. Gunston reports on "The joys of funny business". Gunston concludes show by performing "Liza with a Z".
Series 1 episode 7 (July 1975)
Norman Gunston interviews Al Grassby; Bobbi Sykes; Little Pattie; and Cheech & Chong. Norman's dreamtime segment: "The beach umbrella finds Mr. Right". Consumer straight talk segment. Gunston closes show by performing "I Got You Babe" with Little Pattie.
Series 1 episode 8 (July 1975)
Norman Gunston interviews Michele Dotrice; Edward Woodward; Beatrice Faust, and Peter Wherrett. Consumer straight talk segment: super shopping trolley reviewed by Peter Wherrett. Gunston closes show by performing "Out of Sight, Out of Mind".
Series 1 episode 9 (July 1975)
Norman Gunston interviews Gary Glitter. Norman Gunstan stands outside Parliament House Canberra. Gunston performs "Here Come the Jets". Gunston promotional film for "Something or Other" brand cigarette commercial. Norman's nymphette 1975 competition final. Consumer straight talk – Norman's last eight video tapes. ABC chairman, Professor Downing announces new Norman Gunston series due to commence in early September 1975. Gunston concludes show by performing "Tomorrow Belongs to Me".
1975 season 2 ABC TV Episodes
Season Two featured recurring sketch, "The Checkout Chicks". This sketch, a send-up of melodramatic soap operas set in a supermarket, mostly featured former cast members of the then-popular serial Number 96: Abigail, Vivienne Garrett, Candy Raymond, Philippa Baker, Judy Lynne, Anne Louise Lambert.
Series 2 episode 1 (September 1975)
Norman Gunston interviews Joe Frazier; Muhammad Ali, Lady Fairfax; and Winifred Atwell. Special report on GI cordial nutrition. Norman's $400,000 slice of the good life competition. Gunston commences show with "Colour my World" and concludes with "Pinball Wizard".
Series 2 episode 2 (September 1975)
Norman Gunston interviews Ray Charles; Junie Morosi; Peter Allen; and Telly Savalas. Episode one of Checkout Chicks. Spaceship Southern Hemisphere incorporating consumer straight talk. Gunston concludes show with "Send in the Clowns".
Series 2 episode 3 (September 1975)
Norman Gunston interviews Australian rock group Ayers Rock; Denise Drysdale; and President Nixon's security guard. Special announcement to the nation regarding Norman's false girlfriend. Norman's dreamtime: "Why the orange juice gets swished around in that glass thing". Junior jaws kitchen tidy bin review.
Series 2 episode 4 (September 1975) (Note: this episode only exists in black and white)
Norman Gunston interviews Hugh Hefner, Don Dunstan, and Barry Crocker.
Series 2 episode 5 (October 1975)
Norman Gunston interviews Renée Geyer; Paul & Linda McCartney; Denny Laine; and radio talk-back priest Fr. Jim McLaren. Special report on keeping pets in units.
Series 2 episode 6 (October 1975)
Norman Gunston interviews John Gorton; The Seekers; and Miss Australia 1975; Sally Struthers. Checkout chicks. Special report on LA smog verses Australia smog. Gunston concludes show by performing Vesti La Giubba.
Series 2 episode 7 (December 1975)
Norman Gunston interviews Debra Byrne; Senator Albert Field; Michael Cole; and Vidal Sassoon. Norman Gunston appears on the steps of Parliament House with Gough Whitlam – 11 November 1975. Gunston concludes show with "Delilah".
Series 2 episode 8 (January 1976)
Norman Gunston interviews Edith Head; and Frank Zappa. Norman's dreamtime: "Why Aunty Pat took the kittens to the vet". Norman look alike awards 1975. Gunston concludes show with "I who have nothing".
1976 season 3 ABC TV Episodes
Series 3 episode 1 (September 1976)
Norman Gunston interviews Malcolm Muggeridge; Frank Hardie; The Ink Spots; and Rudolf Nureyev. Gunston reports on the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games. Gunston concludes show with ABBA melody.
Series 3 episode 2
Norman Gunston interviews Julie Ismay, Miss Australia 1976; Michael Caine; Brenda Kristen; Tim Taylor; and Tony Greig (from BBC2 UK special). Norman attempts to speak with UK prime minister. Special report on Cambridge University life. Gunston concludes show with "A taste of water".
Series 3 episode 3
Norman Gunston interviews Australian Olympic team; Diana Trask; Margaret Fulton; and John Stonehouse. Norman's dreamtime: "How the garden hose got where it is today". Special report on storing food under the house. Gunston concludes show with "Howzat".
Series 3 episode 4
Norman Gunston interviews 1976 ABC chairman; Fred Daley; and Glenda Jackson. 1976 budget report. Royal marines song contest. Norman will do his best segment: "How hundreds and thousands are made". Report on farming in your own flat. Gunston concludes show with "Don't tell me what to say".
Series 3 episode 5
Norman Gunston interviews Leyland Brothers; John Sturgess; Donald Smith; and Mary Whitehouse. Gunston concludes show with "Jailhouse Rock".
Series 3 episode 6
Norman Gunston interviews Jack Brabham; and Malcolm Fraser. Gunston concludes show with "Piano Man".
Series 3 episode 7
Norman Gunston interviews Caroline Jones; Delilah; and Diana Dors (from BBC2 UK special). Marathon telethon 1976. Norman's dreamtime: "How the shaving cream gets in a lather". Gunston concludes show with duet with Delilah.
Series 3 episode 8
Norman Gunston interviews Vera Lynn, Margaret Thatcher, and George Davis. Keith Moon pours vodka bottle over Norman's head.
BBC2 1976 Norman Gunston special
(19 November 1976)
Michael Caine, Diana Dors, Tony Greig, Glenda Jackson, Malcolm Muggeridge, Diane Solomon.
1978–1979 ATN7 Episodes
Series 1 episode 1 (5 April 1978)
Interviews: Henry Winkler, Phil Silvers, Charles Collinson, Billy Carter. Guests include: John Singleton, and Colleen Hewett.
Series 1 episode 2 (1978)
Interviews: James Garner, James Franciscus, Robert Stack, Elke Summer. Guests includes: Bob Simpson, Judy Connelly, 'Saturday Night Fever' take off.
Series 1 episode 3 (1978)
Interviews: Dawn Fraser, Ian 'Molly' Meldrum, John Farnham and Martin Landau.
Series 1 episode 4 (11 October 1978)
Series 1 episode 5 (1978)
Series 2 episode 1 (1979)
Series 2 episode 2 (1979)
Series 2 episode 3 (29 August 1979)
Series 2 episode 4 (1979)
Series 2 episode 5 Xmas special (December 1979)
Summary: Norman Gunston's Christmas special includes take off of Blondies' single "Heart of Glass"; interviews with Karen Black; Lee Marvin; hippies in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco; Leif Garrett; Elliott Gould; Henry Winkler; Ed Asner; George Segal; Zsa Zsa Gabor; Ricky Schroder; the Bee Gees; Robert Stigwood. Also shows Norman Gunston doing songs "Use Your Hanky" and a take-off of the "Rocky" theme.
Gunston's Australia 1981 ATN7 episodes
Series 1 episode 1 (February 1981)
Summary: Garry Mcdonald (Norman Gunston) in a runners starting position under a banner with 'GI book of records' wearing summer clothing and a backpack.
Series 1 episode 2 (1981)
Summary: Garry Mcdonald (Norman Gunston) wearing safari jacket and shorts crouching as he uses spakfilla on a red dirt hill. An Ansett-ana bag sits nearby (the same bag appears in the 1993 series).
Series 1 episode 3 (1981)
Summary: Garry Mcdonald (Norman Gunston) as Dr. Strange 1981; Grammy awards report.
Series 1 episode 4 (1981)
Series 1 episode 5 (1981)
Series 1 episode 6 (1981)
Series 1 episode 7 (1981)
Series 1 episode 8 (1981)
The Norman Gunston Show (1993)
(Seven Network – February to March 1993)
episode 1
Shirley MacLaine, Ian Botham, Dr John Hewson, musical guest Girlfriend, Gunston sings "Achy Breaky Heart"
episode 2
Paul Mercurio, Billy Crystal, Julian Clary, musical guest Sonia Dada, Gunston sings "Simply Irresistible"
episode 3
Guns N' Roses, Lionel Richie, Laurie and Noeline Donaher, musical guest Mahotella Queens, Gunston sings "I Will Always Love You"
episode 4 (hosted by Mary Coustas as Effie)
Paul Keating, Bryan Brown, Sam Neill, Gough Whitlam, Warwick and Joanne Capper, Brian Austen Green, musical guests The Dukes
episode 5 (hosted by Mary-Anne Fahey as "Kylie Mole")
Jeff Fenech, Jane Flemming, Corbin Bernsen, Colonel Tom Parker, musical guest Peter Andre
episode 6 (Top Gunston part 1)
repackaged highlights from previous series
episode 7 (Top Gunston part 2)
repackaged highlights from previous series
References
External links
The Norman Gunston Show at Nostalgia Central
Search the National Film and Sound Archive National Collection of Screen & Sound for Gunston's radio interview and television appearances
Norman Gunston at Laughterlog.com – Article, episode guide and list of recordings
Australian male comedians
Australian male singers
Australian satirists
Television characters introduced in 1973
Fictional interviewers
Fictional people from New South Wales
Gold Logie winners
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippy%20%28Better%20Call%20Saul%29
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Nippy (Better Call Saul)
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"Nippy" is the tenth episode of the sixth season of Better Call Saul, the spin-off television series of Breaking Bad. It was directed by Michelle MacLaren and written by Alison Tatlock. The episode aired on AMC and AMC+ on July 25, 2022, before debuting online in certain territories on Netflix the following day. "Nippy" continues the story of Jimmy McGill, portrayed by Bob Odenkirk, after he changed his identity and relocated to Omaha. In the episode, Jimmy confronts the taxi driver who recognized him as Saul Goodman.
"Nippy" received generally positive reviews, particularly for Tatlock's screenplay, MacLaren's direction, and Odenkirk's performance. However, the casting and performance of Pat Healy drew mixed reviews, and some felt the episode had little purpose in the show's narrative. An estimated 1.20 million viewers saw the episode during its first broadcast on AMC.
Plot
In Omaha, Nebraska, in 2010, the motorized chair of an elderly woman named Marion gets stuck in the snow. Jimmy McGill, under the guise of Gene Takavic, appears and offers his assistance. He stealthily snips the chair's power cables and offers to push her home. He befriends her with stories of Nippy, his supposedly missing dog. Marion is revealed to be the mother of Jeff, the cab driver who recognized Gene as Saul Goodman. Jeff arrives home and questions Gene's motives. Gene offers Jeff a chance to enter "the game" by burgling a department store in the mall where Gene works in exchange for Jeff's silence about Gene's true identity. Gene returns home, puts on the pinky ring he inherited from Marco Pasternak, and begins to prepare.
Over several days, Gene befriends mall security guard Frank by bringing him Cinnabon rolls and talking about Nebraska Cornhuskers football, tracking how long it takes for Frank to eat while sitting with his back to the security camera monitors. He then recreates the layout of the department store in a field and choreographs an efficient route and list of items for Jeff to maximize his takings. On the night of the burglary, he has Jeff's friend, Buddy, deliver a box to the department store's loading dock under the guise of a mistaken delivery. The box contains Jeff and space to hide the loot afterwards. During the burglary, with only a few items remaining to steal, Jeff falls on a slippery floor, disrupting the timing of the scheme. Gene feigns a depressive episode to divert Frank's attention. Jeff soon comes to, and the burglary succeeds. Jeff hides in the bathroom overnight, then leaves the store when it opens in the morning. As they relish in their success, Gene warns that if Jeff reveals Gene's true identity, Gene will report the burglary as a form of "mutual assured destruction", and makes Jeff promise never to cross paths with him again. When Gene returns to the mall, he finds a flamboyant shirt in the department store but leaves without purchasing it.
Production
"Nippy" is the third Better Call Saul episode to be directed by Michelle MacLaren, after the first season's "Mijo" and the fourth season's "Breathe". It was written by executive producer Alison Tatlock. Bob Odenkirk, who plays Jimmy, is the only actor listed in the starring credits.
Writer Alison Tatlock stated that creating an episode set entirely during Gene Takavic's timeline "just felt pleasing" for the creative team, and that it was intended to be a "surprising" and "perhaps maddening" decision in order to satisfy the audience. Further elaborating her rationale for the decision, she had explained that while it did not allow for linear coherence in the storytelling, it had felt "organic" and that it had been the right choice to do so. Tatlock also added that the team had not made extensive long-term plans for the series while also citing that it would subvert expectations to abruptly change the direction of the overall series. In regards to Gene placating Jeff, Tatlock had explained that she knew Gene would "empower himself and channel the moxie of Saul Goodman", and felt the essence of Goodman's persona was that he was very resourceful and always exploited the entirety of the situation to his advantage. She had also noted that during his diversionary tactic of staging a depressive episode in the store raid, McGill had the ability to express particular emotions in order to achieve a goal during difficult moments while also expressing an underlying truth. MacLaren had also reiterated Tatlock's sentiments that Gene's monologue had been articulating genuine emotions, while also stating that Goodman's self-esteem had been heavily eroded following his brother Chuck McGill's negative influence on his life and that his values had more closely aligned with self-sabotage.
The cab driver Jeff, previously portrayed by Don Harvey, was recast to Pat Healy due to a work conflict by Harvey. Healy originally auditioned for the role of Jeff during the production of the fourth season in March 2018, but was not hired. He was notified of Harvey's departure after he finished shooting his scenes for Martin Scorsese's Killers of the Flower Moon. Healy emphasized that the recast was not due to scheduling changes after Odenkirk's heart attack during Point and Shoot, as he was cast before this incident. Harvey later expressed disappointment in not being able to reprise the role due to scheduling conflicts, but praised Healy for making the character his own. AMC released several teasers to inform viewers of Jeff's recast weeks prior to the episode's airing. The promotional material featured clips of Healy in the role along with lines of Jeff's character from previous seasons that Healy had re-recorded in a sound booth in Los Angeles.
Carol Burnett guest starred as Jeff's mother Marion. She had previously appeared on The Larry Sanders Show with Odenkirk, but the two did not share any scenes in that series. Burnett was a fan of both Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul, while the Better Call Saul staff were fans of hers; the actress was mentioned by Chuck McGill during the second season episode "Rebecca". Series creator Vince Gilligan later stated that Burnett's arrival on the set raised the morale of the cast and crew, who had all grown exhausted from the season's extended production.
Though the story takes place in Omaha, Nebraska, the mall scenes were shot at the Cottonwood Mall in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The department store where the heist takes place was an empty space in the mall. The production designer and art department built the interior and every item in the store was created, purchased, or brought in. The first scene that Healy filmed for the episode was Jeff's nervous exit from the store bathroom. MacLaren directed Healy in that scene to "walk like you've got hemorrhoids". Healy said filming the heist scene, which sometimes meant he had to run for ten hours in a day, was exhausting. MacLaren described the work as both complicated and joyous, praising Burnett for striking a balance between comedy and drama in her performance. She said of the heist scene, "when we were shooting it, I turned to everybody as I was practically falling out of my chair because I was laughing so hard". Actor Jim O'Heir had begun rehearsing his scenes of Frank eating the Cinnabon rolls prior to filming, while being directed by MacLaren to "live every bite". O'Heir estimated that the production team had brought approximately 100 rolls to set per day. A medic was also on-set to check his blood pressure, while O'Heir also had access to a spit bucket that he could use in between takes in case he had difficulty eating the rolls. Gene's wristwatch timer was also not always present on-set, and that it was usually inserted during post-production.
"Nippy" marks a number of firsts for Better Call Saul. It is the first episode set entirely after Breaking Bad and the first to take place entirely in Gene's black-and-white timeline, an idea co-creator Peter Gould mentioned in February 2020. Gould had also discussed his love of black-and-white films with the directors, particularly focusing on how lighting had affected the emotions. Subsequently, cinematographer Paul Donachie had deliberately created more shadows during Odenkirk's scenes as Saul Goodman and less while he was portraying Gene Takavic to reflect the differences of the personas. It is also the first of the sixth season to not follow the "X and Y" naming scheme, and marked a change in the title credits. Traditionally, the title credits of each season's tenth episode featured Saul Goodman's "World's Greatest Lawyer" mug falling off his desk and shattering on the floor. However, in this episode, the title image prematurely stops and is replaced by a blue screen, recreating the effects of a home video recording on a VCR. The music piece "Jim on the Move" by Lalo Schifrin, from the 1966 television series Mission: Impossible, is included in the episode's score. Editing was completed by Chris McCaleb and Joey Liew.
Reception
Critical response
The episode received generally positive reviews. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 90% of ten reviews are positive with an average rating of 9.5/10. Crew members that were recognized for their work on "Nippy" included writer Alison Tatlock and director Michelle MacLaren. Bob Odenkirk also received praise for his performance as Gene Takavic, particularly in the scene where he feigns a breakdown. Alan Sepinwall of Rolling Stone described the episode as an unpredictable epilogue to Better Call Saul that "brings emotional color, thrills, and fun". Steve Greene of IndieWire thought "Nippy" was a reminder that the series did not need high stakes to be entertaining. Ashley Bissette Sumerel of Tell-Tale TV said she enjoyed the humor and watching the heist play out on screen. "Even though the tone is more somber," she wrote, "it's still great fun". Scott Tobias of Vulture called it a "brilliant and wholly unexpected stand-alone episode". Vanity Fairs Mike Hogan labeled it a bottle episode that he believed would set the stage for the rest of the season. David Segal of The New York Times did not like the episode. He experienced some confusion over the recasting of Jeff and said it "felt low-stakes and a bit broad". Erik Kain of Forbes''' found the casting jarring, and noted that it had been over two years since the character Jeff had first appeared. Kain called it "the first genuinely bad episode of Better Call Saul" and said that the episode "tries to achieve some sort of triumph for Saul but fails to stick the landing, losing all momentum in the process." Decider'' included "Nippy" in its list of "The Best TV Episodes of 2022".
Ratings
An estimated 1.20 million viewers watched "Nippy" during its first broadcast on AMC on July 25, 2022.
Notes
References
External links
"Nippy" at AMC
2022 American television episodes
Better Call Saul (season 6) episodes
Black-and-white television episodes
Television episodes directed by Michelle MacLaren
Television episodes set in Nebraska
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202014
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Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014
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Norway participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 with the song "Silent Storm" written by Josefin Winther. The song was performed by Carl Espen. The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) organised the national final Melodi Grand Prix 2013 in order to select the Norwegian entry for the 2014 contest in Copenhagen, Denmark. 15 entries competed in the national final that consisted of three semi-finals and a final. Nine entries ultimately qualified to compete in the final on 15 March 2014 where the winner was determined over two rounds of public televoting. The top four entries in the first round of voting advanced to the competition's second round—the Gold Final. In the second round of public televoting, "Silent Storm" performed by Carl Espen was selected as the winner with 53,712 votes.
Norway was drawn to compete in the second semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 8 May 2014. Performing during the show in position 3, "Silent Storm" was announced among the top 10 entries of the second semi-final and therefore qualified to compete in the final on 12 May. It was later revealed that Norway placed sixth out of the 15 participating countries in the semi-final with 77 points. In the final, Norway performed in position 5 and placed eighth out of the 26 participating countries with 88 points.
Background
Prior to the 2014 contest, Norway had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 52 times since its first entry in 1960. Norway had won the contest on two occasions: in 1985 with the song "La det swinge" performed by Bobbysocks! and in 1995 with the song "Nocturne" performed by Secret Garden. Norway also had the two dubious distinctions of having finished last in the Eurovision final more than any other country and for having the most "nul points" (zero points) in the contest, the latter being a record the nation shared together with Austria. The country had finished last eleven times and had failed to score a point during four contests. Following the introduction of semi-finals in 2004, Norway has, to this point, finished in the top 10 four times: Wig Wam finished ninth with the song "In My Dreams" in 2005, Maria Haukaas Storeng was fifth in 2008 with "Hold On Be Strong", Alexander Rybak won in 2009, and Margaret Berger finished fourth in 2013 performing "I Feed You My Love".
The Norwegian national broadcaster, Norsk rikskringkasting (NRK), broadcasts the event within Norway and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. NRK confirmed their intentions to participate at the 2014 Eurovision Song Contest on 6 May 2013. The broadcaster has traditionally organised the national final Melodi Grand Prix, which has selected the Norwegian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest in all but one of their participation. Along with their participation confirmation, the broadcaster announced the organization of Melodi Grand Prix 2014 in order to select the 2014 Norwegian entry.
Before Eurovision
Melodi Grand Prix 2014
Melodi Grand Prix 2014 was the 52nd edition of the Norwegian national final Melodi Grand Prix and selected Norway's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2014. 15 songs were selected to compete in a four-week-long process that commenced on 7 March 2014 and concluded with the final on 15 March 2014. All shows were hosted by Jenny Skavlan and Erik Solbakken and televised on NRK1 as well as streamed online at NRK's official website nrk.no. The final was also broadcast online at the official Eurovision Song Contest website eurovision.tv.
Format
The competition consisted of four shows: three semi-finals on 7, 8 and 9 March 2014 and a final on 15 March 2014. Seven songs competed in each semi-final and the top three entries qualified to the final. The results of all shows were determined exclusively by public televoting. Viewers could cast their votes through SMS voting, while a four-member panel also provided commentary and feedback regarding the competing entries during each of the four shows. The panel consisted of:
Marie Komissar – NRK P3 radio host and music producer
Kathrine Synnes Finnskog – manager and director of Music Norway
Gisle Stokland – editor and owner of the music website 730.no
Tarjei Strøm – musician and radio host
Competing entries
A submission period was opened by NRK between 3 July 2013 and 15 September 2013. Songwriters of any nationality were allowed to submit entries, while performers of the selected songs would be chosen by NRK in consultation with the songwriters. In addition to the public call for submissions, NRK reserved the right to directly invite certain artists and composers to compete. At the close of the deadline, approximately 600 submissions were received. 15 songs were selected for the competition by a five-member jury panel consisting of Vivi Stenberg (Melodi Grand Prix music producer), Marie Komissar (NRK P3 radio host and music producer), Kathrine Synnes Finnskog (manager and director of Music Norway), Gisle Stokland (editor and owner of the music website 730.no) and Tarjei Strøm (musician and radio host). The competing acts and songs were revealed on 27 January 2014 during a press conference at the Folketeatret in Oslo, presented by Jenny Skavlan and Erik Solbakken. 15-second clips of the competing entries were released during the press conference, while the songs in their entirety were premiered on 19 February.
Shows
Semi-finals
Five songs competed in each of the three semi-finals that took place on 7, 8 and 9 March 2014 at the Folketeatret in Oslo. The top three advanced to the final from each semi-final.
Final
Nine songs that qualified from the preceding three semi-finals competed during the final at the Oslo Spektrum in Oslo on 15 March 2014. The winner was selected over two rounds of public televoting. In the first round, the top four entries were selected to proceed to the second round, the Gold Final. In the Gold Final, the results of the public televote were revealed by Norway's five regions and led to the victory of "Silent Storm" performed by Carl Espen with 53,712 votes. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, the show was opened by Ludvig Antonio Jacobsen performing his song "Erre herre er party?", while the interval act featured a medley performed by Karin Park and 2013 Norwegian Eurovision entrant Margaret Berger.
Promotion
Carl Espen made several appearances across Europe to specifically promote "Silent Storm" as the Norwegian Eurovision entry. On 5 April, Espen performed during the Eurovision in Concert event which was held at the Melkweg venue in Amsterdam, Netherlands and hosted by Cornald Maas and Sandra Reemer. On 13 April, Espen performed during the London Eurovision Party, which was held at the Café de Paris venue in London, United Kingdom and hosted by Nicki French and Paddy O'Connell.
At Eurovision
According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the "Big Five" (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top ten countries from each semi-final progress to the final. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) split up the competing countries into six different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests, with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot. On 20 January 2014, an allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals, as well as which half of the show they would perform in. Norway was placed into the second semi-final, to be held on 8 May 2014, and was scheduled to perform in the first half of the show.
Once all the competing songs for the 2014 contest had been released, the running order for the semi-finals was decided by the shows' producers rather than through another draw, so that similar songs were not placed next to each other. Norway was set to perform in position 3, following the entry from Israel and before the entry from Georgia.
In Norway, the two semi-finals and the final were broadcast on NRK1 with commentary by Olav Viksmo-Slettan. An alternative broadcast of the final was also televised on NRK3 with commentary by the hosts of the NRK P3 radio show P3morgen Ronny Brede Aase, Silje Reiten Nordnes and Line Elvsåshagen. The Norwegian spokesperson, who announced the Norwegian votes during the final, was Margrethe Røed.
Semi-final
Carl Espen took part in technical rehearsals on 29 April and 3 May, followed by dress rehearsals on 7 and 8 May. This included the jury show on 7 May where the professional juries of each country watched and voted on the competing entries.
The Norwegian performance featured Carl Espen performing on stage in a black suit and blue shirt together with a pianist and four violinists that stood on a sloped pedestal. The stage transitioned from a dark setting with a spotlight on Espen at the beginning of the performance to a brighter scenery before transitioning back to a dark setting with lights centred on Carl Espen at the end. The LED screens displayed dark moving waves, and the performance also featured smoke on the stage floor at the beginning, which later disappeared with the use of a wind machine. The four violinists on stage with Carl Espen were: Ane Emilie Vold Mickelsson, Isa Caroline Holmesland, Madeleine Ossum and Sara Veronika Ulstrup. The pianist was Stian Aarstad.
At the end of the show, Norway was announced as having finished in the top 10 and subsequently qualifying for the grand final. It was later revealed that Norway placed sixth in the semi-final, receiving a total of 77 points.
Final
Shortly after the second semi-final, a winners' press conference was held for the ten qualifying countries. As part of this press conference, the qualifying artists took part in a draw to determine which half of the grand final they would subsequently participate in. This draw was done in the order the countries were announced during the semi-final. Norway was drawn to compete in the first half. Following this draw, the shows' producers decided upon the running order of the final, as they had done for the semi-finals. Norway was subsequently placed to perform in position 5, following the entry from Iceland and before the entry from Romania.
Carl Espen once again took part in dress rehearsals on 9 and 10 May before the final, including the jury final where the professional juries cast their final votes before the live show. Carl Espen performed a repeat of his semi-final performance during the final on 10 May. Norway placed eighth in the final, scoring 88 points.
Voting
Voting during the three shows consisted of 50 percent public televoting and 50 percent from a jury deliberation. The jury consisted of five music industry professionals who were citizens of the country they represent, with their names published before the contest to ensure transparency. This jury was asked to judge each contestant based on: vocal capacity; the stage performance; the song's composition and originality; and the overall impression by the act. In addition, no member of a national jury could be related in any way to any of the competing acts in such a way that they cannot vote impartially and independently. The individual rankings of each jury member were released shortly after the grand final.
Following the release of the full split voting by the EBU after the conclusion of the competition, it was revealed that Norway had placed sixteenth with the public televote and ninth with the jury vote in the final. In the public vote, Norway scored 39 points, while with the jury vote, Norway scored 102 points. In the second semi-final, Norway placed eighth with the public televote with 55 points and fourth with the jury vote, scoring 100 points.
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Norway and awarded by Norway in the second semi-final and grand final of the contest, and the breakdown of the jury voting and televoting conducted during the two shows:
Points awarded to Norway
Points awarded by Norway
Detailed voting results
The following members comprised the Norwegian jury:
Ahmed Ashraf (jury chairperson)music and culture journalist
Jonas BrennaHead of publishing
Jan Holmlundentertainment journalist
Rannveig Sundelinvocalist
Monica Johansenartist, songwriter, DJ
References
External links
Full national final on nrk.no
2014
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014
2014
Eurovision
Eurovision
Articles containing video clips
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Power%20Stadium
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King Power Stadium
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King Power Stadium (also known as the Leicester City Stadium due to UEFA sponsorship regulations and formerly known as the Walkers Stadium) is a football stadium located in Leicester, in the East Midlands of England. It has been the home of EFL Championship club Leicester City since 2002 and was the stage as the club famously lifted the Premier League title in 2016. Situated on the banks of the River Soar, the all-seater stadium has a capacity of 32,262 and since 2021 has also been the primary home of Leicester City Women.
History
Background and construction
Leicester's previous stadium was at nearby Filbert Street, located less than a mile away from the current stadium. It was gradually upgraded during the 20th century and with the advent of the Taylor Report in January 1990 requiring all clubs in the top two divisions to have all-seater stadiums by August 1994, Leicester City's directors began to investigate building a new stadium during the early 1990s, but decided to take the redevelopment option by building a new stand on one side of Filbert Street and fitting seats into the remaining standing areas, giving the stadium a 21,500 all-seated capacity by the 1994–95 season.
Filbert Street's conversion to an all-seater stadium coincided with their promotion to the Premier League after a seven-year exile from the top flight, and with their relegation after just one season it appeared the 21,500 capacity would be adequate.
However, success in the late 1990s saw crowds rise, which meant virtually every game at Filbert Street was a sell-out by the end of the decade. Relocation was soon back on the cards; several clubs had relocated to new stadiums around this time, including fellow Midlands clubs Stoke City and Derby County.
Some parts of the ground – the East and North Stands in particular – were also somewhat outdated, which led the manager, Martin O'Neill to joke that when he showed Filbert Street to new signings he led them backwards out of the players tunnel to prevent them from seeing the East Stand.
In early 1998, plans were announced for a 40,000 all-seater stadium to be built at Bede Island South in time for the 2000–01 season, but they were abandoned on 5 January 2000. Chairman John Elsom vowed other options, including relocation to another site or even further redevelopment of Filbert Street, would be considered, hoping either option would have materialised by August 2002.
The relocation option was soon settled upon, as plans were unveiled on 2 November 2000 for a 32,000-seat stadium at nearby Freeman's Wharf, with 2003–04 being the expected completion date, although it was suggested at the time relocation could happen at the start of the 2002–03 season. Work on the stadium began in the summer of 2001, and by 10 October that year it was confirmed the new stadium would be ready for the 2002–03 season.
The stadium was completed on time in the summer of 2002, ready for Leicester to take up residence for the start of the 2002–03 season. However, it was not an easy start at their new stadium as they had just been relegated from the Premier League and were more than £30 million in debt. The stadium itself, designed by architects The Miller Partnership and constructed by Birse Stadia, cost £37 million to build.
The stadium was described at the time as being "a flagship development, not just for the club but for the community and city of Leicester as a whole." At the time of building, two large dual-purpose concourses, which could be used as exhibition centres on non-matchdays, were a first in British stadium design.
Opening
The stadium was officially opened by former Leicester striker Gary Lineker on 23 July 2002. He used a giant pair of scissors to cut a ribbon on the pitch after arriving at the stadium in a Walkers lorry. The first game at the new stadium was a friendly against Basque team Athletic Bilbao, on 4 August 2002. The game finished 1–1, with Tiko scoring the first goal at the stadium, and Jordan Stewart scoring Leicester's first goal. The attendance was approximately 24,000 (no official figure was recorded due to a computer problem). The first competitive match took place six days later and Leicester beat Watford 2–0 in front of a near-capacity crowd of 31,022. Brian Deane scored both goals, including the stadium's first in competitive games. Leicester ended the 2002–03 season promoted back to the Premier League, losing just two home games in the season, despite spending the early part of the season in receivership due to their huge debts, until a takeover deal was completed.
Ownership
The £37 million cost of the new stadium, combined with relegation from the Premiership, the collapse of the English transfer market due to the introduction of the transfer window and the collapse of ITV Digital meant Leicester went into receivership shortly after moving to the new stadium. Birse Construction who had built the stadium therefore lost a large part of their fee, and they withdrew from football ground construction.
As part of the deal which brought the club out of receivership, the stadium's ownership reverted to American academic retirement fund TIAA–CREF, who had supplied £28 million via a bond scheme towards the stadium's construction, with the club taking a long-term lease while the bond repayments were made.
On 1 March 2013, owners King Power purchased the stadium through their company K Power Holdings Co, Ltd.
Current infrastructure and development plans
In 2015, vice-chairman Aiyawatt Srivaddhanaprabha stated plans were in place to increase the ground's capacity to around 42,000. In April 2018, it was announced that initial planning for the expansion and development of King Power Stadium was underway. On 28 July 2021, Leicester City confirmed that they would reveal plans to the public which included increasing the capacity to 40,000, as well as several development projects in the area surrounding the stadium. The club announced on 25 October 2021, that they had submitted a hybrid planning application to Leicester City Council for the redevelopment of King Power Stadium and the surrounding area. They had also applied for permits in September 2021 to begin early enabling works in preparation for the redevelopment. In September 2022, plans were approved for Leicester to extend King Power Stadium's capacity to 40,000. The other development projects were also given provisional approval. In 2022, the stadium became the first in Europe to operate a frictionless kiosk for food and drink purchases.
Helicopter crash
On 27 October 2018, the helicopter carrying club chairman Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha and four others crashed in a car park outside the stadium. The crash happened shortly after the helicopter took off from the pitch, and there were no survivors on board. One year later on 27 October 2019, The Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha Memorial Garden officially opened, before The Khun Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha Statue was unveiled on 4 April 2022.
Naming
In 2002, former Leicester City shirt sponsors Walkers signed a ten-year deal for naming rights. The agreement was superseded halfway through the period, in May 2007, when they again paid a seven-figure sum to extend their sponsorship of the stadium until 2017. Walkers are currently the club's official snack partner.
The stadium was originally to have been called the "Walkers Bowl," but the name was dropped after fans objected on the grounds the name was too "American" (referring to the American college football bowl game concept). As a result of a fans' petition, the name was quickly changed to the "Walkers Stadium." However, some fans at the time were still unhappy the name only referenced the sponsor with no Leicester City reference.
The stadium has been known as King Power Stadium since the 2011–12 season, when the naming rights were sold to King Power. The ground is commonly referred to by the club and its supporters as Filbert Way after the site's address. During the 2015 Rugby World Cup, the stadium was known as the Leicester City Stadium and this is the same for UEFA competitions.
Notable games
Men's football
The first game at the stadium was a friendly against Spanish team Athletic Bilbao, on 4 August 2002. The game finished 1–1, with Tiko scoring the first goal at the stadium, and Jordan Stewart scoring Leicester's first goal.
During their absence from Wembley Stadium, the England national football team played a home friendly game against Serbia and Montenegro at the stadium on 3 June 2003. Goals from Steven Gerrard and Joe Cole gave England a 2–1 victory. On 12 October of the same year, the ground hosted an international friendly match between Brazil and Jamaica, with Roberto Carlos scoring the winner.
On 20 May 2006, the stadium hosted the Football Conference play-off final between Hereford United and Halifax Town. A goal in extra time gave Hereford a 3–2 win and promotion to the Football League. Nine days later, the ground was also the venue for another international friendly, with Ghana beating Jamaica 4–1.
On 12 October 2007, it hosted the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification Group 3 match between England's under-21s and Montenegro's under-21s. The hosts edged out the visitors 1–0 with Matt Derbyshire's goal.
On 30 July 2011, Leicester City played a strong Real Madrid side in the Npower Cup in front of 32,188 fans, with star players such as Cristiano Ronaldo and Kaká playing for Madrid. After falling behind to a first-half goal from José Callejón and a second on the hour from Karim Benzema, Sven-Göran Eriksson's men pulled a goal back a minute from the end through substitute Lloyd Dyer.
On 4 April 2014, Leicester won 2-1 against Sheffield Wednesday. The win put them on the brink of promotion back to the Premier League, and the next day their Premier League status was confirmed as results went in Leicester's favour.
On 3 May 2014, Leicester lifted the 2013–14 Championship title following a 1–0 home victory over Doncaster Rovers.
On 21 September 2014, Leicester went on to produce one of the greatest comebacks in Premier League history, as they won 5-3 against Manchester United at King Power Stadium. They came back from 3–1 down with 30 minutes left to score four goals.
On 8 August 2015, the stadium recorded its current highest ever league attendance. Leicester won 4–2 against Sunderland F.C in their first match of the 2015–16 Premier League season.
On 7 May 2016, Leicester City lifted the 2015–16 Premier League trophy following a 3–1 win versus Everton, less than a week after officially becoming champions as Tottenham Hotspur failed to beat Chelsea. Andrea Bocelli performed live before the match.
On 27 September 2016, the stadium hosted Leicester's first ever competitive European football match since its opening in 2002. Leicester won 1–0 against FC Porto in the UEFA Champions League.
On 14 March 2017, at the stadium the club played its UEFA Champions League last-16 second leg fixture against Sevilla FC. The match finished 2–0 on the night, and 3–2 on aggregate which resulted in Leicester reaching the quarter-finals of the competition.
On 11 September 2018, the stadium hosted a friendly between the England national team and Switzerland. England won 1-0 with a goal from Marcus Rashford, with Leicester left-back Ben Chilwell making his England debut as a 79th minute substitute at his home stadium.
On 30 July 2022, the stadium hosted the FA Community Shield due to Wembley Stadium hosting the final of UEFA Women's Euro 2022 on the following day. As the holders, Leicester City were invited to host. This made Leicester the only club to host this fixture at two different stadia, following Filbert Street in 1971.
On 25 March 2023, the stadium hosted a friendly match between England U21s and France U21s. The fixture was the fourth time King Power Stadium had hosted an England game, previously being the venue in June 2003, October 2007 and September 2018.
International matches
Rugby union
In 2004 Leicester Tigers considered sharing the stadium with Leicester City as their own 16,815-capacity ground at Welford Road was considered too small to handle the growing popularity of rugby union. The plan would have seen the two clubs form a jointly owned company to buy the stadium from, then owners, Teachers. The deal was abandoned in 2005 as the clubs failed to fully agree terms. Because of the continued parlous state of the football club's finances, rumours groundsharing was still being discussed continued to circulate, with some suggestions Tigers were considering buying the stadium outright from Teachers. In 2007, a permanent groundshare was ruled out as Leicester Tigers received planning consent for a major expansion of their own Welford Road venue with a new 10,500-seat stand taking Welford Road to a capacity of 24,500.
However, Tigers have played six matches at the stadium The first three were either to capitalise on the larger capacity with the greater interest in high-profile games or when competition rules demanded the match be played away from their normal home ground while the other three was due to the demolition of the old Caterpillar Stand at Welford Road.
King Power Stadium has also hosted international rugby, including a match between a World XV and South Africa on 3 December 2006 to mark the centenary of the Springboks' first game abroad. South Africa won 32–7.
The stadium was a host for matches in the 2015 Rugby World Cup. The ground hosted three pool matches: Argentina–Tonga, Argentina–Namibia and Canada–Romania.
Average league and record attendances
The overall record attendance at the stadium is thought to be between 32,488-32,500, for a rugby union match between Leicester Tigers and Bath in 2006. This rugby match took place prior to seats being removed to provide segregation of rival football fans, reducing the capacity of the ground from exactly 32,500 to 32,261.
Leicester City Men
The current highest ever league attendance is 32,242, for a Premier League match against Sunderland on 8 August 2015. The highest ever attendance for a non-competitive football match stands at 32,188, for a pre-season friendly against Real Madrid on 30 July 2011.
Leicester City Women
Notes
References
External links
Official website
Leicester City F.C.
Sports venues in Leicester
Football in Leicestershire
Football venues in England
Rugby union stadiums in England
Premier League venues
Sports venues completed in 2002
2002 establishments in England
English Football League venues
Women's Super League venues
Leicester City W.F.C.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich%20Bride%20Schools
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Reich Bride Schools
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The Reich Bride Schools (German: Reichsbräuteschule) were institutions established in Nazi Germany in the late 1930s. They were created to train young women to be "perfect Nazi brides", indoctrinated in Nazi ideology and educated in housekeeping skills. The fiancées of prominent SS members and senior Nazi Party officials (and later a wider range of German women) were taught skills including cooking, child care, ironing and to how to polish their husbands' uniforms and daggers. They were required to swear oaths of loyalty to Adolf Hitler, to pledge to raise their children as Nazis and to marry in what the Nazis alleged to be ceremonies based on pre-Christian model—ceremonies that Nazi officials presided over, rather than ceremonies in churches.
Although a number of bride schools were established in locations across Germany, the demands of the Second World War made it impossible for the Nazis to realise their ideal of women as being exclusively home-bound. Many women took up work instead in munitions factories and other war-related roles. Even so, the schools appear to have continued until as late as May 1944 but their existence faded from memory after the war, perhaps as a result of an unwillingness on the part of former Nazi brides to discuss their enrollment. The discovery in 2013 of original documentation relating to the schools resulted in attention being brought to this institution of Nazi Germany.
Women in the Nazi worldview
Women had a clearly defined position in the Nazi worldview. They were not deemed suitable for professions such as medicine, the law or the civil service, from which they were banned. They were instead expected to stay at home, maintain the household and have as many children as possible. A woman's place was defined by the slogan "kinder, küche, kirche" ("children, kitchen, church"). Reproductive success was rewarded with the Ehrenkreuz der Deutschen Mutter (Cross of Honour of the German Mother), which was awarded in bronze, silver and gold ranks – the latter going to mothers who had eight or more children. The Nazis considered that the social changes that had taken place since the end of the First World War, including a fall in birth rates and an increasing number of divorces, were undermining German society and the German race. Large families and a reversion to traditional gender roles were seen as essential, not least as a means of breeding future soldiers. The Nazi government passed a Law for the Encouragement of Marriage which enabled newlyweds to take out a state loan of 1,000 reichsmarks (approximately €3,500) and keep a quarter for each child they had, in effect subsidising procreation.
Hitler told a conference of the National Socialist Women's League (NS-Frauenschaft) in September 1938, "The slogan 'Emancipation of women' was invented by Jewish intellectuals and its content was formed by the same spirit. In the really good times of German life the German woman had no need to emancipate herself ... If the man's world is said to be the State, his struggle, his readiness to devote his powers to the service of the community, then it may perhaps be said that the woman's is a smaller world. For her world is her husband, her family, her children, and her home." The Nazi viewpoint was summed up by Hermann Göring in his Nine Commandments for the Workers’ Struggle, published in 1934, in which he exhorted women to "take hold of the frying pan, dust pan, and broom, and marry a man." Young girls were compelled to join the League of German Girls (Bund Deutscher Mädel) while older women became members of the NS-Frauenschaft. Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, the head of the NS-Frauenschaft, told a Nazi party conference in 1935 that "women must be the spiritual caregivers and the secret queens of our people, called upon by fate for this special task."
Establishment
In 1936, Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler came to an agreement with Scholtz-Klink to put her views into practice, with Himmler issuing a decree ordering women engaged to SS members to undergo training in how to become brides who would conform to the Nazi ideal of how women should live. They were also to undergo training to provide them with "special knowledge of race and genetics." A newspaper article published at the time stated that the schools they would attend would aim "to mould housewives out of office girls."
Schools for mothers (Mütterschulen) were not a new phenomenon in Germany; the first had been established in Stuttgart in 1917. By 1933 there were 37 such institutions in Germany, aiming to counteract the high infant mortality rate that resulted from the poor diet, bad hygiene and arduous working lives of many women in Weimar Germany. Housekeeping was a much more complex and labour-intensive task than it is today, with tasks such as cleaning, laying a fire, shopping, cooking and looking after children requiring much more effort. After 1933 the Nazis saw Mütterschulen as providing not only a way of educating women in housekeeping, but a means of indoctrinating them in Nazi ideology. The administration of the Mütterschulen was taken over by the NS-Frauenschaft and the Deutsches Frauenwerk (German Women's Enterprise) and the number of women attending grew rapidly; by 1937, 1.14 million women had participated in over 53,000 courses.
The first Reich Bride School was established in 1937 on Schwanenwerder, an island in the Havel river in the Berlin locality of Nikolassee. It occupied a villa which served as a model household, in which groups of up to twenty young women would live for a six-week course. An official pamphlet stated: "In circles of 20 students, young girls should attend courses at the institute, preferably two months before their wedding day, to recuperate spiritually and physically, to forget the daily worries associated with their previous professions, to find the way and to feel the joy for their new lives as wives." They were charged 135 reichsmarks (equivalent to about €470 at today's prices) for the course. Other Reich Bride Schools were soon established; by 1940 there were nine in Berlin alone, and schools were also established in other German cities such as Oldenburg and Tübingen.
Training and indoctrination
The training given at the schools included a variety of household skills such as cooking, ironing, gardening, child care and animal husbandry. Even interior design was addressed; an article in the magazine Das schöne Heim ("The Beautiful Home") described how Nazi brides were encouraged to adopt a "clear and clean" interior style in which only "German woods are used in beautiful grain." Other topics of study included how to make suitable conversation at cocktail parties, cleaning a husband's uniform and polishing a husband's boots and dagger. They were also taught German folk songs, legends and fairy tales to infuse them with a sense of "national community" (Volksgemeinschaft). The women were required to pledge to raise their children in accordance with National Socialist beliefs, to be loyal to Hitler throughout their lives and to marry in faux neo-pagan ceremonies led by Nazi Party members, rather than in church. On completion of the course, they were issued with certificates stamped with the Lebensrune symbolising life; if they dropped out, they were refused permission to marry.
The schools were initially aimed at educating the future wives of the Nazi elite – prominent members of the SS and the Nazi Party. Eventually they were opened to all "racially suitable" German women, thus excluding anyone with Jewish or gypsy heritage, physical disability, or a history of mental illness. Nazi propaganda publicised the schools' activities in articles such as one covering the Oldenburg Reich Bride School, published in May 1940 in the Frauen Warte, the Nazi Party's bi-weekly illustrated magazine for women. It showed in a series of photographs how the brides were taught how to use gardening tools, practising cooking and animal husbandry, picking and arranging flowers, and undergoing courses in cooking, sewing, and baby care, knitting and weaving. The accompanying text, written from the point of view of a mother recalling her time at the Reich Bride School, says:
According to Dr Marius Turda of Oxford Brookes University, "the bride schools perfectly illustrate the Nazi regime’s ambition to control its population, both privately and publicly. A good German wife was supposed to be a supportive mother and a promoter of racial values in the family." They also represented a political gambit by NS-Frauenschaft leader Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, whose collaboration with Himmler to set up the schools resulted in a politically valuable alliance between her organisation and the SS, a rising power within the Nazi establishment. According to the historian Michael Burleigh, the explicitly faux neo-pagan and anti-Christian stance of the bride schools was particularly noteworthy. Dr Julia Torrie of St Thomas University in New Brunswick notes that the underlying theme of the bride schools was that they defined the family as exclusively Aryan; as she puts it, "Exercising the kind of domesticity that a woman learnt at an SS bride school was, in a sense, 'living' her Nazism."
The Reich Bride Schools continued their activities until at least May 1944, but the pressures of war appear to have curtailed them before the final collapse of Nazi Germany the following year. Women took up new roles on the "home front", working in munitions factories or assisting the military. Although this contradicted the original idea of women being confined to the home, Scholtz-Klink justified it on the grounds that they now had a "higher obligation" that demanded their contributions to the war effort. After the war, the bride schools fell into obscurity and information about them is still scarce; as Marius Turda puts it, "It is possible that, after the war, former Nazis and their spouses who had graduated were rather reluctant to talk about these schools." However, in 2013, Nazi-era documentation about the schools was discovered in the German federal archives in Koblenz, including a rule book containing details of the oaths that brides had to swear and the certificates awarded to them at the end of their courses.
References
Further reading
Deutsche Mutter, bist du bereit...: Alltag im Lebensborn, Verlag, Berlin 1997, .
Women in Nazi Germany
Education in Nazi Germany
1930s establishments in Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XCOM%3A%20Enemy%20Unknown
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XCOM: Enemy Unknown
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XCOM: Enemy Unknown is a 2012 turn-based tactical video game developed by Firaxis Games and published by 2K. The game is a "reimagined" remake of the 1994 cult classic strategy game X-COM: UFO Defense (also known as UFO: Enemy Unknown) and a reboot of MicroProse's 1990s X-COM series. Set in an alternative version of the year 2015, the player controls an elite multinational paramilitary organization called XCOM during an alien invasion of Earth. The player commands troops in the field in a series of turn-based tactical missions; between missions, the player directs the research and development of technologies from recovered alien technology and captured prisoners, expands XCOM's base of operations, manages finances, and monitors and responds to alien activity.
XCOM: Enemy Unknown was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 in North America on October 9, 2012, and in Europe and Australia on October 12, 2012. An "Elite Edition", containing all previously released downloadable content, was released for Mac OS X by Feral Interactive in April 2013. A port for iOS was released in June 2013 and an Android conversion was released in April 2014. An expansion pack, titled XCOM: Enemy Within, was released in November 2013. In June 2014, Feral released both XCOM: Enemy Unknown and its expansion pack XCOM: Enemy Within for Linux. A bundle containing both Enemy Unknown and Enemy Within was launched on the PlayStation Store for PlayStation Vita in March 2016 under the title XCOM: Enemy Unknown Plus.
XCOM: Enemy Unknown was critically acclaimed, with several reviewers commenting on the game's difficulty, replayability, and addictiveness. A number of publications, including GameSpy, GameTrailers and Giant Bomb, named it Game of the Year, and it went on to be considered one of the greatest games ever made. A sequel to the game, titled XCOM 2, was released on February 5, 2016, for Microsoft Windows, OS X, and Linux.
Gameplay
Much like its predecessor, XCOM: Enemy Unknown casts the player as the commander of an elite military organization. As commander, the player directs their soldiers in turn-based combat missions against alien enemies. Between missions, the player directs the organization's research and engineering divisions in creating new technologies and improving XCOM's base of operations, and manages the organization's finances.
The turn-based ground combat uses a top-down 3D perspective. The player controls a squad of between one and six human soldiers or robotic units as they hunt the aliens on the map and attempt to complete other objectives dependent on the mission. Map layouts are not randomly generated, but enemy placement is. Fog of war hides the aliens and their actions from view until the player's soldiers are in range and have line of sight on them, and enemies normally do not act at all until the squad initially comes within line of sight. Soldiers can carry items and perform special abilities; use of these items and abilities is controlled through a toolbar on the head-up display (HUD). A few examples of abilities include firing on enemies automatically after they emerge, launching explosives, and healing allies.
Soldiers can take cover behind walls and objects in the environment to gain a measure of protection. Units can use suppressive fire to disadvantage enemies, and use active camouflage to maneuver around opponents. Cutscenes and dynamic camera movements emphasise particularly exciting gameplay moments, such as kill sequences and use of special abilities. The game includes some tactical role-playing elements, whereby the player's soldiers can gain abilities as they survive more battles.
The game's strategy element occurs between missions. XCOM's underground headquarters is presented in a view dubbed the "ant farm". From this view, the player manages construction, manufacturing and research projects underway, and directs how the scientists and engineers use resources recovered from missions and received from XCOM's sponsors. A holographic view of the Earth called the "Geoscape" allows the player to keep track of the situation around the world, ordering aircraft to intercept UFOs and dispatching soldiers to engage aliens on the ground.
This influences the panic level of XCOM's member nations. Responding to situations in certain areas decreases panic, and ignoring them results in a rise in panic and potential for the nation to pull out of XCOM. The "ant farm" also allows the player to observe the team of soldiers relaxing or exercising at the base's gym. A memorial wall to soldiers killed in action is also viewable. Passive bonuses are provided depending on which continent the player chooses for a base location. The player can better detect alien activity by launching satellites and positioning them over territories of interest.
The game can be played on higher difficulty levels: Classic (in a reference to the original game) and Impossible, each with the option to enable the "Ironman" option (which limits players to a single save file) separately for each. Jake Solomon, lead developer, stated on numerous occasions that he believes that the "truest XCOM experience" is playing without the ability to reload saved games. On the higher difficulty levels, the random nature of battles, where soldiers under the player's command can permanently die from one enemy attack, the against-all-odds nature of combat against the unknown and technologically superior enemy, and the requirement to sacrifice some resources – including soldiers and even entire countries – for the greater good combine to create a bleak atmosphere where the player feels the weight of command.
The game features a multiplayer mode for one-on-one tactical battles. Players spend a predefined points budget on assembling a squad of up to six humans, aliens, or a mixture of both. Human units are customizable in terms of weaponry, armor and gadgets. A simplified version of the single-player perk system is present. Alien units may not be customized but possess the abilities of corresponding aliens types in the single-player mode of the game.
Psionic combat from the original 1994 game is retained, but some gameplay features of the original have been removed or adapted. The time units system, the always-visible grid map and the inventory system of the original have been removed. The initial mission phase of disembarking from the transport has also been removed – missions now begin with troops deployed outside the craft. Unlike in the 1994 game, only one XCOM base exists, the location of which is chosen at the beginning of the game.
Although there are some differences in the interface between platforms, unlike other games such as Firaxis' Civilization Revolution, the content is not simplified for the console versions. The PC version features a mouse-driven UI.
Plot
Setting
The game's campaign begins in the spring of 2015, as a global alien invasion begins. Prior to the start of the game, a group of countries called the Council of Nations has banded together to create XCOM (short for Extraterrestrial Combat Unit), the most elite military and scientific organization in human history, tasked with defending them from the alien attack. The player assumes the role of the commander of XCOM, and proceeds to engage in a war against an extraterrestrial enemy with overwhelming technological superiority.
Story
In March 2015, a series of extraterrestrial objects land in a major German city. A squad of four soldiers is sent to investigate the incident. Upon entering a warehouse, the squad finds German soldiers being mind controlled by a small alien creature before being ambushed. All but one of the soldiers are killed before the area is secured. Alien attacks begin all over the globe.
After success with shooting down alien scout ships and securing the crash sites from surviving alien crews, as well as interdicting alien attempts to abduct human civilians for unknown purposes, XCOM manages to also obtain the corpses of various different alien troops. Autopsies reveal that all these types have been genetically and/or cybernetically altered, which seems to indicate they are merely foot-soldiers for unseen leaders. XCOM's head of research, Dr. Vahlen, requests that a live alien be captured for interrogation. This also involves developing a specialized weapon capable of capturing a live alien, and constructing a facility in XCOM's subterranean base capable of safely holding a live alien prisoner.
Capturing one of the alien troops and conducting the interrogation reveals vague information about another type of alien called the Outsiders, artificially-created crystalline beings encountered aboard UFOs, that appear to serve as pilots and navigators. Dr. Vahlen then requests that XCOM capture an Outsider for study. Upon capturing one of these, the examination reveals that the Outsiders' exotic crystalline structures behave in a manner similar to antennas, receiving a signal broadcast from a location buried underground on Earth. XCOM dispatches a team to investigate the signal; it is found to be coming from a base that the aliens have secretly established on Earth, where experiments are performed on abducted humans.
XCOM develops a method for gaining entry to the alien base and assaults it. During the mission, the alien serving as the base commander is discovered to have psychic abilities, but is nevertheless defeated by the soldiers. The commander's psychic communication device is recovered and reverse engineered. Tapping into the aliens' communications reveals a previously hidden, stealth "Overseer" UFO making rounds across the Earth. When the UFO is shot down, it is found to hold an alien species that had not been previously encountered, as well as a strange psionic artifact. The newly discovered species, called Ethereals, possess powerful psionic abilities.
Once the Overseer ship is shot down and the psionic artifact recovered, the massive enemy "Temple Ship" reveals itself in low Earth orbit over Brazil, and starts causing earthquakes even as far away as XCOM HQ. The reverse-engineering efforts enable XCOM to unlock and develop latent psionic powers that are present in certain human beings, thus enhancing their human soldiers. Out of these psychic human soldiers, the most powerful becomes the Volunteer, using the psionic artifact recovered from the Overseer UFO to tap into the aliens' psychic communication "hive", an experience that also increases his or her psionic strength. This allows them to attack and board the Temple Ship to seek out the Uber Ethereal, the leader of the alien invasion.
During the final battle aboard the ship, the Uber Ethereal reveals that, because of their own failure to improve their own race further, they have been testing and experimenting on other species throughout the universe in an attempt to identify a race worthy of being "Uplifted", searching for a race that is strong in both mind and body; the various species of alien troops that the player has encountered have all been failures in the Ethereals' experiments. By allowing humans to obtain their technology a few steps at a time, the Ethereals allowed humans to evolve to a fuller potential, and believe that humanity may be the culmination of their search, to find the perfect species to move on and prepare for "what lies ahead", a vaguely worded destiny that they do not describe further.
After slaying the Uber Ethereal, the Temple Ship begins to collapse into itself, creating a black hole, which would destroy the Earth due to its close proximity. While the psionically gifted Volunteer urges the other XCOM soldiers to rush back to their transport and escape the doomed ship, the Volunteer stays behind, using the psychic gift to take control of the ship and fly it further away from the planet, finally causing it to self-destruct and save Earth.
Development
XCOM: Enemy Unknown went into development in early 2008 as a "very, very big budget" project with about 50–60 team members led by Jake Solomon. Its prototype was a straightforward remake of the original 1994 game X-COM: UFO Defense with all the classic gameplay features. The game subsequently went through many revisions, and features were added, tested or removed to create the final result.
XCOM: Enemy Unknown was developed independently of 2K Marin's XCOM (later rebranded as The Bureau: XCOM Declassified), and although the two games are set in different universes, the developers of the two games were in contact with one another. Enemy Unknown was the first title developed by Firaxis Games not to feature the name of Sid Meier, who served as the director of creative development but was not directly involved in the game's development day to day. The designers made an internal board game to help get the "feel" of the game right.
The interface team was split into halves to develop separate GUIs for the PC and console releases. All members of the development team played and finished the original Enemy Unknown game – they were required to do so if they had not already when they joined the team. Roland Rizzo, who has been working with the X-COM series since the beginning, became the audio lead for the game and was tasked with reimagining and updating John Broomhall's famous original music score. Michael McCann, composer for Deus Ex: Human Revolution, was involved in creating the game's musical score. The Civilization series' art director Greg Foertsch was given the task of reimagining the look of X-COM, including redesigning the classic alien species. The aim was to have the characters resemble action figures, and the result was a stylized, bright, flat-textured look.
Release
XCOM: Enemy Unknown was revealed on January 5, 2012, by Game Informer. A playable demo of the game was available at Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in June 2012. Pre-order bonuses included the "Classic X-COM Soldier" (a haircut for the player's male soldier based on the model for troops in the original 1994 X-COM) and the option to customize the aesthetic design of soldiers' armor. Those pre-ordering the PC version on Steam also received bonus items for Valve's Team Fortress 2 and a free copy of Firaxis' 2010 strategy game Civilization V. The game's playable demo version was released on September 24, 2012, for Steam, on October 9 for Xbox Live and on October 10 for PlayStation Network.
Eight custom promotional XCOM: Enemy Unknown arcade cabinets were produced in August 2011 by 2K Games and Bespoke Arcades. The machines were used to run tournaments of the game at various exhibitions including i47, London MCM Expo, Play Expo and Eurogamer Expo with the machines being awarded as prizes.
XCOM: Enemy Unknown was released in stores on October 9, 2012, for North American consumers and on October 12, 2012, for Australian and European consumers. The game was released for digital distribution via Steam on October 9, 2012. On PC, two editions were released: a normal edition and a special edition which includes a variety of unique items, including an art book, a fold-out poster of the XCOM headquarters, an XCOM insignia patch, and a collection of digital bonus assets such as desktop wallpapers, soundtrack and more.
An "Elite Edition", containing all previously released DLC, was announced for Mac OS X by Feral Interactive on February 26, 2013, and was released on April 25, 2013. An iOS port, scheduled to be released in the summer of 2013, was announced during a PAX East panel on March 23, 2013. A version for Android was released in April 2014.
XCOM: Enemy Within
An expansion pack, XCOM: Enemy Within was released worldwide on Steam and in retail stores on November 15, 2013. The pack retains the core storyline but adds a broad variety of content, including new weapons, special missions and the ability to enhance soldiers via genetic engineering or cybernetic implants. Both of those options consume an elusive substance called "Meld" that can be obtained during battles.
Reception
Critical reception
XCOM: Enemy Unknown greatly impressed the public and media at E3 2012, where it won a number of awards from a variety of gaming publications, such as the title of "Best Strategy Game" from GameSpy, Game Informer, IGN, and Machinima. The game also won the titles "Best PC Game" and "Best Strategy Game" in the 2012 E3 Game Critics Awards.
A pre-release version of XCOM: Enemy Unknown received highly positive previews by, among others, PlayStation Official Magazine, Official Xbox Magazine and Rock, Paper, Shotgun. The full version of the game also received a high praise from critics. Adam Biessener of Game Informer called it "a singular achievement that every gamer deserves to experience." Ian Dransfield of Play called the game "a phenomenal reimagining of a classic title and an instant classic in its own right." It was described as "a hallmark of excellence" by Destructoid and "an exemplary turn-based strategy game" by Joystiq.
Dan Stapleton of GameSpy wrote: "I consider the 1994 turn-based tactical masterpiece X-COM: UFO Defense to be the single best videogame ever made. Compared directly to that impossibly high standard, Firaxis' 2012 remake, XCOM: Enemy Unknown, does remarkably well." GamesTM called it "a worthy reboot of the franchise, easily the most addictive game this year, and one of our favourite Firaxis games ever," with the final verdict of it being "fresh, yet authentic – a stunning reboot." Josh Harmon of Electronic Gaming Monthly (EGM) stated that "to say that XCOM: Enemy Unknown is a phenomenal remake would be selling Firaxis' monumental accomplishment short. The developer hasn't just managed to capture the spirit of the original; they've also tweaked, trimmed, and innovated enough to deliver the freshest, most engaging strategy game in recent memory, if not ever."
Eurogamer's review by Rich Stanton described XCOM: Enemy Unknown as "a winner" and "a fantastic game" that "brings back and revitalises a classic." Alex Rubens of G4 called it "an exceptionally solid return for the series, and one that every turn-based tactics fan should experience," adding that "even if you never played the original, XCOM: Enemy Unknown is turn-based tactics and management at its finest, and a perfect introduction to the genre."
David Houghton of Game Revolution said that despite its flaws, the game "feels like the revival of not just a brand, but a genre." Polygon's Russ Pitts criticized the "weird dichotomy" of the game's strategy component, but praised the tactical gameplay, calling it "one of the best and most artfully designed strategy games in recent memory." Edwin Evans-Thirlwell of Official Xbox Magazine stated that it "isn't just Xbox 360's finest strategy experience – it's also a strategy game which changes how you think about strategy games."
The game's difficulty received both praise and concern. G4's review noted that "the extreme difficulty of the game might not be welcomed by all players" and Official Xbox Magazine described the game as "reliably unforgiving". According to EGM, "XCOM hates you. XCOM wants you dead. And XCOM will see you dead, over and over again." Game Informer called it "one of the most challenging, intense gaming experiences of this generation." Plays review stated, "dying is back in fashion."
Several reviews commented on how addictive the game can be for the player. David Houghton of PlayStation Official Magazine called XCOM "one of the most unique and endlessly compulsive games of the year so far." Erik Kain of Forbes called it "one of the most addictive games I've ever played" that "falls somewhere between chocolate and crack on the scale of addictive substances." Allistair Pinsof of Destructoid, in pointing out how easily one could be absorbed in the game, told readers to "take the act of me wiping XCOM from my hard drive as high praise. It speaks volumes on how addictive and replayable XCOM is."
In a retrospective article about the original from 1994, Alec Meer of Eurogamer compared both games, coming to conclusion that "X-COM and XCOM are completely different games, both ingenious and both flawed in their own ways." According to Chris Schilling of VideoGamer.com, "Enemy Unknown is respectful of Julian Gollop's 1994 turn-based strategy classic, but it's not reverential." Charlie Hall of Ars Technica wrote that "in the end, this is not the X-COM that everyone was expecting. It's more. It's better. If you're merely looking for a highly competent re-skin of the original X-COM, keep your eyes peeled for the upcoming Xenonauts." Gollop himself said:
Awards
Multiple publications including Giant Bomb, Kotaku, MTV and GameTrailers gave XCOM: Enemy Unknown their overall Game of the Year award for 2012. GameSpy also gave XCOM its Game of the Year award ("Achievements: Game of the Year, High Tension, Making Turn-Based Cool Again"), commenting that "few games can deliver the thrill of victory and the agony of defeat in the way that XCOM does."
XCOM: Enemy Unknown was chosen by the 2012 Spike TV Video Game Awards as a nominee in the category Best PC Game. At the 16th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, it was nominated for three awards, including "Game of the Year", and ended up winning two for 2012's "Strategy/Simulation Game of the Year" and "Outstanding Achievement in Gameplay Engineering". Awarding the game its title of Strategy Game of the Year, PC Gamer wrote it can be "forging player memories that'll live as long as you play and care about games."
Sequel
A sequel to XCOM: Enemy Unknown, XCOM 2, was released on February 5, 2016. It was developed by Firaxis Games and was released on Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux. The game takes place 20 years after the events of Enemy Unknown, in an alternate scenario where XCOM failed to stop the alien invasion and humanity surrenders. The player controls a small resistance movement fighting against the alien conquerors.
See also
The Dreamland Chronicles: Freedom Ridge – a previous attempt of a 3D remake of X-COM: UFO Defense by Julian Gollop.
References
Notes
Sources
External links
2012 video games
Alien invasions in video games
Android (operating system) games
Business simulation games
Construction and management simulation games
Feral Interactive games
Firaxis Games games
IOS games
Linux games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
MacOS games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Vita games
Science fiction video games
Tactical role-playing video games
Take-Two Interactive games
Video games about terrorism
Turn-based tactics video games
Unreal Engine games
Video game reboots
Video game remakes
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Michael McCann
Video games set in 2015
Video games set in Argentina
Video games set in Brazil
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Video games set in China
Video games set in France
Video games set in Germany
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in Kenya
Video games set in Mexico
Video games set in the United Kingdom
Video games set in the United States
Video games set in the 2010s
Video games with expansion packs
Windows games
XCOM
Xbox 360 games
BAFTA winners (video games)
Spike Video Game Award winners
2K games
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19284932
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20Operations%20and%20Revolutionary%20Development%20Support
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Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support
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CORDS (Civil Operations and Rural Development Support) was a pacification program of the governments of South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War. The program was created on 9 May 1967, and included military and civilian components of both governments. The objective of CORDS was to gain support for the government of South Vietnam from its rural population which was largely under influence or controlled by the insurgent communist forces of the Viet Cong (VC) and the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN).
Unlike earlier pacification programs in Vietnam, CORDS is seen by many authorities as a "successful integration of civilian and military efforts" to combat the insurgency. By 1970, 93 percent of the rural population of South Vietnam was believed by the United States to be living in "relatively secure" villages. CORDS had been extended to all 44 provinces of South Vietnam, and the communist insurgency was much reduced. Critics, however, have described the pacification programs and CORDS in terms such as "the illusion of progress". CORDS was, in the estimation of its first leader, Robert W. Komer, "too little, too late."
With the withdrawal of U.S. military forces and many civilian personnel, CORDS was abolished in February 1973. CORDS temporary successes were eroded in the 1970s, as the war became primarily a struggle between the conventional military forces of South and North Vietnam rather than an insurgency. North Vietnam prevailed in 1975.
South Vietnamese attempts at pacification
The continuing struggle during the Vietnam War to gain the support of the rural population for the government of South Vietnam was called pacification. To Americans, pacification programs were often referred to by the phrase winning hearts and minds.
The anti-communist Ngo Dinh Diem government of South Vietnam (1955–63) had its power base among the urban and Catholic population. The government controlled the cities and large towns but Diem's efforts to extend government power to the villages, where most of the population lived, were mostly unsuccessful. The Viet Cong were gaining support and mobilizing the peasantry to oppose the government. Between 1956 and 1960, the VC instituted a land reform program dispossessing landlords and distributing land to farmers.
In 1959, Diem revived the agroville program of the French era with the objective of moving peasants into new agricultural settlements which contained schools, medical clinics, and other facilities supported by the government. The program failed due to peasant resistance, poor management, and disruption by the VC using guerrilla and terrorist tactics. In 1961, the government embarked on the Strategic Hamlet Program, designed partly by Robert Thompson, a British counter-insurgency expert. The idea was to move rural dwellers into fortified villages in which they would participate in self-defense forces for their protection and isolation from the guerrillas. The United States Ambassador to South Vietnam Frederick Nolting and CIA official William Colby supported the program. General Lionel C. McGarr, chief of the Military Assistance Advisory Group in South Vietnam, opposed it, favoring instead a mobile, professional South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) undertaking what would later be called Search and Destroy missions rather than defending villages and territory. The program was implemented far too rapidly and coercively, and by 1964, many of the 2,600 strategic hamlets had fallen under VC control.
The next iteration of the pacification program came in 1964 with, for the first time, the direct participation in planning by the US Embassy and Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), the successor to MAAG. The Chien Thang (Struggle for Victory) pacification program was less ambitious than the Strategic Hamlet program, envisioning a gradual expansion, like an "oil spot" from government-controlled to VC controlled areas, by providing security and services to rural areas. Along with the Chien Thang program was the related Hop Tac (Victory) program, directly involving the U.S. military in pacification for the first time. Hop Tac envisioned a gradual expansion outward from Saigon of areas under South Vietnamese government control. These programs also failed as the ARVN was unable to provide adequate security and safety to rural residents in disputed areas.
American and North Vietnamese involvement
In 1965, both the United States and North Vietnam rapidly increased the numbers of their soldiers in South Vietnam. Communist forces totaled 221,000 including an estimated 105 VC and 55 PAVN battalions. American soldiers in Vietnam totaled 175,000 by the end of the year, and the ARVN numbered more than 600,000. Commanding General William Westmoreland rejected the use of the U.S. army to pacify rural areas, instead utilizing U.S. superiority in mobility and firepower to find and combat VC and PAVN units. Intensification of the conflict caused many peasants and rural dwellers to flee to the cities for safety. The number of internal refugees increased from about 500,000 in 1964 to one million in 1966. By December 1966, South Vietnam could only claim—optimistically in the U.S.'s view—to control 4,700 of the country's 12,000 hamlets and 10 of its 16 million people
In February 1966, President Lyndon Johnson at a meeting with South Vietnamese and American leaders in Hawaii promoted the concept of pacification to "get the gospel of pacification carved into the hearts and minds of all concerned." Shortly after that he appointed CIA official and National Security Council member Robert W. Komer ("Blowtorch Bob") as his special assistant for supervising pacification. Komer's challenge was to unite the U.S. government agencies—the military, Department of State, CIA and the Agency for International Development—involved in pacification projects into a unified effort. Komer recommended the responsibility for pacification be vested in MACV, headed by Westmoreland, through a civilian deputy who would head the U.S. pacification effort commanding both U.S. military and civilian personnel. Although his proposal was unpopular in all the agencies, Komer, with the support of Johnson, pressed forward. As a halfway measure, the Office of Civil Operations (OCO) was set up with civilian leadership in November 1966, to coordinate all civilian pacification programs. OCO failed but strengthened Komer and Johnson's view that MACV leadership of the pacification program was essential. Komer believed that only the military had sufficient personnel and resources to undertake such an ambitious program.
Development of the program
Komer argued that the pacification success desired by Johnson could only be achieved by integrating three tasks. The first and most basic requirement for pacification had to be security, because the rural population had to be kept isolated from the VC and PAVN. If this was achieved, the insurgents' forces had to be weakened both by destroying their infrastructure among the population and by developing programs to win over the people's sympathy for the South Vietnamese government and the U.S. forces. The third point emphasized by Komer was that the new strategy had to be applied on a large scale in order to turn around what had been up until then, at best, an indecisive war.
Organizationally, these goals implicitly required that efforts be concentrated under a single command. In Komer's view, only the U.S. military had the resources and personnel to implement a large-scale pacification plan. After initial reservations, Westmoreland agreed with the plan, but civilian agencies still balked. Johnson overruled them, and on 9 May 1967, CORDS was created. Komer was appointed one of Westmoreland's three deputy commanders with the title of ambassador and the equivalent rank of a three-star general. This was the first time in U.S. history that an ambassador had served under a military command and been given authority over military personnel and resources.
Komer chose a military officer as his deputy and repeated the pattern of having either a civilian in charge of every component of CORDS with a military deputy or, alternatively, a military commander with a civilian deputy. He consolidated all the diverse pacification and civil affairs programs in Vietnam—military and civilian—under the authority of CORDS. Starting with a staff of 4,980, CORDS expanded to 8,327 personnel in the first six months of its operation. In 1968, CORDS was working in all 44 provinces and eventually was functioning in all 250 districts of South Vietnam. About 85 percent of CORDS personnel were military, the remainder civilians. Each province was headed by a Vietnamese province chief, usually a colonel, who was supported by an American provincial senior adviser. The adviser's staff was divided into a civilian part which supervised area and community development and a military part which handled security issues.
Organization and function
CORDS at the Corps level (I, II, III, and IV Corps) had an organization similar to its headquarters organization in Saigon. A three-star general headed each corps with a deputy commander for CORDS, usually a civilian. Within each Corps, all 44 South Vietnamese provinces were headed by a native province chief, usually an ARVN army colonel, who was supported by an American province senior adviser, either military or a civilian. The province adviser's staff was divided into a civilian part which supervised area and community development and a military part which assisted the Vietnamese with security operations.
CORDS focused on U.S. support for Vietnamese efforts at pacification in three broad areas: security, centralized planning, and operations against the VC. Komer quickly increased the number of U.S. military advisers assigned to Mobile Advisory Teams advising the Regional and Popular forces (RF/PF) from 141 to 2,331. The advisers provided training and better weapons to the RF/PF and the South Vietnamese government expanded their numbers from 300,000 in 1967, to 517,400 in 1972. CORDS also facilitated the expansion of the National Police from 60,000 to 80,000 personnel. CORDS also placed emphasis on improving South Vietnam's support and implementation of the Chieu Hoi program (encouraging defectors from the VC and PAVN), rural development programs, and generating fewer refugees from the war and taking better care of those who had become refugees.
A major priority of CORDS was to destroy the VC's political and support infrastructure which extended into most villages of the country. The Phoenix Program was CORDS' most controversial activity. Seven hundred American advisers assisted the South Vietnamese government in identifying, capturing, trying, imprisoning and often executing members of the VC infrastructure. Between 1968 and 1972, the Phoenix program, according to CORDS statistics, neutralized 81,740 VC of whom 26,369 were killed. 87 percent of those deaths were attributed to conventional military operations by South Vietnam and the U.S.; the remainder were executed and, in the opinion of critics, were often innocent or non-combatants and were assassinated by "death squads."
Tet and its aftermath
On January 24, 1968, Komer warned that "something is in the wind." Seven days later the Tet Offensive was launched by the VC and PAVN. Tet weakened the Saigon government's presence in the countryside, which had been aided by CORDS. The RF/PF abandoned the countryside in some areas to defend cities and towns, suffering more than 6,500 casualties, including desertions. Tet was a military victory but a psychological defeat for South Vietnam and its American ally, but heavy VC casualties facilitated an early return to the countryside by South Vietnamese authorities and CORDS. Project Recovery distributed food and construction material to rural dwellers and involved CORDS in reconstruction efforts in the cities and towns. By May 1968, the rural population living in "relatively secure" hamlets had returned to pre-Tet levels of 67 percent. Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker, CIA official William Colby, Komer's successor as head of CORDS and the new head of MACV, General Creighton Abrams, persuaded the South Vietnamese government to embark on an accelerated pacification program. The casualties suffered by the VC and the PAVN, during Tet and their subsequent offensives in 1968, enabled CORDS to strengthen its programs in the countryside.
Evaluations of CORDS
In February 1970, John Paul Vann, CORDS head in the IV Corps area (the Mekong River delta south of Saigon), gave an optimistic progress report about pacification to the United States Senate. According to Vann, in IV Corps a person could drive during daylight hours without armed escort to any of the 16 provincial capitals for the first time since 1961. Fewer than 800,000 people out of the six million people living in IV Corps were in contested or VC-controlled areas. 30,000 VC had defected under the Chieu Hoi program. In 1969, the number of refugees had declined from 220,000 to less than 35,000, and rice production had increased nearly 25 percent. Vann, a civilian after retiring from the army as a Lt. Colonel, had 234 American civilian and 2,138 military advisers under his command. More than 300,000 armed Vietnamese soldiers, militia and police in the Corps area were being advised and assisted by CORDS.
CORDS was designed to combat the peasant-based Maoist insurgency of the VC in South Vietnam. "One of the ironies of the Vietnam War is that the southern-rooted insurgency that prompted U.S. military intervention in the first place was significantly pacified – although by no means extirpated – by the time the last major U.S. ground combat forces departed South Vietnam." The years, after reverses during Tet, from 1969 until early 1972 saw "uninterrupted gains in population security throughout South Vietnam and further erosion of the VC. The VC had only a minor role in the 1972 and 1975 communist offensives, the latter resulting in the conquest of South Vietnam by the conventional military forces of North Vietnam.
With the war coming to rely more on the conventional military forces of South and North Vietnam, pacification under CORDS became less relevant. After the withdrawal from Vietnam of U.S. military forces and many civilian personnel, CORDS was terminated in February 1973.
CORDS was successful in several ways. The program successfully integrated U.S. military and civilian efforts to defeat the insurgency in South Vietnam. Communication and cooperation between the U.S. and South Vietnamese government improved; CORDS revitalized several earlier failed attempts at pacification; CORDS leaders Komer and Colby persuaded South Vietnam to take the offensive in rural areas after Tet to challenge the long primacy of the Viet Cong in many areas of the country; and CORDS had some impact of persuading the South Vietnamese government to replace corrupt and incompetent officials.
However, the CORDS pacification programs "could not overcome the South Vietnamese government's defective execution of plans and programs, its omnipresent corruption, or its inability to develop a sturdy, self-sustaining political base." In light of the outcome of the war, CORDS founder Komer attributed the eventual failure of pacification to "too little, too late". Richard Hunt concluded similarly in his book Pacification: The American Struggle for Vietnam's Hearts and Minds that "the advocates of pacification hoped it would cause a fundamental transformation of South Vietnam. But even if that transformation had occurred it would most likely have taken too long and would in any case have exhausted the patience of the American people, inevitably eroding political support in the United States."
See also
Phoenix Program
References
External links
CORDS-related materials available from the USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse (USAID/DEC)
Vietnam War
United States Department of Defense doctrine
Military tactics
Military operations other than war
United States Army in the Vietnam War
CIA activities in Vietnam
Counterinsurgency
Civil affairs
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35990343
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methacrylonitrile
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Methacrylonitrile
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Methacrylonitrile (or 2-Methylprop-2-enenitrile), MeAN in short, is a chemical compound that is an unsaturated aliphatic nitrile, widely used in the preparation of homopolymers, copolymers, elastomers, and plastics and as a chemical intermediate in the preparation of acids, amides, amines, esters, and other nitriles. MeAN is also used as a replacement for acrylonitrile in the manufacture of an acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene-like polymer. It is a clear and colorless (to slightly yellow) liquid, that has a bitter almond smell.
It is toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption.
Exposure and regulation
Since MeAN is present in polymeric coating materials as found in many everyday use items, humans are exposed to it by skin absorption. Aside from this there is an occupational exposure, and low levels of MeAN are also present in the smoke of unfiltered cigarettes made from air-cured or flue-cured tobaccos.
Due to the toxicity of MeAN, the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services has limited the concentration of methacrylonitrile-derived polymer in resinous and polymeric coating materials to 41%. Its use in food packaging is further limited to 0.5 mg per square inch of food-contact surface, and only 50 ppm, or 0.005% MeAN is permitted in chloroform-soluble coating components in water containers (21 CFR, § 175.300). A time-weighted average (TWA) threshold limit value of 1 ppm (3 mg/m3) for MeAN exposure was adopted by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
The National Cancer Institute (USA) nominated MeAN for research because of its potential for human exposure, the common features shared with the known carcinogen acrylonitrile and the shortcoming of knowledge in toxicity and carcinogenicity of MeAN.
Structure and reactivity
Methacrylonitrile is an acrylonitrile (AN) with an additional CH3 group on the second carbon. Polymerization does not require a catalyst and happens rapidly in the absence of a stabilizer.
Because of its double bond, additional reactions are possible with biological molecules. The extra methyl group of MeAN lessens the electron-withdrawing effect caused by the nitrile so that reactions that form negative charge on the alpha carbon are faster with AN as the reactant. Inversely, reactions that form a positive charge on said carbon (i.g. Cytochrome-P450 oxidation of the double bond), are faster with MeAN as the reactant. As a result, in metabolism, MeAN conjugates less with glutathione (GSH) than AN, and is activated more easily.
Synthesis
Poly(acrylonitrile) is generally made via emulsion or solution polymerization. The commercial product can be stabilized by the addition of 50 ppm hydroquinone monoethyl ether. The polymerization of MeAN is carried out in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with the disodium salt of polyethylene oxide (PEO). MeAN is also commercially produced by the vapor-phase reaction of isobutylene with ammonia and oxygen in the presence of a catalyst. Acetonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acrolein are known by-products. It is used in the preparation of homo- and copolymers, elastomers, coatings and plastics. It can be used as a replacement for acrylonitrile in similar reactions. MeAN can also be synthesized by dehydration of methacrylamide or from isopropylene oxide and ammonia.
Reactions
MeAN can undergo electropolymerization, if it is submitted to electroreduction at metallic cathodes in an organic anhydrous medium, for example; acetonitrile. There are two types of polymers that can be obtained at the end of the synthesis; a physisorbed polymer and a grafted polymer. The mechanism accounting for the non-grafted polymer is pretty well understood: it proceeds via the formation of a radical anion (the product of reduction of the vinylic monomer), which dimerizes in solution because of a radical–radical coupling mechanism (RRC) to deliver a di-anion acting as the initiator of a polymerization reaction in solution.
Metabolism
There are different metabolizing pathways for methacrylonitrile, that are elaborated here:
First of all, methacrylonitrile can be directly conjugated with GSH, which leads to the formation of S-(2-cyanopropyl) GSH, which can be metabolized to N-acetyl-S- (2-cyanopropyl) cysteine (NACPC), which can be excreted in the urine.
Due to this, glutathione is depleted to certain degrees after MeAN exposure. After oral exposure to 100 mg/kg MeAN in rats, the maximum depletion was noticed in the liver at 39% of control. This depletion, however, is less than found after AN administration. This is likely because MeAN exists in part bound to red blood cells, and is therefore unavailable for GSH conjugation. Studies using radiolabeled carbon point out that the primary route by which methacrylonitrile left the body is the urine, at 43% of the dose. An additional 18% is excreted in faeces (15%) and exhaled air (2.5%). This means that about 40% of MeAN does not leave the body immediately and is either bound to macromolecules or forms unexcretable conjugates. The red blood cells retained significant amounts of radioactivity: more than 50% of the radioactivity in erythrocytes was detected as covalently bound to hemoglobin and membrane proteins.
Secondly, methacrylonitrile can be metabolised in the liver by CYP2E1 (a Cytochrome-P450 enzyme). This is the most important enzyme for the oxidative metabolism, but also other cytochrome P-450 enzymes may be involved. The oxidative reaction by Cytochrome-P450 enzymes will lead to the formation of an epoxide intermediate, which shows reactivity. This epoxide intermediate is highly unstable and could lead to the formation of cyanide via different transformations. For example, via epoxide hydratase (EH) or via interactions with a sulfhydryl compound, which leads to the formation of a cyanohydrin that could rearrange to an aldehyde and thereby can possibly result in cyanide release. The epoxide can also be conjugated with GSH.
It has been shown that treatment of mice with carbon tetrachloride, which acts on the mixed function oxygenase system, results in much lower cyanide concentrations than controls and greatly reduced toxicity of MeAN, indicating that cyanide production is indeed the main pathway of toxicity, unlike AN, which is more carcinogenic.
More information about toxicity of cyanide see: cyanide poisoning.
Toxicity in humans
Human toxicity has not been well analyzed. Minimum threshold values for odor detections are reported to be at 7 ppm, with the majority of subjects detecting it at higher concentrations of 14 or 24 ppm. At concentrations of 24 ppm incidence of throat, eye and nose irritation occur. No deaths caused by methacrylonitrile poisoning have been reported.
Effects on animals
Inhalation, and oral and dermal administration, of methacrylonitrile can cause acute deaths in animals, often preceded by convulsions and loss of consciousness. Signs of the toxic effects of methacrylonitrile in rats after oral absorption are ataxia, trembling, convulsions, mild diarrhea and irregular breathing. The main cause of toxic effects at lethal (and threshold) levels of MeAN is damage to the central nervous system. This, along with the signs of toxic effects displayed by all tested animals, is consistent with cyanide poisoning. Methacrylonitrile differs herein from acrylonitrile, which does not show cyanide related signs of toxicity.
Cyanide production after exposure to MeAN has been tested, and intravenous injection of MeAN in rabbits results in production of significant levels of cyanide in the blood. In Wistar rats too, toxicity is related to the in vivo liberation of cyanide after exposure to MeAN. The acute toxicity of MeAN can also be antagonized with cyanide antidotes.
A difference in resistance to the lethal effects of MeAN can be noted between species. For inhalation, a 4-hour exposure period gives a LC50 of 328-700 ppm for rats, 88 ppm for guinea pigs, 37 ppm for rabbits and 36 ppm for mice. In dogs acute lethality by inhalation is also noted, although no LC50 has been determined. Oral administration of MeAN has been tested on rats, mice and gerbils, showing a LD50 of 200 mg/kg for rats, 17 mg/kg for mice and 4 mg/kg for gerbils. Skin administration on rabbits causes death at a LC50 of 268 mg/kg. The NOAEL and LOAEL values for rats are determined at 50 mg/kg for NOAEL and 100 mg/kg for LOAEL. This is based on another sign of methacrylonitrile poisoning; urine retention, with 58% of rats showing bladder distention at an administered dose of 100 mg/kg.
Reproductive toxicity was tested in rats, but different outcomes have been reported. Willhite et al. suggest a LOAEL for reproductive effects of 50 mg/kg, while a report by the National Research Council claims no significant reproductive effects have been found.
Lastly, carcinogenic, mutagenic and genotoxic effects have been tested but unlike acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile does not show signs of any such effects.
References
Monomers
Nitriles
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34960280
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheis
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Atheis
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Atheis (English: Atheist) is a 1949 Indonesian novel written by Achdiat Karta Mihardja and published by Balai Pustaka. The novel, using three narrative voices, details the rise and fall of Hasan, a young Muslim who is raised to be religious but winds up doubting his faith after dealings with his Marxist–Leninist childhood friend and an anarcho-nihilist writer.
Mihardja, a journalist-cum-literary editor who associated with the eccentric poet Chairil Anwar and the Socialist Party of Indonesia, wrote Atheis from May 1948 to February 1949. The Indonesian used in the novel was influenced by Sundanese and harkens back to earlier works by Minang writers, as opposed to Mihardja's contemporaries who attempted to distance themselves from the earlier style. Dealing mainly with faith, the novel also touches on the interactions between modernity and traditionalism. Although the writer insisted that the work was meant to be realistic, symbolic representations from subjective meanings to the novel being an allegory have been advanced.
After the novel was published, it caused considerable discussion. Religious thinkers, Marxist-Leninists, and anarchists decried the novel for not explaining their ideologies in more detail, but literary figures and many in the general public praised it; this positive reception may have been influenced by the nascent government's need to promote literature for nation-building. Atheis was translated into Malay before 1970 and into English in 1972; it was also adapted into a film with the same title in 1974. The novel, which received an award from the Indonesian government in 1969, is one of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works.
Plot
The plot of Atheis is non-linear. A. Teeuw, a Dutch scholar of Indonesian literature, models it as below, with A representing the time frame covered in Hasan's manuscript (from his youth until splitting with Kartini), B representing the time frame in which the narrator meets with Hasan and receives his manuscript, and C representing the events around Hasan's death.
The following plot summary is presented chronologically.
Hasan, born to a religious Naqshbandi family in Panyeredan, is a student who lives with his family and adopted sister, Fatimah. After finishing his schooling, Hasan attempts to propose marriage to his classmate, Rukmini. However, Rukmini, who is from a higher social class than him, is set to marry a rich man from Batavia (modern day Jakarta). Instead, his parents ask him to marry Fatimah. Hasan refuses, then devotes himself to studying Islam with his father. In the early 1940s he moves to Bandung to work as a civil servant.
In Bandung, Hasan works for the Japanese occupation government and lives an ascetic lifestyle, often fasting for days on end and dunking himself into a river to refresh his body between evening and morning prayers. While there, he meets his childhood friend Rusli, who introduces Hasan to his friend Kartini. Seeing that Rusli and Kartini are atheistic Marxist-Leninists, Hasan considers it his duty to return them to Islam. However, he finds himself unable to address Rusli's arguments against religion and begins doubting his faith. Soon Hasan becomes increasingly divorced from his religious upbringing, at one time skipping the mandatory maghrib prayer to watch a movie with Kartini. Through Rusli, Hasan is introduced to people from different ideologies, including the anarcho-nihilist playboy Anwar; he also begins courting Kartini.
One day, he returns to Panyeredan to visit his family with Anwar. While there, Anwar sees some night watchmen quivering in fear near a cemetery. When told that they had seen a ghost, Anwar enters the cemetery with Hasan to disprove its existence. However, Hasan thinks he sees a ghost and runs away frightened. When ridiculed for this by Anwar, Hasan's faith is broken. This leads him to have a large fight with his family about their Islamic faith, which results in Hasan's family disowning him. Upon his return to Bandung, Hasan marries Kartini.
Three years later, Hasan's relationship with Kartini is souring; both are suspicious that the other is unfaithful. Eventually, Hasan sees Kartini and Anwar leaving a hotel near the train station and incorrectly assumes that she had been cheating on him. He immediately divorces her and moves out, but soon contracts tuberculosis. After several weeks, Hasan returns to Panyeredan after hearing that his father is ill to work out their issues. However, his father rejects him as a temptation from the devil. Dejected, Hasan returns to Bandung.
As his health continues to degrade, Hasan approaches a local journalist with a manuscript that details his life; the journalist agrees to publish it should something happen to Hasan. Not long afterwards, Hasan goes out into the night after curfew and is shot in the chest by Japanese patrols, dying after torture at the station with the Islamic creed "Allahu Akbar" on his lips. Later, Rusli and a tearful Kartini claim his body.
Characters
Hasan
Hasan is the protagonist of the novel. Raised a devout Muslim, he becomes confused over his beliefs due to influences from his childhood friend and other acquaintances in Bandung. He is further confused by his feelings towards Kartini, who physically resembles his first love Rukmini. Eventually, after being disowned by his family and seemingly abandoned by his friends, Hasan is shot and subsequently tortured to death by Japanese police.
According to the literary critics Maman S. Mahayana, Oyon Sofyan, and Achmad Dian, Hasan's psychological struggles reflect Sigmund Freud's theories on psychoanalysis. Teeuw notes that Hasan comes across as being disappointed that his traditional religious upbringing is not enough to overcome the temptations of the modern world. Poet and critic of Indonesian literature Muhammad Balfas writes that Hasan's conflict arises from being torn intellectually between the teachings of his ultra-religious father and the Marxist Rusli, while at the same time being emotionally victimised by the ever self-confident Anwar. Balfas notes that three versions of Hasan are made apparent to the reader: Hasan's view of himself, the narrator's view of Hasan, and the narrator's reconstruction of Hasan.
Rusli
Rusli is Hasan's childhood friend who approaches him in Bandung. A Marxist-Leninist, he is highly educated and eloquent, which he often uses to win debates on the benefits of different ideologies. Through Rusli, Hasan is introduced to several other characters with Western educations and ideologies, including Hasan's future wife Kartini. During Hasan's time in Bandung, Rusli provides emotional support to him and Kartini. Rusli accompanies Kartini to the police station to identify Hasan's body.
According to literary scholar Boen S. Oemarjati, Rusli was inspired by one of Mihardja's friends in Bandung. Hendrik Maier, professor of southeast Asian literature at the University of California, Riverside, characterizes Rusli as the most balanced of the main protagonists.
Kartini
Kartini is a young Marxist-Leninist who Rusli introduces to Hasan. As Kartini resembles Hasan's first love, Hasan falls deeply in love with her. However, after they marry Hasan becomes increasingly jealous and questions her relationship with Anwar, who often flirts with Kartini. When Anwar picks her up at the train station after she visits her aunt, he attempts to force himself on her. After fighting him off, Kartini leaves the hotel, followed by Anwar. After Hasan divorces her based on his perception of the events, Kartini lives alone. She cries over Hasan's body when asked to identify him for the police.
Anwar
Anwar is a young anarcho-nihilist who considers himself his own god. He is known for being a crude womanizer who has no qualms with using others to get what he wants. Through his actions, Anwar is responsible for both events which devastate Hasan's life: Anwar's ridicule leads Hasan to strife with his family, and Anwar's womanizing and incessant flirting, including unwanted sexual advances against Kartini, lead to Hasan's divorce. Maier describes him as a "destructive, egotistic and vain man who in daily life does not live up to the ideals with which he tries to impress [Hasan]".
Anwar is thought to have been based on the poet Chairil Anwar, an individualistic anarchist known for being abrasive, having kleptomania, and womanizing. The poet's friend Nasjah Djamin notes that the characterization captured the real-life Anwar's nonchalance, impoliteness, and arrogance.
Narrator
The narrator, who only appears in parts of the novel which he narrates, is referred to throughout the novel only as "saya" (a respectful term for "I" or "me"). Little is known about his personal life other than that he is a journalist. According to Indonesian writer and literary critic Subagio Sastrowardoyo, the narrator appears to be representative of Mihardja and is used to teach moral lessons to the reader through his suggestions to Hasan.
Writing and influences
Mihardja, who was born and raised in Garut, West Java, was trained as a journalist before moving to Batavia in 1941 to work for the state publisher of the Dutch East Indies, Balai Pustaka. While in Batavia, in 1945 he began associating with Chairil Anwar's literary group Republika. After the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence and the start of the Indonesian National Revolution, he fled to West Java and participated in events led by the Socialist Party of Indonesia led by Sutan Sjahrir. He was not an atheist, although his association with the party led some to draw that conclusion. Mihardja drew upon this background while writing Atheis.
Atheis was Mihardja's first novel; what few literary works he had written beforehand were mostly short stories and dramas, both those intended for the radio and the stage. He never formally studied writing, instead learning how to write fiction from his experiences reading existing works, including those of André Gide, Leo Tolstoy, Vsevolod Ivanov, and Fyodor Dostoyevsky. His writing style was heavily influenced by that of Gide, particularly as found in The Immoralist (1902). Malay, the language which forms the basis of modern Indonesian, was not Mihardja's native language; his earlier works had all been in Sundanese, and Mihardja had only begun regularly using Indonesian after the Japanese occupation (1942–1945), when he became a translator.
The inspiration for Atheis came, according to Oemarjati, sometime during the early 1940s. In Mihardja's observations, Marxism–Leninism and anarcho-nihilism were among the most common ideologies in Indonesia; this led him to depict Rusli and Anwar as holding those ideologies. Meanwhile, emerging writers such as Idrus, Asrul Sani, and Chairil Anwar were increasingly critical of the older generation of Indonesian authors, whom they decried as narrow-minded and provincial. Mihardja, who was older than many contemporary writers and wrote in a similar style to the older authors, disliked this comparison; according to Maier, this may have led him to represent Chairil Anwar as a much-flawed character. Mihardja formalised his concept throughout the early 1940s and completed the writing during a period of unemployment from May 1948 until February 1949.
Styles
Atheis uses three narrative voices, the first Indonesian novel to do so. The novel starts with a third-person description of Rusli and Kartini's visit to the Japanese police headquarters after hearing of Hasan's death. Afterwards, the narrator, referred to only as "saya", describes in the first person how he met Hasan and how the main character came to tell him his life's story. This is followed by what is described by the original narrator as a manuscript by Hasan, which tells Hasan's life story from his own point of view using the less respectful term "aku". After a brief recollection of the narrator's last meeting with Hasan in the first person, using "saya", the last portion of the book describes Hasan's death in the third person omniscient. According to Teeuw, this serves to avoid caricaturing the characters by giving an objective presentation of them before transitioning to their point of view. However, Mihardja wrote that it was simply to facilitate the completion of the plot.
Teeuw writes that the literary style is didactic, which he considers the novel's main shortcoming. However, he notes that Mihardja was part of a literary movement led by Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana that viewed literature as being instructive; he also writes that such a style was common in Indonesian literature at the time.
The diction in the novel shows a heavy Sundanese influence, including many loan-words. Teeuw describes the diction as forced in places, with sentence structure deviating from those used by the Minang writers who dominated that period's Indonesian literature. According to Teeuw, this is because Mihardja had been raised speaking both Sundanese and Dutch; as such, his Indonesian was not as well developed as Minang writers or those younger than him. Maier notes that the novel features "odd but appropriate metaphors and similes" and stylistically resembles earlier works such as Abdul Muis' Salah Asuhan (Wrong Upbringing; 1928), Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana's Layar Terkembang (With Sails Unfurled; 1936), and Armijn Pane's Belenggu (Shackles; 1940). Balfas also notes stylistic similarities with older works, such as the death of the protagonist at the climax, and Sastrowardoyo opines that Belenggu had a more modern styling despite being published nine years earlier.
Themes and symbolism
Mihardja later wrote that he intended the novel to deal with the question of the existence of God. Mahayana et al. agree, noting that the theme of faith – a theme unknown in modern Indonesian literature at the time – is found throughout the novel. Maier notes that the psychological concepts of guilt, fear, and remorse drive the novel. Teeuw describes the work as taking up the classic theme of modernity versus tradition in a new, more worldly manner. Balfas writes that this approach to the theme was soon followed by other writers.
Despite Mihardja's insistence that Atheis is meant to be realistic, several symbolic interpretations have been put forward. According to Mihardja, one of the most common interpretations readers conveyed to him was that Hasan's death symbolised atheism defeating religion, with Hasan's death as the death of theism. According to Maier, Atheis serves as an allegory for the development of the Indonesian nation. Hasan, representing traditionalism, is killed by the Japanese, who changed the status quo when they invaded in 1942. Meanwhile, the anarchistic Anwar finds himself without a place in the modern world. Only the responsible modern character, Rusli, is able to bring the Indonesian nation, as represented by Kartini, to terms with the new world.
Print history
Atheis was published in 1949 by Balai Pustaka, which had become the state publisher of independent Indonesia. A second printing followed three years later, with a cover by Basuki Resobowo. A third printing, which had several revisions to improve the flow of the story, was published in 1958. , Atheis has been reprinted thirty-three times. By 1970, Atheis had been printed in Malaysian three times. In 1972, the novel was translated by R. J. Macguire into English as part of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works project.
Reception
According to Teeuw, after the publication of Atheis Mihardja immediately became famous. Maier notes that the fame and warm reception to which Atheis was released was influenced not only by the novel's strengths, but also by Mihardja's personality and stature. These qualities were in-line with the nascent government's need to use literature, as the most developed of the new national culture, for nation-building; in 1969, Atheis received a literary award from the government of Indonesia.
According to Mihardja, religious thinkers blasted the novel for depicting Hasan, whom they interpreted as representative of religion and religious people, as unable to overcome temptation; they also disliked the novel's lack of in-depth discussion of religion, necessary for a better understanding of theism. Marxists and anarchists also felt that their ideologies were not well explained. They considered Rusli and Anwar not truly representative of the thoughts of Karl Marx and Friedrich Nietzsche. In response, Mihardja wrote that the characters were meant to be realistic, and that few people have as much knowledge about an ideology as demanded by the critics.
However, other readers – many from the literary community – praised the novel, including writers Pramoedya Ananta Toer and Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah. Sastrowardoyo described it as a "well made novel", arguing that Hasan's death brought complete closure to the story. Teeuw describes Atheis as the first truly interesting novel to arise after the war for independence.
Author Ahmad Tohari describes Atheis as a "timeless monument of Indonesian literature", emphasising its ability to represent the social factors dominant in Indonesian society at the time of writing. Mahayana credits the book's success to "almost every element which remains salient" owing to its setting and story-telling techniques.
Legacy
By the 1970s Atheis had become part of the Indonesian junior and senior high school curriculum. In 1974 Sjumandjaja adapted the novel into a film with the same title. The film, shot on a Rp. 80 million (US$193,771) budget, mimicked the novel's non-linear plot. Intended as a challenge to Indonesia's religious communities, upon its release faced with controversy. Ultimately, the Indonesian censorship bureau passed the film after several cuts. Though it was a commercial failure, Sjumandjaja's Atheis was well received by critics.
Mihardja went on to write two more novels: Debu Cinta Bertebaran (The Dust of Love Spreads; 1973), published in Singapore, and Manifesto Khalifatullah (Manifest of Khalifatullah; 2005), published in Jakarta. At the launch of Manifesto Khalifatullah, a religious-themed novel, Mihardja stated that it was "the answer to Atheis", after he came to believe that "God made man to be His representative on earth, not that of Satan".
Explanatory notes
References
Works cited
1949 novels
Indonesian literature
Novels set in Indonesia
Indonesian novels
Indonesian novels adapted into films
Balai Pustaka books
1949 debut novels
Nonlinear narrative novels
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson%27s%20theorem
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Wilson's theorem
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In algebra and number theory, Wilson's theorem states that a natural number n > 1 is a prime number if and only if the product of all the positive integers less than n is one less than a multiple of n. That is (using the notations of modular arithmetic), the factorial satisfies
exactly when n is a prime number. In other words, any number n is a prime number if, and only if, (n − 1)! + 1 is divisible by n.
History
This theorem was stated by Ibn al-Haytham (c. 1000 AD), and, in the 18th century, by the English mathematician John Wilson. Edward Waring announced the theorem in 1770, although neither he nor his student Wilson could prove it. Lagrange gave the first proof in 1771. There is evidence that Leibniz was also aware of the result a century earlier, but he never published it.
Example
For each of the values of n from 2 to 30, the following table shows the number (n − 1)! and the remainder when (n − 1)! is divided by n. (In the notation of modular arithmetic, the remainder when m is divided by n is written m mod n.)
The background color is blue for prime values of n, gold for composite values.
Proofs
The proofs (for prime moduli) below use the fact that the residue classes modulo a prime number are a field—see the article prime field for more details. Lagrange's theorem, which states that in any field a polynomial of degree n has at most n roots, is needed for all the proofs.
Composite modulus
If n is composite it is divisible by some prime number q, where . Because divides , let for some integer . Suppose for the sake of contradiction that were congruent to where n is composite. Then (n-1)! would also be congruent to −1 (mod q) as implies that for some integer which shows (n-1)! being congruent to -1 (mod q). But (n − 1)! ≡ 0 (mod q) by the fact that q is a term in (n-1)! making (n-1)! a multiple of q. A contradiction is now reached.
In fact, more is true. With the sole exception of 4, where 3! = 6 ≡ 2 (mod 4), if n is composite then (n − 1)! is congruent to 0 (mod n). The proof is divided into two cases: First, if n can be factored as the product of two unequal numbers, , where 2 ≤ a < b ≤ n − 2, then both a and b will appear in the product and (n − 1)! will be divisible by n. If n has no such factorization, then it must be the square of some prime q, q > 2. But then 2q < q2 = n, both q and 2q will be factors of (n − 1)!, and again n divides (n − 1)!.
Prime modulus
Elementary proof
The result is trivial when , so assume p is an odd prime, . Since the residue classes (mod p) are a field, every non-zero a has a unique multiplicative inverse, a−1. Lagrange's theorem implies that the only values of a for which are (because the congruence can have at most two roots (mod p)). Therefore, with the exception of ±1, the factors of can be arranged in disjoint pairs such that product of each pair is congruent to 1 modulo p. This proves Wilson's theorem.
For example, for , one has
Proof using Fermat's little theorem
Again, the result is trivial for p = 2, so suppose p is an odd prime, . Consider the polynomial
g has degree , leading term , and constant term . Its roots are 1, 2, ..., .
Now consider
h also has degree and leading term . Modulo p, Fermat's little theorem says it also has the same roots, 1, 2, ..., .
Finally, consider
f has degree at most p − 2 (since the leading terms cancel), and modulo p also has the roots 1, 2, ..., . But Lagrange's theorem says it cannot have more than p − 2 roots. Therefore, f must be identically zero (mod p), so its constant term is . This is Wilson's theorem.
Proof using the Sylow theorems
It is possible to deduce Wilson's theorem from a particular application of the Sylow theorems. Let p be a prime. It is immediate to deduce that the symmetric group has exactly elements of order p, namely the p-cycles . On the other hand, each Sylow p-subgroup in is a copy of . Hence it follows that the number of Sylow p-subgroups is . The third Sylow theorem implies
Multiplying both sides by gives
that is, the result.
Applications
Primality tests
In practice, Wilson's theorem is useless as a primality test because computing (n − 1)! modulo n for large n is computationally complex, and much faster primality tests are known (indeed, even trial division is considerably more efficient).
Used in the other direction, to determine the primality of the successors of large factorials, it is indeed a very fast and effective method. This is of limited utility, however.
Quadratic residues
Using Wilson's Theorem, for any odd prime , we can rearrange the left hand side of
to obtain the equality
This becomes
or
We can use this fact to prove part of a famous result: for any prime p such that p ≡ 1 (mod 4), the number (−1) is a square (quadratic residue) mod p. For this, suppose p = 4k + 1 for some integer k. Then we can take m = 2k above, and we conclude that (m!)2 is congruent to (−1) (mod p).
Formulas for primes
Wilson's theorem has been used to construct formulas for primes, but they are too slow to have practical value.
p-adic gamma function
Wilson's theorem allows one to define the p-adic gamma function.
Gauss' generalization
Gauss’ generalization of Wilson’s Theorem states that if is four, an odd prime power, or twice an odd prime power, then the product of relatively prime integers less than itself add one is divisible by . It goes further to say that otherwise, the same product subtract one is divisible by .
To state Gauss' Generalization of Wilson's Theorem, we use the Euler's totient function, denoted , which is defined as the number of positive integers less than or equal to which are also relatively prime with . Let's call such numbers , where .
Gauss proved given an odd prime and some integer , then
.
First, let's note this is the proof for cases , since the results are trivial for .
For all , we know there exist some , where and , such that . This allows us to pair each of the elements together with its inverse. We are left now with being its own inverse. So in other words is a root of in , and , in the polynomial ring . If is a root, it follows that is also a root. Our objective is to show that the number of roots is divisible by four, unless , or .
Let's consider . Then we notice we have one root since .
Consider . Then, it is clear there are two roots, specifically, and .
Say . It is again clear there are two solutions.
We now consider . If one of the factors of is divisible by 2, so is the other. Take the factor to be divisible by . Then, it follows that there are 4 distinct roots of , namely , , , and , when .
Finally, let's look at the general case where . We find 2 roots of over each and , except when . Using the Chinese remainder theorem, we find that when is not divisible by 2, we have a total of solutions of . Assuming , in , we have one root, so we still have a total of solutions. When , we have 2 roots in , so there are a total of roots of . For all cases where , there are 4 roots in with a total of solutions. This shows that the number of roots are divisible by 4, unless , or .
Say is a root of in . Then . So, if the number of roots of is divisible by 4, then we can say the product of the roots if 1. Otherwise, we can say the product is -1. So we can conclude that
.
See also
Wilson prime
Table of congruences
Notes
References
The Disquisitiones Arithmeticae has been translated from Gauss's Ciceronian Latin into English and German. The German edition includes all of his papers on number theory: all the proofs of quadratic reciprocity, the determination of the sign of the Gauss sum, the investigations into biquadratic reciprocity, and unpublished notes.
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External links
Mizar system proof: http://mizar.org/version/current/html/nat_5.html#T22
Modular arithmetic
Factorial and binomial topics
Articles containing proofs
Theorems about prime numbers
Primality tests
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Straits%20Times
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The Straits Times
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The Straits Times (also known informally by its abbreviation ST) is a Singaporean daily English-language newspaper owned by the SPH Media Trust. First established on 15 July 1845, it is the most-widely circulated newspaper in the country and has a significant regional audience. The newspaper is published in the broadsheet format and online, the latter of which was launched in 1994. It is regarded as the newspaper of record for Singapore.
Print and digital editions of The Straits Times and The Sunday Times had a daily average circulation of 364,134 and 364,849 respectively in 2017, as audited by Audit Bureau of Circulations Singapore. In 2014, country-specific editions were published for residents in Brunei and Myanmar, with newsprint circulations of 2,500 and 5,000 respectively.
History
Early years
The original conception for The Straits Times has been debated by historians of Singapore. Prior to 1845, the only English-language newspaper in Singapore was The Singapore Free Press, founded by William Napier in 1835. Marterus Thaddeus Apcar, an Armenian merchant, had intended to start a paper, hired an editor, and purchased printing equipment from England. However the would-be editor died abruptly, prior to the arrival of the printing equipment, and Apcar went bankrupt. Fellow Armenian and friend, Catchick Moses, then bought the printing equipment from Apcar and launched The Straits Times with Robert Carr Woods, Sr., an English journalist from Bombay as editor. The paper was founded as The Straits Times and Singapore Journal of Commerce on 15 July 1845.
The Straits Times was launched as an eight-page weekly, published at 7 Commercial Square using a hand-operated press. The subscription fee then was Sp.$1.75 per month. As editor, Woods sought to distinguish The Straits Times from The Singapore Free Press by including humour, short stories, and foreign news, and by making use of regular steamship services carrying mail that launched shortly before The Straits Times was launched. Historian Mary Turnbull disputes this account of The Straits Times' founding, saying that it was unlikely an Armenian merchant would have wanted to found an English-language newspaper, particularly given the presence of the more established Singapore Free Press. In September 1846, the paper was given to Woods outright because the press proved unprofitable to run and Moses was unable to sell it. The paper struggled with a lack of subscribers and newsworthy items to coverage. Woods covered the financial deficit by using the printing press for other projects, including the first directory of Singapore, The Straits Times Almanack, Calendar and Directory, published in 1846.
The first major political stance taken by The Straits Times was against James Brooke, the Rajah of Sarawak. Woods personally resented Brooke and changed that Brooke's actions against Dayak "pirates" was a massacre of peaceful, civilian merchants. The rival Singapore Free Press came to Brooke's defence and the ensuing controversy boosted the circulation of both papers. Woods petitioned the British government for an inquest of Brooke's actions in 1851, with a commission convened in 1854. Brookes was exonerated, but the popularity of the episode made The Straits Times a success, and it became a daily newspaper in 1858.
Woods continued as editor of the paper until he sold it in 1860. John Cameron served as editor from 1861 to 1869, during which the paper nearly went out of business due to hugely destructive fire. The paper's assets were sold at public auction for $40 and Cameron went bankrupt, although he managed to revive the newspaper. Six years after Cameron's death in 1881, his widow appointed Arnot Reid, a young Scottish journalist, as editor, who then held the post for 12 years.
The Straits Times became a major reporter of political and economic events of note in British Malaya, including shipping news, civil and political unrest in Siam and Burma, official reports, and including high society news items such as tea parties held at Government House and visits from dignitaries such as the Sultan of Johor. Colonial officials, such as Frank Swettenham, wrote articles, sometimes in their own names. The paper later published Swettenham's writings on the history of Perak and his involvement in the British Residential system in 1893.
Following Reid's retirement, Alexander W. Still took over as editor, a post he held for 18 years. During Still's leadership as editor, The Straits Times built a reputation for bold reporting and fearless commentary. It was known as the "Thunderer of the East", a reference to the original Thunderer, The Times of London, and was a critic of the British colonial administration, though much milder in its criticism of the government compared to its critique of unethical businesses. Under Still's leadership, circulation (from 3,600 in 1910 to 4,100 in 1920) and ad revenues increased. Still's outspokenness as editor resulted in a number of libel suits against the paper, which were either lost or settled privately out of court. He believed that the paper had an obligation to investigate and expose corruption both in government and in business. For our own part, we cherish the liberty of the press simply for its value to the community as a whole. Nothing fills us with greater contempt than the type of journalism, unfortunately somewhat on the increase in Great Britain, which pries into private affairs, gloats over domestic scandals, and tickles the palates of the people with snappy tidbits of personality. We do not want liberty of the press extended in a form that would enable this kind of journalism to pander without fear of penalties. But in the modern constitution of society, the press has great functions to perform. It is the chief safeguard against corruption . . . our business is to do what we deem right and necessary in the public interest, and no law court can be the keeper of our conscience . . . Malaya has some reason to be proud of its press. It is honest, clean, and public-spirited. It may be wrong-headed occasionally - we may ourselves be the chief of sinners in that respect - but it puts no man or woman to the blush, and its aims are generally wholesome.Still attacked the actions of governor Laurence Guillemard on the grounds of a free press, such as back-room discussions of a proposed constitutional change that colonial administrators urged reporters to delay covering until the proposals were announced. In an editorial, Still replied, "That is mere pompous nonsense when addressed to a free people and a free press."
The Singapore Free Press, which had folded in 1869, was revived by W.G. St. Clair, who edited it until 1916. The rival newspapers spurred readership among the growing English-reading community, with The Singapore Free Press published in the morning and The Straits Times released in the afternoon. Still retired from The Straits Times in 1926 and the paper cycled through four editors in the span of two years before George Seabridge became editor in 1928. He held the position for the next 18 years and oversaw huge growth in circulation: from 5,000 to 25,000 subscribers.
The Straits Times focused predominantly on British and British-related events while ignoring the politics and socio-economic issues of concern to other groups, including the Malay, Chinese, and Indian populations in and around Singapore. Coverage of events related to non-British was typically restricted to court cases or sensationalized crimes, such as the Tok Janggut's rebellion in Kelantan in 1915. Under Still's editorship, the paper called for better working conditions for Malay, Chinese, and Indian labourers, but on the grounds that it would improve their efficiency and productivity. Still also considered the Asian population of Singapore "untrustworthy" and suggested they should not hold positions of power or serve in the military. Asian reporters at The Straits Times experienced discrimination in the workplace and while on assignment. Peter Benson Maxwell, an Indian reporter, arranged an interview with the governor Cecil Clementi via Clementi's secretary, but was quickly removed from the premises of the Government House when he arrived in person.
The paper was originally owned by the individual founders before becoming a private company, as it remained until 1950. Its single largest shareholder was the procurer of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, the Reverend N.J. Couvreur, who also served as the chairman of the company's board of the directors from 1910 to 1920.
Prewar period
In the 1920s and 1930s, The Straits Times began to face competition from other papers, specifically the Malaya Tribune, which promised "frank discussion of Malayan affairs" and "weekly articles by special and well-informed writers, Chinese, Indians, and Muslims". The Tribune, founded in 1914, lagged behind The Straits Times in sales and readership, and launched an advertising campaign to increase circulation and move the paper away from its image as the "clerk's paper". It also hired talented journalists, including Leslie Hoffman and T.S. Khoo, who became the editor-in-chief and deputy editor-in-chief, respectively, of The Straits Times after World War II. The efforts of the Malaya Tribune were successful when, in 1932, its circulation exceeded that of The Straits Times. In response to the competition, Seabridge improved the company by building a new office, replacing and updating old printing equipment, hiring local journalists, and beginning delivery upcountry. He also made significant changes to the paper: he expanded coverage of events in Singapore and Malaya; created a Sunday paper; cut the price of the paper to match that of the Malaya Tribune; and incorporated pictures, comics, and other eye-catching elements to make the paper more attractive. Particularly with the reduction of cost, the number of subscribers dramatically increased. In 1938, the paper began delivery by air to Kuala Lumpur, where they were taken from the city to rural areas by vans.
Part of Seabridge's attempts to expand circulation was to include "women's columns", particularly by incorporating the voices of the wives of wealthy British planters.
By 1933, the renewed Free Press was unable to maintain the competition with The Straits Times and the paper was bought by Seabridge, though it remained more closely affiliated with merchants and lawyers.
Japanese occupation
Lead-up to occupation
In July 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill appointed Duff Cooper, a former Minister of Information, to investigate how to coordinate defence policy planning in Asia against the threat of Japanese invasion. Cooper arrived in Singapore in September 1941 and reported that the various civil, governmental, and military elements did not communicate or coordinate well. Seabridge, as chief editor, was highly critical of the lack of planning and efficiency of government officials. Seabridge and F. D. Bisseker, the chairman of the Eastern Smelting Company, strongly urged Cooper to build up the civil defense; Seabridge also back Cooper's proposal to institute martial law. Japanese attacks in the northern Malay states began on 8 December 1941, the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Five days later, the commander ordered the evacuation of all European women and children and all military personnel from the island of Penang. Similar evacuations of only Europeans were ordered throughout the month of December, seriously undermining the morale of the much larger Asian population of Singapore and the surrounding British areas. However, Governor Shenton Thomas insisted that the British community of Singapore not flee in the face of the Japanese, that no racial discrimination was to take place in the evacuation of civilians, and that British civil officers stay behind to "look after their Asian charges". The government also obstructed information of the severity of the situation on the frontlines. On 5 January 1941, The Straits Times published the following lead article summarizing the situation.Malaya has now been in the front line for a month. The Northern Settlement is in enemy hands, and fighting is taking place within 200 miles of Singapore. This island has been bombed on several occasions with 'slight damage to civilian property' and 'a few civilian casualties'. That is a reasonably accurate summary of all the people of this country have been told of the fighting that is going around them. Vague 'lines' have been mentioned and there have been sundry 'strategic withdrawals'. Such generalities provide a very flimsy basis indeed for detailed comment – so flimsy that we do not propose to attempt a task which is very nearly impossible of achievement … The view we propose to put forward here is the view of the middle-class Asiatic who has been asked to help in maintaining morale but finds himself quite unable to do so . . . If the newspapers and the newspaper reading public are to be any help in combatting rumour, they must be supplied with the only things which are of the slightest value in carrying out the task. And those things are facts.
Occupation
On 20 February 1942, five days after the Fall of Singapore, The Straits Times was renamed by Japan and became known as The Shonan Times, Shonan being the Japanese name for Singapore. The first issue of The Shonan Times published a declaration by Tomoyuki Yamashita, announcing that the aim of the Japanese was to establish the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in order to achieve a "Great Spirit of Cosmocrasy" and "sweep away the arrogant and unrighteous British elements".
The children's newspaper, outlined in the third goal, was published as Sakura and included as a free supplement in the 10 June 1942 edition of the Syonan Shimbun, though it was later sold separately for one sen. In addition to the Sakura children's newspaper, the Syonan Shimbun, in all its iterations, was used by the Japanese government as a way of attempting to create pro-Japanese youth leaders among the multiethnic, multilingual children of Singapore.
The paper was later published as The Syonan Times, The Syonan Sinbun, and The Syonan Shimbun. The changes in the spelling arose from squabbles between adherents of different romanization systems, namely Hepburn romanization and a standard devised by the Japanese military government (i.e. General Tojo was written as Tozyo). On 8 December 1942, the anniversary of the initial Japanese invasion, the paper was published as the Syonan Sinbun, the English-language edition of a Japanese newspaper. It finally became the Syonan Shimbun on 8 December 1943. The paper was reverted back to The Straits Times on 5 September 1945 as Singapore returned to British colonial rule and subsequently until today.
During this period, the paper was thoroughly pro-Japanese and would often report on Japan's war efforts in the Pacific. The newspaper was run by members of the Japanese military propaganda division and included prominent writers such as Masuji Ibuse.
Seabridge and his wife fled Singapore on 11 February 1942 and went to Batavia (present-day Jakarta). From Batavia, Seabridge filed a secret report for the War Cabinet in London in April 1942 on the failure of both military and civilian governments to hold and maintain Singapore's defences.Singapore itself was in a state of almost complete chaos from the end of December. Civil Servants who had evacuated from the Malay States sought to set up temporary departments in Singapore for no other apparent reason than the preservation of their jobs. Even the FMS Income Tax Department set itself up in Singapore after the last Federated State had fallen into Japanese hands. The Civil administration cracked badly and broke completely at some points. There was little co-operation with the Services, and many indications of jealousy and fear that outsiders might poach on the preserves of the Civil Servant … The extent to which obstructionists flourished was staggering.
As a war propaganda instrument
In June 1942, the Military Propaganda Squad launched a campaign, Nippon-Go Popularising Week, to promote the Japanese language among Singaporeans, using the Syonan Shimbun. The Propaganda Squad drafted some 150 members of the Japanese literati and assigned them to Singapore (Syonan) under the 25th Army Military Administration. These included notable authors such as the novelist Masuji Ibuse, poet Jimbo Kōtaro, and literary critic Nakajima Kenzo. A document dated 17 May 1942 outlined the four main objectives of Nippon-Go Popularising Week.
To promote the study of Japanese during and after Nippon-Go Popularising Week, introduce the Japanese state of affairs in a series of articles, and strengthen the command of conventional Japanese language in the local papers.
To entreat all Japanese soldiers involved in the constructive war effort to cooperate in teaching correct Japanese to natives.
To publish a weekly children's katakana newspaper.
To publish a guidebook on the proper pronunciation of Japanese syllables.
The children's newspaper, outlined in the third goal, was published as Sakura and included as a free supplement in the 10 June 1942 edition of the Syonan Shimbun, though it was later sold separately for one sen.
Post-war
On 11 March 1950, The Straits Times became a public limited company.
In 1956, The Straits Times established a Malayan (now Malaysian) edition, the New Straits Times, based in Kuala Lumpur. Since the separation of the two countries, these newspapers are now unaffiliated with each other. During the early days of Singaporean self-governance (before 1965), the paper, who had a pro-colonial stance, had an uneasy relationship with some politicians. This included the leaders of the People's Action Party (PAP), who desired self-governance for Singapore.
Editors were warned by British colonial officials that any reportage that may threaten the merger between Singapore and the Malayan Federation may result in subversion charges, and that they may be detained without trial under the Preservation of Public Security Ordinance Act.
During the Malayan Emergency, The Straits Times published cash bounties for information leading to the killing or capture of senior communists. Earlier during the Emergency, The Straits Times had erroneously reported that 26 suspected communist guerrillas had been shot dead by the British military while attempting to escape after ammunition had been discovered in their homes. However, it was later discovered that 24 people had been shot dead, and that all of them were innocent civilians who had been executed as part of the Batang Kali massacre by the Scots Guards regiment; an event described by historians as the British Mỹ Lai.
Post-independence
After Singapore gained its independence in 1965, the newspaper has since been referred to as Singapore's newspaper of record. Despite its history as being largely anti-PAP and anti-independence when Singapore was a colony, it has become largely pro-PAP after independence. The news website of The Straits Times launched on 1 January 1994, making it one of the first newspapers in the world to do so. The website remained entirely free until 2005 when paid subscription became required to fully access news and commentary.
Government interference
Prior to 1965, during the early days of Singaporean self-governance, the paper had an uneasy relationship with some politicians, including the leaders of the People's Action Party (PAP). This was partially due to Hoffman criticising the PAP during the 1959 general election and supporting the eventually defeated chief minister Lim Yew Hock. Editors were warned that any reportage that may threaten the merger between Singapore and the Malayan Federation may result in subversion charges, and that they may be detained without trial under the Preservation of Public Security Ordinance Act. Following criticism of the paper's coverage from Lee Kuan Yew after the 1979 by-elections and the 1980 general election, The Straits Times agreed to accept S.R. Nathan, a government nominee and the former Director of Internal Security, as its executive chairman. Subsequently, the Singaporean government restructured the entire newspaper industry, in which all papers published in English, Chinese, and Malay were brought under Singapore Press Holdings (SPH), established on 30 November 1984. Following the establishment of the conglomerate, The Straits Times, and the other subsidiaries, were allowed to maintain its own board of directors and editorial staff.
The newspaper is sometimes referred as "the mouthpiece" of the ruling party, or at least "mostly pro-government", as well as "close to the government". Chua Chin Hon, then ST's bureau chief for the United States, was quoted as saying that SPH's "editors have all been groomed as pro-government supporters and are careful to ensure that reporting of local events adheres closely to the official line" in a 2009 US diplomatic cable leaked by WikiLeaks. Past chairpersons of Singapore Press Holdings have been civil or public servants. The SPH Chairman before the SPH media restructuring, Lee Boon Yang, was a former PAP cabinet minister who took over from Tony Tan, former Deputy Prime Minister. Many current ST management and senior editors have close links to the government as well. SPH CEO Alan Chan was a former top civil servant and Principal Private Secretary to then Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew. Current editor-in-chief Warren Fernandez was considered as a PAP candidate for the 2006 elections.
In his memoir OB Markers: My Straits Times Story, former editor-in-chief Cheong Yip Seng, alleged how the newspaper has a government-appointed "monitor" at the newspaper, "someone who could watch to see if indeed the newsroom was beyond control", and that disapproval of the "monitor" could cost a reporter or editor from being internally promoted. Cheong identified the first monitor as S. R. Nathan, director of the Ministry of Defence's Security and Intelligence Division and later president of Singapore. Editors were bound by "out of bounds markers" to denote what topics are permissible for public discussion, such as anything that may produce ill-will and hostility between different races and religious groups.
Coverage
The Straits Times functions with 16 bureaus and special correspondents in major cities worldwide. The paper has five sections: the main section consist of Asian and international news, with sub-sections of columns and editorials and the Forum Page (letters to the press). The Home section consist of local news and topics on Education for Monday, Mind and Body for Tuesday, Digital for Wednesday, Community for Thursday and Science for Friday. There are also a sports and finance section, a classified ads and job listing section and a lifestyle, style, entertainment and the arts section titled "Life!".
The newspaper also publishes special editions for primary and secondary schools in Singapore. The primary-school version contains a special pull-out, titled "Little Red Dot" and the secondary-school version contains a pull-out titled "In".
A separate edition The Sunday Times is published on Sundays.
International editions
A specific Myanmar and Brunei edition of this paper was launched on 25 March 2014 and 30 October 2014. It is published daily with local newspaper printers on licence with SPH. This paper is distributed on ministries, businesses, major hotels, airlines, bookshops and supermarkets on major cities and target sales to local and foreign businessmen in both countries. Circulation of the Myanmar edition currently stands at 5,000 and 2,500 for the Brunei edition. The Brunei edition is currently sold at B$1 per copy and an All-in-One Straits Times package consisting of the print edition and full digital access via online, tablets and smartphones, will also be introduced in Brunei.
Straits Times Online
Launched on 1 January 1994, The Straits Times website was free of charge and granted access to all the sections and articles found in the print edition. On 1 January 2005, the online version began requiring registration and after a short period became a paid-access-only site. Currently, only people who subscribe to the online edition can read all the articles on the Internet, including the frequently updated "Latest News" section.
A free section, featuring a selection of news stories, is currently available at the site. Regular podcast, vodcast and twice-daily—mid-day and evening updates—radio-news bulletins are also available for free online.
Preservation
In July 2007, the National Library Board signed an agreement with the Singapore Press Holdings to digitise the archives of The Straits Times going back to its founding in 1845. The archived materials are held in the Lee Kong Chian Reference Library and are available to the public through microfilm.
Community programmes
The Straits Times School Pocket Money Fund
The Straits Times School Pocket Money Fund was initiated on 1 October 2000 by The Straits Times, to heighten public awareness of the plight of children from low-income families who were attending school without proper breakfast, or pocket money to sustain their day in school. The aim is to alleviate the financial burden faced by parents in providing for their children's education. At the same time the funds will help children who are already facing difficulties in remaining in school to stay on.
The Straits Times Schools
The Straits Times Schools is a news desk created to encourage youth readership and interest in news and current affairs. Launched in 2004, the programme was initially known as The Straits Times Media Club. Youth newspapers, IN and Little Red Dot are produced on a weekly basis for secondary and primary school students respectively, whose schools would have to subscribe in bulk. Students will receive their papers every Monday together with the main broadsheet. On 7 March 2017, a digital IN app was launched, allowing parents, students and other individual ST subscribers to subscribe to IN weekly releases digitally.
Public opinions
A 2020 Reuters Institute independent survey of 15 media outlets found that 73% of Singaporean respondents trusted reporting from The Straits Times, the second highest rating next to Channel NewsAsia (CNA), a local TV news channel.
See also
Media of Singapore
List of newspapers in Singapore
References
Additional Sources
Thio, HR and the Media in Singapore in HR and the Media, Robert Haas ed, Malaysia: AIDCOM 1996 69 at 72-5.
Further reading
Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers (1980) pp 305–7
Turnbull, C. Mary. Dateline Singapore: 150 Years of The Straits Times (1995), published by Singapore Press Holdings
Cheong Yip Seng. OB Markers: My Straits Times Story (2012), published by Straits Times Press
External links
SPH NewsLink—Archive of Straits Times Articles
Search digitised Singapore newspapers from 1831-2013
1845 establishments in the Straits Settlements
English-language newspapers published in Asia
SPH Media
Newspapers published in Singapore
Newspapers established in 1845
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbury%20Square
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Westbury Square
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Westbury Square was a shopping center located on a site near the intersection of Chimney Rock Road and West Bellfort Avenue, in the Westbury neighborhood in the Brays Oaks district of Southwest Houston, Texas. It was built as a part of Westbury Section 3.
History
Design and conception
In 1960 Ira Berne, the developer of the Westbury subdivision, had developed the center. The plot of land that would later house Westbury Square was originally undeveloped and a leftover from development of the subdivision; Berne was not sure what should be placed there. Gerry Berne, his wife, said that due to hay fever, Ira Berne had to be out of Houston in the months August through October, so he often vacationed in Italy. While there he became inspired by the architectural design and decided to create a similar atmosphere in a new shopping center in Houston. Berne had traveled to Europe and had a positive view of the European building styles which involved various facades of different time periods and materials next door to one another, and Berne hoped to create a similar atmosphere in his new shopping center.
Berne hired architect William F. Wortham, Jr. to design the complex. Berne traveled to Italy to take photographs and notes so he could model his center after European architectural elements. Alisa Rogillio-Strength of the Houston Business Journal said that Berne's "dream was to recreate a similar environment in Houston in a shopping center where people would come to spend the day, strolling down the brick boulevards, dining at cafes, treating themselves to ice cream and visiting master craftsman in their shops."
Opening and rise
The center, built in 1962, became very popular after its opening. Some visitors came as far away as Port Arthur, Texas and Louisiana. Greg Hassell of the Houston Chronicle said "During the 1960s, it could justly be considered the premier shopping destination in the city."
The center included public events such as Christmas choir singing and glass-blowing demonstrations. The glass blowers performed in art festivals held in covered stalls around the fountain on weekends. A "lemon sale" occurred once yearly, where merchandise was sold at discount prices from back-alley booths. Owners of Westbury Square stores and people described by Alisa Rogillio-Strength of the Houston Business Journal as "hip urbanites" occupied the apartments. During the successful era, many apartment complexes of a similar style were being built around and near Westbury Square.
Gray said "To car-dependent Houstonians, its pedestrian world seemed as dreamlike as its evocation of Italy: Surely this city couldn't offer a pretty place to walk, or for kids to ride their bikes." Gray added that the public events "[h]eighten[ed] the sense of altered reality". Barry Moore, an architect who writes for Cite magazine, described Westbury Square as a "retail Brigadoon" and said that it "was as if Disneyland's Main Street USA had been translated into a real place where people could buy real stuff, and then go home to an apartment on the second floor." Its buildings were once used in a production of A Streetcar Named Desire.
Decline
After the opening of The Galleria in November 1970, Westbury Square began to decline. The opening of the Galleria caused tenants to move there from smaller shopping centers in suburban areas, such as Westbury Square. Allison Rogillio-Strength of the Houston Business Journal said " As the glitz of new indoor shopping palaces lured shoppers by the thousands, the Westbury Square property began to see less traffic." Lisa Gray of the Houston Chronicle said "candle-making demonstrations couldn't compete against" the Galleria's ice skating rink. Around that time, various hippies began socializing at Westbury Square's Piazza. Addison McElroy, an owner of three Westbury Square shops quoted in the Houston Business Journal, said "[t]hey would yell back and forth and the ladies just didn't want to be around that." Greg Hassell of the Houston Chronicle said that the center was not easy for native Houstonians or non-locals to find, and that the center did not have major anchor tenants. Hassell added that "[t]he Westbury area also entered a time of flux, as portions of the neighborhood declined". However Hassell stated that Westbury Square "had style, enough so to inspire loyalty even when its best days were behind it."
Gray added that the 1980s oil bust "nearly finished off" Westbury Square. Gray added that "[t]he mall never recovered". In 1988 the original owner of Westbury Square went into Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Afterwards, McDonnell-Douglas Financial Corp. owned Westbury Square. It was later owned by Alfred Antonini, a landlord. In 1995 Ralph Bivins of the Houston Chronicle said "[o]nly a handful of stores remain open" in Westbury Square. During that year Home Depot made an offer to buy the center to build a new store, with the possibility that portions of the center may be demolished. The Home Depot Westbury Square #578 hardware store is now located on a portion of what was Westbury Square. The circular plaza and fountain were destroyed so the store could be built. 60% of the original Westbury Square remained. Alfred Antonini continued to own the remainder of Westbury Square.
In 2002 Alisa Rogillio-Strength said that the center was "a much bedraggled specter of its former self" and that "Residents in the area are hopeful that Westbury Square will undergo a transformation similar to that of Meyerland Plaza." As of that year, the property manager, Roy Zirpoli, and the remaining tenants established the Westbury Square Merchants Association (WSMA) and started efforts to preserve Westbury Square. At the time, there were plans to open a farmer's market which would include 100 stands of local produce and classes on subjects such as gardening for children and marketing of one's own produce. Rogillio-Strength said that there was a possibility for the center to redevelop due to the addition of suburbs to the south including Silverlake and Savannah, the increase in property values in nearby Bellaire and Meyerland, the renovation of Main Street, the expansion in the Texas Medical Center, and the construction of Reliant Stadium.
In 2007 Mike McGuff, then of KTRK-TV, said "There has been talk of a revival for the small part left standing but we'll have to wait and see if that ever becomes reality."
In September 2010 the owner of the remaining buildings put them up for sale. Gary Loh, one of the two brokers who put Westbury Square for sale, stated that while there was sentimental value, but he expected the buyer to destroy the buildings. In September 2012 Gray said "These days, the rickety remaining buildings look more like an Old West ghost town than an Italian village" and that the area residents "hope that it'll be razed soon."
On February 6, 2014, buildings 1 and 5 were removed under an agreement with the City of Houston after a longstanding battle over a “repair or demolish” order.
On July 2, 2015, it was announced that the remaining buildings will be demolished and the site used for a gated community of approximately 110 homes.
Design
As of 1996 the center had of space. As of 2010 the center has of space. The design, made by architect William J. Wortham, Jr., was centered on a circular piazza and fountain lined with street lamps designed from a sketch Berne made while he was in Europe. The center had a tall clock tower. The center also included apartments and offices on the second floors of the buildings, while shops occupied the first floor. Lisa Gray of the Houston Chronicle said that the resulting design was "a walkable, two-story place full of plazas, brick walkways, fountains and antique street lights - all the scaled-down trappings of an imaginary Italian past, there in the Space Age, moon shot-proud city of the future." Rogillio-Strength described the building style as "a 19th Century, Italian villa style" which "marked an unusual break from the commercial architectural trend of the time." The Houston Architectural Guide said that the design "centered on a circular plaza from which irregular pedestrian alleyways radiate."
Lisa Gray of the Houston Chronicle said that "Urban-design nerds often say that mixed-use, walkable Westbury Square was 50 years ahead of its time." Mike McGuff of KIAH said "The square was ahead of its time and could be compared to Uptown Park or the shopping plazas in The Woodlands, Sugar Land or Pearland."
Tenants
The shops occupying spaces at Westbury square during the center's height in the 1960s and 1970s included The Candle Shop; Cargo Houston Importers, a store described by Alisa Rogillio-Strength of the Houston Business Journal as "a predecessor to Pier 1"; The Chemist Shop, a perfume store; Cromwell's, self-described as an "Olde English Gentleman's clothing store"; The Gallery, a store selling gifts and fine china; The Gay Dot, a store selling cards and stationery; Gifts 'n Gab; Flowers Inc., a florist; Holland House, a shop selling imports originating from the Netherlands; the Jewel Chest; Rumpleheimer's, an ice cream parlor; Turrentine's Needlecraft; several dress shops, Village Inn Pizza Parlor, Joan Flake, a children's clothing and gifts boutique, and other shops. Rogillo-Strength said that the store names are, as of 2002, "familiar to many long-time Houston residents". An individual named Addison McElroy owned The Candle Shop, Cargo and The Chemist Shop. When McElroy found that the center was declining, he decided to sell his shops. Tuesday Morning opened in place of the Cargo Houston store and Wicks 'N' Sticks opened in place of The Candle Shop. Rogillio-Strength said "[b]oth managed to do decent business for a few more years."
There were also Electric Paisley Arts and Crafts, a head shop; Sound Shoppe, a record store; Mario's, an Italian restaurant; Smuggler's Chest, a jewelry store, specializing in costume jewelry; several dress shops, and other retail establishments. There was also a nursery and day care called The Little Red School House.
In 1995 tenants included several shops, a school, and a Houston Police Department storefront station; during that year Ralph Bivins said that "[o]nly a handful of stores remain open" In 2002, no name brand tenants occupied any spaces at Westbury Square.
In 2002 several antique shops moved into Westbury Square. As of October 2002, four antique shops were located in Westbury Square, and several businesses described by Rogillio-Strength as "shoestring businesses," including the psychic shop "Psychic Readings," were present in some townhouses across from Westbury Square. In the northern hemisphere fall of that year, some businesses scheduled to open in Westbury square included a 24-hour daycare for children of the ages zero through four; Caravanserai, a non-profit arts education gallery; and "Ribs & Thangs," a barbecue restaurant that offered takeout service. In December of that year, businesses scheduled to open included an additional antique shop, a florist, and a shop selling jewelry and imports from Mexico. In 2010 Dorit Golan, an employee of the Keller Williams subsidiary KW Commercial, said that very few tenants were left in Westbury Square.
Legacy
Greg Hassell of the Houston Chronicle said "Westbury Square wasn't his only accomplishment, and it certainly wasn't his most profitable." Gerry Berne said "building Westbury Square was the most creative thing he was ever involved in. It was personal. It was a romantic thing for him." In 1999 Hassell said "many newcomers to Houston are unaware that it's even there" but that "the very mention of Westbury Square is enough to elicit a smile from longtime Houstonians." According to Gray, as of 2012, Westbury Square "provokes fits of nostalgia in old-time Houstonians."
References
Rogillio-Strength, Alisa. "Merchants on mission to revive Westbury Square." Houston Business Journal. October 27, 2002.
Notes
Some text originates from the Westbury, Houston article.
Shopping malls in Houston
Defunct shopping malls in the United States
Demolished shopping malls in the United States
1962 establishments in Texas
Shopping malls established in 1962
Buildings and structures demolished in 2015
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfar%20Saba
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Kfar Saba
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Kfar Saba (), officially Kfar Sava, is a city in the Sharon region, of the Central District of Israel. In 2019 it had a population of 110,456, making it the 16th-largest city in Israel. The population of Kfar Saba is nearly entirely Jewish.
History of modern Kfar Saba
The Palestinian village of Kafr Saba was considered to be ancient Capharsaba – an important settlement during the Second Temple period in ancient Judea. It is mentioned for the first time in the writings of Josephus, in his account of the attempt of Alexander Jannaeus to halt an invasion from the north led by Antiochus, appears in the Talmud in connection to corn tithing and the Capharsaba sycamore fig tree.
Beginnings (1898–1913)
In 1898, the Jewish town of Kefar Sava (Kfar Saba) was established as a moshava on 7,500 dunams of land purchased from the Arab village. It was located approximately 3 km to the west of the Palestinian town of Kafr Saba, after which it was named. Despite attractive advertisements in Jerusalem and London, attempts to sell plots to private individuals were unsuccessful, as the land was located in a desolate, neglected area far from any other Jewish settlement. Starting in 1903, Jewish workers resided on the site of Kfar Saba. The Ottoman pasha of Nablus, to whose governorate the land belonged, refused to give building permits, therefore the first settlers lived in huts made of clay and straw. They earned their living by growing almonds, grapes and olives. A well was dug in 1906. Most of the manual laborers on the land were peasants from Qalqilya. In 1910, an Arab guard employed by the landowners shot at a group of almond thieves from Qalqilya, killing one. An Arab mob then descended on Kfar Saba, beating residents, breaking and looting equipment, and taking two Jewish guards prisoner. The situation was defused when reinforcements from Petah Tikva arrived, and a peace was negotiated. This attack drew widespread public attention among Jews in Palestine and around the world, and it was subsequently decided to turn Kfar Saba into a permanent settlement, even without building permits. In 1912, the construction of twelve single-story permanent houses began along a route that is now Herzl Street. The houses were camouflaged due to the lack of building permits. Construction was finished in 1913.
World War I
When World War I broke out in 1914, the Ottoman authorities harassed the residents, confiscating work animals and crops. The 1915 Palestine locust infestation destroyed vegetation in the area. Before Kfar Saba had fully recovered, about a thousand Jewish refugees of the Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation who were seeking shelter arrived. The town's few houses could not accommodate the large number of refugees, and many died due to the harsh sanitary conditions.
In the Palestine Campaign of the war, Kfar Saba was on the front line between British General Edmund Allenby's Egypt Expeditionary Force and the Ottoman Army for almost a year, and by the time of the British victory in September 1918, it had been destroyed.
British Mandate
Following Kfar Saba's destruction in World War I, residents began rebuilding the town. During the 1921 Jaffa riots, Kfar Saba, then a small and isolated town, was evacuated on orders of the Haganah. It was attacked during the riots. In May 1921 the original residents returned and found their homes had been looted and burned. They began to rebuild the town for a third time, and it slowly recovered. In 1924 additional settlers joined Kfar Saba. In this period the moshava began to redevelop as cultivation of citrus fruit began, replacing almonds. The first elections for the local council were held.
In August 1947, a Jewish man was found shot to death outside the town.
1947–48 war
In December 1947, as the civil war between the Arab and Jewish communities got underway, leaders of both sides in the area pledged to keep the peace between the local communities. In the following months, Kfar Saba was attacked by local Arab militia from the nearby Arab village of Kafr Saba. The Arab Liberation Army (ALA), an outfit consisting of volunteers from several neighboring Arab countries, sent troops to aid in these attacks.
The village was depopulated of its Arab residents by Jewish forces on May 13, 1948, one day before the new State of Israel was declared.
State of Israel
In May 1948, when Israeli independence was declared, Kfar Saba had a population of approximately 5,500. Following the war, it rapidly expanded as many Jewish immigrants from Arab and Muslim countries settled there, and new housing projects were built to accommodate them. The town found itself at the narrowest point of Israeli territory, with just 14 km from the sea to the West Bank village of Qalqilya. It expanded over the deserted Arab village of Kafr Saba, the site of which is today located in the Shikun Kaplan area of the city. As it became obvious that agriculture alone could not support the economy, an industrial zone was established. In 1953, the population was about 15,000. Meir Hospital was opened in 1956.
The rapid growth of the town meant that its status as a moshava was outdated, and it was granted city status in 1962, with head of the local council, Mordechai Surkis, becoming its first mayor. The city had a population of 19,000 at the time. After receiving its city status, a court, a police branch, and offices of the National Insurance Institute and the Israel Tax Authority were established in Kfar Saba. Agriculture also continued to decline in importance in the city's economy as new factories were built. Despite this, the city still had thousands of acres of orchards in the late 1960s.
During the Six-Day War in 1967, two neighborhoods in Kfar Saba were shelled by Jordanian artillery, and an attack on a factory by Jordanian warplanes killed four workers. Following the war, the population increased as many people moved to Kfar Saba from the Gush Dan area, and during Soviet-Jewish immigration to Israel in the early 1970s, the city took in many Soviet immigrants and established an immigrant absorption center. In 1977, Kfar Saba had a population of 35,000.
First and Second Intifada
Kfar Saba is located just across the Green Line from the Palestinian city of Qalqilya. During times of relative peace, residents of Kfar Saba would shop in Qalqilya: this practice ended at the start of the First Intifada in 1987. In the following years, Kfar Saba became a frequent target of Palestinian Arab terrorist attacks. In April 2001, a Palestinian suicide bomber wearing an explosive belt killed a doctor and wounded 50 at a bus stop in Kfar Saba. In March 2002, a Palestinian opened fire on passersby at a major intersection, killing an Israeli girl and wounding 16 before being shot dead. In April 2003, a Palestinian suicide bomber blew himself up at the Kfar Saba train station during the morning rush hour, killing a security guard and wounding 10 bystanders.
Demographics
The 1922 census of Palestine listed the population of Kfar Saba as 14 Jews. By the 1931 census it had grown to 1,405 inhabitants, all Jews, in 395 houses.
In the 1945 statistics, the town had a population of 4,320 Jews.
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), in 2001, the ethnic makeup of the city was 99.9% Jewish and 0.1% Others. Additionally, there were 523 immigrant residents. Also according to the CBS, there were 37,000 males and 39,600 females in 2001. The population of the city was spread out, with 31.1% 19 years of age or younger, 16.3% between 20 and 29, 17.7% between 30 and 44, 20.2% from 45 to 59, 3.5% from 60 to 64, and 11.3% 65 years of age or older. The population growth rate was 2.0% for that year.
The city is ranked high on the socio-economic scale (8 out of 10).
Kfar Saba has a listed population surpassing 110,000 .
Economy
According to CBS, there were 31,528 salaried workers and 2,648 self-employed in Kfar Saba in 2000. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a salaried worker was ILS 7,120, a real change of 10.1% over the course of 2000. Salaried males had a mean monthly wage of ILS 9,343 (a real change of 9.9%) versus ILS 5,033 for females (a real change of 9.7%). The mean income for the self-employed was 8,980. 1,015 people received unemployment benefits and 1,682 people received an income guarantee.
In May 2004 the exploration company said that the Meged-4 oil well, located northeast of Kfar Saba, has exceeded original predictions and contains an extremely valuable deposit of oil.
Schools and religious institutions
Currently, in Kfar Saba there are 18 elementary schools (5 of them are religious elementary schools), 8 middle schools (2 of them are religious middle schools) and 11 high schools (4 of them are religious high schools). The high schools in Kfar Saba are divided to 3 groups: urban high schools (5), ORT high schools (2) and religious high schools (4).
The city is served by 105 synagogues.
Health care
Meir Hospital is located in Kfar Saba. Meir Hospital is a major medical center named for Josef Meir, the first head of the General Sick Fund and the first director of the Israeli Ministry of Health. The hospital accepts all patients, Jews and Arabs, including patients from cities within the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, such as Qalqilyah.
Environmental issues
Kfar Saba has won multiple awards for environment protection efforts. Kfar Saba is also the site of Israel's first biofilter project.
Landmarks
Nabi Yamin
A Mamluk caravanserai complex, including the mausoleum of Nabi Yamin, is located by the Kfar Saba – Qalqilyah road. The site contains an inscription dated to the 14th century. The site has been associated with the tomb of Benjamin, son of Jacob. North of this complex is a smaller tomb whose cupola has been painted green and is being maintained by local Palestinian Muslims, who consider it the "real" tomb. Jews and Muslims venerate Benjamin. Kfar Saba is in the heart of Dan's tribal area, but there are traditions that explain why Benjamin's tomb is located in the land of the tribe of Dan. The traditional burial place of Simeon, son of Jacob, lies close to Kfar Saba. It is a small domed structure that sits in a field not far from kibbutz Eyal. According to Meron Benvenisti, the site was until 1948 only holy to Muslims, and Jews ascribed no holiness to it. Today the dedicated inscriptions from the Mamluk period remain engraved on the stone walls of the tomb but the cloths embroidered with verses from the Qur´an, with which the gravestones were draped, have been replaced by draperies bearing verses from the Hebrew Bible.
First well
The modern development of Kfar Saba started when water was discovered in the early 1920s. The first well was excavated at this time, followed by many others over the next two decades. The Kfar Saba Water Plant was founded to centralize the water supply system. The city's first well is located in the courtyard of Kfar Saba City Hall.
Amrami's dairy farm
The site of the dairy farm of Baruch Amrami, who transferred the administration of the Kfar Saba settlement from Petah Tikva to a local committee and founded the water company and the first bank of the village in the 1920s, is on the corner of Amrami and Rothschild Streets. The cowshed and Amrami's "office" are still standing.
Nordenstein house
Due to the lack of security during World War I, the settlement was abandoned. In 1922, the Nordenstein family returned and built the first defensible stone house. It took another two years for other families to return (mostly from Petah Tikva). The Nordenstein House is still standing on HaEmek Street, near the central bus station.
Kibbutz HaKovesh dining hall
A stone house on Tel Hai Street designed for defense (outlooks and sharp-shooting parapets) served as the communal dining room of Kibbutz HaKovesh. The pioneers themselves lived in tents. In 1948, the kibbutz moved north to secure the Kalkiliya front. The building now houses the Kfar Saba Civil Guard.
City's Park
Kfar Saba's Park is one of the biggest parks in the Sharon area. It has an area of 250,000 m2.
The park includes kids playgrounds, water fountains, roller skate arena, fitness facilities, and shaded dining areas.
The park is open daily between 6:30 am and 11:00 pm. There is free parking for city residents in different locations around the park.
Eva Fischer Fund
Located in the Kfar Saba's Municipality Center is the Eva Fischer's Fund, which displays artworks about the Shoah given to the city by the Italian painter.
Archaeology
Remnants of an ancient Israelite village were discovered east of the city, and are believed to be the ruins of biblical Capharsaba. The Kfar Saba Archaeology Museum exhibits artifacts found in the region.
Architecture
Kfar Saba is characterized by residential buildings with red tiled roofs. The use of red tiled roofs is evident in all types of buildings: private homes, high-rise buildings, businesses and industry. There is a widespread use of porches with arches, especially in front of the stores at Weizmann and Rothschild streets.
In 2014, the Kfar Saba Municipality decided to oblige every contractor who wants to build in the city area to install "green roofs". The meaning of green roofs is that on the roof of every building that Will be placed solar panels to generate electricity from solar energy or a vegetable garden will be planted.
Industry
Kfar Saba has one large industrial zone in the east of the city. It contains hi-tech offices and industrial plants, including Teva Pharmaceuticals' plant.
In popular culture
Kfar Saba was the primary filming location of FX's 2014-16 drama series Tyrant, which takes place in the fictional Arab country of Baladi.
Twin towns – sister cities
Kfar Saba is twinned with:
Delft, Netherlands
Gainesville, Florida, United States
Jinan, China
Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
San José, Costa Rica
Wiesbaden, Germany
Notable people
Oz Almog (born 1956), Israeli-Austrian artist
Gabi Ashkenazi (born 1954), former IDF Chief
Linoy Ashram (born 1999), rhythmic gymnastics
Avi Ben-Chimol (born 1985), basketball player
Miki Berkovich (born 1954), basketball player
Matti Caspi (born 1949), musician
Galit Chait (born 1975), Olympic ice skater
Nili Cohen (born 1947), professor and legal expert
Yarden Gerbi (born 1989), judoka and Olympic bronze medalist
Nina Pekerman (born 1977), athlete
Sharren Haskel (born 1984), Member of Knesset
Hanoch Kalai, Irgun cofounder and Commander in Chief, Lehi cofounder
Moti Kirschenbaum, media personality
David Klein, governor of the Bank of Israel
Amos Lapidot (1934–2019), fighter pilot, 10th Commander of the Israeli Air Force, and President of Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Reshef Levi, writer and director
Noam Mills (born 1986), female Olympic fencer
Vicky Peretz (1953–2021), international Olympic footballer
Idan Raichel (born 1977), musician
Nakdimon Rogel, journalist and author of the Nakdi Report
Pinchas Sapir, politician
Yuval Segal (born 1971), actor and comedian
Ron Scherf (born 1972), Lt. Col. in Sayeret Matkal and co-founder of the Brothers in Arms protest movement
Keren Siebner (born 1990), Olympic swimmer
Gil Simkovitch (born 1982), Olympic sport shooter
Harel Skaat (born 1981), singer
Manor Solomon, international association footballer (soccer player)
Yaara Tal (born 1955), pianist
Maor Tiyouri (born 1990), Olympic long distance runner
Shelly Yachimovich, journalist and politician
Israel Yinon, conductor
Tomer Yosef, musician
Yehoshua Zettler, Lehi commander
References
Bibliography
External links
Kfar Saba Museum
Kfar Saba Portal
Haaretz article - Lean and green
Block plan of Kefar Sava, (cadastral map) with list of names, 1934 - Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel
Cities in Central District (Israel)
Cities in Israel
Populated places established in 1903
Sharon plain
Tegart forts
Jewish villages in the Ottoman Empire
1903 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Nyren
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Richard Nyren
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Richard Nyren (1734–1797) was an English professional cricketer who played first-class cricket during the heyday of the Hambledon Club. A genuine all-rounder and the earliest known left-hander of note, Nyren was the captain of Hampshire when its team included players like John Small, Thomas Brett and Tom Sueter. Although the records of many matches in which he almost certainly played have been lost, he made 51 known appearances between 1764 and 1784. He was known as the team's "general" on the field and, for a time, acted as the club secretary as well as taking care of matchday catering for many years.
Cricket career
Early mentions
Nylan was living in Sussex in 1758, as he married that year at Slindon, and was not definitely resident at Hambledon until 1762. The first confirmed mention of him as a cricketer was in 1764 when he was named as captain of the Hambledon team that defeated Chertsey by 4 wickets at Laleham Burway on 10–11 September.
A number of Hambledon matches were played from 1764 to 1771 but team and performance information has been lost. Nyren was certainly active through this period but there are only two more definite mentions of him before the 1772 season, when the keeping of match scorecards became habitual. In 1769, he captained Hambledon at Guildford Bason against Caterham, Hambledon winning by 4 wickets.
On 23 and 24 September 1771, Nyren captained Hambledon against Chertsey at Laleham Burway in what has become known as the "big bat match". When Thomas Brett objected to the wide bat used by Chertsey's Thomas White, Nyren supported him and the Hambledon players effected a change in the Laws of Cricket, formally recognised in the 1774 code, to limit the width of the bat to four and one quarter inches.
1772 to 1774
An unusual feature of Nyren's career is that, in an age when given men were the norm rather than the exception in cricket teams, he was never recorded as playing for anyone other than Hambledon/Hampshire. The same applied to his bowling partner Thomas Brett. Scorecards began to be kept habitually from the 1772 season and Nyren was recorded in 48 first-class matches, plus some single wicket matches, from then until he retired in 1784. The strength of the Hambledon/Hampshire team during Nyren's captaincy can be seen in its being rated the (unofficial) Champion County in 10 seasons: 1766–1771 inclusive, 1776–1777 inclusive, 1779 and 1783.
In 1772, Nyren played for Hampshire at the Artillery Ground in a single wicket "fives" match against Kent, Kent winning by one wicket after Nyren had made the highest score in the match with 29. Hampshire then played three first-class matches which have surviving scorecards. Under Nyren's leadership, Hampshire won the first two of these against All-England at Broadhalfpenny Down and Guildford Bason but then, without Nyren, they lost the third match against Kent at Bourne Paddock by 2 wickets.
1773 was Hambledon's worst season. They played nine known matches in first-class cricket (i.e., 8 first-class and 1 single wicket) and lost all of them, some by wide margins including two innings defeats. Nyren led the team in most of the matches, two of which have no surviving scorecard, but he missed the first-class game against Surrey at Laleham Burway in September. Hampshire had better results in 1774 and twice defeated an All-England Eleven but were themselves beaten twice by Kent, a very strong team in the early 1770s. Nyren captained the team in all the games that have surviving scorecards, making 5 known appearances in all.
1775 to 1777
Nyren made 4 known first-class appearances in 1775, but did not take part in one of the most famous matches in history. This was the single wicket "fives" game at the Artillery Ground when a Hambledon Five defeated a Kent Five by one wicket, the not out batsman being John Small who was beaten three times by Lumpy Stevens, only for the ball to go through the two-stump wicket without disturbing the bail. As a result of Lumpy's protests, the middle stump was legalised, though its introduction was gradual. However, Nyren did play against Surrey at Broadhalfpenny Down on 13 July and made his highest known score of 98, sharing a century partnership with Small for the 5th wicket and turning the match in Hampshire's favour. Small went on to make 136, the earliest definitely recorded century in the history of first-class cricket, and Hampshire eventually won by 296 runs having looked certain to lose before Nyren and Small came together. When Nyren was out, he was confronted by Hambledon stewards Charles Powlett and Philip Dehaney who had bet heavily against Hampshire when the match looked lost. They remonstrated that they would lose their money because of Nyren and Small, but Nyren told them he was glad and said: "Another time, don't bet your money against such men as we are". It may be added that Powlett was a Reverend and that both he and Dehaney had been on the committee which revised the Laws of Cricket only the previous year.
In 1776, Hampshire finally turned the tables on Kent, winning three and losing one of their four fixtures. Nyren took part in all 7 known first-class matches that Hampshire played this season. In the first game, he scored 70 and 19 against Kent at Sevenoaks Vine, Hampshire winning by 75 runs in a low-scoring match, so his runs made all the difference; he also bowled well, taking at least 3 wickets. Later in the season, in another match at Sevenoaks against All-England, Nyren and George Leer shared an unbeaten 5th wicket partnership of at least 50 to steer Hampshire to a six wicket victory. When Hampshire beat Surrey by 198 runs at Broadhalfpenny Down on 26 August, it was largely due to Nyren's bowling as he took 5 wickets (all bowled) in the first innings.
1777 was another great year for Hambledon with Hampshire playing All-England six times and winning four of them. At Sevenoaks Vine on 18, 19 and 20 June, Hampshire defeated All-England by an innings and 168 runs. James Aylward made the then record score in an individual innings with 167 as Hampshire amassed 403, a massive total in 18th century conditions. Among several sizeable partnerships he had was one with Nyren, who scored 37, for the 7th wicket. In August, Nyren had a good game with the ball, taking 4 wickets in the first innings, as Hampshire beat All-England by 1 wicket at Guildford Bason.
1778 to 1784
Nyren was about 44 when the 1778 season began and his appearances now decreased as he played in only 19 more matches from June 1778 until his last in June 1784. He was still capable of producing good performances, especially with the ball and took 4 All-England wickets in one innings at Itchin Stoke Down in July 1778. He bowled especially well in 1779, one of Hambledon's best seasons, when they won all four of their first-class matches, Nyren taking at least 16 wickets in the four matches (the scorecards of two games are incomplete). He had by now accepted that he was no longer an all-rounder and was batting at number 10 or 11 in every innings. He made only two known appearances in 1780 but continued to bowl well and took 5 wickets in one innings against Kent at Itchin Stoke Down. He was again taking good wickets in 1781 and 1782, especially in the low-scoring match against Kent at Bourne Paddock in August 1781 when he and Lamborn bowled Hampshire to an eight-run victory.
Nyren bowed out of cricket in 1784 just as, ominously for Hambledon, the White Conduit Club made its debut in first-class matches. The Hambledon membership was now in decline as the nobility began to seek a London venue for their cricketing activities and White Conduit was their initial attempt at establishing a metropolitan presence. Richard Nyren's final recorded appearance was in the All-England v Hampshire match at Sevenoaks Vine on 1 and 2 June 1784. All-England won convincingly by 7 wickets. Nyren scored 0 and 8, took one catch and no wickets.
Style and technique
Nyren was left-handed as both batsman and bowler. He is the earliest of the left-handers listed in Scores & Biographies, others of his time being James Aylward, Tom Sueter, Noah Mann, Robert Clifford, Francis Booker, William Brazier and David Harris, although the latter bowled right-handed.
Nyren was a bowling all-rounder who was, with Thomas Brett, one of "the two principal bowlers" in the early Hambledon team. He bowled underarm at a fast-medium pace and "had a high delivery, always to the length, and his balls were provokingly deceitful".
Ashley-Cooper commented: "Perhaps of all the players who appeared for Hambledon (sic) only William Beldham surpassed him in excellence as an all-round performer – apart, that is, from captaincy". Nyren was widely considered to be the expert in all cricketing matters and at Hambledon he was "the chosen general of all the matches, ordering and directing the whole". He was "uniformly consulted on all questions of (cricket) law or precedent" and his decision was always accepted. A significant example of this level of influence occurred in 1771, as described above, following the "big bat" controversy when Nyren, Brett and Small effectively changed the Laws of Cricket by setting the maximum bat width.
Nyren was a successful coach who worked with the young David Harris on his line and length, helping to make Harris into the most successful bowler of the 1780s. Harris had begun as a "raw countryman, deplorably addicted to bowling full tosses". So Nyren took him in hand and "preached to him the great principle of three-quarter (sic) or length bowling".
Character
Often referred to as "The General" on the cricket field, Nyren seems to have been known among his familiars as Dick. He was "a very stout man" who was about five feet nine inches tall, but was "uncommonly active". He kept himself fit during the winter by "(devoting) much time to hunting, shooting and fishing".
Writing of his father, John Nyren says he "never saw a finer specimen of the thoroughbred old English yeoman than Richard Nyren", who was "a good face-to-face, unflinching, uncompromising, independent man". Nyren's response to Powlett and Dehaney in 1775 is consistent with this description. He would stand his ground even when disagreement arose with the major patrons John Frederick Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset, and Sir Horatio Mann. On one occasion, when Nyren had been proved right, Mann "crossed the ground and (shook) him heartily by the hand". Although, as Underdown points out, the Duke perhaps did not.
Family and personal life
Nyren was a nephew of the noted Slindon players Richard, John and Adam Newland who coached him as a boy. Nyren was still living at Eartham in 1758 when he married Frances Pennicud at Slindon. He had moved to Hambledon from Sussex by 1762, when he became the landlord of a pub which was then called The Hut. Later, its name was changed to the Bat and Ball Inn; it is arguably the most famous pub with a cricketing connection and is still open for business immediately next to the Hambledon Club's ground at Broadhalfpenny Down. In 1772, Nyren took over the "more upmarket" George Inn which was in Hambledon village close to the church, his Hambledon colleague William Barber taking over at the Bat and Ball for the next 12 years. Nyren also maintained a small farm just outside Hambledon.
For many years, Nyren and Barber took charge of match day catering at both Broadhalfpenny Down and Windmill Down and Ashley-Cooper's Hambledon Cricket Chronicle reproduces an advertisement that appeared in the Hampshire Chronicle of 28 July 1777:
‘’Ladies and Gentlemen will find an excellent cold collation every day on the Down, at Nyren and Barber's booths‘’.
This advertisement must have been placed for a match that is now unknown as surviving records do not include any match on Broadhalfpenny Down in 1777 until September. On 22 June 1778, the Hampshire Chronicle advertised:
‘’NYREN (sic) has laid in a stock of excellent wines and cold provisions, and hopes the air of Stoke Down will, with the Ladies at least, stand in the place of Marbres, Aspiques, Blanc Manges, &c. For good appetite there will be a sufficient quantity of beef, ham, chicken and tarts‘’.
This advertisement was placed ahead of the Hampshire v All-England match at Itchin Stoke Down on 6 and 7 July 1778. Nyren took 4 wickets in the match but Hampshire lost by 45 runs.
Nyren was Secretary of the Hambledon Club for a time and one of his duties, apparently a thankless task, was to collect from members their subscriptions in arrears.
Nyren's son John (1764–1837) was the author of The Cricketers of My Time.
Legacy
The success of Hambledon owed much to the co-operation of its subscribing members on one hand and the players on the other. Just as Nyren, supported by Small and others, was the principal figure in the team, the mainstays among the membership were the Reverend Charles Powlett, Philip Dehany and John Richards. After Nyren finished playing he became the Club Secretary, working closely with Richards who was the Treasurer. They tried to keep things going in rural Hampshire but, as Ashley-Cooper points out in respect of Powlett, "found destiny too strong".
The end was in sight when Lord's was opened at Marylebone and several key patrons, including many Hambledon members, founded Marylebone Cricket Club. MCC immediately usurped Hambledon's position as the sport's lawgiver and became the principal club, while Lord's became the new focal point and feature venue within easy reach of the metropolis. Hambledon carried on for a few more seasons and Hampshire could still put a strong team in the field but "when Richard Nyren left Hambleton (sic) the club broke up, and never resumed from that day (for) the head and right arm were gone". This is a somewhat romantic view, written by Nyren's son. It is true that Richard Nyren left Hambledon for a time in 1791 and there was a party in his honour at the Bat and Ball in September of that year, but the club continued to function after that and Nyren still lived in Hambledon until 1796, the year in which the club's final minute read "No Gentlemen". The end came about not because Nyren left the club but because the membership moved to Marylebone.
Richard Nyren moved to Bromley-by-Bow in 1796 and died there on 25 April 1797.
References
Bibliography
Harry Altham, A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914), George Allen & Unwin, 1926.
F. S. Ashley-Cooper, The Hambledon Cricket Chronicle, Herbert Jenkins, 1924.
G. B. Buckley, Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket, Cotterell, 1935.
Arthur Haygarth, Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744–1826), Lillywhite, 1862.
Ashley Mote, The Glory Days of Cricket, Robson, 1997.
John Nyren, The Cricketers of my Time (ed. Ashley Mote), Robson, 1998.
David Underdown, Start of Play, Allen Lane, 2000.
H. T. Waghorn, The Dawn of Cricket, Electric Press, 1906.
Martin Wilson, An Index to Waghorn, Bodyline, 2005.
External links
1734 births
1797 deaths
English cricketers
English cricketers of 1701 to 1786
Hampshire cricketers
Hambledon cricketers
People from Chichester District
People from Hambledon, Hampshire
Cricketers from West Sussex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic
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Mosaic
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A mosaic is a pattern or image made of small regular or irregular pieces of colored stone, glass or ceramic, held in place by plaster/mortar, and covering a surface. Mosaics are often used as floor and wall decoration, and were particularly popular in the Ancient Roman world.
Mosaic today includes not just murals and pavements, but also artwork, hobby crafts, and industrial and construction forms.
Mosaics have a long history, starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times, both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries; that tradition was adopted by the Norman Kingdom of Sicily in the 12th century, by the eastern-influenced Republic of Venice, and among the Rus. Mosaic fell out of fashion in the Renaissance, though artists like Raphael continued to practice the old technique. Roman and Byzantine influence led Jewish artists to decorate 5th and 6th century synagogues in the Middle East with floor mosaics.
Figurative mosaic, but mostly without human figures, was widely used on religious buildings and palaces in early Islamic art, including Islam's first great religious building, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. Such mosaics went out of fashion in the Islamic world after the 8th century, except for geometrical patterns in techniques such as zellij, which remain popular in many areas.
Modern mosaics are made by artists and craftspeople around the world. Many materials other than traditional stone, ceramic tesserae, enameled and stained glass may be employed, including shells, beads, charms, chains, gears, coins, and pieces of costume jewelry.
Mosaic materials
Traditional mosaics are made of small cubes of roughly square pieces of stone or hand made glass enamel of different colours, known as tesserae. Some of the earliest mosaics were made of natural pebbles, originally used to reinforce floors.
Mosaic skinning (covering objects with mosaic glass) is done with thin enameled glass and opaque stained glass. Modern mosaic art is made from any material in any size ranging from carved stone, bottle caps, and found objects.
History
The earliest known examples of mosaics made of different materials were found at a temple building in Abra, Mesopotamia, and are dated to the second half of 3rd millennium BC. They consist of pieces of colored stones, shells and ivory. Excavations at Susa and Chogha Zanbil show evidence of the first glazed tiles, dating from around 1500 BC. However, mosaic patterns were not used until the times of Sassanid Empire and Roman influence.
Greek and Roman
Bronze Age pebble mosaics have been found at Tiryns; mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and the 4th-century BC mosaic of The Beauty of Durrës discovered in Durrës, Albania in 1916, is an early figural example; the Greek figural style was mostly formed in the 3rd century BC. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy, were popular as the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders.
Pliny the Elder mentions the artist Sosus of Pergamon by name, describing his mosaics of the food left on a floor after a feast and of a group of doves drinking from a bowl.
Both of these themes were widely copied.
Greek figural mosaics could have been copied or adapted paintings, a far more prestigious artform, and the style was enthusiastically adopted by the Romans so that large floor mosaics enriched the floors of Hellenistic villas and Roman dwellings from Britain to Dura-Europos.
Most recorded names of Roman mosaic workers are Greek, suggesting they dominated high quality work across the empire; no doubt most ordinary craftsmen were slaves. Splendid mosaic floors are found in Roman villas across North Africa, in places such as Carthage, and can still be seen in the extensive collection in Bardo Museum in Tunis, Tunisia.
There were two main techniques in Greco-Roman mosaic: opus vermiculatum used tiny tesserae, typically cubes of 4 millimeters or less, and was produced in workshops in relatively small panels which were transported to the site glued to some temporary support. The tiny tesserae allowed very fine detail, and an approach to the illusionism of painting. Often small panels called emblemata were inserted into walls or as the highlights of larger floor-mosaics in coarser work. The normal technique was opus tessellatum, using larger tesserae, which was laid on site. There was a distinct native Italian style using black on a white background, which was no doubt cheaper than fully coloured work.
In Rome, Nero and his architects used mosaics to cover some surfaces of walls and ceilings in the Domus Aurea, built 64 AD, and wall mosaics are also found at Pompeii and neighbouring sites. However it seems that it was not until the Christian era that figural wall mosaics became a major form of artistic expression. The Roman church of Santa Costanza, which served as a mausoleum for one or more of the Imperial family, has both religious mosaic and decorative secular ceiling mosaics on a round vault, which probably represent the style of contemporary palace decoration.
The mosaics of the Villa Romana del Casale near Piazza Armerina in Sicily are the largest collection of late Roman mosaics in situ in the world, and are protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The large villa rustica, which was probably owned by Emperor Maximian, was built largely in the early 4th century. The mosaics were covered and protected for 700 years by a landslide that occurred in the 12th Century. The most important pieces are the Circus Scene, the 64m long Great Hunting Scene, the Little Hunt, the Labours of Hercules and the famous Bikini Girls, showing women undertaking a range of sporting activities in garments that resemble 20th Century bikinis. The peristyle, the imperial apartments and the thermae were also decorated with ornamental and mythological mosaics. Other important examples of Roman mosaic art in Sicily were unearthed on the Piazza Vittoria in Palermo where two houses were discovered. The most important scenes there depicted are an Orpheus mosaic, Alexander the Great's Hunt and the Four Seasons.
In 1913 the Zliten mosaic, a Roman mosaic famous for its many scenes from gladiatorial contests, hunting and everyday life, was discovered in the Libyan town of Zliten. In 2000 archaeologists working in Leptis Magna, Libya, uncovered a 30 ft length of five colorful mosaics created during the 1st or 2nd century AD. The mosaics show a warrior in combat with a deer, four young men wrestling a wild bull to the ground, and a gladiator resting in a state of fatigue, staring at his slain opponent. The mosaics decorated the walls of a cold plunge pool in a bath house within a Roman villa. The gladiator mosaic is noted by scholars as one of the finest examples of mosaic art ever seen – a "masterpiece comparable in quality with the Alexander Mosaic in Pompeii."
A specific genre of Roman mosaic was called asaroton (Greek for "unswept floor"). It depicted in trompe-l'œil style the feast leftovers on the floors of wealthy houses.
Christian mosaics
Early Christian art
With the building of Christian basilicas in the late 4th century, wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses. The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived, but the mosaics of Santa Constanza and Santa Pudenziana, both from the 4th century, still exist. The winemaking putti in the ambulatory of Santa Constanza still follow the classical tradition in that they represent the feast of Bacchus, which symbolizes transformation or change, and are thus appropriate for a mausoleum, the original function of this building. In another great Constantinian basilica, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem the original mosaic floor with typical Roman geometric motifs is partially preserved. The so-called Tomb of the Julii, near the crypt beneath St Peter's Basilica, is a 4th-century vaulted tomb with wall and ceiling mosaics that are given Christian interpretations. The Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki, converted into a Christian church during the course of the 4th century, was embellished with very high artistic quality mosaics. Only fragments survive of the original decoration, especially a band depicting saints with hands raised in prayer, in front of complex architectural fantasies.
In the following century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art (see details in Ravenna section). Milan also served as the capital of the western empire in the 4th century. In the St Aquilinus Chapel of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, mosaics executed in the late 4th and early 5th centuries depict Christ with the Apostles and the Abduction of Elijah; these mosaics are outstanding for their bright colors, naturalism and adherence to the classical canons of order and proportion. The surviving apse mosaic of the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, which shows Christ enthroned between Saint Gervasius and Saint Protasius and angels before a golden background date back to the 5th and to the 8th century, although it was restored many times later. The baptistery of the basilica, which was demolished in the 15th century, had a vault covered with gold-leaf tesserae, large quantities of which were found when the site was excavated. In the small shrine of San Vittore in ciel d'oro, now a chapel of Sant'Ambrogio, every surface is covered with mosaics from the second half of the 5th century. Saint Victor is depicted in the center of the golden dome, while figures of saints are shown on the walls before a blue background. The low spandrels give space for the symbols of the four Evangelists.
Albingaunum was the main Roman port of Liguria. The octagonal baptistery of the town was decorated in the 5th century with high quality blue and white mosaics representing the Apostles. The surviving remains are somewhat fragmented. Massilia remained a thriving port and a Christian spiritual center in Southern Gaul where favourable societal and economic conditions ensured the survival of mosaic art in the 5th and 6th centuries. The large baptistery, once the grandest building of its kind in Western Europe, had a geometric floor mosaic which is only known from 19th century descriptions. Other parts of the episcopal complex were also decorated with mosaics as new finds, that were unearthed in the 2000s, attest. The funerary basilica of Saint Victor, built in a quarry outside the walls, was decorated with mosaics but only a small fragment with blue and green scrolls survived on the intrados of an arch (the basilica was later buried under a medieval abbey).
A mosaic pavement depicting humans, animals and plants from the original 4th-century cathedral of Aquileia has survived in the later medieval church. This mosaic adopts pagan motifs such as the Nilotic scene, but behind the traditional naturalistic content is Christian symbolism such as the ichthys. The 6th-century early Christian basilicas of Sant' Eufemia :it:Basilica di Sant'Eufemia (Grado) and Santa Maria delle Grazie in Grado also have mosaic floors.
Ravenna
In the 5th-century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art. The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia was decorated with mosaics of high artistic quality in 425–430. The vaults of the small, cross-shaped structure are clad with mosaics on blue background. The central motif above the crossing is a golden cross in the middle of the starry sky. Another great building established by Galla Placidia was the church of San Giovanni Evangelista. She erected it in fulfillment of a vow that she made having escaped from a deadly storm in 425 on the sea voyage from Constantinople to Ravenna. The mosaics depicted the storm, portraits of members of the western and eastern imperial family and the bishop of Ravenna, Peter Chrysologus. They are known only from Renaissance sources because almost all were destroyed in 1747.
Ostrogoths kept alive the tradition in the 6th century, as the mosaics of the Arian Baptistry, Baptistry of Neon, Archbishop's Chapel, and the earlier phase mosaics in the Basilica of San Vitale and Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo testify.
After 539 Ravenna was reconquered by the Romans in the form of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and became the seat of the Exarchate of Ravenna. The greatest development of Christian mosaics unfolded in the second half of the 6th century. Outstanding examples of Byzantine mosaic art are the later phase mosaics in the Basilica of San Vitale and Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo. The mosaic depicting Emperor Saint Justinian I and Empress Theodora in the Basilica of San Vitale were executed shortly after the Byzantine conquest. The mosaics of the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe were made around 549. The anti-Arian theme is obvious in the apse mosaic of San Michele in Affricisco, executed in 545–547 (largely destroyed; the remains in Berlin).
The last example of Byzantine mosaics in Ravenna was commissioned by bishop Reparatus between 673 and 79 in the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe. The mosaic panel in the apse showing the bishop with Emperor Constantine IV is obviously an imitation of the Justinian panel in San Vitale.
Butrint
The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, trees and abstracts – designed to depict a terrestrial paradise of God's creation. Superimposed on this scheme are two large tablets, tabulae ansatae, carrying inscriptions. A variety of fish, a crab, a lobster, shrimps, mushrooms, flowers, a stag and two cruciform designs surround the smaller of the two inscriptions, which reads: In fulfilment of the vow (prayer) of those whose names God knows. This anonymous dedicatory inscription is a public demonstration of the benefactors' humility and an acknowledgement of God's omniscience.
The abundant variety of natural life depicted in the Butrint mosaics celebrates the richness of God's creation; some elements also have specific connotations. The kantharos vase and vine refer to the eucharist, the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ leading to salvation. Peacocks are symbols of paradise and resurrection; shown eating or drinking from the vase they indicate the route to eternal life. Deer or stags were commonly used as images of the faithful aspiring to Christ: "As the hart panteth after the water brooks, so panteth my soul after thee, O God." Water-birds and fish and other sea-creatures can indicate baptism as well as the members of the Church who are christened.
Late Antique and Early Medieval Rome
Christian mosaic art also flourished in Rome, gradually declining as conditions became more difficult in the Early Middle Ages. 5th century mosaics can be found over the triumphal arch and in the nave of the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. The 27 surviving panels of the nave are the most important mosaic cycle in Rome of this period. Two other important 5th century mosaics are lost but we know them from 17th-century drawings. In the apse mosaic of Sant'Agata dei Goti (462–472, destroyed in 1589) Christ was seated on a globe with the twelve Apostles flanking him, six on either side. At Sant'Andrea in Catabarbara (468–483, destroyed in 1686) Christ appeared in the center, flanked on either side by three Apostles. Four streams flowed from the little mountain supporting Christ. The original 5th-century apse mosaic of the Santa Sabina was replaced by a very similar fresco by Taddeo Zuccari in 1559. The composition probably remained unchanged: Christ flanked by male and female saints, seated on a hill while lambs drinking from a stream at its feet. All three mosaics had a similar iconography.
6th-century pieces are rare in Rome but the mosaics inside the triumphal arch of the basilica of San Lorenzo fuori le mura belong to this era. The Chapel of Ss. Primo e Feliciano in Santo Stefano Rotondo has very interesting and rare mosaics from the 7th century. This chapel was built by Pope Theodore I as a family burial place.
In the 7th–9th centuries Rome fell under the influence of Byzantine art, noticeable on the mosaics of Santa Prassede, Santa Maria in Domnica, Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura, Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, Santi Nereo e Achilleo and the San Venanzio chapel of San Giovanni in Laterano. The great dining hall of Pope Leo III in the Lateran Palace was also decorated with mosaics. They were all destroyed later except for one example, the so-called Triclinio Leoniano of which a copy was made in the 18th century. Another great work of Pope Leo, the apse mosaic of Santa Susanna, depicted Christ with the Pope and Charlemagne on one side, and SS. Susanna and Felicity on the other. It was plastered over during a renovation in 1585. Pope Paschal I (817–824) embellished the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco with an apsidal mosaic which depicted the pope with a model of the church (destroyed in 1607).
The fragment of an 8th-century mosaic, the Epiphany is one of the very rare remaining pieces of the medieval decoration of Old St. Peter's Basilica, demolished in the late 16th century. The precious fragment is kept in the sacristy of Santa Maria in Cosmedin. It proves the high artistic quality of the destroyed St. Peter's mosaics.
Byzantine mosaics
Mosaics were more central to Byzantine culture than to that of Western Europe. Byzantine church interiors were generally covered with golden mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries. The majority of Byzantine mosaics were destroyed without trace during wars and conquests, but the surviving remains still form a fine collection.
The great buildings of Emperor Justinian like the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, the Nea Church in Jerusalem and the rebuilt Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem were certainly embellished with mosaics but none of these survived.
Important fragments survived from the mosaic floor of the Great Palace of Constantinople which was commissioned during Justinian's reign. The figures, animals, plants all are entirely classical but they are scattered before a plain background. The portrait of a moustached man, probably a Gothic chieftain, is considered the most important surviving mosaic of the Justinianian age. The so-called small sekreton of the palace was built during Justin II's reign around 565–577. Some fragments survive from the mosaics of this vaulted room. The vine scroll motifs are very similar to those in the Santa Constanza and they still closely follow the Classical tradition. There are remains of floral decoration in the Church of the Acheiropoietos in Thessaloniki (5th–6th centuries).
In the 6th century, Ravenna, the capital of Byzantine Italy, became the center of mosaic making. Istria also boasts some important examples from this era. The Euphrasian Basilica in Parentium was built in the middle of the 6th century and decorated with mosaics depicting the Theotokos flanked by angels and saints.
Fragments remain from the mosaics of the Church of Santa Maria Formosa in Pola. These pieces were made during the 6th century by artists from Constantinople. Their pure Byzantine style is different from the contemporary Ravennate mosaics.
Very few early Byzantine mosaics survived the Iconoclastic destruction of the 8th century. Among the rare examples are the 6th-century Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision) mosaic in the apse of the Church of Hosios David in Thessaloniki that was hidden behind mortar during those dangerous times. Nine mosaic panels in the Hagios Demetrios Church, which were made between 634 and 730, also escaped destruction. Unusually almost all represent Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki, often with suppliants before him. This iconoclasm was almost certainly because of nearby Muslims' beliefs.
In the Iconoclastic era, figural mosaics were also condemned as idolatry. The Iconoclastic churches were embellished with plain gold mosaics with only one great cross in the apse like the Hagia Irene in Constantinople (after 740). There were similar crosses in the apses of the Hagia Sophia Church in Thessaloniki and in the Church of the Dormition in Nicaea. The crosses were substituted with the image of the Theotokos in both churches after the victory of the Iconodules (787–797 and in 8th–9th centuries respectively, the Dormition church was totally destroyed in 1922).
A similar Theotokos image flanked by two archangels were made for the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople in 867. The dedication inscription says: "The images which the impostors had cast down here pious emperors have again set up." In the 870s the so-called large sekreton of the Great Palace of Constantinople was decorated with the images of the four great iconodule patriarchs.
The post-Iconoclastic era was the heyday of Byzantine art with the most beautiful mosaics executed. The mosaics of the Macedonian Renaissance (867–1056) carefully mingled traditionalism with innovation. Constantinopolitan mosaics of this age followed the decoration scheme first used in Emperor Basil I's Nea Ekklesia. Not only this prototype was later totally destroyed but each surviving composition is battered so it is necessary to move from church to church to reconstruct the system.
An interesting set of Macedonian-era mosaics make up the decoration of the Hosios Loukas Monastery. In the narthex there is the Crucifixion, the Pantokrator and the Anastasis above the doors, while in the church the Theotokos (apse), Pentecost, scenes from Christ's life and ermit St Loukas (all executed before 1048). The scenes are treated with a minimum of detail and the panels are dominated with the gold setting.
The Nea Moni Monastery on Chios was established by Constantine Monomachos in 1043–1056. The exceptional mosaic decoration of the dome showing probably the nine orders of the angels was destroyed in 1822 but other panels survived (Theotokos with raised hands, four evangelists with seraphim, scenes from Christ's life and an interesting Anastasis where King Salomon bears resemblance to Constantine Monomachos). In comparison with Osios Loukas Nea Moni mosaics contain more figures, detail, landscape and setting.
Another great undertaking by Constantine Monomachos was the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem between 1042 and 1048. Nothing survived of the mosaics which covered the walls and the dome of the edifice but the Russian abbot Daniel, who visited Jerusalem in 1106–1107 left a description: "Lively mosaics of the holy prophets are under the ceiling, over the tribune. The altar is surmounted by a mosaic image of Christ. In the main altar one can see the mosaic of the Exaltation of Adam. In the apse the Ascension of Christ. The Annunciation occupies the two pillars next to the altar."
The Daphni Monastery houses the best preserved complex of mosaics from the early Comnenan period (ca. 1100) when the austere and hieratic manner typical for the Macedonian epoch and represented by the awesome Christ Pantocrator image inside the dome, was metamorphosing into a more intimate and delicate style, of which The Angel before St Joachim — with its pastoral backdrop, harmonious gestures and pensive lyricism – is considered a superb example.
The 9th- and 10th-century mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople are truly classical Byzantine artworks. The north and south tympana beneath the dome was decorated with figures of prophets, saints and patriarchs. Above the principal door from the narthex we can see an Emperor kneeling before Christ (late 9th or early 10th century). Above the door from the southwest vestibule to the narthex another mosaic shows the Theotokos with Justinian and Constantine. Justinian I is offering the model of the church to Mary while Constantine is holding a model of the city in his hand. Both emperors are beardless – this is an example for conscious archaization as contemporary Byzantine rulers were bearded. A mosaic panel on the gallery shows Christ with Constantine Monomachos and Empress Zoe (1042–1055). The emperor gives a bulging money sack to Christ as a donation for the church.
The dome of the Hagia Sophia Church in Thessaloniki is decorated with an Ascension mosaic (c. 885). The composition resembles the great baptistries in Ravenna, with apostles standing between palms and Christ in the middle. The scheme is somewhat unusual as the standard post-Iconoclastic formula for domes contained only the image of the Pantokrator.
There are very few existing mosaics from the Komnenian period but this paucity must be due to accidents of survival and gives a misleading impression. The only surviving 12th-century mosaic work in Constantinople is a panel in Hagia Sophia depicting Emperor John II and Empress Eirene with the Theotokos (1122–34). The empress with her long braided hair and rosy cheeks is especially capturing. It must be a lifelike portrayal because Eirene was really a redhead as her original Hungarian name, Piroska shows. The adjacent portrait of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos on a pier (from 1122) is similarly personal. The imperial mausoleum of the Komnenos dynasty, the Pantokrator Monastery was certainly decorated with great mosaics but these were later destroyed. The lack of Komnenian mosaics outside the capital is even more apparent. There is only a "Communion of the Apostles" in the apse of the cathedral of Serres.
A striking technical innovation of the Komnenian period was the production of very precious, miniature mosaic icons. In these icons the small tesserae (with sides of 1 mm or less) were set on wax or resin on a wooden panel. These products of extraordinary craftmanship were intended for private devotion. The Louvre Transfiguration is a very fine example from the late 12th century. The miniature mosaic of Christ in the Museo Nazionale at Florence illustrates the more gentle, humanistic conception of Christ which appeared in the 12th century.
The sack of Constantinople in 1204 caused the decline of mosaic art for the next five decades. After the reconquest of the city by Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261 the Hagia Sophia was restored and a beautiful new Deesis was made on the south gallery. This huge mosaic panel with figures two and a half times lifesize is really overwhelming due to its grand scale and superlative craftsmanship. The Hagia Sophia Deesis is probably the most famous Byzantine mosaic in Constantinople.
The Pammakaristos Monastery was restored by Michael Glabas, an imperial official, in the late 13th century. Only the mosaic decoration of the small burial chapel (parekklesion) of Glabas survived. This domed chapel was built by his widow, Martha around 1304–08. In the miniature dome the traditional Pantokrator can be seen with twelve prophets beneath. Unusually the apse is decorated with a Deesis, probably due to the funerary function of the chapel.
The Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki was built in 1310–14. Although some vandal systematically removed the gold tesserae of the background it can be seen that the Pantokrator and the prophets in the dome follow the traditional Byzantine pattern. Many details are similar to the Pammakaristos mosaics so it is supposed that the same team of mosaicists worked in both buildings. Another building with a related mosaic decoration is the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church in Arta. The church was established by the Despot of Epirus in 1294–96. In the dome is the traditional stern Pantokrator, with prophets and cherubim below.
The greatest mosaic work of the Palaeologan renaissance in art is the decoration of the Chora Church in Constantinople. Although the mosaics of the naos have not survived except three panels, the decoration of the exonarthex and the esonarthex constitute the most important full-scale mosaic cycle in Constantinople after the Hagia Sophia. They were executed around 1320 by the command of Theodore Metochites. The esonarthex has two fluted domes, specially created to provide the ideal setting for the mosaic images of the ancestors of Christ. The southern one is called the Dome of the Pantokrator while the northern one is the Dome of the Theotokos. The most important panel of the esonarthex depicts Theodore Metochites wearing a huge turban, offering the model of the church to Christ. The walls of both narthexes are decorated with mosaic cycles from the life of the Virgin and the life of Christ. These panels show the influence of the Italian trecento on Byzantine art especially the more natural settings, landscapes, figures.
The last Byzantine mosaic work was created for the Hagia Sophia, Constantinople in the middle of the 14th century. The great eastern arch of the cathedral collapsed in 1346, bringing down the third of the main dome. By 1355 not only the big Pantokrator image was restored but new mosaics were set on the eastern arch depicting the Theotokos, the Baptist and Emperor John V Palaiologos (discovered only in 1989).
In addition to the large-scale monuments several miniature mosaic icons of outstanding quality was produced for the Palaiologos court and nobles. The loveliest examples from the 14th century are Annunciation in the Victoria and Albert Museum and a mosaic diptych in the Cathedral Treasury of Florence representing the Twelve Feasts of the Church.
In the troubled years of the 15th century the fatally weakened empire could not afford luxurious mosaics. Churches were decorated with wall-paintings in this era and after the Turkish conquest.
Rome in the High Middle Ages
The last great period of Roman mosaic art was the 12th–13th century when Rome developed its own distinctive artistic style, free from the strict rules of eastern tradition and with a more realistic portrayal of figures in the space. Well-known works of this period are the floral mosaics of the Basilica di San Clemente, the façade of Santa Maria in Trastevere and San Paolo fuori le Mura. The beautiful apse mosaic of Santa Maria in Trastevere (1140) depicts Christ and Mary sitting next to each other on the heavenly throne, the first example of this iconographic scheme. A similar mosaic, the Coronation of the Virgin, decorates the apse of Santa Maria Maggiore. It is a work of Jacopo Torriti from 1295. The mosaics of Torriti and Jacopo da Camerino in the apse of San Giovanni in Laterano from 1288 to 1294 were thoroughly restored in 1884. The apse mosaic of San Crisogono is attributed to Pietro Cavallini, the greatest Roman painter of the 13th century. Six scenes from the life of Mary in Santa Maria in Trastevere were also executed by Cavallini in 1290. These mosaics are praised for their realistic portrayal and attempts at perspective. There is an interesting mosaic medallion from 1210 above the gate of the church of San Tommaso in Formis showing Christ enthroned between a white and a black slave. The church belonged to the Order of the Trinitarians which was devoted to ransoming Christian slaves.
The great Navicella mosaic (1305–1313) in the atrium of the Old St. Peter's is attributed to Giotto di Bondone. The giant mosaic, commissioned by Cardinal Jacopo Stefaneschi, was originally situated on the eastern porch of the old basilica and occupied the whole wall above the entrance arcade facing the courtyard. It depicted St. Peter walking on the waters. This extraordinary work was mainly destroyed during the construction of the new St. Peter's in the 17th century. Navicella means "little ship" referring to the large boat which dominated the scene, and whose sail, filled by the storm, loomed over the horizon. Such a natural representation of a seascape was known only from ancient works of art.
Sicily
The heyday of mosaic making in Sicily was the age of the independent Norman kingdom in the 12th century. The Norman kings adopted the Byzantine tradition of mosaic decoration to enhance the somewhat dubious legality of their rule. Greek masters working in Sicily developed their own style, that shows the influence of Western European and Islamic artistic tendencies. Best examples of Sicilian mosaic art are the Cappella Palatina of Roger II, the Martorana church in Palermo and the cathedrals of Cefalù and Monreale.
The Cappella Palatina clearly shows evidence for blending the eastern and western styles. The dome (1142–42) and the eastern end of the church (1143–1154) were decorated with typical Byzantine mosaics i.e. Pantokrator, angels, scenes from the life of Christ. Even the inscriptions are written in Greek. The narrative scenes of the nave (Old Testament, life of Sts Peter and Paul) are resembling to the mosaics of the Old St. Peter's and St. Paul's Basilica in Rome (Latin inscriptions, 1154–66).
The Martorana church (decorated around 1143) looked originally even more Byzantine although important parts were later demolished. The dome mosaic is similar to that of the Cappella Palatina, with Christ enthroned in the middle and four bowed, elongated angels. The Greek inscriptions, decorative patterns, and evangelists in the squinches are obviously executed by the same Greek masters who worked on the Cappella Palatina. The mosaic depicting Roger II of Sicily, dressed in Byzantine imperial robes and receiving the crown by Christ, was originally in the demolished narthex together with another panel, the Theotokos with Georgios of Antiochia, the founder of the church.
In Cefalù (1148) only the high, French Gothic presbytery was covered with mosaics: the Pantokrator on the semidome of the apse and cherubim on the vault. On the walls are Latin and Greek saints, with Greek inscriptions.
The Monreale mosaics constitute the largest decoration of this kind in Italy, covering 0,75 hectares with at least 100 million glass and stone tesserae. This huge work was executed between 1176 and 1186 by the order of King William II of Sicily. The iconography of the mosaics in the presbytery is similar to Cefalu while the pictures in the nave are almost the same as the narrative scenes in the Cappella Palatina. The Martorana mosaic of Roger II blessed by Christ was repeated with the figure of King William II instead of his predecessor. Another panel shows the king offering the model of the cathedral to the Theotokos.
The Cathedral of Palermo, rebuilt by Archbishop Walter in the same time (1172–85), was also decorated with mosaics but none of these survived except the 12th-century image of Madonna del Tocco above the western portal.
The cathedral of Messina, consecrated in 1197, was also decorated with a great mosaic cycle, originally on par with Cefalù and Monreale, but heavily damaged and restored many times later. In the left apse of the same cathedral 14th-century mosaics survived, representing the Madonna and Child between Saints Agata and Lucy, the Archangels Gabriel and Michael and Queens Eleonora and Elisabetta.
Southern Italy was also part of the Norman kingdom but great mosaics did not survive in this area except the fine mosaic pavement of the Otranto Cathedral from 1166, with mosaics tied into a tree of life, mostly still preserved. The scenes depict biblical characters, warrior kings, medieval beasts, allegories of the months and working activity. Only fragments survived from the original mosaic decoration of Amalfi's Norman Cathedral. The mosaic ambos in the churches of Ravello prove that mosaic art was widespread in Southern Italy during the 11th–13th centuries.
The palaces of the Norman kings were decorated with mosaics depicting animals and landscapes. The secular mosaics are seemingly more Eastern in character than the great religious cycles and show a strong Persian influence. The most notable examples are the Sala di Ruggero in the Palazzo dei Normanni, Palermo and the Sala della Fontana in the Zisa summer palace, both from the 12th century.
Venice
In parts of Italy, which were under eastern artistic influences, like Sicily and Venice, mosaic making never went out of fashion in the Middle Ages. The whole interior of the St Mark's Basilica in Venice is clad with elaborate, golden mosaics. The oldest scenes were executed by Greek masters in the late 11th century but the majority of the mosaics are works of local artists from the 12th–13th centuries. The decoration of the church was finished only in the 16th century. One hundred and ten scenes of mosaics in the atrium of St Mark's were based directly on the miniatures of the Cotton Genesis, a Byzantine manuscript that was brought to Venice after the sack of Constantinople (1204). The mosaics were executed in the 1220s.
Other important Venetian mosaics can be found in the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta in Torcello from the 12th century, and in the Basilical of Santi Maria e Donato in Murano with a restored apse mosaic from the 12th century and a beautiful mosaic pavement (1140). The apse of the San Cipriano Church in Murano was decorated with an impressive golden mosaic from the early 13th century showing Christ enthroned with Mary, St John and the two patron saints, Cipriano and Cipriana. When the church was demolished in the 19th century, the mosaic was bought by Frederick William IV of Prussia. It was reassembled in the Friedenskirche of Potsdam in the 1840s.
Trieste was also an important center of mosaic art. The mosaics in the apse of the Cathedral of San Giusto were laid by master craftsmen from Veneto in the 12th–13th centuries.
Medieval Italy
The monastery of Grottaferrata founded by Greek Basilian monks and consecrated by the Pope in 1024 was decorated with Italo-Byzantine mosaics, some of which survived in the narthex and the interior. The mosaics on the triumphal chancel arch portray the Twelve Apostles sitting beside an empty throne, evoking Christ's ascent to Heaven. It is a Byzantine work of the 12th century. There is a beautiful 11th-century Deesis above the main portal.
The Abbot of Monte Cassino, Desiderius sent envoys to Constantinople some time after 1066 to hire expert Byzantine mosaicists for the decoration of the rebuilt abbey church. According to chronicler Leo of Ostia the Greek artists decorated the apse, the arch and the vestibule of the basilica. Their work was admired by contemporaries but was totally destroyed in later centuries except two fragments depicting greyhounds (now in the Monte Cassino Museum). "The abbot in his wisdom decided that great number of young monks in the monastery should be thoroughly initiated in these arts" – says the chronicler about the role of the Greeks in the revival of mosaic art in medieval Italy.
In Florence a magnificiant mosaic of the Last Judgement decorates the dome of the Baptistery. The earliest mosaics, works of art of many unknown Venetian craftsmen (including probably Cimabue), date from 1225. The covering of the ceiling was probably not completed until the 14th century.
The impressive mosaic of Christ in Majesty, flanked by the Virgin Mary and St. John the Evangelist in the apse of the cathedral of Pisa was designed by Cimabue in 1302. It evokes the Monreale mosaics in style. It survived the great fire of 1595 which destroyed most of the medieval interior decoration.
Sometimes not only church interiors but façades were also decorated with mosaics in Italy like in the case of the St Mark's Basilica in Venice (mainly from the 17th–19th centuries, but the oldest one from 1270 to 1275, "The burial of St Mark in the first basilica"), the Cathedral of Orvieto (golden Gothic mosaics from the 14th century, many times redone) and the Basilica di San Frediano in Lucca (huge, striking golden mosaic representing the Ascension of Christ with the apostles below, designed by Berlinghiero Berlinghieri in the 13th century). The Cathedral of Spoleto is also decorated on the upper façade with a huge mosaic portraying the Blessing Christ (signed by one Solsternus from 1207).
Western and Central Europe
Beyond the Alps the first important example of mosaic art was the decoration of the Palatine Chapel in Aachen, commissioned by Charlemagne. It was completely destroyed in a fire in 1650. A rare example of surviving Carolingian mosaics is the apse semi-dome decoration of the oratory of Germigny-des-Prés built in 805–806 by Theodulf, bishop of Orléans, a leading figure of the Carolingian renaissance. This unique work of art, rediscovered only in the 19th century, had no followers.
Only scant remains prove that mosaics were still used in the Early Middle Ages. The Abbey of Saint-Martial in Limoges, originally an important place of pilgrimage, was totally demolished during the French Revolution except its crypt which was rediscovered in the 1960s. A mosaic panel was unearthed which was dated to the 9th century. It somewhat incongruously uses cubes of gilded glass and deep green marble, probably taken from antique pavements. This could also be the case with the early 9th century mosaic found under the Basilica of Saint-Quentin in Picardy, where antique motifs are copied but using only simple colors. The mosaics in the Cathedral of Saint-Jean at Lyon have been dated to the 11th century because they employ the same non-antique simple colors. More fragments were found on the site of Saint-Croix at Poitiers which might be from the 6th or 9th century.
Later fresco replaced the more labor-intensive technique of mosaic in Western-Europe, although mosaics were sometimes used as decoration on medieval cathedrals. The Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings in Székesfehérvár (Alba Regia) had a mosaic decoration in the apse. It was probably a work of Venetian or Ravennese craftsmen, executed in the first decades of the 11th century. The mosaic was almost totally destroyed together with the basilica in the 17th century. The Golden Gate of the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague got its name from the golden 14th-century mosaic of the Last Judgement above the portal. It was executed by Venetian craftsmen.
The Crusaders in the Holy Land also adopted mosaic decoration under local Byzantine influence. During their 12th-century reconstruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem they complemented the existing Byzantine mosaics with new ones. Almost nothing of them survived except the "Ascension of Christ" in the Latin Chapel (now confusingly surrounded by many 20th-century mosaics). More substantial fragments were preserved from the 12th-century mosaic decoration of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. The mosaics in the nave are arranged in five horizontal bands with the figures of the ancestors of Christ, Councils of the Church and angels. In the apses the Annunciation, the Nativity, Adoration of the Magi and Dormition of the Blessed Virgin can be seen. The program of redecoration of the church was completed in 1169 as a unique collaboration of the Byzantine emperor, the king of Jerusalem and the Latin Church.
In 2003, the remains of a mosaic pavement were discovered under the ruins of the Bizere Monastery near the River Mureş in present-day Romania. The panels depict real or fantastic animal, floral, solar and geometric representations. Some archeologists supposed that it was the floor of an Orthodox church, built some time between the 10th and 11th century. Other experts claim that it was part of the later Catholic monastery on the site because it shows the signs of strong Italianate influence. The monastery was situated at that time in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary.
Renaissance and Baroque
Although mosaics went out of fashion and were substituted by frescoes, some of the great Renaissance artists also worked with the old technique. Raphael's Creation of the World in the dome of the Chigi Chapel in Santa Maria del Popolo is a notable example that was executed by a Venetian craftsman, Luigi di Pace.
During the papacy of Clement VIII (1592–1605), the "Congregazione della Reverenda Fabbrica di San Pietro" was established, providing an independent organisation charged with completing the decorations in the newly built St. Peter's Basilica. Instead of frescoes the cavernous Basilica was mainly decorated with mosaics. Among the explanations are:
The old St. Peter's Basilica had been decorated with mosaic, as was common in churches built during the early Christian era; the 17th century followed the tradition to enhance continuity.
In a church like this with high walls and few windows, mosaics were brighter and reflected more light.
Mosaics had greater intrinsic longevity than either frescoes or canvases.
Mosaics had an association with bejeweled decoration, flaunting richness.
The mosaics of St. Peter's often show lively Baroque compositions based on designs or canvases from like Ciro Ferri, Guido Reni, Domenichino, Carlo Maratta, and many others. Raphael is represented by a mosaic replica of this last painting, the Transfiguration. Many different artists contributed to the 17th- and 18th-century mosaics in St. Peter's, including Giovanni Battista Calandra, Fabio Cristofari (died 1689), and Pietro Paolo Cristofari (died 1743). Works of the Fabbrica were often used as papal gifts.
The Christian East
The eastern provinces of the Eastern Roman and later the Byzantine Empires inherited a strong artistic tradition from Late Antiquity. Similar to Italy and Constantinople, churches and important secular buildings in the region of Syria and Egypt were decorated with elaborate mosaic panels between the 5th and 8th centuries. The great majority of these works of art were later destroyed, but archeological excavations unearthed many surviving examples.
The single most important piece of Byzantine Christian mosaic art in the East is the Madaba Map, made between 542 and 570 as the floor of the church of Saint George at Madaba, Jordan. It was rediscovered in 1894. The Madaba Map is the oldest surviving cartographic depiction of the Holy Land. It depicts an area from Lebanon in the north to the Nile Delta in the south, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the Eastern Desert. The largest and most detailed element of the topographic depiction is Jerusalem, at the center of the map. The map is enriched with many naturalistic features, like animals, fishing boats, bridges and palm trees.
One of the earliest examples of Byzantine mosaic art in the region can be found on Mount Nebo, an important place of pilgrimage in the Byzantine era where Moses died. Among the many 6th-century mosaics in the church complex (discovered after 1933) the most interesting one is located in the baptistery. The intact floor mosaic covers an area of 9 × 3 m and was laid down in 530. It depicts hunting and pastoral scenes with rich Middle Eastern flora and fauna.
The Church of Sts. Lot and Procopius was founded in 567 in Nebo village under Mount Nebo (now Khirbet Mukhayyat). Its floor mosaic depicts everyday activities like grape harvest. Another two spectacular mosaics were discovered in the ruined Church of Preacher John nearby. One of the mosaics was placed above the other one which was completely covered and unknown until the modern restoration. The figures on the older mosaic have thus escaped the iconoclasts.
The town of Madaba remained an important center of mosaic making during the 5th–8th centuries. In the Church of the Apostles the middle of the main panel Thalassa, goddess of the sea, can be seen surrounded by fishes and other sea creatures. Native Middle Eastern birds, mammals, plants and fruits were also added.
Important Justinian era mosaics decorated the Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt. Generally wall mosaics have not survived in the region because of the destruction of buildings but the St. Catherine's Monastery is exceptional. On the upper wall Moses is shown in two panels on a landscape background. In the apse we can see the Transfiguration of Jesus on a golden background. The apse is surrounded with bands containing medallions of apostles and prophets, and two contemporary figure, "Abbot Longinos" and "John the Deacon". The mosaic was probably created in 565/6.
Jerusalem with its many holy places probably had the highest concentration of mosaic-covered churches but very few of them survived the subsequent waves of destructions. The present remains do not do justice to the original richness of the city. The most important is the so-called "Armenian Mosaic" which was discovered in 1894 on the Street of the Prophets near Damascus Gate. It depicts a vine with many branches and grape clusters, which springs from a vase. Populating the vine's branches are peacocks, ducks, storks, pigeons, an eagle, a partridge, and a parrot in a cage. The inscription reads: "For the memory and salvation of all those Armenians whose name the Lord knows." Beneath a corner of the mosaic is a small, natural cave which contained human bones dating to the 5th or 6th centuries. The symbolism of the mosaic and the presence of the burial cave indicates that the room was used as a mortuary chapel.
An exceptionally well preserved, carpet-like mosaic floor was uncovered in 1949 in Bethany, the early Byzantine church of the Lazarium which was built between 333 and 390. Because of its purely geometrical pattern, the church floor is to be grouped with other mosaics of the time in Palestine and neighboring areas, especially the Constantinian mosaics in the central nave at Bethlehem. A second church was built above the older one during the 6th century with another more simple geometric mosaic floor.
The monastic communities of the Judean Desert also decorated their monasteries with mosaic floors. The Monastery of Martyrius was founded in the end of the 5th century and it was re-discovered in 1982–85. The most important work of art here is the intact geometric mosaic floor of the refectory although the severely damaged church floor was similarly rich. The mosaics in the church of the nearby Monastery of Euthymius are of later date (discovered in 1930). They were laid down in the Umayyad era, after a devastating earthquake in 659. Two six pointed stars and a red chalice are the most important surviving features.
Mosaic art also flourished in Christian Petra where three Byzantine churches were discovered. The most important one was uncovered in 1990. It is known that the walls were also covered with golden glass mosaics but only the floor panels survived as usual. The mosaic of the seasons in the southern aisle is from this first building period from the middle of the 5th century. In the first half of the 6th century the mosaics of the northern aisle and the eastern end of the southern aisle were installed. They depict native as well as exotic or mythological animals, and personifications of the Seasons, Ocean, Earth and Wisdom.
The Arab conquest of the Middle East in the 7th century did not break off the art of mosaic making. Arabs learned and accepted the craft as their own and carried on the classical tradition. During the Umayyad era Christianity retained its importance, churches were built and repaired and some of the most important mosaics of the Christian East were made during the 8th century when the region was under Islamic rule.
The mosaics of the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa (now Umm ar-Rasas) were made in 785 (discovered after 1986). The perfectly preserved mosaic floor is the largest one in Jordan. On the central panel hunting and fishing scenes are depicted while another panel illustrates the most important cities of the region. The frame of the mosaic is especially decorative. Six mosaic masters signed the work: Staurachios from Esbus, Euremios, Elias, Constantinus, Germanus and Abdela. It overlays another, damaged, mosaic floor of the earlier (587) "Church of Bishop Sergius." Another four churches were excavated nearby with traces of mosaic decoration.
The last great mosaics in Madaba were made in 767 in the Church of the Virgin Mary (discovered in 1887). It is a masterpiece of the geometric style with a Greek inscription in the central medallion.
With the fall of the Umayyad dynasty in 750 the Middle East went through deep cultural changes. No great mosaics were made after the end of the 8th century and the majority of churches gradually fell into disrepair and were eventually destroyed. The tradition of mosaic making died out among the Christians and also in the Islamic community.
Orthodox countries
The craft has also been popular in early medieval Rus, inherited as part of the Byzantine tradition. Yaroslav, the Grand Prince of the Kievan Rus' built a large cathedral in his capital, Kyiv. The model of the church was the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, and it was also called Saint Sophia Cathedral. It was built mainly by Byzantine master craftsmen, sent by Constantine Monomachos, between 1037 and 1046. Naturally the more important surfaces in the interior were decorated with golden mosaics. In the dome we can see the traditional stern Pantokrator supported by angels. Between the 12 windows of the drum were apostles and the four evangelists on the pendentives. The apse is dominated by an orant Theotokos with a Deesis in three medallions above. Below is a Communion of the Apostles.
Prince Sviatopolk II built St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery in Kyiv in 1108. The mosaics of the church are undoubtedly works of Byzantine artists. Although the church was destroyed by Soviet authorities, majority of the panels were preserved. Small parts of ornamental mosaic decoration from the 12th century survived in the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod but this church was largely decorated with frescoes.
Using mosaics and frescoes in the same building was a unique practice in Ukraine. Harmony was achieved by using the same dominant colors in mosaic and fresco. Both Saint Sophia Cathedral and Saint Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery in Kyiv use this technique. Mosaics stopped being used for church decoration as early as the 12th century in the eastern Slavic countries. Later Russian churches were decorated with frescoes, similarly then orthodox churches in the Balkan.
The apse mosaic of the Gelati Monastery is a rare example of mosaic use in Georgia. Began by king David IV and completed by his son Demetrius I of Georgia, the fragmentary panel depicts Theotokos flanked by two archangels. The use of mosaic in Gelati attests to some Byzantine influence in the country and was a demonstration of the imperial ambition of the Bagrationids. The mosaic covered church could compete in magnificence with the churches of Constantinople. Gelati is one of few mosaic creations which survived in Georgia but fragments prove that the early churches of Pitsunda and Tsromi were also decorated with mosaic as well as other, lesser known sites. The destroyed 6th century mosaic floors in the Pitsunda Cathedral have been inspired by Roman prototypes. In Tsromi the tesserae are still visible on the walls of the 7th-century church but only faint lines hint at the original scheme. Its central figure was Christ standing and displaying a scroll with Georgian text.
Jewish mosaics
Under Roman and Byzantine influence the Jews also decorated their synagogues with classical floor mosaics. Many interesting examples were discovered in Galilee and the Judean Desert.
The remains of a 6th-century synagogue have been uncovered in Sepphoris, which was an important centre of Jewish culture between the 3rd–7th centuries and a multicultural town inhabited by Jews, Christians and pagans. The mosaic reflects an interesting fusion of Jewish and pagan beliefs. In the center of the floor the zodiac wheel was depicted. Helios sits in the middle, in his sun chariot, and each zodiac is matched with a Jewish month. Along the sides of the mosaic are strips depicting Biblical scenes, such as the binding of Isaac, as well as traditional rituals, including a burnt sacrifice and the offering of fruits and grains.
Another zodiac mosaic decorated the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue which was built during the reign of Justin I (518–27). It is regarded one of the most important mosaics discovered in Israel. Each of its three panels depicts a scene – the Holy Ark, the zodiac, and the story of the sacrifice of Isaac. In the center of the zodiac is Helios, the sun god, in his chariot. The four women in the corners of the mosaic represent the four seasons.
A third superbly preserved zodiac mosaic was discovered in the Severus synagogue in the ancient resort town of Hammat Tiberias. In the center of the 4th-century mosaic the Sun god, Helios sits in his chariot holding the celestial sphere and a whip. Nine of the 12 signs of the zodiac survived intact. Another panel shows the Ark of Covenant and Jewish cultic objects used in the Temple at Jerusalem.
In 1936, a synagogue was excavated in Jericho which was named Shalom Al Yisrael Synagogue after an inscription on its mosaic floor ("Peace on Israel"). It appears to have been in use from the 5th to 8th centuries and contained a big mosaic on the floor with drawings of the Ark of the Covenant, the Menorah, a Shofar and a Lulav. Nearby in Naaran, there is another synagogue (discovered in 1918) from the 6th century that also has a mosaic floor.
The synagogue in Eshtemoa (As-Samu) was built around the 4th century. The mosaic floor is decorated with only floral and geometric patterns. The synagogue in Khirbet Susiya (excavated in 1971–72, founded in the end of the 4th century) has three mosaic panels, the eastern one depicting a Torah shrine, two menorahs, a lulav and an etrog with columns, deer and rams. The central panel is geometric while the western one is seriously damaged but it has been suggested that it depicted Daniel in the lion's den. The Roman synagogue in Ein Gedi was remodeled in the Byzantine era and a more elaborate mosaic floor was laid down above the older white panels. The usual geometric design was enriched with birds in the center. It includes the names of the signs of the zodiac and important figures from the Jewish past but not their images suggesting that it served a rather conservative community.
The ban on figurative depiction was not taken so seriously by the Jews living in Byzantine Gaza. In 1966 remains of a synagogue were found in the ancient harbour area. Its mosaic floor depicts King David as Orpheus, identified by his name in Hebrew letters. Near him were lion cubs, a giraffe and a snake listening to him playing a lyre. A further portion of the floor was divided by medallions formed by vine leaves, each of which contains an animal: a lioness suckling her cub, a giraffe, peacocks, panthers, bears, a zebra and so on. The floor was paved in 508/509. It is very similar to that of the synagogue at Maon (Menois) and the Christian church at Shellal, suggesting that the same artist most probably worked at all three places.
The House of Leontius in Bet She'an (excavated in 1964–72) is a rare example of a synagogue which was part of an inn. It was built in the Byzantine period. The colorful mosaic floor of the synagogue room had an outer stripe decorated with flowers and birds, around medallions with animals, created by vine trellises emerging from an amphora. The central medallion enclosed a menorah (candelabrum) beneath the word shalom (peace).
A 5th-century building in Huldah may be a Samaritan synagogue. Its mosaic floor contains typical Jewish symbols (menorah, lulav, etrog) but the inscriptions are Greek. Another Samaritan synagogue with a mosaic floor was located in Bet She'an (excavated in 1960). The floor had only decorative motifs and an aedicule (shrine) with cultic symbols. The ban on human or animal images was more strictly observed by the Samaritans than their Jewish neighbours in the same town (see above). The mosaic was laid by the same masters who made the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue. One of the inscriptions was written in Samaritan script.
In 2003, a synagogue of the 5th or 6th century was uncovered in the coastal Ionian town of Saranda, Albania. It had exceptional mosaics depicting items associated with Jewish holidays, including a menorah, ram's horn, and lemon tree. Mosaics in the basilica of the synagogue show the facade of what resembles a Torah, animals, trees, and other biblical symbols. The structure measures 20 by 24 m. and was probably last used in the 6th century as a church.
Middle Eastern and Western Asian art
Christian Arabia
In South Arabia two mosaic works were excavated in a Qatabanian from the late 3rd century, those two plates formed geometric and grapevines formation reflecting the traditions of that culture. In the Ghassanid era religious mosaic art flourished in their territory, so far five churches with mosaic were recorded from that era, two built by Ghassanid rulers and the other three by the Christian Arab community who wrote their names and dedications.
Zoroastrian Persia
Tilework had been known there for about two thousand years when cultural exchange between Sassanid Empire and Romans influenced Persian artists to create mosaic patterns. Shapur I decorated his palace with tile compositions depicting dancers, musicians, courtesans, etc. This was the only significant example of figurative Persian mosaic, which became prohibited after Arab conquest and arrival of Islam.
Islamic art
Arab
Islamic architecture used mosaic technique to decorate religious buildings and palaces after the Muslim conquests of the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire. In Syria and Egypt the Arabs were influenced by the great tradition of Roman and Early Christian mosaic art. During the Umayyad Dynasty mosaic making remained a flourishing art form in Islamic culture and it is continued in the art of zellige and azulejo in various parts of the Arab world, although tile was to become the main Islamic form of wall decoration.
The first great religious building of Islam, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, which was built between 688 and 692, was decorated with glass mosaics both inside and outside, by craftsmen of the Byzantine tradition. Only parts of the original interior decoration survive. The rich floral motifs follow Byzantine traditions, and are "Islamic only in the sense that the vocabulary is syncretic and does not include representation of men or animals."
The most important early Islamic mosaic work is the decoration of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, then capital of the Arab Caliphate. The mosque was built between 706 and 715. The caliph obtained 200 skilled workers from the Byzantine Emperor to decorate the building. This is evidenced by the partly Byzantine style of the decoration. The mosaics of the inner courtyard depict Paradise with beautiful trees, flowers and small hill towns and villages in the background. The mosaics include no human figures, which makes them different from the otherwise similar contemporary Byzantine works. The biggest continuous section survives under the western arcade of the courtyard, called the "Barada Panel" after the river Barada. It is thought that the mosque used to have the largest gold mosaic in the world, at over 4 m2. In 1893 a fire damaged the mosque extensively, and many mosaics were lost, although some have been restored since.
The mosaics of the Umayyad Mosque gave inspiration to later Damascene mosaic works. The Dome of the Treasury, which stands in the mosque courtyard, is covered with fine mosaics, probably dating from 13th- or 14th-century restoration work. The style of them are strikingly similar to the Barada Panel. The mausoleum of Sultan Baibars, Madrassa Zahiriyah, which was built after 1277, is also decorated with a band of golden floral and architectural mosaics, running around inside the main prayer hall.
Non-religious Umayyad mosaic works were mainly floor panels which decorated the palaces of the caliphs and other high-ranking officials. They were closely modeled after the mosaics of the Roman country villas, once common in the Eastern Mediterranean. The most superb example can be found in the bath house of Hisham's Palace, Palestine which was made around 744. The main panel depicts a large tree and underneath it a lion attacking a deer (right side) and two deer peacefully grazing (left side). The panel probably represents good and bad governance. Mosaics with classical geometric motifs survived in the bath area of the 8th-century Umayyad palace complex in Anjar, Lebanon. The luxurious desert residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat (in present-day Jordan) was also decorated with floor mosaics that show a high level of technical skill. The best preserved panel at Hallabat is divided by a Tree of Life flanked by "good" animals on one side and "bad" animals on the other. Among the Hallabat representations are vine scrolls, grapes, pomegranates, oryx, wolves, hares, a leopard, pairs of partridges, fish, bulls, ostriches, rabbits, rams, goats, lions and a snake. At Qastal, near Amman, excavations in 2000 uncovered the earliest known Umayyad mosaics in present-day Jordan, dating probably from the caliphate of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705). They cover much of the floor of a finely decorated building that probably served as the palace of a local governor. The Qastal mosaics depict geometrical patterns, trees, animals, fruits and rosettes. Except for the open courtyard, entrance and staircases, the floors of the entire palace were covered in mosaics.
Some of the best examples of later Islamic mosaics were produced in Moorish Spain. The golden mosaics in the mihrab and the central dome of the Great Mosque in Corduba have a decidedly Byzantine character. They were made between 965 and 970 by local craftsmen, supervised by a master mosaicist from Constantinople, who was sent by the Byzantine Emperor to the Umayyad Caliph of Spain. The decoration is composed of colorful floral arabesques and wide bands of Arab calligraphy. The mosaics were purported to evoke the glamour of the Great Mosque in Damascus, which was lost for the Umayyad family.
Mosaics generally went out of fashion in the Islamic world after the 8th century. Similar effects were achieved by the use of painted tilework, either geometric with small tiles, sometimes called mosaic, like the zillij of North Africa, or larger tiles painted with parts of a large decorative scheme (Qashani) in Persia, Turkey and further east.
Modern mosaics
Noted 19th-century mosaics include those by Edward Burne-Jones at St Pauls within the Walls in Rome. Another modern mosaic of note is the world's largest mosaic installation located at the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, located in St. Louis, Missouri. A modern example of mosaic is the Museum of Natural History station of the New York City Subway (there are many such works of art scattered throughout the New York City subway system, though many IND stations are usually designed with bland mosaics). Another example of mosaics in ordinary surroundings is the use of locally themed mosaics in some restrooms in the rest areas along some Texas interstate highways.
Some modern mosaics are the work of modernisme style architects Antoni Gaudí and Josep Maria Jujol, for example the mosaics in the Park Güell in Barcelona. Today, among the leading figures of the mosaic world are Emma Biggs (UK), Marcelo de Melo (Brazil), Sonia King (US) and Saimir Strati (Albania).
As a popular craft
Mosaics have developed into a popular craft and art, and are not limited to professionals. Today's artisans and crafters work with stone, ceramics, shells, art glass, mirror, beads, and even odd items like doll parts, pearls, or photographs. While ancient mosaics tended to be architectural, modern mosaics are found covering everything from park benches and flowerpots to guitars and bicycles. Items can be as small as an earring or as large as a house.
Trencadís or pique assiette (a French term – "stolen from plate") is a mosaic made from pieces of broken pottery, china, glass, buttons, figurines, or jewelry which are cemented onto a base to create a new surface. Almost any form can be used as a base, and any combination of pieces can be applied, restricted only by the individual creator's imagination.
In street art
In styles that owe as much to videogame pixel art and pop culture as to traditional mosaic, street art has seen a novel reinvention and expansion of mosaic artwork. The most prominent artist working with mosaics in street art is the French Invader. He has done almost all his work in two very distinct mosaic styles, the first of which are small "traditional" tile mosaics of 8 bit video game character, installed in cities across the globe, and the second of which are a style he refers to as "Rubikcubism", which uses a kind of dual layer mosaic via grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes. Although he is the most prominent, other street and urban artists do work in Mosaic styles as well.
Calçada Portuguesa
Portuguese pavement (in Portuguese, Calçada Portuguesa) is a kind of two-tone stone mosaic paving created in Portugal, and common throughout the Lusosphere. Most commonly taking the form of geometric patterns from the simple to the complex, it also is used to create complex pictorial mosaics in styles ranging from iconography to classicism and even modern design. In Portuguese-speaking countries, many cities have a large amount of their sidewalks and even, though far more occasionally, streets done in this mosaic form. Lisbon in particular maintains almost all walkways in this style.
Despite its prevalence and popularity throughout Portugal and its former colonies, and its relation to older art and architectural styles like Azulejo, Portuguese and Spanish painted tilework, it is a relatively young mosaic artform, its first definitive appearance in a modernly recognizable form being in the mid-1800s. Among the most commonly used stones in this style are basalt and limestone.
Terminology
Mosaic is an art form which uses small pieces of materials placed together to create a unified whole. The materials commonly used are marble or other stone, glass, pottery, mirror or foil-backed glass, or shells.
The word mosaic is from the Italian mosaico deriving from the Latin mosaicus and ultimately from the Greek mouseios meaning belonging to the Muses, hence artistic. Each piece of material is a Tessera (plural: tesserae). The space in between where the grout goes is an interstice. Andamento is the word used to describe the movement and flow of Tesserae. The 'opus', the Latin for 'work', is the way in which the pieces are cut and placed.
Common techniques include:
Opus regulatum: A grid; all tesserae align both vertically and horizontally.
Opus tessellatum: Tesserae form vertical or horizontal rows, but not both.
Opus vermiculatum: One or more lines of tesserae follow the edge of a special shape (letters or a major central graphic).
Opus musivum: Vermiculatum extends throughout the entire background.
Opus palladianum: Instead of forming rows, tesserae are irregularly shaped. Also known as "crazy paving".
Opus sectile: A major shape (e.g. heart, letter, cat) is formed by a single tessera, as later in pietra dura.
Opus classicum: When vermiculatum is combined with tessellatum or regulatum.
Opus circumactum: Tesserae are laid in overlapping semicircles or fan shapes.
Micromosaic: using very small tesserae, in Byzantine icons and Italian panels for jewellery from the Renaissance on.
Three techniques
There are three main methods: the direct method, the indirect method and the double indirect method.
Direct method
The direct method of mosaic construction involves directly placing (gluing) the individual tesserae onto the supporting surface. This method is well suited to surfaces that have a three-dimensional quality, such as vases. This was used for the historic European wall and ceiling mosaics, following underdrawings of the main outlines on the wall below, which are often revealed again when the mosaic falls away.
The direct method suits small projects that are transportable. Another advantage of the direct method is that the resulting mosaic is progressively visible, allowing for any adjustments to tile color or placement.
The disadvantage of the direct method is that the artist must work directly at the chosen surface, which is often not practical for long periods of time, especially for large-scale projects. Also, it is difficult to control the evenness of the finished surface. This is of particular importance when creating a functional surface such as a floor or a table top.
A modern version of the direct method, sometimes called "double direct," is to work directly onto fiberglass mesh. The mosaic can then be constructed with the design visible on the surface and transported to its final location. Large work can be done in this way, with the mosaic being cut up for shipping and then reassembled for installation. It enables the artist to work in comfort in a studio rather than at the site of installation.
Indirect method
The indirect method of applying tesserae is often used for very large projects, projects with repetitive elements or for areas needing site specific shapes. Tesserae are applied face-down to a backing paper using a water-soluble adhesive. Once the mosaic is completed in the studio it is transferred in sections to the site and cemented, paper facing outwards. Once fixed the paper is dampened and removed. This method is most useful for extremely large projects as it gives the maker time to rework areas, allows the cementing of the tesserae to the backing panel to be carried out quickly in one operation and helps ensure that the front surfaces of the mosaic tiles and mosaic pieces are flat and in the same plane on the front, even when using tiles and pieces of differing thicknesses. Mosaic murals, benches and tabletops are some of the items usually made using the indirect method, as it results in a smoother and more even surface.
Mathematics
The best way to arrange variously shaped tiles on a surface leads to the mathematical field of tessellation.
The artist M. C. Escher was influenced by Moorish mosaics to begin his investigations into tessellation.
Digital imaging
A photomosaic is a picture made up of various other pictures (pioneered by Joseph Francis), in which each "pixel" is another picture, when examined closely. This form has been adopted in many modern media and digital image searches.
A tile mosaic is a digital image made up of individual tiles, arranged in a non-overlapping fashion, e.g. to make a static image on a shower room or bathing pool floor, by breaking the image down into square pixels formed from ceramic tiles (a typical size is , as for example, on the floor of the University of Toronto pool, though sometimes larger tiles such as are used). These digital images are coarse in resolution and often simply express text, such as the depth of the pool in various places, but some such digital images are used to show a sunset or other beach theme.
Recent developments in digital image processing have led to the ability to design physical tile mosaics using computer aided design (CAD) software. The software typically takes as inputs a source bitmap and a palette of colored tiles. The software makes a best-fit match of the tiles to the source image. In order to place tiles in the manner of opus vermiculatum the first step is to find edges of visually important objects in the image. A Python implementation of a complete pixel image to mosaic vector image algorithm is available.
Robotic manufacturing
With high cost of labor in developed countries, production automation has become increasingly popular. Rather than being assembled by hand, mosaics designed using computer aided design (CAD) software can be assembled by a robot. Production can be greater than 10 times faster with higher accuracy. But these "computer" mosaics have a different look than hand-made "artisanal" mosaics. With robotic production, colored tiles are loaded into buffers, and then the robot picks and places tiles individually according to a command file from the design software.
See also
Pixel art
Terrazzo
Tessellation
References
Notes
Citations
External links
Pavements
Handicrafts
Architectural elements
Visual arts materials
Decorative arts
Byzantine art
Persian art
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20in%20badminton
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2019 in badminton
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International badminton events (Grade 1)
May 19 – 26: 2019 Sudirman Cup in Nanning
defeated , 3–0 in matches played, to win their 11th Sudirman Cup title.
August 4 – 11: 2019 BWF Seniors World Championships in Katowice
For results, click here.
August 19 – 25: 2019 BWF World Championships in Basel
Singles: Kento Momota (m) / P. V. Sindhu (f)
Doubles: (Mohammad Ahsan & Hendra Setiawan) (m) / (Mayu Matsumoto & Wakana Nagahara) (f)
Mixed: (Zheng Siwei & Huang Yaqiong)
December 11 – 15: 2019 BWF World Tour Finals in Guangzhou
Continental badminton events
February 11 – 17: 2019 Oceania Badminton Championships (Senior, Junior, & Mixed Teams) in Melbourne
Senior:
Singles: Oscar Guo (m) / Chen Hsuan-yu (f)
Doubles: (Sawan Serasinghe & Eric Vuong) (m) / (Setyana Mapasa & Gronya Somerville) (f)
Mixed: (Simon Leung & Gronya Somerville)
Junior
Singles: Edward Lau (m) / Shaunna Li (f)
Doubles: (Ryan Tong & Jack Wang) (m) / (Kaitlyn Ea & Angela Yu) (f)
Mixed: (Jack Yu & Angela Yu)
Senior Mixed Team: 1. ; 2. , 3. , 4.
Junior Mixed Team: 1. ; 2. , 3. , 4.
February 13 – 17: 2019 European Mixed Team Badminton Championships in Copenhagen
Champions: , 2. , Semi-final losers: and
February 14 – 17: 2019 Pan Am Mixed Team Badminton Championships in Lima
Champions: , 2. , 3. , 4.
March 19 – 24: Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships 2019 in
Champions: , 2. , 3/4. &
April 22 – 28: 2019 African Badminton Championships in Port Harcourt
Singles: Anuoluwapo Juwon Opeyor (m) / Dorcas Ajoke Adesokan (f)
Doubles: (Koceila Mammeri & Youcef Sabri Medel) (m) / (Dorcas Ajoke Adesokan & Uchechukwu Deborah Ukeh) (f)
Mixed: (Koceila Mammeri & Linda Mazri)
Team Champions:
April 23 – 28: 2019 Badminton Asia Championships in Hannan District (Wuhan)
Singles: Kento Momota (m) / Akane Yamaguchi (f)
Doubles: (Hiroyuki Endo & Yuta Watanabe) (m) / (Chen Qingchen & Jia Yifan) (f)
Mixed: (Wang Yilyu & Huang Dongping)
April 25 – 28: 2019 Pan Am Badminton Championships in Aguascalientes City
Singles: Osleni Guerrero (m) / Michelle Li (f)
Doubles: (Jason Ho-shue & Nyl Yakura) (m) / (Rachel Honderich & Kristen Tsai) (f)
Mixed: (Joshua Hurlburt-Yu & Josephine Wu)
July 16 – 20: 2019 Pan Am Junior Badminton Championships in Moncton
Singles: Brian Yang (m) / Natalie Chi (f)
Doubles: (Jonathan Shou-Zheng Chien & Brian Yang) (m) / (Crystal Lai & ZHANG Wenyu) (f)
Mixed: (Jonathan Shou-Zheng Chien & Crystal Lai)
July 20 – 28: Badminton Asia Junior Championships 2019 (Individual & Team) in Suzhou
Singles: Kunlavut Vitidsarn (m) / ZHOU Meng (f)
Doubles: (Leo Rolly Carnando & Daniel Marthin) (m) / (LI Yijing & LUO Xumin) (f)
Mixed: (Leo Rolly Carnando & Indah Cahya Sari Jamil)
Mixed Team:
2019 BWF Season (Grade 2)
January 8 – December 15: 2019 BWF Season
Level Two (Super 1000)
March 5 – 10: 2019 All England Open in Birmingham
Singles: Kento Momota (m) / Chen Yufei (f)
Doubles: (Mohammad Ahsan & Hendra Setiawan) (m) / (Chen Qingchen & Jia Yifan) (f)
Mixed: (Zheng Siwei & Huang Yaqiong)
July 16 – 21: 2019 Indonesia Open in Jakarta
Singles: Chou Tien-chen (m) / Akane Yamaguchi (f)
Doubles: (Marcus Fernaldi Gideon & Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo) (m) / (Yuki Fukushima & Sayaka Hirota) (f)
Mixed: (Zheng Siwei & Huang Yaqiong)
September 17 – 22: China Open 2019 in Changzhou
Singles: Kento Momota (m) / Carolina Marín (f)
Doubles: (Marcus Fernaldi Gideon & Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo) (m) / (Chen Qingchen & Jia Yifan) (f)
Mixed: (Zheng Siwei & Huang Yaqiong)
Level Three (Super 750)
April 2 – 7: 2019 Malaysia Open in Kuala Lumpur
Singles: Lin Dan (m) / Tai Tzu-ying (f)
Doubles: (Li Junhui & Liu Yuchen) (m) / (Chen Qingchen & Jia Yifan) (f)
Mixed: (Zheng Siwei & Huang Yaqiong)
July 23 – 28: Japan Open 2019 in Tokyo
Singles: Kento Momota (m) / Akane Yamaguchi (f)
Doubles: (Marcus Fernaldi Gideon & Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo) (m) / (Kim So-yeong & Kong Hee-yong) (f)
Mixed: (Wang Yilyu & Huang Dongping)
October 15 – 20: 2019 Denmark Open in Odense
Singles: Kento Momota (m) / Tai Tzu-ying (f)
Doubles: (Marcus Fernaldi Gideon & Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo) (m) / (Baek Ha-na & Jung Kyung-eun) (f)
Mixed: (Praveen Jordan & Melati Daeva Oktavianti)
October 22 – 27: 2019 French Open in Paris
Singles: Chen Long (m) / An Se-young (f)
Doubles: (Marcus Fernaldi Gideon & Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo) (m) / (Lee So-hee & Shin Seung-chan) (f)
Mixed: (Praveen Jordan & Melati Daeva Oktavianti)
November 5 – 10: Fuzhou China Open 2019 in Fuzhou
Singles: Kento Momota (m) / Chen Yufei (f)
Doubles: (Marcus Fernaldi Gideon & Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo) (m) / (Yuki Fukushima & Sayaka Hirota) (f)
Mixed: (Wang Yilyu & Huang Dongping)
Level Four (Super 500)
January 15 – 20: 2019 Malaysia Masters in Kuala Lumpur
Singles: Son Wan-ho (m) / Ratchanok Intanon (f)
Doubles: (Marcus Fernaldi Gideon & Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo) (m) / (Yuki Fukushima & Sayaka Hirota) (f)
Mixed: (Yuta Watanabe & Arisa Higashino)
January 22 – 27: 2019 Indonesia Masters in Jakarta
Singles: Anders Antonsen (m) / Saina Nehwal (f)
Doubles: (Marcus Fernaldi Gideon & Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo) (m) / (Misaki Matsutomo & Ayaka Takahashi) (f)
Mixed: (Zheng Siwei & Huang Yaqiong)
March 26 – 31: 2019 India Open in New Delhi
Singles: Viktor Axelsen (m) / Ratchanok Intanon (f)
Doubles: (Lee Yang & Wang Chi-lin) (m) / (Greysia Polii & Apriyani Rahayu) (f)
Mixed: (Wang Yilyu & Huang Dongping)
April 9 – 14: 2019 Singapore Open in
Singles: Kento Momota (m) / Tai Tzu-ying (f)
Doubles: (Takeshi Kamura & Keigo Sonoda) (m) / (Mayu Matsumoto & Wakana Nagahara) (f)
Mixed: (Dechapol Puavaranukroh & Sapsiree Taerattanachai)
July 30 – August 4: 2019 Thailand Open in Bangkok
Singles: Chou Tien-chen (m) / Chen Yufei (f)
Doubles: (Satwiksairaj Rankireddy & Chirag Shetty) (m) / (Shiho Tanaka & Koharu Yonemoto) (f)
Mixed: (Wang Yilyu & Huang Dongping)
September 24 – 29: 2019 Korea Open in Seoul
Singles: Kento Momota (m) / He Bingjiao (f)
Doubles: (Fajar Alfian & Muhammad Rian Ardianto) (m) / (Kim So-yeong & Kong Hee-yong) (f)
Mixed: (Dechapol Puavaranukroh & Sapsiree Taerattanachai)
November 12 – 17: Hong Kong Open 2019 in
Singles: (m) / (f)
Doubles: (m) / (f)
Mixed:
Level Five (Super 300)
January 8 – 13: 2019 Thailand Masters in Bangkok
Singles: Loh Kean Yew (m) / Fitriani (f)
Doubles: (Goh V Shem & Tan Wee Kiong) (m) / (Puttita Supajirakul & Sapsiree Taerattanachai) (f)
Mixed: (Chan Peng Soon & Goh Liu Ying)
February 19 – 24: 2019 Spain Masters in Barcelona
Singles: Viktor Axelsen (m) / Mia Blichfeldt (f)
Doubles: (Lee Yang & Wang Chi-lin) (m) / (Kim So-yeong & Kong Hee-yong) (f)
Mixed: (Seo Seung-jae & Chae Yoo-jung)
February 26 – March 3: 2019 German Open in Mülheim
Singles: Kento Momota (m) / Akane Yamaguchi (f)
Doubles: (Hiroyuki Endo & Yuta Watanabe) (m) / (Du Yue & Li Yinhui) (f)
Mixed: (Seo Seung-jae & Chae Yoo-jung)
March 12 – 17: 2019 Swiss Open in Basel
Singles: Shi Yuqi (m) / Chen Yufei (f)
Doubles: (Fajar Alfian & Muhammad Rian Ardianto) (m) / (Chang Ye-na & Jung Kyung-eun) (f)
Mixed: (Mathias Bay-Smidt & Rikke Søby Hansen)
April 30 – May 5: 2019 New Zealand Open in Auckland
Singles: Jonatan Christie (m) / An Se-young (f)
Doubles: (Mohammad Ahsan & Hendra Setiawan) (m) / (Kim So-yeong & Kong Hee-yong) (f)
Mixed: (Chan Peng Soon & Goh Liu Ying)
June 4 – 9: 2019 Australian Open in Sydney
Singles: Jonatan Christie (m) / Chen Yufei (f)
Doubles: (Ko Sung-hyun & Shin Baek-cheol) (m) / (Yuki Fukushima & Sayaka Hirota) (f)
Mixed: (Wang Yilyu & Huang Dongping)
July 9 – 14: 2019 U.S. Open in Fullerton
Singles: LIN Chun-yi (m) / Wang Zhiyi (f)
Doubles: (Ko Sung-hyun & Shin Baek-cheol) (m) / (Nami Matsuyama & Chiharu Shida) (f)
Mixed: (Lee Jhe-huei & Hsu Ya-ching)
September 3 – 8: Chinese Taipei Open 2019 in Taipei
Singles: Chou Tien-chen (m) / Sung Ji-hyun (f)
Doubles: (Goh V Shem & Tan Wee Kiong) (m) / (Jongkolphan Kititharakul & Rawinda Prajongjai) (f)
Mixed: (Tang Chun Man & Tse Ying Suet)
October 29 – November 3: Macau Open 2019 in
Singles: Sitthikom Thammasin (m) / Michelle Li (f)
Doubles: (Li Junhui & Liu Yuchen) (m) / (Du Yue & Li Yinhui) (f)
Mixed: (Dechapol Puavaranukroh & Sapsiree Taerattanachai)
November 19 – 24: Korea Masters 2019 in Seoul
Singles: (m) / (f)
Doubles: (m) / (f)
Mixed:
November 26 – December 1: Syed Modi International 2019 in Lucknow
Singles: Wang Tzu-wei (m) / Carolina Marín (f)
Doubles: (He Jiting & Tan Qiang) (m) / (Baek Ha-na & Jung Kyung-eun) (f)
Mixed: (Rodion Alimov & Alina Davletova)
Level Six (Super 100)
March 12 – 17: Lingshui China Masters 2019 in Lingshui Li Autonomous County
Singles: Weng Hongyang (m) / Kim Ga-eun (f)
Doubles: (Lee Jhe-huei & Yang Po-hsuan) (m) / (Baek Ha-na & Kim Hye-rin) (f)
Mixed: (Tang Chun Man & Ng Tsz Yau)
March 19 – 24: 2019 Orleans Masters in Orléans
Singles: Koki Watanabe (m) / Saena Kawakami (f)
Doubles: (Lee Yang & Wang Chi-lin) (m) / (Chloe Birch & Lauren Smith) (f)
Mixed: (Thom Gicquel & Delphine Delrue)
July 2 – 7: 2019 Canada Open in Calgary
Singles: Li Shifeng (m) / An Se-young (f)
Doubles: (Mathias Boe & Mads Conrad-Petersen) (m) / (Setyana Mapasa & Gronya Somerville) (f)
Mixed: (Ko Sung-hyun & Eom Hye-won)
July 16 – 21: 2019 Russian Open in Vladivostok
Singles: Shesar Hiren Rhustavito (m) / Pai Yu-po (f)
Doubles: (Mathias Boe & Mads Conrad-Petersen) (m) / (Ni Ketut Mahadewi Istirani & Tania Oktaviani Kusumah) (f)
Mixed: (Adnan Maulana & Mychelle Crhystine Bandaso)
August 6 – 11: 2019 Hyderabad Open in Hyderabad
Singles: Sourabh Verma (m) / Yeo Jia Min (f)
Doubles: (Muhammad Shohibul Fikri & Bagas Maulana) (m) / (Baek Ha-na & Jung Kyung-eun) (f)
Mixed: (HOO Pang Ron & Cheah Yee See)
August 13 – 18: 2019 Akita Masters in Akita
Singles: Firman Abdul Kholik (m) / An Se-young (f)
Doubles: (Ou Xuanyi & Zhang Nan) (m) / (Ayako Sakuramoto & Yukiko Takahata) (f)
Mixed: (Ko Sung-hyun & Eom Hye-won)
September 10 – 15: 2019 Vietnam Open in Ho Chi Minh City
Singles: Sourabh Verma (m) / ZHANG Yiman (f)
Doubles: (Choi Sol-gyu & Seo Seung-jae) (m) / (Della Destiara Haris & Rizki Amelia Pradipta) (f)
Mixed: (GUO Xinwa & ZHANG Shuxian)
October 1 – 6: 2019 Indonesia Masters in Malang
Singles: Sun Feixiang (m) / Wang Zhiyi (f)
Doubles: (Ou Xuanyi & Zhang Nan) (m) / (Siti Fadia Silva Ramadhanti & Ribka Sugiarto) (f)
Mixed: (GUO Xinwa & ZHANG Shuxian)
October 8 – 13: 2019 Dutch Open in Almere
Singles: Lakshya Sen (m) / Wang Zhiyi (f)
Doubles: (Vladimir Ivanov & Ivan Sozonov) (m) / (Gabriela Stoeva & Stefani Stoeva) (f)
Mixed: (Robin Tabeling & Selena Piek)
November 20 – 24: Scottish Open 2019 in Glasgow
Singles: Lakshya Sen (m) / Qi Xuefei (f)
Doubles: (Alexander Dunn & Adam Hall) (m) / (Amalie Magelund & Freja Ravn) (f)
Mixed: (Mathias Christiansen & Alexandra Bøje)
Leagues
December 22, 2018 – January 13, 2019: 2018–19 Premier Badminton League in India.
The Bengaluru Raptors defeated the Mumbai Rockets, 4–3, to win their maiden Premier Badminton League title.
References
External links
Badminton World Federation
Badminton by year
2019 sport-related lists
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52985908
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20Wayne
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Leslie Wayne
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Leslie Wayne (born 1953, Landstuhl, Germany) is a visual artist who lives and works in New York. Wayne is best known for her "highly dimensional paintings".
Early life and education
Leslie Wayne was born in Landstühl, Germany, to American parents and grew up in Los Angeles and Newport Beach. At the age of 7, she was taking private art lessons and attended classes on the weekends throughout high school. Her first two years of undergraduate work at the University of California, Santa Barbara's College of Creative Studies focused on the figure, plein-air landscapes, and printmaking. She created a suite of etchings and aquatints based on the photographs of Jacques Henri Lartigue, with whom she had begun a correspondence.
Wayne moved to Paris and lived there from 1974 to 1975, where she attended French classes at the Alliance Française, and continued to paint on her own and in various small ateliers. At the Alliance Française, Wayne met an Israeli man, with whom she developed a relationship. After having returned to California, she moved to Israel in 1975 to live with him and stayed there until 1980. In Israel, she continued to paint and explore other creative outlets, including ceramics and children's book illustration. Wayne returned to Southern California in 1980 and two years later moved to New York City, where she enrolled in Parsons School of Design. At Parsons, Wayne became a sculpture major and studied with Ronald Bladen and Don Porcaro, whom she later married in 1987. She graduated with honors, with a BFA in sculpture in 1984.
Work
Early work
Wayne's early work was driven by a focus on technique and observation. Her inspiration came from French Impressionism, particularly the paintings of Van Gogh, Lautrec and Manet, and the photographs of Jacques Henri Lartigue. Only after her classes at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière, did she first venture into abstraction.
Wayne had her first solo show at the Jerusalem Theatre Gallery in 1979 of works that were inspired by Georgia O'Keeffe's desert landscape paintings. Returning to California, she continued to paint plein-air landscapes. With the hills of Laguna Beach as her source, Wayne developed a deep love for and identification with the landscape and geology of the Western United States.
New York
Wayne moved to New York City in 1982 and transferred to Parsons School of Design. While a student there, she focused on sculpture, and was inspired by the work of David Smith. After graduation, Wayne returned to painting, developing a minimalist abstract style inspired by the many trips she and her husband, sculptor Don Porcaro made to the Southwest. She exhibited these works in her first New York solo show at 55 Mercer Street Gallery. Although this show resulted in the attention of the New York art scene, Wayne longed for the creative excitement she felt when she was making sculpture. Experimenting in her studio, Wayne began challenging the physical limitations of paint, resulting in a style that became the central focus of her career. In 1992 she received a fellowship to the renown artist's colony, Yaddo where she worked on refining her new approach, and showed these paintings at 55 Mercer Gallery later that year. Based on the success of that show, she was invited to join Jack Shainman Gallery, where she continues to be represented.
Wayne's works, hybrids of sculpture and painting, range from small scale to larger multi-paneled and shaped paintings. Wayne's themes explore the intersection of abstraction and figuration and forms in nature, as well as perception and the relationship between object and image by engaging and challenging the conventional notions of the painting medium.
Career
Wayne had her first two New York solo shows at 55 Mercer Street Gallery in 1990 and 1992. In 1993 she joined Jack Shainman Gallery and had her first solo show that year.
Throughout the late 1990s and into the 2000s Wayne exhibited with L.A. Louver in Los Angeles, Solomon Projects in Atlanta, GA, Byron Cohen Gallery for Contemporary Art in Kansas City, MO and Galerie Bugdahn und Kaimer in Düsseldorf, Germany.
Her work was featured in the 44th Biennial Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting: Painting Outside Painting, curated by Terrie Sultan for the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. in 1995.
In 2002, an installation of sixty of Wayne's paintings inaugurated the new Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art in New Paltz, NY as part of an installation with 60 of Porcaro's small scale sculptures. The show was expanded in 2004, becoming a survey of her and Porcaro's work from the previous decade. Titled "The Object of Time: Charting A Decade", the exhibition traveled to the University Gallery at the University of Florida in Gainesville, the Crossley Gallery at the Ringling School of Art and Design, and the Red Gallery at the Savannah College of Art and Design.
In 2011, the Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art at the College of Charleston mounted a five-year survey of Wayne's recent work. A catalogue and video interview accompanied the exhibition. The show traveled to the Visual Arts Center of Richmond, the Joseloff Gallery at the University of Hartford and the Foosaner Art Museum. In 2014, the Abroms Engel Institute of Contemporary Art at the University of Alabama inaugurated their newly opened museum with a survey of Wayne's paintings entitled "Mind The Gap."
Wayne's work is in many public collections throughout the United States and abroad, including the Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham, AL; The Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, NYC; The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; Collezione Maramotti, Reggio Emilia, Italy; the Davis Museum, Wellesley, MA; Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain, Paris, France; Harvard University Business School Schwartz Art Collection, Cambridge, MA; Colección Jumex, Mexico City, Mexico; Neuberger Museum of Art, Purchase, NY; The Parrish Art Museum, Watermill, NY; Portland Museum of Art, Portland, OR; The Miami Museum of Contemporary Art, Miami, FL; and Reed College Special Collections Library, Portland, OR, among others.
Her exhibitions have been reviewed and featured in The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, Artforum, ARTnews, Art in America, Art & Antiques, The New Yorker, New York Newsday, The Philadelphia Inquirer, Art Papers, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, the San Francisco Chronicle, The Kansas City Star, The Wichita Eagle, The Guardian, the New Art Examiner, The Washington Times, The Washington Post, and the Chicago Tribune, as well as journals and publications abroad.
Wayne is also an occasional writer. Her interviews of fellow artists include Sharon Butler, Lisa Corinne Davis, Lesley Dill, Beverly Fishman, Beatrice Pediconi, Elise Siegel, Elena Sisto, Monica Majoli, Medrie MacPhee and Barbara Takenaga, and have been published in the online art magazines, Artcritical, BOMB and Two Coats of Paint.
Wayne has had 12 solo exhibitions with Jack Shainman Gallery since 1993, including her most recent 2021 exhibition entitled "The Universe is on the Inside."
Awards
Wayne is a member of the National Academy of Design (class of 2016) and currently serves as Vice Chair of their Board of Governors. Other honors and awards include the New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowship in Painting (2018, 2006), a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Award in Fine Arts (2017), Joan Mitchell Foundation Artist's Grant (2012), Buhl Foundation Award for Abstract Photography (2004), Adolph and Esther Gottlieb Foundation Artist's Grant (1994), Hillwood Art Museum/New York State Council on the Arts Projects Residency Grant (1993), Yaddo Artist's Residency Fellowship (1992), Change Inc. Artist's Emergency Grant (1985), Artist's Space Exhibition Grant (1985, 1990), and a Pollock-Krasner Foundation Artist's Grant (1985).
Public art works include a 2016 commission by the MTA Arts & Design program for windows at the newly renovated Bay Parkway Station in Brooklyn, NY.
Personal life
Wayne lives and works in New York City with her husband, sculptor Don Porcaro.
References
1953 births
Living people
20th-century German painters
German abstract artists
People from Landstuhl
University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
21st-century German painters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funke%20Akindele
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Funke Akindele
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Olufunke Ayotunde Akindele-Bello (born 24 August 1977) popularly known as Funke Akindele or Jenifa, is a Nigerian filmmaker, actress, director, producer and politician. Akindele starred in the sitcom I Need to Know from 1998 to 2002, and in 2009, she won the Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role. for her role in Jenifa, which brought her into fame. Akindele reprised the role in a 2015 television series adaption titled Jenifa's Diary, for which she was named the Best Actress in a Comedy at the 2016 and 2017 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards. Akindele won the same award in 2020 and 2022, making it her fifth win for the Best Actress in a Comedy category. Akindele is the most nominated actress/filmmaker at the AMVCA and currently owns six wins which makes her the actress with most wins. She is the second director to gross over a billion naira at the Nigeria box office.
In 2022, she was nominated by the People's Democratic Party gubernatorial candidate, Abdul-Azeez Olajide Adediran, as the running mate for the 2023 Lagos state governorship election.
Early life and education
Akindele was born on 24 August 1977, in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria. She is the second of three children (two girls and one boy). Her mother is a medical doctor while her father is a retired school principal. She attended Grace Children's School, Gbagada, Lagos State. She obtained an Ordinary National Diploma (OND) in Mass Communication from the former Ogun State Polytechnic, now known as Moshood Abiola Polytechnic. She earned a Law degree from the University of Lagos.
Career
Akindele came into the limelight after starring in the popular United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)-sponsored sitcom I Need to Know, which ran from 1998 to 2002. Funke Akindele played Bisi, a curious but highly intelligent secondary school student. Funke Akindele's big break came in 2008 when she appeared in the movie Jenifa.
In January 2018, there was a controversy when it was reported that Funke Akindele would get her Hollywood debut in Marvel's Avengers: Infinity War as she was listed as a member of the cast on IMDb. Mainstream Nigerian press reported that Jenifa was set to star in Infinity War as the guard Dora Milaje, citing IMDb. Some weeks later her name was replaced with that of fellow Nigerian actress Genevieve Nnaji, with Funke Akindele's upload shown to have been a hack. In February 2018, it was reported that Senate President and chair of the National Assembly, Dr. Bukola Saraki , had advised Marvel Studios to feature Akindele in Infinity War.
In an interview in July 2016, Funke Akindele stated she was acting less in the Yoruba film industry at that time because of piracy. Akindele plays the lead character in the ongoing hit TV show Jenifa's Diary, alongside Fisayo Ajisola, Falz, Juliana Olayode, and Aderounmu Adejumoke. The show is an adaption of the movie Jenifa. The 2018 comedy film Moms at War stars Funke Akindele and Omoni Oboli. In July 2019, Akindele started a new web series, Aiyetoro Town, a spinoff from her popular TV series, Jenifa's Diary. She is the former CEO of Scene One Film Production.
She made her cinematic directorial debut in the 2019 political drama film, Your Excellency.
Political career
Akindele was nominated as the Lagos deputy governorship candidate under Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) in the 2023 elections. In justifying her nomination, Abdul-Azeez Olajide Adediran, popularly known as Jandor, noted that the actress will add more value to his candidacy in the 2023 general elections. Confirming her deputy governorship candidacy on Tuesday, the actress stated that her acting career must be “necessarily put on hold”.
Charity initiative
Akindele runs a non-governmental organization known as the Jenifa Foundation, which aims at providing young people with vocational skills.
Endorsements
Akindele has endorsement deals such as her being signed as an Ambassador to Dettol and Irokotv. In 2018, she was signed as a brand ambassador for Keystone Bank. In November 2019, she signed an endorsement deal with WAW Nigeria, a company that manufactures detergent and bar soap.
Personal life
On 26 May 2012, Funke Akindele married Adeola Kehinde Oloyede. The couple divorced in July 2013, citing irreconcilable differences. Funke Akindele married Nigerian rapper JJC Skillz in London in May 2016. Her pregnancy rumours were among the top searched results on Google search engine in August 2017.
JJC Skillz announced the end of the union between him and the popular actress which lasted six years via his official Instagram handle on June 30, 2022. Funke Akindele gave birth to twin boys in December 2018 and has several step-children.
Controversy
In April 2020, Akindele was arrested along with her husband and charged to court for hosting a birthday party in honour of her husband during the period of an imposed lockdown (to tackle coronavirus). She later appeared in a Nigeria Centre for Disease Control video to raise awareness about coronavirus. The actress and her husband were sentenced to a 14-day community service after pleading guilty to violating the lockdown order.
Record holdings
Her movie Battle on Buka Street currently holds the record of becoming the highest-grossing movie of all time in Nigeria, breaking the two-year record of her movie Omo Ghetto: The Saga.
According to a statement, broadcast by the Cinema Exhibitors Association of Nigeria (CEAN), in February 2023, the movie grossed over N640,000,000 after maintaining its number one spot for many consecutive weeks.Funke has the most win at award shows like AMVCA and NEA Awards.
She is the producer and director of two highest grossing Nollywood movies of all time, Battle on Buka Street and Omo Ghetto: The Saga which is fourth and fifth highest-grossing film in West Africa region.
Filmography
The films of Funke Akindele are listed in alphabetical order:
Agbefo
Aje Metta
Akandun
Anointed Liars
Apaadi
Apoti Orogun
Atanpako Meta
Battle on Buka Street
Baye se Nlo
Bolode O'ku
Chief Daddy
Dwindle
Edunjobi
Egun
Emi Abata
Far From Home
Farayola
Ija Ola
Industreet
Isoken
Jenifa
Jenifa's Diary
Kakaki 'leku
Kòséfowórà
Ladies Gang
Love Wahala
Maami
Maku
Married but Living Single
Moms at War
Oba Irawo
Odun Baku
Okun Ife Yi
Omo Ghetto
Omo Ghetto: The Saga
Omo Pupa
Oreke Mulero
Osuwon Eda
The Return of Jenifa
She Must Be Obeyed
My Siblings and I
A Trip to Jamaica
Taiwo Taiwo
Chief Daddy 2: Going for Broke
Your Excellency
Who's the Boss
Awards and nominations
See also
List of Yoruba people
List of Nigerian actresses
References
External links
https://twitter.com/funkeakindele
https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-54481696
Best Actress Africa Movie Academy Award winners
1977 births
Actresses from Lagos State
Yoruba actresses
Living people
University of Lagos alumni
21st-century Nigerian actresses
Nigerian film actresses
Nigerian television actresses
Participants in Nigerian reality television series
Actresses in Yoruba cinema
Moshood Abiola Polytechnic alumni
Nigerian film producers
Nigerian politicians
Nigerian film directors
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Women in Lagos politics
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List of Worst characters
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Worst is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hiroshi Takahashi. The plot revolves around a group of teenage boys who fight their way through the notorious high school, Suzuran.
First Part
Suzuran
The delinquent school whose reputation roars in other prefectures as the most notorious of all. Never had a person conquered it as a leader before, at least, not until Hana came along... One of the Four Powers.
Housen
The Housen Killer Corps, led by a strict military-like chain-of-command. King Joe formerly stood at its top, the seat is now handed to Mitsumasa. Traditional enemies of Suzuran. Distinctive with their bald heads. One of the Four Powers.
Kurotaki Alliance
Formerly one of the greatest powers in the city, a gathering of many schools, the Alliance has now dissolved. One of the Powers.
The Front of Armament
A bosozoku group. One of the Four Powers.
Zeniya Group
A group based in Osaka, led by Dosuken. Ogawa Chiharu is a member of that group.
Second Part
Suzuran
Where people such as Tsukishima Hana and Hanaki Guriko (The Womanizer extraordinaire) hail from. Anarchy and chaos reign in it. Reputed to be the worst, and strongest school in the area.
Housen
Tsukimoto Mitsumasa and the Moonlight Brothers now lead it, aiming to build up the great empire of Housen once more.
Jet Black Scorpion
Is now a puppet used by Amachi.
Amachi's Army
After Amachi transferred to Rindow after being beaten by Hana, he began taking over the schools in the lawless Kurotaki Alliance district, using Rindow High as a base. At the peak of their strength, more than 300 men would move under Amachi's order.
The Front of Armament
Part II of Worst begins with TFOA on its sixth generation. The seventh Generation was stated to be a generation that would become the strongest in the Armament's history.
Umehoshi Household
Tsukishima Hana
The protagonist. He came from a rural town where telephone signals don't reach. Joined Suzuran as a Freshman and in the First Year War, defeated Amachi becoming the winner, and by default the leader of the First Year's. He declared he'd become the leader of Suzuran, broaching a taboo subject no one has dared shed light upon. Hana is the resident of room 5 at the Umehoshi Household. Helps his friends no matter what. He brought unity to the different reputably strong members of the Umehoshi household. He is close friends with the other residents. Every morning goes for a 40–60 km jog. Eats a lot, especially rice, eating more than three bowls for breakfast every day. Nicknamed baldy. He is now a sophomore at Suzuran, and leader of the Hana-Gumi faction.
Sakota Takefumi
During his middle school days, people feared him as the Kishi Mid Dinosaur. He is a member of the Hana-Gumi and also a sophomore at Suzuran. At the Umehoshi Household he is resident of room 6. Tried to establish himself as the top dog in the Umehoshi household previously, but failed when Hana beat him.
Fujishiro Takumi
He has a history with Amachi and the Armament's Shougo, though the details are still unclear. Apparently, all three came from the same school. A member of the Umehoshi family, and resident of room 2. Sakota had remarked to Renji once that it might be possible that Takumi was stronger than both of them, and characters had noted before that he was a man with a cool head on his shoulders. Takumi dropped out of Kurosaki High School and is now working at a garage. Joined The Front of Armament and became the vice-head under Murata Shougo.
Mutou Renji
With brains and brawn, he's a rare case at Suzuran. He has an older brother named, Shin. He is now a member of Hana-Gumi and also a sophomore at Suzuran. He seems to run the shadow force of Hana-gumi along with Asai, the tactician of Hana-gumi. Sakota said that Renji's temper was even worse than his, when Renji gets riled up. He attended Sanchuu in middle school. He is the resident of room 1 at the Umehoshi Household.
Tominaga Toranosuke
Weak at strength but strong at heart. Is a virtual encyclopedia on the gangs running Suzuran, as shown during the First Year War when he identified the seniors. A member of the Umehoshi family, resident of room 3, and a sophomore at Suzuran. Seems to have a talent with darts and bowling. He set up a Suzuran Darting Club with Ginji.
Umehoshi Masashi
The Landlord of the Umehoshi Household. He has the appearance and feel of a mafia leader. Even though he and his brother often argue often over Mary's choice to become a woman, when others insult Mary's choice, Masashi will stand up for Mary.
Umehoshi Yasushi
AKA Mary. The younger brother of Umehoshi Masashi, who helps by cooking at the Umehoshi Household. He is also goes by the name Mari or Mary. Enjoys scaring people, said that Sakota was the easiest to terrify. De Niro does not acknowledge her as a human.
Suzuran
27th Suzuran Generation
Hanazawa Saburou
AKA Zetton. A lone wolf, and the strongest senior of Suzuran in Hana's first year. A pervert and a happy-go-lucky kind of guy. Was a senior who supported Hana. Currently studying to become a teacher, planning on returning to Suzuran as one.
Yonezaki Takayuki
Senior at Suzuran in Hana's first year, and a lone wolf. Very calm and cool-headed. Engineered Hana and Guriko's first meeting with Zetton. Normally quiet, but when he opens his mouth to speak, his opinions are often highly valued. He and Gunji can be said to be the foils to Zetton, Hideyoshi and Masa's loud personalities. Left to work in a bar in Roppongi.
Katou Hideyoshi
Senior at Suzuran in Hana's first year, and the leader of the Hideyoshi Faction. Proud and brash, seems to have luck with the ladies, a fact that the other seniors are not very happy about. Nicknamed Mad Dog. Left for Tokyo when he graduated, along with Masa.
Iwashiro Gunji
Senior at Suzuran in Hana's first year, and the leader of the Iwashiro Faction. Very calm and cool-headed. He and Yonezaki can be said to be the foils to Zetton, Hideyoshi and Masa's loud personalities. Remained in the city to continue the family business.
Kobayashi Masanari
AKA Masa. Hideyoshi's right-hand man and best friend. A senior at Suzuran in Hana's first year. The attack on him by a Housen student and Hideyoshi's subsequent revenge can be said to be the spark that started the Suzuran vs. Housen war. Left for Tokyo along with Hideyoshi when they graduated.
28th Suzuran Generation
Hanaki Guriko
Hailing from Kyushu. He's Suzuran's No.1 The entire city's Strongest Man. He is also a womanizer extraordinaire and is always in a jolly, trickster-like manner. Many people challenge for Guriko, who is only interested in women and not in fighting, in order to take his title as the Strongest. He is a sophomore at Suzuran in Hana's first year, and is currently a senior. He tends to go into a blind rage whenever someone messes with his phone or makes fun of his womanizing. When he was sophomore he was rarely present in school. After becoming a senior, he is seen more often, mostly on the roof, which seems to be the place for seniors or the school's leaders at Suzuran. When he's in his fits, Guriko doesn't bother telling the difference between friends and enemies, for example, his often takes out his anger on Kinji, who always seems to be around. He is very protective of his 9 girlfriends, and will turn dead serious and take out his wrath with extreme prejudice on any man who flirts with, or dares to bother his girlfriends.
Kurosawa Kazumitsu
He has no faction, but is considered Guriko's right-hand man. He is a sophomore at Suzuran in Hana's first year. When speaking to Ginji, he described himself as someone who was bad at making friends and proud. Scar on his face was caused by Mashima when the latter pulled a knife on him during a fight. Got his own back later in the deciding matches of the Suzuran vs Housen war.
Kanbe Yoshikatsu
Nicknamed Butcher. He is the Don of the biggest faction at Suzuran, FBI. He is a sophomore at Suzuran in Hana's first year. Loud and believes strongly in his subordinates. Was disillusioned when it turned out that one of them was the mole in the Suzuran vs Jet Black Scorpion's war. Tried to make one, last failed grab for power at Suzuran.
Harada Tokio
He inherited the Iwashiro Faction, which is now known as the Harada Faction. He is a sophomore at Suzuran in Hana's first year. Dissolved it when he reacher senior year, stating that he had no more time to run it.
29th Suzuran Generation
Tsukishima Hana, Takefumi Sakota, Mutou Renji and Tominaga Toranosuke are in this batch.
Yaita Ikumi
Same year as Hana. Seemed to have a long-running rivalry with Sakota from middle-school. Entered Suzuran High and subsequently made it to the second round of the First Year War. Technically, he and Hana were the only other ones to be not defeated by Amachi, as he was hospitalized on that day from food poisoning. Later joined the Hana-gumi at Sakota's invitation. Nicknamed "Grey-haired-kun" by Hana. Murakawa calls him the AV King, so called for his hidden stash of X-rated videos.
Ozaki Kenichi
Same year as Hana. Seemed to have a long-running rivalry with Renji from middle school. Provoked Renji on the first day of school by mentioning his brother, backed off after Renji grew angry. During the First Year War, his opponent was Amachi Hisashi, who promptly broke his arm and started kicking him when down. Later joined the Hana-gumi, though initially reluctant to join. Renji later persuaded him by telling him that "Every family needs a shadowy guy like you."
Murakawa Katsuhiro
Same year as Hana. Entered the First Year War, and was promptly knocked out by Hana. Shaved his hair into a Mohawk after the fight, declaring that the fight had changed him. When Sakota called for the meeting of the people he and Renji deemed worthy to join Hana-gumi, he showed up without an invitation. Still joined Hana-gumi though. Seems to have a tendency to give people nicknames, often hangs around with Yaita and Ozaki.
Asai Takahito
Same year as Hana. Formerly of Butcher's group, FBI. Later joined Hana-gumi when Renji suggested he be used as a liaison between both FBI (who was allowed to remain as a group) and Hana-gumi. When Yaita and Murakawa try to take him out for a bonding session, he ignores them at first. Later reacts when Murakawa and Yaita tells him that the latter has a stash of 56 videos unsuitable for little children. Subsequently, Murakawa nicknames him the "Silent Pervert". Runs the shadow force of Hana-gumi along with Renji.
Yamaguchi Ranmaru
Same year as Hana. Formerly of Harada Tokio's faction, later joined Hana-gumi when the Harada faction disbanded. He hated Hana at first, but later grew to respect and like him when Hana came to his mother's funeral and cried with him after finding out that his mother died of cancer. Says that even though Hana isn't any good with basketball, when Hana is on the team, everybody feels energized, and most importantly, that they can have fun, regardless of winning or losing. Constantly mooches cigarettes and beer off people.
30th Suzuran Graduates
Daizen Tsutomu
AKA Tetsuwan Tstomu. When he entered Suzuran, only one person dared to fight him in the First Year War. Is huge and very big-sized, doesn't seem to have much of a sense of style. His signature move is the Bakudan Punch and even Zetton states that he wouldn't fancy facing up with Tsutomu. However, was defeated by both Guriko and Hana when he challenged them. Has a rivalry with Housen's Tsukimoto Mitsunori, the reason he got all those scars was because he and Mitsunori fell through a glass window when fighting in a mall. Takes insults to his looks very seriously. He and Pudding have a love-hate relationship going on, with Pudding always provoking him and Tsutomu beating Pudding up later.
Nakamura Ginji
Knows Kurosawa. Was the only person who dared fight Tsutomu in the First Year War, was beaten quickly. Said to have been sent to the hospital three times by Tsutomu. Kurosawa comments that Ginji has a personality similar to himself when he first entered Suzuran, and cautioned Ginji that he should not follow him as he would end up with nothing. Later steered him towards Hana, telling him that he was a man that possesses something both he and Ginji lacks. Loves darts, and later set up a Suzuran Darting Club with Tora.
Akaike Yuuji
AKA Akaji. Stayed around in the First Year War to watch Tsutomu and Ginji both battle it out. Apparently, he was one of the few who dared fight with Tsutomu in middle-school. Has a tendency to pull out a comb and comb his hair wherever he is.
Aoyama Kouji
AKA Aoji. Stayed around in the First Year War to watch Tsutomu and Ginji both battle it out. Apparently, he was one of the few who dared fight with Tsutomu in middle-school. Has a tendency to mix up his idioms.
Sawaguchi Masaru
AKA Pudding. Stayed around in the First Year War to watch Tsutomu and Ginji both battle it out. Earned his nickname after failing to steal some pudding during his middle-school days. Went to the same middle-school as Yaita Ikumi. Enjoys insulting Tsutomu, and often gets beaten up over it. He and Tsutomu have something of a love-hate relationship over it.
Housen
King Joe's Generation
Kanayama Jou
AKA King Joe. The king who rules Housen with an iron fist. The undisputed leader of Housen at his time, however, towards the end, cracks were showing in his iron reign. Pushed by the Moonlight Brothers to start the war between Suzuran and Housen. When Armament people commented that King Joe's reign might be coming to and end, Takeda Kousei stepped in and informed them that Joe was not as weak as they would believe. Was one of the Four Powers. Took advantage of the Suzuran vs Housen war to pass the reins onto the Moonlight Brothers, was the only one who won in the 5 vs 5 deciding match between Housen and Suzuran.
Tsukimoto Mitsunobu
The eldest of the Moonlight Brothers. Was the one who pushed King Joe to start a war with Suzuran. Fought with Guriko in the 5 vs 5 deciding matches, and was never quite the same after that. Has low blood pressure, so he is always dazed in mornings. However, if you whisper "Guriko" in his ear, he will wake up immediately. When he graduated, he started work in a delivery service. Was beaten up by Muroto Zenmei and the Naitou twins, thus forcing Housen to start a war with Amachi.
Jun Ujiie
Hates it when people call him Uu-jii. Was among those who led the initial attacks against Suzuran. King Joes's second-in-command.
Katsutoshi Ebana
King Joe's 3rd-in-command. He's the one who led the ambush on Yonezaki in the war between Housen and Suzuran.
Tsukimoto Mitsuyoshi's Year
Tsukimoto Mitsuyoshi
Second oldest of the Moonlight Brothers. Has a bone to pick with Ujiie, often provoking him by calling him Uu-jii. Faced up against Butcher in the 5 vs 5 matches. Has an obsession with drama serials.
Kazuya Mashima
Gave Kurosawa his scar. Pulls out a knife when pushed into a corner.
Tsukimoto Mitsumasa's Year
Tsukimoto Mitsumasa
Same age as Hana. Third oldest of the Moonlight Brothers. During his first year, he was a carefree kind of guy, refusing to listen to the seniors and basically only joining in on the war when there was fun to be had. Commented that Hana, Amachi and Shougo were interesting guys to watch out for. All changed when the reins were passed to him. Became more mature and a smart tactician. Lost to Hana on a one on one.
Ono Teruki
Mitsumasa's second-in-command. Refused to join up with Mitsumasa at first, but later joined up when he saw how Mitsumasa challenged King Joe. Smart and levelheaded. Was described by Mitsumasa as a lone wolf.
Ootani Ken
Mitsumasa's childhood friend. Seemingly calm, but later grew on to become a hotheaded guy. Currently and important member in Housen's ruling committee.
Matsuo Daisuke
Challenged Mitsumasa on the first day of school but was defeated. Currently an important member in Housen's ruling committee.
Miura Satoru
Mitsumasa's friend. Later betrayed Mitsumasa because of personal reasons.
Tsukimoto Mitsunori's Year
Tsukimoto Mitsunori
The fourth of the Moonlight Brothers. Respects Mitsumasa and is willing to go down on knees and beg for him. Has a long-running rivalry with Tsutomu of Suzuran.
Fukuura Daisuke aka Fukusuke
He was the leader of a group of freshmen that didn't particularly disagree with Mitsunori about who was the leader of the freshmen (or Housen in its entirety) rather, he just wanted to be free.
Tajima Takahiro aka Turbo
Freshman at Housen. Helped Mitsunori convince Daisuke to fall under his leadership.
The Front of Armament
5th Generation
Takeda Kousei
Head of the 5th TFOA Generation. An upright man who was formerly one of the Four Powers. Retired due to an illness, recovered subsequently. Punched Shinji when he found out that Shinji dissolved the 5th Generation without telling him and later expresses concern that TFOA might split up, as Tesshou and Kiyohiro both could not stand each other.
Yanagi Shinji
Vice-head of the 5th TFOA Generation. Kousei's strong right hand, he passed his TFOA jacket onto Takumi, urging him to consider joining TFOA as he did so. Made the call to dissolve the 5th Generation without Kousei knowing when he found out that Kousei had an illness.
Inada Genji
5th Generation T.F.O.A member under Takeda Kousei. Responsible for Tesshou.
6th Generation
Kawachi Tesshou
He is the Sixth Head of the Front of Armament. He has challenged Guriko more than any other. Loud, brash and charismatic. Had a terrible relationship with Yoshimi Kiyohiro, got along with him after he beat Kiyohiro in a battle to decide who was the 6th Head. Still annoys Kiyohiro from time to time, and says that Kiyohiro was the first person in TFOA's history to beat up the Head on a daily basis. Even so, he and Kiyohiro were firm comrades. Is determined to train Shougo as the 7th Head of TFOA, going so far as to beat him up when he found out that Shougo went behind his back to invite Takumi. Shougo comments that Tesshou was a natural leader. Died in a car accident.
Yoshimi Kiyohiro
Vice-head of 6th TFOA Generation. He and Tesshou had a terrible relationship from long ago, but subsequently, got along with him after a battle to decide who was the 6th Head. Formerly wanted to resign from TFOA if he loses the battle, but Tesshou told him to stay as the Vice-Head if he loses. Tesshou still annoys him from time to time, and he never hesitates to pull his punches when Tesshou annoys him. Even so, both were firm comrades. Seems to be the calmer, more levelheaded counterpart to Tesshou's brashness. When Tesshou died, Kiyohiro visited the site of the accident, crying while asking what would he do without Tesshou.
Togawa Shouta
Close friend of Tesshou, promised his seniors in the 5th Generation to keep an eye on Kiyohiro and Tesshou.
Sugitani Shouhei
Seemingly levelheaded man. Often seen smoking. Went with Kiyohiro when Kiyohiro gathered up people to follow Tesshou when the latter went off alone with Murata Shougo to a mediation meeting between TFOA, Hyakki and Kyouya.
Sahashi Mamoru
Member of the 6th Generation.
Kataoka Kouji
Member of the 6th Generation. Was beaten up by members of Kyouya after Shougo and others attacked their members.
Nanba Takeshi
Known as the Silent Tank. Said to be on par with Tesshou, not one for words. Constantly wears a metal mask. Turns out that he was burned when he was young, and soon barred himself from socializing with others. His mother wept for him daily. Tesshou moved in not long after, and somehow discovered that his next door neighbour had a son. Exploded into the room Nanba was hiding and promptly went on to scream that he was causing his mother to cry for him and that he was a useless bastard. Nanba said that he was shocked by Tesshou's loud voice when they first met, though subsequently, they became friends. Stayed with the 7th generation briefly to redeem himself to Teeshou
7th Generation
Murata Shougo
Head of the 7th TFOA Generation. Brother of Murata Juuzou. Same year as Hana, and an old friend of Takumi Fujishiro. Seems to have dealings with Amachi in the past, though the details are unclear. The scar on his face was left by Amachi. An upright, honest man who treasures the bond of friendship, when an old middle-school friend got beaten up by gang members of Kyouya, he went after them, not caring of the consequences. Witnessed Tesshou's death. Went missing when Tesshou died, came back with a new resolve.
Kim Hyongan
Levelheaded analyst of the 7th Generation. Close friends with Nara Akira and Murata Shougo. Accompanied Shougo to get his revenge on the Kyouya members.
Nara Akira
Aggressive member of the 7th Generation. Close friends with Kim Hyongan and Murata Shougo. Accompanied Shougo to get his revenge on the Kyouya members.
Kobayashi Ichizen aka Zen
7th Generation Member of The Front Of Armament. After losing to Shougo in a fight, Shougo later used the opportunity to introduce Zen to Tesshou.
Amachi's Army
Amachi Hisashi
He left Suzuran after losing to Hana at the First Year War. He then enrolled at Rindow High. Amachi is aiming to dominate all of the high schools, with Suzuran as the top prize. He is now a sophomore at Rindow High. A ruthless man who uses money and violence to get what he wants.
Muroto Zenmei
The older of the two Arson Brothers. A paid underling of Amachi and well-known thug. Rapist, robber and arsonist. Violent and unpredictable. Formerly used as a yakuza tool before joining up with Amachi.
Muroto Koumei
The younger of the two Arson Brothers. A paid underling of Amachi and a well-known thug. Seems to know Daitou Takashi. Joined up with Amachi when Amachi told him that he was able to clear Koumei's fathers debt and bring Zenmei back.
Kagawa Kazuya
AKA Gaga. Amachi's right-hand man. A fan of bad guys.
Daitou Takashi
Seems to know Muroto Koumei. Was beaten up by Amachi, subsequently joined him. Tactician of the group. Said by Koumei to have a good head on his shoulders and fast with his fists.
Naitou Ichie
Dangerous thug that Zenmei met in juvie. Twin elder brother of Naitou Ichigo.
Naitou Ichigo
Dangerous thug that Zenmei met in juvie. Twin younger brother of Naitou Ichie.
Manji Empire
Vice-Head
Taniyoshi Tomo
Kuzutora Group
Boss Taniyoshi Tomo
Zento Group
Boss Higuchi Shuuji
Masuda Group
Boss Inoue Tatsumi
Shutou Group
Boss Nakano Issei
Kinjou Group
Boss Anan Yoshiki
Odaken Group
Boss Shibaki Masami
Hiruma Group
Boss Hiruma Yuuji
Kuzugami Group
Boss Ebisu Koiuchi
Others
Sera Naoki
Renji's junior high friend and a highly regarded fighter. He leads Kawa 2nd High as Nakajima Shinsuke's Successor. It is said that in all his fights with Sakota, he never went down. Amachi came to him personally to battle it out with him.
Ogawa Chiharu
A member of Osaka's Zeniya Family. Came to town under the protection of the Front of Armament and stirred up trouble. Fought with Hana and lost.
Sakurada Asao aka Abo
The boss of Yuri South High. Well known for both challenging Guriko 3 times, and his right cross that has taken out both Yaita and Murakawa in one hit. Seems to be good acquaintances with Sera.
Yamaguchi Zenjirou
Kurosaki Industrial student, same year as Hana. Initially challenged Takumi to test both of their strength. Zenjirou would go on to be good friends of Takumi and Kuwahara. Would later join TFOA.
Kuwahara Nobuaki
Kurosaki Industrial student, same year as Hana. A friend of Takumi's, he isn't the greatest fighter but proves himself through his loyalty. Would later join TFOA.
References
Worst
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Prostitution in Cuba
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Prostitution in Cuba is not officially illegal; however, there is legislation against pimps, sexual exploitation of minors, and pornography. Sex tourism has existed in the country, both before and after the 1959 Cuban Revolution. Many Cubans do not consider the practice immoral. In Cuban slang, female prostitutes are called Jineteras, and gay male prostitutes are called Jineteros or Pingueros. The terms literally mean "jockey" or "rider", and colloquially "sexual jockey", and connotes sexual control during intercourse. The terms also have the broader meaning of "hustler", and are related to jineterismo, a range of illegal or semi-legal economic activities related to tourism in Cuba. Stereotypically a jinetera is represented as a working-class Afro-Cuban woman. Black and mixed-race prostitutes are generally preferred by foreign tourists seeking to buy sex on the island. UNAIDS estimate there are 89,000 prostitutes in the country.
Sex trafficking is a problem in the country.
History
Colonial Cuba
The country, and Havana in particular, has often been associated with prostitution in foreign eyes. From the late sixteenth century onwards, Havana was a port of call for transatlantic sailing ships, and developed an economy serving the needs of sailors and passengers. During times of economic slump in Caribbean sugar plantations, slave owners would place slave women on the urban market as prostitutes, or send out female slaves as prostitutes for ships' crews. Havana's rapidly-expanding urban population in the mid-nineteenth century, a result of the booming tobacco industry, led to colonial officials re-locating prostitutes to the margins of the city. Under Spanish law slaves had the right to buy their own freedom, and some of the slaves working in Havana households used prostitution as a way of raising money for this purpose. The abolition of slavery in 1886, and Cuba's three liberation wars against Spain, resulted in the migration of significant numbers of Afro-Cuban workers to Havana in search of housing and employment. A public debate followed concerning the relationship between the changes in the city's demographics and the levels of prostitution in the city. Havana's prostitutes used pseudonyms to protect their identity, and advertise their personal characteristics or skills. Attempts to regulate prostitution in the late nineteenth century arose as a result of concerns about syphilis among soldiers. After the Spanish–American War, there were attempts to set up "zonas de tolerancia", effectively red-light districts for commercial sex. At this time there were around 200 registered brothels in Havana. Cultural and literary sources attest to the existence of male prostitutes during this period. However, they were not officially classified as prostitutes, but instead treated as criminals guilty of the crime of sodomy.
In Havana, Cuba during the late 19th century, a group of sex workers who called them Las Horizontales produced a newspaper La Cebolla.
Independence
In 1913, President Mario García Menocal announced Cuba's deregulation law, saying that regulated prostitution was "incompatible with ... the spirit of freedom that governs our nation". During the first half of the 20th century, Havana was thought of, and depicted as, "the whorehouse of the Caribbean". Prostitution in 1920s Cuba was a flourishing business, so much so that the Minister for the Interior made efforts to "solve the problem of prostitution". The number of prostitutes in Havana increased from 4,000 in 1912 to 7,400 in 1931. For many men, a visit to a prostitute was a celebrated feature of a trip to the city. By the late 1950s, about 270 brothels operated in Havana, with more than 11,500 women working as prostitutes. The city's Plaza del Vapor functioned as a large marketplace for prostitution. Descriptions of brothels routinely appeared in tourist guidebooks, and there were sex shows and live pornographic theaters such as the Shanghai Theater and the Tokyo Cabaret. The English novelist Graham Greene, writing in his autobiography Ways of Escape, described: "the Shanghai Theatre where for one dollar and twenty-five cents one could see a nude cabaret of extreme obscenity with the bluest of blue films in the intervals." The American journalist David Detzer wrote that, "Brothels flourished. A major industry grew up around them; government officials received bribes, policemen collected protection money. Prostitutes could be seen standing in doorways, strolling the streets, or leaning from windows". Brothels, casinos, and nightclubs were increasingly controlled by organized crime based in the United States. Tourism had become Cuba's second-largest earner of foreign currency, with around 350,000 visitors per year, and the brothels and bars of Havana catered to Americans visiting on weekend excursions. Cuban prostitutes also worked at the US Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. The sex industry in 1950s Cuba was primarily based on the provision of sexual "services" by black and mixed race women to predominantly white North American men. It drew upon a tradition of exoticising mixed-race Cuban women which originated in the work of male Cuban writers, artists, and poets.
Cuban Revolution
Following the Cuban Revolution in 1959, the new Cuban government saw prostitutes as victims of corrupt and foreign capitalism, and viewed prostitution itself as a "social illness", a product of Cuba's pre-revolutionary capitalist culture, rather than a crime. In 1961, pimping was outlawed. Prostitution itself remained legal, but the government, assisted by the Federation of Cuban Women, attempted to curb it. Medical clinics for health examinations were established, along with rehabilitation programs for pimps and re-education programs for former prostitutes. A census of the sex industry was conducted in 1961, identifying 150,000 prostitutes and 3,000 pimps. Troops raided the red-light districts of Havana, and rounded up hundreds of women, photographed and fingerprinted them, and required them to have physical examinations. Women who wished to leave prostitution were given training courses, and offered factory jobs. The result was that, officially, prostitution was eliminated from Cuba, a situation which continued for three decades. Transactional sex continued during this period, with some women forming relationships with high-status men, in return for better access to consumer goods. During the "Revolutionary Offensive" of 1968, the claim was made that privately owned nightclubs and bars were havens of prostitution. Most of the remaining private businesses on the island were nationalized. In the 1970s, some women were independently offering sex in Havana hotels, in exchange for consumer goods, but prostitution remained extremely limited until the early 1990s.
Special Period
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, Cuba experienced economic depression, resulting from the loss of income from Soviet trade. This Special Period saw the re-introduction of elements of market capitalism into the Cuban economy, and prostitution re-appeared. The need for foreign capital resulted in a dual economy. The possession of US dollars became a primary route to prosperity, and prostitution was an avenue used by many women to obtain them. The development of the Cuban tourist industry resulted in the income available from prostitution being many times greater than professional salaries in the country, and university-educated women turned to dollar-earning prostitution in the tourist sector. Young women began selling sex to tourists in a style that resembled the sex tourism that had become established in Southeast Asia, and Cuban prostitutes began to dress in ways which made their profession clear. The British-born writer Pico Iyer reported in 1994 that, "Prostitution, which was scarcely visible (if only for security reasons) five years ago, is pandemic now: The tourist hotels are filled with Cuban teen-agers reddening their lips with children's crayons". Prostitution was practiced widely and openly in tourist areas, and was generally tolerated by the police, for the revenue it brought into the country. In some cases, prostitution was seen as a possible route to a better life through marriage and emigration.
In 1995, a new economic policy was introduced, marking the country's worst economic period. Financial need was the primary motivation for people entering prostitution during this time, and Cuba gained a reputation as the "Thailand of the Caribbean". However, in Cuba, the situation had some differences from other developing countries. Prostitutes in Cuba did not work in oppressive conditions, alcohol and drug addiction were not routes into prostitution, and people were not sold into prostitution by their families. Julia O'Connell Davidson noted in her 1996 article "Sex Tourism in Cuba" that, "In Cuba there is no network of brothels, no organized system of bar prostitution; in fact, third-party involvement in the organization of prostitution is rare". Women's fiction increasingly included the subject of prostitution, and Cuban theatres began to stage foreign plays about prostitution. Prostitution also began to be presented in Cuban films, acting as a metaphor for the downfall of the socialist system and for the island being sold out to foreign tourists and investors. Prostitutes were often represented as individualistic, greedy, lazy women. Male-to-male sex workers, known as jineteros or pingueros, appeared during the Special Period, and were a significant part of the developing Cuban gay scene when LGBT rights in Cuba began to develop.
Government attempts to limit prostitution began in 1998, and have continued since. In 2004, prostitutes could still be seen in Havana after sunset, outside the main tourist hotels and certain discos and bars, or hitchhiking along the Malecón highway. Dressed in skimpy clothes, they would proposition tourists or invite them to nightclubs, where cash-for-sex could be suggested more discreetly. However, by 2007, prostitution had been significantly reduced, and was no longer practiced openly and widely in tourist areas.
Child prostitution
Incidences of child prostitution were reported during the Special Period, and subsequent investigations by foreign journalists have reported cases of child prostitution, with the clientele mainly being sex tourists. Cuban laws prohibit the sexual exploitation of girls or boys aged under 15, and those convicted can be sentenced to maximum of 30 years in prison, or the death penalty if there are aggravating factors.
Sex trafficking
Cuba is a source and destination country for adults and children subjected to sex trafficking. Child sex trafficking and child sex tourism occur within Cuba. Cuban authorities report people from ages 13 to 20 are most vulnerable to human trafficking in the country. Traffickers also subject Cuban citizens to sex trafficking in South America, the Caribbean, and the United States. Traffickers recruit Cuban citizens through promises of work abroad, providing fraudulent contracts and immigration documents for a fee, and subsequently coercing these individuals into prostitution to pay off these debts. The government reported foreign national sex trafficking victims in Cuba.
The penal code's definition of sex trafficking conflates sex trafficking with prostitution and pimping. The law criminalizes inducement to or benefiting from prostitution, but treats force, coercion, and abuse of power or vulnerability as aggravating factors rather than an integral part of the crime. These provisions prescribe penalties ranging from four to 10 years imprisonment with more severe penalties for complicit government officials.
The United States Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons ranks Cuba as a 'Tier 3 Watch List' country since 2019, before which it was Tier 2.
AIDS
AIDS, which had been controlled through public health measures, began to rise during the 1990s. In the early part of the decade, people with the HIV virus were quarantined. Between 1986 and 1998, a total of 1,980 people tested positive for the virus in Cuba, and a further 3,879 more were discovered to have the virus between 1998 and 2004. According to United Nations sources, the early detection of the virus has been assisted by the country's free primary care clinics. The United States embargo against Cuba has prevented Cuba from purchasing medical supplies from the US, but medical scientists in Cuba have synthesised some of the antiviral drugs used in the management of HIV/AIDS, and these have been provided to patients at no cost. In 2004, the country had thirteen AIDS sanatoriums, and a stay of between three and six months in one was compulsory for anyone found to be HIV positive. At that time, World Health Organization figures put the infection rate at less than 0.1 percent of the population, the lowest in the Western Hemisphere, one-sixth that of the US, and far below that in many neighbouring countries. A public-education campaign in schools and on television and radio promotes the use of condoms and informs people about how HIV is transmitted. Additionally, government subsidies for condoms (both domestic and imported) means prophylactic prices remain very low. Prostitution is not considered to be a major factor in the spread of AIDS, with only a small number of people admitted to sanatoriums being former prostitutes. The low level of infection and the relatively inexpensive price of sex have made the island popular with foreigners as a sex tourism destination. Another incentive is the lack of social stigma associated with single male tourists visiting Cuba, in comparison with the better-known sex tourism destinations of Thailand and Cambodia.
See also
Crime in Cuba
Human trafficking in Cuba
La Macorina
Sex tourism
Sociolismo
Malandragem
References
Further reading
Society of Cuba
Economy of Cuba
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull%20egg
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Gull egg
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Gull eggs, gathered in spring from the nests of wild gulls, are a source or form of eggs as food. Gulls' eggs tend to have speckled shells (which somewhat camouflages them in the landscape), a flavor variously described as fishy or salty that is reminiscent of the birds' marine environment, an especially white or even opalescent albumen when cooked, and almost-red orange yolks. Gull eggs are usually (but not always) larger than any size of chicken egg; for example, a herring-gull egg typically weighs about . One source states that a generalized gull's egg is approximately twice the size of a chicken's egg.
Egging is the prehistoric practice of foraging wild-bird eggs. Gull egging is practiced (to varying degrees) in several subarctic regions, including in Canada, Denmark's Faroe Islands and Greenland, Finland's Åland, Iceland, Norway, Russia (by indigenous minorities of the north), the United Kingdom, and the United States' Alaska. Gull eggs are collected from a number of species in the family Laridae, including the black-headed gull, glaucous gull, glaucous-winged gull, the great black-backed gull, Heermann's gull, the various subspecies of herring gull, the laughing gull, the lesser black-backed gull, Sabine's gull, the short-billed gull, and the western gull. Per one pair of zoologists, "Gull eggs are a readily renewable resource in that clutches that are destroyed are replaced." However, this egg production is not without energy demands on individual birds, and thus flocks, and can ultimately affect species-level survival. Gull eggs are also considered "excellent bioindicators of environmental pollution". Toxicologists and public-health agencies recommend that children and pregnant or nursing women avoid eating gull eggs.
Increased egg production by domestic poultry and wild egging have often filled the hungry gap of early spring. In baking, gull eggs are said to increase the airiness of cakes (compared to chicken eggs used in the same way), and to make a "smashing meringue". In some human communities with large populations of fisherfolk, the relationship between egging human and nesting gulls may be considered to be mutualistic, in that humans nourish the gull population with a steady supply of fish guts in exchange for access to occasional or seasonal eggs.
Europe
British Isles
Gull eggs have long been collected in some quantity in the British Isles and are considered to be a seasonal delicacy in Great Britain. Wild seabird eggs were once taken all along the English Channel. Gull eggs were sometimes used to supplement domestic chicken flocks (Gallus gallus domesticus): when broody hens were determined to incubate and hatch their own eggs—which would eventually allow for the perpetuation of the flock if a cock had recently been present—householders could instead collect wild gulls' eggs. British farmers would also harvest gull eggs to both reduce the populations of gulls they considered pestilential and for use as nitrogen and calcium-rich fertilizer for their fields. One account has it that in primeval times, the first clutches were all smashed in a day, prompting the gull colony to lay again en masse, so that harvesters could return within a week and be guaranteed of fresh eggs. According to a 1906 account, after gull nesting began in March, the first two clutches laid in the fens and salt marshes of England were taken for consumption or sale, and the third clutch was left untouched for the gull hen to set, "elsewise she and her kind would never set foot in the marsh again." In May 1912, two young men in Fife, Scotland, were charged with illegally possessing seven eider duck (genus Somateria) eggs, in violation of the 1880 Wild Birds' Protection Order (43 & 44 Vict. c. 35). The men also had, at the time of their arrest, perfectly legal possession of 654 gull eggs. Two decades later a letter to a Scottish newspaper described gull egging on a loch; eggs were "lifted from their dangerously placed nests by means of a table spoon attached to a long pole."
During World War I, the government of the UK recommended collecting gull eggs as a supplement to limited supplies of hen's eggs. The official suggestion was that the eggs be boiled and "eaten cold". The government also issued Food Production Leaflet No. 30, which offered "special guidance for collecting gull eggs". On the World War II homefront, when chicken eggs were again in short supply in the United Kingdom (due to food rationing), wild-harvested gull eggs became a popular substitute. The visually similar eggs of the black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) had long been used as a fraudulent counterfeit for luxury plover eggs (although there were ongoing debates about distinctions in flavor), and thus gull-egg market networks were already in place, such as the 20,000 gull eggs taken annually from Scoulton Mere in Norfolk. Immediately after the end of World War II, Rupert Baring, 4th Baron Revelstoke sold over 100,000 gull eggs a year to British city dwellers. In 1948, some 50,000 gull eggs were harvested from the Colne Estuary's Rat Island and shipped to market in London, leaving the island's gull hens to sit on just 13 eggs in five nests.
Gull egging is now strictly regulated in the United Kingdom, although gull-egg piracy has been documented, including at Holmfirth, West Yorkshire, Poole Harbour, Dorset, and on the Copeland Islands off Northern Ireland. There are fewer than 100 licensed gull eggers in the UK, and only licensed eggers are permitted to collect a limited number of gull eggs from a limited number of sites for a limited number of days. Since the mid-20th century the London market for wild bird eggs has largely been filled by the eggs of the black-headed gull, in large part because the market is haunted by the ghost of plover's eggs. Black-headed gulls' eggs have long been collected off the marshlands of Northumberland. In the 2000s decade, some 10,000 gull eggs were taken annually from a property in the Scottish Borders. Harvesting gull eggs on the Solent is said to benefit Sandwich terns (Thalasseus sandvicensis) that would otherwise suffer from predation and defensive behaviors by nesting gulls; removing the gull eggs prompts replacement laying behaviors and postpones anti-tern antics for three crucial weeks.
In 1997, there were 35 licensed collectors who provided 54,000 gull eggs for the UK market. In 2016, there were but 18 licensed gull eggers, and a single legally acquired black-headed gull egg went for as much as . In 2023, it was reported that over 160,000 black-headed gull eggs had been collected under licence since 2019, leading conservation organizations such as the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust to call for an end to gull egging, citing instances when Mediterranean gull (Ichthyaetus melanocephalus) eggs were taken illegally from the Poole Harbour gullery by unlicensed egg collectors. Mediterranean gulls and black-headed gulls look much alike, but the rarer Mediterranean gulls are on the RSPB's Amber List, indicating there is concern about their local conservation status. Similarly, Science & Advice for Scottish Agriculture (SASA) notes that oystercatcher (genus Haematopus) nests may superficially resemble gull nests, but outlines some visible differences and reminds householders that moving or destroying oystercatcher nests and/or eggs is illegal.
A black-headed gull's egg is the size of a bantam hen's egg. When purchased "in bulk", 20 black-headed gull eggs are roughly equivalent in food volume to a dozen standard chicken eggs. London restaurants and gentleman's clubs frequently serve gull eggs soft-boiled, seasoned with celery salt or paired with the spring vegetable asparagus. Circa 1971, , an economist and former chairman of the American Audubon Society, wrote that the taste of London-restaurant gull eggs was unremarkable except for a faintly oily quality. In 1993, British chef and food writer Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall found gulls' eggs to be more or less undistinguished in flavor compared to ordinary chicken eggs. He did, however, find them visually pleasing and enhanced by the "indubitable aphrodisiac of price".
Scandinavia
Gull eggs are sold in shops in Norway. Norwegians often pair gull eggs with Mack beer, which is called . There are concerns about collectors mistakenly harvesting eggs from the vulnerable black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla). The Norwegian Food Safety Authority discourages the consumption of gull eggs by children, and women who could become pregnant, due to unsafe levels of toxic compounds including polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and dioxins. In Svalbard, seabird egging is generally prohibited but the "Governor of Svalbard may issue special permits to allow egg collecting" from the common eider duck (Somateria mollissima), great black-backed gull (Larus marinus), and glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus). Seabird egging has been banned in mainland Finland since 1962. In Iceland it is legal to harvest eggs from black-headed, great black-backed, lesser black-backed (Larus fuscus), herring (Larus argentatus argenteus), and glaucous gulls' nests through 1 June.
North America
For personal use, Greenland permits collection of great black-backed gull eggs until 31 May each year. Glaucous-gull eggs can be harvested until 15 June. Those collecting gull eggs to sell at the kalaaliaraq markets must first purchase a hunting license.
American herring gull (Larus smithsonianus) eggs were historically collected in the eastern provinces of Canada, sometimes preserved for the remainder of the year in waterglass. The Ahousat and Anaham First Nations of British Columbia, Canada, also harvest wild gull eggs. One Ahousat family goes gull egging three times over the course of one week in June, and usually takes one of the three eggs laid in each nest.
Native Alaskans have long collected the eggs of the glaucous-winged gull (Larus glaucescens) when seasonally available from mid-May to mid-June each year. However, by the 1960s, the U.S. National Park Service had prohibited this indigenous practice within what had historically been Tlingit tribal lands. Then, more 50 years after the annual collections were disrupted, the Huna Tlingit Traditional Gull Egg Use Act, passed into law by the U.S. federal government in 2014, reauthorized gull-egg collection at five locations within Glacier Bay National Park by Tlingit people. Frank Wright Jr., president of the Hoonah Indian Association, said of the practice, "The elders need their traditional foods, because happiness heals." Iñupiat would use one gull egg in place of two chicken eggs when baking. Yup'ik people also participate in managed harvests of seabird and gull eggs. According to an Edible magazine account of a Yup'ik egg hunt, "Once in awhile, an egg will be harvested after having been incubated for several days. These yolks have a thick texture of custard and the whites will be runny when boiled." Gull eggs collected on the coast of Alaska may be used in "tricked-out" boxed-cake-mix cakes that are popular in Alaskan communities.
Egging without a permit is illegal in the contiguous United States under various federal laws including the Lacey Act of 1900, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, and the Endangered Species Act of 1969. In the 19th century, Western gull eggs (Larus occidentalis) were taken on the Farallones off San Francisco for personal consumption, and at the beginning of the annual season, before other seabirds' eggs became widely available. On balance, however, gull eggs were considered a fragile, unreliable product compared to the preferred murre (Uria aalge) eggs that were to be the ultimate prize of the Egg War. Heermann's gull (Larus heermanni) eggs have been harvested from the islands of Baja California, Mexico.
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Alaskan cuisine
Arctic cuisine
Bird products
British cuisine
Canadian cuisine
Eggs (food)
Foraging
Greenlandic cuisine
Inuit cuisine
Icelandic cuisine
Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
Norwegian cuisine
Scandinavian cuisine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smile%20%282022%20film%29
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Smile (2022 film)
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Smile is a 2022 American psychological supernatural horror film written and directed by Parker Finn (in his feature directorial debut), based on his 2020 short film Laura Hasn't Slept. The film stars Sosie Bacon as a therapist named Rose Cotter, who, after witnessing the bizarre suicide of a patient, goes through increasingly disturbing and daunting experiences, leading her to believe what she is experiencing is supernatural. It also stars Jessie T. Usher, Kyle Gallner, Kal Penn, and Rob Morgan, as well as Caitlin Stasey playing the same character she played in the short film.
A feature adaptation of Finn's short was announced in June 2020, and the cast was added in October 2021. Principal photography began that month in New Jersey and ended in November. Originally set for release on the streaming service Paramount+, distributor Paramount Pictures opted to release the film theatrically after positive test screenings.
Smile premiered at Fantastic Fest on September 22, 2022, and was released in the United States on September 30. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the visuals, themes, cinematography and Bacon's performance, but criticized some of its jump scares and noted its similarities to other horror films such as The Ring, It, and It Follows. It was a box office success, grossing over $217 million worldwide against a $17 million budget. A sequel is in development and scheduled to be released on October 18, 2024.
Plot
At a psychiatric ward, therapist Dr. Rose Cotter meets graduate student Laura Weaver, who explains that she recently witnessed her professor die by suicide. Laura claims she is being terrorized by an invisible entity which appears as various smiling people and has foretold her death. Laura begins screaming and panicking and Rose calls for help. Laura suddenly becomes unnaturally calm and smiles, then slits her own throat, terrifying Rose.
The next day, another patient, Carl, smiles like Laura did and shouts to Rose that she is going to die. Rose calls for nurses to restrain Carl, only to realize Carl had been asleep the entire time. Concerned for Rose's mental well-being, her supervisor Dr. Morgan Desai, orders Rose to take a week off work. Rose's hallucinations continue, leading those around her to believe she may be a danger to herself. Rose visits her former therapist, Dr. Madeline Northcott, who suggests that Rose's problems stem from her childhood, in which she witnessed the overdose death of her abusive and mentally ill mother.
Later, Rose attends a birthday party for her nephew, the son of her older sister, Holly. When he unwraps her present, he finds Rose's dead cat, which has somehow replaced the actual present, horrifying everyone. Rose has a public breakdown and sees a guest smiling unnaturally at her, causing her to fall into a glass coffee table and injure herself. This convinces Rose that she has fallen victim to a curse, although her fiancé Trevor believes she has gone crazy.
Upon learning that Laura's professor was grinning at her before his death, Rose visits the professor's widow, Victoria and learns that he had also witnessed a suicide shortly before his own. Rose asks her ex-boyfriend Joel, a police detective, to go through old police records. They find several cases of people having died by suicide in front of someone else, all of whom themselves had recently witnessed a suicide.
Rose tries to patch things up with Trevor but becomes enraged after realizing he has called Madeline to provide psychological intervention without asking Rose first. Upset, she leaves to speak with Holly, who also dismisses Rose's belief in a curse. Holly compares Rose's behavior to their late mother, and Rose accuses Holly of abandoning her before their mother's death.
Rose and Joel discover the sole exception in the chain of suicides: convicted murderer Robert Talley. Rose and Joel visit him in jail, where he claims that the entity feeds on trauma, and that the only way to escape it is to brutally kill someone else in front of a witness to traumatize them. Rose angrily rejects this idea. The demon appears at her home in Madeline's form and taunts her. Rose drives to her hospital with a knife and murders Carl, but it is revealed to be a hallucination. Rose wakes up in her car to find Morgan standing outside. He notices the knife, but she speeds away, prompting him to alert the police.
Rose drives to her abandoned family home, realizing that she cannot pass on the entity's curse if she dies alone. The entity appears as Rose's mother, and it is revealed that Rose chose not to call for help for her mother because of her abusive behavior. The demon attacks Rose, and a fire starts in the struggle, seemingly killing the demon. Rose flees the house and returns to Joel's apartment. Joel smiles at Rose, who realizes this is another hallucination.
In reality, Joel has tracked Rose's phone to her old house and finds her outside. Rose panics and runs back inside, where the demon reveals its true form – a skinless, semi-humanoid monstrosity with multiple sets of malformed jaws nesting within an enormous, smiling mouth. The sight of the demon's visage causes Rose to fall into a trance, and the demon possesses her by forcing itself inside her body through her mouth. Joel breaks down the front door and sees a smiling Rose set herself on fire, passing the curse onto him.
Cast
Production
In June 2020, Parker Finn was tapped by Paramount Pictures to write and direct a feature adaptation of his own short film Laura Hasn't Slept, which saw a young woman seeking the help of her therapist desperate to rid herself of a recurring nightmare. Earlier in March that year, the short film won the Special Jury Recognition Prize for South by Southwest's Midnight Short category.
In September 2021, the film was announced under the title Something's Wrong with Rose with Sosie Bacon cast as the titular character. The following month, Jessie T. Usher, Kyle Gallner, Rob Morgan, Kal Penn, Judy Reyes, Gillian Zinser, and Caitlin Stasey joined the cast.
Principal photography began on October 11, 2021, in New Jersey, including in the city of Hoboken, and wrapped on November 24, 2021. Some filming locations included the Murphy Varnish Lofts, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School in Newark and Lewis Morris Park in Morristown.
Editing and post-production were completed in May 2022. Visual effects was done by the-Artery and was supervised by Yuval Levy and Vico Sharabani, when the film was simply retitled Smile. The film's score was composed by Cristobal Tapia de Veer and featured an obscure musical instrument called the daxophone as the lead instrument. For practical effects, Finn recruited Alec Gillis and Tom Woodruff Jr. of Amalgamated Dynamics, who he described as a major influence in wanting to be a horror filmmaker for their work in films such as Aliens.
Release
Smile had its world premiere at Fantastic Fest on September 22, 2022, followed by screenings at Beyond Fest on September 27. It was released in the United States on September 30, 2022, by Paramount Pictures. Paramount Pictures President and CEO Brian Robbins said that Smile was originally slated for a streaming-only release on Paramount+, but the studio eventually decided to release the film theatrically because of strong results from test screenings.
The film was released for VOD platforms including Paramount+ on November 15, 2022, with a DVD, Blu-ray, and 4K UHD set released on December 13, 2022.
Marketing
The trailer and poster were released on June 22, 2022. Brad Miska of Bloody Disgusting described the footage as "pretty generic", but said it stood out due to its similarities to Ringu and The Ring. Shania Russell at /Film compared the film to The Ring, It Follows and Truth or Dare and wrote, "It's all very familiar and probably not too hard to imagine how the movie will progress, but the scares will make or break the experience, and based on the trailer, Smile is more than promising." All-in-all, Paramount spent an estimated $50 million promoting the film.
During several Major League Baseball games the weekend before the film's release, a viral marketing stunt occurred, as the studio's marketing team purchased seats behind home plate, with actors smiling maniacally into the camera for the pitcher-batter shot for extended periods of time. Some of the actors wore shirts with the name and logo of the film on the front.
Reception
Box office
Smile grossed $105.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $111.5 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $217.4 million. Deadline Hollywood calculated the film's net profit as $101million, accounting for production budgets, marketing, talent participations, and other costs; box office grosses and home media revenues placed it tenth on their list of 2022's "Most Valuable Blockbusters".
In the United States and Canada, Smile was released alongside Bros, and was projected to gross $16–20 million from 3,645 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $8.2 million on its first day, including $2 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $22.6 million, topping the box office and slightly overperforming its projections, while being the biggest debut of September 2022. The film made $18.5 million in its sophomore weekend, remaining atop the box office. The 18% second weekend drop was the second-smallest ever for a horror film behind Get Outs 15% in February 2017, and marked the best non-holiday hold of the pandemic era. Although it was dethroned by newcomer Halloween Ends in its third weekend the film continued to hold well, making $12.6 million. On November 9, 2022, it became only the third R-rated film released in the pandemic era to gross $100 million domestically, as well as becoming the highest-grossing R-rated horror film worldwide during the pandemic.
Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 191 reviews, and an average rating of 6.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Deeply creepy visuals and a standout Sosie Bacon further elevate Smiles unsettling exploration of trauma, adding up to the rare feature that satisfyingly expands on a short." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B–" on an A+ to F scale, while those polled at PostTrak gave it an overall 69% positive score, with 53% saying they would definitely recommend it.
Marisa Mirabal of IndieWire gave the film a grade of B−, noting its plot's similarities to films such as It Follows, The Ring, Oculus and Final Destination. She wrote: "Smile navigates unhealed trauma through a supernatural lens and mischievous juxtaposition, despite feeling like a shadow of other stories", and added that it "delivers a captivating and claustrophobic mental hellscape that will cause one to both grimace and grin." Tasha Robinson of Polygon wrote: "Smile is often a gimmicky, even corny horror movie, packed with so many jump-scares that the sheer pile-on borders on laughable... But no matter how excessively the legitimate scares pile up, they're startling and convincing. The editing and music are impressively tuned for maximum impact whenever the slow-burning tension resolves with an abrupt, ugly surprise. All of which makes Smile an efficient ride, if an unusually unrelenting one."
Katie Rife of RogerEbert.com gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, writing: "In padding out the concept from an 11-minute short into a nearly two-hour movie, Smile leans too heavily not only on formulaic mystery plotting, but also on horror themes and imagery lifted from popular hits like The Ring and It Follows." Kevin Maher of The Times wrote: "There are some nice jump scares and Bacon is charismatic but it's achingly derivative and dull", and gave the film 2 out of 5 stars. Jeffrey M. Anderson of Common Sense Media also gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, writing: "The image of a creepy, sinister smile is so primal and so chilling that it might have inspired something truly penetrating, but, sadly, this horror movie is content to fall back on noisy jump scares."
Accolades
At the 2023 MTV Movie & TV Awards, Smile was nominated for Best Movie and Most Frightened Performance (Bacon).
Related media
Prequel short film
Laura Hasn't Slept was written and directed by Parker Finn in 2019 and later debuted at South by Southwest in 2020. The positive reception at the film festival resulted in Paramount Pictures commissioning the filmmaker for a feature film adaptation, though it was later revealed that the movie is a continuation of the original story.
The premise follows Laura as she recounts a series of horrific dreams and hallucinations where she is being pursued by a smiling man to her therapist. As she does so, she begins to realize that she is not where she thinks she is, that she is again experiencing an extra-sensory episode, and that the counselor she is confiding in is actually the entity that has been tormenting her. While the ending of the short film seems to indicate that the character dies, Laura later appears in Smile where she seeks the help of Dr. Rose Cotter; indicating that the resolution to Laura Hasn't Slept was a continued hallucination. The character ultimately sets in motion the events of the full-length film.
The short movie later received a wide release as a bonus feature on the home video media release of Smile; Paramount marketed the feature as a "Smile original short film". Finn additionally called the short "the origin" of Smile.
Sequel
Following the release of Smile, during interviews between November and December 2022, writer and director Parker Finn stated that he had intentionally left portions of the first movie ambiguous, with various plotlines unresolved, while expressing interest in exploring those details in a potential sequel film. The filmmaker stated that while additional installments may explore the backstory of the entity, he would like to keep its mysterious nature intact. He noted that a follow-up movie would be notably different from the first, stating that he believed "there is still a lot of interesting stuff to explore in the world of Smile. ...I’d want to make sure that there’s a new, exciting, fresh way into it that the audience isn’t anticipating. I also want to find some new ways to scare them and unnerve them."
In April 2023, Paramount Pictures officially announced at CinemaCon 2023 that a sequel has been green-lit and was in pre-production, with Parker Finn once again serving as writer and director. Smile 2 is scheduled to be released on October 18, 2024.
References
External links
2022 films
2022 directorial debut films
2022 horror films
2020s American films
2020s English-language films
2020s monster movies
2020s psychological horror films
2020s supernatural horror films
American monster movies
American psychological horror films
American supernatural horror films
Demons in film
Features based on short films
Films about curses
Films about psychiatry
Films about shapeshifting
Films about spirit possession
Films about suicide
Films produced by Wyck Godfrey
Films set in New Jersey
Films shot in New Jersey
Films shot in Newark, New Jersey
Paramount Pictures films
Paramount Players films
Temple Hill Entertainment films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Marsh
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Elizabeth Marsh
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Elizabeth Marsh (1735–1785) was an Englishwoman who was held captive in Morocco for a brief period after the ship she was traveling from Gibraltar to England to unite with her fiancé was intercepted by a Moroccan corsair and overtaken by its crew. Marsh revealed the experiences of her captivity through her captive narrative,The Female Captive: A Narrative of Fact Which Happened in Barbary in the Year 1756, Written by Herself, published more than a decade after her return from captivity. The Female Captive documents Marsh's misfortunes after she and her shipmates were captured by Moroccan sailors, becoming the first captive barbary narrative written in English by a woman author. In the published version, Marsh also added quite a few details that helped reframe her narrative in a more novelistic form and that heightened the sense of danger she felt as well as created dramatic tension around the question of whether or not she would escape. Marsh's narrative is an important contributor to the larger genre of European women's captivity narratives, which frequently featured female resistance to captivity and sexual violence.
Captivity
Marsh moved to Gibraltar to board a ship on July 28, 1756, Marsh was meant to take this passage to join her fiancé back home and marry him. After the Ann was ‘unhappily deserted’ by the Gosport, it was easily taken on August 8 by a Moroccan corsair of about 20 guns and 130 seamen, then carried to Salé. The captives were “conducted” to Marrakech and Marsh started to hate the idea of being sexually harassed. Marsh had decided to disguise herself as the wife of a Mr. James Crisp, a merchant from London in her narrative of the story. But he is actually the ship's captain in the letters he sent out. After being presented to the Prince Sidi Mohammed, everything went down hill for Marsh. She was importuned to be the Prince's concubine, tricked into renouncing her Christianity and converting to Islam, and almost beat in submission. But after four months and resumed peace talks with Morocco, Marsh gained her coveted liberty and returned home.
Manipulation as a survival tactic of female slave captives
Marsh doesn't often show how she feels in her captive narrative, The Female Captive, about what is happening to her at the time she is being held captive. However, she does make sure to show the very little interest that she has in doing anything that the Prince Sidi Mohammed asks her to do; she continuously says she would prefer death to doing anything for him that has any forms of sexual favors being asked. Although, people judge her for using manipulation in her narrative, even if she did happen to use them for her own survival. Marsh uses the powerful dependent tactic, the constant victim tactic, and the multiple offender tactic to help her in surviving this captive life she is currently living. In The Female Captive it is said, "Despairing of cowing his hostage into submission, the Prince grudgingly granted her freedom and permission to leave the country, yet not before Britain formally agreed to resume peace talks with Morocco." Upon looking into this statement, we see the powerful dependent tactic coming into play. Reading into the rest of the narrative, you are given more than enough examples of Marsh using manipulation for her own survival.
Despite Marsh's position as an enslaved woman, she still holds power over her fellow white male captives, since whenever she desires an accommodation, she receives one. Marsh's narrative is marked by her ability to evade the humiliating conditions and hard labor the male captives endured and, rather, how she was treated with care, and leisurely made her way through her time spent as a captive. Marsh had a dichotomous, paradoxical enslavement, in that she was technically a captive, yet was not enslaved the way the men were. She was never given duties quite as harsh as the men, and could skew a situation in her favor by highlighting the fact that she's a woman. Marsh's complaints throughout the narrative can be read as reminders to those around her that she knew how she would be treated, thus implying that Marsh understood her placement in the hierarchy of power among captives and used it to her advantage. When she needed the passivity to work in her favor, she did so to remain innocent and chaste, and when she needed the agency to get what she wanted, she did so in defiance and entitlement. Contrary to the males, female captives seemed to find themselves given a chance to travel, self-reliance and assertiveness, and non-domestic work opportunities. The Female Captive: A Narrative of Facts which Happened in Barbary in the Year 1756, Written by Herself is a testament to how women in captivity narratives, particularly Elizabeth Marsh, uses their femininity and sexuality to their benefit in order to bypass situations and pad their position, and in doing so, provides an alternative lens on the traditional, male slave tales.
Concubinage
Slavery was a part of Arab culture before the Qur’an. It was a part of society that contributed to the financial stability and day-to-day lives of many people throughout the Arab world. While slavery was an accepted practice from the beginning, the idea of concubines was based more on individual interpretations of the Qur'an. Only slaves could become concubines, which opened the door to the practice of enslaving women from other cultures for that purpose. While popular culture spread the idea of the harem to the Western world, the practice was largely confined to the wealthy. The practicalities of taking care of a large number of women were too much for the everyday man of the time to even consider. The term harem referred not only to wives and concubines, but all other female members of the household, including children and domestic slaves. Screened from male view, the harem became a source of mystery and rumor for Europeans. This was enhanced due to the fact that male writers, many of whom purported to have knowledge of the harem, gave hugely exaggerated accounts. For example, Thomas Pellow, who was enslaved for 23 years in Morocco, claimed that the harem of Moulay Ismail had eight thousand wives living in it. While European narratives about harems were largely exaggerated accounts given by men who had no access to them, evidence exists that points to abuse, poisonings, and women being sold when they started aging or their appearance started to decline.
Life after captivity
Elizabeth Marsh faced scrutiny after returning home after her captivity. She stated within the author's note of The Female Captive that “Though I have unhappily seldom experienced those Hours [of Ease and Tranquility], who may say, with too much Truth, that the Misfortunes I met with in Barbary have been more equalled by those I have since experienced, in this Land of Civil and Religious Liberty." Upon her return, suspicion arose regarding the maintenance of her chastity while in captivity due to her many visits with the sultan. At the time, influential members of European society believed that women could be easily persuaded to undertake various actions thanks to the exotic allure of the Orient; these ideas were encouraged by the publication of a translated version of The Arabian Nights by French orientalist Antoine Galland (an English version of the book was first published in 1795, although French copies were available to Marsh).
Problems with publishing
Even though almost two-thirds of all slaves brought into the Islamic world were female, women captive narratives were scrutinized more than captive narratives written by men. The argument against the legitimacy of captive narratives by women was rooted in the presumably-inherent feminine weakness that was believed to prevent women from resisting the opulence of the Orient. Elizabeth Marsh faced this same criticism when she returned home, preventing her from publishing her narrative due to fear of the backlash it would cause. Even with her aforementioned display of strength when faced with Sultan Sidi Mohammad Ben Abdallah's offer of concubinage, Elizabeth was accused of being a liar and giving up her virtue to him.
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Elizabeth Marsh displayed multiple parts of what defines symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. She exhibited symptoms of loneliness, emotional detachment from herself and those around her, and distrust. Along with these symptoms, the fact that she felt the need to narrate her story was a way for Marsh to digest what had happened to her and how to cope with it all, even if she was pressured into writing about it.
Post-traumatic stress disorder is a key part of understanding why Marsh focused on writing what she wrote about. Some critics of these slave narratives claim that what she wrote was not, in fact, the truth. It was her truth and that, if it was manipulated, it was by the post-traumatic stress disorder that she was focusing on handling without even being aware it was happening to her brain. The awareness of mental disorders and disease is a new area of health that has only recently started to come to light in the past ten years. So, for a woman to branch out and write about her traumatic experiences was a mark of how brave she was and also how confused.
Impact of captivity
After her time in captivity, Elizabeth Marsh went on to marry James Crisp, the man that she pretended to be married to while a slave. By pretending to be married to Crisp, Marsh had hoped that she would not be assaulted by the several other men that she was traveling with. She succeeded in this, however her validity for a real marriage was called into question after her release. After insistence from her parents, Marsh married Crisp and went on to have two children with him. By creating this false narrative while in captivity, Marsh's life took a different turn than what was planned.
Marsh's later life then took a turn when she decided to be away from her family for 18 months, choosing to be more independent in that time. It could be argued that Marsh did this as a result of her time in captivity and was making an attempt to live life that she lost.
Arguably the largest impact that Elizabeth Marsh's captivity had on herself was the production and publication of her narrative. Though it was originally published anonymously, word traveled that Marsh was the author. By publishing her experiences in captivity, Elizabeth Marsh's narrative became one of the most consumed female slavery narratives as well as one of the few to withstand time.
References
Additional Reading
www.jjhc.info Family history website showing links to relatives
1735 births
1785 deaths
Barbary Wars
18th-century English women
18th-century English people
18th-century British women writers
18th-century English non-fiction writers
English diarists
Moroccan slaves
18th-century slaves
Women memoirists
People who wrote slave narratives
18th-century diarists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobu%2050000%20series
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Tobu 50000 series
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The is a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) commuter train type operated by the private railway operator Tobu Railway in Japan since March 2005, manufactured by Hitachi to its "A-train" concept. The trains represent the first use of aluminium body cars on Tobu commuter trains. They are also the first Tobu trains to feature bilingual (Japanese and English) automated passenger announcements.
Variants
50000 series: 9 x 10-car sets introduced from March 2005 on the Tobu Tojo Line and from September 2020 on the Tobu Skytree Line inter-running services
50050 series: 18 x 10-car sets introduced from March 2006 on Tobu Skytree Line inter-running services
50070 series: 7 x 10-car sets introduced from July 2007 on Tobu Tojo Line inter-running services
50090 series: 6 x 10-car sets with variable seat configurations introduced from June 2008 on Tobu Tojo Line TJ Liner services
50000 series
The first 50000 series set, 51001, was delivered in November 2004 and entered service on the Tobu Tojo Line on 16 March 2005, followed by second-batch set 51002 in October 2005. The second set differs in having an emergency door in the front ends, and externally resembles the 50050 series used on the Tobu Skytree Line (see below).
Two more sets, 51003 and 51004, were delivered during fiscal 2009. 51003 was delivered to Shinrinkōen Depot in January 2010, followed by 51004 in February 2010. These two sets have pairs of opening windows and interiors based on sets 51061 onward.
Total number of vehicles built: 90
Formation
The 52000, 55000, and 58000 cars each have one single-arm pantograph.
Interior
50050 series
The 10-car 50050 series sets were built for use on the Tobu Isesaki, Skytree and Nikko lines, and inter-running services through the Tokyo Metro Hanzomon Line to the Tokyu Den-en-toshi Line displacing the earlier 30000 series sets.
The first set (51051) entered service on 18 March 2006, and as of January 2007, 10 sets were in service. While broadly based on the Tojo Line 50000 series design with emergency end doors, cars are narrower ( compared with ) to cope with reduced clearances on the subway lines.
Sets 51061 onward have different seat covers and pairs of opening windows (like the 50090 series) instead of the large single-pane sealed windows on earlier units.
Three more sets (51066 to 51068) were delivered during fiscal 2009.
From October 2012, set 51052 was modified with opening panes in four side windows per car, in the same style as Tojo Line set 51075 and JR East 209 series sets.
Total number of vehicles built: 180
Formation
The 52050, 55050, and 58050 cars each have one single-arm pantograph.
Interior
50070 series
The 10-car 50070 series sets were built for use on Tobu Tojo Line and Tokyo Metro Yūrakuchō Line inter-running services, and also on Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line inter-running services from June 2008.
The first set (51071) was delivered in early March 2007, entering revenue-earning service in July. It differs from earlier variants in having full-colour LED destination indicators, and is also equipped with ATO for subway operation.
A total of four sets were delivered by March 2008.
A fifth set, 51075, was delivered in August 2008. This set differs in having opening windows similar in design to those added to JR East 209 series EMUs.
A further two sets, 51076 and 51077, were delivered during fiscal 2011, with 51076 delivered in November 2011, and 51077 in January 2012. These sets differ in having 17" LCD displays above every door, instead of the LED dot-matrix displays used on earlier sets, and also have pairs of opening side windows instead of the large single panes.
Total number of vehicles built: 70
Formation
The 52070, 55070, and 58070 cars each have one single-arm pantograph.
Interior
50090 series
Four 10-car 50090 sets were delivered in February and March 2008 for use on new Tobu Tojo Line limited-stop evening TJ Liner services starting from the start of the new timetable on 14 June 2008. Internally, these trains feature rotating seats that can be arranged longitudinally for daytime services and in forward-facing transverse pairs for "Liner" services. These trains are also used on up "Rapid Express" services in the late afternoon and night as well as the newly introduced Kawagoe Limited Express services from 16 March 2019. Externally, the sets feature a blue waistline stripe running the length of each car, with a "TOJO LINE" logo.
A public preview run of the 50090 series took place on 23 March 2008 from Ikebukuro to Shinrinkōen station, followed by a photographic event at Shinrinkōen depot.
A fifth set, 51095, was delivered from Hitachi in September 2010, followed by 51096 in November 2010, in preparation for an increase in the number of TJ Liner services from the start of the revised timetable on 5 March 2011.
Total number of vehicles built: 60
Formation
The 52090, 55090, and 58090 cars each have one single-arm pantograph.
Interior
The 50090 series sets have seats that can be rotated and configured in longitudinal style for regular daytime services or in forward-facing transverse style for TJ Liner services and late afternoon/evening Ikebukuro-bound Rapid Express services. When configured in transverse mode, the rows have a seat pitch of .
Special liveries
"Flying Tojo" livery
From 28 November 2015, 50090 series set 51092, based at Shinrinkoen Depot, received full-body vinyls recreating the dark blue with yellow stripe livery carried by 54 series and 53 series EMUs used on Flying Tojo limited express services on the Tobu Tojo Line during the 1950s. The livery was commemorated with a special run on 2 February 2019, removed soon afterwards, and replaced with the "Ikebukuro - Kawagoe Art Train" livery.
"Ikebukuro - Kawagoe Art Train" livery
Ahead of the 16 March 2019 timetable revision on the Tobu Tojo Line, 50090 series set 51092 was repainted from its previous "Flying Tojo" into a new art-based livery. The livery, designed by Koyano Yuuki, is designed to advertise the city of Kawagoe with the theme of "adding colour to Kawagoe". The set was reintroduced into service on 12 February 2019, and was used on the first down departure of the new "Kawagoe Limited Express" train category operating on the Tojo Line since the 16 March 2019 timetable revision.
Crayon Shin-chan 25th anniversary liveries
From 3 November 2016, 50050 series set 51055 received a yellow vinyl wrapping livery to mark the 25th anniversary of the cartoon character Crayon Shin-chan. This was followed by set 51056 in blue livery from 25 November, set 51057 in red livery from 28 November, set 51058 in orange livery from 12 December, and set 51059 in green livery from 19 December. These sets were originally scheduled to remain in these liveries until May 2017, but the period was extended until late August 2017.
See also
Seibu 40000 series, a Seibu Railway commuter EMU type that also features rotating longitudinal/transverse seating
Keio 5000 series, a Keio commuter EMU type that also features rotating longitudinal/transverse seating
Keikyu 2100 series, a Keikyu commuter EMU type also features transverse seating
Keikyu N1000 series, another Keikyu commuter EMU type also features rotating transverse seating (batch 20 only)
References
External links
Tobu 50000 series
Electric multiple units of Japan
50000 series
Train-related introductions in 2005
Hitachi multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20interpretations%20of%20Virgil%27s%20Eclogue%204
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Christian interpretations of Virgil's Eclogue 4
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Eclogue 4, also known as the Fourth Eclogue, is the name of a Latin poem by the Roman poet Virgil. Part of his first major work, the Eclogues, the piece was written around 40 BC, during a time of brief stability following the Treaty of Brundisium; it was later published in and around the years 39–38 BC. The work describes the birth of a boy, a supposed savior, who once of age will become divine and eventually rule over the world. During late antiquity and the Middle Ages, a desire emerged to view Virgil as a virtuous pagan, and as such early Christian theologian Lactantius, and St. Augustineto varying degreesreinterpreted the poem to be about the birth of Jesus Christ.
This belief persisted into the Medieval era, with many scholars arguing that Virgil not only prophesied Christ prior to his birth but also that he was a pre-Christian prophet. Dante Alighieri included Virgil as a main character in his Divine Comedy, and Michelangelo included the Cumaean Sibyl on the ceiling painting of the Sistine Chapel (a reference to the widespread belief that the Sibyl herself prophesied the birth of Christ, and Virgil used her prophecies to craft his poem). Modern scholars, such as Robin Nisbet, tend to eschew this interpretation, arguing that seemingly Judeo-Christian elements of the poem can be explained through means other than divine prophecy.
Background
The scholarly consensus is that Virgil began the hexameter Eclogues (or Bucolics) in 42 BC and it is thought that the collection was published around 39–8 BC (although this assertion is not without its detractors). The Eclogues (from the Greek word for "selections") are a group of ten poems roughly modeled on the bucolic hexameter poetry ("pastoral poetry") of the Hellenistic poet Theocritus. The fourth of these Eclogues can be dated to around 40 BC, during a time when the Roman Civil war seemed to be coming to an end. Eclogue 4 largely concerns the birth of a child (puer) who will become divine and eventually rule over the world. Classicist H. J. Rose notes that the poem "is in a sense Messianic, since it contains a prophecy (whether meant seriously or not) of the birth of a wonder-child of more than mortal virtue and power, who shall restore the Golden Age".
By the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries AD, Virgil had gained a reputation as a virtuous pagan, a term referring to pagans who were never evangelized and consequently during their lifetime had no opportunity to recognize Christ, but nevertheless led virtuous lives, so that it seemed objectionable to consider them damned. Eventually, some Christians sought to reconcile Virgil's works with the supposed Christianity present in them. Consequently, during the Late Antiquity and beyond, many assumed that the puer referenced in the Fourth Eclogue was actually Jesus Christ.
History
Early interpretations
According to Classicist Domenico Comparetti, in the early Christian era, "A certain theological doctrine, supported by various passages of [Judeo-Christian] scripture, induced men to look for prophets of Christ among the Gentiles". This inevitably resulted in early Christians looking to the works of Virgil—a famed poet who, even in late antiquity had immense clout in Roman society—for any sign of prophecy. Eventually, there arose a belief that Virgil's Fourth Eclogue foretold the birth of Jesus, which seems to have first emerged during the 4th century. The scholar Steven Benko proposes that this interpretation became so popular around this time (and not earlier) because it "provided [Constantinian Christians] a way to connect to non-Christian society and to give Christianity respectability."
The first major proponent that the poem was prophetic was likely the early Christian writer Lactantius, who served as Constantine the Great's religious advisor. In a chapter of his book, Divinae Institutiones (The Divine Institutes), entitled "Of the Renewed World", Lactantius quotes the Eclogue and argues that it refers to Jesus's awaited return at the end of the millennium. He further claims that "the poet [i.e. Virgil] foretold [the future coming Christ] according to the verses of the Cumaean Sibyl" (that is, the priestess presiding over the Apollonian oracle at Cumae). According to Sabine G. MacCormack, this quote seems to suggest that while Lactantius believed the poem was a prophecy, he did not necessarily believe that Virgil himself was a prophet, as the poet was merely "reflect[ing] what the Sybil of Cumae and the Erythraean Sibyl had said long before [he] wrote."
Constantine himself also believed the poem could be interpreted as a prophecy about Christ. Many copies of the Roman historian Eusebius's Vita Constantini (The Life of Constantine) also contain a transcript of a speech made by the emperor at a Good Friday sermon during the First Council of Nicaea (AD 325), in which the emperor re-imagines almost the entire poem line-by-line as a Christian portent (although a few are omitted because they overtly reference pagan characters and concepts). Some of Constantine's interpretations are obvious: he argues that the virgo in line 6 is a reference to the Blessed Virgin Mary, the puer in lines 8, 18, 60, and 62 to Christ, and the serpent in line 24 to the Serpent of Evil. Others are more subjective: For instance, the lions in line 22 represent, to the emperor, those who persecuted Christians, and the Assyrian flower in line 25 represents the race of people, i.e. the Assyrians, who were "leader[s] in the faith of Christ". The emperor also interpreted the reference to Achilles fighting against Troy in lines 34-36 as an allegory for Christ (the "new" Achilles) battling evil (the "new" Troy). Finally, Constantine proposed that lines 37–59 do not refer the birth of a normal, mortal child, but rather to a being who "mortal parents have not smiled upon": in other words, Jesus Christ, who, according to Christian scripture, "had no parents in the usual sense". However, Constantine differed from Lactantius in his opinion of Virgil, arguing that, given all the supposed allusions in this poem, Virgil surely "wrote with full knowledge that he was foretelling Christ", but he "expressed himself darkly and introduced the mention of [Roman] deities to avoid affronting the pagans and provoking the anger of the authorities."
Several decades later, Church Father Augustine of Hippo expressed his belief that Virgil was one of many "Gentile ... prophets" who by divine grace had prophesied Christ's birth. Echoing the sentiment of Lactantius, he wrote that the mention of Cumae in line 4 was a likely reference to the supposed Sibylline prophecy concerning Christ. However, Augustine, reasoned that while Virgil may have prophesied the birth and coming of Christ, it was likely that he did not understand the true meaning of what he himself was writing.
The opinion that Eclogue 4 was a reference to the coming of Jesus was not universally held by early members of the early Church, however. St. Jerome, an early Church Father now remembered best for translating the Bible into Latin, specifically wrote that Virgil could not have been a Christian prophet because he never had the chance to accept Christ. Jerome further derided anyone who held Virgil as a pre-Christian prophet, calling such a belief childish and claiming that it was just as ridiculous as Christian cento poems. But regardless of his exact feelings, the classicist Ella Bourne notes that the mere fact Jerome responded to the belief is a testament to its pervasiveness and popularity during that time.
Medieval interpretations
In the early part of the sixth century, Latin grammarian Fabius Planciades Fulgentius made a passing reference to the supposed prophetic nature of the Fourth Eclogue, noting: In quarta vaticinii artem adsumit ("In the Fourth [Eclogue], [Virgil] takes up the art of prophecy"). However, his view seems to have been a bit nuanced, and in one of his books, he wrote that "no one is permitted to know all the truth except ... Christians, on whom shines the sun of truth. But [Virgil did] not come as an expositor well-versed in [the] books of Scripture." Craig Kallendorf writes that this indicated Fulgentius's belief that "there [were] limits to what ... Virgil knew about Christianity."
According to legend, Donatus, a bishop of Fiesole in the ninth century, quoted the seventh line of the poem as part of a confession of his faith prior to his death. During the same century, Agnellus, the archbishop of Ravenna, referenced the poem, noting that it was evidence that the Holy Spirit had spoken through both Virgil and the Sybil. The monk Christian Druthmar also makes use of the seventh line in his commentary on Matthew 20:30.
In the eleventh century, Virgil began appearing in plays, such as one particular Christmas work wherein the poet is the last "prophet" called on to give testimony concerning Christ. According to Bourne, the play was particularly popular, and philologist Du Cange gives mention of a similar play performed at Rouen. Virgil and his purported prophecy even found itself in the Wakefield Mystery Plays. Around this time, Eclogue 4 and Virgil's supposed prophetic nature had saturated the Christian world; references to the poem are made by Abelard, the Bohemian historian Cosmos, and Pope Innocent III in a sermon. The Gesta Romanorum, a Latin collection of anecdotes and tales that was probably compiled about the end of the 13th century or the beginning of the 14th, confirms that the eclogue was pervasively associated with Christianity.
Virgil eventually became a fixture of Medieval ecclesiastic art, appearing in churches, chapels, and even cathedrals, sometimes depicted holding a scroll with a select passage from the Fourth Eclogue on it. At other times, he "figured in sacred pictures ... in the company of David, Isaiah and other [Judeo-Christian] prophets". Virgil's popularity in Medieval art is likely why Michelangelo included the Cumaean Sibyl on the ceiling painting of the Sistine Chapel, for, according to Paul Barolsky, the Sibyl's presence "evokes her song in Virgil [i.e. the Fourth Eclogue], prophesying spiritual renewal through the coming of Christthe very theme of the ceiling." Barolsky also points out that Michelangelo painted the Sibyl in close proximity to the prophet Isaiah; thus, the painter drew a visual comparison between the similar nature of their prophecies.
This association between Virgil and Christianity reached a fever pitch in the fourteenth century, when the Divine Comedy was published; the work, by Dante Alighieri, prominently features Virgil as the main character's guide through Hell. Notably, in the second book Purgatorio, Dante and Virgil meet the poet Statius, who, having "read a hidden meaning in lines of Virgil's own" (that is, Eclogue 4.57), was allowed passage into Purgatory, and eventually Heaven. (This legend had developed earlier in the Middle Ages, but Dante's reference popularized it.) Bourne argues that Dante's inclusion of Statius's conversion through Virgil's poem is proof enough that Dante, like those before him, believed Virgil to have been an unknowing Christian prophet. Kallendorf notes that because writing the lines did not save Virgil, but reading them saved Statius, "Dante ... must have located the Christinization of Eclogue 4 in the reader rather than the writer."
In the fifteenth century, a popular story concerning Secundian, Marcellian and Verianwho started out as persecutors of Christians during the reign of the Roman emperor Deciusemerged. The story claims that the trio were alarmed by the calm manner in which their Christian victims died, and so they turned to literature and chanced upon Eclogue 4, which eventually caused their conversions and martyrdom. Around this time, the famed astrologer and humanist philosopher Marsilio Ficino seems to have accepted that the poem was a prophecy, too.
Later interpretations
The French writer René Rapin (1621–1687) was fascinated with the potential connection between Virgil and Christianity, and used the Fourth Eclogue as an artistic influence, basing many of his lines in his own Sixth Eclogue on Virgil's work. One of the more overt modern references to the Fourth Eclogue, Virgil, and Christianity, appears in Alexander Pope's 1712 poem, Messiah. Bourne wrote that the work "shows clearly that [Pope] believed that Virgil's poem was based on a Sibylline prophecy". Robert Lowth seems also to have held this opinion, noting, by way of Plato, that the poem contains references made "not by men in their sober senses, but [by] the God himself". In the mid-19th century, Oxford scholar John Keble claimed: Taceo si quid divinius ac sanctius (quod credo equidem) adhaeret istis auguriis ("I am silent about whether something more divine and sacredwhich is what I, in fact, believeclings to these prophecies").
Modern views
By the turn of the 20th century, most scholars had abandoned the idea that the Fourth Eclogue was prophetic, although "there [were] still some to be found who", in the words of Comparetti, "[took] this ancient farce seriously." Robin Nisbet has argued that the supposed Christian nature of the poem is a by-product of Virgil's creative references to disparate religious texts; Nisbet proposes that Virgil probably appropriated some elements used in the poem from Jewish mythology by means of Eastern oracles. In doing so, he adapted these ideas to Western (which is to say, Roman) modes of thought.
See also
Interpretatio Christiana, the adaptation of non-Christian elements of culture or historical facts to the worldview of Christianity
Notes
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
Full Latin text of Eclogue 4, courtesy of the Perseus Project.
Christianity in the Middle Ages
Christianity and other religions
Christianization
Virgil
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Kalimpong II
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Kalimpong II was a community development block (CD block) that forms an administrative division in the Kalimpong subdivision of the Kalimpong district in the Indian state of West Bengal.
In July 2021, the Kalimpong II block was bifurcated into two blocks – Pedong block with headquarters at Pedong and the Lava block with headquarters at Algarah.
Geography
Algarah is located at .
The snow-clad mountain ranges, a little to the north of the old Darjeeling district, form the main Himalayan range. Ranges/ ridges branching out from the main Himalayas pass through Darjeeling district. To the north-west towers the giant Kangchenjunga and to the north-east is Dongkya . From Kangchenjunga the Singalila Ridge slopes down southward forming the border between India and Nepal. Manebhanjyang, Sandakphu and Phalut are popular trekking destinations on this ridge. It continues south and south-east through Tunglu and Senchal and other spurs that form the Darjeeling Hills west of the Teesta. To the east of the Teesta, a lofty ridge runs south of Dongkya, bifurcating at Gipmochi , forming two spurs that contain the valley of the Jaldhaka. The lower portion of this hilly region forms the Kalimpong Hills. Four great hill ranges radiate from a single point at Ghum, a saddle high – the first, the Ghum range running due west to Simanabasti; the second, the Senchal-Mahaldiram range sloping south towards Kurseong, the highest points being East Senchel , Tiger Hill and West Senchel ; the third, the Takdah or Takbu range, sloping north-east to a point above the junction of the Great Rangit and Teesta; the fourth, the Darjeeling Jalapahar Range, extending northwards towards Darjeeling.
Kalimpong II CD block is part of the Kalimpong Range physiographic region. The average elevation varies from 300 m to 3,000 m above sea level. “This region is characterised by abruptly rising hills and numerous small river streams coming down in the north-south direction.”
Kalimpong II CD block is bounded by the East Sikkim district of Sikkim on the north, Gorubathan CD block on the east and south, Kalimpong I CD blocks on the south and west.
The Kalimpong II CD block has an area of 241.26 km2. It has 1 panchayat samity, 13 gram panchayats, 92 gram sansads (village councils), 39 mouzas and 33 inhabited villages. Jaldhaka police station serves this block Headquarters of this CD block is at Algarah Bazar.
Gram panchayats in Kalimpong II CD block are: Dalapchand, Gitabling, Kage, Kashyong, Lava-Gitabeyong, Lingseykha, Lole, Payong, Pedon, Shangshe, Shantuk and Siyakiyong.
Demographics
Population
According to the 2011 Census of India, the Kalimpong II CD block had a total population of 66,830, all of which were rural. There were 34,546 (52%) males and 32,284 (48%) females. There were 7,193 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The Scheduled Castes numbered 1,961 (2.93%) and the Scheduled Tribes numbered 24,773 (37.07%).
Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Kalimpong II CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Mansong Chincona Plantation (8,812), Pedong Khasmahal (4,274), Sakiyong Khasmahal (5,753) and Paiyong Khamahal (6,423).
Other villages in the Kalimpong II CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Dalapachan Khasmahal (2549), Git Dubling Khasmahal (3,598), Kagey Khasmahal (2,401), Lava Bazar DIF (1,836), Git Beyond Khasmahal (2,464), Lingsaykha Khasmahal (2,278), Lolay Khasmahal (2,209), Sangsher Khasmahal (3,516) and Algarah Bazar DIF (1,957).
Literacy
According to the 2011 census the total number of literate persons in the Kalimpog II CD block was 47,520 (79.68% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 26,380 (85.58% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 21,140 (73.37% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 12.20%.
See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate
Language and religion
In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 35,989 and formed 53.85% of the population in the Kalimpong II CD block. Buddhists numbered 17,660 and formed 26.43% of the population. Christians numbered 11,034 and formed 16.51% of the population. Muslims numbered 715 and formed 1.07% of the population. Others numbered 1,432 and formed 2.14% of the population.
At the time of the 2011 census, 92.45% of the population spoke Nepali, 2.90% Lepcha, 1.30% Hindi and 1.07% Bhotia as their first language.
The West Bengal Official Language Act 1961 declared that Bengali and Nepali were to be used for official purposes in the three hill subdivisions of Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong in Darjeeling district.
Rural poverty
According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 24.40% of the total number of families were BPL families in the Darjeeling district. According to a World Bank report, as of 2012, 4-9% of the population in Darjeeling, North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas districts were below poverty level, the lowest among the districts of West Bengal, which had an average 20% of the population below poverty line.
Economy
Livelihood
In the Kalimpong II CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 10,741 and formed 42.57%, agricultural labourers numbered 4,887 and formed 19.37%, household industry workers numbered 266 and formed 1.05% and other workers numbered 9,335 and formed 37.00%. Total workers numbered 25,229 and formed 37.75% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 41,601 and formed 62.25% of the population.
Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.
Infrastructure
There are 33 inhabited villages in the Kalimpong II CD block, as per the District Census Handbook, Darjiling, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 100% villages have drinking water supply. 13 villages (39.39%) have post offices. 26 villages (78.79%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 18 villages (54.55%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 3 villages (9.09%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 8 villages (24.24%) have agricultural credit societies and 7 villages (21.21%) have banks.
Agriculture
In 2012-13, there were 1 fertiliser depot, 1 seed store and 44 fair price shops in Kalimpong II CD block.
In 2013–14, Kalimpong II CD block produced 3,799 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop, from 1,754 hectares, 67 tonnes of wheat from 59 hectares, 8,462 tonnes of maize from 4,071 hectares and 4,848 tonnes of potatoes from 473 hectares. It also produced some oilseeds.
Tea gardens
Darjeeling tea “received the iconic status due to its significant aroma, taste and colour… the first Indian product to be marked with the Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2003… As per the definition, “Darjeeling Tea” can only refer to tea that has been cultivated, grown, produced, manufactured and processed in tea gardens in few specific hilly areas of the district.” Apart from the hill areas, tea is also grown in the plain areas of the terai and dooars, but such gardens are not covered under the GI tag.
As of 2009-10, there were 87 tea gardens covered under the GI tag, employing 51,091 persons. Total land under cultivation was 17,828.38 hectares and total production was 7.36 million kg. A much larger population is indirectly dependent on the tea industry in the district. The average annual production including those from the plain areas, exceeds 10 million kg.
As of 2013, Darjeeling subdivision had 46 tea estates, Kalimpong subdivision had 29 tea estates and Kurseong subdivision had 6 tea gardens. This added up to 81 tea estates in the hill areas. Bannackburn Tea Estate and Lingia Tea Estate in Darjeeling were the first to come up in 1835. Siliguri subdivision in the terai region had 45 tea estates.
Banking
In 2012-13, Kalimpong Ii CD block had offices of 3 commercial banks and 2 gramin banks.
Transport
Kalimpong II CD block has 3 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 64 km from the block headquarters.
National Highway 717A and
State Highway 12 passes through Kalimpong II CD block.
Education
In 2012-13, Kalimpong II CD block had 92 primary schools with 9,822 students, 6 middle schools with 1,068 students, 7 high schools with 2,703 students and 3 higher secondary schools with 1,727 students. Kalimpong II CD block had 207 institutions for special and non-formal education with 6,438 students.
See also – Education in India
According to the 2011 census, in Kalimpong II CD block, among the 33 inhabited villages, 8 villages did not have a school, 20 villages had two or more primary schools, 14 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 13 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.
Government General Degree College, Pedong, was established in 2015 at Pedong. It offers undergraduate courses in arts and science.
Healthcare
In 2013, Kalimpong II CD block had 1 rural hospital and 2 primary health centres with total 38 beds and 4 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 17 family welfare subcentres. 850 patients were treated indoor and 13,543 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.
Pedong Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at Pedong, is the major government medical facility in the Kalimpong II CD block. There are primary health centres at Gitdubling (with 6 beds) and Algarah (with 2 beds).
References
External links
Community development blocks in Kalimpong district
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Siddons
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Sarah Siddons
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Sarah Siddons (née Kemble; 5 July 1755 – 8 June 1831) was a Welsh actress, the best-known tragedienne of the 18th century. Contemporaneous critic William Hazlitt dubbed Siddons as "tragedy personified".
She was the elder sister of John Philip Kemble, Charles Kemble, Stephen Kemble, Ann Hatton, and Elizabeth Whitlock, and the aunt of Fanny Kemble. She was most famous for her portrayal of the Shakespearean character Lady Macbeth, a character she made her own.
The Sarah Siddons Society, founded in 1952, continues to present the Sarah Siddons Award annually in Chicago to a distinguished actress.
Background
The 18th-century marked the 'emergence of a recognisably modern celebrity culture' and Siddons was at the heart of it. Portraits depicted actresses in aristocratic dress, the recently industrialised newspapers spread actresses' names and images and gossip about their private lives spread through the public. Though few people had actually seen Siddons perform, her name had been circulated to such an extent that when it was announced 'the crowd behaved as if they knew her already'. Actresses playing and acting like aristocrats decreased the difference in the public's eyes between actresses and aristocrats and many earned large amounts of money. Despite this giving actresses a larger amount of control, women were still viewed as 'extreme representations of femininity - they were good or bad, comic or tragic, prostitutes or virgins, mistresses or mothers'. Their on-stage roles and personal biographies blurred - leading to many actresses using these extreme representations of femininity to create a persona that could be viewed both on and off stage.
Biography
Early life
Siddons was born Sarah Kemble in Brecon, Brecknockshire, Wales, the eldest daughter of Roger Kemble, a Roman Catholic, and Sarah "Sally" Ward, a Protestant. Sarah and her sisters were raised in their mother's faith and her brothers were raised in their father's faith. Roger Kemble was the manager of a touring theatre company, the Warwickshire Company of Comedians.
Although the theatre company included most members of the Kemble family, Siddons' parents initially disapproved of her choice of profession. At that time, acting was only beginning to become a respectable profession for a woman.
From 1770 until her marriage in 1773, Siddons served as a lady's maid and later as companion to Lady Mary Bertie Greatheed at Guy's Cliffe near Warwick. Lady Greatheed was the daughter of the Duke of Ancaster; her son, Bertie Greatheed, was a dramatist who continued the family's friendship with Siddons.
Early career: Before success in London
In 1774, Siddons won her first success as Belvidera in Thomas Otway's Venice Preserv'd. This brought her to the attention of David Garrick, who sent his deputy to see her as Calista in Nicholas Rowe's Fair Penitent, the result being that she was engaged to appear at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. Owing to inexperience as well as other circumstances, her first appearances as Portia and in other parts were not well received and she received a note from the manager of Drury Lane stating that her services would not be required. She was, in her own words, "banished from Drury Lane as a worthless candidate for fame and fortune".
After she was released from Drury Lane, Siddons was immediately engaged by Richard Yates, manager of the Theatre Royal Birmingham. During the summer of 1776, John Henderson would see Siddons perform. He was immediately struck with her excellence, and pronounced that she would never be surpassed. He did more than this; he wrote directly to Palmer, manager of the Theatre Royal Bath, to advise an engagement of her without delay. Due to there being no available roles for Siddons at the time of Henderson's letter, Palmer could not immediately attend to his advice.
In 1777, she went on "the circuit" in the provinces. For the next six years she worked in provincial companies, in particular York and Bath. Her first appearance at Bath's Old Orchard Street Theatre was in autumn 1778 at a salary of £3 per week (, or approximately $). This amount grew as her performances became better known, and as she began to appear in Bristol at the Theatre Royal, King Street (which now houses the Bristol Old Vic), also run by John Palmer. Siddons lived with her husband and children in a Georgian house at 33 The Paragon in Bath, until her final performance there in May 1782.
To say farewell to Bristol and Bath, Siddons presented her famous 'three reasons' speech. In a speech of her own writing, Siddons literally presented her three children as her three reasons for leaving. She said 'These are the moles that bear me from your side; / Where I was rooted - where I could have died. / Stand forth, ye elves, and plead your mother's cause' The presentation of her own motherhood was something she used throughout her career, notably when she performed her next Drury Lane appearance, on 10 October 1782, which could not have been more different from her debut performances. She was an immediate sensation playing the title role in Garrick's adaptation of a play by Thomas Southerne, Isabella, or, The Fatal Marriage. So good was she that "Her pathetic embodiment of domestic woe created a sensation, flooding the audience with tears and exciting critics to hyperbolic praise."
Mid-career: Notable roles
Siddons continued to act in the provinces, appearing at The Theatre, Leeds, in 1786 and consistently brought a thorough understanding to each of her roles. It was through her portrayals of Lady Macbeth and Isabella, particularly, that Siddons offered a new way of approaching character. Siddons has been credited for inventing and promoting textual accuracy above the theatrical traditions of her time: "Siddons was unique for making herself familiar with the entire script, sitting offstage in order to hear the full play, and paying careful attention to her scene partners and to textual clues that could aid performance."
Her most famous role was that of Lady Macbeth, which she first performed on 2 February 1785. She spellbound her audience through the grandeur of her emotions as she expressed Lady Macbeth's murderous passions. Rather than portraying Lady Macbeth as a murderous evil queen, Siddons depicted her with a strong sense of maternity and a delicate femininity. As she noted in her own "Remarks to the character of Lady Macbeth", Siddons found an unearthed fragility in this role. "She read, in the 'I have given suck' soliloquy, a 'tender allusion [to] the maternal mother yearning for her babe'; it is therefore in Lady Macbeth that Siddons found the highest and best scope for her acting abilities. She was tall and had a striking figure, brilliant beauty, powerfully expressive eyes, and solemn dignity of demeanour which enabled her to claim the character as her own.
After Lady Macbeth she played Desdemona, Rosalind, Ophelia, and Volumnia, all with great success; but it was as Queen Catherine in Henry VIII that she discovered a part almost as well adapted to her acting powers as that of Lady Macbeth. She once told Samuel Johnson that Catherine was her favourite role, as it was the most natural.
The role of Hamlet
Sarah Siddons played the role of Hamlet multiple times over three decades. By the early nineteenth century, "Hamlet had become arguably Shakespeare's most iconic character". Her choice to tackle this role was fascinating as cross gendered roles were "generally more difficult and demanding than a breeches role". The performer would need to sustain the illusion for the whole duration of the play as opposed to a breeches role which is much more brief and gained comedic success from the character's poor delivery at representing the opposite sex.
Far from a one-off curiosity, "Siddons played Hamlet repeatedly, if sporadically, for three decades, always in the provinces and never in London, until she reached the age of fifty". Sarah Siddons first played Hamlet in Worcester in 1775 and then in Manchester opposite her brother John Philip Kemble as Laertes March 1777. At the Bristol theatre, she played Hamlet in 1781. She went on to repeat the role in Liverpool. In Dublin, she played Hamlet during the season of 1802-03 and once more in 1805. She proposed that last performance to her friend and fellow actor William Galindo as a revival of their successful 1802 performance, with herself as Hamlet and Galindo as Laertes. This 1805 revival production made enough of an impression to be caricatured in The Dublin Satirist five years later in 1810.
Celebrity status
Celebrity persona and the "Female Star"
It was the beginning of twenty years in which she became the undisputed Queen of Drury Lane. Her celebrity status was called "mythical" and "monumental", and by the mid-1780s Siddons had established herself as a cultural icon. Yet her iconography and the fashioning of her celebrity differed greatly in comparison to her female counterparts. Siddons, according to Laura Engel, invented a new category of femininity for actresses: the "Female Star". By "cleverly blurring the distinction between the characters she played on stage with representations of herself offstage (as much portraiture of the period invokes)" Siddons was able to present a duality to her admirers. At once she would project both the "divine and the ordinary, domestic and authoritative, fantastic and real".
She avoided claims of sexual licentiousness, and the only damage to her career was faced toward its end, when caricatures and satirical prints emerged detailing the physical decline and stoutness of her body. Shearer West, in an analysis of the collapse of Siddons' private and public personas, wrote that Siddons' brother, actor-manager John Philip Kemble "substantially rewrote passages in some of the plays in order to temper any indelicacy [and] transcend sexual indiscretions" that could harm her reputation of feminine propriety.
Siddons had a unique ability to control her own celebrity persona and "manipulate her public image through a variety of visual materials" Some scholars believe that although Siddons' fame and success appeared effortless, it was in fact "a highly constructed process". This left her successful, yet fatigued as she was "always aware of the ultimate power of her audiences to approve of her or destroy her" In being aware of her position in the public eye, Siddons "carefully selected the roles in which she appeared and assiduously cultivated her domestic image". She would only choose roles which could aid her popularity and protect her image. By cleverly blurring the distinction between the characters she played on stage with her presentation offstage, Siddons combined her maternal persona with depictions of British femininity. This allowed her to avoid the same reproach and scandal as other actresses of the time. For example, Siddons used her role of Isabella, a sacrificing mother, to frame her "rise to stardom in terms of her maternal roles on stage and off stage". In performing these domestic moments with the result of public triumph, Siddons was able to reiterate the characteristics that made her such a popular celebrity and icon; "her devotion to her family and her humble, behind-the-scenes existence". Siddons' role off stage, then, appears to be that of the ordinary wife and mother and this was crucial in a time when women were expected to stay at home, rather than provide for their family. Overall, her choice of roles and carefully constructed persona meant Siddons was able to live out the entirety of her career with little-to-no public scandal.
Acting power
Theatre biographer Henry Barton Baker wrote:
On the night of 2 May 1797, Sarah Siddons's character of Agnes in George Lillo's Fatal Curiosity suggested murder with "an expression in her face that made the flesh of the spectator creep." In the audience was Henry Crabb Robinson, whose respiration grew difficult. Robinson went into a fit of hysterics and was nearly ejected from the theatre. This 'Siddons Fever' was a common occurrence with Richards even suggesting it was part of the amusement: 'The theatrical vogue for the audience to shriek whatever the heroine did originated with Sarah. The 'Siddons fever', which 'raised the price of salts and hartshorn', often included fits of fainting, hysterics and physical paroxysms as part of the enjoyment.'
Siddons occasionally gave public readings of plays, and the Scottish poet/playwright Joanna Baillie recorded her thoughts of several performances given in 1813. Despite her reservations about Siddon's "frequent bursts of voice beyond what natural passion warranted," Baillie wrote to Sir Walter Scott, "take it all in all was fine & powerful acting; and when it has ceased we of this generation can never look to see the like again."
Portrait as The Tragic Muse
Commissioned and completed in 1784, Sir Joshua Reynolds' portrait, Sarah Siddons as The Tragic Muse, is characterized by Reynolds' inspiration, contextualisation of the Muse, and distinctive brush work and paint palette. This portrait, as Heather McPherson writes, became the known depiction of tragedy, infused with contemporary ideas about acting and representation of the passions in Siddons' melancholy expression and deportment. Mary Hamilton's correspondence with her fiancé illuminated its seamless transition from "the artist's studio to the theatrical stage", practical venues that interlocked in the eighteenth century and formed a large part in creating the very idea of celebrity. The interest in the portrait was so great that William Smith's house was transformed into a quasi-public gallery following his acquisition of the painting.
William Hamilton's Mrs Siddons and Her Son, in The Tragedy of Isabella gained much traction due to the mutually beneficial relationship between painter and actress. Hamilton had sold his painting for £150 before it was exhibited at the Royal Academy, though kept the painting there for over a week and placed advertisements in at least three leading newspapers inviting the public to view it. A contemporary biographer recalled 'carriages thronged to the artist's door; and, if every fine lady who stepped out of them did not actually weep before the painting, they had all of them, at least their white handkerchiefs ready for that demonstration of sensibility'
Late career and retirement: Physical decline
As noted in Campbell's biography, Siddons returned to the role some six years later, and in 1802 she left Drury Lane for its rival establishment, Covent Garden. It was there, on 29 June 1812, after 57 performances that season, that she gave what was credited as perhaps the most extraordinary farewell performance in theatre history. The audience refused to allow Macbeth to continue after the end of the sleepwalking scene. Eventually, after tumultuous applause from the pit, the curtain reopened and Siddons was discovered sitting in her own clothes and character – whereupon she made an emotional farewell speech to the audience. Some records stated that her farewell lasted eight minutes, others suggested ten, all indicating that she was visibly distraught.
Siddons formally retired from the stage in 1812, but reappeared on special occasions. An 1816 request by Princess Charlotte of Wales to see Lady Macbeth brought Siddons out of retirement. Much older, Siddons was visibly weak, overweight, and was considered by some a "grotesque effigy of her former self." William Hazlitt, in his later accounts, stated that her performances lacked the grandeur they had shown in 1785: the "machinery of her voice is slow, there is too long a pause between each sentence [and the] sleeping scene was more laboured and less natural". As a result, according to Lisa Freeman, Siddons' "iconic status came into conflict with the aesthetic of authenticity that she cultivated". Her last appearance was on 9 June 1819 as Lady Randolph in John Home's play Douglas.
Marriage and children
In 1773, at the age of 18, she married William Siddons, an actor. After 30 years, the marriage became strained and informally ended with their separation in 1804. William died in 1808.
Sarah Siddons gave birth to seven children, five of whom she outlived:
Henry Siddons (1774–1815), an actor and theatre manager in Edinburgh
Sarah Martha (Sally) Siddons (1775–1803)
Maria Siddons (1779–1798)
Frances Emilia Siddons (b. 1781), died in infancy
Elizabeth Ann Siddons (1782–1788), died in childhood
George John Siddons (1785–1848), a Customs official in India
Cecilia Siddons (1794–1868), who married George Combe in 1833 and lived in Edinburgh
Siddons regularly performed on stage while visibly pregnant, which often elicited sympathy for her character. As Lady Macbeth, her pregnancy not only provided "a further reminder of the domestic life of both the actress and the character", adding a maternal aspect to her portrayal, but also created "a new level of tension in the play not present if the couple is perceived as barren."
Her descedants include John Siddons Corby, who invented the Corby gentleman's trouser press, and his children, Peter Corby (inventor of the modern trouser press) and Jane Beadon (socialite and actress).
Legacy
Death and burial
Sarah Siddons died in 1831 in London. She was interred in Saint Mary's Cemetery at Paddington Green. The churchyard was converted into a public park (St Mary's Gardens) in 1881, and most stones were cleared at that time. Siddons' gravestone was one of the few to be preserved, and it remains in good condition beneath a wrought iron canopy, despite some erosion and the modern addition of a protective cage.
5000 people attended her funeral. Newspapers mourned her death, publishing long obituaries. One said: 'This lady, who, at no very distant period, was not less eminent for the splendour of her mental endowments, than for the towering majesty of her person and demeanour, paid the great debt of nature on Wednesday morning, at nine o'clock.' She was described as a goddess, a royal, majestic. The extent of her celebrity reaches forward to today.
In popular culture
Siddons's portrayal of the prostitute Millwood in a 1796 production of The London Merchant inspired the novel George Barnwell by Thomas Skinner Surr.
American director Joseph L. Mankiewicz used the 1784 portrait by Reynolds extensively in his film All About Eve, winner of the 1950 Academy Award for Best Picture. The portrait is seen at the top of an entrance staircase in Margo Channing's apartment, appearing throughout a party scene, and emphasized by a close-up with which the scene ends. Mankiewicz also invented the (then) fictitious Sarah Siddons Society for the film, along with its award, a statuette modelled upon the Reynolds painting. The film opens with a close-up of the statuette, and ends with a character holding it.
Actress Bette Davis, who played Margo Channing in the film, posed as Siddons in a 1957 re-creation of the Reynolds portrait staged as part of the Pageant of the Masters.
In April 2010, BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour Drama presented Sarah Siddons: Life in Five Sittings, a radio drama by David Pownall about the long relationship between Siddons and artist Thomas Lawrence, in five 15-minute parts.
Sarah Siddons Award
When the film All About Eve was released in 1950, the "Sarah Siddons Award for Distinguished Achievement" depicted in its opening scene was a purely fictitious award. However, in 1952, a small group of distinguished Chicago theatergoers formed the Sarah Siddons Society, and began to give a genuine award by that name. The now-prestigious Sarah Siddons Award is presented annually in Chicago, with a trophy modelled on the statuette of Siddons awarded in the film. Past honorees include Bette Davis and Celeste Holm, who were previously the cast of All About Eve.
Portraits and statues
Siddons sat for numerous artists, and her portraits include many that depict her in costume portraying a theatrical role.
Sir Thomas Lawrence first painted Siddons at Bath in 1782, and produced at least fourteen portraits of her over the next 22 years. The last of these, an 1804 full-length portrait, is on display at Tate Britain.
Sir Joshua Reynolds painted his famous portrait, Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse, in 1784. He told her that he had signed it on the hem of her dress because he had "resolved to go down to posterity on the hem of your garment." It now hangs at The Huntington in San Marino, California.
A 1785 portrait by Thomas Gainsborough is displayed in London's National Gallery.
A portrait of Siddons is displayed in the church hall of St Mary on Paddington Green, near Siddons' grave in the former churchyard (now St Mary's Gardens).
Also on Paddington Green, a statue of Siddons overlooks the Harrow Road.
A statue of Siddons by sculptor Thomas Campbell stands in the chapel of St Andrew in Westminster Abbey. The statue holds a scroll, and the inscription reads: "Sarah Siddons. Born at Brecon July 5, 1755. Died in London June 8, 1831."
A bust by James Smith, created in 1813 was placed in the Green Room at Drury Lane Theatre and contemporary adverts described it as the only bust "taken from life"
Other memorials
Siddons Tower, a folly tower erected on the water's edge at Rostellan near Cork Harbour in Ireland, was named in Siddons' honour by Murrough O'Brien, Lord Inchiquin, after he had entertained the actress at Rostellan House.
Siddons Lane, a small street in Marylebone near the site of a house in which she once lived, was named after her.
Siddons' birthplace, an inn in Brecon, Wales, is now known as The Sarah Siddons Inn. In 1755, when Siddons was born in lodgings on an upper floor, it was a tavern called The Shoulder of Mutton.
Sarah Siddons' House (the Old House) in Lower Lydbrook, Gloucestershire is reputedly her childhood home.
In 1923, London's Metropolitan Railway brought into service an electric locomotive named Sarah Siddons, No. 12. The locomotive remained in service along with others like it on the London Underground Metropolitan line until 1961. Painted a maroon colour, she is now the only one of the original twenty locomotives to remain preserved in working order.
In 1961, the Sarah Siddons Comprehensive School (later the Sarah Siddons Girls' School) opened in North Wharf Road, Paddington. It was officially opened the following year by the actress Dame Peggy Ashcroft. Women's achievement was celebrated in the girls-only secondary school, with houses named after famous English women. In 1980, it became part of the North Westminster Community School, then in 2006 it was closed before the site was sold for residential development. In 2019, a 'Remembering Sarah Siddons Comprehensive School' Facebook group had more than 540 members.
In 2020, a memorial plaque was unveiled at the site of her first professional appearance, in Worcester.
See also
Kemble family
References
Further reading
External links
Sarah Siddons Society
British Shakespearean actresses
18th-century English actresses
18th-century Welsh actresses
English stage actresses
19th-century British actresses
British stage actresses
1755 births
1831 deaths
People from Brecon
Kemble family
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71237962
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82awomir%20Tryc
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Sławomir Tryc
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Sławomir Tryc (born 19 November 1952 in Zgorzelec) is a Dr. phil.,scientist, literary translator, diplomat, cultural manager, and sailor. Following his A-levels in 1971 at the Gebrüder-Śniadecki Grammar School in Zgorzelec, he graduated from the Institute for German Studies at the University of Wrocław; in 1976 Tryc then graduated with the MA thesis "Thomas Mann in Poland".
Academic and research activities
Dissertation 1984 (University of Wrocław) "Friedrich Dürrenmatt on the Polish stage". Tryc worked as lecturer for many years at the Institute of German Studies at the University of Wrocław ( field: history of German culture and society) and in the European Diplomacy programme at the University of Wrocław ( field: foreign cultural policy, nation branding, media in diplomacy). He was a Scholarship holder of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation (Bonn, Frankfurt am Main, Munich), the DAAD (Bonn) and the OeAD (Vienna).
From 2013 to 2019 Tryc worked as a replacement professor at the Faculty of Managerial and Cultural Studies at the Zittau/Görlitz University of Applied Sciences. From 2017, he was a member of the board of trustees of the Stadthalle Foundation in Görlitz, from which he resigned in 2021 in protest against the appointment of the AfD parliamentary group leader to the board of trustees by the city administration.
From 2010 to 2016, Tryc was an academic supervisor of the Municipal Museum of the City of Jelenia Góra "Gerhard Hauptmann Haus", including co-editor, translator and moderator of cultural events.
Polish Cultural Institute in Berlin
Tryc is a long-time employee of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: between 1997 and 2001 as head of the largest and most dynamic Polish cultural institute in the world in Berlin. In 1998–2001, the institute he directed became one of the co-organisers and later the main organiser of what was then the largest cyclical presentation of Polish culture abroad, "Polish Week in Berlin and Brandenburg".
Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Berlin
From 2004 to 2009, Tryc was Embassy Counselor, later First Embassy Counselor, Head of the Department for Culture, Science and Promotion at the Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Berlin, responsible for, among other things, politics of history. Slawomir Tryc represented Poland in several German cultural institutions: 2005-2009 he was a member of the jury of the Silesian Cultural Award of the State of Lower Saxony, 2006-2009 a member of the Board of Trustees of the Pomeranian State Museum in Greifswald, 2009-2015 a member of the Board of Trustees of the Silesian Museum in Görlitz, 2009 a member of the scientific advisory board of the exhibition "Deutsche und Polen - 1.9.39 - Abgründe und Hoffnungen" (Germans and Poles - 1.9.39 - Abysses and Hopes) at the German Historical Museum in Berlin, organised on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the outbreak of World War II.
Published in German (a selection)
2015 Sławomir Tryc / Zaprucka J.I., Muzeum Miejskie „Dom Gerharta Hauptmanna“ / Städtisches Museum Gerhart-Hauptmann-Haus / The Municipal Museum “Gerhart Hauptmann´s House“, Jelenia Góra
2014 Mein Schlesien. Zum Paradigmenwechsel in der Wahrnehmung des deutschen Kulturerbes. (My Silesia. On the Paradigm Shift in the Perception of German Cultural Heritage). In: Paul Zalewski, Joanna Drejer (Ed.): Kulturerbe und Aneignungsprozesse in deutsch-polnischen Kontakträumen. Motivationen, Realitäten, Träume (Das gemeinsame Kulturerbe – Wspólne dziedzictwo, (Cultural Heritage and Appropriation Processes in German-Polish Contact Spaces. Motivations, Realities, Dreams (The Common Cultural Heritage), vol. 9, at the same time series of publications of the Chair of Monument Studies of the European University Viadrina, vol. 2). Warszawa, pp. 53-69,
2011 Preussen aus polnischer Sicht. „Erzfeind oder Teil eigener Vergangenheit? (Prussia from a Polish Perspective. "Arch-enemy or part of its own past?) In: Menzel, Steffen (ed.), Nachdenken über Preußen. Conference Proceedings. Schloss Krobnitz, pp. 16-23.
2013 Sławomir Tryc / Zaprucka J.I. (Hrsg.), Gerhart Hauptmann i śląscy nobliści / Gerhart Hauptmann und schlesische Nobelpreisträger / Gerhart Hauptmann and Silesian Nobel Prize winners, translation. Tomasz Cel, Sławomir Tryc, Agnieszka Krajewska; The Municipal Museum Gerhart-Hauptmann-Haus, Jelenia Góra;
2001 Mechthild, Ernst, Maria Louise Kaempffe - Scherenschnitte: Mit einem vollständigen Verzeichnis der im Museum Europäischer Kulturen - Staatliche Museen zu Berlin erhaltenen Scherenschnitte der schlesischen Künstlerin (Silhouettes: With a complete index of the Silesian artist's silhouettes preserved in the Museum of European Cultures - National Museums in Berlin). Preface: Slawomir Tryc and Konrad Vanja, Berlin,
1998 Enzo Marino: Mythos Eros Magie / Mito Eros Magia (Myth Eros Magic Works Ricera) 1988 - 1998 (Paolo Faiola, Slawomir Tryc; Preface: Francesco Piselli; Introduction:. Francesco D'Episcopo, Giuseppe Siano; Texts), Edizione Intra Moenia
1998 Friedrich Dürrenmatt auf den polnischen Bühnen. Mit allgemeinen Bemerkungen zur Rezeption fremdsprachiger Theaterwerke in Polen 1945-1989 (Friedrich Dürrenmatt on the Polish stage. With general remarks on the reception of foreign language theatre productions in Poland 1945-1989), in: Polnisch-deutsche Theaterbeziehungen seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg (Polish-German Theatre Relations since the Second World War), ed. by Hans-Peter Bayerdörfer in Verbindung in conjunction with Małgorzata Leyko and Małgorzata Sugiera.
1994 Norbert Honsza/Sławomir Tryc (Ed.), Studien zur DDR-Literatur (Studies on GDR literature), Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 133 S.- (Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis; No 1561, Germanica Wratislaviensia; [T.] 104),
1986 Brauneck Manfred, Gerhard Schneilin (Hrsg.), Theater Lexikon. Begriffe und Epochen / Bühnen und Ensembles, Rowohlt (Theatre Lexikon. Terms and Epochs / Stages and Ensembles), Reinbek bei Hamburg (Encyclopedia entries on Polish theatre: Centrum Sztuki Studio S. 196, Cricot, Cricot 2, S. 235, Reduta, S. 715, Studententheater in Polen, S. 818–820, Teatr Dramatyczny Warszawa, S. 864, Teatr im. J.Slowackiego Kraków, S. 864–865, Teatr Narodowy, S. 865–866, Teatr Nowy, S. 866, Teatr Polski, S. 875–876, Teatr Rapsodyczny, S. 876, Teatr Stary, S. 876–877, Teatr Współczesny, S. 877).
Literary translations
2014 Hauptmann, Harriet / Rohlfs, Stefan (Hrsg.), In höchster Berliner Eile .... Gerhart Hauptmann – Ivo Hauptmann. Briefwechsel, vbb 2012, // - Harriet Hauptmann, Stefan Rohlfs (Ed.) W iście berlińskim tempie... Gerhart Hauptmann / Ivo Hauptmann. Listy, Przekład: Sławomir Tryc, , , Jelenia Góra – Wrocław, 288 S.
Interviews
2001 Der Tagesspiegel, 21. April, Andrea Exler, Kennzeichen CD - Die Welt in Berlin (Teil 5): Polen: Der Mann fürs bessere Image.
2001 FAZ, 25. August, Stefanie Peter, Bürokratie tötet den Geist. Nun muß das hiesige Polnische Kulturinstitut ohne Slawomir Tryc auskommen
2001 Zeitschrift für Kulturaustausch 3/2001, Berliner Institut mit polnischem Touch
2000 Die Welt, 23. November, Nina Klein, Die unbekannten Nachbarn
1998 FAZ, 14. Oktober, Gerard Gnauck, Von der Folklore zur „neuen Sensibilität“. Polen entdeckt die auswärtige Kulturpolitik.
See also
2012 Gaëlle Lisack (Diss.), Nationale oder interkulturelle Institutionen? Analyse der Programmarbeit osteuropäischer Kulturinstitute in Berlin und Paris zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts. Institutions nationales ou interculturelles ? Analyse de la programmation d’instituts culturels d’Europe centrale à Berlin et Paris à l’aube du vingt-et-unième siècle. Fachbereich Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin, École Doctorale IV : Civilisations, Cultures, Litteratures et Sociétés Université Paris-IV-Paris Sorbonne Discipline / Spécialité : Etudes Germaniques, Berlin, Paris 2012,
Footnotes
1952 births
Germanists
Polish translators
Living people
University of Wrocław alumni
Academic staff of the University of Wrocław
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge%20Soler
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Jorge Soler
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Jorge Carlos Soler Castillo (born February 25, 1992) is a Cuban professional baseball outfielder and designated hitter for the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Chicago Cubs, Kansas City Royals, and Atlanta Braves.
Soler played for the Cuban national baseball team in international competition. He defected from Cuba in 2011, seeking a career in MLB. After establishing residency in Haiti, Soler signed a nine-year contract with the Cubs. He made his MLB debut in 2014 and won the 2016 World Series with the Cubs. The Cubs traded Soler to the Royals after the 2016 season. He led the American League in home runs in 2019. Traded to Atlanta in 2021, Soler won the 2021 World Series and earned the World Series Most Valuable Player Award. Soler signed with the Marlins before the 2022 season.
Cuban career
Soler played for the Cuban national baseball team in the 2010 World Junior Baseball Championship, where he had a .304 batting average, .500 on-base percentage, and .522 slugging percentage. His nine walks were the second most in the tournament. Cuba won the bronze medal. Soler also played briefly with the Industriales in the Cuban National Series.
Soler defected from Cuba in 2011 to pursue his career in Major League Baseball (MLB). He established residency in Haiti. Soler was unblocked by the Office of Foreign Assets Control on June 2, 2012, making him an MLB free agent. As a free agent, many teams were involved in bidding on Soler.
Scouting profile
Soler is tall and weighs . He was described as a power-hitting outfielder who would likely play right field. Jim Callis of Baseball America described Soler in 2011 as "a 19-year-old athlete with five-tool potential." According to Callis, Soler likely would have been a top-five pick in the 2010 draft had he been eligible. Kevin Goldstein of Baseball Prospectus did not rank Soler in his list of the top baseball prospects prior to the 2012 season, but said he would have ranked Soler as the 38th or 39th best prospect if he were eligible. Some teams preferred Soler to higher profile Cuban defector Yoenis Céspedes. Keith Law of ESPN.com indicated that Soler had the talent of a top-five draft choice in the 2012 Major League Baseball Draft, had he been eligible to be drafted. Writing for Fox News, Mauricio Rubio wrote that "Early in his career he was benched for not hustling, and in a separate incident he ran toward an opposing dugout with a bat." Writing for the Sporting News, Jeff Mans noted that: "The biggest issue with Soler aside from the hamstring injuries is his temper.... He started out on the wrong foot with the Cubs after failing to report to minor league camp shortly after signing his nine-year, $30 million deal, feeling that he should have been in Chicago immediately. The other scare for the Cubs brass was his relative inability to hit righthanded pitching."
According to Statcast, Soler's average launch speed was in 2016.
American career
Minor League Baseball
On June 11, 2012, Soler reportedly agreed to a nine-year $30 million contract with the Chicago Cubs. The Cubs had reportedly agreed to a deal with Soler before he was declared a free agent, though Cubs general manager Jed Hoyer denied this. He made his professional debut that same season with the AZL Cubs and was promoted to the Peoria Chiefs in August. In 34 games between the two teams he batted .299 with five home runs and 25 RBIs.
On April 10, 2013, while playing on the Daytona Cubs, immediately following a bench-clearing incident, Soler charged the opposing Clearwater Threshers' dugout while brandishing a baseball bat. He was ejected from the game, was fined, and received a five-game suspension. Soler spent all of 2013 with Daytona, slashing .281/.343/.467 with eight home runs and 35 RBIs in 55 games.
Soler began the 2014 season with the Tennessee Smokies. On July 22, 2014, after batting .415/.494/.862 with six home runs and 22 RBIS in 22 games, Soler was promoted to the Iowa Cubs.
Chicago Cubs
On August 25, 2014, Soler was called up to the Chicago Cubs for the first time. In 32 games for Iowa prior to his call up he was batting .282 with eight home runs and 29 RBIs in 32 games. In his major league debut on August 27, facing Cincinnati Reds pitcher Mat Latos, Soler hit a home run in his first major league at-bat, becoming the 117th player in MLB history to do so. On September 1 Soler had two doubles in his home debut for the Cubs to become just the third major league player in the last 100 years to have at least one extra-base hit in each of his first five games in the majors. Two days later Soler became the second player in Cubs history with as many as 10 RBIs in his first seven games as a major leaguer. Soler was the starting right fielder for the Cubs 2015 season until an ankle injury sidelined him in early June. He returned to the starting lineup on July 5 after spending time in rehab. He finished the regular season with a .268 batting average, 15 home runs and 67 RBIs.
In 2015, Soler's postseason debut, he walked as a pinch-hitter in the ninth inning in Game 1 of the Division Series and followed up with a double, two-run home run to straightaway center and two more walks in Game 2, and another home run, a single and two walks in Game 3. Record setting Soler started his postseason career by reaching base nine times in a row, in which he recorded five walks and hit two home runs, a double and a single. In Game 4 Soler ended a game-tying St. Louis Cardinals sixth inning rally with an outfield assist on a game-saving inning-ending put out of Tony Cruz at home plate. The Cubs won the game 6–4 and beat the rival St. Louis Cardinals in four games to advance to the National League Championship Series.
Soler's playing time with Chicago dipped in 2016, playing in 86 games compared to 101 the previous year. The Cubs were the most dominant team for the entirety of the regular season, entering the postseason as the favorites. Through 13 at-bats in the playoffs, Soler totaled 4 strikeouts, 3 walks, and two hits. Both of his hits came in the World Series. The more notable of the two was a triple in Game 3 off of Bryan Shaw. The Cubs went on to win the 2016 World Series over the Cleveland Indians in seven games.
Kansas City Royals
On December 7, 2016, the Cubs traded Soler to the Kansas City Royals for Wade Davis. After a string of injuries and inconsistency at the plate, Soler was demoted to the Omaha Storm Chasers on June 2. In 74 games for Omaha he batted .267 with 24 home runs and 59 RBIs, and in 35 games for Kansas City, he compiled a .144 batting average with two home runs and six RBIs.
Soler began the 2018 season as Kansas City's starting right fielder. However, after suffering a toe fracture in mid-June, he was sidelined for the remainder of the year. Over 61 games, he hit .265 with nine home runs. Soler returned from the injury in 2019, splitting time between right field and designated hitter. On September 3, 2019, he hit his 39th home run of the season, becoming Kansas City's record holder for most home runs in a single season. The very next night, Soler became the first Royals player in history to record at least 40 home runs in a single season.
In 2019, he batted .265, and led the American League with 48 home runs and 178 strikeouts in 589 at bats. His home run total was the most ever in a single season by a Cuban-born player.
In the 2020 pandemic-shortened season, Soler batted .228 with eight home runs and 24 RBIs in 43 games. At the beginning of the 2021 season with Kansas City, he batted .192/.288/.370 in 308 at bats.
Atlanta Braves
On July 30, 2021, Soler was traded to the Atlanta Braves for Kasey Kalich.
In 2021, he batted .223/.316/.432 with 27 home runs and 70 RBIs in 516 at bats between the Royals and the Braves. With the Braves, he hit .269/.358/.524. His home runs averaged 423 feet, the longest average home run distance of all major league hitters.
In his first start after spending 10 days on the COVID-19 injured list, Soler hit a leadoff home run in Game 1 of the 2021 World Series off of Framber Valdez, becoming the first player to hit a home run in the first plate appearance of a World Series. In Game 4, Soler hit a pinch-hit go-ahead home run in the seventh inning to give the Braves a 3–2 lead, which led them to a 3–1 lead in the World Series. In Game 6, he hit his third home run of the series, a 446-foot, three run shot to give the Braves a 3–0 lead. Soler was named the World Series MVP for his performance in the Braves' six-game victory, becoming the second Cuban-born player to win the award after Liván Hernández.
Miami Marlins
On March 22, 2022, Soler signed a three-year contract with the Miami Marlins. In 2023, he was named to the National League's roster for the MLB All-Star Game.
Personal life
Soler is married to Leydis Serrano.
See also
Kansas City Royals award winners and league leaders
List of baseball players who defected from Cuba
List of Kansas City Royals team records
List of Major League Baseball players from Cuba
List of Major League Baseball players with a home run in their first major league at bat
References
External links
1992 births
American League home run champions
Arizona League Cubs players
Atlanta Braves players
Chicago Cubs players
Cuban expatriate baseball players in the United States
Cuban expatriates in Haiti
Daytona Cubs players
Defecting Cuban baseball players
Iowa Cubs players
Kansas City Royals players
Living people
Major League Baseball outfielders
Major League Baseball players from Cuba
Mesa Solar Sox players
Miami Marlins players
National League All-Stars
Omaha Storm Chasers players
Peoria Chiefs players
Baseball players from Havana
Tennessee Smokies players
La Habana (baseball) players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Little%20Mermaid%20Live%21
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The Little Mermaid Live!
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The Wonderful World of Disney Presents The Little Mermaid Live!, or simply The Little Mermaid Live! is a musical television special created for ABC, based on Disney's 1989 animated feature film The Little Mermaid. It is produced by Done and Dusted and directed by Hamish Hamilton, who also executive produced alongside Katy Mullan, David Jammy, Raj Kapoor, Ian Stewart, and Richard Kraft, with the original voice of Ariel, Jodi Benson, introducing the special.
Aulii Cravalho stars as Princess Ariel, alongside Queen Latifah, Shaggy, John Stamos, Amber Riley and Graham Phillips. The hybrid format special was performed in front of a live audience on the Disney lot, where the film was projected on a giant projection surface and interwoven with live musical performances of songs from the film and the Broadway stage version.
The Little Mermaid Live! aired on ABC on November 5, 2019, as part of The Wonderful World of Disney brand, and according to Nielsen Media Research, was watched by 9.01 million viewers, making it the highest-rated made-for-TV musical on any network since Grease Live! in January 2016. It was the highest-rated entertainment telecast since the series finale of The Big Bang Theory in May 2019. The special received mixed reviews, particularly for the limited amount of live portions.
Cast
Auliʻi Cravalho as Ariel, the sixteen-year old mermaid princess of Atlantica who is obsessed with humans.
Graham Phillips as Prince Eric, a traveling prince who was saved by Ariel, only remembering her voice.
Queen Latifah as Ursula, a sea witch who takes Ariel's voice and is determined to replace Ariel's father, King Triton, as ruler of Atlantica.
Shaggy as Sebastian, a Jamaican crab who is King Triton's royal advisor and court composer.
John Stamos as Chef Louis, Eric's chef who loves fish food and tries to cook Sebastian. Stamos reprises his role from the live concert event at the Hollywood Bowl.
Amber Riley as Emcee, an original character who introduces the daughters of Triton.
Dominique Kelley as Grimsby, Prince Eric's valet.
Bagel as Max, Prince Eric's pet sheepdog.
Ariel's fish best friend Flounder and Ursula's pet eels Flotsam and Jetsam appear as puppets, but they are silent. Guillermo Rodriguez from Jimmy Kimmel Live! has a cameo as "dat blowfish" during "Under the Sea".
Musical numbers
All music composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman, except where indicated.
"Fathoms Below" – Eric, Grimsby, and Sailors
"Daughters of Triton" – Emcee and Mersisters
"Part of Your World" – Ariel
"Part of Your World" (reprise) – Ariel
"Under the Sea" – Sebastian, Ariel and Sea Creatures
"Poor Unfortunate Souls" – Ursula and Ariel
"Her Voice" – Eric
"Les Poissons" – Chef Louis
"Kiss the Girl" – Sebastian and Sea Creatures
"If Only" – Ariel and Eric
"Poor Unfortunate Souls" (reprise) – Vanessa and Ursula
"Happy Ending" – Cast
"" indicates lyrics by Ashman and Glenn Slater
"" indicates lyrics by Slater
Production
Development
In May 2017, ABC announced plans to broadcast a live adaptation of the 1989 musical film The Little Mermaid for the 2017–18 season titled The Wonderful World of Disney: The Little Mermaid Live. The title is a nod to ABC's long-running The Wonderful World of Disney brand used over the years for various Disney specials. The two-hour special, produced by Done and Dusted and set to air on October 3, 2017, would intertwine the film with live musical performances via cutting-edge technology. It would be similar to the format of the live concerts at the Hollywood Bowl, which combined a screening of the film with live accompaniment by guest musicians and celebrities. The Hollywood Bowl's production of The Little Mermaid Live-to-Film featured Lea Michele (as Ariel), Harvey Fierstein (as Ursula), Cheech Marin (as Chef Louis), Joshua Turchin (as Flounder), Peter Gallagher (as King Triton), Leo Gallo (as Prince Eric), Ken Page (as Sebastian) and composer Alan Menken. The special aimed to appeal to the recent trend of live made-for-television productions of Broadway musicals on network television, such as those of NBC. In August 2017, it was announced that the special had been postponed due to budget issues.
In August 2019, ABC announced that the project had been revived to mark the 30th anniversary of the film's original release, and would air on November 5, 2019. The special was a mix of live action, animation and puppetry, and feature performances of songs from the film and its 2007 Broadway stage version. It was produced by Done and Dusted and directed by Hamish Hamilton, who is also executive producing alongside Katy Mullan, David Jammy, Raj Kapoor, Ian Stewart, and Richard Kraft.
Casting
In August 2019, Auliʻi Cravalho was cast as Princess Ariel, along with Queen Latifah as Ursula and Shaggy as Sebastian. The following month, John Stamos was announced as reprising his role of Chef Louis from the Hollywood Bowl production and Graham Phillips joining the cast as Prince Eric. In October, Amber Riley was announced as an original character called Emcee, erroneously reported to be the host of the special. In November 2019, Jodi Benson, the original voice of Ariel, announced that she would be making a special appearance in the live spectacular.
Filming
At the Television Critics Association, Hamilton explained that the special will be half-live musical and half-original animated feature—an "interesting hybrid". He elaborated that a live audience would be invited to a Little Mermaid "dive-in theater" built on the Disney lot in Burbank, California, where the film was projected on a giant projection surface and "when we get to one of [the] songs, essentially we transition beautifully and smoothly into a world of live performance." In September 2019, Nick Florez and RJ Durell joined as choreographers.
Release
The Little Mermaid Live! aired in the United States on ABC on November 5, 2019. In August 2019, ABC Entertainment president Karey Burke stated that in addition to marking the film's anniversary, the special would also be used as a pre-launch promotional push for the new streaming service Disney+, which would launch the following week. Burke said, "We wanted to launch it in November, in time to coincide with the launch of Disney+. It felt like a great promotional platform to speak to that." The special was subsequently released for streaming on Disney+ on November 27.
Reception
Ratings
In the United States, the telecast received a 2.6/12 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, meaning that it was seen by 2.6 percent of all households, and 12 percent of all of those watching television at the time of the broadcast. It was watched by 9.01 million viewers. The special was the highest-rated made-for-TV musical on any network since Grease: Live in January 2016, and was the top-rated entertainment telecast since the series finale of The Big Bang Theory in May 2019. It ranked fourth in the modern era of live televised musicals among adults 18-49, and seventh in terms of total viewers.
Critical response
The special received mixed reviews by both critics and social media. On Metacritic, the special has received a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 based on 8 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Deadline Dino-Ray Ramos called the production "enjoyable" and "could very well be a solid". The Hollywood Reporter Robyn Bahr criticized ABC's decision to just show the musical numbers live, but applauded the live performances, saying they were "so engaging it's a shame most of this show was spent replaying the animated film". Kelly Lawler of USA Today also gave a negative review, saying the special was "a solid, full-throated effort by the actors and chorus members, but a spectacular failure of a live TV event that couldn't get past its own awkwardness." Daniel D'Addario of Variety, however, was more positive in his review, calling it "often-jittery" but "ultimately charming". Noel Murray of The New York Times also gave the special a mixed review, essentially stating that while it worked in concept, and the performers did an admirable job, the execution was muddled. Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly gave the special a "D" grade, stating it "felt like watching [the original film] with regular interruptions for commercials and karaoke."
On social media, particular attention was given toward the "creepy-looking" Flounder puppet and Shaggy's costume. In the latter's case, the common complaint was that during "Les Poissons" the audience was wearing crab claws while Shaggy did not during "Under the Sea", even though he was supposed to be portraying a crab. In response to this, ABC senior vice president Robert Mills responded on Twitter that Shaggy did wear crab claws during the dress rehearsal, but they were removed because it was thought they "looked ridiculous", and at the end of the special, shared a photo of Shaggy with the crab claws on.
Queen Latifah was widely praised for her performance, even in reviews criticizing the overall production, with The Hollywood Reporter calling her performance "the best moment of the evening".
Accolades
References
External links
2010s American television specials
2019 television specials
American Broadcasting Company television specials
American live television shows
Disney television specials
English-language television shows
Films shot in Los Angeles
American musical television films
Musical theatre television specials
Television shows filmed in California
The Little Mermaid (franchise)
Television shows based on The Little Mermaid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal%20stress
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Prenatal stress
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Prenatal stress (or prenatal maternal stress) is exposure of an expectant mother to psychosocial or physical stress, which can be caused by daily life events or by environmental hardships. This psychosocial or physical stress that the expectant mother is experiencing has an effect on the fetus. According to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD), a wide range of environmental factors a woman may experience during the perinatal period can contribute to biological impacts and changes in the fetus that then causes health risks later in the child's life.
Health risks include impaired cognitive development, low birth weight, and risk of mental disorders in the offspring.
Conducting Research
Studies have been conducted longitudinally in order to explore the way that prenatal stress impacts the fetus and its development. These studies took place over the course of the pregnancy and months after in order to collect the data necessary. The stress of the mothers was assessed using self-questionnaires like the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ8).
While focusing on the stress of the mothers during the pregnancy, researchers also focused on the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis (HPA axis) which is a set of glucocorticoid feedback interactions through the mother to the placenta and then to the fetus. By focusing on the HPA axis, researchers can see how prenatal stress affects fetal development.
Some research includes studies like McKenna et al. suggesting that the idea of pregnancy can cause an increased risk of psychopathology and these exposures during gestation impacts epigenetic. The mother's usage of selective serotonin repute inhibitors (SSRIs) was observed while the epigenetic age of the child was calculated through fetal umbilical cord blood.
Saboory et al. found that prenatal psychosocial stress can cause delays in child growth and development through assessing the child's weight, height and head circumference every two months after they were born. They also assessed the child's cognitive development through the use of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ).
Another study, Brannigan et al. focused on how prenatal stress contributes to personality disorders by looking at children decades later born from mothers who spent time in a mental health clinic in Finland.
This research all found negative correlations between prenatal stress and the child's development.
Pathway
Stress during the development of the fetus can be inherited and change the gene expression in the fetus. This change is an epigenetic change that modifies but does not affect the building of the DNA sequence. This modification will affect whether the gene is turned off or on and will lead to Transgenerational Stress Inheritance.
One of the pathways that has been studied is the inheritance of disrupted heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is important in many functions of the cell mostly in gene regulation. During high levels of stress during pregnancy dATF-2, which is required for formation of heterochromatin, will phosphorylate and disrupt the formation. This will lead to the release of dATF-2 from the heterochromatin, which then can be inherited in offspring.
Another pathway that prenatal stress can interfere with fetal development is telomere length. A telomere is a structure of repetitive DNA sequences that can be found at the end of chromosomes. They are made up of the same short DNA sequence that is repeated multiple times and serve to protect the ends of chromosomes so they do not become damaged. Another function of telomeres is to allow chromosomes to properly function in the process of replication. However, each time a cell divides, the telomeres loses length and becomes shorter. After repeated replications they will eventually become so short that the cell is unable to divide any further and the cell will die. When offspring are exposed to prenatal distress during development it can affect the length of the offspring's telomeres, more specifically it can result in shortened telomeres. Shortened telomeres have been linked to multiple issues including shortened lifespan and increased risk of diseases. Typically, telomeres shorten substantially with increasing age, and telomere length is thus a bioindicator of aging. However, prenatal stress puts offspring at an increased state of vulnerability by shortening the telomeres and leaving less room for shortening as the offspring continue to age.
Timing of prenatal stress
A study by Sandman and Davis shows that the timing of prenatal stress is crucial to understanding how prenatal stress affects prenatal and postnatal development. Cortisol is often used to measure stress as it is a hormone that is released during stressful events. If an expectant mother is experiencing a stressful event such as income insecurity or being a teenage mother, cortisol is secreted as a result. However, as demonstrated by Sandman and Davis, the timing of cortisol release can sometimes have a harmful effect on development and sometimes not depending on when in pregnancy stress is experienced. Prenatal stress can increase the likelihood of maternal and endocrinological problems. Prenatal stress can even cause the embryo to arrive earlier than expected.
Sandman and Davis studied "125 full- term infants at 3, 6, and 12 months of age" to determine the effects of maternal cortisol timing differences on development. They found that "exposure to elevated concentrations of cortisol early in gestation was associated with a slower rate of development over the 1st year and lower mental development scores at 12 months" and "elevated levels of maternal cortisol late in gestation were associated with accelerated cognitive development and higher scores at 12 months". Overall, cortisol's effects on infant cognitive development are dependent upon the timing of cortisol release. Furthermore, prenatal stress can have an effect on fetal development by causing obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other problems.
Impact on development
Poor eating habits and lack of physical activity are not the only contributing factors to prenatal stress on the baby. Stress on the mother during pregnancy can lead to issues in cognitive development, social development and more. A great deal of brain development happens during the fetal period in pregnancy and the progress happens rapidly in this stage. Since there is such a large amount of growth occurring during this time-period in the child's life, there are a lot of outside factors in the environment that can affect this development. These outside factors could be anything from poor nutrition, excess cortisol levels or even genetic influences. The fetus's development can be impacted through the level of the placenta, and there is evidence to show how prenatal stress can have consequences on the placenta and in turn the fetus during pregnancy.
The resulting effects can impact many different areas of the developing child's brain, such as the hypothalamus, corpus callosum, amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Animal studies have shown that prenatal stress may result in reduced hippocampus volumes and amygdala nuclei volumes, both of which may have a negative impact on memory. There is indirect evidence to suggest that prenatal stress could alter the size and morphology of the corpus callosum, and it is known that alterations in the corpus callosum are observed in autism, ADHD, and schizophrenia. Furthermore, alterations to the cerebellum may also be involved in autism, ADHD, and schizophrenia, and prenatal stress may also play a role in altering the physiology of the cerebellum. Studies done in rats have shown that prenatal stress may affect the size and number of granule cells in the cerebellum, as well as cause an increase in the number of Purkinje cells. Also shown in rats, there is evidence to suggest that prenatal stress can result in the feminization of males by reducing the volume one of the hypothalamic nuclei that is involved in the sexual behavior of males.
These impacts have mostly been noted in animal studies because of the concerns that surround human studies with prenatal stress. The ethical concerns with human studies and prenatal stress have led to little to no studies showing the direct impacts stress can have on fetal development, and it has shown to be difficult to draw inferences and connections between the animal studies and human pregnancies. It has been suggested that one way to monitor the impact of stress on the infant's development is through the mother's exposure to natural disasters. There has been some research analyzing how natural disasters such as hurricanes can affect fetal development when the mother is exposed during pregnancy. This research showed that there were impacts psychologically on the children who were exposed to this type of stress in the womb, in terms of increased risk for developing childhood psychopathologies. Natural disaster research like this has shown the effects of stress on pregnancy without the issues that surround human research and is able to show results within humans instead of drawing from other animals.
Prenatal distress has been shown to increase the risk that the offspring will develop a mental disorder. Typical disorders that are increased due to prenatal distress include autism, ADHD, and mood disorders.
COVID-19 Impact on Pregnant Women
Prenatal stress has increased as a result of the recent changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Researchers are attempting to determine how the pandemic relates to prenatal stress, why so many women are experiencing stress and anxiety, and how these issues can be avoided. Researchers conducted a study by developing a questionnaire for pregnant women that included age, sex, race, health insurance status, financial status, any pregnancy risks, medical conditions, treatments, doctor's appointments, how many appointments were canceled due to COVID-19, and stress levels on a scale of mild, moderate, and severe. Three-quarters of the research participants were white or non-Hispanic, according to the questionnaire. There were 280 women who reported mild cases, 170 who reported moderate cases, and 171 who reported severe cases. Following the questionnaire, researchers discovered that mothers were experiencing high levels of anxiety and stress because they were afraid of contacting the covid virus and having the virus affect their fetus, having one person in the delivery room, and making online appointments without being checked in person. As a result, researchers proposed that there should be in-person engagement for the mother, information provided to the mother about COVID-19 and the protocols to reduce the risk of contacting it, and consistent check-in appointments to check the mother's mental health status.
Prenatal stress and gender differences in hormones
Pups that underwent prenatal stress showed lower plasma testosterone when compared to the control pups. This is caused by the disruption of prenatal development which did not allow the complete masculinization of the prenatally stressed pups’ central nervous system. In humans, prenatal stress affects development differently in boys and girls. Males may exhibit less masculine characteristics as a result of prenatal stress, whereas females may exhibit less feminine characteristics. Prenatal stress, on the other hand, can have serious consequences for both genders.
Particularly in the striatum of the prenatally stressed male pups showed an increase in vanilmandelic acid, dopamine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid which all can affect sexual behavior. The prenatally stressed male pups showed a significant latency in mounting behavior when compared to controls.
When performing the radial arm maze task, prenatally stressed male rats showed a greater increase in dopamine than prenatally stressed females, which is thought to facilitate impairment in the males but improve female performance. Females who were prenatally stressed also had an effect on corticosterone secretion.
Being prenatally stressed increased the anxiety response of the female rats. Yet, it had no effect on the males.
Sexually dimorphic brain regions
Prenatal stress inhibits the masculinization of the male brain by inhibiting the growth of the sexually cluster of cells of the preoptic area. Prenatal stress does have an effect on brain sexual differentiation after measuring the volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area of both female and males in the control and stressed groups.
Previous studies found that a decrease in testosterone is seen in pups of prenatally stressed mothers. Authors suggest this may cause the reduced in the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area and says it is similar to the effects of neonatal castration. Also, stressed males had larger sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area at birth, but then at 20 and 60 days are found to only have 50% of the volume of the control males. Whereas control males are two times larger than control females on days 20 and 60, but the stressed males show no statistical difference to control females on respective days. These findings show support that the male brain is not showing the expected sexual dimorphism when prenatally stressed.
Another study led by Kerchner et al. investigated the volume of the medial amygdala and the two compartments posterodorsal and the posteroventral in mice that also were prenatally stressed. Posterodorsal is thought to show organizational and activational effects from gonadal steroids. The medial amygdala for the control and stressed males was 85% larger than females with the males (stressed and control) resembling each other.
To look for specific regions within the medial amygdala that may have been affected, data showed that both the posterodorsal and posteroventral, all male groups were larger in volume than the females, but male groups did not significantly differ from each other. This study confirmed that the medial amygdala is sexually dimorphic; the males are larger than the females.
The posterodorsal and posteroventral were shown to be sexually dimorphic too. The writer suggested that these areas may act similarly to sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in response to testosterone, but prenatal stress did not show an effect on the medial amygdala as it does on the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area. Also, the posteroventral was 40% larger in control males than females. These results were thought to be caused by the sensitive period of the medial amygdala which is in the first days after birth. The medial amygdala, posterodorsal and posteroventral all show to be resistant against demasculinization from prenatal stress.
Prenatal stress and gender roles
A longitudinal study done on prenatal stress and gender roles showed that prenatal stress only plays a small part in the gender roles the offspring takes on and mentions it has more to do with older siblings, maternal use of alcohol and/or tobacco, maternal education, and the observance or teaching of “traditional sex roles” from the parents.
Prenatal stress and mindfulness-based interventions
Prenatal stress and negative mood during pregnancy has been shown to increase the risk for poor childbirth outcomes and postnatal maternal mood problems. Prenatal distress can interfere with the mother-infant attachment and child development outcomes. Despite the clear association between prenatal stress and child outcomes, women do not receive screening, prevention, or treatment for mood or stress concerns.
It is essential to examine interventions that aim to reduce anxiety, depression, and stress during pregnancy. Mindfulness-based stress reduction has been demonstrated to reduce anxiety and depression for people with stress-related and chronic medical conditions.
One pilot study shows promise for the potential of a mindfulness-based intervention to reduce negative affect and anxiety of women during pregnancy. Based out of the California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, investigators Dr. Cassandra Vieten and Dr. John Astin conducted a wait-list control pilot study that tested a group-based mindfulness intervention. There were 31 women enrolled in the study: 13 women were assigned to the intervention and 18 women were assigned to the control group.
Measures of anxiety, negative affect, positive affect, depression, mindfulness, perceived stress, and affect regulation were taken before intervention or control was assigned and after the intervention or control was completed. Measures were repeated at a follow-up visit 3 months after the intervention or control was completed. The investigators found a significant decrease in anxiety (p<.05) and negative affect (p <.04) in women who completed the mindfulness based intervention, but not a significant decrease in depression, positive affect, mindfulness, affect regulation, and perceived stress.
These results suggest that mindfulness intervention during pregnancy reduce anxiety and negative affect of mothers. This study is a promising start to the potential impact that mindfulness based interventions could have on reducing prenatal stress, and thereby improving child outcomes.
References
Obstetrics
Stress (biological and psychological)
Midwifery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree%20syllabics
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Cree syllabics
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Cree syllabics are the versions of Canadian Aboriginal syllabics used to write Cree dialects, including the original syllabics system created for Cree and Ojibwe. There are two main varieties of syllabics for Cree: Western Cree syllabics and Eastern Cree syllabics. Syllabics were later adapted to several other languages. It is estimated that over 70,000 Algonquian-speaking people use the script, from Saskatchewan in the west to Hudson Bay in the east, the US border to Mackenzie and Kewatin (the Northwest Territories and Nunavut) in the north.
History
Cree syllabics were developed for Ojibwe by James Evans, a missionary in what is now Manitoba in the 1830s. Evans had originally adapted the Latin script to Ojibwe (see Evans system), but after learning of the success of the Cherokee syllabary, he experimented with invented scripts based on his familiarity with shorthand and Devanagari.
When Evans later worked with the closely related Cree and ran into trouble with the Latin alphabet, he turned to his Ojibwe project and in 1840 adapted it to Cree. The result contained just nine glyph shapes, each of which stood for a syllable with the vowels determined by the shapes' orientation. After the 1841 publication of a syllabics hymn book, the new script spread quickly. The Cree valued it because it could be learned in just a few hours and because it was visually distinctive from the Latin script of the colonial languages. Virtually all Cree became literate in the new syllabary within a few years. Evans taught by writing on birchbark with soot, and he became known as "the man who made birchbark talk."
Structure
Canadian Aboriginal syllabics are unique among abugida scripts in that the orientation of a symbol, rather than modifications of its shape or diacritic marks, determines the vowel of a syllable. Each basic shape corresponds to a specific consonant sound; this is flipped or rotated to denote the accompanying vowel.
Like the Latin alphabet, syllabics are written from left to right, with each new line of writing directly under the previous one.
Variants
The syllabary continues in use for dialects of Cree west of the Manitoba–Ontario border as Western Cree syllabics. John Horden introduced modifications in the 1850s in the James Bay area. These were standardized in 1865 to form Eastern Cree syllabics, used today for many eastern dialects of Cree, Naskapi, and Ojibwe, though Cree dialects of eastern Quebec use the Latin alphabet. The two versions differ primarily in the way they indicate syllable-final consonants, in how they mark the semi-vowel , and in how they reflect the phonological differences between Cree dialects. There are more minor local differences in orthography, shapes of the characters, writing styles, and punctuation, with some writers using dots or spaces between words, and others not indicating word separation.
Cree numerals
The syllabics have been recorded to have been used as numerals with individual fixed integer values in certain combinations akin to that of the Roman system:
a vertical bar represents 1,
ᐅ i represents 3 (Iᐅ equals 4),
ᐊ a represents numerals more than 6 (ᐅᐊ equals 6, ᐊ equals 7, ᐊII equals 9),
ᒥ mi represents 10,
looped syllables (ᓀᓂᓄᓇᑯᑲᑫᑭ) represent 20-90.
The zero is represented as an eight pointed star.
Modern usage
Though used for manuscripts, letters, and personal records since the 19th century, the need for special type long restricted printed syllabics to missionary publications. However, with the development of syllabic typewriters and, later, word processors, control of the script passed to native speakers, and it is now used for schoolbooks, periodicals, and official documents.
See also
Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
Eastern Cree syllabics
Inuktitut writing
Journal of Indigenous Studies
Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics (Unicode block)
Western Cree syllabics
Cree books written in syllabics
Hundreds of Eastern James Bay Cree books were published by the Cree School Board of Quebec, Canada. See the catalogue .
Swampy Cree Hymn Book = ᓇᑲᒧᐏᓇ ᐅᒪᐢᑮᑯᐘ ᐅᑎᑘᐏᓂᐘᐤ. (By James Evans) Norway House, 1841. (Peel 209)
The Psalter, or Psalms of David = ᑌᕕᑦ ᐅ ᓂᑲᒧᐎᓇᕽ. (By John Horden) London, 1875. (Peel 738)
The New Testament, translated into the Cree language = ᐅᔅᑭ ᑎᔅᑌᒥᓐᑦ ᑭ ᑎᐯᓕᒋᑫᒥᓇᐤ ᓀᔥᑕ ᑭ ᐱᒪᒋᐃᐌᒥᓇᐤ ᒋᓴᔅ ᒃᣅᔅᑦ. (By John Horden) London, 1876. (Peel 782)
Catechism. (Transl. James Evans) Rossville, É.N.
The Holy Bible. (Transl. John Sinclair, Henry Steinhauer) London, 1861.
Bunyan: Pilgrim´S Progress. (Transl. John Sinclair) Toronto, 1900.
Cree Hymn Book. (By John Mcdougall) Toronto, 1888.
Cree Hymn Book. (By Robert Steinauer, Egerton Steinauer) Toronto, 1920.
The Epistle of Paul The Apostle To The Galatians. (Transl. Joseph Reader) Oonikup (Northwest Territory), S.A.
The Acts of The Apostles And The Epistles. London, 1891.
The Books of The New Testament. London, 1859.
The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Ephesians; the Epistle of Jacob; the First Epistle General of John. (Transl. Thomas Hullburt) Rossville, 1857.
The Travellers´ Spiritual Provision (Calendar) S.L., S. A.
The Handbook to Scripture Truth: Words of Admonition, Counsel and Comfort. Toronto, 1893.
Prières, cantiques, catéchisme, etc. en langue crise. Montréal, 1886.
The Book of Common Prayer, (Transl. John Horden) London, 1889 (Addl. Printings Through 1970).
In: Paleográfiai kalandozások. Szentendre, 1995.
References
Further reading
Barber, F. Luis: James Evans and the Cree Syllabic. In: Victoria Library Bulletin Toronto. July 1940. vol. 2. No. 2. 16 p.
Burwash, Nathaniel: The Gift to a Nation of Written Language. S.l., 1911. 21 p.
Evans, James: Cree Syllabic Hymn Book. Norway House, 1841. In: Bibliographical Society of Canada; Facsim. Series 4. Toronto, 1954. 23 p.
Ray, Margaret: The James Evans Collection. In: Victoria Library Bulletin Toronto. July 1940. vol. 2. No. 2. 16 p.
External links
Standard Roman Orthography - Cree Syllabic Matching Quizzes, GiftofLanguageandCulture.CA.
"Eastern James Bay Cree fonts", EastCree.org.
"Cree (ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ / Nēhiyawēwin)", Omniglot.com.
"Cree", LanguageGeek.com.
"Naasaab Izhi-anishinaabebii'igeng A Conference to find a Common Anishinaabemowin Writing System " report, Weshki.AtWebPages.com.
"Cree Syllabics", SICC.SK.CA.
Cree standard Roman orthography to syllabics converter
Cree language
Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
1840 introductions
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13823286
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20C.%20Kone
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Bruce C. Kone
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Bruce C. Kone (born January 29, 1958) is an American professor, nephrologist and molecular biologist. He is also a World Aquatics Masters Swimming world record holder, United States Masters Swimming (USMS) national record holder, twenty-three-time USMS national champion, and eight-time FINA Masters world's top-ranked age group swimmer. He is currently a tenured professor of medicine at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth).
Career
A naturalized citizen of the United States, he was born in Frankfurt, Germany. He attended Pine Crest Preparatory School in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, where he was a scholar-athlete awardee, All-American swimmer, and selected to the Athletic Hall of Fame and the Arete Society. In 1979, he received his A.B. in English (cum laude) and captained the varsity swimming team at Princeton University. He then completed his M.D. (Honors in Research) at the University of Florida College of Medicine in 1983, a residency in internal medicine at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and a nephrology fellowship at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School.
Kone held faculty positions at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (1989–91) and the University of Florida College of Medicine (1991–95) before joining the University of Texas Medical School at Houston (now known as the McGovern Medical School) in 1995. He was selected by Nobel Laureate Ferid Murad to be the inaugural chief of the division of clinical pharmacology (1998–99). Kone then went on to be director of the division of renal diseases and hypertension (2000–06), vice-chairman (2000–03) and then chairman (2004–07) of the department of internal medicine (2004–07), and inaugural holder of The James T. and Nancy B. Willerson Chair (2001–07) at that institution. He also served as the chief of nephrology (2000–06) and of internal medicine (2004–07) at Memorial Hermann - Texas Medical Center Hospital and chief of the section of nephrology at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (2000–06). In 2007, at the age of 49, he became the youngest medical school dean in the United States when he was appointed the Folke H. Peterson/Dean's Distinguished Professor and eighth Dean of the University of Florida College of Medicine. As dean, he played a lead role in establishing a partnership between the University of Florida and the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Shands HealthCare for cancer care and research, and recruited an internationally regarded leader in cancer care and research, Joseph V. Simone, M.D., to lead the University of Florida and Shands Cancer Center. Kone also championed new clinical quality, access, and safety initiatives. During his tenure as dean, the number of clinical specialties at the UF-affiliated Shands Teaching Hospital recognized in the U.S. News & World Report rankings of "America's Best Hospitals" increased from 7 to 11, Shands Healthcare was selected for the Governor's Sterling Award for performance excellence, the UF Clinical and Translational Science Institute was established, and state funding to the University of Florida for medical education increased for the first time in seven years. Kone also championed diversity and gender equity, expanding the Office of Minority Affairs, appointing the first African-American as chairman of a department at the University of Florida College of Medicine, and appointing women to endowed professorships department chair, and associate dean positions.
Controversy
In May 2008, University of Florida president J. Bernard Machen abruptly "relieved" Kone of his duties as Dean of the University of Florida College of Medicine amid controversy regarding Kone's decision --- publicly supported by Machen --- to override the medical selection committee and admit the son of a politically active physician who was personally recommended by Governor Charlie Crist and State Senate President Ken Pruitt,
which was disclosed when medical selection committee members illegally breached the accepted student's confidentiality to the press, (the student subsequently graduated from the UF College of Medicine and is a practicing physician) and Kone's objections regarding "deals" that had been struck by his predecessor C. Craig Tisher, M.D. and senior administrative officials to rehire senior administrators who had completed the Deferred Retirement Option Program (DROP), in particular the continued employment in an endowed position of senior associate dean Robert W. Watson, M.D. Kone defended his decision to override the medical selection committee in public statements, and in a letter to the editor of Academic Medicine. The University of Florida investigated the DROP matter and concluded that senior UF officials violated the spirit of a University policy by receiving DROP payouts to retire and then be rehired without searches for other candidates, in some cases also receiving perks such as bonuses and raises. The report also concluded that Kone's refusal to honor the Watson agreement prevented violation of law. On June 18, 2009, Florida Governor Crist signed into law the "Double-dipping Reform Bill" to prevent state employees from simultaneously collecting retirement benefits and a salary. On June 30, 2009, Kone resigned from the University of Florida to return to the University of Texas Medical School at Houston and received a settlement award of $517,000 from the University of Florida Board of Trustees.
Honors
Kone has been elected a Fellow of the AAAS, the American College of Physicians, the American College of Clinical Pharmacology, the American Society of Nephrology, and the American Heart Association, and to membership in the American Clinical and Climatological Association He received an Established Investigator Award from the American Heart Association, and has been continuously funded by the National Institutes of Health for his kidney research since 1986. He was President of the Southern Society of Clinical Investigation, and a member of the Leadership Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease of the American Heart Association.
He has served as an associate editor of Clinical and Translational Science, and a member of the editorial boards of the American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology, the American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, Kidney International, the American Journal of Medicine, and the World Journal of Biological Chemistry. Kone has served on the Florida Tobacco Education and Use Prevention Advisory Council of the Florida Department of Health, the Board of the Memorial Hermann Healthcare System Physicians of Texas, Houston, Texas, and was president and Chairman of the University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute. He is a past member of the Public Policy Committee of the American College of Clinical Pharmacology. He was selected by his peers to "Best Doctors in America" 2005-2019 and to Marquis "Who's Who In America" and "Who's Who in the World" in 2009 - 2019, and "Who's Who in Science and Engineering" in 2010 - 2016. In 2016, he was elected to the Academy of Master Educators at the McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Kone is also recognized as an American record holder (2014, 2015, 2018, 2019), All-American (2010, 2013-2022), Pool All-Star (2014, 2019), and twenty-six time national age group champion in United States Masters Swimming. He co-held a FINA Masters first-place ranking in the world in 2013, garnered two first place world rankings in 2014, one first place world ranking in 2015, 2016, and 2018-2021.
References
1958 births
Living people
Princeton Tigers men's swimmers
American nephrologists
University of Florida College of Medicine alumni
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine alumni
Harvard Medical School people
Johns Hopkins Hospital physicians
Johns Hopkins University faculty
University of Florida faculty
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston faculty
American molecular biologists
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33621077
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ila%20language
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Ila language
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Ila (Chiila) is a language of Zambia. Maho (2009) lists Lundwe (Shukulumbwe) and Sala as distinct languages most closely related to Ila. Ila is one of the languages of the Earth included on the Voyager Golden Record.
Orthography
ch in fact varies from "k" to a "weak" version of English "ch", to a "strong" "ch" to "ty".
j as the voiced sound corresponding to this therefore varies "g"/English "j"/ "dy" / and "y".
v is reportedly a voiced labiodental fricative /v/ as in English , and vh the same labialised and aspirated /vʷʰ/ ("lips more rounded with a more distinct emission of breath").
zh is the voiced post-alveolar fricative /ʒ/; French as in bonjour.
ng is the voiced velar nasal followed by a voiced velar plosive, /ŋg/ as in RP English "finger", while ng' is a plain voiced velar nasal /ŋ/ as in "singer" - a similar distinction is observed in Swahili.
Labio-glottal and palato-glottal fricatives
Doke (1928) described several unusual doubly articulated consonants in Ila proper, Kafue Twa and Lundwe.
In Ila proper, are "modified glottal fricatives in which the air passes through the throat with considerable friction, and is modified by being thrown against the toothless ridge and inside of the upper lip, causing concomitant frication there. ... The tongue is meanwhile kept in velar vowel position as for [u] and these fricatives therefore inherently possess a u-glide, which is noticeable when they are used with any other vowel than u." The 'concomitant lip frication' is evidently something like that of [f] and [v]. Doke transcribed these sounds simply .
Lundwe and Kafwe Twa have a palato-glottal fricative . "This sound is produced with a tongue position similar to Ila but with considerable voiced frication in the throat at the same time."
Tonality and stress
Tone is demonstrated by contrasting aze with high pitch on the first syllable ( = "with him") with aze with high pitch on the second syllable (= "he also").
Some words and phrases
ing'anda - house
imboni - pupil of the eye
ipeezhyo - brush;broom
indimi - tongues
lemeka - honour (verb)
bamba - arrange
Bamambila - they arrange for me
Balanumba - they praise me
bobu buzani - this meat
Bobu mbuzani - this is meat
chita - to do, same is used to mean 'I have no idea'
chisha - to cause to do
katala - to be tired
katazhya - to make tired
ukatazhya-refuse to be sent;scarce
dakuzanda-I love you
twalumba-Thank you
impongo - a goat
Some comparisons
Ila: ishizhyi - dimness; Sotho: lefifi - darkness; Xhosa: "ubufifi" - dimness; Nyanja: chimfifi - secret;
Bemba: IMFIFI - darkness; Kisanga: mfinshi - darkness; and Bulu (Ewondo): "dibi" - darkness.
Ideophones or imitation words
Words in English such as "Splash!", "Gurgle", "Ker-putt" express ideas without the use of sentences. Smith and Dale point out that this kind of expression is very common in the Ila language:
You may say Ndamuchina anshi ("I throw him down"), but it is much easier and more trenchant to say simply Ti!, and it means the same.
Some examples:
Muntu wawa - A person falls
Wawa mba - falls headlong
Mba! - He falls headlong
Mbo! mbo! mbo! mbò! - (with lowered intonation on the last syllable) He falls gradually
Mbwa! - flopping down, as in a chair
Wa! wa! wa! wa!- The rain is pattering
Pididi! pididi! pididi! - of a tortoise, falling over and over from a great height
Ndamuchina anshi - I throw him down
Ti! - ditto
Te! - torn, ripped
Amana te! - The matter's finished
To-o! - So peaceful!
Wi! - All is calm
Ne-e! - All is calm
Tuh! - a gun going off
Pi! - Phew, it's hot!
Lu! - Yuck, it's bitter!
Lu-u! - Erh, it's sour!
Lwe! - Yum, sweet!
Mbi! - It's dark
Mbi! mbi! mbi! mbi! - It's utterly dark
Sekwè sekwè! - the flying of a goose
nachisekwe - a goose
Class prefixes
As in many other languages, Ila uses a system of noun classes. Either the system as presented by Smith and Dale is simpler than that for Nyanja, ChiChewa, Tonga, or Bemba, or the authors have skated over the complexities by the use of the category "significant letter":
Class 1. singular: prefix: mu-; s/l. (= "significant letter" verb, adjective, etc. prefix appropriate to the class:) u-, w-
Class 1. plural. prefix: ba-; s/l. b-
Class 2. sing. prefix: mu-; s/l. u-, w-
Class 2. pl. prefix: mi-; s/l. i-, y-
Class 3. sing. prefix: i-, di-; s/l. l-, d-
Class 3. pl. prefix: ma-; s/l. a-
Class 4. sing. prefix: bu- abstract nouns; s/l. b-
Class 4. pl. prefix: ma-; s/l. a-
Class 5. sing. prefix: ku- often nouns of place; s/l. k-
Class 5. pl. prefix: ma-; s/l. a-
Class 6. sing. prefix: ka- a diminutive sense; s/l. k-
Class 6. pl. prefix: tu- diminutive plural; s/l. t-
Class 7. sing. prefix: chi- "thing" class; s/l. ch-
Class 7. pl. prefix: shi-; s/l. sh-
Class 8. sing. prefix: in-; s/l. i-, y-
Class 8. pl. prefix: in-; s/l. y-, sh-
Class 9. sing. prefix: lu-; s/l. l-
Class 9. pl. prefix: in-; s/l. y-, sh-
Class 10. sing. prefix: lu-; s/l. l-
Class 10. pl. prefix: ma-; s/l. a-
The locatives form a special category:
mu- - at rest in, motion into, motion out from;
ku- - position at, to, from
a- - rest upon, to or from off (Compare pa- prefix in Sanga, etc.)
Thus:
Mung'anda mulashia - The inside of the house is dark.
Kung'anda kulashia - Around the house it is dark.
Ang'anda alashia - Darkness is upon the house.
The Ila verb system
The root is the part of the verb giving the primary meaning. To this can be added prefixes and suffixes: many elements can be united in this way, sometimes producing long and complex polysyllabic verb words. For example, from the root anga, "to tie",
we can derive such a form as Tamuna kubaangulwila anzhyi? meaning, "Why have you still not untied them?"
Prefixes can show:
tense
subject
object
voice (exceptional)
Suffixes can show:
voice
tense (exceptional)
mood
Here are some of the forms of the verb kubona, "to see". (Note that there are also negative forms, e.g. ta-tu-boni, "we do not see", that there is also a subjunctive mood, a conditional mood, a jussive mood and the imperative. Many subjunctive forms end in -e.
The root of the verb is in two forms:
(i) simple stem: bona : code - SS
(ii) modified stem: bwene : code ₴
-SS tubona we (who) see
-₵ tubwene we (who) have seen
-A-SS twabona we saw, see, have seen
-A-CHI-SS twachibona we continue seeing
-A-YA-BU-SS twayabubona we are engaged in seeing
-DI-MU-KU-SS tudmukubona we are seeing
-CHI-SS tuchibona we continue to see
-LA-SS tulabona we are constantly (usually, certainly) seeing
-LA-YA-BU-SS tulayabubona we are being engaged in seeing
-LA-YA-KU-SS tulayakubona we are habitually in the act of seeing
-DI-₵ tulibwene we have seen
-CHI-₵ tuchibwene we have been seeing
-A-KA-SS twakabona we saw
-A-KA-CHI-SS twakachibona we continued seeing
-A-KA-YA-BU-SS twakayabubona we were engaged in seeing
KA-SS katubona (Notice the position of tu here) we saw
KA-₵ katubwene we did see
-A-KU-SS twakubona we were seeing
-A-KU-CHI-SS twakuchibona we were continuing to see
-A-KU-YA-BU-SS twakuyabubona we were engaged in seeing
-A-KU-₵ twakubwene we had seen
-KA-LA-SS tukalabona we shall soon see
-KA-LA-CHI-SS tukalachibona we shall continue seeing
-KA-LA-YA-BU-SS tukalayabubona we shall be engaged in seeing
The above English renderings are approximate.
Certain suffixes add new dimensions of meaning to the root. Although these follow some logic, we again have to feel a way towards an adequate translation into English or any other language:
simple verb: bona - to see
relative or dative form: -ila, -ela, -ina, -ena: bonena - to see to, for somebody, and so on
extended relative: ilila, -elela, -inina, enena: bonenena - to see to, for somebody, etc. ililila - to go right away
causative: -ya + many sound changes: chisha - to cause to do, from chita - to do
capable, "-able": -ika, -eka: chitika - to be do-able
passive: -wa: chitwa - to be done
middle (a kind of reflexive that acts upon oneself - compare Greek): -uka: anduka - to be in a split position, from andulwa- to be split by somebody
stative; in fixed constructions only: -ama: lulama - to be straight; kotama - to be bowed
extensive: -ula: sandula - turn over; andula - split up
extensive, with the sense of "keep on doing": -aula: andaula - chop up firewood
equivalent of English prefix "re-": -ulula: ululula - to trade something over and over again, from ula - to trade
or the equivalent of the English prefix "un-", also: -ulula: ambulula - to unsay, to retract
reflexive - a prefix this time - di- : dianga - to tie oneself, from anga - to tie; dipa - to give to each other, from pa - to give
reciprocal: -ana: bonana - to see each other
intensive: -isha: angisha - to tie tightly
reduplicative: - keep on turning aside, from ambuka - to turn aside
These can be used in composites: e.g. langilizhya - to cause to look on behalf of.
Oral literature
A text given by Smith and Dale, Sulwe Mbwakatizha Muzovu ("How Mr. Hare managed to scare Mr. Elephant") presents what might be called a "classical fabliau", with animals talking like people, just as in the Fables of Aesop or the Brer Rabbit stories in the African Diaspora. Is it fanciful to see the model for the mischievous, resourceful Brer Rabbit in the Sulwe of this story? It seems that slaves destined for the southern United States were captured and purchased in this area of Zambia. There is at least a statistical possibility that the Brer Rabbit cycle, with its use of ideophones or sound imitations, had an origin in the Ila language.
Bibliography
Smith, Edwin William & Dale, Andrew Murray, The Ila-speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia. Macmillan and Company, London, 1920.
References
External links
Dorothea Lehmann, Folktales from Zambia: Texts in six African languages and in English, Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 4, 2014.
OLAC resources in and about the Ila language
OLAC resources in and about the Sala language
Languages of Zambia
Botatwe languages
Library of Congress Africa Collection related
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Australia–East Timor relations
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Bilateral relations exist between Australia and East Timor. Both countries are near neighbors with close political and trade ties. East Timor, the youngest and one of the poorest countries in Asia, lies about 610 kilometres northwest of the Australian city of Darwin and Australia has played a prominent role in the young republic's history.
Australia has led international support for East Timor during its first 10 years of independence, not only as the largest bilateral donor of development assistance, but also by providing a leadership role to ensure security and stability in the country.
Australia led the military force that helped stabilize the country after it gained independence from Indonesia in 1999 and has been a major source of aid since. In recent years, relations between both countries have deteriorated as a result of the Australia–East Timor spying scandal.
History
Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam told Indonesia that his government would not oppose an annexation of East Timor in 1975, a decision that quickly proved controversial at home. In October 1975, Indonesian troops poured across East Timor's border with Indonesian West Timor at the town of Balibo. Among those killed by the advancing Indonesian troops were five Australia-based journalists, who came to be known as the Balibo Five. Many in Australia and elsewhere were convinced that the murder of the unarmed reporters was intentional. Australian support was criticised at times. Australia and Indonesia concluded several contracts about the boundary between Timor-Leste and Australia during occupation time, which is causing several quarrels between independent Timor-Leste and its bigger neighbour.
Timor-Leste reachieved their independence on 20 May 2002, after 24 years occupation by Indonesia and three years of UN administration. The process of Timor-Leste independence began by a referendum arranged by United Nations, Indonesia and the former colonial power Portugal to choose between autonomy within Indonesia or independence. Eventually the Timor-Leste voted overwhelmingly for independence. Australia led the INTERFET during the following 1999 East Timorese crisis to stop Indonesian militias and army attacking the East Timorese civilians, and to establish the UN administration.
Since 2002, Timor-Leste had begun as the first new sovereign nation of the 21st century. Australia's involvement with East Timor has deepened since independence, especially after the internal conflict in 2006 and the sending of Australian peacekeepers.
Embassy and consulates
Australia's embassy in Timor-Leste is located in Dili, and Timor-Leste maintains an embassy in Canberra.
East Timor also has consulates in every state of Australia; most of these positions are filled by honorary consuls.
High-level visits
There have been numerous high-level visits between Australia and Timor-Leste:
December 2018 – Former Prime Minister Xanana Gusmao visited Sydney
August 2013 – then Minister for International Development Melissa Parke visited Timor-Leste
July 2013 – President Taur Matan Ruak visited Australia
February 2013 – then Minister for Energy and Resources and Minister for Tourism Martin Ferguson visited Timor-Leste
December 2012 – then Foreign Minister Bob Carr visited Timor-Leste
May 2012 – then Governor General Ms Quentin Bryce AC CVO and then Minister for Veterans' Affairs, Warren Snowdon, visited Timor-Leste to attend Timor-Leste's 10th anniversary of independence celebrations
February 2012 – Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão visited Australia
July 2011 – then Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd visited Timor-Leste
April 2011 – then Defence Minister Stephen Smith visited Timor-Leste
December 2010 – then Minister for Home Affairs Brendan O'Connor visited Timor-Leste
October 2010 – Minister for Immigration and Citizenship Chris Bowen visited Timor-Leste
June 2010 – then President Ramos-Horta visited Australia accompanied by three Ministers
Military
Australian Defence Force units arrived in East Timor in 1999 to quell the rioting, disorder and low-level fighting created by the Indonesian military's scorched earth campaign as it withdrew from its former possession in 1999. Australia led the INTERFET operation in 1999, and provided substantial forces to the subsequent United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor and its successor operations. Australia also landed combat troops in the country in 2006 to quell ethnic fighting that involved East Timorese police and soldiers. The last Australian peacekeeping forces left Timor-Leste in December 2012.
The Timor Leste Defence Force has received assistance with training, advice and other forms of support from the Australian Defence Force since 2001 as part of Australia's Defence Cooperation Program. As of 2015, 25 Australian military personnel were stationed in East Timor to deliver this assistance.
Economic and trade relations
In 2013–2014, Timor-Leste ranked as Australia's 118th largest goods trading partner, with total merchandise trade valued at $24 Million
Australia and Timor-Leste had been on an international cooperation in agriculture with Timor-Leste's largest agriculture export is Coffee. Other potential agricultural crops are vanilla, spices, candle-nut and palm oil.
Oil disputes
Large oil and gas reserves lie in the sea between the two countries in an area known as the Timor Gap. Territorial disputes over control of this resource, which some geologists estimate could pump over $10 billion of oil and gas, have coloured diplomacy with East Timor, both when it was an Indonesian possession and since. Australia broke with many of its allies and recognised Indonesia's annexation of East Timor in 1976 in what was widely seen by analysts at the time as a quid pro quo for a treaty favourable to Australia involving oil and gas exploration in the area. Since East Timor's independence, disputes over the split Dili would receive when the resource was finally developed have been an occasional strain on otherwise close relations.
It was revealed in 2013 that the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) planted listening devices to listen to the East Timorese government during negotiations over the Greater Sunrise oil and gas fields. In the aftermath of the Australia–East Timor spying scandal, East Timor launched a case at the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague to pull out of the gas treaty it had signed with Australia accusing the latter of having its intelligence agency, the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), bug the East Timorese cabinet room in Dili in 2004.
On 3 March 2014, in response to an East Timorese request for an indication of provisional measures, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ordered Australia not to interfere with communications between East Timor and its legal advisors in the arbitral proceedings and related matters.
New negotiations about the maritime boundary began in 2014. Both parties signed a revised agreement in March 2018, ending the long-running dispute. In addition to demarcating maritime borders, the agreement guarantees 70-80% of revenue to East Timor and 20-30% of revenue to Australia depending on where gas is piped.
Timor Sea maritime arrangements
Currently Australia and Timor-Leste have three agreements regarding maritime arrangements with Timor Sea. The Timor Sea Treaty between The government of East Timor and the government of Australia which took place in Dili, 20 May 2001, and came into force on 2 April 2003. This treaty is for a joint exploration, development and exploitation of the petroleum resources from the Joint Petroleum Development Area (JPDA).
Treaty on a Maritime Arrangement in the Timor Sea between Australia and the democratic arrangement in the Timor Sea was signed in Sydney on 12 January 2006 and came into force on 23 February 2007. This treaty provides for an equally shared revenue derived from the production of petroleum.
International Unitization Agreement for Greater Sunrise is an agreement between Australia and the Government of Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste relating to the unitization of the sunrise troubadour fields. This agreement regarding the exploitation of the Sunrise and Troubadour petroleum and gas fields in Timor Sea that known as the Greater Sunrise.
Aid
Australia has been the biggest development partner with Timor-Leste, where Timor-Leste is one of the poorest nations, ranking 147 out of 187 countries in the UN Human Development Index.
In the decade of 2000–2010, Australia was scheduled to have provided around A$760 million in direct aid to East Timor. In 2010, East Timor President José Ramos-Horta said that 10 years of foreign aid, including from Australia, had "had no impact on transforming the lives of the people"
In 2013–14, the estimated annual aid budget from Australia to East Timor was A$106 million.
Both countries shared the Timor-Leste – Australia Strategic Planning Agreement for Development (2011), where both countries work together, in close cooperation, to improve the lives of all citizens of Timor-Leste and in so doing strengthen the bonds between our two peoples and countries.
This agreement is based on priorities taken directly from Timor-Leste's Strategic development Plan 2012 – 2030, include on economic development, infrastructure development, social capital, and institution framework
See also
Timor Sea Treaty
Australia-East Timor spying scandal
Treaty on Certain Maritime Arrangements in the Timor Sea
References
Further reading
External links
Peter Job: The evolving narrative of denial: the Fraser government and the Timorese genocide, 1975–1980, Critical Asian Studies, Vol. 50, 2018 Issue 3.
East Timor
East Timor
Bilateral relations of East Timor
Timor Sea
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Ordsall Chord
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Ordsall Chord, also known as the Castlefield Curve, is a short railway line in Ordsall, Salford, England, which links and Manchester Oxford Road to , designed to increase capacity and reduce journey times into and through Manchester. It allows trains to run from Leeds, Newcastle and Redcar Central direct to Manchester Airport.
A chord was proposed in the late-1970s and parliamentary powers for its construction were received in 1979, but the project was cancelled. Network Rail revived the proposal in 2010 as part of its Northern Hub proposal. Funding for its construction totalling £85 million was announced in the 2011 United Kingdom budget and construction commenced in 2016. It became operational on 10 December 2017.
However its use since becoming operational has been limited as no additional capacity at Victoria, Oxford Road and Piccadilly has been built to cope with more through services.
Background
By the late 20th century, the rail network in Manchester could not support demand. The main stations at Piccadilly and Victoria were not linked and many trains terminated at Victoria taking up excessive platform space. One solution, the Picc-Vic tunnel between the stations, was proposed in the 1970s but rejected on cost grounds in 1977.
A curve at Ordsall linking Piccadilly to Victoria was proposed in the late 1970s when it was known as the Castlefield Curve after the nearby district. A bill relating to its proposed construction was debated in the House of Commons in June 1979, receiving some support but it was opposed on the grounds that a tunnel would provide a better alternative. By the end of the year, British Rail had received parliamentary powers to construct the line. It was estimated to cost around £10 million but following opposition from local politicians and a shortage of funding, the project was never started. By 1985 it had been abandoned.
The proposal was included in a draft Network Rail report in 2005 as a solution to overcrowding in the region, at an expected cost of £44 million. In February 2010, the project was revived by Network Rail as part of the Manchester Hub Study, with the intention of receiving government funding by around 2014. On 23 March 2011 George Osborne, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, announced £85 million funding for the scheme in the 2011 budget. The announcement was unexpected and was welcomed by the Greater Manchester Integrated Transport Authority.
Proposal
The Ordsall Chord provides a direct link between Piccadilly and Victoria stations, allowing trains from Manchester Victoria and the east to continue to Piccadilly. Following completion of the chord, in theory four trains per hour will travel between Manchester Airport/Manchester Piccadilly and Manchester Victoria in each direction, and associated reorganisation of train paths and retimetabling will provide eight trains per hour from Manchester Victoria towards the west via Chat Moss, and six trains per hour from Manchester Piccadilly towards either Chat Moss or Bolton and Preston (trains from both Victoria and Piccadilly stations to the west and north west (Chat Moss, Liverpool, Bolton, Preston, etc.) do not actually pass over the Ordsall Chord, both ends of which lead eastwards, but travel over pre-existing track).
The chord is part of the larger Northern Hub project, proposed by Network Rail in the Manchester Hub Study of 2010. The complete scheme would cost around £530 million to implement. The Ordsall Chord will cost £85 million and will allow around 700 extra trains per day to operate into Manchester. Most through trains on TransPennine Express (TPE) routes to , and will be re-routed via Victoria rather than Piccadilly but some TPE services to Leeds, Liverpool and Newcastle will continue to run via Piccadilly and will stop at and/or and . The current fast North TransPennine services will operate via Victoria reducing journey times.
The full scheme includes new through platforms at Piccadilly and track improvements outside Manchester to allow fast expresses to overtake slower stopping trains, reducing journey times to Leeds by 14 minutes on average and to Liverpool by 17. Railfreight access to yards in the Trafford Park area will be improved.
The chord will preserve connectivity between the relocated east–west services and the city's main rail interchange at Manchester Piccadilly. It will improve access to Manchester Airport which cannot be reached easily from Victoria. Without the chord, such operations would require trains to be run to and then reverse.
Concern was raised about the impact the scheme will have on the historic Grade I listed 1830 railway bridge over the River Irwell, part of the Liverpool & Manchester Railway's original approach to Manchester Liverpool Road railway station, (now the site of the Science & Industry Museum (SIM)), which lies in the path of construction.
Detailed designs were presented by Network Rail in November 2012, followed in May by the intended planning application, for submission at the end of August 2013. The plan proposed avoiding the Stephenson Bridge to cross the river on a network arch bridge but severing the museum's main-line rail connection immediately to the east of the bridge, ending the museum's out-and-back live steam trips using a replica of one of Stephenson's 1830 Planet-class locomotives. According to Network Rail, "The removal of this connection is not something that Network Rail takes lightly, and we have explored many alternative solutions before reaching the conclusion that the connection would need to be removed to make way for the chord." The museum opposed the alignment, claiming that it would have "a damaging effect on SIM visitors, volunteers and income."
Construction
Network Rail submitted the Transport and Works Act application to construct the Ordsall Chord in September 2013. The statutory instrument authorising construction was made on 31 March 2015, and preparatory works began in October 2015. In January 2016, Network Rail began work on the foundations with a planned completion date of late 2017. In November 2016, Network Rail announced they expected services to run to Manchester Airport from December 2017 and electric trains to run between Manchester and Preston via Bolton with new connections into Manchester from the Calder Valley. 2018 will see the introduction of an hourly direct service from Newcastle to Manchester Airport, which will also mean an extra hourly service between Leeds and Newcastle, and six trains an hour between Manchester Victoria and Rochdale.
Mark Whitby, civil engineer and former President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, appealed against the decision to approve its construction in the High Court. On 14 October 2015, the High Court rejected his appeal and denied Whitby the right to appeal the decision. Whitby did appeal and on 11 January 2016, the Court of Appeal granted Leave to Appeal saying "The grounds of appeal raise important points and have real prospects of success". Whitby wanted an alternative that would not sever the main-line rail connection to the Museum of Science and Industry nor destroy heritage structures. The case was heard in March 2016 but Whitby's appeal was rejected.
The network arch was lifted into place on 21 February 2017.
Operation
The first passenger service was at 08:40 on 10 December 2017: Manchester Victoria to Manchester Oxford Road followed by the return service continuing to Leeds.
It was envisaged that congestion at Manchester Piccadilly would reduce by a quarter, in part due to the reduced need for trains to cross the throat of the station, blocking other services. It was hoped there would be more frequent train services through Manchester.
However this has not yet materialised, particularly after the May 2018 timetable which created widespread disruption around Manchester. The Ordsall Chord's lack of use in comparison to its £100 million cost has been attributed to a lack of capacity at Piccadilly, Oxford Road and Victoria to cope with increased 'through' services that the Chord generates.
Chief Executive of Network Rail, Andrew Haines, remarked upon the inadequacies of the infrastructure to support the Ordsall Chord as part of a review in Network Rail's operations:
In January 2021, the UK government published proposals to deal with congestion on the Castlefield corridor through Manchester Oxford Road and Piccadilly. One option would reduce the use of the Ordsall Chord to one train each way every hour.
See also
Northern Hub
Northern Powerhouse
Windsor Link
References
External links
Ordsall Chord, Network Rail project page
Network Rail – £530m rail investment proposed for north England Cities , Network Rail announcement of results of 'Manchester Hub' study, 2010
BBC News – Manchester rail link welcomed as a 'boost' to region, BBC News
Network Rail Plans overlaid onto Google map
Transport in Manchester
Rail transport in Greater Manchester
Network arch bridges
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Los Ángeles (album)
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Los Ángeles (; Spanish for 'the angels') is the debut studio album by Spanish singer Rosalía, with production and arrangements by Raül Refree. It was released on 10 February 2017 by Universal Music Spain.
Background
Rosalía began performing in tablaos a decade before the release of her recording debut, gradually becoming a well-known vocalist within Barcelona's flamenco circuit. She worked as a guest artist and supporting act for various artists, including Chicuelo, Enric Palomar, La Fura dels Baus, Miguel Poveda and Rocío Márquez, performing across countries such as Germany, Singapore and Panama and events like the 2015 Primavera Sound and an APAP conference in New York City. She told ABC: "I have done many collaborations with other musicians, and I have always tried that they were older than me, in order to learn from them." Rosalía grew up in a family with no artistic background that mostly listened to music in English. She discovered flamenco at thirteen when her friends played Camarón de la Isla while meeting in a park after school, soon becoming fascinated with the genre and studying it on her own. As she immersed herself in the Catalan flamenco scene, Rosalía met local fixture José Miguel Vizcaya "El Chiqui de la Línea", who suggested she started a degree in music. "El Chiqui" became Rosalía's teacher for the following eight years, as she studied Interpretation of Flamenco Singing at the Catalonia College of Music (Catalan: Escola Superior de Música de Catalunya, ESMUC). The ESMUC only accepts one student of this discipline per year and Rosalía was selected in 2014. The singer has described "El Chiqui" as a fundamental figure in her career, who encouraged her to investigate the genre even further back in time. Speaking with ABC, she stated: "To me, flamenco was Camarón, something of gypsy aesthetics, and when going back I found many other things that I loved. [...] When I discovered cantaores like Niño de la Huerta or "El Gloria", "El Chiqui" taught me to listen and appreciate their singing, because their recordings sound very bad! To people of our age that sound seems terrible to us."
Composition
Los Ángeles is a concept album that collects a series of cantes which have death as its central theme. It is a presentation of Rosalía as a soloist cantaora and as such its structure is similar to that of the debut of any orthodox flamenco singer: "a selection of varied palos, often with traditional or popular lyrics, in which the artist shows his or her aptitude and background." In this manner, the singer encompasses several forms of the genre, including alegrías, tangos, fandangos, fandanguillos, seguidillas, tarantas, malagueñas and "more specific" styles like guajira, saeta and milonga. Rosalía felt that in the album "the cantes become songs", and as such did not list the palos titles in the track listing, explaining that: "It's a way of saying that I am based on melodies and lyrics from cantes, but we turn it into something else. Those who know something about flamenco will be able to identify them, because we are influenced by that, but we do our own thing."
It includes a cover of Enrique Morente's Aunque era de noche of Saint John of the Cross's 16th-century poem as well as a cover of La Hija de Juan Simón (1934).
Rosalía told Ecleen Luzmila Caraballo of Jezebel in 2018: "I feel like with Los Ángeles, I wanted to establish my musical legacy... and honor the classic sound of flamenco in the most traditional sense, respecting them to the maximum, with a pop and experimental structure, but with very basic instrumentation and a minimalist sound—just guitar and voice."
Release and promotion
Los Ángeles was released on 20 February 2017 on Universal Music Spain. It was released at digital audio stores and streaming platforms, as well as a CD and double LP record. "Catalina" was released as the album's lead single on 17 October 2016 and presented by Rosalía in Radio 3, after having shared its B side "Que se muere, que se muere" online a few weeks before. Its music video was directed by Txema Yeste and has been described as "a visual translation of the power of this song". An electronic press kit (EPK) featuring English subtitles was published in Rosalía's YouTube channel on 21 April 2017. The video was produced by Yverz and directed by Bàrbara Farré, with photography by Lucas Casanovas and animation by Pepe Gay.
Spanish filmmaking collective Manson directed the music video for the second single "De plata", which features the singer performing the track as she walks and dances in the streets of Los Angeles, California. It was published in Rosalía's YouTube channel on 26 May 2017. Luis Troquel of Rockdelux felt that the clip showed a "facet of Rosalía that was unknown to many", as she dances "with a glowing enchantment and exuberant style." Manson shot the clip in 16 mm film, as they "wanted to portray Rosalía as a classic Hollywood star, but with a contemporary sensibility." The collective told Nowness that they chose the song because it had a "Tarantino-esque vibe" that they thought matched Los Angeles. They further explained: "Her art is very pure and wild and we wanted a video to match—no camera tricks, no VFX, no ornaments, no Tumblr aesthetics, just the pure and raw performance of a new-born classic star." A cover version of Enrique Morente's "Aunque es de noche", which was not included in the album and had only been performed live, was released as a single on 2 November 2017 on streaming platforms. Its music video was directed by Ignasi Monreal and produced by CANADA in collaboration with Pink Salt and Collateral Films, with animation by Iria López, Dani Negrín and Bjørn-Erik Aschim from the London animation studio The Line. Filmed as a long take, the video's first two minutes show the inside of a car filled with elements of Christian symbolism, leading the viewer to Rosalía sitting on a chair. The singer then stands up and shows that she is inside a cemetery and in the last minutes, animation appears around and on her. According to Rosalía, the music video "intends to be a celebration of death as part of life", and as such has been linked to the concept of Los Ángeles. In between recording for the video, Monreal also filmed Rosalía performing an a capella rendition of the track, which was released via Nowness on 14 December 2017.
Critical reception
Los Ángeles was met with critical acclaim from music critics. Spanish magazine Rockdelux called it "one of the most intense and sweeping debuts of recent times", with critic Juan Monge complimenting its mix of tradition and avant-garde. AllMusic's Mariano Prunes highly commended Rosalía's vocals, writing that "her instrument is a tornado capable of sweeping away any cultural or language barriers", while noting that "she does not accomplish this with sheer volume or vocal histrionics, but by reaching almost unbearable levels of intensity and expression." He concluded that Los Ángeles "signals the appearance of a major talent in both the flamenco and the world music scene." Writing for MondoSonoro, Yeray S. Iborra felt that with Los Ángeles, Rosalía "is posited as the contemporary cantaora who has better understood the current times", noting the difference between the album and her "more American" collaboration with C. Tangana.
Flamenco specialists
In an El Confidencial article, musician and investigator Pedro Lópeh criticized the album, particularly Refree's arrangements, deeming them "artificial" and "wearisome". His views coincided with those of Silvia Cruz, another flamenco specialist. She explained: "I also insist on talking about Refree because the criticisms are always aimed against her and rarely if ever against him, when he is the producer and primary author of this album. I do not think Los Ángeles does any harm to flamenco, but it is a decontextualized product. Apart from the lyrics, I do not hear anything in it that evokes the history of flamenco, its roots or its hallmarks. For that reason, it does not seem to me a groundbreaking or revolutionary work and if it has come to save anything, it is the music industry, not flamenco." ABCs Alberto García Reyes told eldiario.es that while he does not consider Los Ángeles to be "an aberration", he feels Rosalía is not suited to the genre. He said: "Rosalía does not sing badly, but in flamenco she does not fit much. She is a very respectful girl, who has not come barging in to invent a revolution. She is not hurting anyone and has not proclaimed herself master of anything." He was also critical of the album's promotional campaign, arguing that it hailed the unworthy image of Rosalía as "the great revolution of flamenco".
Accolades
Los Ángeles ranked highly in the year-end lists of the Spanish specialized press. It was listed as the best Spanish album of 2017 by newspaper ABC and magazine Rockdelux. Readers of the Barcelonian edition of Time Out selected Los Ángeles as the best album of 2017, with the publication describing Rosalía as "the musical revelation of 2017". The album also appeared at number 6 in the year-end list of Spanish online magazine Jenesaispop.com, which described it as "an unbeatable presentation, up to the expectations, which are even higher in the face of a bright future." CrazyMusic ranked the album at number 8 in its list of the best Spanish albums of 2017. Music critics of El País listed Los Ángeles as the tenth best album of the year. Efe Eme selected the album as the 13th best Spanish record of 2017. It also appeared in Hipersónica's and Muzikalia's lists of the best Spanish albums of the year, at number 17 and 18 respectively.
In late 2017, Rosalía received the Premio Ojo Crítico in the category of Modern Music, awarded by RNE. The jury highlighted the singer's "artistic projection, her interpretative capacity and versatility, her charisma, capable of transferring flamenco to young audiences." Rosalía was also nominated for Best New Artist at the 2017 Latin Grammy Awards, losing to Vicente García. On 17 January 2018, Los Ángeles was awarded the Premio Ruido, given to the best national album of the year by the Spanish music press. The album also received a Premio Glamour to "the arts", awarded by the Spanish edition of Glamour magazine in celebration of its 15th anniversary.
Commercial performance
Los Ángeles debuted at number 42 on the Spanish Albums Chart on 19 February 2017. A month later, Sebas E. Alonso of Jenesaispop.com noted that the album had remained charting since its release, ascending to number twenty-eight in its third week and maintaining that position the following week. Feeling that it was in its way to becoming the Spanish "sleeper hit of the year", Alonso described Los Ángeless chart run as "totally exceptional", taking into account that most albums "after the hype of the fans during the first week, [fall] slightly on the list until they settle depending on the duration of the promotion of the album or directly collapse." Likewise, Jordi Bardají wrote on 1 November 2018 that the record was "one of the greatest 'sleepers' that Spanish sales lists have known in recent times." Los Ángeles reached its peak position of number nine on 11 November 2018 and remained in the albums chart until 9 February 2020, accumulating a total of 116 weeks.
Track listing
All tracks produced by Raül Refree. All songs are public domain, except where noted.
Notes
"Si tú supieras compañero" partly reinterprets "La Chiquita Piconera", written by Manuel López-Quiroga y Miquel, Rafael de León y Arias de Saavedra and Nicolás M. Callejón López Alcalá.
"De plata" partly reinterprets "Cuando Yo Me Muera", performed by Manolo Caracol and Melchor de Marchena, and "El Querer Que Yo Te Tengo", performed by Manolo Frenegal.
"Que se muere, que se muere" partly reinterprets "Que se Muere", written by Rafael Farina.
"Te venero" partly reinterprets “Cuba Linda, Te Venero”, written by Joaquin Alfonso, José Tejada and Jose Arroyo.
"I See a Darkness" is a cover of the Bonnie "Prince" Billy track.
Personnel
Musicians
Rosalía - vocals
Raül Refree - guitar, arrangement
Technical
Alex Psaroudakis - mastering
Artwork
Folch - set design
Txema Yeste - photography
Cristina Ramos - set design
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
See also
2017 in European music
2017 in Latin music
List of concept albums
Music of Andalusia
Music of Catalonia
References
External links
Los Ángeles at Acclaimed Music
statistics, tagging and previews at Last.fm
Los Ángeles at Rate Your Music
2017 debut albums
Rosalía albums
Universal Music Spain albums
Nuevo Flamenco albums
Spanish-language albums
Death in music
Concept albums
Collaborative albums
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List of Acts of the Scottish Parliament from 2007
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Acts of the Scottish Parliament
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| {{|St Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007|asp|2|15-01-2007|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to establish a bank holiday for St Andrew's Day.}}
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| {{|Bankruptcy and Diligence etc. (Scotland) Act 2007|asp|3|15-01-2007|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to amend the law of sequestration and personal insolvency; to amend the law about floating charges; to establish a Scottish Civil Enforcement Commission and replace officers of court with judicial officers; to amend the law of diligence; and for connected purposes.}}
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| {{|Adoption and Children (Scotland) Act 2007|asp|4|15-01-2007|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to restate and amend the law relating to adoption; to make other provision in relation to the care of children; to enable provision to be made in relation to allowances in respect of certain children; and for connected purposes.}}
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| {{|Legal Profession and Legal Aid (Scotland) Act 2007|asp|5|19-01-2007|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to establish the Scottish Legal Complaints Commission; to make provision as regards complaints against members of the legal profession in Scotland and other matters concerning the regulation of that profession; to make provision in connection with the administration of the Scottish Legal Aid Fund, including a register of advice organisations in connection with advice and assistance; and for connected purposes.}}
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| {{|Criminal Proceedings etc. (Reform) (Scotland) Act 2007|asp|6|22-02-2007|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make provision as to bail in criminal proceedings; to reform certain aspects of summary criminal procedure; to make provision in relation to solemn criminal procedure; to make provision as to maximum penalties in the summary criminal courts; to make provision for the purpose of compensation orders in favour of victims of offences; to make provision for and in relation to alternatives to prosecution; to make provision as to enforcement of financial penalties for offences; to make provision establishing the JP court and for disestablishing the district court; to provide for the inspection of the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service; and for connected purposes.}}
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| {{|Crofting Reform etc. Act 2007|asp|7|01-03-2007|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make further provision as regards crofting and as regards the Scottish Land Court; and for connected purposes.}}
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| {{|Transport and Works (Scotland) Act 2007|asp|8|14-03-2007|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to provide for the making of orders related to, or to matters connected with, the construction or operation of railways, tramways, other guided transport systems, trolley vehicle systems and inland waterways; to make changes to procedures applicable to orders and schemes under the Roads (Scotland) Act 1984, the Harbours Act 1964 and the Pilotage Act 1987; to make further provision as regards grants for purposes relating to transport; and for connected purposes.}}
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| {{|Budget (Scotland) Act 2007|asp|9|20-03-2007|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make provision, for financial year 2007/08, for the use of resources by the Scottish Administration and certain bodies whose expenditure is payable out of the Scottish Consolidated Fund, for authorising the payment of sums out of the Fund and for the maximum amounts of borrowing by certain statutory bodies; to make provision, for financial year 2008/09, for authorising the payment of sums out of the Fund on a temporary basis; and for connected purposes.}}
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| {{|Adult Support and Protection (Scotland) Act 2007|asp|10|21-03-2007|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make provision for the purposes of protecting adults from harm; to require the establishment of committees with functions relating to the safeguarding of adults who are at risk of harm; to amend the law relating to incapable adults; to remove an individual's liability for expenses incurred by councils in performing certain functions in relation to the individual's spouse or child; to allow the Scottish Ministers to delegate their functions relating to councils' duty to pay sums for the purposes of securing community care services; to make provision entitling a council to recover expenses incurred in providing social services to persons who are not ordinarily resident in the council's area; to allow the Public Guardian to intervene in court proceedings; to amend the law relating to mentally disordered persons; and for connected purposes.}}
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| {{|Prostitution (Public Places) (Scotland) Act 2007|asp|11|05-04-2007|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make new provision in relation to prostitution in public places; and for connected purposes.}}
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| {{|Aquaculture and Fisheries (Scotland) Act 2007|asp|12|05-04-2007|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make provision in relation to fish farms and shellfish farms; in relation to the parasite Gyrodactylus salaris; in relation to salmon and freshwater fisheries and sea fisheries; in relation to payments connected with aquaculture and fisheries; and for connected purposes.}}
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| {{|Christmas Day and New Year's Day Trading (Scotland) Act 2007|asp|13|13-04-2007|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to prohibit the opening of large shops on Christmas Day and to confer power to prohibit the opening of such shops on New Year's Day for the purpose of retail trading.}}
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| {{|Protection of Vulnerable Groups (Scotland) Act 2007|asp|14|18-04-2007|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to bar certain individuals from working with children or certain adults; to require the Scottish Ministers to keep lists of those individuals; to make further provision in relation to those lists; to establish a scheme under which information about individuals working or seeking to work with children or certain adults is collated and disclosed; to amend Part 5 of the Police Act 1997; to amend the meaning of school care accommodation service in the Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001; and for connected purposes.}}
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| {{|Schools (Health Promotion and Nutrition) (Scotland) Act 2007|asp|15|19-04-2007|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make provision about the promotion of health in certain schools and certain school hostels; and to amend the law in relation to the provision of food and drink for certain pupils.}}
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| {{|Edinburgh Airport Rail Link Act 2007|asp|16|19-04-2007|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to authorise the construction of new railways to link Edinburgh Airport to the national rail network; to make provision concerning planning agreements and developer contributions relating to the railway; and for connected purposes.}}
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| {{|Custodial Sentences and Weapons (Scotland) Act 2007|asp|17|19-04-2007|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to restate and amend the law relating to the confinement and release of prisoners; to make provision relating to the control of weapons; and for connected purposes.}}
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| {{|Rights of Relatives to Damages (Mesothelioma) (Scotland) Act 2007|asp|18|26-04-2007|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to amend the law concerning the right of certain relatives of a deceased person to claim damages in respect of the death of the deceased from mesothelioma.}}
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| {{|Airdrie-Bathgate Railway and Linked Improvements Act 2007|asp|19|08-05-2007|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to authorise the construction of new railways between Drumgelloch and Bathgate, including new stations at Caldercruix and Armadale; to authorise the use of land for relocated stations at Drumgelloch and Bathgate; to authorise related improvements to the existing railways between Airdrie and Drumgelloch and Bathgate and Edinburgh; to regularise the operation of certain enactments relating to the existing railway affected by the works so authorised; and for connected purposes.}}
}}
See also
List of Acts of the Scottish Parliament
References
Current Law Statutes Annotated 2007
2007
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44690827
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnergyico
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Cnergyico
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Cnergyico Pk Limited (formerly Byco Petroleum Pakistan Limited / Bosicor Pakistan Limited) is a Pakistani petroleum company which is a subsidiary of the Mauritian company Cnergyico Industries Incorporated. The company is vertically integrated across the oil refining and marketing industries, notable for being the only petroleum company in Pakistan to own and operate a crude oil terminal (Single Point Mooring). Cnergyico operates Pakistan’s biggest oil refinery in terms of nameplate capacity, the largest capacity crude oil storage tanks in the country, and a network of petrol pumps.
Company history
Cnergyico was formed by the father-son-duo of Mr. Parvez Abbasi (Late) and the company’s current CEO Mr. Amir Abbassciy on January 9, 1995, and was granted a certificate of commencement of business on March 13, 1995. It was initially called Bosicor Pakistan Limited. In 2001, Bosicor began construction of its first refinery (ORC-1) and began commercial production on July 1, 2004. The refining capacity was initially 18,000 barrels per day which was later increased to 36,000 barrels per day.
The company opened its first petrol pump in June 2007 near Sukkur. A year later, the company began construction of 120,000 barrels per day oil refinery (ORC-II). In 2009, the company developed the largest capacity Storage Tanks in Pakistan. In early 2010, the company changed its name from Bosicor Pakistan Limited to Byco Petroleum Pakistan Limited. Byco Petroleum started working on the Single Point Mooring and Pipeline network project in 2010 and the project was launched in 2012. The Single Point Mooring (SPM) oil terminal was deployed in the deep sea off the coast of Balochistan. This allowed Byco Petroleum to directly import crude oil for its oil refineries, without relying on other ports that frequently experience congestion and delivery delays. On December 2012, the first oil vessel, M.T ARIETIS, carrying 70,000 tons of crude oil, delivered its cargo to Byco Petroleum through the SPM.
In 2012, the company’s second oil refinery (ORC-II) began commercial operations and was inaugurated by the then Prime Minister of Pakistan Mr Nawaz Sharif. By 2017, both oil refineries became fully operational, making Byco Petroleum the largest oil refiner in Pakistan with a total installed capacity of 156,000 barrels per day. In the same year, the company opened its 300th petrol pump and the SPM achieved a milestone of handling 5 million metric tons of oil since its inception. In 2018, Byco Petroleum commissioned the Catalytic Reformer at ORC-II to produce higher octane fuels. In 2021, Byco Petroleum started working on the Upgrade-1 project to expand and modernize its operations. In late 2021, Byco Petroleum got renamed to Cnergyico Pk Limited. The word Cnergyico has been derived from Chemical Energy Integrated Company.
Company overview
Cnergyico is based in Karachi, Pakistan. It works in oil refining, petroleum marketing, and petroleum logistics business in Pakistan. It is traded on the Pakistan Stock Exchange .
Cnergyico operates a network of more than 450 petrol pumps located in all the major cities, towns, and highways of Pakistan. Upon completion of the acquisition of Puma Energy, Cnergyico will become the largest fuel retailer of Pakistan in the private sector with a retail network of approximately 1,000 petrol pumps. Whereas the State-owned Pakistan State Oil Co. has 3,500 petrol pumps, Total Parco Pakistan Ltd. has 800 petrol pumps and Shell Pakistan Ltd. has 766 petrol pumps.
Cnergyico owns and operates Pakistan's largest oil refining complex in terms of design capacity of 156,000 barrels per day. Cnergyico alone accounts for 37% of Pakistan's total oil refining capacity of approximately 420,000 barrels per day. The company's oil refining complex is located near the city of Hub in the Balochistan province. The complex houses two oil refining units ORC-1 and ORC-II, crude oil and petroleum products storage facilities, and other related energy infrastructure assets. Cnergyico also owns a petrochemical plant at the oil refining complex that can produce petrochemical products such as Benzene, Mixed Xylene, and Para Xylene.
Cnergyico is the nation's only firm having a dedicated Single Point Mooring (SPM). Cnergyico's SPM the first and only liquid port in the country. The SPM is Pakistan’s third terminal used for importing crude oil and liquid petroleum products, besides Karachi Port Trust (KPT) and Fauji Oil Terminal (Fotco). Cnergyico began working on the SPM project in 2010 and installed it in 2012 to avoid problems of congestion at KPT and Fotco. The SPM is situated in the deep sea, roughly 15 km away from Cnergyico’s oil refining complex. It connects with the onshore oil storage facilities through 11.5 km offshore and 3.3 km onshore 28-inch pipelines. Unlike other ports in Pakistan, the SPM can handle Very Large Crude Carriers (“VLCC”s) of up to 250,000 DWT. The SPM received Pakistan’s largest-ever shipment of crude oil of 102,000 metric tons in 2017. The SPM is Pakistan's only terminal having a tier 3 oil spill response membership.
Cnergyico actively supports the development of a coral reef around its subsea oil pipeline to enhance the region’s marine biodiversity. The coral reef situated between the SPM and Cnergyico’s oil refining complex is a rare marine habitat found in Pakistani waters.
Cnergyico refines crude oil into various marketable components including Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Light Naphtha, Heavy Naphtha, High Octane Blending Component, Motor Gasoline, Kerosene, Jet Fuels, High Speed Diesel and Furnace Oil. Having operated as a low complexity refinery since inception, it is upgrading to produce more high value products, with reduced sulphur content, in diesel and convert furnace oil into gasoline and diesel. Cnergyico's marketing network supports retail outlets in more than 100 cities all over Pakistan and is an emerging player. Cnergyico aims to become the first refinery in Pakistan by upgrading its facilities to ensure environmental compliance.
Acquisition
Cnergyico Pk Ltd acquiring 57.37 per cent shares of Puma Energy Pakistan and has become the country’s second-largest fuel retailer.
Financial Performance
Highlights of the Financial Year 2022 (twelve months ending June 2022)
· The company’s revenues from contract with customers increased by 19.6% to PKR 170 billion (FY-2021: PKR 142 billion).
· The company’s gross profit increased by 35.3% to PKR 10.9 billion (FY-2021: PKR 8.1 billion).
· The company’s operating profit increased by 41.3% to PKR 8.9 billion (FY-2021: PKR 6.3 billion).
· The company’s profit before tax increased by 52.9% to PKR 5.92 billion (FY-2021: PKR 3.9 billion).
· The company’s profit after tax (net income) increased by 33.1% to PKR 4.79 billion (FY-2021: PKR 3.6 billion).
· The company’s earnings per share increased by 34.3% to Rs0.90 per share (FY-2021: Rs0.67 per share).
Products
Liquid fuels
Gasoline
Jet fuel
Ultra winterized diesel
Furnace oil
Compressed natural gas (CNG)
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
Lubricants
References
External links
Official website
Oil and gas companies of Pakistan
Oil refineries in Karachi
Companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange
Pakistani subsidiaries of foreign companies
Energy companies established in 1995
Automotive fuel retailers
Companies based in Karachi
Pakistani companies established in 1995
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16051335
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943%20in%20Norway
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1943 in Norway
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Events in the year 1943 in Norway.
Incumbents
Government in Exile (in London)
Monarch – Haakon VII
Prime Minister – Johan Nygaardsvold (Labour Party)
German Military Governor
Reichskommissar in Norway – Josef Terboven
German Puppet Government in Oslo
Minister-President – Vidkun Quisling (National Unification)
Events
5 February – The Norwegian submarine HNoMS Uredd is destroyed by a German minefield. The 39 men aboard as well as six Special Operations Executive (SOE) agents are killed in the sinking. The wreck of the submarine was only discovered in 1985.
22 February – The collaborationist Quisling regime approves the (English: 'Law of national work effort') according to which all men between ages 18–55 and all women between ages 21–40, are required to enlist.
24 February – 158 Norwegian Jews are deported from Norway to German extermination camps.
28 February – Operation Gunnerside: Six Norwegian SOE agents led by Joachim Rønneberg successfully attack the heavy water plant at Vemork.
24 July – An allied air raid completely destroys the aluminium and magnesium plants in Herøya being built by Norsk Hydro in cooperation with Luftwaffe-operated Nordische Aluminium Aktiengesellschaft (Nordag). 55 construction workers are killed.
28 July – MTB 345, a motor torpedo boat operated by the exiled Royal Norwegian Navy, is captured by the Germans off Western Norway. The seven-man Norwegian-British crew was executed in Bergen two days later based on Adolf Hitler's Commando Order
21 September – Operation Source: British midget submarines attack the German battleship Tirpitz, at anchor in the Kåfjord, crippling her for six months.
30 September – the sinking of the Hurtigruten passenger ship Sanct Svithun by Allied aircraft leads to heavy protests from the Norwegian resistance movement.
16 November – 160 American bombers strike a hydro-electric power facility and heavy water factory in Vemork, Norway.
26 December – the German battleship Scharnhorst is sunk off of Norway's North Cape after a battle against major Royal Navy forces.
Gallery
Popular culture
Music
Film
Literature
Notable births
January
4 January – Kristin Brudevoll, literary scholar and organizational leader.
9 January – Odd Magnus Faltinsen, mathematician and professor of marine technology.
11 January
Jon Bakken, politician
Roald Jensen, footballer (died 1987).
16 January – Tore Schweder, statistician.
19 January – Gro Hillestad Thune, jurist and politician
20 January
Torkjell Berulfsen, television personality
Einar Førde, politician and Minister (died 2004).
25 January – Tore Planke, engineer, inventor and businessperson.
26 January – Erik Must, stock broker and investor.
27 January
Steinar Gil, philologist and diplomat
Eva Heir, politician.
28 January – Håkon Steinar Giil, politician
31 January – Ragnhild Nilstun, novelist, children's writer and literary critic.
February
4 February
Tom Amundsen, sport rower and physician (died 2017).
Hallvard Bakke, politician and Minister.
5 February – Jostein Berntsen, politician
6 February
Asbjørn Kjønstad, professor of law
Unn Thorvaldsen, javelin thrower.
9 February – Terje Pedersen, javelin thrower
13 February – Håkon Aasnes, comics artist and writer.
18 February – Torstein Hagen, engineer and businessman.
20 February – Babill Stray-Pedersen, physician (died 2019).
22 February – Astrid Bjellebø Bayegan, theologian.
25 February – Liv Jagge-Christiansen, tennis player and alpine skier.
March
3 March
Jan Ragnar Hagland, philologist.
Trond Mohn, businessperson and philanthropist
5 March – Inger Stolt-Nielsen, schoolteacher and politician.
9 March – Sven Trygve Falck, engineer, businessperson and politician (died 2019).
11 March – Rolf Groven, painter.
12 March – Magnhild Holmberg, politician (died 2013).
13 March – Einar Lunde, journalist and news anchor.
14 March
Bjørn Odmar Andersen, footballer (died 2008)
Ole Daniel Enersen, climber, photographer, journalist, writer and medical historian
16 March – William Nygaard, publisher
17 March – Karl Helland, racing cyclist.
20 March
Gerd Kjellaug Berge, hotelier and organisational leader.
Jon Christensen, jazz percussionist (died 2020).
Unne Terjesen, model
27 March – Arne Vinje, chess player (died 2011).
29 March – Rigmor Aarø Spiten, politician.
April
2 April – Gunnar Stavseth, journalist and politician
3 April – Trond Mohn, businessman and philanthropist.
6 April – Johs Harviken, cross country skier and Olympic silver medallist
8 April – Gunnar Breivik, sociologist
14 April – Britt Hildeng, politician (died 2022).
17 April
Erik Magnus Boe, legal scholar.
Peter Lorange, economist.
18 April – Carl Graff-Wang, handball player
18 April – Svein Hansen, ice hockey player (died 2012).
20 April – Per Søderstrøm, handball player
23 April
Jan Hårstad, actor.
Nils Sletta, actor (died 2020).
Knut Storbukås, singer and songwriter.
28 April
Karl Johan Johannessen, footballer.
Jan Levor Njargel, politician (died 2020).
May
2 May – Arne Paus, visual artist and painter
3 May – Jan Terje Faarlund, linguist.
4 May – Reidar Åsgård, politician
8 May – Hans Raastad, economist, and former leader of the Workers' Youth League.
14 May – Johan Ludvik Løvald, diplomat
28 May – Arve Haugen, cyclist.
29 May – Nina Karin Monsen, moral philosopher and author
31 May – Aud Hvammen, alpine skier.
June
1 June – Egil Hestnes, politician
7 June – Jakob Margido Esp, actor.
12 June – Thor Furulund, painter (died 2016).
22 June – Synnøve Tronsvang, politician
23 June – Wenche Blomberg, author.
27 June – Kjersti Døvigen, actress (died 2021).
29 June
Jan Knutzen, documentary filmmaker.
Fred Robsahm, film actor (died 2015).
July
2 July
Olav Hytta, businessperson.
Svein Bredo Østlien, footballer.
3 July – Svein Sundsbø, businessperson and politician
4 July – Mary Synnøve Kvidal, politician and Minister.
6 July
Jan Fridthjof Bernt, jurist.
Trond Nordby, historian and political scientist
10 July – Helge Kringstad, banker, civil servant and politician.
15 July – Frithjof Prydz, ski jumper and tennis player (died 1992).
17 July – Ola Solum, film director (died 1996).
19 July
Arvid Gjengedal, academic and politician
Otto Homlung, stage producer and theatre director.
22 July – Nils Utsi, actor (died 2019).
24 July
Ola Bauer, novelist and playwright (died 1999).
Hennild Wollstadmo, politician
27 July – Einar Lutro, politician
30 July – Magne Myrmo, cross country skier, Olympic silver medallist and World Champion.
August
4 August – Bjørn Wirkola, ski jumper and World Champion, soccer player
6 August – Ivar Ueland, politician (died 2020).
7 August – Kleiv Fiskvik, trade unionist and politician.
13 August
Inge Grødum, illustrator.
Dagfinn Hjertenes, politician (died 2006)
16 August – Arnulf Bæk, handball player
17 August – Kjersti Scheen, illustrator and writer.
18 August – John H. Larsen Jr., sports shooter.
20 August – Peter Nicolay Ræder, diplomat.
21 August – Herman Friele, businessman and politician.
25 August – Ståle Eskeland, jurist (died 2015).
27 August – Helge Rykkja, author, poet, teacher and politician (died 2020).
28 August – Anne-Lise Berntsen, soprano (died 2012).
29 August – Lars Sigmundstad, politician
September
1 September
Kirsti Kolle Grøndahl, politician.
Helge Rønning, literary scholar.
3 September
Jan S. Levy, civil servant and politician.
Jorunn Ringstad, politician
10 September – Tor Edvin Dahl, novelist, crime fiction writer, playwright, children's writer, non-fiction writer, translator, literary critic and journalist.
13 September – Anna Elisabeth Ljunggren, physiotherapist, (died 2010).
16 September – Einar Niemi, historian.
20 September – Arne Halaas, professor in computer technology and telematics.
25 September – Knut Eggum Johansen, civil servant
30 September – Thore Langfeldt, psychologist and sexologist
October
3 October – Arne Bjørlykke, geologist
6 October – Bjøro Håland, country singer
6 October – Trygve Hegnar, investor, publisher and editor.
6 October – Sverre Mauritzen, diplomat and politician.
12 October – Odd Einar Dørum, politician and Minister.
15 October – Bjarne Hodne, folklorist.
16 October – Terje Moe, painter (died 2004).
19 October – Amund Venger, politician (died 2013).
25 October – Wenche Krossøy, children's writer (died 2010).
26 October
Ståle Dyrvik, historian
Svein Mønnesland, linguist.
27 October – Torstein Hansen, handball player (died 2018).
31 October – Thorleif Enger, businessperson.
November
5 November – Kjell Magne Yri, priest, linguist and translator
7 November – Dikke Eger-Bergman, alpine skier.
12 November
Julie Ege, actress and model (died 2008)
Thorgeir Stubø, jazz guitarist and composer (died 1986)
22 November – Torill Thorstad Hauger, novelist, children's writer and non-fiction writer (died 2014).
25 November – Kjeld Rimberg, engineer and business executive.
28 November – Hans Svelland, politician.
December
1 December – Finn E. Kydland, economist
3 December – Bjørn Boysen, organist and educator (died 2018).
3 December – Ingmar Ljones, politician
4 December – Knut Haavik, journalist and magazine editor (died 2019).
5 December
Kåre Østensen, ice hockey player.
Eva Joly, magistrate in France
6 December – Mette Ravn, diplomat
7 December – Per Fugelli, professor of medicine.
12 December – Tore Bjørnsen, weightlifter.
14 December – Kari Oftedal Lima, politician
15 December – Håvard Holm, civil servant (died 2017).
17 December – Thorbjørn Lie, businessperson and politician (died 2006)
20 December – Svein Longva, economist and civil servant (died 2009)
29 December – Arne Øren, politician
29 December – Helge Pharo, historian
Full date unknown
Gisle Handeland, politician
Eldbjørg Løwer, politician
Tom Martinsen, photographer (died 2007).
Ola H. Metliaas, civil servant and politician (died 2005).
Notable deaths
January
9 January – Anathon Aall, academic (born 1867)
18 January – Urban Jacob Rasmus Børresen, rear admiral (born 1857)
February
10 February – Sverre Granlund, commando (born 1918)
28 February – Leonhard Hess Stejneger, zoologist (born 1851)
March
1 March – Odd Starheim, resistance fighter and SOE agent (born 1916)
12 March – Gustav Vigeland, sculptor (born 1869)
13 March – Hanna Resvoll-Holmsen, botanist (born 1873)
May
1 May – Johan Oscar Smith, Christian leader, founder of the Brunstad Christian Church (born 1871)
2 May – Nils Gregoriussen Skilbred, politician (born 1860)
19 May – Peder Morset, teacher and resistance member (born 1887).
July
14 July – Carl Johan Ege (1852–1943), Norwegian banker
September
1 September – Karl Aas, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist (born 1899)
30 September – Johan Ludwig Mowinckel, politician and three-times Prime Minister of Norway (born 1870)
October
17 October – Arthur Olsen II, boxer (born 1907)
November
25 November – Einar Høigård, educator (born 1907).
26 November – Anders Hovden, hymnwriter, priest, author and popular speaker (born 1860)
December
2 December – Nordahl Grieg, poet, novelist, dramatist, and journalist (born 1902)
7 December – Per Imerslund, politician, soldier and writer (born 1912)
9 December – Harald Halvorsen, politician (born 1877).
10 December – Olaf Sletten, shooter and Olympic silver medallist (born 1886)
16 December – Frederik Macody Lund, historian (born 1863)
Full date unknown
Axel Aubert, businessperson (born 1873)
Ole Ludvig Bærøe, politician (born 1877)
Ingolf Elster Christensen, politician (born 1872)
Jens Holmboe, botanist (born 1880)
Herman Jeremiassen, ship-owner and politician (born 1851)
Karsten Konow, sailor and Olympic silver medallist (born 1918)
Olav Scheflo, politician and journalist (born 1883)
Arvid Storsveen, intelligence officer (born 1915)
See also
References
External links
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9622224
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua%20Fisher%20%28merchant%29
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Joshua Fisher (merchant)
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Joshua Fisher (1707 – February 1, 1783) was a prominent Philadelphia merchant involved in transatlantic trade and mapmaking as applied to nautical charts. He made the first
nautical chart of the Delaware River and Delaware Bay, and established the first merchant packet line between London and Philadelphia.
Early years
Fisher was born in Sussex County, Delaware, into a Quaker family with historic roots, growing up in Lewes, Delaware. His father, Thomas Fisher (1669–1713), and mother, Margery Maud (1671–1770), were both Quakers, as were his grandparents. Margery Maud was a stepdaughter of Dr. Thomas Wynne. His grandfather, John Fisher, came to America aboard the "Welcome" with William Penn. Fisher was enterprising, and taught himself mathematics and mechanics. He married (July 27, 1733) a neighbor's daughter, Sarah Rowland, the granddaughter of Mary Harworth, an eloquent Friends minister who had also arrived on the "Welcome".
Establishing a business
Fisher settled in Lewes, Delaware, near Cape Henlopen, regularly attending Quaker Meeting. He learned to make hats from animal skins, started a hat-making business, and established an active trade with the local Indians in pelts of beaver and other small animals. He developed a transatlantic trade and sold many pelts to customers in England. In Lewes he opened a large inn and country store, which was frequented by many pilots and ship captains because Lewes was the first port at the mouth of Delaware Bay and a good location to learn about the channel to Philadelphia. Fisher gave the pilots advice about how to navigate Delaware Bay, which was notorious for its many shoals. He was appointed by Thomas Penn to be Deputy Surveyor General of Delaware.
Family farm
Fisher's father Thomas owned a property that included a farm, and another property at Cool Spring, west of Lewes, that included a farm house constructed
in the Dutch style with a gambrel roof. When his father died in 1713, Fisher inherited the properties, ran them profitably for two decades, and in 1736 sold the Cool Spring property to Rev. James Martin, a pastor of nearby Presbyterian churches, whose descendants held the property for two centuries. In 1980, the Fisher-Martin house was moved to downtown Lewes, where it currently houses the Chamber of Commerce information center.
Move to Philadelphia
In 1746, Fisher sold his store and house in Lewes and moved with his wife and six children to Philadelphia, at first settling in a house on the north side of Walnut St above Front St. Later he built a house at 110 S. Front St. and moved his family there. He had owned slaves on the family farm outside of Lewes and sold them before the move, but later repurchased them and gave them and their descendants their freedom. Fisher also purchased a country estate north of the city overlooking the Schuylkill River from the east, and built a house there in 1753 called "The Cliffs", after his family's ancestral home in Yorkshire, England. The family often stayed at The Cliffs in the summer, enjoying the nearby river.
Mercantile business
Fisher built a warehouse in downtown Philadelphia at the back of the lot at 110 S. Front St where his house stood, and established there a prosperous mercantile business, "Joshua Fisher & Sons" (1762–1783), selling virtually every type of object. Soon after, Fisher established the first packet line of ships to sail regularly between Philadelphia and London, two of the largest cities in the British Empire. Customers were able to order items such as porcelain, silverware, brass pulls for dressers, and every other imaginable type of merchandise from a detailed catalog, and receive their goods within weeks. The business did not advertise much in the local newspapers because it was mainly a wholesale supplier to retail stores. Fisher's descendants still possess well-built Windsor chairs from the packet line.
Map of Delaware Bay
Fisher continued his interest in the navigation of the Delaware Bay, and at night studied navigation. He was encouraged in this endeavor by the pilots and ship captains who continued to need accurate information about the shoals and channels of the bay. Over the course of 20 years Fisher developed a detailed map of the Delaware Bay with help from his brother-in-law, Samuel Rowland, and teacher Thomas Godfrey. The chart was very accurate for the day, showing observations of the exact latitude and longitude, and soundings, information about harbors, stream inlets, shoals, and ship channels. The chart was engraved by James Turner, funded by a group of local merchants and ship owners, and printed in 1756 in Philadelphia by printer John Davis.
Fisher was ordered not to publish the map by the Governor, Robert Hunter Morris, because a war appeared likely with France and he was concerned that the map might fall into enemy hands. Fisher sent out copies of the map anyway and explained
that the map did not show the full way to Philadelphia, and the complexity of the navigation to Philadelphia would deter the enemy. The map was re-engraved in Philadelphia in 1775, duplicated and published in London in 1776, and widely sold and distributed. It remained the standard map for navigation to Philadelphia for almost a century as it carried the trace of the channel to the docks.
Revolutionary War and family
During the Revolution, much of Fisher's inventory of merchandise was commandeered by the military to support the revolutionary cause, but Fisher was not fully reimbursed for it. In 1779 his son Thomas and a slave worker were taken hostage from Fisher's farm in lower Delaware by the British, and Fisher was obliged to pay a ransom of 100 bullocks. As many Quakers did during the Revolution, he maintained a neutral position with respect to the fledgling country's conflicts, and he and his family suffered as a consequence. In 1777 Fisher's sons were ordered by the authorities to produce their firm's business records but they refused, and since they were Quakers they refused to swear an oath of allegiance. As a consequence sons Thomas, Samuel, Meirs were exiled to Winchester, Virginia along with several other Quakers, and kept under house arrest for a year. Although they were treated somewhat harshly they survived without severe illness, but their brother-in-law Thomas Gilpin and John Hunt died. After evacuation of the British, the group of Quakers were eventually pardoned and allowed to return to Philadelphia by order of George Washington and the Congress.
Fisher's son Samuel continued to show opposition to the revolutionary cause, and in 1779 he and was arrested on the charge of being a Tory on the basis of a letter he sent to his brother Jabez Maud on a ship unable to land in New York Harbor. Samuel exacerbated the situation by not recognizing the authority of the court and was sent to jail for 2 years. Fisher was by then too ill to be taken from his home and the charges against him were dropped. Fisher's sons continued the mercantile business and son Samuel continued the packet line to London, capturing business with catalogs of textiles and
manufactured items, and the family continued to be prosperous. Fisher's great-grandson was Joseph Wharton, a prominent industrialist who founded the Wharton School of Business.
References
Silvio Bedini, "History Corner: Joshua Fisher And His Chart of Delaware Bay, Part 1" Professional Surveyor, April, 1996, Vol 16, No. 3, https://web.archive.org/web/20110525185716/http://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=42
Silvio Bedini, "History Corner: Joshua Fisher And His Chart of Delaware Bay, Part 2" Professional Surveyor, May/June, 1996, Vol 16, No. 3, https://web.archive.org/web/20110525185726/http://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=52
Fisher Family Papers, 1761–1889, Historical Society of Pennsylvania. http://www2.hsp.org/collections/manuscripts/f/fisher2094.htm
Charles F. Hummel, "Samuel Rowland Fisher's 'Catalogue of English Hardware'", Winterthur Portfolio, Vol. 1, (1964), pp. 188–197
Lewes, Delaware Chamber of Commerce brochure for visitors.
https://web.archive.org/web/20070808135952/http://www.leweschamber.com/history.html
Description of Joshua Fisher & Sons in the Franklin papers, http://franklinpapers.org/franklin/framedNames.jsp?ssn=001-19-5673
Thomas M. Doerflinger, "A Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise: Merchants and Economic Development in Revolutionary Philadelphia", 1986, UNC Press
Article in The Evening Bulletin, November 22, 1971, on the plans to convert the Cliffs to an historic farm.
W. Ross Yates, "Joseph Wharton: Quaker Industrial Pioneer", 1987, Lehigh University Press
External links
1707 births
1783 deaths
American slave owners
American Quakers
Colonial American merchants
People from Lewes, Delaware
People of colonial Delaware
Businesspeople from Delaware
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
18th-century American businesspeople
People of colonial Pennsylvania
18th-century Quakers
Quaker slave owners
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK%20Vardar
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FK Vardar
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FK Vardar () is a professional football club based in Skopje, North Macedonia, which competes in the Macedonian First League. They are the most successful club in Macedonian football, having won eleven Macedonian First League titles, five Macedonian Cups, two Macedonian Super Cups and one Yugoslav Cup. In 2017, they became the first Macedonian club to qualify for the group stage of a European competition.
History
Beginning
After WW2 FK Vardar was established with the merger of city rivals FK Pobeda (1919) and FK Makedonija (1922), in the hall of cinema "Vardar" on 22 July 1947. The foundation assembly had decided the club's color to be blue and it was, but already at the next assembly the decision was changed to red and white. FK Pobeda has competed in the first season of the Federal League after the World War II, finished at the eighth place and won the relegation playoffs against FK Sloga from Novi Sad, FK Vardar was a member of the Federal league from the very beginning. However, during the following decade they were several times relegated and promoted back again. The present recognizable red and black color jerseys were brought back again after the 1963 Skopje earthquake when the famous Milan football club sent equipment for the Skopje's team.
First Federal League
The club won its first major trophy in the 1960–61 Yugoslav Cup. Many famous players from the region started their careers at Vardar, and their triumph in the Yugoslav Cup was a highlight. The leader of that particular generation of players was Andon Dončevski, who later coached the team from 1985 to 1988. Due to massive irregularities during the last 34th week of fixtures, the 1985–86 Yugoslav First League season ended notoriously. Football Association of Yugoslavia headed by Slavko Šajber voided the last week's results ordering a replay of all 9 fixtures. Twelve clubs were docked 6 points due to alleged participation in the match-fixing scandal. All teams agreed to replay their games but FK Partizan, who had won the title with a 4–0 over FK Željezničar Sarajevo, refused, after which the game was awarded 3–0 to FK Željezničar Sarajevo, which gave Red Star Belgrade the title. Red Star Belgrade played in the 1986–87 European Cup. However, after a sequence of legal processes, the original final table, with FK Partizan as champions, was officially recognized in 1987. The following 1986-87 Federal League season saw 10 teams starting with -6 points. Vardar Skopje, who had not been deducted 6 points, won the title, and participated in the 1987–88 European Cup, but the points deduction was later annulled after more legal proceedings, and the title was given to FK Partizan, who headed the table with the deduction. But for UEFA, Vardar was recognized as a champion. In 1986–87 Federal League team had a group of wonderful players, led by the talented Darko Pančev and including Ilija Najdoski, Dragi Kanatlarovski and Vujadin Stanojković. FK Vardar went on to spend 33 seasons in the Federal top flight from 1947 to 1992 and is ranked 11th on the all-time table.
After independence
Vardar celebrated Macedonia independence by winning three consecutive titles including going unbeaten in the inaugural season. During the 90's they remained at the top of Macedonian football reaching five Cup finals; winning four and have always been the team to beat. After a lean spell by their standards, they brought the league again in 2001–02 and the following season just missed out on qualifying for the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League group stage. A remarkable achievement, in the Second qualifying round they eliminated CSKA Moscow and came within a goal of getting past Sparta Prague. In 2011, Vardar was originally relegated from the Macedonian First Football League, but after a buying the license from Miravci it stayed. The following season they brought the league again after nine years. To date they have 17 major honors to their name. In 2012, with the new transformation, FK Vardar became the first team in North Macedonia organized as a joint stock company incorporated under the Companies Act. FK Vardar went on to spend 24 seasons in the Macedonian First Football League from 1992 to 2017 and is ranked first on the all-time table.
Memorable moments
In their history, FK Vardar has had many memorable matches. The first big one came in 1961 against Dunfermline from Scotland, victory at home ground 2:0 glorious moments in Cup winners Cup. Among those, the one that stands out the most was defeating FK Partizan by a score of 5–0. In early history, the 2–1 victory over Varteks in the Yugoslav Cup final is remembered by the club as its first major trophy win. A game that had the highest attendance was a matchup against Trepča where FK Vardar won 2–1 and earned promotion to the Yugoslav First League. Other matches to remember came against the great four Red Star Belgrade, Partizan Belgrade, Dinamo Zagreb and Hajduk Split. Then 1985 home ground victory over Dinamo Bucurset from Romania 1:0 in UEFA Cup competition. At the beginning of the Macedonian First Football League the most memorable matches were all the wins against rival Pelister, including the first-ever Macedonian Football Cup final in 1993 where FK Vardar won 1–0 at the old City Stadium. The biggest international achievement of the club came in 2003 when FK Vardar came one goal short of qualifying for the UEFA Champions League group stage. They had great match against Barry Town from Wales and 3–0 victory at home ground, then another glorious 2–1 away win over Russian heavyweights CSKA Moscow. In 2004 UEFA Intertoto Cup they destroyed Ethnikos Achnas from Cyprus in both matches home and away with identical victories of 5–1, then 1–0 victory against Belgian side Gent at home ground.
First time in Europa League group stage
In the 2017–18 Champions League second qualifying round, Vardar were drawn against Swedish side Malmö FF, in the first leg away, they have played a draw (1–1) and won the second leg in Strumica (3–1), with the goals of Boban Grncharov, Tigran Barseghyan and Boban Nikolov. In the third qualifying round, Vardar was played against Danish side F.C. Copenhagen, they won first leg at the home in Skopje (1–0), with the goal of Jonathan Balotelli. In the second leg in Copenhagen, Vardar had a result which would lead to the play-off round of Champions League, but in last 15 minutes, Copenhagen scored two goals, and Vardar lost the match (4–1), and its eliminated from the Champions League. But, the participation in the European competitions in that season Vardar continued in the Europa League play-off round, in whom were drawn against Turkish giants Fenerbahçe. Surprisingly, Vardar won both matches against them, in the first leg in Skopje won 2–0, with the goals of Barseghyan and the bizarre own goal of Mehmet Topal, and in the second leg in Istanbul 2–1, with a goals of Jaba Jighauri and Nikola Gligorov, and Vardar qualified for the group stage of the Europa League for the first time in its history and became the first Macedonian club to qualify for the group stage of a European competition. In the group stage, Vardar were drawn in Group L against Zenit Saint Petersburg, Rosenborg and Real Sociedad. In the debut match, Vardar were outclassed by Zenit in Skopje (0–5) and lost the match in Trondheim against Rosenborg (3–1), but was scored first goal in the group stages of European competition by Juan Felipe. In third match Vardar was again trashed by Real Sociedad at home (0–6), which was a highest defeat in the European competition matches.
However, FК Vardar later won a historic first point in European Cups with a 1:1 draw in the home match against Rosenborg BK.
Grounds
Gradski Park Arena
The Toshe Proeski Arena with a capacity of 33,460 spectators, it ranks among the 10 biggest stadiums in the Balkans. The field is of 105 x 68 m dimensions. There are two big boards that are located on the east and west sides, size 18 × 6 m. The Toshe Proeski Arena has 494 VIP seats and 386 seats for the media on the northern stand. 80% of the space in Toshe Proeski Arena is sheltered in case of bad weather. The Toshe Proeski Arena is a multifunctional sports facility located in Skopje, Macedonia. It is named after Philip II of Macedon and is mostly used for football matches. On 25 July 2012, one of the most visited matches of FK Vardar against FC BATE Borisov was played in the second qualifying round of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League. The west stand is known by the Komiti, FK Vardar's most faithful fans.
National Arena Toshe Proeski was the host of 2017 UEFA Super Cup, Macedonia's first UEFA club competition final.
Hipodrom Training Ground
The Hipodrom Training Ground training camp of is one of the most impressive football facilities, built not only on the territory of Macedonia and the surrounding region. Designed according to modern facilities which are at the disposal of the strongest European teams, this complex provides FK Vardar's first team players with all necessary conditions for the normal training process. Having in use the training center which cost 4 million €, the Vardar footballers received the following benefits offered by their new professional home:
Two football fields, one of which is artificial and one natural base and most sophisticated drainage system, which allows top condition for the training in all weather conditions. Both pitches are lit with spotlights, which provides the opportunity for our first team players and coaching staff to perform their daily duties in the evening.
16 rooms and three suites designed for daily and quarantine residence of the players and the technical staff of the most successful domestic club.
Room for theoretical and video analysis of the opponents.
Restaurant for footballers, and coffee shop that also can be used by visitors to the facility.
Medical Center
Spa Center
Rooms for individual analysis and discussions
Premises for professional staff
The facility is located in the Skopje suburb of Hippodrome on the east entrance of the city, near the complex intended to foster Equestrian sports.
Considering that the existence of adequate infrastructure is the most fundamental prerequisite for the football game FC Vardar received a modern training camp as it has long deserved. Simply, our present and future, the coaches and the footballers, right on this place will build, time and adjust the form, which is supposed to soar Vardar to the desired heights on the international stage in European competitions.
The longtime dream of generations of Vardar fans, for ranking in the group stage of the Champions League and the Europe League, we could now rightly say, that from day to day will start turning into reality. The first step towards a given target has been made with the implementation of the plan for the construction of the "red-black" professional training center.
Vardar Football Academy
The FK Vardar Football Academy is one of the most modern sports facilities intended for work with youth categories, which are built not only on the territory of Macedonia, but in the surrounding region. As an institution for development of young football talents, the work of the academy is organized according to the standards of the famous clubs of Europe's elite. The Secrets of the football game under the guidance of their coaches and other professionals, will be learned by more than 400 boys, juniors of the most successful Macedonian club. The construction of this capital facility in the city park of Skopje, covers an area of , for the Vardar's juniors use with the following sports and administrative contents:
Football pitch with artificial grass, an area of 8700 m2 and dimensions of 130 meters in length and 65 in width. The terrain is also illuminated by spotlights to enable our juniors to train in the evening.
Four dressing rooms for the footballers and two dressing rooms for coaches with a surface of 50 m2, equipped with central ventilation and underfloor heating.
Classroom for theoretical instruction and sports education, covering 70 m2 and a capacity for 30 people.
Offices for administration
Economy Office
Technical and auxiliary premises
A lot of top proven footballers came from the famous Vardar Football School in the time of the history, and this is witnessed by the numerous trophies won in the junior competitions of the Macedonian and the ex-Yugoslavia scene.
Now, with the new working conditions, Vardar will be a regional leader in the creation of new football "pearls" that will successfully carry the jersey of our club and the national team of North Macedonia in the coming period.
Guided by the thought that children are our greatest treasure and that the future belongs to them, investing in their football development and building of sports habits, has always been and will remain our top strategic priority.
Supporters
FK Vardar supporters are known as "Komiti". Komiti are the first organized supporters group of Vardar and they were founded on 4 June 1987 in Skopje, at the match between FK Vardar and Red Star Belgrade. Throughout their existence, they left significant seal in the history of Vardar and with their support becoming the 12th player of the team. FK Vardar as a club is supported by most Macedonians worldwide. The Ultras group KOMITI was noticed for the first time in the year 1985, on 'Zapad' (West Stand), where the most fanatic fans of Vardar always operated. Two years later, on 4 June 1987 at the City Stadium in Skopje was a derby match of the Yugoslav league at that time between Vardar Skopje and Red Star Belgrade (3:1). On 'Zapad' for the first time since the existence of the club, a banner with the writing 'KOMITI' was noticed. The idea contained the establishment of a massive and strong Macedonian ultra scene. The goal was for 'KOMITI' to make the prominent post of all activities and events on the West Stand. As the most acceptable name of the group was selected 'KOMITI'.
The reason for it was simple: In the last decade of the 19th century and the early 20th century, when Macedonia was still under Ottoman rule, the revolutionaries that had been organized under IMRO were called komitadjis, as in members of the Macedonian Committee. This name is very strong and the meaning of the name is closely linked with their goals, this is why they decided not to use one like the standard unimaginative names such as Brigate, Commando, Ultras, Boys, etc. And so, the name 'KOMITI' was selected for the newborn Ultra group.
The team has always been a symbol of the Macedonians and in the diaspora. Komiti have great relations with FK Teteks fans "Vojvodi" and FC Schalke 04 fans "Ultras Gelsenkirchen".
Rivalries
Eternal Derby
The fixture between Vardar and FK Pelister is the biggest and most violent match in North Macedonia. An important aspect of this match-up is the intense rivalry in the Macedonian tifo scene between the supporter clubs Komiti Skopje and Čkembari. The rivalry began in the season 1989–90 at a match in Skopje, between FK Vardar and Red Star Belgrade. A conflict occurred between the "Skopje fans" and a few "Bitola fans" who went to cheer for FK Vardar, who at that time was the most popular Macedonian football club in the former Yugoslavia. On 8 March 1991 in Bitola FK Pelister and FK Vardar met in the Yugoslav second league and the first incident occurred. From that day forward, started the big rivalry between Komiti and Čkembari along with the Vardar–Pelister match becoming the eternal derby. In recent years the rivalry wained slightly in importance as FK Vardar stopped being as competitive.
Skopje derby
FK Vardar and FK Shkupi (formerly defunct FK Sloga Jugomagnat) is the main derby in the city, as both clubs have active organised support. This rivalry is drawn along ethnic lines as FK Vardar fans are Macedonians and Orthodox Christians, while FK Shkupi are Albanians . Rabotnički is the other team in Skopje with organised fans, although the rivalry is rarely manifested on the football pitch, it is widely upheld however in handball and basketball.
Inter-regional rivalries
Vardar has a strong rivalry with FK Pobeda. Like the rivalry with GFK Tikvesh. There is also a friendly "brotherhood derby" with FK Teteks the fans of these two clubs have been dubbed as "Orthodox Brothers".
Honours
Domestic League
Macedonian First League
Winners (11): 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2019–20
Domestic Cup
Macedonian Football Cup
Winners (5): 1992–93, 1994–95, 1997–98, 1998–99, 2006–07
Macedonian Football Supercup
Winners (2): 2013, 2015
Yugoslav Cup
Winners (1): 1960–61
Macedonian Republic Cup
Winners (12): 1955–56, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1992–93
Regional Cup
Balkans Cup
Runners up (2): 1971–72, 1973–74
European history
FK Vardar's first competitive European match was a 0–5 loss against Dunfermline Athletic in the 1961–62 European Cup Winners' Cup. Muarem Zekir holds the record for most appearances in Europe for the club with 21. Top scorer in UEFA club competitions is Wandeir with 13 goals. The biggest win in UEFA competition was against Ethnikos Achna FC in the 2004 Intertoto Cup defeating them twice by the score of 5–1 and 10–2 on aggregate.
FK Vardar became the first Macedonian club to qualify for the group stages of a European competition, after beating Fenerbahçe S.K. in the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League playoffs.
Regional Competitions
UEFA ranking
Players
Current squad
Club officials
Technical staff
Board members
Club records
Most goals scored: Andon Dončevski (217 goals).
Best goal scoring ratio: Darko Pančev 207 matches/132 goals (0,65 goals per match).
Most league goals scored: Vasil Ringov (97 goals).
Most league goals scored in one Macedonian First League season: Saša Ćirić 1992–93 (36 goals).
Most goals scored in European competition: Wandeir 2003–05 (12 goals).
Most appearances: Kočo Dimitrovski 845 (416 league matches), Metodije Spasovski 647 (375 league matches), Gjore Jovanovski 486 (271 league matches).
Most accomplished coach: Gjoko Hadžievski (5 league titles and 2 national cups).
Biggest win in Macedonian league: 30 May 1993, FK Vardar 11–0 FK Vardarski.
Biggest win in UEFA competition: 19 June 2004, Ethnikos Achnas 1–5 FK Vardar.
Biggest single game attendance: 1985–86 Yugoslav First League, FK Vardar–Red Star Belgrade (30,000 spectators). FK. Vardar-FC. Bate Borisov 0:0 (31.322 spectators) First Round Champions League (2012–2013)
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in Yugoslavia
Association football clubs established in 1947
Football clubs in Skopje
1947 establishments in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia
Fan-owned football clubs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daigasso%21%20Band%20Brothers
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Daigasso! Band Brothers
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is a music video game published and developed by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. It was released in Japan on December 2, 2004 as a launch game for the Nintendo DS. The game features multiple songs, which include classical music, television themes, and video game music. The game is controlled using both the buttons on the DS as well as its touch screen in certain portions. It uses a variety of different instruments, which are combined selectively in order to compose a song. Besides the primary mode, players may play together, each one playing a different instrument in the song. Players may also compose their own songs. It was to be released in the United States as Jam with the Band, but was never released nor formally cancelled. It has a sequel titled Jam with the Band, which was released in Japan in 2008 and in Europe in 2010.
Gameplay
The single-player game of Band Brothers includes 35 normal songs, plus three unlockable songs. These are divided into the categories J-Pop, World, TV (anime/tokusatsu), Classic, and Game (includes a variety of medleys from Nintendo titles such as Mario, Fire Emblem, and Zelda). Each song has a number of parts available for the player to play, usually ranging from 6 to 8, and each part will generally be a different instrument, but many songs have more than one part played by the same instrument.
In the Beginner mode, all notes are represented either by a D-Pad icon or a button icon, and any direction or face button respectively will automatically play the correct note. In Amateur mode, each of the eight buttons on the face of the Nintendo DS system correspond to a musical note; there is also a drum set where each button, including the L and R buttons, plays a specific drum or cymbal. As many songs contain fast or difficult parts to play, they are covered in the Beginner and Amateur modes—when the cursor is about to move over them, the lower screen will change to the "touch" command; touching the bottom screen at this time causes the notes underneath the touch screen portion to be played automatically. These do not contribute to the player's score, but prevent high-speed sequences from being forced on the player early on, and activating them helps to keep the rhythm and flow of the song.
In Pro Mode, the player must hold down the button while playing specified notes to raise them by a semitone, and hold down the button at other notes to raise them by an octave; some notes combine both of these functions to raise a note an octave and a semitone. The player may also play a + note as , as represents the same note as an octave higher. In addition, the drum set sometimes requires the player to hit two notes at once, and the touch screen portions must be played manually; at this point the game receives a drastic increase in difficulty, and essentially turns the Nintendo DS into a musical instrument.
As a song progresses, the top screen scrolls through one bar at a time (one stretching across the screen horizontally, and the next few bars shown below it). A cursor moves to show where in the song the player currently is, and as the cursor moves over a note's "head", the aim is to press the button displayed on that head, and if necessary holding it down until the end of the "tail". Some long notes will have a tail extending across multiple bars, and very short ones will have none at all. Successfully hit the buttons at the proper time and it'll make an excellent piece of music, but hit it at the wrong time and it'll sound like a jumbled mess.
As in many music/rhythm-based games, every single note is given a title based on the accuracy, and the more accurate notes increase the score by more. These ranks are Best (perfect timing), Good (slightly too fast or slow), Bad (the note's head will not disappear; much too fast or slow) and Miss (the correct note was not played at all, or stopped before the end of the tail). At the end of a song, the score is calculated as a number out of 100.
In Free Play Mode the player scrolls through the songs using up and down on the D-Pad, and selects a part from the list using the touch screen. Listed with the instrument name will be a star difficulty level from 1 to 5. In Amateur and Pro modes (which are judged separately and toggled via a switch on the title screen), the player's score is recorded and appears next to the instrument of the song.
Progression through the game is done in the Recording Ticket mode, a single player mode where the player must play three randomly selected songs, depending on the ticket level of the player; for example a level three ticket will have the player randomly playing songs using instruments with a 3-star difficulty rating. The goal is to play the three songs and get a total score of 240/300, while making as few mistakes as possible; if the player makes too many mistakes, represented by a bomb and a burning fuse, then the game ends.
Beating the Recording Ticket Mode at the Beginner level, which only has 1 level, unlocks the Amateur mode; and beating all five levels of Amateur mode unlocks Professional mode. Beating the five levels of the Professional mode unlocks the Recording Ticket Gold Mode, a harder version of Professional Recording Ticket Mode that requires a near perfect performance to beat, i.e. 297/300; Recording Ticket Gold Mode consists of only one level, with songs randomly chosen from all 5 difficulty levels.
Daigasso! Band Brothers utilizes the Nintendo DS' Wireless Link connection to allow multiple players to join in and make music. In 2 to 8 player link-ups, each player, like in solo player mode, takes command of one specific instrument in the music piece. Each player in the group is part of a band, and must play the song together as a group, and the better each player follows along, the more in tune the song comes through. Every note played, right or wrong, can be heard on the other players' systems, and if every single part in the song is played by a human absolutely nothing will be automated. Scores are measured by percentage of notes hit, each players percentage is represented by a balloon in the bottom screen. This lets everyone know how they are doing in comparison to their friends score.
Another feature is a full blown music editor allowing the player to create their own custom tunes, using the touch screen to select the notes. It contains the basic features of any MIDI composer, although the players are limited to 8 parts in a song and not every single MIDI instrument is available. This mode is used by many people to recreate tunes from video games or other MIDIs using a program to convert them into sheet music. There is also a mode in which players can sing or hum a tune into the Nintendo DS microphone, which will be recognized by the game and converted into notes on the screen. Any musical piece the player compose can be transmitted wirelessly to a friend's cart(s) so they can play the song.
Song list
Development
The game first appeared at the Tokyo Game Show in the Spring of 2001 where it was announced for the Game Boy Advance—although it was originally being developed for the Game Boy Color—under the tentative name Game Boy Music. It lacked many of the features in the DS game, such as the touch screen and wireless multiplayer, but it had a wide variety of instruments to play, and featured the same graphical style of the DS game; it also starred the game's mascot, who would eventually be named Barbara the Bat. The game was delayed for several reasons, but the two main reasons were:
The limited technology of the Game Boy systems made it difficult to produce a good music game; in particular, the lack of buttons and an inadequate sound system.
The developers of the game had trouble getting Nintendo to approve the new characters they created, as a new character would not have the automatic appeal of an existing character.
Eventually, Daigasso! Band Brothers was released in Japan for the Nintendo DS in 2004 as a launch title; the game was also announced for a North American release, and as late as September 2006, it was listed as "in development", but is no longer found on Nintendo of America's website. It was also listed as "To Be Confirmed" on Nintendo Australia's website until its last relaunch.
In September 2005, Nintendo released an expansion pack titled Daigasso! Band Brothers Tsuika Kyoku Cartridge (or Great Concert! Band Brothers Request Selection Cartridge in English). The expansion comes in the form of a GBA cartridge, which is inserted into the DS at the same time as the original Band Brothers card, making Band Brothers the first DS game that uses the GBA port for more than some minor unlockables. It features 31 new songs, which were chosen based on a survey posted on Nintendo's website in July. The scores of the songs do not save after being played.
Sequel
A sequel named Daigasso! Band Brothers DX was released for the Nintendo DS in Japan on June 26, 2008. It was released in Europe under the name Jam with the Band on May 21, 2010. The sequel is capable of interacting with the Wii through a game-specific channel called the Live Channel, known as the Speaker Channel in Japan. Jam with the Band also allowed the player to download new songs to the 8 megabyte capacity game cartridge via Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection.
Daigasso! Band Brothers P
Another sequel named Daigasso! Band Brothers P was released for the Nintendo 3DS in Japan in November 2013, developed by Intelligent Systems. The game was discontinued in May 2020 and became unplayable.
Notes
References
External links
Official webpage
2004 video games
Cancelled Game Boy Advance games
Cancelled Game Boy Color games
Music video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Nintendo games
Nintendo Research & Development 2 games
Turntable video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Akito Nakatsuka
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Zhukov
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Boris Zhukov
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James Kirk Harrell (born January 29, 1959) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with the American Wrestling Association (AWA) and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) under the ring name Boris Zhukov, as well as his appearances with Jim Crockett Promotions as Private Jim Nelson.
Professional wrestling career
Early career (1978–1980)
Inspired by his Northside High School football coach and hope to become a pro wrestler, 160-pound wide receiver and defensive halfback Harrell became interested in gaining mass in his senior year, 1977. While exercising at a YMCA, he met Ric McCord, who introduced him to Don Hogan and Steve Savage, two wrestlers from Salem, Virginia who trained him. After wrestling in Virginia in a tag team, Harrell moved to Atlanta, Georgia. In his first big match, the 210-pound Harrell (now called Jim Nelson) teamed with Mike Stallings to lose to Ivan Koloff and Ole Anderson.
Jim Crockett Promotions (1980–1983)
Harrell debuted in Jim Crockett Promotions in August 1980, wrestling as "Jim Nelson". In December 1981, Harrell adopted the name "Private Jim Nelson" and joined Sgt. Slaughter's villainous "Cobra Corps". He formed a tag team with fellow Corps member Don Kernodle. In May 1982, Nelson and Kernodle defeated Jay Youngblood and Porkchop Cash to win the NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship. They lost the titles to Cash and Iceman Parsons in June, but regained them later that month. Their second reign lasted until August 1982 when they lost to Youngblood and Ricky Steamboat. In early 1983, Harrell left the Cobra Corps and began feuding with Slaughter and Kernodle, losing to Kernodle in a series of "boot camp matches" in April and May. He left Jim Crockett Promotions in May 1983.
Mid-South Wrestling (1983)
In May 1983, Harrell joined the Louisiana-based Mid-South Wrestling promotion as "Boris Zurhkov". This is where he became a "Russian", shaved his head and grew a beard. He left the promotion in September 1983.
World Class Wrestling Association (1983)
In August 1983, Harrell began wrestling for the Dallas, Texas-based World Class Championship Wrestling promotion. He adopted the character of "Boris Zurkov", a mercenary hired by Skandor Akbar to face Bruiser Brody. He left the promotion in December 1983.
Southeastern Championship Wrestling (1984, 1985)
In January 1984, Harrell debuted in the Birmingham, Alabama-based Southeastern Championship Wrestling promotion as "Boris Zhukov". He feuded with wrestlers including Jacques Rougeau, Jimmy Golden, and Rick McGraw. In August 1984, Harrell defeated McGraw for the NWA Alabama Heavyweight Championship. He lost the title to Porkchop Cash the following month. He left the promotion in October 1984.
Harrell returned to the promotion the following March, this time wrestling under a mask as "Mr. Russia". He left the next month after losing a mask versus mask Lights Out match to Mr. Olympia.
American Wrestling Association (1985–1987)
In April 1985, Harrell debuted in the Minneapolis, Minnesota-based American Wrestling Association as "Boris Zukhov", adopting Chris Markoff as his manager. During 1985, he unsuccessfully challenged AWA World Heavyweight Champion Rick Martel and AWA America's Champion Sgt. Slaughter.
In early 1986, Harrell formed a tag team with Nord the Barbarian. The duo occasionally teamed with other foreign heels such as The Mongolian Stomper and Adnan Al-Kaissie. After the tag team dissolved in August 1986, Harrell unsuccessfully challenged AWA World Heavyweight Champion Nick Bockwinkel on several occasions.
In April 1987, Harrell formed another tag team with Soldat Ustinov, winning a tag team tournament. The following month, they defeated The Midnight Rockers for the AWA World Tag Team Championship. In September 1987, Harrell left the AWA to join the World Wrestling Federation, with the explanation given being that Wahoo McDaniel had driven him out of the promotion after a brutal chain match.
World Wrestling Federation (1987–1991)
Harrell debuted in the World Wrestling Federation in October 1987, once again performing as "Boris Zhukov". He formed a villainous tag team with fellow pseudo-Russian Nikolai Volkoff (whose previous tag partner The Iron Sheik had just been fired by the WWF) known as "The Bolsheviks". Over the following 15 months, The Bolsheviks competed against teams such as The British Bulldogs, The Killer Bees, The Powers of Pain, The Rougeau Brothers, and The Young Stallions. Both men entered the 1988 Royal Rumble, which was won by Jim Duggan. In October 1988, Zhukov took part in the King of the Ring tournament, losing to Mike Sharpe in the first round. That same month the Bolsheviks unsuccessfully challenged fellow heels Demolition for the WWF World Tag Team Championship in a match, later released on a Demolition VHS compilation, where the crowds cheered Demolition who turned babyface a month later at the Survivor Series after teaming with the Bolsheviks.
The Bolsheviks separated in early 1989 after Volkoff temporarily departed the WWF, with Zhukov competing as a single wrestler. His regular opponents included Paul Roma, Ronnie Garvin, and Tim Horner. In September 1989, Volkoff returned to the WWF and reformed their tag team. In December 1989, The Bolsheviks began a lengthy series of matches with The Bushwhackers. At WrestleMania VI in April 1990, The Bolsheviks lost to The Hart Foundation in a squash. and days later again failed to capture the World tag team title from Demolition in another squash.
The Bolsheviks permanently disbanded in May 1990 after a further crushing defeat by the Rockers, with Volkoff turning face by embracing America and feuding with Zhukov. After the feud ended in August 1990, Zhukov faced Koko B. Ware in a series of matches. At Survivor Series 1990, Zhukov teamed with his former Cobra Corps partner Sgt. Slaughter plus "The Orient Express" (Sato,and Tanaka) as "The Mercenaries", losing to "The Alliance" (Volkoff, The Bushwhackers, and Tito Santana).
Zhukov left the WWF in February 1991.
Late career (1991–2001, 2007-2012)
In January 1991, Harrell made a brief tour of Japan with the Super World of Sports promotion.
In April 1991, Harrell began wrestling for the Universal Wrestling Association in Florida and New York. He made his final appearance in June 1991 at the Beach Brawl pay-per-view in Palmetto, Florida, defeating Paul Samson.
After leaving the UWA, Harrell wrestled sporadically over the following decade. He formally retired in 2001.
In 2007, Zhukov resurfaced as a heel in Virginia-based promotion American Championship Wrestling (ACW) and allied with local heel Eclipso. He was attacked and injured, leading to a face turn and a "Wrestle or Retire" match on September 8 for Eclipso's ACW Championship. Before the match, Zhukov told the crowd he was retiring, but a replacement had been chosen. Later that night, his old persona, Pvt. Jim Nelson (who had not been seen since an assault by Jack & Gerry Brisco in 1983) was revealed as that replacement. Now clean-shaven and dressed in army camouflage, he'd redone Sgt. Slaughter's boot camp and was promoted to Sgt. Jim Nelson in a pre-match ceremony. Nelson won the match and title after interference from both managers. Due to the controversy, the title was held up.
Zhukov last match was on October 6, 2012, losing to Colonel Spud Wade.
Personal life
In July 2016, Zhukov was named part of a class action lawsuit filed against WWE which alleged that wrestlers incurred traumatic brain injuries during their tenure and that the company concealed the risks of injury. The suit was litigated by attorney Konstantine Kyros, who has been involved in a number of other lawsuits against WWE. The lawsuit was dismissed by US District Judge Vanessa Lynne Bryant in September 2018.
Championships and accomplishments
American Wrestling Association
AWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Soldat Ustinov
Maple Leaf Wrestling
NWA Canadian Television Championship (2 times)
Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Don Kernodle
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him No. 360 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the year in the PWI 500 in 1991
Southeastern Championship Wrestling
NWA Alabama Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Worst Feud of the Year (1985)
Worst Tag Team (1988)
World Wrestling Federation
Slammy Award (1 time)
Best Personal Hygiene (1987)
References
External links
1959 births
American male professional wrestlers
Faux Russian professional wrestlers
Living people
Masked wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Virginia
Sportspeople from Roanoke, Virginia
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
NWA Canadian Television Champions
AWA World Tag Team Champions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwan%20I
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Marwan I
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Marwan ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As ibn Umayya (), commonly known as MarwanI (623 or 626April/May 685), was the fourth Umayyad caliph, ruling for less than a year in 684–685. He founded the Marwanid ruling house of the Umayyad dynasty, which replaced the Sufyanid house after its collapse in the Second Muslim Civil War and remained in power until 750.
During the reign of his cousin Uthman (), Marwan took part in a military campaign against the Byzantines of the Exarchate of Africa (in central North Africa), where he acquired significant war spoils. He also served as Uthman's governor in Fars (southwestern Iran) before becoming the caliph's katib (secretary or scribe). He was wounded fighting the rebel siege of Uthman's house, in which the caliph was slain. In the ensuing civil war between Ali () and the largely Qurayshite partisans of A'isha, Marwan sided with the latter at the Battle of the Camel. Marwan later served as governor of Medina under his distant kinsman Caliph Mu'awiya I (), founder of the Umayyad Caliphate. During the reign of Mu'awiya's son and successor Yazid I (), Marwan organized the defense of the Umayyad realm in the Hejaz (western Arabia) against the local opposition. After Yazid died in November 683, the Mecca-based rebel Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr declared himself caliph and expelled Marwan, who took refuge in Syria, the center of Umayyad rule. With the death of the last Sufyanid caliph Mu'awiya II in 684, Marwan, encouraged by the ex-governor of Iraq Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, volunteered his candidacy for the caliphate during a summit of pro-Umayyad tribes in Jabiya. The tribal nobility, led by Ibn Bahdal of the Banu Kalb, elected Marwan and together they defeated the pro-Zubayrid Qays tribes at the Battle of Marj Rahit in August of that year.
In the months that followed, Marwan reasserted Umayyad rule over Egypt, Palestine, and northern Syria, whose governors had defected to Ibn al-Zubayr's cause, while keeping the Qays in check in the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia). He dispatched an expedition led by Ibn Ziyad to reconquer Zubayrid Iraq, but died while it was underway in the spring of 685. Before his death, Marwan firmly established his sons in positions of power: Abd al-Malik was designated his successor, Abd al-Aziz was made governor of Egypt, and Muhammad oversaw military command in Upper Mesopotamia. Although Marwan was stigmatized as an outlaw and a father of tyrants in later anti-Umayyad tradition, the historian Clifford E. Bosworth asserts that the caliph was a shrewd, capable, and decisive military leader and statesman who laid the foundations of continued Umayyad rule for a further sixty-five years.
Early life and family
Marwan was born in 2 or 4 AH (623 or 626 CE). His father was al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As of the Banu Umayya (Umayyads), the strongest clan of the Quraysh, a polytheistic tribe which dominated the town of Mecca in the Hejaz. The Quraysh converted to Islam en masse in following the conquest of Mecca by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, himself a member of the Quraysh. Marwan knew Muhammad and is thus counted among the latter's sahaba (companions). Marwan's mother was Amina bint Alqama of the Kinana, the ancestral tribe of the Quraysh which dominated the area stretching southwest from Mecca to the Tihama coastline.
Marwan had at least sixteen children, among them at least twelve sons from five wives and an umm walad (concubine). From his wife A'isha, a daughter of his paternal first cousin Mu'awiya ibn al-Mughira, he had his eldest son Abd al-Malik, Mu'awiya and daughter Umm Amr. Umm Amr later married Sa'id ibn Khalid ibn Amr, a great-grandson of Marwan's paternal first cousin Uthman ibn Affan, who became caliph (leader of the Muslim community) in 644. Marwan's wife Layla bint Zabban ibn al-Asbagh of the Banu Kalb tribe bore him Abd al-Aziz and daughter Umm Uthman, who was married to Caliph Uthman's son al-Walid; al-Walid was also married at one point to Marwan's daughter Umm Amr. Another of Marwan's wives, Qutayya bint Bishr of the Banu Kilab, bore him Bishr and Abd al-Rahman, the latter of whom died young. One of Marwan's wives, Umm Aban al-Kubra, was a daughter of Caliph Uthman. She was mother to six of his sons, Aban, Uthman, Ubayd Allah, Ayyub, Dawud and Abd Allah, though the last of them died a child. Marwan was married to Zaynab bint Umar, a granddaughter of Abu Salama from the Banu Makhzum, who mothered his son Umar. Marwan's umm walad was also named Zaynab and gave birth to his son Muhammad. Marwan had ten brothers and was the paternal uncle of ten nephews.
Secretary of Uthman
During the reign of Caliph Uthman (), Marwan took part in a military campaign against the Byzantines of the Exarchate of Carthage (in central North Africa), where he acquired significant war spoils. These likely formed the basis of Marwan's substantial wealth, part of which he invested in properties in Medina, the capital of the Caliphate. At an undetermined point, he served as Uthman's governor in Fars (southwestern Iran) before becoming the caliph's katib (secretary or scribe) and possibly the overseer of Medina's treasury. According to the historian Clifford E. Bosworth, in this capacity Marwan "doubtless helped" in the revision "of what became the canonical text of the Qur'an" in Uthman's reign.
The historian Hugh N. Kennedy asserts that Marwan was the caliph's "right-hand man". According to the traditional Muslim reports, many of Uthman's erstwhile backers among the Quraysh gradually withdrew their support as a result of Marwan's pervasive influence, which they blamed for the caliph's controversial decisions. The historian Fred Donner questions the veracity of these reports, citing the unlikelihood that Uthman would be highly influenced by a younger relative such as Marwan and the rarity of specific charges against the latter, and describes them as a possible "attempt by later Islamic tradition to salvage Uthman's reputation as one of the so-called 'rightly-guided' (rāshidūn) caliphs by making Marwan... the fall guy for the unhappy events at the end of Uthman's twelve-year reign."
Discontent over Uthman's nepotistic policies and confiscation of the former Sasanian crown lands in Iraq drove the Quraysh and the dispossessed elites of Kufa and Egypt to oppose the caliph. In early 656, rebels from Egypt and Kufa entered Medina to press Uthman to reverse his policies. Marwan recommended a violent response against them. Instead, Uthman entered into a settlement with the Egyptians, the largest and most outspoken group among the mutineers. On their return to Egypt, the rebels intercepted a letter in Uthman's name to Egypt's governor, Ibn Abi Sarh, instructing him to take action against the rebels. In reaction, the Egyptians marched back to Medina and besieged Uthman in his home in June 656. Uthman claimed to have been unaware of the letter, and it may have been authored by Marwan without Uthman's knowledge. Despite orders to the contrary, Marwan actively defended Uthman's house and was badly wounded in the neck when he challenged the rebels assembled at its entrance. According to tradition, he was saved by the intervention of his wet nurse, Fatima bint Aws, and was transported to the safety of her home by his mawla (freedman or client), Abu Hafs al-Yamani. Shortly after, Uthman was assassinated by the rebels, which became one of the major contributing factors to the First Muslim Civil War. After the assassination, Marwan and other Umayyads fled to Mecca. Calls for avenging Uthman's death were led by the Umayyads, one of Muhammad's wives, A'isha, and two of his prominent companions, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam. Punishing Uthman's murderers became a rallying cry of the opposition to his successor, Ali ibn Abi Talib, a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad.
Role in the First Fitna
In the ensuing hostilities between Ali and the largely Qurayshite partisans of A'isha, Marwan sided with the latter. He fought alongside A'isha's forces at the Battle of the Camel near Basra in December 656. The historian Leone Caetani presumed that Marwan was the organizer of A'isha's strategy there. The modern historian Laura Veccia Vaglieri notes that while Caetani's "theory is attractive", there is no information in the traditional sources to confirm it and should Marwan have been A'isha's war adviser "he operated so discreetly that the sources hardly speak of his actions."
According to one version in the Islamic tradition, Marwan used the occasion of the battle to kill a partisan of A'isha, Talha, whom he held especially responsible for instigating Uthman's death. Marwan had fired an arrow at Talha, which struck the sciatic vein below his knee, as their troops fell back in a hand-to-hand fight with Ali's soldiers. The historian Wilferd Madelung notes that Marwan "evidently" waited to kill Talha when A'isha appeared close to defeat and thus in a weak position to call Marwan to account for his action. Another version in the tradition attributes Talha's death to Ali's supporters during Talha's retreat from the field, and Caetani dismisses Marwan's culpability as a fabrication by the generally anti-Umayyad sources. Madelung holds that Marwan's slaying of Talha is corroborated by Umayyad propaganda in the 680s heralding him as the first person to take revenge for Uthman's death by killing Talha.
After the battle ended with Ali's victory, Marwan pledged his allegiance to him. Ali pardoned him and Marwan left for Syria, where his distant cousin Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, who refused allegiance to Ali, was governor. Marwan was present alongside Mu'awiya at the Battle of Siffin near Raqqa in 657, which ended in a stalemate with Ali's army and abortive arbitration talks to settle the civil war.
Governor of Medina
Ali was assassinated by a member of the Kharijites, a sect opposed to both Ali and Mu'awiya, in January 661. His son and successor Hasan ibn Ali abdicated in a peace treaty with Mu'awiya, who entered Hasan's and formerly Ali's capital at Kufa and gained recognition as caliph there in July or September, marking the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate. Marwan served as Mu'awiya's governor in Bahrayn (eastern Arabia) before serving two stints as governor of Medina in 661–668 and 674–677. In between those two terms, Marwan's Umayyad kinsmen Sa'id ibn al-As and al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan held the post. Medina had lost its status as the political center of the Caliphate in the aftermath of Uthman's assassination. Under Mu'awiya the capital shifted to Damascus. Although it was reduced to a provincial governorship, Medina remained a hub of Arab culture and Islamic scholarship and home of the traditional Islamic aristocracy. The old elites in Medina, including most of the Umayyad family, resented their loss of power to Mu'awiya; in the summation of the historian Julius Wellhausen, "of what consequence was Marwan, formerly the all-powerful imperial chancellor of Uthman, now as Emir of Medina! No wonder he cast envious looks at his cousin of Damascus who had so far outstripped him."
During his first term, Marwan acquired from Mu'awiya a large estate in the Fadak oasis in northwestern Arabia, which he then bestowed on his sons Abd al-Malik and Abd al-Aziz. Marwan's first dismissal from the governorship caused him to travel to Mu'awiya's court for an explanation from the caliph, who listed three reasons: Marwan's refusal to confiscate for Mu'awiya the properties of their relative Abd Allah ibn Amir after the latter's dismissal from the governorship of Basra; Marwan's criticism of the caliph's adoption of the fatherless Ziyad ibn Abihi, Ibn Amir's successor in Basra, as the son of his father Abu Sufyan, which the Umayyad family disputed; and Marwan's refusal to assist the caliph's daughter Ramla in a domestic dispute with her husband, Amr ibn Uthman ibn Affan. In 670, Marwan led Umayyad opposition to the attempted burial of Hasan ibn Ali beside the grave of Muhammad, compelling Hasan's brother, Husayn, and his clan, the Banu Hashim, to abandon their original funeral arrangement and bury Hasan in the Baqi cemetery instead. Afterward, Marwan participated in the funeral and eulogized Hasan as one "whose forbearance weighed mountains".
According to Bosworth, Mu'awiya may have been suspicious of the ambitions of Marwan and the Abu al-As line of the Banu Umayya in general, which was significantly more numerous than the Abu Sufyan (Sufyanid) line to which Mu'awiya belonged. Marwan was among the eldest and most prestigious Umayyads at a time when there were few experienced Sufyanids of mature age. Bosworth speculates that it "may have been fears of the family of Abu'l-ʿĀs that impelled Muʿāwiya to his adoption of his putative half-brother Ziyād b. Sumayya [Ziyad ibn Abihi] and to the unusual step of naming his own son Yazīd as heir to the caliphate during his own lifetime". Marwan had earlier pressed Uthman's son Amr to claim the caliphate based on the legitimacy of his father, a member of the Abu al-As branch, but Amr was uninterested. Marwan reluctantly accepted Mu'awiya's nomination of Yazid in 676, but quietly encouraged another son of Uthman, Sa'id, to contest the succession. Sa'id's ambitions were neutralized when the caliph gave him military command in Khurasan, the easternmost region of the Caliphate.
Leader of the Umayyads in Medina
After Mu'awiya died in 680, Husayn ibn Ali, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr and Abd Allah ibn Umar, all sons of prominent Qurayshite companions of Muhammad with their own claims to the caliphate, continued to refuse allegiance to Mu'awiya's chosen successor Yazid. Marwan, the leader of the Umayyad clan in the Hejaz, advised al-Walid ibn Utba, then governor of Medina, to coerce Husayn and Ibn al-Zubayr, both of whom he considered especially dangerous to Umayyad rule, to accept the caliph's sovereignty. Husayn answered al-Walid's summons, but withheld his recognition of Yazid, offering instead to make the pledge in public. Al-Walid accepted, prompting Marwan, who attended the meeting, to castigate the governor and demand Husayn's detention until he proffered the oath of allegiance to Yazid or his execution should he refuse. Husayn then cursed Marwan and left the meeting, eventually making his way toward Kufa to lead a rebellion against the Umayyads. He was slain by Yazid's forces at the Battle of Karbala in October 680.
Meanwhile, Ibn al-Zubayr avoided al-Walid's summons and escaped to Mecca, where he rallied opposition to Yazid from his headquarters in the Ka'aba, Islam's holiest sanctuary where violence was traditionally banned. In the Islamic traditional anecdotes relating Yazid's response, Marwan warns Ibn al-Zubayr not to submit to the caliph; Wellhausen considers these variable traditions to be unreliable. In 683, the people of Medina rebelled against the caliph and assaulted the local Umayyads and their supporters, prompting them to take refuge in Marwan's houses in the city's suburbs where they were besieged. In response to Marwan's plea for assistance, Yazid dispatched an expeditionary force of Syrian tribesmen led by Muslim ibn Uqba to assert Umayyad authority over the region. The Umayyads of Medina were afterward expelled and many, including Marwan and the Abu al-As family, joined Ibn Uqba's expedition. In the ensuing Battle of al-Harra in August 683, Marwan led his horsemen through Medina and launched a rear assault against the Medinese defenders fighting Ibn Uqba in the city's eastern outskirts. Despite its victory over the Medinese, Yazid's army retreated to Syria in the wake of the caliph's death in November. On the Syrians' departure, Ibn al-Zubayr declared himself caliph and soon gained recognition in most of the Caliphate's provinces, including Egypt, Iraq and Yemen. Marwan and the Umayyads of the Hejaz were expelled for a second time by Ibn al-Zubayr's partisans and their properties were confiscated.
Caliphate
Accession
By early 684, Marwan was in Syria, either at Palmyra or in the court of Yazid's young son and successor, Mu'awiya II, in Damascus. The latter died several weeks into his reign without designating a successor. The governors of the Syrian junds (military districts) of Palestine, Homs and Qinnasrin subsequently gave their allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr. As a result, Marwan "despaired over any future for the Umayyads as rulers", according to Bosworth, and was prepared to recognize Ibn al-Zubayr's legitimacy. However, he was encouraged by the expelled governor of Iraq, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, to volunteer himself as Mu'awiyaII's successor during a summit of loyalist Syrian Arab tribes being held in Jabiya. The bids for leadership of the Muslim community exposed the conflict between three developing principles of succession. The general recognition of Ibn al-Zubayr adhered to the Islamic principle of passing leadership to the most righteous and eminent Muslim, while the Umayyad loyalists at the Jabiya summit debated the two other principles: direct hereditary succession as introduced by Mu'awiyaI and represented by the nomination of his adolescent grandson Khalid ibn Yazid; and the Arab tribal norm of selecting the wisest and most capable member of a tribe's leading clan, epitomized in this case by Marwan.
The organizer of the Jabiya summit, Ibn Bahdal, the chieftain of the powerful Banu Kalb tribe and maternal cousin of Yazid, supported Khalid's nomination. Most of the other chieftains, led by Rawh ibn Zinba of the Judham and Husayn ibn Numayr of the Kinda, opted for Marwan, citing his mature age, political acumen and military experience, over Khalid's youth and inexperience. The 9th-century historian al-Ya'qubi quotes Rawh heralding Marwan: "People of Syria! This is Marwān b. al-Ḥakam, the chief of Quraysh, who avenged the blood of ʿUthmān and fought ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib at the Battle of the Camel and Ṣiffīn." A consensus was ultimately reached on 22 June 684 (29 Shawwal 64 AH), whereby Marwan would accede to the caliphate, followed by Khalid and then Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-As, another prominent young Umayyad. In exchange for backing Marwan, the loyalist Syrian tribes, who shortly thereafter became known as the "Yaman" faction (see below), were promised financial compensation. The Yamani ashraf (tribal nobility) demanded from Marwan the same courtly and military privileges they held under the previous Umayyad caliphs. Husayn ibn Numayr had attempted to reach a similar arrangement with Ibn al-Zubayr, who publicly rejected the terms. In contrast, Marwan "realized the importance of the Syrian troops and adhered wholeheartedly to their demands", according to the historian Mohammad Rihan. In the summation of Kennedy, "Marwān had no experience or contacts in Syria; he would be entirely dependent on the ashrāf from the Yamanī tribes who had elected him."
Campaigns to reassert Umayyad rule
In opposition to the Kalb, the pro-Zubayrid Qaysi tribes objected to Marwan's accession and beckoned al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri, the governor of Damascus, to mobilize for war; accordingly, al-Dahhak and the Qays set up camp in the Marj Rahit plain north of Damascus. Most of the Syrian junds backed Ibn al-Zubayr, with the exception of Jordan, whose dominant tribe was the Kalb. With the critical support of the Kalb and its allied tribes, Marwan marched against al-Dahhak's larger army, while in Damascus city, a Ghassanid nobleman expelled al-Dahhak's partisans and brought the city under Marwan's authority. In August, Marwan's forces routed the Qays and killed al-Dahhak at the Battle of Marj Rahit. Marwan's rise had affirmed the power of the Quda'a tribal confederation, of which the Kalb was part, and after the battle, it formed an alliance with the Qahtan confederation of Homs, forming the new super-tribe of Yaman. The crushing Umayyad–Yamani victory at Marj Rahit led to the long-running Qays–Yaman blood feud. The remnants of Qays rallied around Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi, who took over the fortress of Qarqisiya (Circesium) in Upper Mesopotamia, from which he led the tribal opposition to the Umayyads. In a poem attributed to him, Marwan thanked the Yamani tribes for their support at Marj Rahit:
When I saw that the affair would be one of plunder, I made ready Ghassan and Kalb against them [the Qays],And the Saksakīs [Kindites], men who would triumph, and Ṭayyi', who would insist on the striking of blows,And the Qayn who would come weighed down with arms, and of Tanūkh a difficult and lofty peak.[The enemy] will not seize the kingship unless by force, and if Qays approach, say, Keep away!
Although he was already recognized by the loyalist tribes at Jabiya, Marwan received ceremonial oaths of allegiance as caliph in Damascus in July or August. He wed Yazid's widow and mother of Khalid, Umm Hashim Fakhitah, thereby establishing a political link with the Sufyanids. Wellhausen viewed the marriage as an attempt by Marwan to seize the inheritance of Yazid by becoming stepfather to his sons. Marwan appointed the Ghassanid Yahya ibn Qays as the head of his shurta (security forces) and his own mawla Abu Sahl al-Aswad as his hajib (chamberlain).
Despite his victory at Marj Rahit and the consolidation of Umayyad power in central Syria, Marwan's authority was not recognized in the rest of the Umayyads' former domains; with the help of Ibn Ziyad and Ibn Bahdal, Marwan undertook to restore Umayyad rule across the Caliphate with "energy and determination", according to Kennedy. To Palestine he dispatched Rawh ibn Zinba, who forced the flight to Mecca of his rival for leadership of the Judham tribe, the pro-Zubayrid governor Natil ibn Qays. Marwan also consolidated Umayyad rule in northern Syria, and the remainder of his reign was marked by attempts to reassert Umayyad authority. By February/March 685, he secured his rule in Egypt with key assistance from the Arab tribal nobility of the provincial capital Fustat. The province's pro-Zubayrid governor, Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri, was expelled and replaced with Marwan's son Abd al-Aziz. Afterward, Marwan's forces led by Amr ibn Sa'id repulsed a Zubayrid expedition against Palestine launched by Ibn al-Zubayr's brother Mus'ab. Marwan dispatched an expedition to the Hejaz led by the Quda'a commander Hubaysh ibn Dulja, which was routed at al-Rabadha east of Medina. Meanwhile, Marwan sent his son Muhammad to check the Qaysi tribes in the middle Euphrates region. By early 685, he dispatched an army led by Ibn Ziyad to conquer Iraq from the Zubayrids and the pro-Alids (partisans of Caliph Ali and his household and the forerunners of the Shia sect of Islam).
Death and succession
After a reign of between six and ten months, depending on the source, Marwan died in the spring of 65 AH/685. The precise date of his death is not clear from the medieval sources, with historians Ibn Sa'd, al-Tabari and Khalifa ibn Khayyat placing it on 29Sha'ban/10 or 11 April, al-Mas'udi on 3Ramadan/13 April and Elijah of Nisibis on 7May. Most early Muslim sources hold that Marwan died in Damascus, while al-Mas'udi holds that he died at his winter residence in al-Sinnabra near Lake Tiberias. Although it is widely reported in the traditional Muslim sources that Marwan was killed in his sleep by Umm Hashim Fakhita in retaliation for a serious verbal insult to her honor by the caliph, most western historians dismiss the story. Based on a report by al-Mas'udi, Bosworth and others suspect Marwan succumbed to a plague afflicting Syria at the time of his death.
Upon Marwan's return to Syria from Egypt in 685, he had designated his sons Abd al-Malik and Abd al-Aziz as his successors, in that order. He made the change after he reached al-Sinnabra and was informed that Ibn Bahdal recognized Amr ibn Sa'id as Marwan's successor-in-waiting. He summoned and questioned Ibn Bahdal and ultimately demanded that he give allegiance to Abd al-Malik as his heir apparent. By this, Marwan abrogated the arrangement reached at the Jabiya summit in 684, re-instituting the principle of direct hereditary succession. Abd al-Malik acceded to the caliphate without opposition from the previous designates, Khalid ibn Yazid and Amr ibn Sa'id. Thereafter, hereditary succession became the standard practice of the Umayyad caliphs.
Assessment
By making his family the foundation of his power, Marwan modeled his administration on that of Caliph Uthman, who extensively relied on his kinsmen, as opposed to Mu'awiyaI, who largely kept them at arm's length. To that end, Marwan ensured Abd al-Malik's succession as caliph and gave his sons Muhammad and Abd al-Aziz key military commands. Despite the tumultuous beginnings, the "Marwanids" (descendants of Marwan) were established as the ruling house of the Umayyad realm.
In the view of Bosworth, Marwan "was obviously a military leader and statesman of great skill and decisiveness amply endowed with the qualities of ḥilm [levelheadedness] and shrewdness, which characterised other outstanding members of the Umayyad clan". His rise as caliph in Syria, a largely unfamiliar territory where he lacked a power-base, laid the foundations for Abd al-Malik's reign, which consolidated Umayyad rule for a further sixty-five years. In the view of Madelung, Marwan's path to the caliphate was "truly high politics", the culmination of intrigues dating from his early career. These included encouraging Uthman's empowerment of the Umayyads, becoming the "first avenger" of Uthman's assassination by murdering Talha, and privately undermining while publicly enforcing the authority of the Sufyanid caliphs of Damascus.
Marwan was known to be gruff and lacking in social graces. He suffered permanent injuries after a number of battle wounds. His tall and emaciated appearance lent him the nickname khayt batil (gossamer-like thread). In later anti-Umayyad Muslim tradition, Marwan was derided as tarid ibn tarid (outlawed son of an outlaw) in reference to his father al-Hakam's alleged exile to Ta'if by the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Marwan's expulsion from Medina by Ibn al-Zubayr. He was also referred to as abu al-jababira (father of tyrants) because his son and grandsons later inherited the caliphal throne. In a number of sayings attributed to Muhammad, Marwan and his father are the subject of the Islamic prophet's foreboding, though Donner holds that much of these reports were likely conceived by Shia opponents of Marwan and the Umayyads in general.
A number of reports cited by the medieval Islamic historians al-Baladhuri (d. 892) and Ibn Asakir (d. 1176) are indicative of Marwan's piety, such as the 9th-century historian al-Mada'ini's assertion that Marwan was among the best readers of the Qur'an and Marwan's own claim to have recited the Qur'an for over forty years before the Battle of Marj Rahit. On the basis that many of his sons bore clearly Islamic names (as opposed to traditional Arabian names), Donner speculates Marwan may have indeed been "deeply religious" and "profoundly impressed" by the Qur'anic message to honor God and the prophets of Islam, including Muhammad. Donner notes the difficulty of "achieving a sound assessment of Marwan", as with most Islamic leaders of his generation, due to an absence of archaeological and epigraphic documentation and the restriction of his biographical information to often polemical literary sources.
See also
Al-Harith ibn al-Hakam, brother of Marwan I
Yahya ibn al-Hakam, brother of Marwan I
Aban ibn al-Walid ibn Uqba
Notes
References
Sources
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620s births
685 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
7th-century Umayyad caliphs
7th-century monarchs in Asia
7th-century monarchs in Africa
7th-century Arab people
Hadith narrators
People of the Second Fitna
Umayyad governors of Medina
Rashidun governors of Bahrain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecuba
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Hecuba
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Hecuba (; also Hecabe; , ) was a queen in Greek mythology, the wife of King Priam of Troy during the Trojan War.
Description
Hecuba was described by the chronicler Malalas in his account of the Chronography as "dark, good eyes, full grown, long nose, beautiful, generous, talkative, calm". Meanwhile, in the account of Dares the Phrygian, she was illustrated as "... beautiful, her figure large, her complexion dark. She thought like a man and was pious and just."
Family
Parentage
Ancient sources vary as to the parentage of Hecuba. According to Homer, Hecuba was the daughter of King Dymas of Phrygia, but Euripides and Virgil write of her as the daughter of the Thracian king Cisseus. The mythographers Pseudo-Apollodorus and Hyginus leave open the question which of the two was her father, with Pseudo-Apollodorus adding a third alternative option: Hecuba's parents could as well be the river god Sangarius and Metope.
Some versions from non-extant works are summarized by a scholiast on Euripides' Hecuba: according to those, she was a daughter of Dymas or Sangarius by the Naiad Euagora, or by Glaucippe the daughter of Xanthus (Scamander?); the possibility of her being a daughter of Cisseus is also discussed. A scholiast on Homer relates that Hecuba's parents were either Dymas and the nymph Eunoe or Cisseus and Telecleia; the latter option would make her a full sister of Theano, which is also noted by the scholiast on Euripides cited above.
According to Suetonius in The Twelve Caesars, the emperor Tiberius pestered scholars with obscure questions about ancient mythology, with one of his favorites being "Who was Hecuba's mother?"
Offspring
Hecuba had 19 children, some of which included major characters of Homer's Iliad such as the warriors Hector and Paris, as well as the prophetess Cassandra. Two of them, Hector and Troilus, are said to have been born as a result of Hecuba's relationship with the god Apollo. Other named children of Hecuba by Priam are Helenus, Deiphobus, Laodice, Polyxena, Creusa, Polydorus, Polites, Antiphus, Pammon, Hipponous and Iliona.
Myths
Hecuba in the Iliad
Hecuba appears six times in the Iliad. In Book 6.326–96, she meets Hector upon his return to the city and offers him the libation cup, instructing him to offer it to Zeus and to drink from it himself. Taking Hector's advice, she chooses a gown taken from Alexander's treasure to give as an offering to the goddess and leads the Trojan women to the temple of Athena to pray for help. In Book 22, she pleads with Hector not to fight Achilles, expressing her premonition of "never get[ting] to mourn you laid out on a bier." In Book 24.201–16, she is stricken with anxiety upon hearing of Priam's plan to retrieve Hector's body from Achilles' hut. Further along in the same episode, at 24.287–98, she offers Priam the libation cup and instructs him to pray to Zeus so that he may receive a favourable omen upon setting out towards the Achaean camp. Unlike in the first episode in which Hector refuses her offer of the cup, Priam accepts and is rewarded with the requested omen. Finally, she laments Hector's death in a well-known speech at 24.748–59.
Hecuba in other classical works
Stesichorus states that after the sack of Troy, Apollo, Hecuba's former lover, took her to safety and placed her in Lycia.
The Bibliotheca (Library) of Pseudo-Apollodorus states that Hecuba had a son named Troilus with the god Apollo. An oracle prophesied that Troy would not be defeated if Troilus reached the age of 20 alive. Troilus is killed by Achilles.
Hecuba is a main character in two plays by Euripides: The Trojan Women and Hecuba. The Trojan Women describes the aftermath of the fall of Troy, including Hecuba's enslavement by Odysseus. Hecuba also takes place just after the fall of Troy. Polydorus, the youngest son of Priam and Hecuba, is sent to King Polymestor for safekeeping, but when Troy falls, Polymestor murders Polydorus. Hecuba learns of this, and when Polymestor comes to the fallen city, Hecuba, by trickery, blinds him and kills his two sons.
Another story says that when she was given to Odysseus as a slave, she snarled and cursed at him, so the gods turned her into a dog, allowing her to escape.
In another tradition, Hecuba went mad upon seeing the corpses of her children Polydorus and Polyxena. Dante described this episode, which he derived from Italian sources:
E quando la fortuna volse in basso l'altezza de' Troian che tutto ardiva, sì che 'nsieme col regno il re fu casso, Ecuba trista, misera e cattiva, poscia che vide Polissena morta, e del suo Polidoro in su la riva del mar si fu la dolorosa accorta, forsennata latrò sì come cane... And when fortune overturned the pride
of the Trojans, who dared everything, so that
both the king and his kingdom were destroyed,
Poor wretched captured Hecuba,
after she saw her Polyxena dead
and found her Polydorus on the beach,
was driven mad by sorrow
and began barking like a dog...
—Inferno XXX: 13–20
Another legend has it that Hecuba threw herself into the sea and was transformed into "a she-dog with fiery eyes" and that she was buried in a "wretched" place called Kynosema ('dog's grave'), a "landmark for sailors".Koniaris, George Leonidas. "Alexander, Palamedes, Troades, Sisyphus - A Connected Tetralogy? A Connected Trilogy?". In: Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. Volume 78. Harvard University Press. 1973. pp. 120-121. The Kynosema is said to be a promontory located in modern day Kilitbahir.
Gallery
In popular culture
Hecuba is frequently referenced in classical literature, and in many medieval, Renaissance, and modern works. Among the works which are about Hecuba are:
Hecuba and The Trojan Women, plays by Euripides
The Trojan War Will Not Take Place, play by Jean Giraudoux
King Priam, novel by David Park
All For Hecuba (1947) an autobiography of Micheál Mac Liammóir
Cortege of Eagles (1967), ballet by Martha Graham
Gilligan's Island (1967), TV series, Ep.72; to impress brash movie producer Harold Hecuba (Phil Silvers), who has crash landed on their island, the castaways perform their own musical parody version of Shakespeare's Hamlet. Passions (2000), soap opera featuring a character named Hecuba, played by Robin Strasser, who is a supernatural antagonist to the town’s resident witch
Trojan Barbie (2006), play by Christine Evans
The House of Hades (2013), novel by Rick Riordan
Troy: Fall of a City (2018) a miniseries in which Hecuba is portrayed by Frances O'Connor
Bluey (2020) episode 2, season 2 "Hammerbarn", Hecuba features as Bingo's gnome husband
Hecuba is also referenced in other works:
Hamlet, play by William Shakespeare. In Act 2, scene 2, the character Hamlet marvels at the skill of an actor he has just watched perform the role of Hecuba with convincing grief as she witnesses Priam's death: "What's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba, / That he should weep for her?" Hamlet criticizes himself for grieving his father less authentically than the actor does on behalf of the imaginary Hecuba and Priam.
In Fortune Plango Vulnera (I Bemoan The Wounds Of Fortune), from the 13th C Latin and Goliardic poetry collection Carmina Burana, which was set to music in the movement Fate Imperatrix Mundi of Carmina Burana: Cantiones profanae cantoribus et choris cantandae comitantibus instrumentis atque imaginibus magicis by Carl Orff, Hecuba is mentioned as an exemplar of those thrown down by fate and a warning: "Nam sub axe legimus, Hecubam reginam." (For beneath the axle is written, queen Hecuba)
• In Edith Wharton’s The Custom of the Country, she describes Mrs. Spragg as “gaz[ing]after [Undine and Mr. Spragg] with the pale stare of Hecuba.”
Notes
References
Primary sources
Virgil, Aeneid III.19–68
Homer, Iliad XIV.717–718
Solinus, De vita Caesarum X.22
Lactantius, Divinae institutions I.22
Pomponius Mela, De chorographia II.26
Ovid, Metamorphoses XIII.423–450, 481–571
Euripides, Trojan Women Euripides, Hecuba
Secondary sources
Tsotakou-Karveli. Lexicon of Greek Mythology''. Athens: Sokoli, 1990.
External links
Queens in Greek mythology
Princesses in Greek mythology
Children of Potamoi
Women of Apollo
Women of the Trojan war
Trojans
Metamorphoses into animals in Greek mythology
Metamorphoses characters
Priam
Mythological dogs
Suicides in Greek mythology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bolton%20News
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The Bolton News
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The Bolton News – formerly the Bolton Evening News – is a daily newspaper and news website covering the towns of Bolton and Bury in north-western England. Published each morning from Monday to Saturday and online every day, it is part of the Newsquest media group, a subsidiary of the U.S media giant Gannett Inc.
Briefly
The Bolton News has an approximate circulation of 7,589.
On 11 September 2006 the Bolton Evening News became The Bolton News, which saw the newspaper being sold from the morning onwards. It considered several names, including Bolton Daily News and Bolton News. Newsquest bought these internet domain names in May 2006.
The editor of The Bolton News is Richard Duggan (who also oversees other newspapers in Lancashire including the Lancashire Telegraph, Bury Times, The Oldham Times and newly launched Salford City News). Charlotte Wareing, Roger Airey and Mel Disley are the audience and content editors for Lancashire. The head of sport (the North West regional sports editor) is Adam Lord and the website, theboltonnews.co.uk, is currently overseen by the newsdesk. It has 49,301 daily unique users.
In depth
The Bolton Evening News was Britain's first community evening halfpenny newspaper. The only other evening paper to publish before The Bolton Evening News was the Shipping Gazette in South Shields.
The very first edition of The Bolton Evening News was founded by the Tillotson family and was published on Tuesday 19 March 1867 – with the front page entirely devoted to adverts. But the origins of the paper stretch way back to 1834 when John Tillotson was apprenticed to printer Robert Marsden Holden, who had premises in Mealhouse Lane, Bolton. Tillotson eventually married his boss's daughter and took over the business in 1850. His son, William Frederick Tillotson, became apprenticed to his father. He managed to persuade his father to help him launch the first Bolton Evening News, which stretched to four pages. William Frederick Tillotson married Mary Lever on 20 April 1870. Severe difficulties dogged WF Tillotson's early enterprise but he persevered and the Evening News really took off under the first editor William Brimelow. Legend has it that the job application process then could be traumatic. Brimelow is said to have had a habit of throwing a book on the ground just as potential applicants entered the office to see what their reaction was.
Following on from the success of the evening paper the weekly Journals followed: Bolton Weekly Journal 1871 (which merged with the Bolton Guardian in 1893 to become the Bolton Journal and Guardian), Farnworth Weekly Journal 1873, Leigh, Tyldesley and Atherton Journal 1874, Eccles and Patricroft Journal 1874, Horwich and Westhoughton Journal 1925, and the Stretford and Urmston in 1960.
Tillotson's Fiction Bureau, founded by WF Tillotson in 1873, played an important role in publishing late Victorian and early-20th-century literature.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Sutherland|author-link=John Sutherland (author)|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzJ3yNVVqtUC&pg=PA629|chapter=Tillotson's Fiction Bureau|pages=629–630|title=The Stanford Companion to Victorian Literature|orig-year=1989|year=1990|isbn=9780804718424 }}</ref>
WF Tillotson died in 1889, leaving his widow and six children. In addition to the newspaper the Tillotson family also developed their general printing and carton making businesses. Mary Tillotson, widow of WF Tillotson, was a business partner in the Bolton Evening News; John Lever Tillotson left the Bolton Evening News to join the board of Lever Brothers.
The paper went from strength to strength and outgrew its primitive origins in a hand-fed printer and in 1876 a Victory printing and folding machine was acquired with a capacity of printing 16,000 copies an hour. The Tillotsons remained owners of the Evening News into the latter part of the 20th century, but the days of family-owned newspapers were drawing to a close and in 1971 the Tillotsons sold the company to St Regis International of New York. From then on change happened rapidly. St Regis sold the group to Reed International in 1982 and the Bolton Evening News became the largest of its titles.
In 1987 the paper relocated to Newspaper House in Churchgate and the old building in Mealhouse Lane became the Shipgates shopping centre, later becoming part of Crompton Place shopping arcade.
In September 2006 the paper was renamed The Bolton News. The rename came about as the paper is now delivered from the morning onwards. On 11 June 2009 the sub-editors in the editorial department were moved to Blackburn, working from the offices of the Lancashire Telegraph. It meant the production of pages for The Bolton News were created away from Bolton for the first time in the publication's history.
At the start of 2009, the Bury Times operation was merged with The Bolton News. The Bury Times office in Market Street was sold to Bury College. The Bury Times is now largely produced in Bolton and Blackburn and in April 2013, it was revamped with more pages and a £1 price point.
In 2011, The Bolton News looked towards digital production, expanding into the smartphone app market, launching Bolton and Bury Football for Apple iOS devices, and producing ebooks for the iPad and Kindle.
In October 2012, The Bolton News relocated to The Wellsprings, Bolton, taking over the former Barclays Bank after the lease on Newspaper House came to an end. The newspaper was given a fresh look and increased price in May 2013 but it led to a 32 per cent drop in circulation.
Editors
The Bolton News has had just 14 editors but it functioned without anyone officially being designated editor until William Brimelow was confirmed in the post in 1871.
1871–1913: William Brimelow
1913–27: Frederick L. Tillotson
1927–41: Issac Edwards
1941–45: Frederick Tillotson
1945–65: Frank Singleton
1965–79: Tom Cooke
1979–87: Leslie Gent
1987–92: Chris Walder
1992–97: Andrew Smith
1997–2001: Mark Rossiter
2001–08: Steve Hughes
2008–18: Ian Savage
2018–20: Karl Holbrook
2020-22: Steven Thompson
2022-present: Richard Duggan
Online editors
The Bolton News has had five dedicated online editors who have overseen theboltonnews.co.uk and burytimes.co.uk. Before 2005, there was no single online editor.
2005–09: Chris Sudlow
2009–13: David Crookes
2013–2015: Julian Thorpe
2015–2017: Melanie Disley
2017–2018: Matthew Taylor
History
1867: Bolton Evening News launched on 19 March by W F Tillotson, first halfpenny evening paper in the country, in Mawdsley Street.
1868: Founder members of Press Association.
1871: William Brimelow was appointed the first official editor.
1889: W F Tillotson died at the age of 44.
1894: First daily newspaper in Britain to produce a photograph by the halftone process.
1926: One of the first offices outside London to be equipped with Cread-Wheatstone apparatus which bought both home and foreign news over a landline into the offices.
1956: Fred Tillotson, son of W F, retired, having guided the company both as director and chairman (and on a couple of occasions as editor) since 1901.
1962: The Evening News made newspaper history when, for first time in a British paper, all editions contained a full-page printed in Hi-Fi colour.
1967: Bolton Evening News named as country's best designed newspaper.
1971: Tillotsons Ltd. bought by St Regis Paper Company of New York, and Marcus Tillotson, the last of the founding family to be connected with the Bolton Evening News and Chairman since 1956, retired.
1976: Old hot metal process of production replaced by computerised photo-setting.
1982: Company sold to Reed International.
1985: A historic breakthrough in newspaper production when the company signed a single-keying agreement with its National Graphical Association tele-ad staff, first of its kind in the UK provincial newspaper industry.
1987: The company relocated from Mealhouse Lane to Newspaper House in Churchgate. At same time the paper opened an out-of-town publishing centre at Lostock, and converted from letterpress to printing web-offset.
1989: Full electronic page make-up introduced, making the company the first in the world to achieve the complete electronic newspaper where stories, photographs and advertisement processed by computer from the moment of compilation almost to point where paper is printed.
1991: As company ownership of newspapers expanded rapidly, the Lancashire Evening Telegraph and its associated weekly newspapers were bought from Thomson Newspapers, also to be printed at Bolton.
1996: Newsquest founded in management buy-out from Reed.
1996: Bolton Evening News website – thisisbolton.co.uk – is launched.
1999: Newsquest became part of Gannett.
2001: Printing presses opened at Wingates Industrial Estate.
2005: Marcus Tillotson died at the age of 89.
2006: The newspaper's name is changed to The Bolton News to reflect changing reader habits and lifestyles.
2008: Website re-launched with new look as www.theboltonnews.co.uk
2009: The £17m, purpose-built printing facility at Wingates Industrial Estate, Bolton closed and was later sold for £2m. Printing of The Bolton News moved to North Wales.
2009: The Bury Times operation moved to The Bolton News offices.
2009: The sale of the Bury Times Market Street office to Bury College was completed.
2009: The sub-editors in The Bolton News editorial department moved to Blackburn.
2011: The Bolton News expanded into smartphone app production, launching Bolton and Bury Football for Apple iOS devices.
2012: Exploring the emergence of tablet computing, The Bolton News launched its special book, Wanderers Legends, for the iPad and Kindle.
2012: The newspaper relocated from Newspaper House to The Wellsprings in Victoria Square.
2013: The Bolton News'' gave the paper a fresh look and launched a standalone weekend magazine with a seven-day TV listings guide; this later folded into the run-of-paper as a cost-cutting measure.
2013: The newspaper increased in price from 45p to a record high of 80p on a Saturday but later fell to 65p. The Monday-to-Friday price increased from 45p to 65p. Circulation dropped by 32 per cent.
2015: Three photographers, two feature writers, a news editor, one sport content editor/writer, one content editor, an editorial content assistant and a graphic artist are made redundant following a revision of staffing numbers at many local papers by parent company Newsquest.
2018: Daily circulation drops to an all-time low of 8,166. New editor, Karl Holbrook, is appointed.
2019: Circulation drops again, to 7,873 and then further to 7,589 in line with wider industry. Digital growth hits all time highs.
2019: The editorial departments of The Bolton News and Lancashire Telegraph are centralised into a regional news team.
2020: Karl Holbrook announces he is joining the Northern Echo.
2020: Steven Thompson becomes the 14th editor and remains in this position for one year and two months, making him the shortest-serving editor of The Bolton News.
2021: Richard Duggan appointed editor
2022: The Bolton News moves out of its premises in Victoria Square.
References
External links
The Bolton News website
Mass media in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton
Newspapers published in Greater Manchester
Newspapers established in 1867
1867 establishments in England
Daily newspapers published in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%20Gatorade%20Duels
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2011 Gatorade Duels
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The 2011 Gatorade Duels were a pair of stock car races held on February 17, 2011 at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida. The 62 and 60-lap races, held before a crowd of 80,000 people, were the qualifying events for the 2011 Daytona 500, the premier event of the 2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. The first race was won by Kurt Busch for the Penske Racing team. Regan Smith finished second, and Kevin Harvick came in third. Afterward, the second race was won by Jeff Burton. Clint Bowyer followed in the second position, ahead of third-placed Michael Waltrip.
During the first race, Ryan Newman was the leader at the start. However, by the end of the lap Paul Menard became the leader. Afterward, the first caution was given after Newman spun sideways. On the 11th lap, Harvick moved to the first position. Twenty laps later, Busch became the leader. With four laps remaining, Michael McDowell's engine failed, prompting the second caution to be given. At the restart, Matt Kenseth was the leader, but he was passed by Busch one lap later. Busch remained in the first position to win the first Gatorade Duel. There were two cautions and 20 lead changes among nine drivers during the first race.
During the second race, Jeff Gordon was the leader at the start, but after one lap he was passed by Bowyer. On the third lap, Casey Mears' engine failed, prompting the first caution of the race to be given. After the restart, Kyle Busch became the leader. On lap 13, Edwards passed Busch to move into the first position. On the 15th lap, the second caution of the race was given, after Joey Logano collided into the wall. At the restart, Edwards remained the leader, ahead of Kyle Busch. At the end of the race, Burton had assistance from Bowyer to win the race. There were a record-breaking 22 lead changes among seven drivers and five caution periods in the second event. The races attracted 3.303 million television viewers.
Background
Daytona International Speedway is one of six superspeedways to hold NASCAR races; the others are Michigan International Speedway, Auto Club Speedway, Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Pocono Raceway and Talladega Superspeedway. Its standard track is a four-turn, superspeedway. Daytona's turns are banked at 31 degrees and the front stretch (the location of the finish line) is banked at 18 degrees. The defending winners of the races were Jimmie Johnson and Kasey Kahne.
In the early years, qualifying for the Daytona 500 had varying formats: from one timed lap, to the average of two laps, to the better of two laps. The idea of having two individual races to establish the starting lineup of the Daytona 500 dates back to the first race in 1959. The first of the 100-mile (160 km) qualifying races consisted of Convertible division cars and the second of Grand National cars. Between 1960 and 1967, the races were and were increased to in 1969. Prior to 1971, the races yielded points to the Drivers' Championship. Large well-established teams approach the races as practice sessions for the Daytona 500 while a successful qualification into the Daytona 500 for smaller less-established teams would allow them to enter future NASCAR events during the season. An unsuccessful qualification meant the team would risk closing down until sponsorship was found. Corporate sponsors purchased naming rights to qualifying races; between 1981 and 1984, Uno cards was the title sponsor for the "Uno Twin 125’s" qualifying events. In 1985 they became known as "7-Eleven Twin 125's"; no sponsors funded the 1988, 1989 and 1990 qualifying events and the races were called "Daytona Twin Qualifiers". Gatorade became the sponsor of the dual qualifying events in 1991 and the races were increased to as it became known as the "Gatorade Duels" in 2005. The races were rebranded as the "Budweiser Duels" in 2013 and became known as the "Can-Am Duels" in 2016.
The top 35 drivers were assigned to Gatorade Duel races based upon their qualifying positions in the previous year's Daytona 500. Drivers who qualified in odd-number positions competed in the first Duel along with the winner of the 2011 Daytona 500 pole. Competitors who qualified in even-numbered places took part in the second Duel. The drivers' finishing positions in both Duels determined their starting positions in the Daytona 500. Positions 40 to 42 were filled with the quickest drivers who did not qualify in the top 35. 43rd place was occupied by an eligible past champion. In the event a past champion was not available, the 43rd position would be filled by the next-fastest driver. Two drivers outside the top 35 qualifying positions were eligible for two transfer spots in each Duel which allowed them to qualify for the Daytona 500.
Practice and qualifying
Two practice sessions were held prior to the races on February 16, 2011. The first practice session ran for 90 minutes, while the second lasted 55 minutes after rain delays. In the first practice session, which was delayed because of rain, Kyle Busch was quickest with a time of 44.943 seconds. He was followed by Greg Biffle, Dale Earnhardt Jr., Johnson, and Juan Pablo Montoya in the next four positions. Also in the session, Earnhardt, along with Martin Truex Jr., collided together, and into the wall. Both sustained major damages to their car, which prompted them to move to back-up cars, meaning Earnhardt had to forfeit the pole position for the race and in the Daytona 500. During the second practice, Kahne was quickest with a time of 44.985 seconds, only one-thousandth of a second faster than Joey Logano. Jeff Gordon followed in the third position, ahead of David Ragan and Kyle Busch.
The qualifying grids were chosen by how they qualified in Daytona 500 pole position qualifying, giving the pole position to Earnhardt in the first race. He was joined on the grid's front row by Paul Menard, with Ryan Newman in third. Mark Martin and Tony Stewart started in fourth and fifth positions. Gordon started from first place in the second event and was joined by Trevor Bayne in second place with Clint Bowyer third. Jeff Burton started fourth, and was followed by Biffle in fifth.
Qualifying 1 and 2 results
Races
The qualifying races for the 2011 Daytona 500 began at 2:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time and were televised live in the United States on Speed. The conditions on the grid were dry before the race, the air temperature at with sunny skies expected. Sonny Gallman began pre-race ceremonies, by delivering the invocation. Next, Johnny Mayo performed the national anthem.
Race 1
Following the invocation and the performance of the United States National Anthem, the children of the late sports marketer Ed Shull gave the command for drivers to start their engines. On the pace laps, Johnson, after changing his engine, and teammate Earnhardt, who had to move to a back-up car, had to fall behind all the other drivers in the event after doing major changes during practice. At the start, Newman was the leader going through the first corner, but on the same lap Menard, with pushing assistance from Martin, passed him. On the second lap, the first caution was given because Newman spun sideways in the second turn but avoided impacting the wall. During the caution, he drove to pit road for a pit stop.
At the lap six restart, Menard remained the leader ahead of Martin. On the same lap, Martin became the leader, after having assistance from Stewart. By the ninth lap, Martin and Stewart had a 1.7 second lead over the third position. Two laps later, Earnhardt moved to the tenth position, while Harvick became the leader. On the 22nd lap, Johnson moved up to ninth while Harvick and Kurt Busch switched the first position between them. On the following lap, Kahne became the leader, but after four laps, Harvick reclaimed the first position. However, on the 30th lap, Kahne took the lead from Harvick, only to get it removed by Kurt Busch one lap later. At lap 32, Earnhardt moved up to the ninth position, while Johnson moved up to fifth.
On lap 34, Harvick took the lead from Kurt Busch, but on the same lap, Busch reclaimed the position. On the following lap, Menard was tenth, while A. J. Allmendinger passed Johnson for the fifth position. On lap 38, green flag pit stops began, as Bill Elliott and Brian Vickers made pit stops. On the following lap, most of the drivers made pit stops for fuel. On lap 41, Matt Kenseth and Kurt Busch made pit stops. Two laps later, Kenseth became the leader, with assistance from Harvick. On the 45th lap, Kenseth was the leader, ahead of Harvick, Kahne, Juan Pablo Montoya, and Regan Smith. Seven laps later, Johnson moved up into the eighth position. On lap 56, the second caution was given after Michael McDowell's engine failed. At the lap 60 restart, Kenseth was the leader, but on the final lap, he was passed by Kurt Busch and Smith. Kurt Busch remained the leader to win the race, ahead of Smtih, Harvick, and Kenseth. Bill Elliott and Yeley earned transfers to qualify for the Daytona 500. There were two cautions and 20 lead changes among nine different drivers during the course of the race. Harvick's total of 20 laps led was the highest of any competitor. Kurt Busch led five times for a total of seven laps.
Race 2
Following the first Gatorade Duel, Murphy Reynolds gave the command for drivers to start their engines. During the pace laps, Casey Mears went to the back of the field because he changed his engine and Truex did the same because he switched to a backup car. At the start, Gordon and Bayne were the leaders. On the first lap, Bowyer became the leader after having assistance from Burton. On the following lap, Jamie McMurray moved into the third position, after drafting with Kyle Busch. On the third lap, the first caution was given because Mears' engine failed. At the lap six restart, Bowyer was the leader, ahead of Burton, Kyle Busch, and Biffle. Two laps later, Busch became the leader. On the 11th lap, Carl Edwards moved up to third, while McMurray moved up to second. Two laps later, Edwards became the leader. On lap 14, Gordon reclaimed the first position, as Bayne moved up to second. On the following lap, the second caution was given after Logano collided into the wall and slid through grass. Most of the drivers made pit stops during the caution. At the lap 20 restart, Edwards was the leader ahead of Kyle Busch.
On the 21st lap, Kyle Busch fell to the ninth position, after having no assistance. Two laps later, Bowyer took the first position, but after two more laps, he was passed by Gordon. At lap 27, Truex, with assistance from Hamlin became the leader for only a lap before Edwards reclaimed the position. Afterward on lap 30, Burton became the leader ahead Biffle and Gordon. Seven laps later, Gordon, with assistance from Bayne became moved into the first and second positions. On the 39th lap, Brad Keselowski spun sideways after losing control of his car, prompting the third caution to come out. He slid through grass but continued without any apparent damage. At the lap 43 restart, Gordon remained in the first position, but on the following lap, Edwards retook the lead. On the 46th lap, Hamlin spun sideways to cause the fourth caution. Edwards remained the leader at the lap 49 restart. Five laps later, the fifth caution was given, after Todd Bodine crashed. With three laps remaining in the race, Burton and Bowyer were in the first two positions. Burton remained the leader to cross the finish line in first, ahead of Bowyer in second. Also on the final lap, there was an accident at behind the front runners. Michael Waltrip finished third, Kyle Busch clinched fourth, and Brian Keselowski rounded out the first five positions.
In the end, the following five drivers failed to qualify for the Daytona 500 because they could not finish high enough in their respective Duels or turn a fast enough qualifying lap: Casey Mears, Todd Bodine, Derrike Cope, Kevin Conway, and Michael McDowell. The second race had a record-breaking total of 22 lead changes in the Gatorade Duels among seven different drivers and had five caution periods. Burton's total of 17 laps led was the highest of any competitor.
Post-race
Following the first race, Kurt Busch drove to victory lane. During the press conference, Busch said, "To be in those positions, you have to have a good drafting partner. I had that with Regan Smith [Thursday], had it with [Jamie] McMurray on Saturday night [in the Shootout]. But you can't be in those positions if you don't build a great race car." Also by winning the race, Kurt Busch would be the leader at the start of the Daytona 500, after Earnhardt was involved in an accident. Second-place finisher Smith stated: "Kurt (Busch) and I worked good all day and we had good cars hooked up together. I hope we find each other and do the same thing on Sunday." The first event took 58 minutes and 12 seconds to complete and the margin of victory was 0.065 seconds.
Once the second race was over, Burton drove to victory lane after winning the race. In the next press conference, he said, "It’s great to be in Victory Lane but we’ve got to keep it in perspective that this wasn’t the Daytona 500. You want me to tell you what’s going to happen on Sunday? We’re going to have 400 miles of some stuff happening, but then 100 miles of a lot of things happening. We’re going to have six or seven cautions in the last 100 laps, it’s going to be a short race to [the] chequered [flag] and that’s what’s going to happen." The second event took one hour, five minutes and 54 seconds to complete and the margin of victory was 0.005 seconds. A crowd of 80,000 people attended the races. The races had a television audience of 3.303 million people.
Race results 1 and 2
References
Gatorade Duels
Gatorade Duels
NASCAR races at Daytona International Speedway
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20BCS%20National%20Championship%20Game
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2014 BCS National Championship Game
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The 2014 Vizio BCS National Championship Game was the national championship game of the 2013 college football season, which took place on Monday, January 6, 2014. The game featured the Auburn Tigers and Florida State Seminoles. It was the 16th and last time the top two teams would automatically play for the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) title before the implementation of a four-team College Football Playoff system. The game was played at the Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California, kicking off at 8:30 p.m. ET. The game was hosted by the Pasadena Tournament of Roses, the organizer of the annual Tournament of Roses Parade and the Rose Bowl Game on New Year's Day. The winner of the game, Florida State, was presented with the American Football Coaches Association's "The Coaches' Trophy", valued at $30,000. Pre-game festivities began at 4:30 p.m. PT. Face values of tickets were $385 and $325 (end zone seats) with both teams receiving a total of 40,000 tickets.
Starting immediately after the 2014 Rose Bowl Game, a fresh field was placed on top of the existing field. The field was laid on Thursday, and painting of the field began Friday. The field was completed Saturday in time for it to rest on Sunday for the game on Monday.
Florida State scored first on a 35-yard field goal to take an early 3–0 lead. Auburn responded with a touchdown in the first quarter and two in the second to storm out to a 21–3 lead. After a successful punt fake, the Seminoles managed a touchdown late in the second quarter, making it a 21–10 game in Auburn's favor going into halftime. Both teams dominated on defense in the third quarter with the Seminoles hitting a field goal to cut Auburn's lead to eight. In the fourth quarter, Florida State scored a touchdown early to make it a one-point game. Auburn extended its lead to 24–20 on a field goal, but Florida State took the lead 27–24 when Levonte Whitfield took the ensuing kickoff 100 yards for a touchdown. Auburn then retook the lead 31–27 with 1:19 remaining in the game, but Florida State was able to respond, winning the game 34–31 with a Kelvin Benjamin touchdown with 13 seconds left on the clock.
For their performances in the game, quarterback Jameis Winston and defensive back P. J. Williams were named the game's most valuable players.
Teams
Teams playing in this game were officially selected on Selection Sunday, December 8, 2013. They are the No. 1 and No. 2 nationally ranked teams in the final BCS standings. In the final BCS Standings, Florida State ended up ranked No. 1 and Auburn ended up ranked No. 2. Auburn and Florida State have played 17 times before, with Auburn leading the series, 13–4. Their last meeting was in 1990 at Auburn, Auburn winning 20–17.
The teams were housed in Newport Beach, Orange County. They held practices at UC Irvine (Auburn) in Irvine, CA and Orange Coast College (Florida State) in Costa Mesa, CA. On game day, Auburn wore its white away jerseys and used the west bench while Florida State wore its dark home jerseys and used the east bench.
Auburn
The Auburn Tigers staged a large turnaround in 2013, improving from a 3–9 record in 2012 to a 12–1 record in 2013. Auburn was coached by Gus Malzahn, who was in his first season at Auburn. The Tigers began the season unranked and were picked to finish fifth in the SEC West in the SEC Media Poll. The Tigers won their first three games of the season, before losing to LSU 21–35. The Tigers then won the final eight games of the regular season to move to an 11–1 record and a SEC West division title. Auburn's regular season was capped off by two improbable victories: the Prayer at Jordan–Hare and the Kick Six (Chris Davis' game-winning touchdown with a 109-yard return of a missed 57-yard field goal attempt). In the 2013 SEC Championship Game, the Tigers defeated Missouri 59–42. It was with the improbable finishes and the single-season turnaround that the Auburn Tigers were dubbed "a team of destiny." After Auburn's victory over Missouri in the SEC Championship, #10 Michigan State defeated #2 Ohio State 34–24 in the 2013 Big Ten Football Championship Game, keeping Ohio State out of the BCS Championship Game, while Auburn moved up to take Ohio State's spot.
The Tigers led the nation in rushing (335.69 yards per game). Auburn's rushing attack was led by Tre Mason, who rushed for 1,621 yards and 22 touchdowns. Wide receiver Sammie Coates had 38 catches for 841 yards and seven touchdowns, which was good enough to rank him second in the nation on yards per reception (21.3). Quarterback Nick Marshall threw for 1,759 yards, 12 touchdowns and five interceptions. Marshall also ran for 1,023 yards and 11 touchdowns.
Defensively, the Tigers were led by Dee Ford, who came into the game with 8.5 sacks. Auburn's defense as a whole had allowed 24.0 points per game in the season.
Florida State
Florida State entered the 2013 season ranked #11 in the AP Poll. Despite losing 11 starters to the 2013 NFL Draft, the Seminoles were dominant during the 2013 season, winning by an average of 42.3 points en route to a 13–0 record. FSU's closest game was a 48–34 victory over Boston College. FSU's offense averaged 53 points per game, while the defense allowed only 10.7 points per game. The Noles’ second closest game was a 27-point win over Miami. However, the Seminoles schedule was rather weak, and was ranked just #62 in the country by Jeff Sagarin even after the BCS championship game. The team was coached by Jimbo Fisher, who was in his fourth season at Florida State.
Offensively, the Seminoles were led by Heisman Trophy winner, redshirt freshman quarterback Jameis Winston, who turned 20 years old on game day. Winston completed 237 of 349 passes with 3,820 yards for 38 touchdowns and 10 interceptions. The offense was also led by wide receivers Rashad Greene, Kenny Shaw and Kelvin Benjamin, who each had over 900 receiving yards. FSU's rushing attack was led by Devonta Freeman, who rushed for 943 yards. Roberto Aguayo lead the team in scoring with 147 points (perfect 90 PAT and 19 out of 20 field goal attempts).
Defensively, the Seminoles allowed 268.5 yards per game. Senior linebacker Telvin Smith led the team in tackles with 75, while safety Lamarcus Joyner led the team in sacks with 5.0.
Starting Lineups
† = 2013 All-American
Game summary
The 2014 BCS National Championship Game kicked off at 8:30 p.m. EST at the Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California. A crowd of 94,208 people attended the game. The game was televised by ESPN, with Brent Musburger and Kirk Herbstreit as commentators. Other ESPN networks (including ESPN2, ESPNEWS, ESPN Classic, ESPNU, and ESPN3) provided supplemental coverage with analysis and additional perspectives of the game, which the network branded as the BCS Megacast. An estimated 26,061,000 people watched the game on ESPN, ESPN2 and ESPNEWS, for a combined Nielsen rating of 14.8.
The pregame singing of the national anthem was performed by John Legend.
First quarter
The opening kickoff went for a touchback, thus Auburn began its opening drive at its 25-yard line. On a third and 7 situation, the Tigers had a chance to score first when Auburn quarterback Nick Marshall threw a pass to an open Ricardo Louis. Marshall's pass fell short, however, forcing the Tigers to punt the ball away to FSU. On the Seminoles' first drive of the game, Florida State was able to drive to Auburn's red zone. However, on a third and 8 situation at Auburn's 16-yard line, Jameis Winston was sacked by Nosa Eguae, forcing the Seminoles to settle for a 35-yard field goal from Roberto Aguayo to give the Seminoles a 3–0 lead.
The ensuing Auburn drive ended in a punt. However, the Tigers were able to down the punt at FSU's 2-yard line. Auburn's defense then forced a three-and-out, forcing the Seminoles to punt from the endzone. Auburn's Chris Davis returned the punt 22 yards to Florida State's 25-yard line. Taking advantage of the good field position, Auburn went up 7–3 on a 12-yard touchdown pass to Tre Mason. On the ensuing Florida State drive, the Seminoles stalled at their 26-yard line after Winston was sacked by Dee Ford. On the punt return, Auburn was called for a roughing the kicker penalty, giving FSU a first down at the Seminoles' 41-yard line.
Second quarter
Florida State opened the second quarter with an incomplete pass to Rashad Greene, forcing the Seminoles to punt on fourth down. On the first play of Auburn's drive, Mason rushed for a 23-yard gain. On the next play, Auburn's Corey Grant was stopped for a three-yard loss. However, FSU received an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, bring Auburn midfield. On the next play, Marshall connected to Melvin Ray for a 50-yard touchdown reception, giving Auburn a 14–3 lead. The next Florida State drive ended in a three-and-out, giving Auburn the ball back once again. Auburn was able to drive deep into Florida State territory. However, the Tigers came up empty after Cody Parkey missed a 33-yard field goal. Florida State did not hold on to the football long, however, when Winston fumbled at FSU's 27-yard line. Taking advantage of the turnover, Auburn went up 21–3 on a 4-yard touchdown run from Marshall.
On the following Florida State drive, the Seminoles faced a fourth and 4 situation at its own 40-yard line. FSU went for a fake punt, which was successfully converted after Karlos Williams ran seven yards for a first down. Six plays later, facing a third and 7 situation at Auburn's 24-yard line, Winston ran 21 yards for a first down. On the next play, the Seminoles made it a 21–10 game on a 3-yard Devonta Freeman rushing touchdown. The game remained 21–10 going into the half.
Third quarter
Florida State received the opening kickoff of the second half. The Seminoles went three-and-out on their first drive of the quarter, forcing the Seminoles to punt. Auburn received the punt at its 37-yard line and drove to Florida State territory. On a third and 8 play at FSU's 36-yard line, the Tigers were called for a holding penalty. On the next play, Nick Marshall's pass fell incomplete, forcing the Tigers to punt. The Seminoles began their second drive of the quarter at their 9-yard line and drove to Auburn's 24-yard line. Florida State was unable to convert a third and 8 situation, however, forcing to the Seminoles to settle for a 41-yard field goal. The field goal was successful, making it a 21–13 game. The game remained 21–13 in Auburn's favor going into the fourth quarter.
Fourth quarter
Florida State opened the fourth quarter punting the ball away to Auburn. On the ensuing Auburn drive, P. J. Williams intercepted Nick Marshall at FSU's 40-yard line. Willams fumbled the interception, but the fumble was recovered by teammate Lamarcus Joyner. Taking advantage of the turnover, the Seminoles cut into the Tigers' lead on an 11-yard touchdown pass to Chad Abram. Florida State's Devonta Freeman was called for a taunting penalty, pushing Florida State 15-yards back on the conversion attempt. In turn, Seminoles had to settle for an extra point instead of a two-point conversion, cutting FSU's deficit to 21–20. Auburn responded on its next drive with a 22-yard field goal from Cody Parkey to give Auburn a 24–20 lead with 4:42 remaining in the game. On the ensuing kickoff, FSU's Levonte Whitfield returned the kickoff 100 yards to give Florida State a 27–24 lead. Auburn retook the lead on a 37-yard rushing touchdown by Tre Mason to give Auburn a 31–27 lead with 1:19 remaining in the game. Levonte Whitfield received the kickoff again, but this time was only able to return the kickoff 17 yards to Florida State's 20-yard line.
Needing to go 80-yards for the win, Winston completed five of his first six passes of the drive, including a 49-yard pass to Rashad Greene, to take the Seminoles to Auburn's 5-yard line. After receiving a delay of game penalty, Florida State faced a third and 8 situation at Auburn's 10-yard line. On the next play, Winston's pass fell incomplete. However, Auburn's Chris Davis was called for a pass interference penalty in the endzone, giving FSU the ball at Auburn's 2-yard line. On the next play, Florida State took a 34–31 lead on a 2-yard touchdown pass to Kelvin Benjamin with 13 seconds remaining in the game. Auburn had one more chance to win the game. On the final play of the game, Auburn attempted several laterals in an effort to reach the endzone. However, Tre Mason was tackled at Auburn's 37-yard line with no time remaining, giving Florida State the victory and the National Championship.
Game notes
Florida State's deficit of 18-points was the largest ever overcome to win the BCS championship. FSU's win also ended the Southeastern Conference's seven-year winning streak in the national championship game. Texas was the last non-SEC school to win a National Championship (2006).
Scoring summary
Statistics
Quarterback Jameis Winston was named the game's offensive MVP. Winston completed 20 of his 35 passes for 2 touchdowns and 237 yards.
Auburn outgained FSU 449–385 in total yards. Auburn was also more efficient in converting third downs, converting 10 of 18 opportunities. FSU only went 2 for 12 on third downs.
Tigers quarterback Nick Marshall completed 14 of his 27 passes for 217 yards, 2 touchdowns and 1 interception. Marshall also had 45 rushing yards and 1 rushing touchdown. Tre Mason was Auburn's leading rusher, rushing for 195 yards on 34 carries for 1 touchdown. Sammie Coates was Auburn's leading receiver, catching 4 passes for 61 yards.
Florida State's leading rusher was Devonta Freeman, who rushed for 73 yards on 11 carries. Rashad Greene was the Seminole's leading receiver, catching 9 passes for 147 yards. Kelvin Benjamin was Florida State's second leading receiver, catching 4 passes for 54 yards and a touchdown.
By scoring 34 points in the game, Florida State set the all-time FBS record for scoring in a single season, with 723 points. The previous record was held by Oklahoma, who scored 716 points in 2008.
Aftermath
Florida State's victory earned it the 2014 BCS national championship and brought the Seminoles' season to an end with an undefeated 14–0 record. This was FSU's third national title in school history. With the loss, Auburn ended its season with a 12–2 record and a #2 ranking in the AP and Coaches polls.
The 2014 BCS National Championship Game has been described as a classic. One writer described the game as the "perfect ending for the BCS." The game's back-and-forth nature and dramatic finish merited high praise for the game.
In the first half of the game Florida State had come to believe that Auburn assistant coach Dameyune Craig, who had spent the previous three seasons as FSU's quarterbacks coach, was helping Auburn identify FSU's offensive signals. After Kelvin Benjamin was recorded on broadcast yelling "Dameyune calling [out] all the plays" to Jimbo Fisher and Jameis Winston in the second quarter, FSU began using towels to shield their signals from Auburn. Before the towels were used FSU was gaining 4.14 yards per play on its first seven possessions, and afterwards this jumped by over 75% to 7.32 yards per play. Fisher stated in the press conference the next morning that "They had a couple of our signals a couple times and were getting to them...That’s part of the game. I don’t have a problem with that."
Several players on each team announced that they would leave early to enter the 2014 NFL Draft. From Auburn, Greg Robinson and Tre Mason announced their intentions to leave early. From Florida State, Timmy Jernigan, James Wilder, Jr., Kelvin Benjamin and Devonta Freeman declared for the draft.
Notes
October 23, 2012 – Executive Director Bill Hancock announced the game, scheduled for Tuesday, January 7, would be moved to Monday to be "more fan-friendly."
January 8, 2013 – It was announced that following this final BCS National Championship Game, the first College Football Playoff semifinal games would be held on January 1, 2015 at the Rose Bowl and Sugar Bowl, and that the first College Football Championship Game would be Monday, January 12, 2015.
October 20, 2013 – First BCS Standings came out showing Alabama, Florida State, Oregon, Ohio State, Missouri, Stanford, Miami (FL), Baylor, Clemson, and Texas Tech as the top ten teams
October 21, 2013 – In fifteen years, the teams named as the No. 1 and No. 2 teams on the first BCS standings of the season have only played twice for the national championship.
November 30, 2013 – No. 1 Alabama loses to No. 4 Auburn, making the top two teams in the first BCS standings unlikely to play in the 2014 BCS National Championship Game, pending the results of all the conference championship games. No. 2 Florida State and No. 3 Ohio State remained undefeated after the weekend, but both must still play in the ACC and Big Ten Conference Games, respectively.
December 7, 2013 – No. 3 Auburn defeats No. 5 Missouri in the SEC Championship; No. 1 Florida State defeats No. 20 Duke in the ACC Championship; No. 2 Ohio State loses to No. 10 Michigan State in the Big Ten Championship. Florida State is projected to play Auburn in the BCS National Championship Game.
December 8, 2013 – Florida State is chosen as the #1 ranked team in the BCS to play Auburn as the #2 ranked team.
December 23, 2013 – Auburn head coach Gus Malzahn was named AP's coach of the year.
December 31, 2013 – Teams are scheduled to arrive in Southern California with welcome press conferences to be held at Downtown Disney.
January 4, 2014 – Media Day.
January 6, 2014
BCS National Championship Game tailgate parties, public tailgate party; Former Florida State coach Bobby Bowden (honorary captain) and former Auburn player Bo Jackson joined team captains for the game coin toss.
2013 Heisman Trophy Winner Jameis Winston wins the 2014 BCS National Championship Game on his 20th Birthday.
References
BCS National Championship Game
BCS National Championship Game
Auburn Tigers football bowl games
Florida State Seminoles football bowl games
BCS National Championship Game
American football competitions in California
BCS National Championship Game
Sports competitions in Pasadena, California
21st century in Pasadena, California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379%20in%20English%20football
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1978–79 in English football
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The 1978–79 season was the 99th season of competitive football in England.
Diary of the season
12 August 1978: League champions Nottingham Forest beat FA Cup holders Ipswich Town 5–0 in the Charity Shield at Wembley.
19 August 1978: The First Division season begins with newly promoted Tottenham Hotspur holding Nottingham Forest to a 1–1 draw at the City Ground – the visitors' goal scored by new Argentine signing Ricardo Villa.
31 August 1978: Liverpool, West Bromwich Albion and Everton are level on points at the top of the League at the end of August with three wins from three matches. Wolverhampton Wanderers are bottom after three consecutive defeats.
2 September 1978: Liverpool thrash Tottenham Hotspur 7–0 at Anfield to take their goal tally to sixteen in four League matches at the start of the season.
20 September 1978: England start their qualifying campaign for the 1980 European Championships with a narrow 4–3 victory over Denmark in Copenhagen.
27 September 1978: Nottingham Forest knock holders Liverpool out of the European Cup in the first round after completing a 2–0 aggregate success with a goalless draw at Anfield.
30 September 1978: Liverpool hold a two-point advantage at the top of the First Division from Merseyside rivals Everton, having dropped just one point from their first eight League games. Nottingham Forest are still unbeaten, but are five points off the pace having drawn six matches already. Birmingham City are bottom, still looking for their first win of the season.
21 October 1978: Liverpool continue their tremendous start to the season by beating Chelsea 2–0. The result puts them four points clear at the top of the table – they have taken 21 points from a possible 22, scoring 35 goals and conceding just four in eleven matches so far. West Bromwich Albion continue their good start to the season by thrashing Coventry City 7–1.
28 October 1978: Everton beat Liverpool for the first time for nearly seven years when Andy King scores the winning goal in a 1–0 victory at Goodison Park. The result cuts Liverpool's lead over the Toffeemen to two points. Like Everton, Nottingham Forest are still unbeaten, and are a further two points behind. At the bottom, Birmingham City remain without a win, and have just three points from twelve matches.
4 November 1978: Nottingham Forest and Everton draw 0–0 at the City Ground, leaving both teams still unbeaten in the League.
11 November 1978: Birmingham City record their first League win of the season at the fourteenth attempt, 5–1 at home to Manchester United.
29 November 1978: Viv Anderson, the 22-year-old Nottingham Forest defender, becomes England's first black full international when he appears in the 1–0 friendly win over Czechoslovakia at Wembley.
30 November 1978: At the end of November, Liverpool still hold a two-point lead over Everton, with West Bromwich Albion and Nottingham Forest a further four points adrift.
7 December 1978: Birmingham City sign 1978 World Cup-winning Argentinian player Alberto Tarantini for £295,000.
9 December 1978: Nottingham Forest lose in the League for the first time for 13 months, a run covering 42 matches, when they are beaten 2–0 by Liverpool at Anfield.
23 December 1978: Everton lose their first League match of the season, 3–2 to Coventry City, after a sequence of 19 unbeaten games. Arsenal beat Tottenham Hotspur 5–0 at White Hart Lane in the North London derby.
31 December 1978: At the end of the year, Liverpool lead Everton on goal difference at the top of the First Division, with a game in hand. West Bromwich Albion remain in contention, just two points off the top. Birmingham City are bottom with just eight points so far, and Chelsea and Wolverhampton Wanderers are also in the relegation zone.
7 January 1979: West Bromwich Albion pay a national record £516,000 for Middlesbrough defender David Mills.
10 January 1979: High-fliers Everton are beaten 2–1 by Second Division Sunderland in the FA Cup third round. Tottenham Hotspur are held to a 1–1 draw by non-league Altrincham.
22 January 1979: After four draws, the FA Cup third round tie between Arsenal and Third Division Sheffield Wednesday is finally resolved when the Gunners win the fourth replay 2–0.
31 January 1979: At the end of a month in which only twelve First Division matches were played, West Bromwich Albion and Everton have moved above Liverpool at the top of the table, although the Reds have played fewer games.
3 February 1979: Liverpool beat West Bromwich Albion 2–1 at Anfield to reclaim top spot in the First Division table as Everton suffer just their second League defeat of the season, 1–0 at relegation-threatened Wolverhampton Wanderers.
7 February 1979: England move to the top of their European Championship qualifying group with an emphatic 4–0 win over Northern Ireland at Wembley.
9 February 1979: Trevor Francis becomes Britain's first £1million footballer when he is transferred from Birmingham City to Nottingham Forest, doubling the British record fee set when West Bromwich Albion signed David Mills last month.
26 February 1979: Arsenal beat Nottingham Forest 1–0 at the City Ground in the FA Cup fifth round. Tottenham Hotspur, Liverpool, Manchester United and Ipswich Town are amongst the other First Division sides to progress.
28 February 1979: Liverpool at now five points clear of Arsenal and Everton at the top of the First Division, with two games in hand. Birmingham City are eight points from safety at the bottom, and are joined in the relegation zone by Chelsea and Queens Park Rangers.
3 March 1979: Chelsea débutant goalkeeper Petar Borota picks up a clean sheet against Liverpool, while Osvaldo Ardiles and David Mills score their first goals for their clubs: the Argentine internationalist bags a brace in Tottenham's 2–0 win over Derby County while Mills contributes to West Bromwich Albion's 3–1 win over Coventry City.
10 March 1979: Liverpool win 1–0 away to Ipswich Town to reach the FA Cup semi-finals. The two other ties played today end in 1–1 draws.
17 March 1979: Nottingham Forest retain the EFL Cup with a 3–2 win over Southampton in the final.
21 March 1979: Arsenal beat Southampton 2–0 in their FA Cup sixth round replay to join Liverpool, Wolverhampton Wanderers and Manchester United in the semi-finals.
31 March 1979: Arsenal beat Wolverhampton Wanderers 2–0 at Villa Park to reach the FA Cup final. In the other semi-final, Manchester United and Liverpool draw 2–2 at Maine Road. In the league, Liverpool hold a comfortable four-point lead over Everton at the top at the end of the month. Chelsea have slipped behind Birmingham City on goal difference at the bottom, and Queens Park Rangers remain in the relegation zone.
4 April 1979: Manchester United beat Liverpool 1–0 at Goodison Park in the FA Cup semi-final replay to reach the Final.
16 April 1979: Chelsea lose 5–2 away to Arsenal and are relegated to the Second Division.
21 April 1979: Birmingham City become the second team to be relegated from the First Division when they lose 2–0 at home to Nottingham Forest.
25 April 1979: Nottingham Forest reach the European Cup final at the first attempt when a 1–0 win away to West German side Cologne gives them a 4–3 aggregate victory.
28 April 1979: Liverpool move to the brink of regaining the First Division title after they draw 0–0 away to Nottingham Forest. They are seven points ahead of Forest and West Bromwich Albion.
4 May 1979: Queens Park Rangers take the last First Division relegation place when they are beaten 4–3 by Leeds United.
8 May 1979: Liverpool beat Aston Villa 3–0 at Anfield to clinch the First Division title. They finish unbeaten at home this season, and have scored 51 and conceded just four goals in 19 wins and two draws.
12 May 1979: Arsenal win the FA Cup to end an eight-year trophy drought, defeating Manchester United 3–2 in the final with a last-gasp goal by Alan Sunderland after United had scored two goals in the last five minutes.
18 May 1979: Nottingham Forest pip West Bromwich Albion to second place in the League by beating them 1–0 at The Hawthorns. Forest finish eight points behind champions Liverpool and one ahead of Albion, who are themselves eight points ahead of fourth-placed Everton.
26 May 1979: England beat Scotland 3–1 at Wembley to clinch the Home Championship.
30 May 1979: Nottingham Forest's remarkable run of glory continues when they beat Malmö of Sweden 1–0 in the European Cup final. Trevor Francis scores the only goal of the game.
1 June 1979: West Bromwich Albion sell winger Laurie Cunningham to Real Madrid of Spain for £995,000.
6 June 1979: England win 3–0 away to Bulgaria to move closer to next season's European Championship Finals.
National teams
British Home Championship
UEFA competitions
Brian Clough's Nottingham Forest added the European Cup to their League Cup victory with a 1–0 win over Malmö of Sweden in the final.
In UEFA Cup, West Bromwich Albion and Manchester City reached the quarter-finals. Arsenal were eliminated in the third round, and Everton in the second round.
FA Cup
Arsenal won the FA Cup after surviving a late fight-back from Manchester United in the final at Wembley. Manchester United scored twice in the last five minutes to make the score 2–2, but a last-minute goal from Alan Sunderland saw Arsenal claim the trophy with a 3–2 scoreline. It was their first trophy success since Terry Neill replaced Bertie Mee as manager.
League Cup
Nottingham Forest added the League Cup to their honours list, with a 3–2 victory over Southampton in the final.
Football League
First Division
Bob Paisley won his third league title as his Liverpool side fought off competition from Nottingham Forest and West Bromwich Albion to finish eight points clear at the top of the table. Their final points tally of 68 was a record under the two points for a win system, and Ray Clemence kept 28 clean sheets in a season that saw Liverpool concede only four goals at home. Also, Liverpool became one of the first English clubs to have a shirt sponsor when they agreed a sponsorship deal with the Japanese hi-fi manufacturers Hitachi.
Defending champions Nottingham Forest finished second, but their amazing success story under Brian Clough continued as they won the European Cup and also retained the EFL Cup. In February 1979, they made history by signing Trevor Francis from Birmingham City in British football's first million-pound transfer. West Bromwich Albion finished third in their first full season under the management of Ron Atkinson. Everton and Leeds United completed the top five.
Arsenal, who finished seventh, compensated for a failure to challenge for the league title by winning the FA Cup, where they beat Manchester United 3–2 in a dramatic final where they had surrendered a 2–0 lead in the final few minutes before Alan Sunderland scored a last-gasp winner. It marked the end of a disappointing second season in charge for Dave Sexton, whose United team could only manage a ninth-place finish in the league.
New manager Danny Blanchflower was unable to save Chelsea from relegation to the Second Division, and with financial problems still affecting the West London club, midfielder Ray Wilkins was sold to Manchester United for £750,000. Birmingham City fared little better, finishing only two points ahead of Chelsea. QPR, who had declined since the departure of Dave Sexton in 1977, were the final relegated side, just three years after finishing second in the league; they had been comfortably mid-table at the turn of the year, but a disastrous second half of the season sent them down.
With 23 draws from 42 matches, Norwich City set a record that stands to this day for highest percentage of draws in an English Football League season.
Second Division
Crystal Palace continued to excel under Terry Venables and finished the season as Second Division champions, with their promising young side being dubbed "the team of the eighties" by the sporting press, who expected them to challenge for honours at the highest level in the coming decade. Brighton and Stoke City were also promoted, while Sunderland missed out by a single point.
Blackburn Rovers, Millwall and Sheffield United went down to the Third Division.
Third Division
Graham Turner kicked off his managerial career by delivering the Third Division title to Shrewsbury Town, who reached the Second Division for the first time in their history. The other two promotion spots were occupied by newly promoted Watford and Swansea City, who within a few seasons would make their mark on the First Division.
Lincoln City, Tranmere Rovers, Walsall and Peterborough United all went down to the Fourth Division.
Fourth Division
Reading, Grimsby Town, Wimbledon and Barnsley occupied the Fourth Division promotion places. The success came for Wimbledon in only their second season as a league club and within a decade they would be an established First Division club. Wigan Athletic enjoyed a strong debut in the Football League by finishing sixth.
The re-election system voted in favour of the league's bottom four clubs and there was no relegation from the Fourth Division this season.
Top goalscorers
First Division
Frank Worthington (Bolton Wanderers) – 24 goals
Second Division
Pop Robson (West Ham United) – 24 goals
Third Division
Ross Jenkins (Watford) – 29 goals
Fourth Division
John Dungworth (Aldershot) – 26 goals
Non-league football
The divisional champions of the major non-League competitions were:
Star players
Liam Brady was credited for his part in Arsenal's FA Cup triumph with the PFA Players' Player of the Year.
Cyrille Regis played a major part in West Bromwich Albion's best league season for years and received the PFA Young Player of the Year award in recognition of his excellence.
Kenny Dalglish was voted FWA Footballer of the Year for helping Liverpool win the First Division.
Star managers
Bob Paisley brought league championship glory to Liverpool.
Brian Clough guided Nottingham Forest to a double triumph of the European Cup and League Cup.
Terry Neill won his first major trophy as Arsenal manager in shape of the FA Cup.
Ron Atkinson led West Bromwich Albion to third place in the League, just two places and nine points away from the top spot.
Gordon Lee took Everton into the UEFA Cup after steering them to fourth place in the league.
Terry Venables took Crystal Palace into the First Division as Second Division champions.
Graham Turner took Shrewsbury Town into the Second Division for the first time by winning the Third Division title.
Graham Taylor won his second promotion with Watford to bring them within one division of the top flight.
John Toshack completed back-to-back promotions with Swansea City to take them into the Second Division.
Famous debutants
1 January 1979 – Gary Lineker, English striker, makes his English league debut for Leicester City aged 18 in a 2–0 win over Oldham Athletic in a Second Division game at Filbert Street
28 April 1979 – Ian Rush, 17-year-old Welsh striker, makes his debut playing out of position (in midfield) for Chester in their 2–2 Third Division draw with Sheffield Wednesday at Sealand Road. On the same day, Clive Allen, 17-year-old striker, scores a hat-trick on his debut for Queens Park Rangers in the 5–1 First Division win over Coventry City.
30 April 1979 – Kevin Moran, Irish defender, makes his English league debut for Manchester United the day after his 23rd birthday in a 1–1 draw with Southampton in a First Division game at The Dell.
5 May 1979 – Mark Hateley, English striker, makes his English league debut for Coventry City aged 17 in a 3–0 win over Wolves in a First Division game at Highfield Road.
Deaths
13 July 1978 – George Reader, 81, scored in his only appearance for Exeter City in their last season before joining the Football League in 1920, and then signed for Southampton, playing three league matches before dropping into non-League football to concentrate on his career as a school teacher before becoming a linesman in 1936 and being promoted to a referee in 1939. He refereed the decisive final group match of the 1950 World Cup between Uruguay and Brazil.
23 July 1978 – Tommy McLaren, 29, former Port Vale midfielder; committed suicide.
15 August 1978 – Dan Tremelling, 80, kept goal in 382 league games for Birmingham City between 1919 and 1932, then playing a further 57 league games for Bury before retiring in 1936. He won one England cap in 1927.
18 September 1978 – Bobby Finch, 30, who died of meningitis, played six league games for QPR in the late 1960s before moving to South Africa.
13 October 1978 – Bill Yates, 75, kept goal six times in the league for Bolton Wanderers and 47 times for Watford during the interwar years.
23 October 1978 – Vic Woodley, 68, kept goal in 252 league games for Chelsea during the 1930s, signing for Derby County in 1946 and completed his senior career with a further 30 league games for the East Midlanders. He was England's regular goalkeeper in the immediate pre-war era, being capped 19 times from 1937 to 1939.
November 1978 – Hugh Neil, 42, former Carlisle United defender; died in a car accident.
8 November 1978 – Geoff Marlow, 63, was a left-winger for Lincoln City between 1937 and 1949, with the war restricting him to just 80 league appearances for the Sincil Bank side, scoring 26 goals.
14 November 1978 – Charlie Flood, 82, scored 68 league goals as a forward during the 1920s for Hull City, Bolton Wanderers, Nottingham Forest, York City and Swindon Town.
18 December 1978 – Cuthbert Coundon, 73, played 39 league games as a right-winger for Southampton and Wolverhampton Wanderers in the 1920s.
24 December 1978 – Stan Seymour, 83, served Newcastle United as a player, manager, vice-chairman and life president from 1920 until his death. He played in their FA Cup winning side of 1924 and league title winning side of 1927, and managed them to FA Cup glory in 1951 and 1952. As a player, he could play as a winger or striker, and managed 73 goals in 242 league games between 1920 and 1929.
20 January 1979 – Johnny Paul, 74, Scottish born winger, played 206 league games and scored 49 goals for Bristol City from 1922 until a knee injury ended his career in 1930.
21 March 1979 – Leslie Allman, 76, made his 15 Football League appearances as a goalkeeper for Norwich City in the late 1920s, spending the rest of his career at non-league level.
13 April 1979 – Fred Worrall, 68, was capped twice by England as a right-winger in the 1930s and was an FA Cup runner-up in 1934 and a winner in 1939 with Portsmouth.
31 May 1979 – Ernest Perry, 87, was with Port Vale as a centre-half when they joined the Football League during 1919–20 on taking over the fixtures of Leeds City, playing 44 league games for the Valiants, later playing 62 times in the league for Crewe Alexandra.
17 June 1979 – Sir Hubert Ashton, 81, was a full-back during the interwar years for West Bromwich Albion, Corinthian, Bristol Rovers and Orient. He was more famous as a cricketer and after retiring for sport he entered politics, serving Chelmsford in Essex as a Conservative MP from 1950 to 1964. He was knighted in 1959.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant%20Stott
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Grant Stott
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Grant Stott (born 13 May 1967) is a Scottish broadcaster, radio DJ, television presenter, Scottish cultural commentator, master of ceremonies and events host, actor and part-time panto villain from Edinburgh. He formerly worked as a DJ on Edinburgh radio station Forth 1 until January 2017. He then joined BBC Radio Scotland and now appears on the television soap opera River City. Stott is the brother of television presenter John Leslie.
Early life
Grant Stott was born 13th May 1967 in Elsie Inglis Hospital, Edinburgh. He attended Bruntsfield Primary School for seven years (August 1972 - June 1980), then James Gillespie's High School for six years (August 1980 – December 1985). He left James Gillespie's in 1985 to become a policeman with Lothian and Borders police for four years (January 1986 – February 1990) and left the police force in 1990 to start a career in radio.
Career
1990s
Stott's broadcasting career began as a Radio Presenter with Edinburgh Station “Max-AM” in February 1990. He joined the “Forth-FM” team in September 1990 and presented several shows throughout the early-mid 1990s. Shortly after joining Forth FM he enjoyed a two year run as presenter on BBC Radio Scotland’s schools programme for primary 4–7 pupils Check This (1990–1992), from there he came to present a number of educational programmes for the BBC such as Around Scotland: The Highland Clearances in October 1991 followed by GO45, and the school holiday spin off GO4X with Sally Gray for three series in 1991 - 1993, He presented BBC Scotland's coverage of Children in Need alongside main host Hazel Irvine between November 1992 and 1997.
In 1993 Stott began hosting the Sunday morning children’s TV show Wemyss Bay 902101 on Scottish Television with Eric Cullen and Arlene Stuart as co-hosts, Wemyss Bay 902101 was a replacement for Glen Michael's Cartoon Cavalcade the former No. 1 kids programme in Scotland that ended in December 1992. Stott hosted the first children's series of Now You See it which aired as part of Wemyss Bay 90210 throughout its short-lived tenure, the show only lasted 15 months before being cancelled in April 1994 and quickly replaced by a new children's programme called Skoosh at that point, In addition to Wemyss Bay, Grant presented Vox-Pops on the lunchtime edition of Scotland Today, wrote his own children’s page Stottspot for The Edinburgh Evening News and began presenting Children’s BBC Scotland mid-mornings for the first time on BBC 1 Scotland in early July and mid-October school holidays, then that Christmas, Grant made his pantomime debut at The King’s Theatre Glasgow in their production of Dick Whittington with Allan Stewart and Christopher Biggins in December 1993.
In 1994 he continued to work on education programmes for BBC TV Scotland, This time a brand new series of programmes called See You, See Me (where many of the episodes were recorded with Wilma Kennedy over many years) Episodes included studying maps, the Vikings, Romans and the 1960s. Stott introduced Children’s BBC Scotland for the second time, albeit this time solo by presenting the mid-morning slot on BBC 1 Scotland in the first week of July then the early morning breakfast show on BBC 2 Scotland in the second week of the October half-term holiday, He returned to the panto stage that Christmas with an appearance in Edinburgh’s King’s Theatre where he first played the role of Little John in Babes In The Wood throughout December 1994.
He left Radio Forth in April 1995 to work more in television, from there he got his national TV break by presenting alongside Zoe Ball in the form of Fully Booked, BBC Scotland’s BAFTA nominated Saturday Morning Children’s show for BBC1. The show ran for 22 weeks throughout the summer and was re-commissioned for a further 22 weeks in 1996 before it had finished its first series, Stott then presented Children’s BBC Scotland for the third year, where he was joined by Gail Porter to host the mid-morning slot on BBC 1 Scotland in the first week of July then the early morning breakfast show on BBC 2 Scotland in the second week of the October half-term holiday, Grant and Gail teamed up to host the third and final series of Mega-Mag (October 1995 – October 1996) and in November he realised a childhood ambition by guest presenting an episode of Jackanory.
For the rest of the 1990s, Grant was still appearing in pantomimes and presenting more TV programmes for BBC, STV and Grampian - including Fully Booked with Sarah Vandenbergh, Children’s BBC Scotland summer and October holiday breakfast shows with Gail Porter on BBC 2 Scotland, Children In Need as part of BBC Scotland’s output, Feeling Good with Arlene Stuart and latterly Late Flyte, The Flyer, Backstage and Offside for BBC Choice Scotland. Stott moved into the world of TV acting beginning with a minor role as David Bissett in Take the High Road in 1998, as well as further guest appearances on Scottish Passport, Under the Hammer and Grow for it for Scottish Television and Grampian Television before taking a break from TV to return to radio whilst making more regular pantomime appearances throughout the late 1990s and the 2000s.
Stott returned to Radio Forth in 1998 to present Forth 2's mid-morning show until switching over to Forth 1 in 2000, he took over the Forth 1 daytime slot and remained there for 17 years, where he won The Bighearted Scotland Entertainer of the Year Award and a Sony Award Nomination.
2000s
After an eight-year absence from TV, Stott rejoined Scottish Television (now STV) in the Autumn of 2006, to co-host Scotsport alongside Andy Walker, after the departure of Jim Delahunt. The programme was cancelled in May 2008, due to increasing competition from BBC Scotland's Sportscene. On Hogmanay 2007, Grant fronted a special programme, 50 Years of Scotsport, with Michelle Watt, Stott presented STV's Hogmanay Live from Edinburgh, which was broadcast for 20 minutes from 23:50,
In the 2010s, Stott went to present on STV's The Hour, STV2's The Fountainbridge Show and Live at Five, BBC Scotland's The Edinburgh Show and Still Game: That's Plenty and made regular contributions on STV's Scotland Tonight, SKY News and BBC News.
2010s
In April 2017, Stott joined BBC Radio Scotland and the following year became the regular host of the Wednesday and Thursday editions of “The Afternoon Show” and presented the show for four years. He interviewed people including Billy Connolly, Dave Stewart, Jim Broadbent, Lewis Capaldi, Kenneth Branagh, Brian May, Ruby Wax, Irvine Welsh, Glenda Jackson, Elaine Paige, Luke Evans, he presented some special programmes including a two hour tribute to Sir Sean Connery after his death in 2020 and an indepth interview with Stanley Baxter in December 2020, His other radio credits throughout his previous stint with BBC Radio Scotland include Check this, The Fred MacAuley Show, On/Off The Ball, TGIF, Soundcheck, Daddy Or Chips, Pass the Monkey, Stop the Press and Breaking the News in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s.
Having focused on his radio career and regular pantomime appearances during the 2010's, Stott returned to a regular television role in 2021, playing Sam Spiller in the BBC Scotland soap opera River City.
In August 2022 Stott stepped down from the Afternoon Show to continue in his role as Sam Spiller in "River City" but “Grant Stott's Vinyl Collective” remains in its regular Friday night slot on BBC Radio Scotland at 6pm, Stott presented a one-off special on BBC Scotland - River City: 20 Year Celebration in September 2022.
Stage credits
Pantomimes
Stott is known for his yearly pantomimes at the King's Theatre in Edinburgh. In 2006, he starred alongside Allan Stewart and Andy Gray in a production of Cinderella. Appearances include:
’’Robinson Crusoe’’ as Blackheart, 2009, King’s Theatre, Edinburgh
’’Jack and the Beanstalk’’ as Fleshcreep, 2010, King’s Theatre, Edinburgh
Cinderella as Gobina McPhlegm, 2011, King's Theatre, Edinburgh
Mother Goose as Demon Vanity, 2012, King's Theatre, Edinburgh
Peter Pan as Captain Hook, 2013, King's Theatre, Edinburgh
Aladdin as Abanazar, 2014, King's Theatre, Edinburgh
’’Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs as Queen Sadista, 2015, King’s Theatre Edinburgh
Jack and the Beanstalk as Fleshcreep, 2016, King's Theatre, Edinburgh
Cinderella as Baroness Hibernia Hardup, 2017, King's Theatre, Edinburgh
Beauty and the Beast as Flash Boaby, 2018, King's Theatre, Edinburgh
Goldilocks and the Three Bears as Baron Von Winklebottom, 2019, King’s Theatre, Edinburgh
’’Sleeping Beauty’’ as Carabosse, 2021, King’s Theatre, Edinburgh
Other appearances
Stott writes a column for the Edinburgh Evening News, and writes another weekly column in the sports section commenting about his love of Hibernian FC.
He has featured in an advertising campaign with the Edinburgh-based bus company Lothian Buses.
Stott performed a song at the Radio Forth Awards 2011 titled "That's Fife" (a cover of "That's Life") a tribute to Fife, mocking various towns, landmarks and famous Fife people. It since has had over 200,000 views on YouTube.
He had a show on Forth 1 on Monday to Friday from 10:00 to 14:00 however, he left in January 2017.
Philanthropy
Grant raising money for Leukaemia Research in memory of Moray Fotheringham, by cycling and is a patron of the Edinburgh-based charity, 'It's good 2 give'.
References
External links
Grant Stott's Vinyl Collective (BBC Radio Scotland)
Panto Villain website
Grant's Stand at stv.tv
Grant Stott on Forth one
BBC Radio Scotland presenters
British radio DJs
Living people
Television personalities from Edinburgh
Scottish television presenters
Scottish association football commentators
1967 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20Algeria
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Women in Algeria
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Throughout Algeria's history as an independent state, there has been conflict between women's rights activists and conservatives about the status of women in Algeria. The 1984 Algerian Family Code entrenched certain forms of gender inequality and discrimination against women. Some progressive reforms were implemented in 2005 amendments to the law, but women are still unequal under Algerian law.
Background
Algeria is a country in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast. After a prolonged rule by France, Algeria obtained independence from France in 1962. The Algerian Civil War (1991-2002) had a negative influence on women's wellbeing. 99% of the population is Arab-Berber, and a similar percentage is Muslim, predominantly Sunni. In Algeria, as in the rest of the MENA Region, women are traditionally regarded as weaker than men and expected to be subordinate to men. Algeria also has a strong culture of family honor, which is connected to women's modesty.
Marriage and personal life
The legal age for marriage is nineteen for men and women. Many Algerian women are getting married and starting families at much older ages than they did under French Rule. Education, work commitment, and changing social attitudes are the reasons for the change. In 2010, the total fertility rate was 1.76 children born/woman. This is a drop from 2.41 in 2009 and 7.12 in the 1970s just after the Algerian War of Independence from France.
French colonizers opposed veiling because of their secular sovereign constitution and the concept of laïcité. The French secular constitution is based in the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789.
Education and employment
In 1845, Eugénie Allix Luce opened the first school open to girls, the Luce-Benaben school in Alger; however, few native girls were allowed to study in secular schools by their families, and only a small elite were able to study in the French schools.
Prior to the country's Independence, very few native Algerian women could read and write. This was the result of a French-imposed ban on Islamic education for the entire native Algerian population. Which also led to the shut down of many schools, until there were barely enough schools to fit the needs of the country. After independence in 1990 "93% of boys and 83% of girls between 6 and 15 attended school girls constituted 49% of all pupils entered for the baccalaureate examination, and female students constituted 40% of all university". According to UN Women, female literacy rate has reached 81.4 % while male literacy rate is 75.3%.
Post-Independence, North African and Algerian women enjoy many more human rights than their counterparts in neighboring and other African countries. Algerian women can inherit property, obtain a divorce, retain custody of their children, gain an education and work in many sectors of society. Women make up 70 percent of Algeria's lawyers and 60 percent of its judges. They also dominate the fields of medicine, healthcare and science. Increasingly, women contribute more to household income than men. As of 2007, sixty-five percent of university students are women, with more than 80% joining the workforce after graduation. They are encouraged by family members to become educated and contribute to Algerian society. Algerian women are among the first in North Africa to become taxi and bus drivers. Their numbers are also increasing in the police force and security positions. Also, according to a UNESCO report published in February 2021, entitled the Race against Time for Smarter Development, Algeria has a female engineer graduate proportion of 48.5%. This shows how Algerian women did not limit themselves to only traditional jobs that did not demand professionalism and expertise.
History
Algeria was a French colony, French Algeria, between 1830 and 1962. In the 19th-century, Algerian women lived in gender segregation in harem. The French did very little to liberate women. In the treaty Convention franco-algérienne de 1830, signed in 5 July 1830 between the French and Hussein Dey, the last Bey of Alger, the French agreed to respect the traditional cultural customs of the Algerians, which meant that French law was only to apply to French colonist women, while indigenous Algerian women were to continue to be subjected to Islamic law. As a result, the life of Algerian women long remained unchanged and all reforms were slow, when they occurred at all.
While Eugénie Allix Luce founded a school in 1840s that did accept Algerian girls as students, this was an isolated example. The French Jules Ferry-law with mandatory elementary education for both genders which was introduced in the 1880s did not apply to Algerian girls, and in the 1950s, only 4 percent Algerian girls was enrolled in school. In 1930, educational centers were opened for Algerian women, but the number of students were few, and in 1962, 90 percent Algerian women were illiterate. Due to the treaty of 1830, the reforms of the French in favor of women's rights in Algeria were largely limited to granting bigger divorce rights to women, and to the reforms of women's suffrage and raising of the age of marriage for women in 1958.
In French Algeria, traditional custom and tradition, protected by the treaty of 1830, was seen as a bastion of resistance against French colonialism by the Algerians. As a result, the Algerians remained very conservative in regard to women's rights, with the exception of a small educated elite, and suggestions of reforms in the Islamic family law was met with intense resistance in the 1930s.
It was not until the 1940s that women's rights found support among the Algerians, since women were integrated in the political independence struggle, and it was within the political system the first women's organisations were founded, notably the Algerian Women's Union (UFA) and Association of Algerian Muslim Women (AFMA).
During the Algerian war of independence, veiling were used both by the Algerians and the French. The French used deveiling of women as a symbol of the liberation women could achieve supported by the French, while the Algerians reacted to this by viewing veiling as a symbol of resistance to colonialism.
After the war, women did not achieve liberation, but was insteaad subjected to a repressive conservative family law.
Role of women in the Algerian War
Women fulfilled a number of different functions during the Algerian War. The majority of Muslim women who became active participants did so on the side of the National Liberation Front (FLN). The French included some women in their war effort, but they were not as fully integrated, nor were they charged with the same breadth of tasks as their Algerian sisters. The total number of women involved in the conflict, as determined by post-war veteran registration, is numbered at 11,000, but it is possible that this number was significantly higher due to underreporting.
There exists a distinction between two different types of women who became involved, urban and rural. Urban women, who constituted about twenty percent of the overall force, had received some kind of education and usually chose to enter on the side of the FLN of their own accord. Largely illiterate rural women, on the other hand, the remaining eighty percent, due to their geographic location in respect to the operations of FLN often became involved in the conflict as a result of proximity paired with force.
Women operated in a number of different areas during the course of the rebellion. "Women participated actively as combatants, spies, fundraisers, as well as nurses, launderers, and cooks", "women assisted the male fighting forces in areas like transportation, communication and administration", the range of involvement by a woman could include both combatant and non-combatant roles. While the majority of the tasks that women undertook centered on the realm of the non-combatant, those that surrounded the limited number that took part in acts of violence were more frequently noticed. The reality was that "rural women in maquis [rural areas] support networks" contained the overwhelming majority of those who participated. This is not to marginalize those women who did engage in acts of violence but simply to illustrate that they constituted in the minority.
Post-Independence
Prior to the war of independence, women were in general excluded from the political life. Even though Algerian women had a big role in the war of independence, in the immediate postwar period after 1962 women’s roles as combatants and fighters were removed from the historical narrative by a “patriarchal nationalist movement”. So, gender roles changed only during the war for independence, after that women were asked to return back to the original tasks of housewives. During the first National Assembly, there were only 10 women out of the 194 members that were present. These women had all taken part in the war for independence. In the second meeting of the National Assembly, 2 out of 138 members were women.
When Ben Bella became president in 1963 he tried to include women in the Algerian socialist society and tried to encourage men to let women start working and be a part of the process of national construction. Under the rule of Ben Bella it was not mandatory for women to wear a veil or a hayk. However, with the overthrow of Ben Bella and the rule of Boumediene in 1965 he started transforming the country to return to its “Arab Islamic roots”
In the 1960s and 1970s Algerian society has determined every aspect in women’s public and private life. However, for many Algerian feminists, the problems they faced were not supposed to be confined into only gender issues. The problems Algerian women faced should be seen through a wider lens, in the context of economic development and education. As Zohra Drif said “‘The liberation of men and women comes down to the question of education”. It was only in September 1981 with the family code when the Algerian women who participated in the war for independence decided to step into politics again and protest this project publicly. As this code undermined the rights of women. The family code which became a law in 1984 portrays sexism very clearly. With article 39 making it a “legal duty for Algerian women to obey their husbands. Article 11 prevents women from arranging their own marriage contracts unless represented by a matrimonial guardian”.
In October 1988 riots broke out in Algiers and then spread to other cities. With these riots the one party system came to an end and a new constitution in 1989 introducing a multi-party system and allowing the formation of associations and political parties. Over two thousand three hundred associations were founded, thirty of which were feminist associations. Some of the well known feminist associations during that time were “equal rights for men and women”, “the triumph of women's rights”, “the defense and promotion of women”, and “the emancipation of women”.
Today, women are represented, although still not proportionally to men, in both parliament and in ministerial positions. In 2012, Algerian women occupied 31 percent of parliamentary seats, placing the country 26th worldwide and 1st in the Arab world. In 2012 political reforms were established, with the support of the United Nations Development Program, to provide a legal framework that granted women 30 percent representation in elected assemblies. On the local level, the rate was only 18 percent, due to the fact that it was difficult to find women willing to appear on ballots in the communes. Currently, Algeria is facing a major setback in the representation of women in parliament. While women held 145 seats in the 2012 parliament, and 120 seats in the 2017 parliament, the number of seats in 2021 fell to “34 seats, comprising only 8 percent of the total 407 seats”.
Following President Bouteflika's re-election in 2014, seven women were appointed as ministers in his cabinet. This adds up to 20 percent of all the ministerial positions. The women occupying the seven new ministerial posts are: Minister of Education Nouria Benghebrit; Minister of Land-Use Planning and Environment Dalila Boudjemaa; Minister of Culture Nadia Labidi; Minister of Family and Women Mounia Meslem; Minister of Post, Information Technology and Communication Zahra Dardouri; Minister of Tourism Nouria Yamina Zerhouni and Delegate Minister of Handicrafts Aish Tabagho. There has until this day not been a female head of state. Louisa Hanoune became the first women in both Algeria and the Arab world to run for office in 2004.
Economic participation
When it comes to owning land, women are at a major disadvantage. Their access to owning land is limited by the traditional laws of Algeria. Even though Algerian women by law have the right to access bank loans and are free to negotiate financial or business contracts, these actions are usually restricted by their husbands. There is still a gap between men and women when it comes to their percentage in the Algerian workforce. In 2019, women in the Algerian workforce represented 16.6 % versus men who accounted for 66.73 %. Also, in the year 2023, the female and male unemployment rates in Algeria corresponded to approximately 20.4 and 9.4 percent. The proportion of women in all careers (sciences, technology, medicine, literature) is 45 %, while it is 50 % in the exact sciences, which include physics, chemistry, and mathematics.
Family life for women
When it comes to legal protections for women in Algeria, the current protections in place are general/vague and insufficient. The Family Code of 1984 is based on conservative religious principles. While the law was modified by Ordinance No. 05-02 of 27 February 2005, it still maintains many discriminatory provisions. The 1984 code had a growing tendency towards Islamic fundamentalism. Which in turn threatens women’s rights and privileges in Algeria. This new family code had restrictions for divorce for women, it required male guardians for women in marriage, and it permitted polygamy. Under this law, it was a legal duty for women to obey their husbands in everything, they did not have the right to apply for a divorce unless they choose to give up their alimony. Algerian women cannot marry foreigners, and they cannot give their names, nationalities, or religion to their children.
Notable figures
Kahina - 7th century female Berber religious and military leader, who led indigenous resistance to Arab expansion in Northwest Africa.
Djamila Bouhired and Djamila Boupacha - Algerian revolutionaries and nationalists who opposed French colonial rule of Algeria in the 1960s.
Assia Djebar - Novelist, translator and filmmaker. Most of her works deal with obstacles faced by women, and she is noted for her feminist stance.
Zohra Drif - Retired lawyer and the vice-president of the Council of the Nation, the upper house of the Algerian Parliament.
Hassiba Ben Bouali - A leader in the Algerian independence war, got killed by French troops in her hideout in 1957.
See also
Algerian women in France
Algeria women's national football team
Algeria women's national volleyball team
Algeria women's national handball team
List of Algerian women artists
Women in the Algerian War
The Women of Algiers in Their Apartments
Algerian Family Code
References
External links
Algerian culture
Society of Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
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Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers
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The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted healthcare workers physically and psychologically. Healthcare workers are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection than the general population due to frequent contact with infected individuals. Healthcare workers have been required to work under stressful conditions without proper protective equipment, and make difficult decisions involving ethical implications. Health and social systems across the globe are struggling to cope. The situation is especially challenging in humanitarian, fragile and low-income country contexts, where health and social systems are already weak. Services to provide sexual and reproductive health care risk being sidelined, which will lead to higher maternal mortality and morbidity.
Challenges
Infection
The World Health Organization reported that one in ten health workers is infected with coronavirus in some countries. In March 2020, 9% of those affected with COVID-19 in Italy were health workers. In May 2020, the International Council of Nurses reported that at least 90,000 healthcare workers have been infected and more than 260 nurses had died in the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2020, one in four doctors in the UK were off sick, in isolation or caring for a family member with COVID-19.
The UK government announced that retired healthcare professionals would be brought out of retirement to help during the COVID-19 crisis. This led to concerns that they could be at a higher risk for severe COVID-19 illness.
Shortage of PPEs
Shortcomings of personal protective equipment have been reported from several countries. In China, inadequate staff training, shortage of PPEs, reduced understanding of PPE use and confused PPE guidance have resulted in infections and deaths among healthcare workers.
In the United States, many hospitals have reported a shortage of PPE for hospital staff. As COVID-19 cases increase, it is suggested that the United States will need far more surgical masks than they currently have.
One unique study used a qualitative style of research by conducting interviews to record nurses’ feedback on staff shortages, long hours, and uncooperative patients. One profound participant responded, “I am not able to sleep at all and even if I do then by that time it is already time to wake up”. The nurses have been overworked by having to fill in for staff shortages on top of the more demanding working conditions. Another response read, “wearing PPE was the most troublesome. No food or water for 12 h”. PPE accessibility varied in many countries, but all countries faced similar shortages of the proper supplies to protect them when working in a highly infectious environment every day.
The shortage of PPE has put many healthcare workers at risks for getting infected with COVID-19. Healthcare workers have created unconventional solutions to make up for the lack of PPE by using the resources they do have in stock. Healthcare workers have definitely had to get creative when it comes to PPE! They have used plastic bags as gowns and plastic water bottle cutouts for eye protection. The shortage of PPE is even worse for hospitals in low income communities. Items such as PPE have always been scare commodities in low income countries. Low income countries also are receiving the vaccine at a slower rate due to unequal distribution. Developing countries can not properly store and produce the vaccine to be able to vaccinate the population as quick as other developed countries. UICEF reported that the organization was only able to acquire one tenth of the 240 million masks requested by these communities. While PPE becomes less effective at protecting against illness as it is reused, prolonged wear also causes skin damage for 97% of healthcare workers. Skin damage is most commonly occurring on the bridge of the nopse, caused by irritation from face masks.
Deaths
Nurse and doctor deaths due to COVID-19 have been reported from several countries. In May 2020, they added that at least 260 nurses have died due to COVID-19. In March 2020, at least 50 doctors were reported to have died in Italy due to COVID-19. The number of deaths in Italy continued to go up. By April 2020, the estimated number of medical doctor deaths was about 119 and for nurses about 34. Two of the deaths within those who were nurses were suicides due to unsustainable pressure at work.
On 8 August 2020, the Indian Medical Association announced that 198 doctors have died in India due to COVID-19. By February 2021, the Indian Medical Association said the number of deaths of doctor in India due to COVID-19 had increased to 734; however the government of India said that only 162 doctors had died due to COVID-19.
Understaffing
At this point in time, it seems like everyone is struggling with understaffing, this is also true for the healthcare field. Even before the pandemic understaffing in the medical field was not uncommon throughout history. However, through the Covid fight, the impact of understaffing has been amplified. In an observational research study, Lasater and other researchers, showed that nurses' workloads were very high and that half of the nursing staff was experiencing burnout. It was also discovered that “Unfavourable patient and nurse outcomes are strongly associated with poorer nurse staffing”. Without the proper staffing to handle the influx of Covid patients nurses can not provide patients with the best care. They simply do not have the employees to account for all the patients.
Rising to the challenge
COVID-19 has affected everyone and, “The nursing literature and social media are awash with stories of nurses exhausted, frightened, sometimes discriminated against, feeling burnt out, overworked, demoralized by ineffectual leadership of governments and health systems, or frustrated with the indifference of the public to adhere to public health regulations''. These challenges are impacting the nursing community so much that it is affecting them mentally and physically. Burnout in nurses is very serious and without intervention, it leads to diminished patient care. Not only do these nurses have to deal with the added stress of being overworked, but they are also falling victim to the virus as well. “ICN's believes that about 10% of COVID-19 cases globally are among healthcare workers”. Nurses are the publics’ defense in the pandemic, but because of the lacking resources, the nurses cannot totally protect themselves or provide the best patient care. Learning from and adapting from problems is exactly how they are solved. Solutions are not instantaneous and they are not always apparent, but as they say “where there's a will there's a way”. In another research study its brought to light that during the pandemic perceived stress was lowered, because of the national support. This study shows that nurses are resilient and are rising to the new challenges with the support of others.
Psychological impact
A study from Singapore showed that healthcare workers caring for patients with COVID-19 reported anxiety, depression and stress. Increasing work demands on healthcare professionals conflict with their duties to family and friends, which causes psychological stress. Healthcare professionals reported being anxious about having to self-isolate, quarantine or becoming ill. For healthcare workers, being quarantined was positively associated with minimizing direct contact with patients and not reporting to work.
Healthcare workers like nurses, doctors and other medical staff that worked on the front-lines in China experienced symptoms of anxiety, depression and difficulty sleeping. More specifically, about 46.04% had anxiety, 44.37% had depression, and 28.75% experienced insomnia. In Wuhan, China, over 70% of healthcare workers reported psychological distress.
Healthcare workers are at risk for developing trauma or other stress-related disorders due to fears of falling ill and not knowing what will happen in the future. Post-traumatic stress was common among health workers, with nurses demonstrating a higher likelihood of developing or having anxiety among others in the medical field.
An Italian nurse committed suicide after being traumatized trying to save the lives of those with COVID-19.
In Mexico, healthcare professional have also reported high levels of anxiety, because of the fear of being an asymptomatic patient, which could potentially lead to the unknowingly spread of the disease amongst their patients and their families.
Higher levels of depression and burnout have been seen in healthcare workers as a direct result of COVID-19. In one experiment scientists reported that “more than 28% of the sample reported high levels of emotional exhaustion, except for other non-COVID healthcare workers” In addition more than 50% of the sample reported low levels of depersonalization, except for COVID nurses and physicians, who reported high levels of depersonalization in 36.73% of the cases. Depersonalization can be defined as a sense of detachment from oneself and one's identity. Taking this into consideration, it is easy to conclude that as a result of COVID-19 the mental health of health care workers has degraded. In addition, when evaluating the results of another study led by Dr. Woon et al., the prevalence rates of depression as a result of COVID-19 were as high as 21.8% and participants with extremely severe depression made up 13.3% of the sample.
The severity of these psychological impacts on healthcare workers in the United States has even resulted in stress-related illnesses which could cause serious health related issues. Some of these stress-related illnesses include cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal symptoms, and musculoskeletal disorders.
It is possible that these statistics may be so significant due to self-isolating or being in quarantine. Wu et al. explain that after conducting their research they had found that those who have participated in these activities reported more symptoms of depression. In contrast, researchers suspect that the depression and/ or burnout that healthcare workers are experiencing may not be from COVID-19 directly, but as a result of the situation it has put their families in and/or themselves in. It is said that as a result of COVID-19 the workload of healthcare providers has increased tremendously, possibly leaving the worker feeling drained and unable to catch up.
Due to the stress from the Coronavirus many nurses are facing compassion fatigue and burnout. Part of burnout is due to a nursing shortage, there are more patients than nurses are used to taking care of at once. Increasing workload has made longer shifts for most nurses, lack of enthusiasm, and many have become emotionally drained.
In India, during the peak of the second wave of COVID-19, a before-after image of an Indian doctor named Dr. Sohil Makwana wearing a PPE kit and drenched in sweat after removing the PPE kit went viral internationally. That image represented the condition of all doctors and frontline workers, and it created awareness about how cumbersome for doctors to work for unrealistically long hours inside PPE kits amid the rapid second wave of the coronavirus pandemic. The image clearly resonated with many, as it was retweeted nearly 17,000 times and received more than 132,000 likes.
Violence against healthcare workers
Healthcare workers have been subjected to violent crimes, such as assault. Hospitals and governments have taken stricter measures to ensure the safety of their staff; however, many healthcare workers still face significant risk of physical injury.
Because of COVID-19, healthcare personnel have experienced over 600 instances of negativity directed towards them in different forms. In Pakistan, doctors were attacked by family members of a deceased patient who succumbed to COVID-19. Residents of a community in Bangladesh forced a doctor who was COVID-19 positive and his family to leave his home and the area by throwing bricks at their home.
Ethical decisions
The Conversation reports that healthcare workers will have to face 'moral injury' for making difficult decisions such as moving a patient off the ventilator or refusing an ICU bed due to limited resources. COVID-19 has forced healthcare workers to make many difficult ethical decisions. These include concerns for the safety of spreading COVID-19 to their families since the risk is higher when they work and care for COVID-19 patients, deciding how to distribute limited resources such as ventilators among many patients who all need it, and deciding at what point healthcare workers should stay home instead of continue to go to work if they suspect they might have been exposed to COVID-19.
Two studies have shown that nurses during the pandemic are facing extreme stress. Nurses are experiencing one of the highest rates of occupational stress compared to other professions. COVID-19 has changed the way nurses care for patients, many patients needed to have virtual appointments rather than face to face care because of nurses caring for patients with COVID-19. This also has been shown in several studies that isolation meant that nurses could not go home to their loved ones, making that a virtual experience too. They feared that they would infect their loved ones at home, so many did not see their families for extended periods of time. Many nurses stated that they feel unsafe in their work environment, risking their own health, and a lack of support by their organization.
Impact on staff
Female staff
Globally, women make up 70 percent of workers in the health and social sector. Women are playing a disproportionate role in responding to the disease, whether that be as front line healthcare workers, careers at home or community leaders and mobilisers. In some countries, COVID-19 infections among female health workers are twice that of their male counterparts. Women are still paid much less than their male counterparts in almost all countries and hold fewer leadership positions in the health sector. Masks and other protective equipment designed and sized for men leave women at greater risk of exposure.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, rates of burnout are higher in female healthcare workers than male workers. The percentage of females enduring anxiety while working in healthcare if over twice as much as males. Female healthcare workers were 55% more likely to report burnout compared to their male coworkers.
All staff
The pandemic caused the nursing community a lot of stress. A national cross-sectional survey found that “71.4% of doctors and 74.4% of nurses experienced moderate-to-severe perceived stress”. In another Covid based study, the nurses all share common themes that include, working over hours, fear of contraction, limited supplies, endless patients, and self-sacrifice. Similarly in a cross-sectional survey, the researchers concluded that a high percentage of the resilient nurses surveyed report high-stress levels and/or PTSD symptoms. The survey also identifies eight major themes, “revealed from nurses' free-text responses: (a) working in an isolated environment, (b) PPE shortage and the discomfort of pronged usage, (c) sleep problems, (d) intensity of workload, (e) cultural and language barriers, (f) lack of family support, (g) fear of being infected, and (h) insufficient work experiences with COVID-19” A lot of these concerns are a direct result or exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The recent shortage of nurses has caused a nursing burnout which is affecting individuals and their workloads. Nurses are having an increase level of stress and mental disorders due to the increase in workload and number of patients they are getting.
Recommendations
World Health Organization
The World Health Organization has given the following key recommendations to decrease the spread of COVID-19 among healthcare workers:
Training healthcare workers to identify respiratory diseases
Providing increased access to personal protective equipment
Providing psychological support to health workers
Routinely conducting hospital surveillance
Recognizing that every healthcare system can have gaps
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued guidance on preventing transmission and reducing job stress in response to the COVID-19 pandemic for healthcare workers:
Infection prevention
Implement telehealth protocols where possible
Screen ever one entering a healthcare facility for COVID-19 symptoms
Use appropriate face coverings dependent upon the procedure (i.e. N95s for aerosol-generating procedures)
Establish a plan to identify and track suspected and confirmed cases to promptly impose quarantine measures
Re-arrange waiting areas and install barriers to encourage physical distancing
Practice hand hygiene and frequent disinfection of surfaces
Managing job stress
A 2020 Cochrane review found that among healthcare workers there is low certainty evidence that resilience training may lead to greater levels of individual resilience for healthcare workers. Due to limitations in the reviewed studies (44 RCTs), the authors advise caution in drawing definitive conclusions and recommend more studies with improved designs.
Other recommendations:
Stay in communication with coworkers and supervisors about job stress
Maintain a consistent sleep and meal schedule
Eat healthy foods
Develop healthy coping mechanisms
Get exercise and make time for hobbies outside of work
Take breaks from watching, reading, and listening to the news
Practice mindfulness techniques, such as breathing exercises and meditation
Talk to a mental health professional if needed
Technology (online counseling) can provide physiological support in order to reduce the risk of insomnia, anxiety, and depression/burnout.
UNFPA
UNFPA recommends that all women and girls must have access to a continuum of sexual and reproductive health services. In accordance to national guidelines and standards, some services for women and girls include antenatal, perinatal and postnatal care, and screening tests.
Karolinska Institute
The Karolinska Institute recommends health workers to take care of oneself, avoid unhelpful strategies, stay in touch with loved ones, not blame oneself and reach out if physical or psychological help is required.
Sources
References
External links
Resource Center to Support Health and Well-being of Clinicians during COVID-19
CDC Information for Healthcare Professionals about COVID-19
healthcare
Occupational safety and health
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Sperm
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Sperm (: sperm or sperms) is the male reproductive cell, or gamete, in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction (forms in which there is a larger, female reproductive cell and a smaller, male one). Animals produce motile sperm with a tail known as a flagellum, which are known as spermatozoa, while some red algae and fungi produce non-motile sperm cells, known as spermatia. Flowering plants contain non-motile sperm inside pollen, while some more basal plants like ferns and some gymnosperms have motile sperm.
Sperm cells form during the process known as spermatogenesis, which in amniotes (reptiles and mammals) takes place in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. This process involves the production of several successive sperm cell precursors, starting with spermatogonia, which differentiate into spermatocytes. The spermatocytes then undergo meiosis, reducing their chromosome number by half, which produces spermatids. The spermatids then mature and, in animals, construct a tail, or flagellum, which gives rise to the mature, motile sperm cell. This whole process occurs constantly and takes around 3 months from start to finish.
Sperm cells cannot divide and have a limited lifespan, but after fusion with egg cells during fertilization, a new organism begins developing, starting as a totipotent zygote. The human sperm cell is haploid, so that its 23 chromosomes can join the 23 chromosomes of the female egg to form a diploid cell with 46 paired chromosomes. In mammals, sperm is stored in the epididymis and is released from the penis during ejaculation in a fluid known as semen.
The word sperm is derived from the Greek word σπέρμα, sperma, meaning "seed".
Evolution
It is generally accepted that isogamy is the ancestor to sperm and eggs. However, there are no fossil records for the evolution of sperm and eggs from isogamy leading there to be a strong emphasis on mathematical models to understand the evolution of sperm.
A widespread hypothesis states that sperm evolved rapidly, but there is no direct evidence that sperm evolved at a fast rate or before other male characteristics.
Sperm in animals
Function
The main sperm function is to reach the ovum and fuse with it to deliver two sub-cellular structures: (i) the male pronucleus that contains the genetic material and (ii) the centrioles that are structures that help organize the microtubule cytoskeleton.
Anatomy
The mammalian sperm cell can be divided in 2 parts:
Head: contains the nucleus with densely coiled chromatin fibers, surrounded anteriorly by a thin, flattened sac called the acrosome, which contains enzymes used for penetrating the female egg. It also contains vacuoles.
Tail: also called the flagellum, is the longest part and capable of wave-like motion that propels sperm for swimming and aids in the penetration of the egg. The tail was formerly thought to move symmetrically in a helical shape.
The neck or connecting piece contains one typical centriole and one atypical centriole such as the proximal centriole-like. The midpiece has a central filamentous core with many mitochondria spiralled around it, used for ATP production for the journey through the female cervix, uterus, and uterine tubes.
During fertilization, the sperm provides three essential parts to the oocyte: (1) a signalling or activating factor, which causes the metabolically dormant oocyte to activate; (2) the haploid paternal genome; (3) the centriole, which is responsible for forming the centrosome and microtubule system.
Origin
The spermatozoa of animals are produced through spermatogenesis inside the male gonads (testicles) via meiotic division. The initial spermatozoon process takes around 70 days to complete. The process starts with the production of spermatogonia from germ cell precursors. These divide and differentiate into spermatocytes, which undergo meiosis to form spermatids. In the spermatid stage, the sperm develops the familiar tail. The next stage where it becomes fully mature takes around 60 days when it is called a spermatozoan. Sperm cells are carried out of the male body in a fluid known as semen. Human sperm cells can survive within the female reproductive tract for more than 5 days post coitus. Semen is produced in the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and urethral glands.
In 2016, scientists at Nanjing Medical University claimed they had produced cells resembling mouse spermatids from mouse embryonic stem cells artificially. They injected these spermatids into mouse eggs and produced pups.
Sperm quality
Sperm quantity and quality are the main parameters in semen quality, which is a measure of the ability of semen to accomplish fertilization. Thus, in humans, it is a measure of fertility in a man. The genetic quality of sperm, as well as its volume and motility, all typically decrease with age.
DNA damages present in sperm cells in the period after meiosis but before fertilization may be repaired in the fertilized egg, but if not repaired, can have serious deleterious effects on fertility and the developing embryo. Human sperm cells are particularly vulnerable to free radical attack and the generation of oxidative DNA damage, such as that from 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine.
The postmeiotic phase of mouse spermatogenesis is very sensitive to environmental genotoxic agents, because as male germ cells form mature sperm they progressively lose the ability to repair DNA damage. Irradiation of male mice during late spermatogenesis can induce damage that persists for at least 7 days in the fertilizing sperm cells, and disruption of maternal DNA double-strand break repair pathways increases sperm cell-derived chromosomal aberrations. Treatment of male mice with melphalan, a bifunctional alkylating agent frequently employed in chemotherapy, induces DNA lesions during meiosis that may persist in an unrepaired state as germ cells progress through DNA repair-competent phases of spermatogenic development. Such unrepaired DNA damages in sperm cells, after fertilization, can lead to offspring with various abnormalities.
Sperm size
Related to sperm quality is sperm size, at least in some animals. For instance, the sperm of some species of fruit fly (Drosophila) are up to 5.8 cm long—about 20 times as long as the fly itself. Longer sperm cells are better than their shorter counterparts at displacing competitors from the female's seminal receptacle. The benefit to females is that only healthy males carry "good" genes that can produce long sperm in sufficient quantities to outcompete their competitors.
Market for human sperm
Some sperm banks hold up to of sperm.
In addition to ejaculation, it is possible to extract sperm through testicular sperm extraction.
On the global market, Denmark has a well-developed system of human sperm export. This success mainly comes from the reputation of Danish sperm donors for being of high quality and, in contrast with the law in the other Nordic countries, gives donors the choice of being either anonymous or non-anonymous to the receiving couple. Furthermore, Nordic sperm donors tend to be tall and highly educated and have altruistic motives for their donations, partly due to the relatively low monetary compensation in Nordic countries. More than 50 countries worldwide are importers of Danish sperm, including Paraguay, Canada, Kenya, and Hong Kong. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the US has banned import of any sperm, motivated by a risk of transmission of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, although such a risk is insignificant, since artificial insemination is very different from the route of transmission of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. The prevalence of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease for donors is at most one in a million, and if the donor was a carrier, the infectious proteins would still have to cross the blood-testis barrier to make transmission possible.
History
Sperm were first observed in 1677 by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek using a microscope. He described them as being animalcules (little animals), probably due to his belief in preformationism, which thought that each sperm contained a fully formed but small human.
Forensic analysis
Ejaculated fluids are detected by ultraviolet light, irrespective of the structure or colour of the surface. Sperm heads, e.g. from vaginal swabs, are still detected by microscopy using the "Christmas Tree Stain" method, i.e., Kernechtrot-Picroindigocarmine (KPIC) staining.
Sperm in plants
Sperm cells in algal and many plant gametophytes are produced in male gametangia (antheridia) via mitotic division. In flowering plants, sperm nuclei are produced inside pollen.
Motile sperm cells
Motile sperm cells typically move via flagella and require a water medium in order to swim toward the egg for fertilization. In animals most of the energy for sperm motility is derived from the metabolism of fructose carried in the seminal fluid. This takes place in the mitochondria located in the sperm's midpiece (at the base of the sperm head). These cells cannot swim backwards due to the nature of their propulsion. The uniflagellated sperm cells (with one flagellum) of animals are referred to as spermatozoa, and are known to vary in size.
Motile sperm are also produced by many protists and the gametophytes of bryophytes, ferns and some gymnosperms such as cycads and ginkgo. The sperm cells are the only flagellated cells in the life cycle of these plants. In many ferns and lycophytes, cycads and ginkgo they are multi-flagellated (carrying more than one flagellum).
In nematodes, the sperm cells are amoeboid and crawl, rather than swim, towards the egg cell.
Non-motile sperm cells
Non-motile sperm cells called spermatia lack flagella and therefore cannot swim. Spermatia are produced in a spermatangium.
Because spermatia cannot swim, they depend on their environment to carry them to the egg cell. Some red algae, such as Polysiphonia, produce non-motile spermatia that are spread by water currents after their release. The spermatia of rust fungi are covered with a sticky substance. They are produced in flask-shaped structures containing nectar, which attract flies that transfer the spermatia to nearby hyphae for fertilization in a mechanism similar to insect pollination in flowering plants.
Fungal spermatia (also called pycniospores, especially in the Uredinales) may be confused with conidia. Conidia are spores that germinate independently of fertilization, whereas spermatia are gametes that are required for fertilization. In some fungi, such as Neurospora crassa, spermatia are identical to microconidia as they can perform both functions of fertilization as well as giving rise to new organisms without fertilization.
Sperm nuclei
In almost all embryophytes, including most gymnosperms and all angiosperms, the male gametophytes (pollen grains) are the primary mode of dispersal, for example via wind or insect pollination, eliminating the need for water to bridge the gap between male and female. Each pollen grain contains a spermatogenous (generative) cell. Once the pollen lands on the stigma of a receptive flower, it germinates and starts growing a pollen tube through the carpel. Before the tube reaches the ovule, the nucleus of the generative cell in the pollen grain divides and gives rise to two sperm nuclei, which are then discharged through the tube into the ovule for fertilization.
In some protists, fertilization also involves sperm nuclei, rather than cells, migrating toward the egg cell through a fertilization tube. Oomycetes form sperm nuclei in a syncytical antheridium surrounding the egg cells. The sperm nuclei reach the eggs through fertilization tubes, similar to the pollen tube mechanism in plants.
Sperm centrioles
Most sperm cells have centrioles in the sperm neck. Sperm of many animals has two typical centrioles, known as the proximal centriole and distal centriole. Some animals (including humans and bovines) have a single typical centriole, the proximal centriole, as well as a second centriole with atypical structure. Mice and rats have no recognizable sperm centrioles. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has a single centriole and an atypical centriole named the proximal centriole-like.
Sperm tail formation
The sperm tail is a specialized type of cilium (aka flagella). In many animals the sperm tail is formed through the unique process of cytosolic ciliogenesis, in which all or part of the sperm tail's axoneme is formed in the cytoplasm or gets exposed to the cytoplasm.
See also
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
Female sperm
Female sperm storage
Mendelian inheritance
Polyspermy
Sperm competition
Sperm granuloma
Sperm theft
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
Citations
General and cited sources
Fawcett, D. W. (1981). "Sperm Flagellum". In: D. W. Fawcett. The Cell, 2nd ed . Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company. pp. 604–640 . . .
Lehti, M. S. and A. Sironen (October 2017). "Formation and function of sperm tail structures in association with sperm motility defects". Biol Reprod 97(4): 522–536. .
External links
Human Sperm Under a Microscope
Fertility
Germ cells
Reproductive system
Mammal male reproductive system
Semen
Human male reproductive system
Articles containing video clips
Microscopic discoveries by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20100%20Girlfriends%20Who%20Really%2C%20Really%2C%20Really%2C%20Really%2C%20Really%20Love%20You
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The 100 Girlfriends Who Really, Really, Really, Really, Really Love You
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, often referred to simply as , is a Japanese manga series written by Rikito Nakamura and illustrated by Yukiko Nozawa. It has been serialized in Shueisha's seinen manga magazine Weekly Young Jump since December 2019, with its chapters collected in 15 volumes as of October 2023. The manga has been licensed for English release in North America by Seven Seas Entertainment. An anime television series adaptation by Bibury Animation Studios premiered in October 2023.
The series focuses on high school student Rentarō Aijō, who in his lifetime fell in love and confessed to exactly 100 girls, only to be rejected by all of them. While praying in a shrine, Rentarō is approached by the God of Love, who reveals that he, due to an error, is destined to have 100 soulmates. However, he also tells Rentarō that if he does not return the feelings of any of his soulmates, they will suffer an accident and die. Not wanting this to happen, Rentarō is determined not to let any of his soulmates die as he meets and dates them all at the same time.
Synopsis
Rentarō Aijō has confessed to (and been rejected by) 100 girls in his lifetime. On the last day of middle school, he visits a shrine and prays that he get a girlfriend during his time at high school. Suddenly, the God of Love appears and tells Rentarō that the reason for his non-existent love life is because everyone is only supposed to have one soulmate in their life, but due to an error on the God of Love's part, Rentarō is destined to have 100.
Sure enough, on the first day of high school, Rentarō meets the wealthy Hakari Hanazono and Karane Inda. Both girls instantly fall in love with him, and Rentarō is attracted to both of them but cannot decide between them. That evening, he revisits the God of Love and is informed that if he does not return the feelings of one of his soulmates, they will die in an accident. Not wanting such a fate to befall Hakari and Karane, Rentarō decides to date both of them simultaneously, with their blessing. As the story continues, more girls are introduced and become Rentarō's girlfriends, establishing a polyamorous relationship.
Characters
Protagonist
Rentarō has fallen in love and been rejected one hundred times prior to the beginning of the story, thus causing him to strive to better himself each time. Due to an error by a god of love, by the end of his high school life, Rentarō is destined to have 100 soulmates. When Rentarō makes eye contact with one of his girlfriends for the first time, a shock-like feeling overcomes him and his new girlfriend. Rentarō genuinely loves each and every new girlfriend he meets, even completely passing a lie detector test when questioned about the legitimacy of his feelings. He often goes out of his way, sometimes to extremes, to keep them all happy. He also detests doing lewd things to his girlfriends unless absolutely necessary, but always has extreme contingency plans to minimize the nature of the situation.
Girlfriends 1–10
One of Rentarō's first two girlfriends, along with Karane Inda. Also, one of Rentarou's classmates in class 1–4. Hakari is from a wealthy family and likes to present a prim and proper appearance, but is rather physical in her affection and can sometimes be perverted. In addition to loving Rentarō, she is somewhat attracted to Karane. Early in the story, Hakari's mother, Hahari, disapproved of her relationship with the then five-timing Rentarō and temporarily forbade her from seeing him, leading to Rentarō and his girlfriends rescuing her. After proving the honesty of his feelings for his girlfriends to Hahari, Hakari rejoins the harem, but with her mother now a member. She occasionally cooperates with her mother to manipulate Rentarō and his girlfriends into doing perverted actions, though she is not nearly as pushy as her mother.
One of Rentarō's first two girlfriends, along with Hakari Hanazono. Also, one of Rentarou's classmates in class 1–4. Karane has a typical personality, though not violent by any means. She has difficulty lying and hiding her true feelings. While she initially disliked the idea of Rentarō having multiple girlfriends, she soon became accepting of them. In addition to loving Rentarō, she is somewhat attracted to Hakari. She was slightly insecure about her traits because she felt she could not express her feelings properly like Rentarō's other girlfriends. Still, after losing those traits thanks to a drug from Kusuri, she eventually acknowledged that her personality is what made her special and regained them with help from Rentarō's other girlfriends. She is noted for having deceptively high strength despite her slender appearance.
Rentarō's third girlfriend and one of his classmates in class 1–4. Shy to the point of muteness, Shizuka was constantly bullied by her fellow students and abused by her mother before meeting Rentarō. She is a bookworm who initially could only communicate through passages from her favorite book by pointing at them when trying to respond to someone. Rentarō develops a speaking app for her so she can freely communicate by digitally reciting the lines she touches, as well as a word bank. She loves fantasy romance books in particular, but is unable to swim.
Rentarō's fourth girlfriend and classmate from class 1–4. Nano is stoic to the point of emotionlessness. She is intelligent and highly optimized in her daily life, removing any sort of unnecessary movements and actions to achieve utter efficiency. She initially has trouble concentrating when she first falls for Rentarō, throwing her lifestyle into chaos, but after going on a date with him and stopping him from burning the photos they took on it, she accepts her feelings and returns to normal. She is afraid of heights.
Rentarō's fifth girlfriend. A third-year high school student, Kusuri is the president of the Chemistry club at Rentarō's high school, and specialises in creating drugs that have strange effects when consumed. She is eighteen years old, but due to having consumed a drug that was supposed to make her immortal, she spends much of her time in an eight-year-old body. She also has a neutralization drug that can revert most of her drug's effects. However, the effects of the failed immortal drug can only be temporarily negated, allowing Kusuri to appear in her true 18-year-old appearance temporarily before reverting. She acts like her general appearance, talks in the third-person, and ends her sentences with . It is later revealed that both of her parents and grandmother also took the immortality drug and are also eight-year-old in appearance as well.
Rentarō's sixth girlfriend and Hakari's mother. She gave birth to Hakari when she was thirteen, due to having fallen in love with a terminally ill fellow student. Knowing that he did not have long to live, she had herself artificially inseminated with his sperm so that they could be a family before he died. Initially, she disapproved of Hakari's relationship with Rentarō, believing that he was two-timing her daughter with four other girls, but changed her mind when she fell in love with Rentarō herself, going as far as buying the school and becoming the new chairwoman to stay close to him. She adores cute things and shares some of her daughter's perverted tendencies, if not to a higher degree. She can also be overbearingly affectionate to Rentarō and his girlfriends, usually trying to be their mother figure.
Rentarō's seventh girlfriend. Kurumi is a middle-schooler with a very high metabolism, which causes her to get hungry very easily - even hearing a word that sounds similar to a specific type of food will cause her to crave that food. As a result, she constantly wears headphones and has her hood up in order to block out as much food-related talk as possible. She has two personalities, depending on whether or not she is hungry. When she has eaten, she is very kind and sweet-natured, but when hungry, she is short-tempered and abrupt - unfortunately, due to her near-constant hunger, she is near-constantly short-tempered.
Rentarō's eighth girlfriend. Mei is one of the Hanazono family's maids, having been found by Hahari after she was abused and abandoned by her biological parents. She is exceptionally loyal to Hahari and will carry out any request made by Hahari without question, no matter how absurd. In fact, she becomes suicidal if she fails to fulfill the task, often resulting in Hahari having to rescind the order to stop her. Her most striking physical feature is her rainbow colored irises, which are usually not seen as she almost always has her eyes closed, (nearly always requiring some sort of shocking revelation to open) though this does not prevent her from driving or piloting a helicopter.
Rentarō's ninth girlfriend, in the same year as him (class 1–3). Iku is the last remaining member of the school's baseball team, as the other members decided to study baseball in America. She is masochistic, finding pleasure in overworking herself to exhaustion and otherwise being mildly hurt. Even being "heartbroken" by Rentarō causes her great pleasure, though she becomes a legitimate girlfriend for Rentarō. A bonus story in the fifth volume reveals that her masochism began when she developed a love of baseball at a young age. Initially, she found practicing too hard and painful, but after an encouraging pep talk from her older brother, she decided to keep at it. However, because she had been told to keep trying even if it hurt, she came to consider pain a good thing.
Rentarō's tenth girlfriend and a second year at his school. Mimimi is a girl who is obsessed with beauty, but is aware that beauty cannot simply be bought, and considers inner beauty just as important as outer beauty. As such, she puts a lot of work into making herself beautiful, earning her own money, cutting costs wherever she can, doing facial regimens, and teaching herself elocution. She initially considers Nano her rival in beauty, seemingly due to Nano having beaten her in their junior high school beauty contest. It is later revealed that her hatred stems from Nano having snubbed her after the contest, and she decides to let bygones be bygones when Nano apologises to her. However, she insists on maintaining a friendly rivalry.
Girlfriends 11–20
Rentarō's eleventh girlfriend and another of his classmates from class 1–4. Meme is a shrinking violet girl who goes out of her way to be a "background character." She has a pronounced figure that she actively binds down to reduce attention to her, and her most prominent physical characteristic is her bangs that constantly cover her eyes except in a few situations, such as when Rentarō first made eye contact with her when he saved her from a flying sign in a windstorm, though her eyes are never seen directly by the reader. She knits small plushies as a hobby. When pressured or embarrassed, Meme will suddenly vanish in an instant and throw one of these plushies where she was standing as a means of misdirection while she hides somewhere nearby.
Rentarō's twelfth girlfriend and his junior high school-aged cousin. She has extreme tidiness tendencies, which results in her getting so frustrated when anything is disorganized or sloppy that she has to intervene and correct them. She is the class president of her class as a result, but secretly dislikes the high expectations they put on her. If she loses her glasses, her anxiety is suddenly released, and she becomes a crying mess. While Rentarō had his reservations about dating his cousin, despite knowing the fate she would have if he did not accept her, he relented after witnessing her honest, pure confession. Her father (and only parent) Hiro, Rentarō's uncle, approves of her relationship with him after a young Rentarō once pushed him away from a speeding truck, believing Rentarō to be the best boy in the world as a result.
Rentarō's thirteenth girlfriend. Nadeshiko is a transfer teacher who becomes the new Japanese teacher at his school. She claims to be American, but in reality, she is a pure-blooded Japanese and is merely obsessed with America. As a child, her parents forced her to learn and uphold the behaviour of a proper Japanese lady, going as far as locking her in a storeroom when she made mistakes. On one occasion, she discovered an American movie, and upon watching it, became so inspired by the freedom American children were allowed compared to her own upbringing that she began modelling her entire life and identity after it, which led to her parents disowning her.
Rentarō's fourteenth girlfriend and Iku's classmate from class 1–3. Yamame is bigger and taller than Rentarō's other girlfriends, but is described by Rentarō as a gentle soul who loves nature. Yamame is Iku's classmate and a member of the school's gardening club and is overly caring to all forms of wildlife. Even the weeds that grow in the garden are considered precious by her, and she even made a garden area just for weeds. In her youth, she used to dislike her ample body, but after helping a baby bird back into its nest, she became proud of it since she could protect and help out nature. In her past, she witnessed a wild fire and developed pyrophobia since such fires kill plants and animals. After Rentarō protected Yamame from a fire comically created by the school's vice principal, she confessed her feelings to Rentarō as it was the first time someone had ever protected her.
Rentarō's fifteenth girlfriend. Momiji is Kurumi's classmate and a skilled masseuse. Her massages put her clients into a state of extreme bliss, though this is likely due to her handsy nature, stating that she enjoys the "softness" of a woman's body. After falling in love with Rentarō, she finds his unique body a perfect tool to practice on. Her dream is to become a popular masseuse and personally massage gravure models.
Rentarō's sixteenth girlfriend and Kusuri's grandmother. She is eighty-nine years old, but due to having taken a prototype of Kusuri's immortality drug, she resembles an eight-year-old girl. Due to the strength of the prototype, her appearance is not reverted by the neutralization drug. Her age is shown through her knowledge and mature womanly charm, something completely different from the more perverse Hahari. She met her husband in a warzone when she was a medic but has since been widowed. She is technologically illiterate. She has a variation of her granddaughter's verbal tic, ending her sentences with "," a more antiquated version.
Rentarō's seventeenth girlfriend. Kishika is Kusuri's classmate and captain of the school kendo team. She has five siblings, all of whom she looks after by herself due to her parents' absence. She has a secret desire to be pampered, spoiled, and doted on, but has kept this part a secret and is extremely reactive to anyone who attempts to touch her. Her desire to be pampered led her to making a fake hand to pet herself and comforting voice lines to listen to when she is upset. After Rentarō discovers this, he becomes her boyfriend and pampers her, causing her to develop an infantile reaction when pampered.
Rentarō's eighteenth girlfriend. Āshī dresses and speaks like a gyaru, but also has a personality self-described as "low-blood pressure” and has a constantly relaxed expression, even when stating that she is motivated or excited. After meeting Rentarō and going to a flea market to sell her unused cute things, she became inspired to one day run a store that sells cute things and hopes Rentarō will help support her new dream. She prefers Rentarō to call her Āko.
Rentarō's nineteenth girlfriend. Uto identifies herself as a wandering bard, dressing up in such clothing, and plays the ocarina, albeit very poorly. In reality, she is a second-year middle school student who is a Chūnibyō. She tends to talk in a poetic, roundabout fashion or using the Socratic method.
Rentarō's twentieth girlfriend. She is the granddaughter of the previous head maid of the Hanazono household, who desired to become a maid herself after meeting Mei. She idolizes Mei and is her self-proclaimed little sister, and is highly protective of her. She despised Rentarō for dating Mei, but she fell in love with him after she fell, and he caught her, making eye contact in the process. Because she tends to space out thinking about Mei and later Rentarō, she is clumsy, resulting in her dramatically slipping and tripping at inopportune times. Despite having the same last name phonetically, Mai and Mei are not blood-related, and the kanji of their family names are different.
Girlfriends 21–
Rentarō's twenty-first girlfriend. Momoha is a 27-year-old Social Studies teacher at Rentarō's school who teaches second-year students with an emphasis on teaching ethics. Ironically, she tends to squander her money on gambling and alcohol, resulting in her being homeless, living in a tent by Yamame's garden, as she is also the advisor of the Gardening Club. Despite her unethical behavior at times, she ultimately is also generous as she regularly uses her own money to supply the Gardening Club with tools and weeds the entire school before school starts on her own.
Rentarō's twenty-second girlfriend and Uto's classmate. Rin is a second-year middle school student who practices the violin as both of her parents are also violinists. After watching a quick scene from the Resident Evil film as a child by accident, Rin derives pleasure from any sort of depiction of violence. While she has kept this mostly under wraps, Rentarō allows her to express her desires. She tends to exclaim "violen-suwa" when aroused, which is a combination of 'violence' and 'desu-wa,' an elegant copula.
Rentarō's twenty-third girlfriend and Ahko's classmate. Suu adores numbers, even flat-out stating that she is romantically in love with numbers. She dislikes most other things, even rudely ignoring Rentarō's initial conversations with her because he's not a number. After posturing himself to resemble numbers, Suu grows fond of Rentarō and asks to be his girlfriend.
Rentarō's twenty-fourth girlfriend. Eira is a half-Brazilian second-year college student at Ohananomitsu University. Her father is a Capoeira instructor, and she is an active practitioner. She has a strange fear of objects or phenomena that she "cannot kick," either due to them being physically unable to be kicked (like sneezes or emotions) or things that would be socially unacceptable to kick (like babies or cats). However, if something can be kicked, she shows utter fearlessness, even kicking a speeding car.
Rentarō's twenty-fifth girlfriend. Tama is a 21-year-old who grew weary of her office worker life and decided to reject her humanity. She dresses and acts like a cat, even first being encountered sitting in a box like a pet given up for adoption. After being pampered by Rentarō, who was initially willing to "adopt" her like a cat, she decides to work once more so long as Rentarō is willing to date her, as she realizes that since she has a reason to work now that she has something to look forward after her days at work.
Rentarō's twenty-sixth girlfriend. Himeka is a transfer first-year student and is a popular idol who goes by the stage name "Kiki." While she is a prodigious singer, she has an interest in doing abnormal things for mundane tasks and situations in order to stand out better. Initially, she rejected Rentarō due to perceiving him as "normal," but upon hearing that he had 25 girlfriends at that time, she immediately asked to become a girlfriend.
Other characters
The 100th girl who had rejected Rentarō after he confessed to her.
Rentarō's friend up until their middle school graduation.
The god of a local shrine who informs Rentarō that due to his constant prayers to his shrine, and partially due to him being distracted when watching Castle in the Sky, he overly blessed Rentarō to meet 100 soulmates during his high school life.
The Vice Principal of Rentarō's high school. She has a bizarre appearance and is known for chasing down students who misbehave in school, often punishing male students with sloppy kisses. She tends to run on all fours creepily.
The Gorira Alliance
A Japanese biker gang formed in the early 21st century led by a burly woman who resembles a gorilla. She is dating a petite boy whom she saved from a speeding car and fell in love with during the incident.
Hakari's Father
The unnamed boy with a terminal illness whom Hahari had fallen in love with when she was a schoolgirl. Before he died, Hahari was inseminated by him at the age of 13, which led to the birth of Hakari. Rentarō meets his spirit after rescuing Hakari and causing Hahari to fall in love with him.
Hiro Īn
Chiyo's father and Rentarō's uncle. Hiro approves of Chiyo's relationship with Rentarō despite being cousins because Rentarō had pushed him out of the way of a speeding car when Rentarō was a young boy.
Toruru Kijineta
The president of the school newspaper club who tries to get pictures of Meme for the school paper, though in the story she appears in, Mimimi assists in helping Meme to hide.
Tina Quali
A former pop idol who trains Rentarō's girlfriends as idols, only to abandon them when the better quality girls refuse to leave the lesser quality girls off the stage. She returns in chapter 152 to train Rentarō's newest girlfriends as idols.
Yukiko Nozawa
The illustrator of the manga. She first appears in chapter 69 when Rentarō visits her to help draw the manga so that his new girlfriend can practice massaging men, and later appears in chapter 94.
Akogare and Manesu
Two classmates from Chiyo's school who frequent a nearby park smoking cigarettes. Chiyo and Naddy both try to dissuade them from doing so using their own methods. At the end of the chapter they appear in, it is revealed that they were only pretending to smoke.
Kusuri's Parents
Yaku's son and daughter-in-law, who, like their daughter, both develop drugs. First introduced in chapter 74, they also took Kusuri's failed immortality drug and appear as eight-year-olds as a result. Unlike Yaku, Kusuri's parents took a similar immortality drug, thus, they can temporarily revert to their true appearances with the negation drugs. Kusuri's father, in particular, is skilled in body augmentation drugs that are not negated by the negation drugs. Like Kusuri and Yaku, they also end their sentences with a variation of their verbal tics, Kusuri's dad ending with and Kusuri's mother ending in .
The Serious Group
A company headed by a distant relative of Iku. Their products and services are of astonishingly high quality to the point that people unaware of their practices are often subjected to problematic situations.
Kiraisugi-chou's Mayor
A Japanese town mayor. Despite his obsession with the yearly sports festival, his town has failed to win even once. He views Sukisugi-chou as a rival town.
Shizuka's mother. She frequently abused her daughter due to her troubles with verbal communication. First appearing in a brief flashback in chapter 3, she later appears in chapters 134 and 135 when she finds out about Shizuka using a text-to-speech app to talk for her, and she confiscates her phone due to her belief that Rentarō was enabling Shizuka by providing the app to her. After Rentarō confronts her about this, she manages to see the error of her ways and returns her daughter's phone.
Media
Manga
The 100 Girlfriends Who Really, Really, Really, Really, Really Love You is written by Rikito Nakamura and illustrated by Yukiko Nozawa. It has been serialized in Shueisha's seinen manga magazine Weekly Young Jump since December 26, 2019. Its chapters are collected and published by Shueisha into individual volumes. The first volume was released on April 17, 2020. As of October 19, 2023, fifteen volumes have been released.
On July 2, 2021, Seven Seas Entertainment announced they licensed the series for English publication in North America in print and on digital platforms in single volume editions. The first volume was released on February 22, 2022.
Volumes
Chapters not yet in tankōbon format
These chapters have yet to be published in a tankōbon volume.
Anime
An anime television series adaptation was announced on March 14, 2023. It is produced by Bibury Animation Studios and directed by Hikaru Sato, with scripts supervised by Takashi Aoshima, character designs handled by Akane Yano, and music composed by Shuhei Mutsuki, Shunsuke Takizawa, and Eba. The series premiered on October 8, 2023, on Tokyo MX and other networks. The opening theme song is performed by Kaede Hondo, Miyu Tomita, Maria Naganawa, Asami Seto, and Ayaka Asai, while the ending theme song is performed by Nako Misaki. Crunchyroll licensed the series. Muse Communication has licensed the series in South and Southeast Asia.
Episodes
Reception
By July 2021, the manga had over 800,000 copies in circulation by July of the same year. By March 2022, it had 1 million copies in circulation.
In August 2020, the series ranked second out of the 50 nominees on the sixth Next Manga Award, with 19,902 votes. The series ranked 19th on the 2021 Shinkan Manga Taishō by Tokyo Manga Reviewers.
The series ranked eighth on AnimeJapan's fifth "Most Wanted Anime Adaptation" poll in 2022.
References
External links
Anime series based on manga
Bibury Animation Studios
Crunchyroll anime
Harem anime and manga
Muse Communication
Polyamory in fiction
Romantic comedy anime and manga
Seinen manga
Seven Seas Entertainment titles
Shueisha manga
Tokyo MX original programming
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowhead%20High%20School
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Arrowhead High School
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Arrowhead High School is a high school located in Merton Town, Wisconsin (with a Hartland, Wisconsin post address). Sitting on of land, the school has two campuses, a north campus and a south campus. Juniors and seniors attend the north campus, while freshmen and sophomores attend the south campus.
Enrollment is about 2300 students at the school, which employs about 200 faculty members.
Arrowhead's athletics teams are known as the Warhawks, and its mascot, Wally, is a hawk.
History
Arrowhead High School was established in 1956 in the Hartland, Wisconsin area. The original high school is today known as South Campus. North Campus was added later following increased enrollment. Freshman and sophomores are at the South Campus, while juniors and seniors are at the North Campus.
Laura Myrah is the superintendent. In December 2022 she announced that after August 7, 2023 she will no longer be superintendent. She cited "political pressures" on K-12 schools as her reason for leaving the field.
Academics
In 2022, Newsweek ranked Arrowhead 594th in the nation out of more than 27,000 public high schools in the United States.
Arrowhead offers nearly 200 academic courses. There are honors sequences in English, mathematics, social studies, science, and art, and 17 advanced placement courses. "Transcripted credit" agreements with Waukesha County Technical College (WCTC) allow students to earn technical school credit for high school courses in areas such as engineering, automotive mechanics, technical and architectural drafting, fashion merchandising, child care, commercial art, and computer technology. In addition, students can participate in manufacturing and health apprenticeships through WCTC.
The school is equipped with technology and laboratory facilities. The high school also serves as a community center by providing concerts, lectures, athletic facilities and events, seminars, and evening classes to residents of the Lake Country area.
Attendance area
Arrowhead serves students from:
The unincorporated areas of North Lake and a section of Okauchee Lake
The villages of Hartland, Chenequa, Merton and Nashotah, as well as a part of Sussex
Portions of the cities of Delafield and Pewaukee.
All of the town of Merton, and portions of the towns of Lisbon, Delafield, and Oconomowoc.
It also includes the unincorporated areas of Monches, Colgate, and Stone Bank.
Feeder patterns
Feeder districts include: Lake Country School District, Hartland-Lakeside Joint No. 3 School District, Richmond School District, Swallow School District, North Lake School District, Merton Community School District, and Stone Bank School District.
Extracurricular activities
Broadway Bound
Broadway Bound was a competitive show choir that competed between 1982 and 1998. The school also hosted its own competition, the Broadway Bound Invitational.
Broadway Company
Broadway Company is a musical theater group at Arrowhead that puts on a fall musical and a spring production with musical/dance numbers from musicals that follow a theme. In Fall 2007, Arrowhead High School's Broadway Company presented a production of the hit musical Cats, which took first place in USA Weekend's nationwide competition for best American high school production, and was featured in the magazine's October 4, 2008 issue.
Community service
Arrowhead has a chapter of Rotary International and a chapter of the National Honor Society. These clubs perform volunteer activities for the community.
Robotics
Arrowhead has a student-lead FIRST Robotics Competition team. It has about 50 members and is divided into build, programming, and business sub-teams, each fulfilling their respective roles in order to complete the robot. They use Java as the language of their robot. They elect their leaders each year through a vote. They typically have 1 meeting a week, except during "build season" (in which they must build and program the robot in just 6 weeks), where they have around 5 meetings a week.
Junior State Of America
Arrowhead boasts one of the largest Junior State of America (JSA) chapters in the Midwest. The group of about 50 students discusses and debates political topics, holds candidate debate watch parties, and promotes awareness about current events.
Athletics
Arrowhead is a member of the Classic 8 Conference. In 2004, it became the first non-professional venue in Wisconsin to use FieldTurf on its football field when it was installed at Pfeiffer Memorial Stadium. In 2007, the school renovated its East Gym in the north campus to include a new wooden floor with the school's "A" logo at half court. The school has an on-campus ice rink, the Howard G. Mullett Ice Center, which was donated by the Mullett family and opened in 1998.
In 2005, Arrowhead was named the best athletic high school in the state by Sports Illustrated, which stated, "This suburban Milwaukee school is incredible in swimming and football and has won 13 state titles over the last 10 years." It was also named the best athletic high school in Wisconsin in 2006 and 2007. The school has won 25 WIAA state championships since 1993, including six in boys' swimming, six in girls' swimming, and five in football.
In the 2007–2008 season Arrowhead's girls' cross country team won its first-ever WIAA state championship by defeating Whitefish Bay. 2007 also saw the Arrowhead girls' field hockey team win its second consecutive Wisconsin State Field Hockey Association (WSFHA) championship by defeating University School of Milwaukee. The football team took home its fourth state title in the fall of 2007 with a win over Homestead. The boys' swimming team took the state title that same year, its fourth in seven years. They had been runners-up to Madison Memorial in the previous three years. In Spring 2008 the Arrowhead boys' golf team won the Division 1 state team championship by defeating Madison Memorial. The gymnastics team took 2nd place in its third state appearance.
In the 2008–2009 school year the football team advanced to its third consecutive Division 1 state championship game against Homestead (its 9th in 16 years) and the girls' swimming team took home its sixth Division 1 state title in seven years by edging Madison East. The girls' golf team also advanced to the state tournament, finishing with a fifth-place performance.
In the winter sports season, the boys' hockey team took home its first state championship by defeating Fond du Lac.
The 2009–2010 boys' basketball team advanced to the state tournament for the first time since 2006, beating defending state champion Madison Memorial for the state championship. It was the first time Arrowhead had made it to the state finals and the school's first state basketball title. Coaching the Warhawks is Craig Haase. Before Haase the coach was Andrew Cerroni, who was named coach of Hamilton (Sussex) despite continually losing at Arrowhead at record paces.
Arrowhead's girls' gymnastics team won its first state championship, after having been runner-up the previous year. The boys' track and field team took home its third state championship, defeating Menomonee Falls. On the same day, the boys' golf team won the state championship. Arrowhead took home six state championships in the 2008–2009 school year.
In 2004, the boys' soccer team was ranked seventh in the nation in a poll of the National Soccer Coaches Association of America (NSCAA)/Adidas. In 2008, the boys' soccer team was ranked 24th in the nation in the same poll. In 2009, the soccer team advanced to the state tournament defeating Marquette in the quarterfinals.
The boys' and girls' lacrosse teams both took state titles in 2007, and in 2006, the boys' team was state runner-up. The school offers girls' ice hockey and girls' field hockey. Arrowhead, the first public school in Wisconsin to offer field hockey, claimed state titles in 2006 and 2007. The boys' track team won the state title in 2004 for the first time since 1965. Arrowhead's boys' cross country team won the state title in 2010 and 2011.
The high school has the winningest summer baseball coach in Wisconsin high school history, Tim O'Driscoll. Through the 2009 summer season, he had compiled a 742–234 record, a .767 winning percentage. In 2006, Arrowhead's baseball team was the WIAA state runner-up after losing to Marquette. On May 25, 2007, before Arrowhead's game against Kettle Moraine, the school's baseball field was renamed O'Driscoll Field in honor of the coach. Arrowhead's summer baseball team advanced to the state tournament in 1973, 1975, 1979, 1999, 2000, 2006, and 2009, with title game appearances in 1973, 1975, 1979, 2006, and 2009. The Warhawks won the state title in 1979 by defeating West Bend East. They repeated that feat in the summer of 2009 by defeating defending 2008 champion Marquette.
In 2006 the Arrowhead Cheer & Stunt team won the WACPC (Wisconsin Association of Cheer/Pom Coaches) State Championship in the Small Co-ed Division.
Football
The Arrowhead Warhawks football team has appeared in 9 of the last 16 WIAA State Division 1 football finals, a state record. On September 4, 2009 Arrowhead dedicated the stadium to Coach Tom Taraska, making the official stadium name Pfeiffer Field at Taraska Stadium.
Swimming and diving
The girls' team won the 2014, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003 and 2002 WIAA Division 1 Championship and was runner-up in 2013, 2012, 2011, 2000, and 1999. Winning the championship every year for five consecutive years, from 2002 to 2006, was a state record.
The boys' team won the WIAA Division 1 Championship in 2008, 2004, 2003, 2002, 1997, and 1995 and was runner up in the years 2007, 2006, 2005.
Arrowhead and the community
Arrowhead hosts teams such as the Lake Country Phoenix youth swim team and the Lake Country Cyclones semi-professional football team. The Lake Country Chiefs youth football team of the Wisconsin Youth Football League also participate in football on Pfeiffer Field at Taraska Stadium.
Notable alumni
Ben Askren, professional MMA fighter, two-time NCAA champion and 2008 U.S. Olympic freestyle wrestler
Ben Bredeson, NFL offensive lineman
Nick Hayden, NFL defensive tackle
Jim Herrmann, NFL defensive end
John Kaiser, NFL linebacker
Dennis Lewis, writer
David Merkow, professional golfer, 2006 Big Ten Conference Player of the Year
Keegan O'Toole, folkstyle and freestyle wrestler, two-time NCAA champion and Junior World freestyle champion
Anna Piscitello, Miss Wisconsin USA 2006
Mike Solwold, NFL long-snapper and tight end
References
External links
Public high schools in Wisconsin
Schools in Waukesha County, Wisconsin
School districts established in 1956
1956 establishments in Wisconsin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow%20Falls%3A%20After%20Dark
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Shadow Falls: After Dark
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Shadow Falls: After Dark is a sequel series following the fantasy-themed novels, Shadow Falls, written by author C.C. Hunter. The series centers around 16-year-old teen Della Tsang, who must face new challenges that come with being vampire while on her quest to find her place in the world. The three novels are entitled, Reborn, Eternal, and Unspoken.
C.C. Hunter confirmed the continuation of the Shadow Falls series from the perspective of vampire Della Tsang.
Plot
Reborn
Reborn follows the events after Chosen at Nightfall. In this novel, Della Tsang will take the lead. The novel was originally to be released on April 15, 2014. However, the release date was later pushed back to May 20.
Return to the beloved world of Shadow Falls, a camp that teaches supernatural teens to harness their powers—and where a vampire named Della will discover who she's meant to be.
For Della Tsang, Shadow Falls is not just a camp: it is home. As a vampire who's never fit in with her human family, it is the one place she can truly be herself. But when a mysterious new guy arrives at camp, Della's whole world is thrown into turmoil. Chase is a vampire with secrets, who knows more than he's telling. But the more time she spends with him, the more she begins to trust this attractive stranger—and feel drawn to him. But romance is the last thing she wants—as she keeps telling Steve, the hunky shapeshifter who won't stop trying to win her heart. And if Della isn't careful, he just might succeed. When a new case puts everyone she cares about in danger, Della's determined to do everything she can to save them... even if it means teaming up with Steve and Chase, who leave her more confused than ever. With their lives on the line, will Della and her friends survive—with their hearts intact?
Eternal
Eternal follows the events after Reborn. In this novel, Della Tsang will take the lead. The novel released on October 28, 2014.
All her life, Della's secret powers have made her feel separated from her human family. Now, she's where she belongs, at Shadow Falls. With the help of her best friends Kylie and Miranda, she'll try to prove herself in the paranormal world as an investigator—all the while trying to figure out her own heart. Should she choose Chase, a powerful vampire with whom she shares a special bond? Or Steve, the hot shapeshifter whose kisses make her weak in the knees? When a person with dark connection to her past shows up, it'll help her decide which guy to choose – and make her question everything she knows about herself.
Unspoken
The ultimatum in Unspoken takes place after Della's father is arrested for murder. This finale was originally expected to be released in July 2015, but it was later moved to October 27, 2015.
Despite her superhuman strength and enhanced senses, Della Tsang's life as a vampire certainly hasn't been easy. Especially since she was reborn and bound to the mysterious, infuriating, and gorgeous Chase Tallman.
But if there's one thing that's always kept Della going, it's her dream of being an elite paranormal investigator. Her newest case is the opportunity she's been waiting for, but as Della tries to solve the twenty year old murder and clear her father's name. She uncovers secrets about the vampire council. And about Chase.
Feeling betrayed by all the secrets he's kept hidden from her, Della is determined to keep him as far away from her heart as she can. But she'll need his help to solve the case that will lead them into the darkest and ugliest vampire gangs in town and into the scariest reaches of her heart.
Character List
Protagonists
Della Tsang is the protagonist of Shadow Falls: After Dark. A spunky and sassy vampire, her quick wit and verbal comebacks will make you smile. She regularly comes across too blunt with others while always trying to hide her own pain. Her brusqueness is often a product of her honesty, even when a little less truth might have sufficed. Loyal to those she cares about, she'll be there for you in the blink of an eye. She is also the main character of the spin-off stories - Turned at Dark and Saved at Sunrise.
Steve is a powerful shape-shifter who is quiet, dependable, and determined when he sets his mind on something. He unintentionally downplays his power as a supernatural because his parents raised him to live in the human world. A rule follower by nature, he's learning that sometimes to get what you want, you have to color outside the lines.
Chase Tallman is a mysterious and amazingly powerful vampire with more secrets than a rogue were has fleas, who shows up at Shadow Falls and wins Burnett's respect and Della's suspicions.
Ghosts
Chan Hon is Della's cousin on her father's side. He died from the rebirthing virus before the start of the series, and his ghost followed Della to make sure she wouldn't lose her life the way he did.
Lorraine Baker is the ghost in Reborn. She and her boyfriend are murdered by her ex-boyfriend, Phillip Lance. Her death was confirmed to be the work of a vampire, and while initially blaming on a newly-turned teen, Della discovers the true culprit.
Bao Yu Tsang is Della's late aunt and the ghost in Eternal and Unspoken. She got pregnant at a young age, and had to give away her child to preserve her family's reputation. Sometime later, she was killed by Douglas Stone. Her spirit became confused with the memory and blamed Della's father for her murder, because he was pulling out the knife plunged into her chest when she died.
Mrs. Chi is an acquaintance of Della's family. She was murdered by a gang of hybrids orchestrated by vampire-warlock hybrid, Douglas Stone (real name Connor Powell).
Support characters
Kylie Galen is the protagonist of the first Shadow Falls series. A chameleon, a ghost whisperer, and a protector. One of Della's best friends and confidants, whose compassion and gentle approach to life Della wishes she could emulate.
Miranda Kane is a dyslexic witch whose powers have yet to be completely mastered. Fun and flirty, the girl has a flair for drama, but a heart of gold. She is one of Della's best friends. Though they constantly bicker, they are actually very close as friends.
Holiday Brandon is the camp leader of Shadow Falls. caring, nurturing fae, who is an empath with an amazing gift to communicate with the living and the dead. She is married to Burnett James, the vampire camp leader.
Burnett James is an agent of the FRU and the newest camp leader after Holiday's previous partner, Sky Peacemaker, was removed from her position for betrayal. A badass vampire who's overprotective, sucks at communicating—but is working on it—and cares deeply. Oh, and hardheaded.
Jenny Yates is a powerful chameleon who's lived most of her life on a Chameleon compound trying to hide her very existence. Like most chameleons, she dreads being in the limelight, and yet she's hungry to experience the life that she has been cheated of.
Lucas Parker is Kylie's werewolf boyfriend. A stubborn yet extremely loyal werewolf, now a member of the Were council. He fought tradition and has chosen his soul mate, a chameleon, in spite of his pack's belief that he must marry another were to keep their blood line pure.
Derek Lakes is kindhearted, sweet, and smart... the kind of guy girls like, but seem to leave. He's half fae, half human, and his special gifts include being an empath to animals as well as humans and supernaturals.
Perry Gomez is Miranda's boyfriend. A sweet yet powerful shape-shifter abandoned by his parents at an early age. As a child, he had a hard time co-existing in the human world due to his inability to control his shifts. Witty and the class clown, he learned to hide his emotions with a joke.
Hannah Rose James is the newborn daughter of Burnett James and Holiday Brandon. She is half-vampire and half-fae.
Chao Tsang is Della's estranged father. He distanced himself from Della after she became a vampire.
Sharron Tsang is Della's American mother. She was kept in the dark about her daughter's vampirism until the end of Unspoken.
Marla Tsang is Della's younger sister. She was kept in the dark about her sister's vampirism until the end of Unspoken.
Natasha Owen is Della's long-lost cousin. She was given away at birth, and became a vampire at adolescence.
Liam Jones is Natasha's boyfriend. They met under the same underground fighting organization.
Shawn Hanson is a warlock who worked for the FRU. He has harbored feelings for Miranda for a long time.
Eddie (real name Feng Tsang) is Della's uncle, the twin brother of Chao. He became a vampire at a young age and faked his death to preserve his secret. He was the one who took in Chase Tallman and helped him through the rebirthing process.
References
External links
C.C. Hunter's Official Website
Fantasy novel series
American romance novels
Urban fantasy novels
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20White
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Jack White
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John Anthony White (; born July 9, 1975) is an American musician who served as the lead singer, guitarist and primary songwriter of rock duo the White Stripes. White is widely credited as one of the key artists in the garage rock revival of the 2000s. He has won 12 Grammy Awards, and three of his solo albums have reached number one on the Billboard 200. Rolling Stone ranked him number 32 on its 2023 list of greatest guitarists of all time. David Fricke's 2010 list ranked him at number 17. In 2012, The New York Times called White "the coolest, weirdest and savviest rockstar of our time".
After moonlighting in several underground Detroit bands as a drummer, White founded the White Stripes with fellow Detroit native and then-wife Meg White in 1997. Their 2001 breakthrough album, White Blood Cells, brought them international fame with the single and accompanying music video for "Fell in Love with a Girl". White subsequently began collaborating with artists such as Loretta Lynn and Bob Dylan. In 2005, White founded the Raconteurs with Brendan Benson, and in 2009 founded the Dead Weather with Alison Mosshart of the Kills. In 2008, he recorded "Another Way to Die", the title song for the 2008 James Bond film Quantum of Solace, alongside Alicia Keys, making them the only duet to perform a Bond theme. White has released five solo studio albums, which have garnered critical and commercial success.
White is a board member of the Library of Congress' National Recording Preservation Foundation. His record label and studio Third Man Records releases vinyl recordings of his own work as well as that of other artists and local school children. His second studio album, Lazaretto (2014), broke the record for most first-week vinyl sales since 1991, holding that record until 2021. White has an extensive collection of guitars and other instruments and has a preference for vintage items that often have connections to famous blues artists. He is a vocal advocate for analog technology and recording techniques.
White has been known to create misdirection about his personal life. He and Meg White married in 1996, but divorced in 2000 before the height of the White Stripes' fame. They then began calling themselves siblings. He was married to model and singer Karen Elson from 2005 to 2013; they have a son and daughter. In 2022, he married musician Olivia Jean. He currently resides in Nashville, Tennessee.
Early life
John Anthony Gillis was born in Detroit, Michigan, on July 9, 1975, the youngest of ten children of Teresa (née Bandyk; born 1930) and Gorman M. Gillis. His mother's family was Polish, while his father was Scottish-Canadian. He was raised a Catholic, and both of his parents worked for the Archdiocese of Detroit as the building maintenance superintendent and secretary in the Cardinal's office, respectively. Gillis became an altar boy, which landed him an uncredited role in the 1987 movie The Rosary Murders, filmed mainly at Most Holy Redeemer parish in southwest Detroit. He attended Cass Technical High School in Detroit.
Gillis' early musical influences were his older brothers, who were in a band together called Catalyst, and he learned to play the instruments they abandoned; he began playing the drums in the first grade after finding a kit in the attic. As a child, he was a fan of classical music, but in elementary school, he began listening to the Doors, Pink Floyd, and Led Zeppelin. As a "shorthaired [teenager] with braces", Gillis began listening to the blues and 1960s rock that would influence him in the White Stripes, with Son House and Blind Willie McTell being among his favorite blues guitarists. He has said in interviews that Son House's "Grinnin' in Your Face" is his favorite song of all time. As a drummer, his heroes include Gene Krupa, Stewart Copeland, and Crow Smith from Flat Duo Jets.
In 2005, on 60 Minutes, he told Mike Wallace that his life could have turned out differently. "I'd got accepted to a seminary in Wisconsin, and I was gonna become a priest, but at the last second I thought, 'I'll just go to public school.' I had just gotten a new amplifier in my bedroom, and I didn't think I was allowed to take it with me." Instead, he got accepted into Cass Technical High School as a business major, and played the drums and trombone in the band. At 15, he began a three-year upholstery apprenticeship with a family friend, Brian Muldoon. He credits Muldoon with exposing him to punk music as they worked together in the shop. Muldoon goaded his young apprentice into forming a band: "He played drums", Gillis thought. "Well I guess I'll play guitar then." The two recorded an album, Makers of High Grade Suites, as the Upholsterers.
As a senior in high school, he met Megan White at the Memphis Smoke restaurant where she worked, and they frequented the coffee shops, local music venues, and record stores of the area. After a courtship, they married on September 21, 1996. In a reversal of tradition, he legally took her last name.
After completing his apprenticeship, he started a one-man business of his own, Third Man Upholstery. The slogan of his business was "Your Furniture's Not Dead" and the color scheme was yellow and black—including a yellow van, a yellow-and-black uniform, and a yellow clipboard. Although Third Man Upholstery never lacked business, he claims it was unprofitable due to his complacency about money and his business practices that were perceived as unprofessional, including making bills out in crayon and writing poetry inside the furniture.
Music career
Group projects
The White Stripes (1997–2011)
At 19 years old, Jack had landed his first professional gig as the drummer for the Detroit band Goober & the Peas, and was still in that position when the band broke up in 1996. It was in this band that he learned about touring and performing onstage. After the band's split, he settled into working as an upholsterer by day while moonlighting in local bands, as well as performing solo shows. Though a bartender by trade, Meg began to learn to play the drums in 1997 and, according to Jack, "When she started to play drums with me, just on a lark, it felt liberating and refreshing." The couple became a band, calling themselves the White Stripes, and two months later performed their first show at the Gold Dollar in Detroit.
Despite being married, Jack and Meg publicly presented themselves as siblings. They kept to a chromatic theme, dressing only in red, white, and black. They began their career as part of Michigan's underground garage rock music scene. They played along with and opened for more established local bands such as Bantam Rooster, the Dirtbombs, Two-Star Tabernacle, Rocket 455, and the Hentchmen. In 1998, the White Stripes were signed to Italy Records—a small and independent Detroit-based garage punk label—by Dave Buick. The band released its eponymous debut album in 1999, and a year later the album was followed up by the cult classic, De Stijl. The album eventually peaked at number 38 in Billboards Independent Albums chart.
In 2001, the band released White Blood Cells. The album's stripped-down garage rock sound drew critical acclaim in the US and beyond, making the White Stripes one of the more acclaimed bands of 2002, and forefront figures in the garage band revival of the time. John Peel, an influential DJ and the band's early advocate in the UK, said they were the most exciting thing he'd heard since Jimi Hendrix. The New York Times said of White, "beneath the arty facade lies one of the most cagey, darkly original rockers to come along since Kurt Cobain." The album was followed up in 2003 by the commercially and critically successful Elephant. The critic at AllMusic wrote that the album "sounds even more pissed-off, paranoid and stunning than its predecessor ... darker and more difficult than White Blood Cells". The album's first single, "Seven Nation Army", became the band's signature song, reaching number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart for three weeks, winning the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Rock Song, and becoming an international sporting and protest anthem. The band's fifth album, Get Behind Me Satan, was recorded in White's own home and marked a change in the band's musical direction, with piano-driven melodies and experimentation with marimba and a more rhythm-based guitar playing by White.
The band's sixth album, Icky Thump, was released in 2007, and unlike their previous lo-fi albums, it was recorded in Nashville at Blackbird Studio. The album was regarded as a return to the band's earlier blues and garage-rock sound. It debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart, and entered the UK Albums Chart at number one, selling over 300,000 vinyl copies in England alone. Of his excitement for vinyl, White explained, "We can't afford to lose the feeling of cracking open a new record and looking at large artwork and having something you can hold in your hands." In support of the album, they launched a Canadian tour, in which they played a gig in every one of the country's provinces and territories. However, later that year, the band announced the cancellation of 18 tour dates due to Meg's struggle with acute anxiety. A few days later, the duo canceled the remainder of their 2007 UK tour dates as well.
White worked with other artists in the meantime, but revealed the band's plan to release a seventh album by the summer of 2009. On February 20, 2009—and on the final episode of Late Night with Conan O'Brien—the band made their first live appearance after the cancellation of the tour, and a documentary about their Canadian tour—titled The White Stripes: Under Great White Northern Lights—debuted later that year at the Toronto International Film Festival. However, almost two years passed with no new releases, and on February 2, 2011, the band reported on their official website that they were disbanding. White emphasized that it was not due to health issues or artistic differences, "but mostly to preserve what is beautiful and special about the band".
The Raconteurs (2005–2014, 2018–present)
In 2005, while collaborating with Brendan Benson—a fellow Michigan native whom White had worked with before—they composed a song called "Steady, as She Goes". This inspired them to create a full band, and they invited Jack Lawrence and Patrick Keeler of the Greenhornes to join them in what would become the Raconteurs. The musicians met in Benson's home studio in Detroit and, for the remainder of the year, they recorded when time allowed. The result was the band's debut album, Broken Boy Soldiers. Reaching the Top Ten charts in both the US and the UK, it was nominated for Best Rock Album at the 2006 Grammy Awards. The lead single, "Steady, As She Goes" was nominated for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. The Raconteurs set out on tour to support the album, including eight dates as the opening act for Bob Dylan. The group's second album, Consolers of the Lonely, and its first single, "Salute Your Solution", were released simultaneously in 2008. The album reached number seven on the Billboard 200 chart, and received a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Album. The group rebanded to create the new album Help Us Stranger in 2019. This release was followed by a US tour.
The Dead Weather (2009–2015)
While on tour to promote Consolers of the Lonely, White developed bronchitis and often lost his voice. Alison Mosshart, the frontwoman for the Kills (who was touring with the Raconteurs at the time) would often fill in as his vocal replacement. The chemistry between the two artists led them to collaborate, and in early 2009, White formed a new group called the Dead Weather. Mosshart sang, White played drums and shared vocal duties, Jack Lawrence of the Raconteurs played bass, and the Queens of the Stone Age keyboardist and guitarist Dean Fertita rounded out the four-piece.
The group debuted a handful of new tracks on March 11, 2009, in Nashville from their debut album Horehound. It came out on July 13, 2009, in Europe and July 14, 2009, in North America on White's Third Man Records label. In October 2009, Mosshart confirmed that the second album was "halfway done", and the first single, "Die by the Drop", was released on March 30, 2010. The new album (again on the Third Man Records label) was titled Sea of Cowards and was released on May 7 of that year in Ireland, on May 10 in the United Kingdom, and on May 11 in the U.S.
Announcement of their third album, Dodge & Burn, was made in July 2015 for a worldwide release in September by Third Man Records. Along with four previously released tracks, remixed and remastered, the album features eight new songs.
Other collaborations
Rumors began to circulate in 2003 that White had collaborated with Electric Six for their song "Danger! High Voltage". He and the Electric Six both denied this, and the vocal work was credited officially to John S O'Leary. In subsequent interviews with Chris Handyside, however, Dick Valentine and Corey Martin (Electric Six band members) acknowledged White's involvement and confirmed that he received no payment.
White worked with Loretta Lynn on her 2004 album Van Lear Rose, which he produced and performed on. The album was a critical and commercial success. In 2008, White collaborated with Alicia Keys on the song "Another Way to Die", the theme song for the James Bond film Quantum of Solace. In 2009, Jack White was featured in It Might Get Loud, a film in which he, Jimmy Page, and the Edge come together to discuss the electric guitar and each artist's different playing methods. White's first solo single, "Fly Farm Blues", was written and recorded in 10 minutes during the filming of the movie that August. The single went on sale as a 7-inch vinyl record from Third Man Records and as a digital single available through iTunes on August 11, 2010. In November 2010, producer Danger Mouse announced that White—along with Norah Jones—had been recruited for his collaboration with Daniele Luppi entitled Rome. White provided vocals to three songs on the album: "The Rose with the Broken Neck", "Two Against One", and "The World". White finished and performed the song "You Know That I Know", and it was featured on The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams, released on October 4, 2011. In that same year, he produced and played on Wanda Jackson's album The Party Ain't Over. To her delight, his studio also released the album on a 7-inch vinyl. White also appeared on AHK-toong BAY-bi Covered, performing a cover of U2's "Love Is Blindness". White has worked with other artists as well, including Beck, the Rolling Stones, Jeff Beck, Bob Dylan, and Insane Clown Posse.
Solo career (2012–present)
Blunderbuss (2012)
On January 30, 2012, White released "Love Interruption" as the first single off his debut, self-produced solo album, Blunderbuss, which was released on April 24, 2012. The album ultimately debuted number one on the Billboard 200 chart, and in support of the album, he appeared on Saturday Night Live as the musical guest and played at select festivals during the summer of 2012, including the Firefly Music Festival, Radio 1's Hackney Weekend, the Sasquatch! Music Festival, the Fuji Rock Festival in Japan (one of the biggest festivals in the world), and Rock Werchter in Belgium. Later in the year, he headlined Austin City Limits Music Festival. During his tour for the album, White employed two live bands, which he alternated between at random. The first, called the Peacocks, was all female and consisted of Ruby Amanfu, Carla Azar, Lillie Mae Rische, Maggie Björklund, Brooke Waggoner, and alternating bassists Bryn Davies and Catherine Popper. The other, the Buzzards, was all male and consisted of Daru Jones, Dominic Davis, Fats Kaplin, Ikey Owens, and Cory Younts. White said maintaining two bands was too expensive, and abandoned the practice at the conclusion of the tour. Blunderbuss was ultimately nominated for several Grammys, including Album of the Year, Best Rock Album, and Best Rock Song for "Freedom at 21".
Lazaretto (2014)
On April 1, 2014, White announced his second solo album, Lazaretto, inspired by plays and poetry he had written as a teen. It was released on June 10, 2014, simultaneously with the first single off the album, "High Ball Stepper". The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart and, in a personal triumph for White, broke the record for the largest sales week for a vinyl album since SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991. The album was widely praised among critics, and was nominated for three Grammy Awards: Best Alternative Music Album, as well as Best Rock Song and Best Rock Performance (for the song "Lazaretto"). During the supporting tour, he performed the longest show of his career on July 30, 2014, at the Detroit Masonic Temple, and later performed as one of the headliners at the Coachella Festival over two weekends in April 2015. On April 14, 2015, White announced that the festival would be his last electric set, followed by one acoustic show in each of the five U.S. states he had yet to perform in, before he would be taking a prolonged break from live performances. However, he performed on the inaugural episode of the radio show A Prairie Home Companion with the new host Chris Thile, on October 15, 2016, in support of his compilation album Acoustic Recordings 1998–2016. He co-wrote the song "Don't Hurt Yourself " with Beyoncé on her album Lemonade, and accompanied her on the vocals.
Boarding House Reach (2018)
Ahead of his next effort, White worked in isolation and without a cell phone; he rented an apartment in Nashville, recorded quietly so no one would know what he was working on, and slept on an army cot. He drew inspiration from rap artists of the 1980s and 1990s (as well as A Tribe Called Quest, Kanye West, and Nicki Minaj), and chose his backing musicians from talent that played supporting hip hop artists live. On December 12, 2017, he released a four-minute video titled "Servings and Portions from my Boarding House Reach", which featured short sound bites of new music interspersed with white noise. In January 2018, White released "Connected by Love", taken from his third solo album Boarding House Reach, which was released on March 23, 2018. Like its two preceding albums, it landed at number one on the Billboard 200 chart. In promotion of his album, White appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon and on Saturday Night Live as the musical guest, where he played "Over and Over and Over" and "Connected by Love". White released Jack White: Kneeling at The Anthem D.C., his first concert film as a solo artist, on September 21, 2018, exclusively on Amazon Prime Video.
Fear of the Dawn and Entering Heaven Alive (2022)
In October 2021, White released "Taking Me Back" – his first solo single since 2018 – which appeared in the game Call of Duty: Vanguard. In November, White revealed that he would release two solo albums in 2022: Fear of the Dawn, which will feature White's traditional rock sound, on April 8, and Entering Heaven Alive, a folk album, on July 22. White also released a video for "Taking Me Back" on November 11. White released 3 more singles from Fear of the Dawn; the title track on January 18, 2022, "Hi-De-Ho" on March 3, and "What's the Trick?" on April 7 (the day before the album released). Each of these singles was backed by a track from Entering Heaven Alive, promoting both albums in tandem. Together, the albums were named the dual number one album of the year by Rough Trade UK.
In December 2021, White announced the Supply Chain Issues Tour, which went on throughout North America and Europe and Asia, reaching a total of 103 shows. It kicked off with its first concert on April 8, 2022, in Detroit, Michigan – during which White proposed to his girlfriend Olivia Jean, with the two marrying onstage – and ended on February 24, 2023, in Aspen, Colorado. The tour covered North America and Europe, and. White performed on Saturday Night Live on February 25, 2023. He played two songs from his Fear of the Dawn album and was presented with a jacket for being a Five-Timer on the show.
Other ventures
Film and television work
White has also had a minor acting career. He appeared in the 2003 film Cold Mountain as a character named Georgia and performed five songs for the Cold Mountain soundtrack: "Sittin' on Top of the World", "Wayfaring Stranger", "Never Far Away", "Christmas Time Soon Will Be Over" and "Great High Mountain". The 2003 Jim Jarmusch film Coffee and Cigarettes featured both Jack and Meg in the segment "Jack Shows Meg His Tesla Coil". He also played Elvis Presley in the 2007 satire Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story. In 2016, he appeared as a special guest on the season one finale of The Muppets, and sang "You Are the Sunshine of My Life", which he later released on 7-inch vinyl. In June 2017, White appeared in the award-winning documentary film The American Epic Sessions, recording on the first electrical sound recording system from the 1920s. His performances of "Matrimonial Intentions", "Mama's Angel Child", "2 Fingers of Whiskey (with Elton John) and "On the Road Again' and "One Mic" (with Nas) appeared on Music from The American Epic Sessions: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. He was an executive producer of the film.
Third Man Records
White co-founded Third Man Records in 2001 with Ben Swank, formerly of the Ohio-based Soledad Brothers band. However, it was not until after he moved to Nashville that White purchased a space in 2009 to house his label. He explained, "For the longest time I did not want to have my own studio gear, mostly because with the White Stripes I wanted to have the constriction of going into a studio and having a set time of 10 days or two weeks to finish an album, and using whatever gear they happen to have there. After 10 to 15 years of recording like that I felt that it was finally time for me to have my own place to produce music, and have exactly what I want in there: the exact tape machines, the exact microphones, the exact amplifiers that I like, and so on." Using the slogan "Your Turntable's Not Dead", Third Man also presses vinyl records, for the artists on its label, for White's own musical ventures, as well as for third parties for hire.
In March 2015, Third Man joined in the launch of TIDAL, a music streaming service that Jay-Z purchased and co-owns with other major music artists. Later that year, White partnered with the watch manufacturer Shinola to open a retail location in Detroit.
Artistry
Instruments and equipment
White owns many instruments and, historically, has tended to use certain ones for specific projects or in certain settings. He has a preference for vintage guitars, many of which are associated with influential blues artists. Much of his equipment is custom-made, for both technical and aesthetic reasons. White is a proficient guitar, bass, mandolin, percussion and piano player.
During his career with the White Stripes, White principally used three guitars, though he used others as well. The red, "JB Hutto", Airline guitar was a vintage 1964 model originally distributed by Montgomery Ward department store. Though used by several artists, White's attachment to the instrument raised its popularity to the extent that Eastwood Guitars began producing a modified replica around 2000. The 1950s-era Kay Hollowbody was a gift from his brother in return for a favor. It was the same brand of electric guitar made popular by Howlin' Wolf, and White most famously used it on "Seven Nation Army". He began using a 1915 Gibson L-1 acoustic (often called the Robert Johnson model) on the Icky Thump album; in an interview for Gibson, he called the instrument his favorite. He also used a three-pickup Airline Town & Country (later featured in the "Steady As She Goes" music video), a Harmony Rocket, a 1970s-era Crestwood Astral II, and what would become the first of three custom Gretsch Rancher Falcon acoustic guitars. While with the Stripes, any equipment that did not match their red/black/white color scheme was painted red.
On Black Friday in 2013, Third Man Records diversified and launched the Bumble Buzz pedal an octave fuzz built for Third Man by Vancouver, British Columbia's Union Tube and Transistor. In 2014 the pedal was reviewed by Premier Guitar, and is found in Jack's pedal setup.
While the Raconteurs were still in development, White commissioned luthier Randy Parsons to create what White called the Triple Jet—a custom guitar styled after the Duo Jet double-cutaway guitar. Parsons's first product was painted copper color, however he decided to create a second version with a completely copper body, which White began to use instead. For the Raconteurs first tour, White also played a Gretsch Anniversary Jr. with a Bigsby vibrato tailpiece and three Filtertron pickups. He later added a custom Gretsch Anniversary Jr. with two cutaways, a lever-activated mute system, a built-in and retractable bullet microphone, and a light-activated theremin next to the Bigsby. White has dubbed this one the "Green Machine", and it is featured in It Might Get Loud. He sometimes played a Gibson J-160E, a Gretsch Duo Jet in Cadillac Green, and a second Gretsch Rancher acoustic guitar. For the Raconteurs' 2008 tour, he had Analog Man plate all of his pedals in copper. In 2020 White completed his Three-Wheel-Motion Low Rider - which is a highly customized Fender Telecaster B-Bender guitar.
He has since acquired another Gretsch, a custom white "Billy Bo" Jupiter Thunderbird with a gold double pickguard (as seen in the music video for "Another Way to Die"). White found a 1957 Gretsch G6134 White Penguin in 2007 while on tour in Texas—the same one he used in the music video for "Icky Thump"—which ultimately fit in with the Dead Weather's color scheme. He also uses a black left-handed one since the Dead Weather album Sea of Cowards came out. He has also been known to play Fender Telecasters, featuring one in the music video for Loretta Lynn's "Portland, Oregon".
White owns three Gretsch Rancher Falcons because he says that its bass tones make it his favorite acoustic to play live. They are collectively referred to as his "girlfriends", as each one has an image of a classic movie star on the back. Claudette Colbert is the brunette he used while with the Stripes, Rita Hayworth is the redhead he acquired with the Raconteurs, and Veronica Lake is the blonde he added in 2010 while with the Dead Weather.
Since 2018, White has been playing EVH Wolfgang guitars, which are Eddie Van Halen's signature model.
White uses numerous effects to create his live sound, most notably a DigiTech Whammy WH-4 to create the rapid modulations in pitch he uses in his solos. White also produces a "fake" bass tone by playing the Kay Hollowbody and JB Hutto Montgomery Airline guitars through a Whammy IV set to one octave down for a very thick, low, rumbling sound, which he uses most notably on the song "Seven Nation Army". He also uses an MXR Micro Amp and custom Electro-Harmonix Big Muff Distortion/Sustainer. In 2005, for the single "Blue Orchid", White employed an Electro-Harmonix Polyphonic Octave Generator (POG), which let him mix in several octave effects into one along with the dry signal. He plugs this setup into a 1970s Fender Twin Reverb "Silverface" and two 100-Watt Sears Silvertone 1485 6×10 amplifiers. He also used a 1960s Fender Twin Reverb "Blackface".
On occasion, White also plays other instruments, such as a Black Gibson F-4 mandolin ("Little Ghost"), piano (on most tracks from Get Behind Me Satan, and various others), and an electric piano on such tracks as "The Air Near My Fingers" and "I'm Finding it Harder to be a Gentleman". White also plays percussion instruments such as the marimba (as on "The Nurse"), drums and tambourine. For the White Stripes' 2007 tour, he played a custom-finish Hammond A-100 organ with a Leslie 3300 speaker, which was subsequently loaned to Bob Dylan, and currently resides at Third Man Studios. On the album Broken Boy Soldiers, both he and Benson are credited with playing the album's synths and organ.
With the Dead Weather, White plays a custom Ludwig Classic Maple kit in Black Oyster Pearl. Notably, it includes two-snare drums, which White calls "the jazz canon". For the 2009 Full Flash Blank tour, White used a drum head with the Three Brides of Dracula on the front, but in 2010, White employed a new drum head, upon the release of Sea of Cowards, which has an image of The Third Man himself: Harry Lime attempting to escape certain capture in the sewers of Vienna. During the American leg of the 2010 tour, White switched his drum head again featuring a picture of himself in the guise he wore on the cover of Sea of Cowards. This drum head is called Sam Kay by some fans, referring to the insert inside of the 12" LP.
Minimalist style
White has long been a proponent of analog equipment and the associated working methods. Beginning in the fifth grade, he and his childhood friend, Dominic Suchyta, would listen to records in White's attic on weekends and began to record cover songs on an old four-track reel-to-reel tape machine. The White Stripes' first album was largely recorded in the attic of his parents' home. As their fame grew beyond Detroit, the Stripes became known for their affected innocence and stripped-down playing style. In particular, White became distinguished for his nasal vocal delivery and loose, explosive guitar delivery. In an early New York Times concert review from 2001, Ann Powers said that, while White's playing was "ingenious", he "created more challenges by playing an acoustic guitar with paper taped over the hole and a less-than-high-quality solid body electric".
His home studio in Nashville contains two rooms ("I want everyone close, focused, feeling like we're in it together.") with two pieces of equipment: a Neve mixing console, and two Studer A800 2-inch 8-track tape recorders.
In his introduction in the documentary film, It Might Get Loud, White showcases his minimalist style by constructing a guitar built out of a plank of wood, three nails, a glass Coke bottle, a guitar string, and a pickup. He ends the demonstration by saying, "Who says you need to buy a guitar?" In a 2012 episode of the show, Portlandia, White made a cameo in a sketch spoofing home studio enthusiasts who prefer antique recording equipment.
Reception
White has enjoyed both critical and commercial success, and is widely credited as one of the key artists in the garage rock revival of the 2000s. Rolling Stone ranked him number 70 on its 2010 list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". David Fricke's 2011 list ranked him at number 17. He has won twelve Grammy Awards, with 33 nominations, and three solo albums have reached number one on the Billboard charts. Interviewers note the wide breadth of the music styles and eras he draws from for inspiration. In May 2015, the Music City Walk of Fame announced that it would be honoring White (along with Loretta Lynn) with a medallion at its re-opening in Nashville. On February 8, 2017, White was the honoree of the Producers and Engineers Wing of the Recording Academy during the annual Grammy Week celebration for his commitment "to working diligently to ensure that the quality and integrity of recorded music are captured and preserved".
Much has been made of White's "showmanship" and affectations. Since the beginning, critics have debated the "riddle" of White's self-awareness against his claims of authenticity, with people falling on both sides of the issue. Joe Hagan of The New York Times asked in 2001, "Is Mr. White, a 25-year-old former upholsterer from southwest Detroit, concocting this stuff with a wink? Or are the White Stripes simply naïve?" Alexis Petridis, of The Guardian, said that White "makes for an enigmatic figure. Not because he's particularly difficult or guarded, but simply because what he tells you suggests a lifelong penchant for inscrutable behavior." White himself confesses, "Sometimes I think I'm a simple guy, but I think the reality is I'm really complicated, as simple as I wish I was."
Personal life
White is protective of his privacy and gives few details of his family life, even going as far as to disseminate false information. He states that he does not consider his personal life relevant to his art, saying "It's the same thing as asking Michelangelo, 'What kind of shoes do you wear?' ... In the end, it doesn't really matter ... the only thing that's going to be left is our records and photos."
His collection of esoterica include Lead Belly's New York City arrest record, James Brown's Georgia driver's license from the 1980s, and a copy of the first Superman comic from June 1938. For $300,000 in January 2015, an online bidder won an auction for Elvis Presley's first recording ever—an acetate of the two cover songs: "My Happiness" and "That's When Your Heartaches Begin". In its edition of March 6, 2015, Billboard magazine announced the buyer had been White. The vinyl record was recorded at Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee in the summer of 1953 when Presley was 18 years old.
Raised in Detroit, White is a fan of the Detroit Tigers baseball team.
Relationships
Jack and Meg married on September 21, 1996, and divorced on March 24, 2000. Jack unusually took Meg's last name, legally changing his surname. After the White Stripes broke up, he mentions he "almost never talks to Meg", adding that she has been solitary.
In 2003, he had a brief relationship with actress Renée Zellweger, whom he met during the filming of Cold Mountain. That summer, the couple were in a car accident in which White broke his left index finger and was forced to reschedule much of the summer tour. He posted the footage of his finger surgery on the web for fans. White and Zellweger's breakup became public in December 2004.
White met British model Karen Elson when she appeared in the White Stripes' music video for "Blue Orchid". They married on June 1, 2005, in Manaus, Brazil. The wedding took place in a canoe on the Amazon River and was officiated by a shaman. A Roman Catholic priest later convalidated their marriage. Manager Ian Montone was the best man and Meg White was the maid of honor. Official wedding announcements stated that "it was the first marriage" for both. In 2006, the couple had a daughter. A son was born in 2007. The family resided in Brentwood, a suburb south of Nashville, where Elson managed a vintage clothing store called Venus & Mars. Elson provided vocals on White's first solo record. The couple announced their intention to divorce in June 2011, throwing "a positive swing bang humdinger" party to commemorate the split. On July 22, 2013, a Nashville judge barred White from having "any contact with Karen Elson whatsoever except as it relates to parenting time with the parties' minor children". A counter-motion was filed on August 2, 2013, stating that "The reason for filing this response is that Mr. White does not want to be portrayed as something he is not, violent toward his wife and children." The divorce was finalized on November 26, 2013. Elson later recanted the charges, attributing the "aggressive" proceedings to her divorce attorneys, and saying "those who gain of a marriage ending helped to create a downward spiral at my most vulnerable." White agreed, saying, "When shitty lawyers are in a situation like divorce, their goal is to villainize." The former couple reportedly remain on good terms.
On April 8, 2022, White played the national anthem for a Detroit Tigers game, then proposed to his girlfriend, Olivia Jean, near the end of a concert performance at the Detroit Masonic Temple, while "Hotel Yorba" was being played. Jean and White were married shortly afterward by White's business partner Ben Swank who officiated on stage.
Politics
In October 2016, upon learning that Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump had used the White Stripes song "Seven Nation Army" in video campaign materials, White denounced the presidential candidate and began selling shirts reading "Icky Trump"—a play on the White Stripes song "Icky Thump"—through the Third Man Records website. He publicly endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries and performed a six-song set at a Sanders event at Cass Technical High School on October 27, 2019. At the rally, White stated that he believes that "Sanders is telling the truth, and I really do trust him". He was drawn in by Sanders' view that the Electoral College should be abolished, also stating at the rally that "I have this silly notion that the person who gets the most votes should be elected" and "[the Electoral College] is the reason we're in the mess we're in now".
On November 20, 2022, White wrote a note to Elon Musk explaining his reason for leaving the Twitter platform, he said, "So you gave Trump his Twitter platform back. Absolutely disgusting, Elon. That is officially an asshole move".
Eccentricity
White has been called "eccentric".
He is known for creating a mythology around his endeavors; examples include his claim that the Stripes began on Bastille Day, that he and Meg are the two youngest of ten siblings, and that Third Man Records used to be a candy factory. These assertions came into question or were disproven, as when, in 2002, the Detroit Free Press produced copies of both a marriage license and divorce certificate for him and Meg, confirming their history as a married couple. Neither addresses the truth officially, and Jack continues to refer to Meg as his sister in interviews, including in the documentary Under Great White Northern Lights, filmed in 2007. In a 2005 interview with Rolling Stone magazine, Jack alluded to this open secret, implying that it was intended to keep the focus on the music rather than the couple's relationship:
When you see a band that is two pieces, husband and wife, boyfriend and girlfriend, you think, 'Oh, I see ... ' When they're brother and sister, you go, 'Oh, that's interesting.' You care more about the music, not the relationship—whether they're trying to save their relationship by being in a band.
He has an attachment to the number three, stemming from seeing three staples in the back of a Vladimir Kagan couch he helped to upholster as an apprentice. His business ventures frequently feature "three" in the title and he typically appends "III" to the end of his name. During the White Stripes 2005 tour in the UK, White began referring to himself as "Three Quid"—"quid" being British slang for pound sterling.
He maintains an aesthetic that he says challenges whether people will believe he is "real". He frequently color-codes his endeavors, such as the aforementioned Third Man Upholstery and the White Stripes, as well as Third Man Records, which is completely outfitted in yellow, black, red, and blue (including staff uniforms). As a taxidermy enthusiast—that correlates to his work as an upholsterer—he decorates his studio in preserved animals, including a peacock, giraffe, and Himalayan goat.
Controversies
On December 13, 2003, White was involved in an altercation with Jason Stollsteimer, lead singer of the Von Bondies, at the Magic Stick, a Detroit club. White was charged with misdemeanor aggravated assault. He pleaded guilty to the lesser charge of assault and battery, was fined $750 (including court costs), and was sentenced to take anger management classes.
White has repeatedly referenced conflicts that erupted between him and fellow artists in Detroit's underground music scene after the White Stripes gained international success. In a 2006 interview with the Associated Press, he said that he eventually left Detroit because, "he could not take the negativity anymore." However, in an effort to clarify his feelings towards the city of Detroit itself, he wrote and released a poem called "Courageous Dream's Concern". In it, he expresses his affection for his hometown.
During their 2013 divorce proceedings, Elson entered into evidence an email White had sent her that included disparaging remarks about the Black Keys. When asked about the email in a 2014 Rolling Stone magazine interview, White stood by the remarks saying, "I'll hear TV commercials where the music's ripping off sounds of mine, to the point I think it's me. Half the time, it's the Black Keys." He later apologized for the comments. However, in September 2015, Black Keys drummer Patrick Carney posted a series of tweets alleging that White tried to fight him in a bar. White denied the claim in a statement to the online magazine Pitchfork, saying that Carney should talk to him directly, and not on the internet. The following day, Carney posted a tweet saying, "Talked to jack for an hour he's cool. All good." White tweeted on the Third Man Twitter account, "From one musician to another, you have my respect Patrick Carney."
On February 1, 2015, the University of Oklahoma's newspaper OU Daily ran a story regarding White's show of February 2 at McCasland Field House that included the publication of White's tour rider. The rider, especially the guacamole recipe it included and White's ban of bananas backstage, received some media coverage. It was later reported that in response to the rider's publication White's booking agency, William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, had banned its acts from playing shows at the University of Oklahoma. On February 15, White released an open letter addressed to "journalists and other people looking for drama or a diva" in which he referred to the guacamole recipe as his tour manager's "inside joke with local promoters" and "just something to break up the boredom" and the ban of bananas being alluded to food allergies of an unnamed tour member, while criticizing journalists who wrote about the rider as "out of their element". In the same letter, he forgave OU Daily for publishing the story and reaffirmed his affinity for the state of Oklahoma and his desire to perform there.
Philanthropy
White has provided financial support to institutions in his hometown of Detroit. In 2009, White donated almost $170,000 towards the renovation of the baseball diamond in southwest Detroit's Clark Park. The Detroit Masonic Temple was nearly foreclosed on in 2013 after it was revealed that owners owed $142,000 in back taxes. In June 2013, it was revealed that White had footed the entire bill. To thank him for the donation, the temple has decided to rename its second largest theater the Jack White Theater.
The National Recording Preservation Foundation received an inaugural gift of $200,000 from White to use toward restoring and preserving deteriorating sound recordings on media such as reel-to-reel tape and old cylinders. The foundation's director, Eric J. Schwartz said the donation demonstrated a "commitment by a really busy songwriter and performer donating both his time on the board, and money to preserve our national song recording heritage". White also serves on the foundation's board.
In July 2016, White joined Nashville's 45-member Gender Equality Council.
On September 18, 2018, White donated $30,000 to The Outsiders House Museum for its preservation and restoration.
On May 3, 2019, Wayne State University of Detroit, Michigan awarded White with an honorary doctor of humane letters degree "for his dedication to Detroit and significant contributions to the arts as one of the most prolific and renowned artists of the past two decades".
Awards and nominations
For his various collaborations and solo work, White has won regional, national and international awards, including twelve Grammy Awards and has been nominated for 33. Nashville mayor Karl Dean awarded White the title of "Nashville Music City Ambassador" in 2011.
Backup band
Although a solo artist, White performs with a live band to provide additional instrumentation and vocals.
Current lineup
Dominic Davis – bass, backing vocals
Daru Jones – drums
Quincy McCrary – keyboards, samples, synthesizer, organ, backing vocals
Boarding House Reach-era lineup
Carla Azar – acoustic drums, percussion, backing vocals
Dominic Davis – bass
Neal Evans – piano, synthesizer, organ, keyboards, electronic drums, backing vocals
Quincy McCrary – keyboards, samples, backing vocals
Lazaretto-era lineup
Dominic Davis – bass
Dean Fertita – Hammond organ, piano, keyboards
Daru Jones – drums
Fats Kaplin – pedal steel guitar, fiddle, mandolin, theremin
Lillie Mae Rische – fiddle, mandolin, backing vocals
Lazaretto-era previous members
Isaiah "Ikey" Owens – B3 organ, piano, keyboards
Cory Younts – mandolin, harmonica, piano, keyboards, percussion, backing vocals
Blunderbuss-era lineup
Note: While on tour in support of Blunderbuss, White toured with two bands that he alternated between shows with.
The Buzzards (all-male band)
Dominic Davis – bass
Daru Jones – drums
Fats Kaplin – pedal steel guitar, fiddle, mandolin, theremin
Isaiah "Ikey" Owens – B3 organ, piano, keyboards
Cory Younts – mandolin, harmonica, piano, keyboards, percussion, backing vocals
The Peacocks (all-female band)
Ruby Amanfu – backing vocals
Carla Azar – drums
Maggie Bjorklund – pedal steel guitar, acoustic guitar
Catherine Popper – bass
Bryn Davies – bass
Lillie Mae Rische – fiddle, mandolin, backing vocals
Brooke Waggoner – piano, B3 organ, keyboards
Discography
Solo albums
Blunderbuss (2012)
Lazaretto (2014)
Boarding House Reach (2018)
Fear of the Dawn (2022)
Entering Heaven Alive (2022)
With the White Stripes
The White Stripes (1999)
De Stijl (2000)
White Blood Cells (2001)
Elephant (2003)
Get Behind Me Satan (2005)
Icky Thump (2007)
With the Raconteurs
Broken Boy Soldiers (2006)
Consolers of the Lonely (2008)
Help Us Stranger (2019)
With the Dead Weather
Horehound (2009)
Sea of Cowards (2010)
Dodge and Burn (2015)
Filmography
The Rosary Murders (1987) – uncredited altar boy
Cold Mountain (2003) – Georgia
Coffee and Cigarettes (2003) – Himself
Under Blackpool Lights (2004) – Himself
The Fearless Freaks (2005) – Himself
Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story (2007) – Elvis Presley
Shine a Light (2008) – Himself
It Might Get Loud (2009) – Himself
Mutant Swinger from Mars (2009) – Mikey
Under Great White Northern Lights (2010) – Himself
Conan O'Brien Can't Stop (2011) – Himself
American Pickers (2012) – Himself
Portlandia, season 3, episode 1 (2012) – Himself
The Muppets, season 1, episode 16 (2016) – Himself
American Epic (2017) – Himself
The American Epic Sessions (2017) – Himself
Jack White: Kneeling at The Anthem D.C. (2018) – Himself
Killers of the Flower Moon (2023) – Radio Show Actor
Books
We're Going to Be Friends (2017) – based on "We're Going to Be Friends" by the White Stripes
Footnotes
References
Further reading
External links
Third Man Records
Official site of the White Stripes
Official site of the Raconteurs
Official site of the Dead Weather
1975 births
American blues guitarists
Alternative rock guitarists
American male singers
American music video directors
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
American male guitarists
American tenors
Cass Technical High School alumni
Wayne State University alumni
Grammy Award winners
Living people
American mandolinists
American marimbists
Slide guitarists
Lead guitarists
The White Stripes members
American people of Polish descent
American people of Scottish descent
American people of Canadian descent
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
Third Man Records artists
XL Recordings artists
American male drummers
Upholsterers
Guitarists from Detroit
20th-century American drummers
21st-century American drummers
The Dead Weather members
The Raconteurs members
Goober & the Peas members
Two-Star Tabernacle members
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Helps
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Arthur Helps
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Sir Arthur Helps (10 July 1813 – 7 March 1875) was an English writer and dean of the Privy Council. He was a Cambridge Apostle and an early advocate of animal rights.
Biography
The youngest son of London merchant Thomas Helps, Arthur Helps was born in Streatham in South London.
He was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge, coming out thirty-first wrangler in the mathematical tripos in 1835. He was recognized by the ablest of his contemporaries there as a man of superior gifts, and likely to make his mark in later life. As a member of the "Conversazione Society", better known as the Cambridge Apostles, a society established in 1820 for the purposes of discussion on social and literary questions by a few young men attracted to each other by a common taste for literature and speculation, he was associated with Charles Buller, Frederick Maurice, Richard Chenevix Trench, Monckton Milnes, Arthur Hallam and Alfred Tennyson.
Soon after leaving the university, Arthur Helps became private secretary to Thomas Spring Rice (afterwards Lord Monteagle), then Chancellor of the Exchequer. This appointment he filled until 1839, when he went to Ireland as private secretary to Lord Morpeth (afterwards Earl of Carlisle), Chief Secretary for Ireland. In the meanwhile (28 October 1836) Helps had married Bessy Fuller, daughter of Captain Edward Fuller and Elizabeth Blennerhassett. Bessy's maternal grandfather, Rev. John Blennerhassett of Tralee, Co. Kerry, was the cousin of Harman Blennerhassett.
He was one of the commissioners for the settlement of various claims relating to the Gunboat War dating as far back as 1807. In retaliation for the bombardment of Copenhagen, the Danish government had impounded British goods in warehouses, and merchant ships with their cargoes. Although the seizure of goods on land had been settled soon afterwards, the ship-owners were still fruitlessly pursuing their claims for compensation from the British Government as late as 1861. However, with the fall of the Melbourne administration (1841) Helps' official experience closed for a period of nearly twenty years. He bought the Vernon Hill estate near Bishops Waltham, Hampshire, and a private income allowed him to turn to writing books and plays, which he dictated to an amanuensis.
He was not, however, forgotten by his political friends. He possessed admirable tact and sagacity; his fitness for official life was unmistakable, and in 1860 he was appointed Clerk of the Privy Council on the recommendation of Lord Granville. This appointment brought him into personal communication with The Queen and The Prince Consort, both of whom came to regard him with confidence and respect. In 1864 he received the honorary degree of DCL from Oxford University.
In 1862 he established the Bishops Waltham Clay Company for the manufacture of bricks and terracotta. He was also involved with the Bishops Waltham Railway Company, set up to link the brickworks (and the town) with the main London-Southampton line. However, profits were small and he faced competition from the Staffordshire Potteries. Helps also financed the Coke and Gas works which lit the town from 1864.
Helps was also affected by the banking panic of 1866, caused by the failure of Overend, Gurney and Company. It had invested heavily in long-term railway stocks rather than holding cash reserves. The brickworks went into liquidation in 1867, and Helps had to sell the Vernon Hill estate. Queen Victoria in a personal gesture (he had edited a volume of Prince Albert's speeches in 1862) offered him a grace and favour residence in Kew Gardens. He lived for the rest of his life in Queen Charlotte's Cottage, near the main gates.
He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1871 and a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the following year. He died of pleurisy on 7 March 1875.
Animal rights
Helps was an early advocate of animal rights and was concerned about animal cruelty. He authored Some Talk About Animals and Their Masters in 1873. The book is notable for extending rights even to insects. Edward Nicholson dedicated his book Rights of an Animal (1879) to Helps.
Writings
His first literary effort, Thoughts in the Cloister and the Crowd (1835), was a series of aphorisms upon life, character, politics and manners. One of these aphorisms is quoted by John Stuart Mill in On Liberty, Chapter Two: "The Deep slumber of decided opinion."
His Essays written in the Intervals of Business had appeared in 1841, and his Claims of Labour, an Essay on the Duties of the Employers to the Employed, in 1844. Two plays, King Henry the Second, an Historical Drama, and Catherine Douglas, a Tragedy, published in 1843, have no particular merit. Neither in these, nor in his only other dramatic effort, Oulita the Serf (1858) did he show any real qualifications as a playwright.
Helps possessed, however, enough dramatic power to give life and individuality to the dialogues with which he enlivened many of his other books. In his Friends in Council, a Series of Readings and Discourse thereon (1847-1859), Helps varied his presentment of social and moral problems by dialogues between imaginary personages, who, under the names of Milverton, Ellesmere and Dunsford, grew to be almost as real to Helps's readers as they certainly became to himself. The book was very popular, and the same expedient was resorted to in Conversations on War and General Culture, published in 1871. The familiar speakers, with others added, also appeared in his Realmah (1868) and in the best of its author's later works, Talk About Animals and Their Masters (1873).
A long essay on slavery in the first series of Friends in Council was subsequently elaborated into a work in two volumes published in 1848 and 1852, called The Conquerors of the New World and their Bondsmen. Helps went to Spain in 1847 to examine the numerous manuscripts bearing upon his subject at Madrid. The fruits of these researches were embodied in a historical work based upon his Conquerors of the New World, and called The Spanish Conquest in America, and its Relation to the History of Slavery and the Government of Colonies (4 vols, 1855, 1857-1861). But in spite of his scrupulous efforts after accuracy, the success of the book was marred by its obtrusively moral purpose and its discursive character.
The Life of Las Casas, the Apostle of the Indians (1868), The Life of Columbus (1869), The Life of Pizarro (1869), and The Life of Hernando Cortrés (1871), when extracted from the work and published separately, proved successful. Besides the books which have been already mentioned he wrote: Organization in Daily Life, an Essay (1862), Casimir Maremma (1870), Brevia, Short Essays and Aphorisms (1871), Thoughts upon Government (1872), Life and Labors of Mr Thomas Brassey (1872), Iras de Biron (1874), Social Pressure (1875).
After the death of Prince Albert, Queen Victoria turned to Helps to prepare an appreciation of her husband's life and character. In his introduction to the collection (1862) of the Prince Consort's speeches and addresses Helps adequately fulfilled his task. Some years afterwards he edited and wrote a preface to the Queen's Leaves from a Journal of our Life in the Highlands (1868).
References
External links
1813 births
1875 deaths
19th-century English male writers
19th-century English dramatists and playwrights
19th-century English essayists
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Anti-vivisectionists
British male essayists
Clerks of the Privy Council
English animal rights scholars
English biographers
English essayists
English male dramatists and playwrights
English male non-fiction writers
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
People educated at Eton College
People from Streatham
Male biographers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20St.%20Louis%20Rams%20season
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2015 St. Louis Rams season
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The 2015 season was the St. Louis Rams' 78th in the National Football League (NFL), their fourth under head coach Jeff Fisher, and their 21st and final season in St. Louis, Missouri, their home since the 1995 season.
The Rams improved on their 6–10 record from 2014 by going 7–9 for the 2015 season, but tied a record set between 1956 and 1966 by missing the playoffs for the eleventh consecutive season.
After the season, an arbitral tribunal gave permission for the Rams to void their lease on the Edward Jones Dome. Rams owner Stan Kroenke filed a formal application with the league to relocate the Rams to their long-time home of Los Angeles, California, where the team played at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for four seasons at until their stadium in Inglewood, California was complete. They were originally slated to play at the Coliseum for only three seasons; delays in the construction of the new venue resulted in the added season for which they would play at the historic Coliseum. Kroenke's request to move the team to Los Angeles was approved on January 12, 2016, at a meeting in Houston, Texas.
The Rams' starting quarterbacks during the season, Nick Foles and Case Keenum, started against each other at quarterback in the 2017 NFC Championship Game, the only time to date this has occurred.
2015 draft class
Draft trades
The Rams traded their original fourth- and sixth-round selections (Nos. 109 and 184 overall, respectively) to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in exchange for safety Mark Barron.
The Rams traded quarterback Sam Bradford and their fifth-round selection (No. 145 overall) to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for quarterback Nick Foles, the Eagles' fourth-round selection (No. 119 overall) and the Eagles' second round selection in 2016. The trade also includes a conditional selection in 2016 that the Eagles could receive depending on Bradford's playing time in . The Eagles will receive a 2016 fourth-round selection if Bradford plays fewer than 50 percent of the snaps; the selection will upgrade to a third-rounder if Bradford does not play at all in 2015. Bradford started for the Eagles Week 1, eliminating the possibility of the third-round upgrade.
The Rams traded one of their two seventh-round selections (No. 249 overall – acquired in a trade that sent wide receiver Greg Salas to the New England Patriots), along with their 2013 second-round selection to the Atlanta Falcons in exchange for the Falcons' 2013 first-, third- and sixth-round selections.
The Rams traded their second round selection (No. 41 overall) to the Carolina Panthers (used to select Devin Funchess, WR, Michigan) for Carolina's second round selection (No. 57 overall, used to select Rob Havenstein), third round selection (No. 89 overall, used to select Sean Mannion) and sixth round selection (No. 201 overall, used to select Bud Sasser).
The Rams traded RB Zac Stacy to the New York Jets for their seventh round selection (No. 224 overall, used to select Bryce Hager).
Supplemental draft
The Rams selected Clemson offensive tackle Isaiah Battle in the 2015 Supplemental draft. As a result, the team will forfeit their fifth-round selection in the 2016 draft.
Staff
Final roster
Schedule
Preseason
Regular season
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.
Game summaries
Week 1: vs. Seattle Seahawks
The Rams opened their 2015 season at home against Seattle. In Nick Foles' Rams debut, he threw for 297 yards and a touchdown.
The defense, for the most part, sacked Russell Wilson several times and limited Marshawn Lynch to just 73 rushing yards.
The game was hard fought and the Rams would win in overtime, 34-31.
Week 2: at Washington Redskins
The Rams traveled to Maryland to take on the Redskins. They struggled offensively and defensively all game. The defense, for the most part, struggled to contain Matt Jones on the ground as Jones had a big day with 123 yards rushing along with two touchdowns.
Week 3: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers
Prior to kickoff, the game was delayed due to the turf being caught on fire, coming from the fireworks.
The Rams struggled offensively and defensively all game long. The defense, for the most part, sacked Ben Roethlisberger until he left the game with an apparent knee injury. Michael Vick took over for the rest of the game.
Late in the fourth quarter Kenny Britt's catch was overturned. The Steelers would go on to stun the Rams, 12-6.
Week 4: at Arizona Cardinals
The Rams traveled to Phoenix to meet the red-hot Cardinals, the 2nd highest-scoring team in the league. Todd Gurley earned his first start as Rams' running back and he finished the game with 146 rushing yards. After the game, Bruce Arians commented that Gurley, "played like a rookie". The Rams defense, for the most part, held the Cardinals to field goals, and sacked Carson Palmer four times. With the close win, the Rams improved to 2-2.
Week 5: at Green Bay Packers
Traveling to Lambeau, the Rams looked to end the Packers' hot streak at 4-1. However, they failed to do this, as Nick Foles was intercepted four times. On defense, James Laurinitis intercepted a pass from Aaron Rodgers, Rodger's first interception thrown in Lambeau in 20 games. However, the defense, for the most part, struggled to contain the Packers explosive receiving corps all day long. With the loss, the Rams dropped to 2-3.
Week 7: vs. Cleveland Browns
For the first time since Week 8 of 2007, the Rams hosted the Cleveland Browns in St. Louis. In the first quarter, Rodney McLeod returned a fumble to the end zone to give the Rams the game's first points. Todd Gurley was limited to just 45 yards in the first half, but he managed to turn things around in the second half, rushing for 83 yards and two touchdowns.
With the win, the Rams went to 3-3.
Week 8: vs. San Francisco 49ers
The Rams wore their 1973-1999 throwbacks against the San Francisco 49ers for the first time in the season. Todd Gurley had another productive day, and he rushed for 133 yards, including a 71-yard run for a touchdown. The Rams used two Tavon Austin touchdowns for the final score. Although Chris Long did not play, the Rams executed defensively, putting pressure on Colin Kaepernick all game long.
With the win, the Rams improved to 4-3, making it the first time since 2012 the Rams were above .500 excluding a Week 1 victory.
Week 9: at Minnesota Vikings
Nine years after Week 17 of 2006, the Rams traveled to Minnesota to take on the Vikings. In that game, the Rams easily defeated the Vikings, 41-21, which stunned the Vikings fans. The game was played at the Metrodome.
In the duel of running backs, between Todd Gurley and Adrian Peterson, Gurley was held to just 89 yards. Peterson was the game's leading rusher with 125 yards.
Without several defensive starters including Robert Quinn, the Rams defense struggled to contain the Vikings offense, especially their explosive receiving corps, all game long.
In the second quarter, Greg Zuerlein nailed a 61-yard field goal to give the Rams a 12-10 lead. The field goal put Zuerlein 7th in NFL history for longest field goal made, and as the only kicker in NFL history besides Sebastian Janikowski to have more than one field goal of 60 yards or longer in his career.
In the second half, Lamarcus Joyner hit Teddy Bridgewater in the head, forcing Teddy to leave the game with a concussion. Thom Brennaman called the hit on Bridgewater "dirty". Shaun Hill, who played for the Rams last year and returned to Minnesota for his second stint in the off-season, took over for Teddy for the game's remainder.
With the Rams trailing 18-15 in the fourth quarter, Zuerlein booted another field goal, forcing the game into overtime. However, in that period, Minnesota's Blair Walsh nailed the game-winning field goal to give the Vikings the final score.
With the narrow loss, the Rams dropped to 4-4.
Week 10: vs. Chicago Bears
Two years after Week 12 of 2013, the Rams hosted the Chicago Bears.
Prior to Week 10, Stedman Bailey was suspended for 4 games for violating the league's substance abuse policy. Later, the Rams acquired free agent Wes Welker, who last played for the Denver Broncos last season. He helped the Broncos to the Super Bowl in 2013.
The Rams struggled all game especially on defense in which they could not contain the Bears offense, especially the running game despite an injury to Matt Forte. Nick Foles struggled all day and this time it would force Case Keenum to take over late in the fourth quarter. Much like last week at Minnesota, Todd Gurley was once again held to 89 yards. Newly acquired Welker was no help, either.
With the embarrassing loss, the Rams dropped to 4-5.
Week 11: at Baltimore Ravens
Case Keenum started in place of the incumbent Nick Foles.
Late in the fourth quarter, with the game tied at 13, Greg Zurlien missed a 52-yarder which would have sealed the Rams victory. With a second left, Justin Tucker nailed a 41-yarder to give the Ravens the final score.
The Rams defense could not contain the Ravens offense all game, especially the running game.
With the loss, the Rams fell to 4-6, extending their losing streak to 3 games.
Week 12: at Cincinnati Bengals
The Rams suffered a blowout loss to the Cincinnati Bengals.
A rejuvenated Nick Foles got his starting job back after being benched in favor of Case Keenum, who suffered a concussion after last week's loss in Baltimore. However, Foles' return was marred as he struggled to find open receivers and was picked off three times by the Bengals ranked defense. He also took hits throughout the game and he was sacked a few times. The only Rams score was a 5-yard run by Tavon Austin on a reverse play in the second quarter.
St. Louis' defense was not a factor all game as they struggled to stop the high-powered Bengals offense led by quarterback Andy Dalton, and receivers A. J. Green, and Tyler Eifert, (the latter left the game with a stinger) who is leading the league in touchdown catches.
With the loss, the Rams extended their losing streak to 4 games, making their record 4-7.
Week 13: vs. Arizona Cardinals
This game was the second time in the season the Rams wore their 1999 throwbacks and the second time the Rams face the Cardinals.
Although they did put pressure on Carson Palmer, St Louis' defense overall failed to stop Arizona's much-hyped offense, especially the running game. As for the Rams offense, Todd Gurley was limited to just 41 rushing yards.
With the loss, the Rams dropped to 4-8.
A day after, the Rams fired offensive coordinator Frank Cignetti.
Week 14: vs. Detroit Lions
The Rams finally snapped their 4-game losing streak by defeating the Detroit Lions.
A photo of rapper and Roc Nation founder Jay Z in the Rams locker room along with his client Todd Gurley, and several Rams players was released shortly after.
With the win, the Rams went up to 5-8.
Week 15: vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers
The Rams hosted the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, led by rookie quarterback Jameis Winston.
The "Color Rush" jerseys was used for this game. It was the first time the Rams wore the Color Rush Jersey.
In what ultimately turned out to be their final game played in St. Louis, before returning to Los Angeles for next season, Rams fans were seen holding signs saying, "Keep the Rams in St. Louis" and chants of "Keep the Rams" were heard after the game.
Despite offensive production from Tampa Bay, the Rams still managed a 31-23 victory and went to 6-8 with Case Keenum throwing for 234 yards and 2 touchdowns, Todd Gurley rushing 48 yards, Tavon Austin rushing 32 yards and a touchdown, Kenny Britt receiving for 71 yards and 1 touchdown, and Jared Cook receiving for 64 yards. The Rams offense dominated this game as well the defense also put pressure on the Buccaneers quarterback Jameis Winston.
With the win, the Rams improved their record to 6-8.
Week 16: at Seattle Seahawks
The Seahawks win over Cleveland in Week 15 eliminated the Rams from playoff contention for the 11th consecutive season. The Rams were able to sweep their division rival, the Seattle Seahawks in their regular season series. The last time the Rams did this was 2004.
With that win, the Rams record improved to 7-8, riding a 3-game winning streak.
Week 17: at San Francisco 49ers
This Rams faced the 49ers in the season in what was their final game as the St. Louis Rams before moving to Los Angeles. Unlike in Week 8 at home, the Rams lost the game 16-19 in overtime. The Rams were without Todd Gurley, who suffered a foot injury in the third quarter of Week 16's win at Seattle.
With that loss, the Rams finished the 2015 NFL season at 7-9, making the season the ninth consecutive losing season for the Rams in St. Louis.
Standings
Division
Conference
Awards and honors
References
External links
St. Louis
St. Louis Rams seasons
St. Louis Rams
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuan%20people
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Temuan people
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The Temuan people (Temuan: Uwang/Eang Temuan, Malaysian: Orang Temuan) are a Proto-Malay ethnic group indigenous to western parts of Peninsular Malaysia. They can be found in the states of Selangor, Pahang, Johor, Negeri Sembilan and Malacca. The Temuans are classified as part of Orang Asli group according to the Malaysian government. They are also one of the largest (only smaller in population in comparison to the Semai people and Jakun people) and the most widespread of the Orang Asli ethnic groups.
Outwardly, the Temuan people; like the other Proto-Malays, are virtually indistinguishable from the Malays themselves. They have straight hair and light brown skin, but strong individual variations are found among the Temuan people. Their average height is approximately 153 cm for men and 142 cm for women. Culturally, the Malays and the Proto-Malays are also closely related.
They speak Temuan, an Austronesian language closely related to Malay.
Demographics
The Temuan people can be found in almost every state of Peninsular Malaysia, but most of them still live in the countryside and suburban villages of Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, as well as Pahang and Melaka. Usually these villages consist of purely Temuan people. Traditionally, the Temuans were forest dwellers. However, with the implementation economic development programmes, relocation of individuals of Orang Asli communities to new villages are often in suburban areas by the government. In urban areas, the Temuan people live alongside other ethnic groups.
The dynamics in the population of the Temuan people in Malaysia:-
Population distribution of the Temuan people by state (1996, JHEOA census):-
Despite the government's efforts to modernize the indigenous way of living, the Orang Asli are still a marginalized people of the country's population. Literacy rates among the indigenous stood at 43% in 1991, compared with 86% nationally at that time. The average life expectancy of an Orang Asli person is 53 years, and the poverty rate was 76.9%, with 35.2% is considered very poor ("hardcore poor").
Language
The Temuans speak the Malay language as well as their own language called the Temuan language or Bahasak Temuan. It is distinct but closely related to the Malay language spoken by their Malay neighbours. The Temuan language belongs to the Malay group of the Malayo-Polynesian languages and is very close to standard Malay language. It is often considered as one of the Malay dialects. Interestingly, the Temuan language is closer to standard Malay than the dialect of the Minangkabau language; a colloquial language of the Malay people in Negeri Sembilan, who settled alongside the Temuan people.
It is essentially a spoken language with several dialectal variation. Temuan is divided into two major dialects namely Belandas and Mantra which differs mostly in terms of phonology and also some of the vocabulary but still mutually intelligible to one another. Example of Temuan Belandas dialect: diak (he/she), hajak (only), kitak (we), tai (the end of sentence particle). Example of Temuan Mantra dialect: dien (he/she), hajen (only), kiten (we), tea (the end of sentence particle).
Traditionally, the Temuan people do not have their own written language. Temuan is mostly written in the Latin alphabet although no standard orthography has been made. Asyik FM, Malaysia's national radio broadcasts daily in the Temuan language. The medium of education of the Temuans is conducted in Malay.
History
The name Temuan comes from temu, which means a crossroads, meeting or rapprochement, a plateau where mountains meet. This may indicate that temuans are a synthetic group formed by the merger of several indigenous tribes with Sumatran and Javanese migrants.
It is believed that the Proto-Malays arrived on the Malay Peninsula by sea in about 2,000 BC. By the 5th century AD, the Orang Asli were already suppliers of jungle products in international trade networks.
The popular folk history of the Temuan people with many variations tells of two brothers who participated in the gathering of earthly tribes in "times of grace, when men understood the language of animals." On the way home, a storm broke and overturned their ship. Abang (older brother) managed to grab his blowgun before the ship sank in the stormy waves, and swam ashore. Adik (the younger brother) managed to save only the sacred scroll, but that was enough to take precedence over Abang. Abang remained hunter-gatherers and Adik, with newly acquired knowledge, could institutionalized religion and write new laws for people to live by.
In the 11th century, the territory of the Malay Peninsula came under the rule of the Malay Kingdom of Srivijaya with its center in Palembang (South Sumatra). After the defeat of Srivijaya by the Javanese Majapahit in the 13th century, the latter took power over the peninsula. At the end of the 14th century, the Malays who came from Sumatra, established trading settlements on the coast. Among them was the Malacca Sultanate kingdom, which soon became the leading state in the region. After the capture of Malacca by the Portuguese Empire, the Malay rulers moved to Johor. A key moment in the history of the peninsula was the adoption of Islam by the Sultan of Malacca in the early 15th century.
During the time of the emergence of the Malays, the Temuan community lived in the modern state of Negeri Sembilan and its neighbouring areas. The basis of their economic activity was the cultivation of irrigated rice. Local peasants used sophisticated field irrigation techniques. The land belonged to the local communities that was led by a batin, the village head. At same time, the Temuan people already had their own political structures or proto-state formations. The Malays refer to the natives as Jakuns, Biduanda, Mantras, Orang Bukit or Sakais.
Eventually, the Malay population spread gradually to the interior. In Negeri Sembilan, these migrants consisted mainly of the Minangkabau people from West Sumatra. Colonizing new lands, they form agreements with the local batins. Through the means of mixed marriages, the Minangkabau gained the right to inherit power. On the Negeri Sembilan territory, Minangkabau principalities emerge as the ruling dynasties of which derived their roots from the local batins. The ancient history of the region is preserved in oral traditions, which were passed down from generation to generation. The people of Negeri Sembilan knew that they first under the subjugation of the Majapahit rulers, followed by the Sultan of Malacca, and its successive, the Johor Sultanate.
There was an active integration of Minangkabau migrants and local Jakuns (Biduanda, Temuans) into a single ethnic group, now known as the Malays of Negeri Sembilan. By adopting Islam, the Temuans became Malays. But not all indigenous people have embraced the new religion. Groups that decided to remain pagans were forced to retreat to the mountainous jungle areas and change their way of living. They began to live by hunting and gathering jungle products, and cultivating fallow farmland. These indigenous groups became the minority that rejected assimilation.
During the British Malaya colonial period, the Bedouin Muslims were already considered Malays, and indigenous groups of Temuan people began to be counted among the aborigines (obsolete official name for Orang Asli). The aborigines were defined as primitive people in need of paternalistic care. Orang Asli was noticed only during the Malayan Emergency (1948-1960), when it turned out that most of them supported the communist insurgents, consisting of mostly ethnic Chinese. The Chinese had close contacts with the aborigines, in particular, among the Temuan people as there were many people of mixed Sino-Temuan blood. In order to remove the Orang Asli from the influence of the Communists, the government resorted to relocating indigenous communities to the territories it controlled. The result of this invasive action was the death of about a third of the displaced due to unsanitary living conditions and psychological stress. Realizing their mistakes, the government changed its methods. The Orang Asli were then placed under total control, and their villages were turned into forts under the protection of soldiers, which were also provided with shops and medical facilities. It was the special Department of Aboriginal Affairs' responsibility to look after the communities of indigenous people. Among the aborigines were formed the Senoi Praaq, a paramilitary unit to fight the Communists. Temuan people were also included into the unit.
After the declaration of Independence of Malaysia and the Malayan Emergency, the Department of Aboriginal Affairs was renamed to Department of Orang Asli (Jabatan Orang Asli in Malay, JOA) and at present, the Department of Orang Asli Development (Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli in Malay, JAKOA). This department is authorized to resolve all issues in the Orang Asli communities, depriving them of any autonomy.
Malaysia's rapid economic development, which began in the 1970s, required land and natural resources. The government, often with the participation of JHEOA, has increasingly encroached on Orang Asli lands, frequently ignoring their rights, which are not always legislated. Invasion by individuals, corporations and the government into areas inhabited by the Orang Asli became more frequent since the mid-1980s and gained widespread in the 1990s. These processes have mostly affected the Temuan people, whose traditional lands are located in the heart of Peninsular Malaysia, near the capital. Communities in the development zone were relocated to other areas. Some villages, such as in Bukit Lanjan, were relocated several times. In the new places, the government provided the natives with housing, land, basic infrastructure, collective ownership of plantation were given, as well as compensation for the loss of traditional land were paid. Conflict situations often occurred. Sometimes Temuan communities took legal action for the violation their rights. In 2002, the Supreme Court ordered the Selangor state government to pay compensation to the Temuan community of Kampung Bukit Tampoi through the loss of their customary land, which was part of a highway construction.
Economy
The main occupations of the Temuan people are agriculture and forestry. The main food crop is rice. Three varieties of wet rice are grown (masuri, pulut and malinja), the whole crop is used for own consumption. However, buying rice from stores are still necessary as many families do not get sufficient rice from their fields. Rubber and other commodity crops are also grown. Most Orang Asli have collectively owned rubber, palm oil or cocoa plantations. The sale of rubber provides most of the cash income for these people. They also sell some jungle produce (durian, petai, rattan, bamboo), which are harvested from the jungle. In addition to rice, they also buy tobacco, clothes and other luxury items.
The main economic aggregate of the Temuan people is similar to the Malays. To some extent, these neighboring communities are competitors, and for this reason hostility do exists between them. In the past, there were fights and acts of violence between them. Despite this situation, the Temuans do trade with the Malays.
In addition to the main farm, the Temuan people keep gardens in their backyards where they grow a variety of vegetables and tropical fruits. Temuan villages are usually located near the jungle. Collecting jungle produce provides income for the Temuans and is also an additional source of food. In addition to wild fruits, medicinal plants are harvested, as well as wood for construction. Wild boars, deer, monkeys, monitor lizards, porcupines and other animals and birds are also hunted in the jungle. They also fish in the surrounding rivers.
Some Temuans, mostly of the younger generations, are employed in the neighbouring cities. In the Desa Temuan settlement; located on the outskirts of Petaling Jaya, residents rent out their homes to foreign workers. There are educated people among the Orang Asli who work in the public sector, but most of them still maintain a traditional way of thinking and lifestyle.
Society
Temuans people live in autonomous rural communities consisting of nuclear families numbering from 50 to 500 people.
Temuan communities have a complex hierarchy. They are headed by a batin (village head); the most respected person in the community, regarded as a man with a strong personality with extensive knowledge and experience, honest and fair. He is the highest adviser, the last resort. The Batin is also credited with supernatural powers, and people seek him not only for advice, but also for magical remedies against minor ailments. Peasants would have to give the batin a small portion of their rice harvest, as well as a large game animal. The position of the batin is usually inherited by his eldest son, but if he does not have the traits of a leader, someone else can be chosen to replace him.
The assistant of the batin in governing is his deputy, the pemangku (deputy village head; his duty is dividing animal game obtained from hunting), the second deputy jenang and his assistant jekara; the latter two organize and control collective work. Pengulu balai (head of the hall) organizes joint holidays and celebrations. There are also several panglimas in the Temuan communities, consisting of former military leaders who led groups of soldiers to protect a certain area of the village.
The basic social unit of the Temuan society are generally a nuclear family or conjugal family units. Usually most families in one village are connected by family and affinal (connected through marriage) ties. The houses of close relatives are nearby. The nuclear family is also the main economic unit in a Temuan society. Each family has its own rubber plantation, rice field and orchard. Children help their parents in everything.
The tracing of kinship are conducted on both paternal and maternal lineage. Polygamy is not prohibited, but it is very rare. The marriage of the Temuans is mostly exogenous, the menteri helps to expand the boundaries of the search for spouse, through the close connection between several villages, which is common for Temuan communities. Although Temuans live in close contact with Malays, Chinese and Indians, mixed marriages are almost non-existent.
Despite significant changes in their lives, the Temuan people continue to look at the world through the eyes of jungle dwellers. It is difficult for them adapt to city life. Even after the resettlement in the city, they retain their own tribal structure by following the traditional way of life. The Temuan people have an ambiguous perception of the socio-cultural and economic changes that are taking place. Although people are generally satisfied with modern living conditions, they are also dissatisfied with the loss of their traditional culture.
The younger generation prefers to live a modern life, wants to have fun and pleasures. The colorful life they see around them is a constant temptation. Many young Orang Asli especially among them Temuan are attracted to Bonggeng culture, where young people on the occasion of weddings are offered a lot of free food and would stay up all night with modern music.
The resettlement program has accelerated the process of modernization of the Temuan people in terms of electricity, public transport, modern health care, but at the same time in the new environment, the Temuan people are becoming a marginalized stratum of society. Due to lack of qualifications, they face difficulties in obtaining a good and stable job. They do not save money as they are reckless spender. Alcoholism has also become a serious problem, and the lack of money provokes people to steal. Other serious social problems also includes gambling and illegal racing.
Religion
The majority of Temuans (64.2%) follow traditional beliefs, 30% Muslims, 5.8% Christians. Traditional religion (adat pepati) is part of their culture.
A basic traditional Temuan belief is that their God and ancestors are always present with them, guarding their safety. The belief in the existence of a higher god, are referred to as Tuhan by the Temuan people. The Temuans believe they were placed on the earth (Tanah Tujuh) by Muyang (God) to be guardians of the rain forest and that if they fail in their sacred duty, the whole world will turn upside down and humanity will perish.
The Temuans also believe that the whole world is inhabited by ghosts and spirits of hantu and jinn. Each of these supernatural beings has its own territories and is endowed with certain qualities. Each river, hill, stream, rock, tree and shrub is animated by a guardian spirit. Rivers are guarded by dragons (naga) and snakes (ular) which often cause mayhem if their homes are desecrated. Therefore, the Temuan people treated all these objects with great respect. The most revered of these is Mount Gunung Rajah ("Ruler's Mountain"), sacred to the Temuans, located on the border of Selangor and Pahang. An ancient Temuan legend says that it was on this mountain that their ancestors hid during the Great Flood, which destroyed the rest of humanity.
The Temuan's culture reflects their belief in these nature spirits. Their animism takes the form of taboos, herbal remedies, ritual ceremonies and magic. They have dukun (folk healers) and a village bomoh (shaman) who, when in a trance state, communicates with the nature spirits. It is the shaman who leads the tribe in the annual sawai or sewang - an ancient earth healing ritual to honour their ancestors and appease the guardian spirits. In an event of diseases and natural disasters; which according to the Temuans, are caused by the activities of evil spirits, Temuan people will also seek a dukun or bomoh to cure the disease. The folk healer gives the patient a herbal medicine, and in a trance performs special rites to reverse the effects of spirits. Temuans distinguish their shamans by strength. Traditional healers also provide services to outsiders, but for money.
There are also various taboos associated with ghosts and demons in Temuan beliefs. Loyok, an evil bird that flies in the evening, causes illness and death. So people should remain indoors at this time and not go outside. Another bird, Kelong Kuat functions as a messenger from the realm of the dead. When people hear the sound of this bird, they know that someone has died. Temuans cannot kill a person, otherwise the ghost of the murdered will pursue the killer. Every night the Temuans light a fire in the courtyard to ward off evil spirits and ghosts; a practice they continue to adhere even in the city. During lunch or dinner, people throw some food to evil spirits in open doors or windows to keep them from joining their table. Due to the threat from spirits and ghosts, all food bought or brought from outside must also be burned in the evening.
Every year, under the guidance of a shaman, the Temuans hold the sawai festival, an ancient ritual of healing the earth, in which they honor their ancestors and try to calm the guardian spirits.
At the end of every year, the Temuans celebrate the biggest holiday in the Temuan community, the Aik Gayak Muyang (Ancestor Day). It takes place in late December to early January, after harvest and fruit picking. Each village has its own date of the holiday. People gather for a feast to thank their God and ancestors for the crops they grow and for the peaceful life they have had.
In the 1970s, Malaysia began a policy of converting the Orang Asli to Islam. First sluggish, but it intensified in the 1980s, and in the 1990s the programs of Islamization (dakwah) began where specially trained Muslim missionaries operate in indigenous communities, and in prayer halls (surau) that were opened in each village. As part of the dakwah program, policy of "positive discrimination" for newly converted Muslims was also implemented by rewarding of material goods, benefits in the field of education and promotion in the civil service. The purpose of this policy was to facilitate the assimilation of the Orang Asli into the Malay community. However, the results of the dakwah were not impressive. They were especially ineffective in the environment of the Temuan settlements. The percentage of Muslims among the Orang Asli in 1997 was 11.1% in Selangor, 9.2% in Negeri Sembilan, and 14.0% in Melaka. While the percentage among Temuan Muslims was 1,928 people, including 976 people in the state of Selangor, 592 people in the state of Negeri Sembilan, 241 person in the state of Pahang, 118 people in the state of Melaka and one person in the state of Johor.
Although today the Temuans mostly adhere to their animistic beliefs, the rest have now largely converted to either Christianity or Islam. This happens especially when Temuans married with people outside of their ethnic groups, whether it's with the Malays, Chinese or other ethnic groups in the country.
Flood myth
Thousands of years ago, many Temuan people died because they had committed "Celau" (the sins that angered god and their ancestors; as it is also called Talan in Semaq Beri language). Their god has sent a "Celau" punishment in a form of a great flood which had drowned all the Temuan sinners that day. Only two of the Temuans, named Mamak and Inak Bungsuk survived that day by climbing on an Eaglewood tree at Gunung Raja (Royal Mountain) located at the border of Selangor and Pahang state. There was a Temuan village over there named Kampung Orang Asli Pertak. Mamak and Inak Bungsuk survived because they had an enchanting mantra or spell to ease down the "Celau" storm. Gunung Gajak (Gunung Rajah, Pahang, Malaysia) became the birth places and ancestral home of the Temuan tribe.
Mamak Bungsuk (Adam) and Inak Bungsuk (Eve) are the Temuan analogues of Adam and Eve in the myth of the birth of humanity.
Culture
Celebrations
Aik Muyang (Ancestor Day)
The Temuan celebrate Aik Muyang (Ancestor Day) at the end of the year and the beginning of new year. Aik Muyang honoring their ancestor for giving them good life and save from Celau (storm). The celebration take place in different day between 15 December to 15 January.
List of places and its Aik Gayak Muyang celebration dates:-
Kampung Orang Asli Pulau Kempas, Selangor: every 29 December.
Kampung Orang Asli Sungai Melut, Dengkil, Selangor: every 30 December.
Kampung Orang Asli Bukit Tadom, Selangor: every 31 December.
Kampung Orang Asli Puchong, Selangor: every 31 December.
Kampung Putra, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan, every 31 December.
Kampung Orang Asli Langkap Tanjung Ipoh, Negeri Sembilan: every 10 January.
Kampung Orang Asli Hulu Kuang, Rawang, Selangor: every 1 January.
Kampung Orang Asli Bukit Machung, Hulu Selangor District, Selangor: every 9 January.
Kampung Orang Asli Serendah, Hulu Selangor District, Selangor: every 14 January.
Gogo (Bogeng)
Gogo (Bogeng) is village ceremonial dancing. When the Temuan get married their will organised "Gogo" at between 8p.m. until 7a.m. the next day. The live band will played the music and every people from other village join to dance.
Customs
Some traditional superstitions still held by Temuans:
Respect for their elders ; bad luck is said to strike those who fail in this.
They do not praise a baby, in the belief that it would make the child sick and die.
If a Temuan is travelling and a little rain falls, he must slip a leaf into his ear to protect himself on his journey.
If a Temuan desires something he cannot get, he must say pinah hunan and put their saliva on his neck, in the belief that failure to do so would result in an accident.
A Temuan who must leave a meal in a hurry without eating food must tempot (touch the food to his skin) before leaving, in the belief that failure to do so would result in an accident or death.
A Temuan must stay quiet during thunderstorm. If he makes noise, the Thunder god will mistake him for a devil and strike him. Temuans believe that a thunder strike occurs when the Thunder god is hunting devils. That is why they must stay quiet; to prevent the Thunder god from striking at them.
A murderer will be haunted by his victim's ghost.
Stay away from a place that was haunted, to avoid being disturbed by an evil spirit.
Hierarchy structure
Batin, Temuan leader
Mangku, Batin Assistant (temporary replacing Batin when the Batin away from the village)
Jenang, Customary leader
Menteyik, Batin advisor (Menteyik judgement is not influence by the Batin)
Jekerah, Jekerah duty to take care of Enekbuah / Mon
Panglimak, Panglimak is Jekerah vassal
Bidan / Bomoh / Dukun, Temuan shaman
Enekbuah / Mon, ordinary Temuan people
Food
Typical Temuan food are usually cooked in bamboo. Temuan dishes are such as:-
Catfish Tempoyak cooked with Semomok (Elettariopsis slahmong) leaf
Ubi with Perah fruit
Lemang
Lepat banana leaf
Ulam (salad) with sambal
Traditional medicine
The Temuan people also possess knowledge in traditional medicine. There also those from the city folks who would seek consultation from the Orang Asli to cure their illness and problems. Among of the illness that the Temuan shaman could cure are such as fever, diarrhea, blood clot, kidney disease and many more by using herbs or animal based medicine. Examples of herbs used:-
Auricularia auricula-judae and Termitomyces clypeatus for curing fever.
Polyalthia bullata for diabetes and to increase libido.
Andrographis paniculata for hypertension and diabetes, and its roots for hematochezia.
Parkia speciosa for toothache, hypertension and diabetes.
It is also known that the Temuan people themselves have begun to cultivate some of the herbs as an indication of the common health problems faced by them. Examples of such species that have been cultivated by the Temuan people instead of gathering them from the wild are:-
Azadirachta indica for measles.
Aloe barbadensis for dandruff, hair loss and burns.
Alpinia galanga for skin infection.
Cocos nucifera for fever and measles.
Curcuma longa for acne and pimples.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis for grey hair.
Zingiber officinale for fever and flatulence.
The common method of administering the herbs by the Temuan people are by consuming the decoction of the roots orally, such as the Polyalthia bullata, Andrographis paniculata, Parkia speciosa, Zingiber officinale and many more. Other methods of administering the herbs includes eating, rubbing, chewing, bathing, shampooing and poultice. Some herbs have multiple methods of administering its medicinal properties to treat for different illness. For example, root decoction of Alpinia conchigera is used as a shampoo to clean fleas on the head, its leaves are used as poultice to treat boils and post-childbirth swelling on the stomach, while its rhizome can be pounded as rubbing for bone ache, and also powdered to be mixed with water as poultice for stomach ache.
There are also many of the city folks that uses "Love potion" (Minyak pengasih, literally means "Love oil") from the Orang Asli shamans. Minyak pengasih are among the most popular item obtained from the services of the Orang Asli shamans. The function of the oil is to regain the feelings of lost love ones.
Housing
Traditionally, Temuans built their homes from materials found in a nearby forest. Now there are almost no traditional houses left. Even in remote villages, housing is built of wooden beams and planks using brick and lime. The Temuan village is very similar to the Malay village, except that it can be distinguished only by the presence of dogs, which are forbidden to kept as pets by the Malays. The houses are usually at a certain distance from each other.
There are two types of housing in Desa Temuan, detached houses for the older generation and apartment buildings for young families. Often children live with their parents and rent out their apartments. It happens that some houses are rented out, then the family moves out to live with their relatives in the village. Desa Temuan has 3 shops, a public hall, a museum, a surau, a kindergarten, a playground, a football field, a primary school and a library. Most Temuan villages, although not all, are supplied with electricity and water supply. Traditionally, Temuans used water from a nearby pond for bathing, washing, toilet, and eating; there were even bamboo pipes used for plumbing.
The Temuan people continue to see the world through the eyes of a jungle dweller. It is difficult for them to adapt to the noisy city life. They are depressed living in concrete housing, which can be very hot during the day and stays hot all night. They were more comfortable living in the peaceful and cool environment of the old village, where there are full of green trees that protects them from sunlight. Besides, they felt freer there.
Education
In a traditional rural society, children did not have the time or need to attend school. They learned basic life skills, such as building traditional houses, made out of tree bark and thatched roofed with leaves, hunting, planting crops, fishing, cooking, and more, from the older generation. For this reason the Temuan people have an indifferent attitude towards formal education system, although living on the outskirts of urban centers has made public schools accessible to them, of which in this respect they are in a much better position than other Orang Asli groups. Most Temuan students drop out after elementary school or after three years of high school. Only a small proportion of Temuan continue their education in colleges and universities.
The lack of education also limits their chances of obtaining a job.
Loss of traditional knowledge
Over the centuries, the Temuan people have formed a rich and diverse culture. But very little of it has been documented, traditional knowledge has been passed down orally from generation to generation. Oral tradition began to be lost during the World War II and the Malayan Emergency, when Temuan communities experienced forced relocation. Oral knowledge ceased, and by the time the Temuans returned to the jungle in the early 1960s, much of their tradition had been lost. The process continued in connection with the implementation of development projects and the relocation of Temuan communities to urban areas. Old traditions became unnecessary for the generation born and grew up in an urban environment.
Although the Desa Temuan settlers still retain the Temuan language, they have a Committee of Village Development and Security (Jawatankuasa Kemajuan dan Keselamatan Kampung in Malay, JKKK), headed by a traditional tok batin leader that adheres to the customary norms of rights. But traditional ceremonies, dances, cuisine and even folk games are a thing of the past. Not many now own a traditional craft, but these items can be seen at a local museum. Traditional medicine is also a thing of the past, people no longer turn to dukuns for treatment, they prefer to receive help in modern medical institutions such as clinics and hospitals. Traditional New Year Gayak Muyang are longer celebrated, as the Temuans now celebrate the New Year with other Malaysians. Traditional holidays with mass consumption of alcoholic beverages and loud dances do not fit into the environment of city life, hence disturbing the peace of their neighbours.
Temuan people are well known for their knowledge in the use of natural remedies. Dozens of plant species, as well as fungi and some animals, are used as raw materials for medicines. Temuans use them to treat many types of diseases, from wounds and joint pain to such serious ailments as bone fractures, hypertension, diabetes, leukemia and tumors, and other chronic diseases. Some plants are collected in the forest, some are grown in backyards, among them are also non-native plants. Most drugs are administered orally, followed by external use. The most common methods of preparation of phytotherapy are decoction and powder obtained by grinding in a mortar. Now modern medicines have become easily available for Temuan people. Instead, resettlement and forest degradation complicate the collection of medicinal materials in nature. There is a real threat of erosion and loss of unique knowledge of folk medicine, because young people are no longer interested in maintaining them.
Settlement area
Some of the settlements that the Temuan people are located includes:-
Tampeh Hill, Dengkil, Sepang, Selangor
Kampung Sungai Kelubi, Hulu Selangor District, Selangor
Bukit Lanjan, Damansara Perdana, Petaling Jaya, Selangor
Kampong Kuala Pangsoon, Hulu Langat District, Selangor
Broga, Semenyih, Selangor
Kampung Paya Lebar, Sungai Lui, Hulu Langat District, Selangor
RPS Bukit Cheeding, Kuala Langat District, Selangor
RPS Kuala Kubu Bharu, Selangor
Kampung Bukit Tadom, Labuhan Dagang, Banting, Kuala Langat District, Selangor
Kampung Busut Baru, Kuala Langat District, Selangor
Kampung Guntor, Kuala Pilah District, Negeri Sembilan
Parit Gong, Negeri Sembilan
Kampung Tohor, Jelebu District, Negeri Sembilan
Kampung Bukit Payong, Melaka
Kampung Lubuk Bandung, Melaka
Kampung Orang Asli Sungai Mering, Pekan Asahan, Melaka
Kampung Orang Asli Tekir, Labu, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan
Kampung Orang Asli Kubang Badak, Tebong, Alor Gajah District, Melaka
Kampung Orang Asli Bukit kemandol, Jenjarom, Kuala Langat District, Selangor
Kampung Orang Asli Seksyen 8, Taman Botanic, Shah Alam, Selangor
Bukit Kecik, Kuala Langat District, Selangor
Bukit Perah, Batu Kikir, Jempol District, Negeri Sembilan
Kampung Putra, Durian Tipus, Negeri Sembilan
Kampung Orang Asli Pulau Kempas, Banting, Kuala Langat District. Selangor
See also
Sagong Tasi
References
External links
Centre for Orang Asli Concerns (COAC)
Orang Asli Temuan Web Site
Indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia
Ethnic groups in Malaysia
Orang Asli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haris%20Pa%C5%A1ovi%C4%87
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Haris Pašović
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Haris Pašović (born 16 July 1961) is a Bosnian theatre director. Over the course of his career, he has also worked as a playwright, producer, choreographer, performer, and designer. He is best known for his productions of Wedekind's “Spring Awakening”. He is the artistic leader of the East West Theatre Company in Sarajevo and tenured Professor of Directing at the Academy of Performing Arts in Sarajevo.
Life and career
Pašović was born in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1961. His education includes the Academy of Performing Arts in Novi Sad, former Yugoslavia; the Fulbright Scholarship in the USA (University of Hawaii, Honolulu, New York University and the University of Wisconsin, Madison); the UNESCO High Levels for Directors, Festival d’Avignon, France, and other professional trainings.
He directed in some of the most significant theatres in the former Yugoslavia and participated in a number of festivals worldwide. His productions of Frank Wedekind's Spring Awakening and Calling the Birds based on Aristophanes’ play The Birds (both at the Yugoslav Drama Theatre, Belgrade 1987/90) have been considered as the landmarks in the theatre of the former Yugoslavia. Likewise, Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot (Belgrade Drama Theatre) and Alfred Jarry’s Ubu Roi (National Theatre Subotica) have been considered as the classic productions in the ex-Yugoslav theatre, the former being the last Yugoslav premiere performed on the eve of the war in the country. As the artistic leader of theatre Promena (“Change”), Pašović directed with a great success Wiess's Marat/Sade; Wedensky's The Christmas Three at the Ivanovs; Kis's Simon the Magus on a lake surrounded by sand desert; Buñuel's Hamlet placed in the fortress sitting on a rock rising from the Adriatic Sea (Dubrovnik Summer Festival) and many other plays.
During the siege of Sarajevo (1992–96) Pašović spent most of the time in Sarajevo managing the MES International Theatre Festival. He directed plays and produced several shows, among others Waiting for Godot, directed by Susan Sontag.<ref name="www.nytimes.com">[https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/19/world/to-sarajevo-writer-brings-good-will-and-godot.html?scp=4&sq=haris%20pasovic&st=cse/ New York Times (19 August 1993): To Sarajevo, Writer Brings Good Will and 'Godot''' by John F. Burns]</ref> In 1993, while Sarajevo was still under the siege, he also organized the first Sarajevo Film Festival “Beyond the End of the World” and was one of the most prominent advocates of naming a square in Sarajevo after Susan Sontag. Pašović even managed to tour in 1994 to several European countries (under UNESCO auspices) with the Sarajevo Festival Ensemble invited by Peter Brook and Théâtre des Bouffes du Nord. During the tour, the Ensemble performed two productions he had directed in the besieged city: Silk Drums based on the Noh plays, and In the Country of Last Things, based on Paul Auster's novel.
After the war, Pašović directed several documentaries including Greta, a story on Prof. Greta Ferusic who survived both Auschwitz and the siege of Sarajevo; a documentary trilogy entitled Home, Love Thy Neighbor and The Balkans – Blood and Honey about the American journalists David Rieff, Peter Maass and Ron Haviv, who had reported from the Bosnian War and an art documentary entitled A Propos de Sarajevo about the Sarajevo International Jazz Festival.
In 2002, Pašović made a spectacular comeback to theatre directing Shakespeare's “Romeo and Juliet” in front of the Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina in a downtown Sarajevo. This was a brave futuristic production about a Muslim Romeo and a Christian Juliet, which involved 25 actors and live musicians, 1000 sq. m of stage, a 60-member crew, arms, vehicles, fireworks, video projections across the façade of the Parliament building and has stopped the traffic in the main city artery for four hours each night it was performed.
In 2005, Pašović established the East West Theatre Company and directed a number of shows. Pašović also writes the plays. He wrote Rebellion at the National Theatre, Ulysses, Silk Drums, Bolero, Sarajevo and Football, Football. He also adapted several texts including Alfred Jarry’s Ubu Roi, Aristophanes' The Birds, Miroslav Krleža's Europe Today, Nigel Williams' Class EnemySCOTSMAN: Brave art - Haris Pašović's Class Enemy ” and several others. He writes essays and articles.
Pašović gave a number of workshops and master-classes for directors and actors, as well as public lectures (Tyrone Guthrie Centre; National Theatre of Scotland/Edinburgh International Festival; Queen's University, Belfast; Drama Centre Singapore; Festival Desire Subotica, Serbia, etc.).
He is a co-founder of the Directing Department at the Performing Arts Academy in Sarajevo. Several of his students are today internationally acclaimed film directors (such as Academy Award-winning Danis Tanović and Golden Bear-winning Jasmila Žbanić). Pašović lives in Sarajevo. He teaches Directing at Academy of Performing Arts in Sarajevo and Arts and Leadership at the Bled School of Management, Slovenia.
Haris Pašović is the main initiator of a large-scale event called Sarajevo Red Line which in April 2012 commemorated the Siege of Sarajevo's 20th anniversary. This drama and music poem dedicated to Sarajevo citizens killed during the 1992–96 Bosnian War consisted of 11,541 red chairs placed on the main Sarajevo street and it included a street exhibition and a concert. The event received a big international coverage in the media and was broadcast live in a number of TV stations.Balkaninsight.com: Sarajevo to Mark 20 Years Since Siege Started by Elvira Jukić - In English[cited 9 April 2012]
Works
Buñuel's Hamlet, 1984
Marat/Sad, TV drama, TV Novi Sad (adapted and directed by), 1985
Paradise, now!, TV drama, TV Novi Sad (screenplay adaptation and directed by), 1985
Frank Wedekind's Spring’s Awakening, 1987
Calling the Birds (based on Aristophanes’ play “The Birds”), 1989
Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot Ubu Roi (based on Alfred Jarry's play)
Wiess’ Marat/Sade Wedensky's The Christmas Three at the Ivanovs’ Kis’ Simon the Magus Silk Drums (based on the Noh plays), 1994
In the Country of Last Things (based on Paul Auster's novel), 1994
Greta ”, feature documentary (director and producer), 1997
Iz Albanije, documentary (screenwriter and director), 1998
Home, a documentary trilogy, 1999/2000
Love Thy Neighbor, a documentary trilogy, 1999/2000
The Balkans – Blood and Honey, a documentary trilogy , 1999/2000
Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, 2002
À propos de Sarajevo, documentary (screenwriter, director and producer), 2003
Rebellion at the National Theatre (inspired by McCoy’s novel “They Shoot the Horses, Don’t They?”), playwright and director, 2004
Ulysses (playwright)
Bolero, Sarajevo
Hamlet by William Shakespeare (director), 2005
Victor or the Children Take Over, 2006
Faust (adapted and directed by), 2006
Class Enemy based on Nigel Williams’ play (adapted and directed by), 2008
Nora (Henrik Ibsen's Doll's House), 2009
Football, Football, 2010
Europe Today'', 2011
Sarajevo Red Line, 2012
The Conquest of Happiness, new work theatre production, 2013
Awards
BITEF award for the Best Director
‘’Bojan Stupica’’ award for Best Director in the former Yugoslavia
Best Director Award at the MES International Theatre Festival
UCHIMURA Prize
The Best Director at the Festival of Bosnian Theatres
External links
References
1961 births
Living people
Bosniaks of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina film directors
Bosnia and Herzegovina documentary film directors
Bosnia and Herzegovina theatre directors
Theatre people from Sarajevo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20League%20Baseball
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United League Baseball
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United League Baseball was an independent baseball league that operated in Texas. The league operated from 2006 to 2009. The league then temporarily merged with the Northern League and the Golden Baseball League to form the North American League from 2011–2012. However, after the North American League folded at the end of the 2012 season, ULB was reformed. It dissolved for a second time in January 2015.
History
The league began its first season on May 16, 2006, with six teams: the Alexandria Aces, Amarillo Dillas, Edinburg Coyotes, Laredo Broncos, Rio Grande Valley WhiteWings and San Angelo Colts. The San Angelo franchise previously played in the now-defunct Central Baseball League, while the Amarillo Dillas previously played in the now-defunct Texas–Louisiana League. The United League was originally owned by an investor group United Sports Equity LLC followed by former Congressman John Bryant.
In 2013, following the dissolution of the North American League, United League Baseball was reincorporated. The league played an 80-game season from late May to the middle of August, and featured the Edinburg Roadrunners, the Fort Worth Cats, the Rio Grande Valley WhiteWings, the San Angelo Colts, the Texas Thunder, and the Alexandria Aces. Alexandria and Texas were shut down mid-season. Edinburg did not field a team for 2014 and they were replaced by the Brownsville Charros.
The San Angelo Colts announced on July 2, 2014, that they had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Although it was stated at the time that operations would not be affected, the team announced on August 11, 2014, that the final eight games of the 2014 regular season would not be played. Originally scheduled to end August 24, the league's 2014 regular season ended August 15, with the best-of-five championship series between the Cats and the WhiteWings starting August 16. The United League Baseball was looking into possibly expanding to Del Rio, Texas, and was scheduled to meet with city officials in October 2014.
In November 2014, it was announced that the City of Ft. Worth had not renewed the lease at LaGrave Field for the Ft. Worth Cats, thus leaving them without a home for the 2015 season. Through the mismanagement of the league by Bryant and Pierce and having one remaining stadium lease in Harlingen the league was formally disbanded in January 2015.
Franchises
Standings
2006 season
2007 Winter Season
2007 season
^ Clinched Playoff Spot
* Clinched 1st Half Title
** Clinched 2nd Half Title
*** Clinched Regular Season Title
2008 season
* Clinched 1st Playoff Seed
** Clinched 2nd Playoff Seed
*** Clinched 3rd Playoff Seed
**** Clinched 4th Playoff Seed
^ Clinched Regular Season Championship
2009 season
* Clinched 1st Playoff Seed
** Clinched 2nd Playoff Seed
*** Clinched 3rd Playoff Seed
**** Clinched 4th Playoff Seed
^ Clinched Regular Season Championship
2010 season
* Clinched 1st Playoff Seed
** Clinched 2nd Playoff Seed
*** Clinched 3rd Playoff Seed
**** Clinched 4th Playoff Seed
^ Clinched Regular Season Championship
Playoffs
2014 Playoff Results
2013 Playoff Results
Format: When the league returned for the 2013 season the United League paired the top two regular season teams in a best of 5 ULB Championship series.
2010 Playoff Results
Format: for the 2010 season the United League playoffs consisted of 4 teams competing in 2 rounds, with the top 4 regular season teams making the playoffs. In the first round the regular season champion faced the 4th seed while seed 2 faced seed 3 in the best of 3 series. The winners then advanced to the championship best-of-five series.
2009 Playoff Results
Format: for the 2009 season the United League playoffs consisted of 4 teams competing in 2 rounds, with the top 4 regular season teams making the playoffs. In the first round the regular season champion faced the 4th seed while seed 2 faced seed 3 in the best of 3 series. The winners then advanced to the championship best-of-five series.
2008 Playoff Results
Format: for the 2008 season the United League playoffs will consist of 4 teams competing in 2 rounds. In the first round the top two teams at the end of the first half of the season will host the two remaining teams with the best overall winning percentage throughout the season in a best-of-three series. The winners then advance to the championship which will be played at both parks, with the lower seed hosting game one and the higher seed hosting games two and three of the best-of-three series.
2007 Playoff Results
Format: for the 2007 season the United League played in a split season format, crowning a first half champion and a second half champion. The champions then played for the ULB Championship. If one team was to win both halves, the team with the second-best overall season record would have qualified for the playoffs as a wild card. The championship series was the best 4 out of 7 games, to be played home and away in a 2–3–2 site format, with home field advantage awarded to the first half champion.
2006 Playoff Results
Format: for the 2006 season the top four teams in the regular season standings made the playoffs, including the regular season champion and 3 wild card teams. The playoffs then commenced with two rounds of games to determine the United League champion:
1st Round – Best 2 out of 3 games
Championship – Best 3 out of 5 games
ULB Champions
Key
All-star game
United League Baseball hosted an annual All-Star Game which rotated host cities throughout the league. Its format in 2008 featured the United League all-stars versus the Golden League all-stars. In 2006 the first All-Star Game pitted the best team against the all-stars from the rest of the United League. In 2007 the second All-Star Game pitted Team North (All-Stars from Alexandria, Amarillo and San Angelo) against Team Rio Grande (All-Stars from Edinburg, Laredo and Rio Grande Valley).
The ULB's all-star festivities were a two-day event, the first day featuring various celebrations and recognitions, followed on the second day by the Home Run Derby and the All-Star Game.
Game Results
2006 – United League Baseball All-Stars 12, Edinburg Coyotes 2 (Edinburg, Texas)
2007 – Team North 10, Team Rio Grande 1 (Amarillo, Texas)
2008 – United League Baseball All-Stars 8, Golden League 5 (San Angelo, Texas)
Most Valuable Players
2006 – Edwin Maldonado, Laredo Broncos
2007 – Jonathan Reynoso, Amarillo Dillas
2008 – Luany Sanchez, Laredo Broncos
Home Run Derby Winners
2006 – Jose Olmeda, Edinburg Coyotes
2007 – Juan Lebron, Laredo Broncos
2008 – Andres Rodriguez, San Angelo Colts
League awards
Most Valuable Player
2006 – John Anderson, San Angelo Colts
2007 – Nelson Teilon, Edinburg Coyotes
2008 – Danny Bravo, Amarillo Dillas
2010 – Levy Ventura, Rio Grande Valley
Manager of the Year
2006 – Vince Moore, Edinburg Coyotes; Ricky VanAsselberg, Alexandria Aces
2007 – Ricky VanAsselberg, Alexandria Aces
2008 – Brady Bogart, Amarillo Dillas
2009 – Doc Edwards, San Angelo Colts
2010 – Dan Friova, Laredo Broncos
Pitcher of the Year
2006 – Ryan Harris, Edinburg Coyotes; Santo Hernandez, Alexandria Aces
2007 – Adam Cox (baseball), Alexandria Aces
2009 – Brian Henschel, San Angelo Colts
2010 – Wardell Starling, Edinburg Roadrunners
Rookie of the Year
2007 – Ronnie Gaines, San Angelo Colts
2009 – Trent Lockwood, Amarillo Dillas
2010 – Adam De La Garza, Amarillo Dillas; Jonathan Cisneros, Laredo Broncos
Playing Surface of the Year
2007 – Foster Field, San Angelo Colts
2010 – Foster Field, San Angelo Colts
References
External links
United League Baseball official website
2006 establishments in Texas
Defunct independent baseball leagues in the United States
Baseball leagues in Louisiana
Baseball leagues in Texas
Sports leagues established in 2006
2015 disestablishments in Texas
Sports leagues disestablished in 2015
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand%20Islands%20Parkway
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Thousand Islands Parkway
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The Thousand Islands Parkway (often written as 1000 Islands Parkway) is a scenic parkway in the Canadian province of Ontario. It extends easterly from an interchange with Highway 401 in Gananoque for approximately to rejoin Highway401 near the community of Butternut Bay, west of Brockville. The parkway follows the north shore of the St. Lawrence River, and was formerly designated Highway2S (S for Scenic) until 1970. It passes through the communities of Gray's Beach, Halsteads Bay, Ivy Lea, Darlingside, Rockport, Narrows, La Rue Mills and Mallorytown Landing, as well as providing access to the three inland properties of the Thousand Islands National Park. Highway 137, which meets the parkway near its midpoint, provides access to the Interstate 81 in New York via the Thousand Islands Bridge.
The Thousand Islands Parkway was constructed as a divided highway during the late 1930s, alongside the Thousand Islands Bridge, which opened in 1938. Originally known as the St. Lawrence River Road, the parkway was signed as part of Highway401 when the 400-series highway system was established in 1952, but was bypassed by the current Highway401 alignment to the north in 1968. The Highway2S designation returned between 1967 and 1970, after which jurisdiction over the parkway was transferred to the St. Lawrence Parks Commission. The northern carriageway of the parkway was never paved, and was only in use by vehicles between 1938 and 1951. Evidence of its former use can be seen today in the wide right-of-way; the unused westbound lanes now serve as a recreational trail and twin bridges span two locations along the parkway.
Route description
The Thousand Islands Parkway is a scenic route along the St. Lawrence River between Gananoque and Brockville through the rugged terrain of the Frontenac Arch, a protrusion of the Canadian Shield southward into New York state. In this area, the soil is underlain by layers of Paleozoic limestone and a granite bedrock. The granite often extends above the ground surface as large rock outcroppings. The Thousand Islands Parkway was part of the original alignment of Highway401. However, because of the residential properties and the scenic nature of the route, a new inland route was constructed through the mid-1960s. A recreational trail follows the right-of-way of the westbound carriageway, which was never completed.
The Thousand Islands Parkway begins at a split with Highway401 on the outskirts of Gananoque. There is no access from westbound Highway401 to the parkway nor from westbound on the parkway to eastbound Highway401. However, immediately east of the split, both highways interchange with the sole remaining portion of Highway 2 under provincial jurisdiction.
East of this point the three diverge into the Frontenac Arch. It meets Highway137 at an interchange at the parkways midpoint; the Ontario approach to the Thousand Islands Bridge which continues as Interstate 81 south of the Canada–United States border. The parkway continues northeast, serving the riverside communities of Darlingside, Rockport, Narrows, La Rue Mills and Mallorytown Landing. At Butternut Bay, the Thousand Islands Parkway merges into the eastbound lanes of Highway401 and a left-hand exit provides access to the parkway from westbound Highway401.
The three inland properties of Thousand Islands National Park are located on the Thousand Islands Parkway: Landon Bay, Mallorytown Landing and Jones Creek.
History
The idea for a scenic parkway along the shoreline of the St. Lawrence between Gananoque and Brockville was first proposed by George Fulford, a local Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) elected in the 1934 Ontario general election to represent Leeds.
By 1935, with early construction underway on the Thousand Islands Bridge,
Fulford had convinced the incoming Minister of Public Works and Highways, Thomas McQuesten, of the merits of a scenic route for tourism and as a depression relief project.
McQuesten, who was seeking to build a trans-provincial divided highway, decided the river road would be the ideal route through the rough terrain between Gananoque and Brockville.
On April29, 1937, The Ontario Department of Highways (DHO), predecessor to the modern Ministry of Transportation, formally announced the building of the St. Lawrence River Road.
It was built under two separate contracts. Work on the first, awarded to Campbell Construction to build the section between Gananoque and Ivy Lea, began the week of June7, 1937,
while work on the second, awarded to Standard Paving Company to build the section between Ivy Lea and Butternut Bay, began the week of September12. Standard Paving was already widening of Highway2 between Butternut Bay and Brockville at the time.
On August18, 1938, the Thousand Islands Bridge was opened, with an attendance of over 50,000 people. Prime Minister Mackenzie King and President Franklin D. Roosevelt both presided over the ceremonies.
In preparation, the portion of the parkway west of Ivy Lea was quickly gravelled to provide access to the new bridge.
Only the between the Ivy Lea and the bridge approach remained open following the ceremonies, however; traffic to and from the bridge accessed Highway2 via what is now Fitzsimmons Road. A section between Mallorytown Landing and Butternut Bay was opened in October 1938 as a two-lane gravel road with a temporary bridge crossing Jones Creek.
Elsewhere, construction resumed on blasting rock and grading the route for several more years.
A contract to build the bridges at Jones Creek was awarded on May25, 1940,
and completed by the end of the year.
The bridges at Landon Bay meanwhile, were completed in late October 1940.
In 1941, the St. Lawrence River Road was completed and opened to traffic from Gananoque to Brockville, though it remained unpaved.
Labour and material shortages during World War II resulted in road construction being deferred for several years.
Following the war, the south lanes of the road were paved between Gananoque and Rockport in 1946.
The unpaved north lanes were opened to travel beginning in 1946.
They remained in service until 1951, when they were closed to traffic;
they would not reopen.
By 1948, the St. Lawrence River Road, or "Scenic Highway", had been assigned the route number 2S, with the "S" for "scenic", and the remainder of the south lanes between Rockport and Butternut Bay had been paved.
In July 1952 (possibly July 1, the same day Highway400 was numbered),
Highway2S was designated as part of the new Highway401.
For the next 18years, Highway401 travelled along the scenic river road. Initially it merely bypassed Highway2; it would not see extensions west of Gananoque and east of Butternut Bay until 1959.
That year saw the south lanes of the parkway rebuilt and marked as a proper two-lane undivided highway.
As originally envisioned by McQuesten, the trans-provincial freeway would follow the scenic highway.
However, in the decades since, numerous properties and a tourist industry were established. James Auld, MPP for Leeds and the Minister of Tourism and Information, joined local residents to persuade the DHO to construct an inland bypass. The DHO agreed, stating that it would cost less to build a new freeway than to upgrade the parkway.
Construction of the Thousand Islands Bypass began in 1965, with work proceeding east from Gananoque. The Thousand Islands Parkway was the final two-lane segment of Highway401.
A portion was opened on September1, 1967, from Gananoque to Highway137, which was itself built south to the parkway at the same time. The Highway401 designation was applied along this new route, while the bypassed portion of the parkway was redesignated as Highway2S.
Despite the expected influx of traffic from the United States for Expo 67 in Montreal, the DHO opted to build the portion east of Ivy Lea after the centennial celebrations.
The remainder of the bypass was opened to traffic on October11, 1968, at which point the entire parkway once again became Highway2S.
This designation would also only last for just under two years. On September8, 1970, the DHO transferred jurisdiction over the parkway to the St. Lawrence Parks Commission;
it has since been known only as the Thousand Islands Parkway.
This name was first brought forward to the DHO in 1954 by the Thousand Island–Rideau Lakes Association.
Major intersections
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! scope="row" style="text-align: right;" | 0.6
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| Provides access to eastbound and from westbound Highway401
Explanatory notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Thousand Islands Parkway – Length and Route
Geography of Leeds and Grenville United Counties
1938 establishments in Ontario
Parkways in Ontario
Thousand Islands
St. Lawrence Parks Commission
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4960516
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2010%20%28Salvadoran%20TV%20channel%29
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Canal 10 (Salvadoran TV channel)
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Canal 10, previously known as Televisión de El Salvador (TVES) (in Spanish: El Salvador Television) is El Salvador's public television service with the YSTVE signal. It was founded by the Government of El Salvador on November 4, 1964 with channels 8 and 10. By the year 1989, Channel 10 followed its transmissions when channel 8 separated from the affiliation, and has been reorganized in its operations that have increased with the passage of time.
History
Background
In 1960, the Minister of Education, Ernesto Revelo Borja, raised the possibility of carrying out an educational reform, in such a way that, through audiovisual support, the teacher feels motivated to improve the level of education, while the student manages to understand the classes in a better way. This reform, of Educational Television, pursues the collaboration with education in the following areas:
Allow the training of the teacher, promoting their professional improvement, as well as equipping him with methods, scientific and didactic concepts.
Give opportunity for people in rural areas, who generally did not have the same advantages as people in the urban area, to have access to a good quality education provided by qualified teachers, using the appropriate didactic and methodological resources.
Take pictures, which by other means is very difficult to present to students, making classes more enjoyable as is the case of space flights, interviews with intellectuals, complete panoramas of ruins, factories, machinery, etc. It is also possible to present in a few minutes a sequence that in reality takes a long time to complete. For example: Cell multiplication, the germination of a seed, the growth of a plant, the birth of an animal, etc.
Provide a contribution of quality and quantity, since it serves as a transmitting vehicle of culture and education for many people.
Development and early years
On November 4, 1964, a commission formed by government, industrial, commercial, and agricultural sectors was born in El Salvador Television, in charge of analyzing the possibilities of creating a national educational television service, for which it was assisted by the Japanese government that was in charge of carrying out the technical studies of the installation needs to be able to have transmission and reception in the different educational centers where it was desired to carry out the education plan by audiovisual means, controlled directly by the Ministry of Education .
Channel 10 had in its beginnings a general programming that served as daily teaching for the students of the different schools. The teacher lit the television where a video of a specific class was presented and then it continued with the traditional teaching: support in methodological books that had been developed according to the content given in the study programs. This led to discussion with the teachings exposed through television.
In this way, TVES became the first country in Central America that had the necessary resources to have an educational channel, since the demographic factors were very favorable for its projection. But the growth of educational television in El Salvador was very slow, even when a group of young people were sent to Japan for training and when they returned and did not find the necessary equipment, they were limited to not having an adequate television system. But in 1966, ways to meet the country's educational needs through TV are discussed. Educational Its director, Dr. Irma Lanzas de Chávez, studied the experience of other countries to be able to project and look for alternatives that would help the projection. UNESCO, created to help the dissemination of education and culture in all Latin American countries, presented seven teachers who would form the first production team of Educational Television. Over time, these people became filmmakers, presenters, screenwriters, etc.
By 1967, there were three television stations dedicated mainly to primary education and that later developed programs for an adult audience for literacy and community development purposes. That same year, the Educational Cultural Television studios were inaugurated, in Ciudad Normal Alberto Masferrer, in San Andrés, by President Lyndon B. Johnson of the United States. and the president-elect of El Salvador Fidel Sánchez Hernández. It was considered that Educational Television would compensate the shortage of teachers that existed in the country at that time, and could give way to televised classes. However, in 1968, Televisión Educativa carried out experimental programs and at the same time conducted training courses in the studios and commercial facilities in San Salvador, while building its own production center. That's how they started with the transmissions a year later.
TVES in the era of the Civil War
Ten years later, in 1979, the Directorate of Educational Television was established in the Ministry of Education with an internal structure of Management and Administration, Planning and Production, Audiovisual Resources, Operations and Maintenance, and Dubbing Department. In this way, Televisión Cultural Educativa focused on promoting culture in El Salvador and collaborating with the training and training of teachers, for the implementation of new study programs, in order to help the country's education system. With the beginnings of Educational Television, there is an openness to relations with countries and international organizations with experience in this field, thus receiving help for its personnel from the US, Japan, Brazil and Mexico. But the development of educational television had different changes and studies from different universities in other countries, so it went through many evolutions in its process, which led to use two air frequencies between channels 8 and 10.
In 1979, Televisión Educativa has the support of the Government, it is affected by the coup d'état of President General Humberto Romero. The most palpable consequence of the act was the change of governmental authorities and consequently changes in the arrival of new directors in the projects of the institution. In the 80s, educational television is affected by the war that the country is experiencing at that time. It causes expenses and repairs of television equipment and apparatus. During the same period the television operating system appears. It offers, then, a positive aspect to technology, but with the unfavorable factor that the economy of that time was no benefit.
The Television Information System (STI) consists of recording live and airing. In this way, Educative Television was in charge of training the personnel for the management of the system. However, there were always problems due to lack of equipment, inadequate budget and poor maintenance of equipment. In 1986, Televisión Educativa becomes part of the Ministry of Culture and Communications as Directorate of Educational Cultural Television. But it is known as National Television, a situation that it maintains until 1989. Unfortunately, the problem of the lack of resources and money to maintain the equipment, as well as few financial incentives for the staff, was always maintained. Gradually other types of problems arose, such as the lack of adequate programming to cover two channels and Channel 8 becomes a channel 10 repeater.
In 1989, there is a signal problem and Channel 8 loses it and stops transmitting. It is never repaired and continues in line with a signal that does not reach all of Salvadoran territory. It is at that moment that the role of Cultural and Educational Television in this country was rethought, creating a logo that identifies it. This gives it a new personality, more national programs are produced and Cultural Educational Television becomes part of the Ministry of Education under the charge of Dr. René Hernández Valiente.
Channel 10: The Television Channel of El Salvador
In 1990, the National Television returns to the Ministry of Education as a unit of Educational Cultural Television Direction but it is known as Educational Cultural Television. Its objective is to design, produce and disseminate programs aimed at rescuing Salvadoran values and traditions, promoting culture and permanent education in the areas of moral, civic, health, labor education, formal education, environment and others. There are also changes in the area of transmission and content of the programs, derived from chaos and decay, as it begins to transmit programs sent by other countries. International aid and the transmission of educational programs cause chaos within the institution, because there were no compatible computers with the formats they sent. To this is added the lack of personnel, among others. Little by little these factors were influencing so that programming was minimal and more national programs were transmitted, becoming more cultural.
Channel 10 has made significant changes. As of January 3, 2007, it is called Canal 10 Educational and Cultural Television, and at the same time premieres a new image that represents the state television station but under the control of MINED. Between 1991 and 2006, it was in the hands of the National Council for Culture and Art (CONCULTURA). Before 2006, the institution was known as Educational Cultural Television, known for its academic programming. This last change is added to the six transformations that the image of the channel has suffered to date, replacing the one that was maintained during the 15 years. With the current change, Channel 10 announces and clarifies the hybrid nature that it will have as "Educational and Cultural Television" focusing on family and educational entertainment. These changes demonstrate its evolution, which is developing little by little, at a sure pace. Today, Channel 10 is named as "Television of El Salvador" as well as its initials TVES, which remains an educational channel. On December 21, 2018, TVES operated transmissions for the first time on digital television in El Salvador.
Logos
References
Television stations in El Salvador
Educational and instructional television channels
Publicly funded broadcasters
Television channels and stations established in 1964
Spanish-language television stations
1964 establishments in El Salvador
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