title: Slave Power

text: Northern Free-Soilers and Republicans had their differences. But one thing they agreed on was they both opposed slavery expanding to the territories. Both opposed the Southern planters who they called "slave oligarchs". Together they had an advantage over earlier attempts by political parties to oppose slavery. Earlier, Northern politicians had to go easy on slavery issues because they needed the political power of the Southerners to win national elections. For that reason they supported slaveholding presidents, congressmen and senators. But the Republicans and Free-Soilers did not need to please the Southern politicians and they attacked their power at every opportunity. They brought up old arguments that Slave Power had too long held power in American politics. That argument was used when Thomas Jefferson had been elected president. It came up when Missouri was admitted as a slave state in 1820 and again in 1845 when Texas was annexed. This time the Republicans hammered the idea hard. It hurt Northern Democrats the most. Republicans won many offices in the North that had been held by Democrats for decades. In the 1860 election, the Democrats split between North and South with each supporting their own candidate. This allowed Lincoln to win even though he did not have a majority. This ended the Slave Power dominance in politics and was a contributing factor to the American Civil War.


title: Slave Power

text: Most Antebellum Period presidents were not only from the South, but also owned slaves themselves. Many figured prominently in maintaining the economics of slavery. One reason for so many Southern presidents is that they benefited from the electoral college advantage they held, especially those from the largest slaveholding state, Virginia. In the Constitutional Convention (1787) delegates from Northern states did not want slaves counted as each being one person for the purposes of a state's representation in Congress. Southern delegates wanted slaves to count as individuals even though they could not vote. The delegates finally arrived at the Three-Fifths Compromise. In Article I, section 2 of the United States Constitution, calling slaves by the euphemism "all other persons", the founders counted each slave as three-fifths of a person. This gave slave states one-third more seats in Congress than they would otherwise have based on the number of citizens they had. This factor was decisive in the 1800 presidential election giving Thomas Jefferson the win by the House of Representatives.


title: Slave Power

text: One of the key reasons Washington, D.C. was selected as the United States Capitol was that it located around a slave town, Alexandria, Virginia. New York City was in a free state and in Philadelphia a slave could only be kept for six months before being freed. This was inconvenient for slave owning politicians. Also, Washington D.C. was promoted by George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison—three key Southerners who owned slaves.


title: Documentary

text: A documentary is a creative work of non-fiction. It documents (creates a record of) a true story. A documentary may be a video or audio recording, such as a movie or radio program.


title: Documentary

text: The purpose of a documentary is to tell the story behind the news. News programs tell what has happened, documentaries explain why and how something happened. Compare, for example, the difference between the result of an election (news) with an analysis of how and why that election was won and lost. Or, between the result of a sporting event and a discussion of how and why the result happened.


title: Giant

text: In mythology, a giant is a type of very large human-like creature. The mythology and legends of many different cultures have mythological animals or monsters that look like very big, very strong humans. One example of a giant is the "gigantes" of Greek mythology.


title: Racketeering

text: Racketeering is a type of organized crime in which there is a fraudulent or illegal scheme to repeatedly or consistenly collect money or other profit.


title: Racketeering

text: Racketeering might refer to an organized criminal act in which the criminals fraudulently offer services that will not be put into effect or services to problems that do not exist. In many other cases, though, the traditonal racketeering may involve criminals offering an effectual service, like protection from other criminals.


title: Racketeering

text: The terms "racketeering" and "racketeer" were first used back in 1927. The terms came from a statement of the influence of organized crime within the Teamsters union.


title: Racketeering

text: Examples of organized crime include, though are not limited to, Dog fighting, drug trafficking, credit card fraud, money laundering and bribery.


title: Como La Flor (song)

text: "Como La Flor" (""Like The Flower"") is a song by American singer Selena. The song was written by Selena's brother, A.B. Quintanilla III. A former Selena y Los Dinos member, Pete Astudillo, co-wrote the song. It was on her third album, "Entre A Mi Mundo" (1992). The song talks about a sad woman who is hurting because she has lost her boyfriend and she is explaining how it hurts to lose his love but she is saying that his love was like a flower that has dried up and died. As he says goodbye he takes her heart with him she hopes someday some other woman or his new woman will give him what he is looking for.


title: Como La Flor (song)

text: The song was released in the United States and Mexico in October 1992. It was the third single off of the album, following "La Carcacha" ("The Jalopy"). It was the lead single in both countries. The single reached number-one on the Mexican Singles Chart and the "MonitorLatino" charts. This gave Selena her first number-one song as a solo artist. Despite the success, a music video was not produced. "Como La Flor" helped Selena to be accepted into Mexico. She toured there for the first time after the single peaked at number-one. "Como La Flor" also became one of her signature songs.


title: Como La Flor (song)

text: Various recording artists worldwide have since made their own versions of "Como La Flor", some being non-Hispanic. The song was nominated for several awards at the Tejano Music Awards and the Premio Lo Nuestro awards. It has been certified Diamond in Mexico and Gold in Argentina. It remains one of Selena's most popular songs.


title: Como La Flor (song)

text: "Como La Flor" was recorded in Q-Productions in Corpus Christi, Texas. Selena's brother, A.B. Quintanilla III had written the song during Selena's Ven Conmigo Tour (1990-92). Pete Astudillo, a former back-up dancer for Selena y Los Dinos, had helped writing the song. A family friend, Brian "Red" Moore, remixed the song after it was recorded.


title: Como La Flor (song)

text: Quintanilla had wanted to write a song about a sad woman whose ex-boyfriend is in love with another women and wants him back. The message of the song was to show people that you should love your partner if they truly love you back. The song compares love to a flower, which needs love and care.


title: Como La Flor (song)

text: The band had wanted to write a song that can help Selena crossover into Mexico. After the song was played in radio stations, Selena was in constant demand in venues across Mexico. She had performed to several record-breaking audience records in Mexico. She was also the biggest act in the Tejano market during her tour. Selena was declared "Una artista del pueblo" ("An Artist of The People") when she had arrived in Mexico. The song was also covered among young children in Mexico, who competed in several "Selena look-alike" competitions.


title: Como La Flor (song)

text: "Como La Flor" was released in the United States and Mexico as the lead single for the album "Entre A Mi Mundo" (1992) on October 4, 1992. It was the second single to be released from "Entre A Mi Mundo" (1992). "Como La Flor" was positioned at number ten on the Mexican Singles Chart, when it was released. It was also at number ten on the US Latin Regional Mexican Airplay chart. The song peaked at number-one on the Mexican Singles Chart on November 22. It knocked off Luis Miguel's song "Inólvidable" from the number-one spot. The song remained at number-one for eight weeks, breaking Tejano artist Emilio Navaira's record. The song also peaked at number-one on "MonitorLatino"s Top 20 Latin Hits the following year.


title: Como La Flor (song)

text: "Como La Flor" peaked at number nine on the Latin Regional Mexican Airplay chart on April 15, 1995. It also peaked at number four on the Latin Songs Airplay chart on December 27. The remix version found on "Dreaming of You" (1995), peaked at number seventeen on the Italian Singles Chart. The song peaked at number eleven on the Spanish Singles Chart. In Mexico, the single was certified Diamond for selling over 80,000 copies in 1994. In 2005, the single was certified Diamond in digital sales. In Argentina, the single was certified Gold for selling over 50,000 copies. In 2005, the single was certified Gold in digital sales.


title: Como La Flor (song)

text: "Como La Flor" was nominated for "Song of the Year" and "Single of the Year" at the 1993 Tejano Music Awards.<ref name="certifications/awards"></ref> The song was also nominated for "Pop Ballad of the Year" at the 1994 Premio Lo Nuestro awards. The single was also nominated for the same two categories at the following Tejano Music Awards. Quintanilla, was nominated for "Songwriter of the Year" at the 1994 Tejano Music Awards.


title: Como La Flor (song)

text: Raúl Manuel Rodríguez of "El Dictamen" said that "Selena displayed an instinctive voice on catchy melodies". He also said that "Como La Flor" helped build awareness for Selena and her band. He also stated that the song "best fits with Mexico" because of its Tejano sounds. Victoria Díaz of "Grupo Reforma", believed that the song was one of the biggest hits in Tejano history. She also said that "Como La Flor" helped younger people to like Tejano music, which was never done before. She finished her rating with a 5 out of 5 score. Carmen Lopez of "Novedades de México", stated that "Como La Flor" showcases Selena's "exotic voice". Lopez also stated that the song was given positive responses from fans when it was released. She ended her review with "[...] a song that will never die".


title: Como La Flor (song)

text: Antonio Morales of "Gringo Gazette", liked the song's message and meaning. Morales also reported that "Como La Flor" is a "dance-cumbia song that is contagious when you hear it". Castro Fernando, of "¡Alarma!" wrote that the song surpassed expectations when it was released onto radio stations. Esmeralda Rivera of "Nuestro Diario", praised the songs rhythms. Daniel Rodriguez of "Grupo Reforma", believed Jennifer Lopez's performance was "incredible" while also stating that in the movie "[...] she captures Selena's every dance move precisely". Ramiro Burr of "San Antonio Express-News" stated that "songs such as "Baila Esta Cumbia," "La Carcacha," "Como La Flor" and "Amor Prohibido" had that instant appeal (liking), that memorable melodic hook that had everyone dancing". Cathy Ragland of "Austin American Statesman", stated that "Como La Flor" was one of Selena's popular songs.


title: Como La Flor (song)

text: Selena always had performed "Como La Flor" first in her concerts. The song became Selena's opening song for two years. At the Amor Prohibido Tour (1994-95), "Como La Flor" was performed as the last song. The song was always performed in every venue. Selena performed the song on the "Veronica Castro Show" in September 1993. She had wore a black-stylish pants with golden chains she had designed. She also wore her signature bras. On October 3, 1993, Selena had performed "Como La Flor" to a crowd of 40,000 in her hometown. The following day, she performed the song during the Lo Nuestros Awards ceremony in Miami, Florida. On the following three days, Selena performed the song in a Austin, Texas concert. She performed to a crowd of 100,000.


title: Como La Flor (song)

text: The next day, she performed the song in San Antonio, Texas to a crowd of 78,000. Selena also performed the song at the 1993 Tejano Music Awards. The following week, Selena performed the song at the Houston Astrodome to a record-breaking audience. The next day, she performed the song at the "Furia Musical Show". Selena performed "Como La Flor" once more in her hometown in December 1992. The following two days, she had performed the song for a free concert she had organized. The free concert was held in Corpus Christi. The free concert was for an upcoming live album that was to be released in 1993. The concert Selena had performed, was another record-breaking audience.


title: Como La Flor (song)

text: Selena performed "Como La Flor" in Houston, Texas on January 12, 1994 to a crowd of over 100,000. The following two days, she performed the song in Denver, Colorado to a crowd of over 87,000. The following week, she had performed the song in Los Angeles, California to over 60,000 fans. The following day, she had performed the song in North Hollywood, California. From February 21-27, 1994, Selena performed the song at a Monterrey, Mexico tour, each averaging from 100,000-200,000 fans. On March 10, 1994, she had performed the song at the Houston Astrodome to another record-breaking audience. The concert out performed country stars such as George Strait, Vince Gill and Reba McEntire.


title: Como La Flor (song)

text: In March she was the lead act at Miami's Calle Ocho Festival, which attracted over 100,000 fans. In June 1994, she performed the song at the 1994 Festival Acapulco in Mexico to a record-breaking 300,000 audience. The song was performed at Selena's most famous concert at the Houston Astrodome on February 26, 1995, which broke the record audience record once more. Selena performed the song seven more times before she was killed.


title: Como La Flor (song)

text: A music video was not produced. However, a music video was done for "La Carcacha". After the "Selena" movie was released, a promotional video of "Como La Flor" was released. The video had Jennifer Lopez, who was portraying "Selena" in the movie, singing to a crowd. The concert was one of Selena's record-breaking audience of 300,000 fans in Mexico. The promotional video used a softer (slower) version of "Como La Flor". The video was shown on Spanish-language television channels for two years.


title: Como La Flor (song)

text: American Idol runner-up singer David Archuleta had covered the song during his tour. He also covered the song at the 2010 Tejano Music Awards. Phuong Thanh, recorded the song in Vietnamese. Kelly Hensen, recorded the song in Dutch. Baby Karen, covered the song in raggaeton. At the Selena ¡VIVE! tribute concert, the song was performed at the grand finale. It had all the singers (who had done a cover that night) coming together and singing along with Selena. Also, a 55-member children's choir sang along to the song as well.


title: Saint Kitts and Nevis

text: The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (, also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis), is a federal nation made up of two small islands in the Caribbean Sea. It is the smallest independent country in the Western Hemisphere.


title: Saint Kitts and Nevis

text: The capital city is Basseterre. It is on the main island of St Kitts, also called Saint Christopher. The island of Nevis has some rights of self-government and two seats in the federal parliament.


title: Saint Kitts and Nevis

text: The headquarters of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank is in St Kitts. That bank controls the East Caribbean dollar.


title: Saint Kitts and Nevis

text: The two islands were part of the Leeward Islands Colony from 1871 to 1956, and of the West Indies Federation from 1958 to 1962.


title: Saint Kitts and Nevis

text: The Islands, plus Anguilla, got limited self-government in 1967. Anguilla objected and the Metropolitan Police were sent there in 1968 to stop rioting. Until 19 December 1980 the official name of St Kitts and Nevis was Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla.


title: Saint Kitts and Nevis

text: St Kitts and Nevis became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1983, Anguilla has stayed a British overseas territory.


title: Saint Kitts and Nevis

text: In 1983, the constitution set up a 15-member National Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral, that is, it only has one chamber. 3 members of the Assembly are appointed by the Governor General, on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition. The other members are elected. If the Speaker decides to stand for re-election he is automatically elected, without a contest.


title: Saint Kitts and Nevis

text: Nevis is responsible for its own internal affairs. There is an eight-member Nevis Island Assembly, and an Island administration headed by the premier.


title: Saint Kitts and Nevis

text: The country has two main islands, Saint Kitts and Nevis. The highest peak, at 1,156 metres, is Mount Liamuiga. There is also a smaller island named Booby Island. No one lives on Booby Island.


title: Saint Kitts and Nevis

text: The islands are of volcanic origin. There are large central peaks covered in tropical rainforest. People do not live on the steeper slopes leading to these peaks. Most of the people on both islands live closer to the sea. There are many rivers coming from the mountains of both islands. These give fresh water to the people. St. Kitts also has one small lake.


title: Saint Kitts and Nevis

text: The federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis is divided into fourteen parishes. There are nine divisions on Saint Kitts and five on Nevis.


title: Saint Kitts and Nevis

text: Cricket is common in Saint Kitts and Nevis. Top players go to the West Indies cricket team. The late Runako Morton was from Nevis. Saint Kitts and Nevis is the smallest country on Earth to ever host a World Cup event. It was one of the host venues of the 2007 Cricket World Cup.


title: Saint Kitts and Nevis

text: The St. Kitts and Nevis national football team, also known as the "Sugar Boyz", has had some international success. They went to the semifinal round of qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in the CONCACAF region. Led by Glence Glasgow they defeated U.S. Virgin Islands and Barbados. They then lost to Mexico, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago.


title: Saint Kitts and Nevis

text: The St. Kitts and Nevis Billiard Federation, SKNBF, is the governing body for cue sports across the two islands.


title: Saint Kitts and Nevis

text: Kim Collins is the country's best known track and field athlete. He has won gold medals in the 100 metres at both the World Championships in Athletics and Commonwealth Games. At the 2000 Sydney Olympics he was the country's first athlete to reach an Olympic final. He and three other athletes represented St. Kitts and Nevis at the 2008 Summer Olympics. The four by one hundred metre relay team won a bronze medal in the 2011 world championships.


title: Saint Kitts and Nevis

text: American writer and former figure skater and triathlete Kathryn Bertine was given dual citizenship. She tried to qualify for the 2008 Summer Olympics representing St. Kitts and Nevis in women's cycling. She did not make enough points to go the Olympics.


title: Saint Kitts and Nevis

text: St. Kitts and Nevis had two athletes ride in the time trial at the 2010 UCI Road World Championships. Athletes included Reginald Douglas and James Weekes.


title: Steak

text: Steak is a slice off a larger piece of meat, usually beef. In North America, steaks are usually grilled. They are also often pan fried or baked. The most tender (softest) cuts of the animal are usually used for steak. This also means that steaks have a high price. The pieces of meat used for steaks are usually cut across the muscle fiber, not along it. This makes them look more tender.


title: Steak

text: A restaurant that mainly makes steaks is known as a steakhouse. A well-known side dish to steak is prawns or a cooked lobster tail. This combination is often called "surf and turf" or "reef and beef" (the words "surf" and "reef" refer to the seafood and "turf" and "beef" refer to the steak). Special steak knives are used to cut steak. A steak knife is sharper than most table knives and is usually serrated.


title: Steak

text: Fish is not the only side dish for steak. Other common side dishes are baked potatoes, dinner rolls, salad, and corn on the cob. In France, steaks are often served with french fries. This combination is known as "steak fries" or "steak-frites". They do not come with vegetables, but sometimes a salad is served with them.


title: Steak

text: Steaks are seasoned with salt and black pepper. Some additional seasonings are garlic, rosemary, and other herbs and spices. Marinades are also an option depending on the cut. Butter can also be used for basting steaks for a milky flavor. Often, steaks are served with a special sauce called "steak sauce", but sometimes steaks are served with a spicy sauce called horseradish.


title: Steak

text: Meat that is cooked less will appear to be more tender and soft. The usual degrees of cooking for steaks (and some other meats) are:


title: Construction worker

text: A construction worker is someone whose job is to work on a construction site where structures such as bridges or houses are being built. Construction workers use many types of tools (such as shovels and wrenches) and operate machines and vehicles such as trucks and bulldozers. Working as a construction worker can be dangerous, because a person could fall, or have a heavy object fall on them. Construction workers have to wear safety clothing to protect themselves, such as leather work boots with a metal toe, plastic construction hats or helmets, and goggles to protect their eyes. Many construction workers also wear brightly coloured orange safety vests, so that drivers and other construction workers will be able to see them.


title: Phanek

text: Phanek or Fanek is a traditional Meitei sarong, indigenously worn by womenfolk, predominantly in Manipur (Kangleipak).


title: Phanek

text: The Phanek Mayek Naibi, one of the most popular "phanek"s, is one such lower garment, which has stripes at its bottom. It is worn when one goes to office works and in marriage ceremonies. It is worn like a wraparound. Its bottom is adorned with heavy embroidery in different designs.


title: Dialectic

text: In philosophy, dialectic is an argument or debate between different people. In Medieval Europe, dialectics (or logic) was one of the three beginning liberal arts all together known as the trivium; the other members were rhetorics and grammar.


title: Dialectic

text: The goal of the dialectical process ("dialectic" or "dialectics") is to try to resolve the disagreement through rational talk, and the search for the truth in the matter.


title: Simone Biles

text: Simone Arianne Biles (born March 14, 1997) is an American artistic gymnast. Biles is the 2016 Olympic individual all-around, vault and floor gold medalist. She was part of the gold medal-winning team dubbed the "Final Five" at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. She also won the bronze medal for the balance beam during the Olympics. Biles is a three-time world all-around champion (2013–15), three-time world floor champion (2013–15), two-time world balance beam champion (2014, 2015), four-time United States national all-around champion (2013–16), and a member of the gold medal-winning American teams at the 2014 and 2015 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships.


title: Simone Biles

text: Having won a combined total of nineteen Olympic and World Championship medals, Biles is the most decorated American gymnast. She took this over from Shannon Miller, who had held this record since 1996. With her win in Rio, Biles became the sixth woman to have won an individual all-around title at both the World Championships and the Olympic Games. With four Olympic gold medals, Biles set a new American record for most gold medals in women’s gymnastics at a single game.


title: African National Congress Youth League

text: The African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) is a part of the African National Congress for younger people. It was founded in 1944 by Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu. They created the foundation to put an end to apartheid in Africa.


title: African National Congress Youth League

text: The African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) was established on 2 April 1944, by Anton Lambede (who became the League’s first President), Nelson Mandela, Ashby Mda, Walter Sisulu and Oliver Tambo. They were joined by, Duma Nokwe, B Masekela, Ida Mtwa, Lillian Ngoyi, James Njongweni, William Nkomo and Dan Tloome. The aim of the Youth League was to galvanise the youth to step up the fight against segregation within the country. At the time the ANCYL was established, political circumstances in South Africa were tenuous as the ruling United Party was divided about South Africa’s participation in World War II. Four years after the establishment of the Youth League, the United Party’s rule came to an end and the country was subsequently governed by the National Party.


title: Group 3 element

text: The first two elements of this group are known, while the other two do not know whether it was lutetium and lawrencium or lanthanum and actinium.


title: Kulsoom Nawaz

text: Begum Kulsoom Nawaz Sharif (Urdu: بیگم كلثوم نواز شريف) (29 March 1948 – 11 September 2018) was a Pakistani politician. She was the First Lady of Pakistan three times; from 1990 to 1993, 1997 to 1999 and then from 2013 to 2017.


title: Kulsoom Nawaz

text: Kulsoom served as the President of Pakistan Muslim League-N (PML-N) from 1999 to 2002.<ref name="news18/29july2017"></ref>


title: Kulsoom Nawaz

text: Nawaz was diagnosed with lymphoma in August 2017 and since has been in treatment in London. In June 2018 Nawaz suffered a cardiac arrest and since has been placed on ventilator. On 11 September 2018, she died in London at the age of 70.


title: Adam Levine

text: Adam Noah Levine (born March 18, 1979) is the lead singer of American pop rock band Maroon 5. He is also a songwriter, guitarist, and a coach on the NBC show "The Voice".


title: Adam Levine

text: He married Victoria's Secret model Behati Prinsloo on July 19, 2014, in Mexico. Their first daughter, Dusty Rose Levine, was born on September 21, 2016. Gio Grace Levine, their second daughter, was born February 15, 2018. In September 2022, it was announced that Levine and Prinsloo are expecting their third child.


title: Windows 8

text: Windows 8 is a version of the Windows computer operating system, which is published by Microsoft. Windows 8 was released everywhere on October 26, 2012. The president of the Windows Division, Steven Sinofsky, said: "With this system we shall make the biggest change from Windows 95". Microsoft removed the "Start" button and designed a new tile-based user interface to replace the "Start" menu (which first appeared in Windows 95). Microsoft ended mainstream support for Windows 8 on January 9, 2018 and will end extended support on January 10, 2023.


title: Windows 8

text: Several versions of Windows 8 were made available to software developers well before the final release. The first of these, the Developer Preview, came out in September 2011. On February 29, 2012, Microsoft released a beta version of Windows 8.0 known as the Consumer Preview. Anyone could register online to download this version for free. After the Consumer Preview, a final preview named "Release Preview" was released on May 31, 2012.


title: Windows 8

text: On October 26, 2012, Windows 8 became available to the general public. Windows 8 received negative reviews. Microsoft also released a version called Windows RT, which was adapted for devices using ARM processors. Windows RT could not run most Windows applications. On the same day, Microsoft also put new devices running Windows 8, including its newly-created Surface tablets up for sale in stores and online.


title: Windows 8

text: An update for Windows 8 was released on October 17, 2013, and it is called Windows 8.1. Windows 8.1 returns the normal "Start" button to the taskbar. During development, Windows 8.1 was known as "Blue".


title: Windows 8

text: Windows 10 was made to replace Windows 8, and it came out on July 29, 2015. Users who owned Windows 7 with Service Pack 1 installed, or Windows 8.1, were able to upgrade to Windows 10 for free until July 29, 2016.


title: Windows 8

text: One new feature in Windows 8 is the Windows Store. The Windows Store lets users buy new computer programs, or download them for free.


title: Windows 8

text: Windows 8 adds a new graphic user interface called "Modern" (also called Metro). Modern is meant to be suitable for smartphones, tablets, notebooks, and desktop computers. This interface shows “tiles”, which work as links and also as interactive widgets (tools you can look at, like RSS feeds, weather, e-mails). The Modern interface is best used with a touchscreen, but can be controlled by a mouse or keyboard. Windows 8 still offers the classic desktop interface through the "Desktop" tile.


title: Windows 8

text: Microsoft reworked the booting process, replacing the classic BIOS with a new system called UEFI. This provides Secure Boot, a feature that only lets the computer start by using software its manufacturer has allowed.


title: Windows 8

text: Although Windows 8 is faster than Windows 7, it demands more pixels on the screen. The minimum is 1366 x 768 pixels, which affects many laptops that have a maximum resolution of 1024 x 600 pixels. Some users with older hardware have continued to use Windows 7 for this reason. Windows 8 will work on resolutions lower than this, but some of its features will be unavailable.


title: Windows 8

text: File Explorer, formerly called Windows Explorer, has a new ribbon bar interface. It can stop and restart a file transfer, and makes it easier to save files that have the same name.


title: Windows 8

text: Two months after Windows 8 was released, there were rumors that Microsoft was making a major update to be code-named "Blue". In May 2013, Microsoft announced that "Windows Blue" was going to be called "Windows 8.1".


title: Windows 8

text: On June 26, 2013, Microsoft released build 9431 as the Windows 8.1 Preview, which could be downloaded.


title: Windows 8

text: On August 14, 2013, Microsoft announced that Windows 8.1 would be released digitally on October 17, and released in stores and in new computers on October 18. It included greater customization, and new Modern apps, such as a calculator, sound recorder, and file manager.


title: Windows 8

text: In April 2014, Microsoft released an update for Windows 8.1 with improvements for keyboard and mouse users. This update pins the Windows Store to the taskbar by default. Each Modern app has a bar at the top and can be closed the same way desktop apps are closed.


title: Set theory

text: Set theory is the study of sets in mathematics. Sets are collections of objects. We refer to these objects as "elements" or "members" of the set. To write a set, one wraps the numbers in {curly brackets}, and separates them with commas. For example. the set holds 1, 2, and 3. Sets are also often referred to using capital roman letters such as formula_1, formula_2, formula_3.


title: Set theory

text: There are three methods one can use to describe a set: Description method, Roster method (tabular form) and Rule method (set builder form).


title: Set theory

text: Set theory was created around 1874 by Georg Cantor. It had to be made better because collections of objects can cause problems if we work with them without explaining them better. Russell's paradox was one of the problems. Think about the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. If it were inside itself, then the rule which defines it would mean that it is "not" inside itself. But, if it were not inside itself, then the rule which defines it would mean that it "is" inside itself. This was a serious problem, and it meant that the old set theory was broken.


title: Set theory

text: Set theory begins by giving some examples of things that are sets. Then it gives rules in which you can make other sets from the already known sets. Collections of objects that are not sets are called (proper) classes. It is possible to do mathematics using only sets, rather than classes, so that the problems that classes cause in mathematics do not occur.


title: Set theory

text: A binary relation between two sets is the subset relation, also called "set inclusion". If all the members of set are also members of set , then is a "subset" of , marking . For example, is a subset of , but is not. From this example, it is clear that a set is a subset of itself. In cases where one wishes to not to have this, the term "proper subset" is meant not to have this possibility.


title: Set theory

text: The self-considering objects in set theory was considered too, with some example numbers being 1={1}, 2={1, 2}, 3={1, 2, 3} and so on.


title: Percentage

text: Percent means "out of one hundred". It is often shown with the symbol "%". It is used even if there are not a hundred items. The number is then scaled so it can be compared to one hundred. Percent is also used to indicate changes in numerical quantities.


title: Percentage

text: For example, we have a bowl of fruit with three apples and one orange. The percentage of apples is 3 out of 4, or 3/4 = 75/100 = 75%.


title: Percentage

text: A percentage is only one way of writing a ratio; one can also write it as a fraction or decimal. There are ways to convert fractions to percentages or decimals to percentages.


title: Percentage

text: Percentages are useful in practice, because it allows one to compare things that are not out of the same number. For example, exam marks are often percentages, which can compare them even if there are more questions on one exam paper than the other.


title: Angstrom

text: An angstrom or ångström (symbol Å) is a unit of length that equals 0.1 nanometer (nm). It can be written in scientific notation as 1×10 m (normalized notation) or (exponential notation) — both mean . It is sometimes used to express the sizes of atoms, lengths of chemical bonds and visible-light spectra, and dimensions of parts of integrated circuits. For example, a single atom is about two ångströms wide, and a human hair is about a million ångströms thick.


title: Angstrom

text: The ångström is named after the Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Ångström (1814–1874), one of the founders of spectroscopy who is known also for studies of astrophysics, flow of heat, the earth's magnetic field, and the aurora borealis.


title: Angstrom

text: In 1868, Ångström created a spectrum chart of solar radiation that expresses each wavelength in the spectrum of sunlight in multiples of one ten-millionth of a millimetre, or 1 metres. This unit of length later became known as the ångström, Å.


title: Angstrom

text: Human beings can see light having wavelengths ranging from about 4,000 ångströms (violet) to 7,000 ångströms (deep red), so the ångström was a convenient unit of measurement. Because of its closeness to the scale of atoms and molecules it was also popular in chemistry and crystallography.


title: Angstrom

text: Today, the use of the ångström as a unit is less popular than it used to be, and the nanometre (nm) is often used instead (The ångström is officially discouraged by the International Committee for Weights and Measures, and by the American National Standard for Metric Practice.)


title: Sepsis

text: Sepsis is a very dangerous disease that occurs when an infection goes wrong. Normally the immune system of the body is able to fight the germs and overcome the infection, but in sepsis something goes wrong. The pathogen was at some point able to get into the blood or tissues. The term sepsis is frequently used to refer to septicemia (blood poisoning). Septicemia is only one type of sepsis. Bacteremia specifically refers to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream (viremia and fungemia are the terms used for viruses and fungi). A sepsis is a medical emergency, as it can put the life in danger, if it is not acted on.


title: Sepsis

text: Common symptoms of sepsis are inflammations all over the body. This is often combined with high fever. Today, people believe, these symptoms are caused by the immune system trying to fight the disease. Because of the strong reactions, organs can be damaged in the process. In a sense, the immune system over-reacts the germs and goes wrong, causing damage to the organs.


title: Sepsis

text: In the United States, sepsis is the leading cause of death for ICU patients which do not have heart problems. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows it is the tenth most common cause of death overall. Older people, those with a weak immune system and those with a strong illness suffer from sepis more often. It is also more dangerous to them. It occurs in 1%-2% of all hospitalizations and accounts for as much as 25% of intensive care unit (ICU) bed utilization. It is a major cause of death in intensive care units worldwide, with mortality rates that range from 20% for sepsis to 40% for "severe sepsis" to over 60% for "septic shock".


title: Sepsis

text: Severe sepsis and septic shock are more severe forms of sepsis. With severe sepsis, one or more organs fail to work. Septic shock is when sepsis is combined with very low blood pressure.


title: Sepsis

text: Today, the bacterial forms of sepsis can be treated with antibiotics. In addition, the fluids (blood) containing the germs have to be replaced. It might also be necessary to functionally replace the organs that failed. It is important to begin to treat the sepsis as quickly as possible, as each hour it is left untreated will raise the chances of death by 5% to 10%.


title: Sepsis

text: About half the people affected and untreated die from the condition. Rapid access to treatment will increase the chances of survival in most cases.


title: Ad hominem

text: Ad hominem is a Latin word for a type of argument. It is a word often used in rhetoric. Rhetoric is the science of speaking well, and convincing other people of your ideas.


title: Ad hominem

text: Translated to English, "ad hominem" means "against the person". In other words, when someone makes an ad hominem, they are attacking the person they are arguing against, instead of what they are saying.


title: Ad hominem

text: The term comes from the Latin word "homo", which means human. "Hominem" is a gender neutral version of the word "homo". In ancient Rome it referred to all free men, or in other words, all free human beings.


title: Ad hominem

text: Ad hominem can be a way to use reputation, rumors and hearsay to change the minds of other people listening. When a social network has already excluded or exiled one person, or applied a negative label to them, this can work more often.


title: Ad hominem

text: It is most of the time considered to be a weak and poor argument. In courts and in diplomacy ad hominems are not appreciated.


title: Ad hominem

text: Ad hominems are not wrong every time. For example, when people think that someone can't be trusted, things that they have said previously can be doubted.


title: Ad hominem

text: In logic, a proof is something that starts with premises, and goes through a few logical arguments, to reach a conclusion.


title: Ad hominem

text: In this example it can be seen that the (completely unrelated) fact that person A is uneducated and poor is used to prove that abortion should not be illegal.


title: Null hypothesis

text: In statistics, a null hypothesis, often written as formula_1, is a statement assumed to be true unless it can be shown to be incorrect beyond a reasonable doubt. The idea is that the null hypothesis generally assumes that there is nothing new or surprising in the population. The most common null hypothesis is the "no-change" or "no-difference" hypothesis (as in "there is no difference between a sample mean and a population mean"). When testing whether something works, one would start with the null hypothesis that it will not work. The term was first used by Ronald Fisher in his book "The Design of Experiments".


title: Null hypothesis

text: The opposite of a null hypothesis is an alternative hypothesis. Some examples of alternative hypotheses are:


title: 2021 United States Capitol attack

text: On the afternoon of Wednesday, January 6, 2021, thousands of supporters of former U.S President Donald Trump were in Washington, D.C. to protest against the results of the 2020 presidential election. They went in to support Trump's demand for Vice President Mike Pence and Congress to reject President-elect Joe Biden's victory. The protests soon became riots as thousands of Trump supporters broke into the United States Capitol, damaging the building. Presidential historian Michael Beschloss called the attacks an attempted coup d'etat by the President. The attack of the United States Capitol building was the worst at that place since the War of 1812.


title: 2021 United States Capitol attack

text: First, protesters came to the Ellipse for a planned rally. There, Rudy Giuliani called for "trial by combat," then later, Donald Trump told his supporters to march to the United States Capitol "to peacefully and patriotically make your voices heard today," while also asking them to "show strength" and to "fight like hell" for Republicans to "take back our country."


title: 2021 United States Capitol attack

text: The Trump supporters broke into the Capitol. Congress was in session at the time. All congressmen, lobbyists, news reporters, visitors and Vice President Mike Pence were evacuated to a secure location.


title: 2021 United States Capitol attack

text: A Trump-supporting female rioter was shot by Capitol Police during the storming. At that time, she was climbing through a barricaded door near the entrance to the hall for the House of Representatives; she died later that day. Three people also died from medical emergencies that day, said the Washington D.C. police. The New York Times said that attackers hit a police officer with a fire extinguisher until he died, but that was later proven not true; it did not really happen.


title: 2021 United States Capitol attack

text: During the attack, several rioters carried Confederate battle flags or Nazi symbols. For the first time in U.S. history, a Confederate battle flag was flying inside the U.S. Capitol building.


title: 2021 United States Capitol attack

text: 5 people died during or shortly after the event: four rioters and one police officer. Fifteen police officers were sent to the hospital, and more than 50 were injured. Members of the mob hit Capitol police officers in the head with lead pipes and other weapons, including flag poles. Howard Liebengood was a Capitol Police officer on duty during the attack. He died by suicide three days later. Jeffrey Smith defended the capitol as part of the Metro Police Department. He killed himself soon after.


title: 2021 United States Capitol attack

text: Trump was impeached for a second time because of this attack. Some people even wanted Vice President Pence to use the twenty-fifth amendment to remove Trump from office.


title: 2021 United States Capitol attack

text: Trump responded to the storming by writing messages on Twitter. In a video, he told protesters: "This was a fraudulent election, but we can't play into the hands of these people. We have to have peace. So go home. We love you. You're very special. You've seen what happens. You see the way others are treated that are so bad and so evil. I know how you feel. But go home and go home in peace." In another message, he wrote: "These are the things and events that happen when a sacred landslide election victory is so unceremoniously & viciously stripped away from great patriots who have been badly & unfairly treated for so long." He continued: "Go home with love & in peace. Remember this day forever!"


title: 2021 United States Capitol attack

text: More than 750 people were charged with crimes because of the Capitol attack. More than 200 of these people pleaded guilty, meaning that they agreed not to have trials in exchange for smaller punishments.


title: 2021 United States Capitol attack

text: "More than 535 people have been charged with [or are under indictment for] taking part in the attack," media said in July.


title: 2021 United States Capitol attack

text: On July 20, 2021, one protester was sentenced to 8 months in prison; the trial was held in federal court.


title: 2021 United States Capitol attack

text: One protester was sentenced to 3 years and 5 months in prison; Jake Angeli also got a 3 years 5 months sentence.


title: 2021 United States Capitol attack

text: On March 8, 2022, a jury said Guy Wesley Reffitt was guilty of five crimes, including trying to stop Congress from doing its job (counting the votes) and bringing an illegal weapon (a pistol) into the Capitol. Prosecutors showed the jury a video that Reffitt had made of himself breaking into the Capitol and telling other rioters to hurt Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi. Reffitt's son testified against him.


title: 2021 United States Capitol attack

text: On March 22, 2022, a judge said Couy Griffin was guilty of one crime: Illegally going inside the Capitol. Griffin had asked to be tried by only a judge instead of a judge and jury.


title: 2021 United States Capitol attack

text: The leader of the Proud Boys, Enrique Tarrio was arrested on March 8, 2022; He has been indicted for having had a role as a coordinator (or someone helping) the attack in 2021; Tarrio was not at the Capitol during the attack.


title: Lyre

text: A lyre (pronounce to rhyme with "fire") is an instrument which is like a mixture between a harp and a guitar. It is held in one hand and the strings are strummed using the other hand. Lyres were among the first string instruments to be invented.


title: Lever

text: A lever is a simple machine. It is something that can be used in a lot of ways. One way is by measuring things, or by seeing which weighs more. A lever is supported by a fulcrum which it uses to lifts weights. It is one of six simple machines. There are three types of levers: first-class, second-class and third-class.


title: Lever

text: The earliest remaining writings about levers are from the 3rd century BC. They were written by Archimedes. ""Give me a place to stand, and I shall move the earth."" is a famous quote from Archimedes who stated the correct mathematical principle of levers (quoted by Pappus of Alexandria).


title: Lever

text: There are three kinds of levers. The difference between them is where the is and where the forces are.


title: Lever

text: A first-class lever is a lever where the fulcrum is in between the effort and resistance (the load). Seesaws and crowbars are examples of first class levers.


title: Lever

text: A second-class lever is where the resistance is between the effort and the fulcrum. Wheel barrows and wrenches are examples of second class levers.


title: Lever

text: A third class lever is where the effort is between the resistance and the fulcrum. Staplers and your forearm are examples of third class levers.


title: Spore

text: Spores are the way fungi and some non-seed plants (ferns and mosses) reproduce. They are also made by bacteria for long-term survival. Some protozoa also make long-term survival spores.


title: Spore

text: The spores of seed plants are single cells that grow into a pollen grain or the gametophyte inside the ovule. The structure of seeds in higher plants is more complicated than spores. The main 'innovation' of seeds is their nutrition for the developing embryo, which spores do not have.


title: Spore

text: Fungi (for example, mushrooms) produce spores, which may be asexual or sexual. The asexual spores have inside them the genetic material to make a whole new organism identical to its parent.


title: Spore

text: Conidia are asexual, non-motile spores of a fungus; they are also called mitospores due to the way they are generated through the cellular process of mitosis. They are haploid cells genetically identical to the haploid parent, can develop into a new organism if conditions are favorable, and serve in dispersal.


title: Spore

text: Asexual reproduction in Ascomycetes (the Phylum Ascomycota) is by the formation of conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called conidiophores. The morphology of these specialized conidiophores is often distinctive of a specific species and can therefore be used in identification of the species.


title: Spore

text: Bacterial spores are extremely resistant. Spores of tetanus and anthrax, for example, can survive in the soil for many years. The origin of these spores was discovered in the 19th century, when a biologist noticed, under the microscope, a small, round, bright body inside bacterial cells. This survived even when the bacteria were boiled for five minutes. This killed the bacteria, but not the spores. They germinated when conditions were right.


title: Spore

text: Plants have alternation of generations. One of the generations is the sporophyte, which produces spores by meiosis, and the other is the gametophyte with produces gametes.


title: Max Planck

text: Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (April 23, 1858 in Kiel – October 4, 1947 in Göttingen) was a physicist from Germany. He discovered quantum mechanics. He won the Nobel Prize in physics.


title: Max Planck

text: Planck came from an old fashioned, intelligent family. His great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen; his father was a law professor in Kiel and Munich; and his paternal uncle was a judge.


title: Max Planck

text: Planck was born in Kiel, Holstein, to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was baptised with the name of "Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx Planck"; of his given names, "Marx" (a now not used variant of "Markus" or maybe simply an error for "Max", which is actually short for "Maximilian") was indicated as the primary name. However, by the age of ten he signed with the name "Max" and used this for the rest of his life.


title: Max Planck

text: He was the sixth child in the family, although two of his brothers and sisters were from his father's first marriage. Among his earliest memories was the marching of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Danish-Prussian war of 1864. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and Planck enrolled in the Maximilians gymnasium school, where he came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth, and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy. Planck graduated early, at age 17. This is how Planck first came in contact with the field of physics.


title: Coimbatore

text: Coimbatore (Tamil: கோயம்புத்தூர்), also known as Kovai (Tamil: கோவை), is the second largest city in the Tamil Nadu, after Chennai. It is the administrative headquarters of the Coimbatore District and a major textile and engineering hub of South India. It forms a part of the ancient Kongu Nadu region of South India, where its people were the first to establish a territorial state. Coimbatore city, including its suburban areas has a population of 2.4 million people.


title: Coimbatore

text: It is referred as the Manchester of South India in business circles, and has textile mills, engineering firms, automobile parts manufacturers, health care facilities and educational institutions. The hill stations of Ooty, Coonoor and Valparai are close to the city, making it a good tourist attraction throughout the year. The city is on the banks of the Noyyal River and is close to the Siruvani Waterfalls.This city is a textile based one.


title: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

text: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (23 October 1925 – 15 May 2010) was the 11th Vice President of India from 2002 to 2007. He was also a M.L.A. from Shrimadhopur. Shekhawat was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).


title: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

text: He was the Chief Minister of Rajasthan three times, from 1977 to 1980, 1990 to 1992 and 1993 to 1998.


title: Ozone

text: Ozone, or trioxygen, is a chemical with the symbol O. This means one molecule of ozone is made of three oxygen atoms. Ozone is rarely called "trioxygen", even though this is its IUPAC systematic name. Ozone is formed from oxygen gas (O) by the action of ultraviolet light and also atmospheric electrical discharges. It is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth's atmosphere. In total, ozone makes up only 0.6 ppm (parts per million) of the atmosphere by volume.


title: Ozone

text: Ozone is important to life on planet Earth. There is a portion of the stratosphere with a high concentration of ozone, called the ozone layer. The ozone layer filters out damaging ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, like a kind of sun screen. Without this ozone layer things would not have been able to live on the surface of our planet. The ozone layer also absorbs a lot of heat from the sun's rays.


title: Ozone

text: However, ozone is toxic to animals and plants above concentrations of about 0.1 ppm. In humans, it can cause nasal and throat irritation, and nausea. Extended exposure can cause lung oedema. 0.100 ppm is the maximum allowable limit for industrial, public, or occupied spaces in England, Japan, France, the Netherlands and Germany. The Ozone layer is in the 10 to 50 kilometer range of the Earth's atmosphere.


title: Nehemiah Grew

text: Nehemiah Grew (26 September 164125 March 1712) was an English plant anatomist and physiologist, the "Father of Plant Anatomy".


title: Nehemiah Grew

text: Grew graduated from Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1661, and ten years later took the degree of M.D. at Leiden University.


title: Nehemiah Grew

text: He began work on the anatomy of plants in 1664, and in 1670 his essay, "The Anatomy of Vegetables begun", was communicated to the Royal Society. The following year he was elected a Fellow. In 1672, when the essay was published, he settled in London, and soon acquired an extensive practice as a physician.


title: Nehemiah Grew

text: In 1673 he published his "Idea of a Phytological History", which consisted of papers he had communicated to the Royal Society in the preceding year, and in 1677 he succeeded Henry Oldenburg as Secretary of the Royal Society. He edited the "Philosophical Transactions" in 1678-1679, and in 1681 he published by request a descriptive catalogue of the rarities preserved at Gresham College.


title: Nehemiah Grew

text: In 1682 appeared his great work on the "Anatomy of Plants", which also was largely a collection of previous publications. It was illustrated with eighty-two plates, with an appendix of seven papers mostly of a chemical character. The "Anatomy" is especially notable for its descriptions of plant structure. He described nearly all the key differences of morphology of stem and root, showed that the flowers of the Asteraceae are built of multiple units, and correctly said that stamens are male organs. "Anatomy of Plants" also contains the first known microscopic description of pollen.


title: Nehemiah Grew

text: Much of Grew's pioneering work with the microscope was done at the same time as that of Marcello Malpighi. The two reportedly borrowed freely from one another. Grew's work on pollen was more extensive than that of Malpighi. It led to the discovery that size and shape is different between species, whereas pollen grains within a species are all alike. This discovery is central to the field of micropaleontology.


title: Sum 41

text: Sum 41 (sometimes called The Sums, originally called Kaspir) is a Canadian rock punk band from Ajax, Ontario. The people currently in the band are Deryck Whibley (lead vocals, guitar, keyboards), Cone McCaslin (bass guitar, backing vocals), and Steve Jocz (drums, percussion, and backing vocals). The band's most known lineup is the same, except with Dave Baksh on lead guitar and backing vocals.


title: Sum 41

text: In 1999, the band signed a record deal with Island Records. Since then, the band has released four studio albums. Their most successful album to date is "All Killer, No Filler." The album had the single "Fat Lip" which did very well, making it the band's most successful single. The second single off the album, "In Too Deep", also did well.


title: Sum 41

text: They often perform more than 300 times in a single year. That is why they are known for their long and worldwide tours, most of which last more than a year. So far, all of the Sum 41 albums have done very well in Canada. Sum 41 has received many awards and nominations. They have been nominated for seven Juno Awards (the Canadian equivalent of a Grammy Award), winning twice.


title: Sum 41

text: Sum 41's influences include NOFX, All, Black Flag, Fugazi, Pennywise, Rancid, Superchunk, Weezer, Beastie Boys, Bad Religion, Buzzcocks, Nirvana, Ramones, Social Distortion, The Offspring, Foo Fighters, The Police, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Guns N' Roses, Metallica, Anthrax, The Vandals, Megadeth, Dio, Slayer, No Use for a Name, Carcass, Elvis Costello, Run-DMC, Lagwagon, Face to Face, Devo, Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock and Green Day.


title: Paul the Octopus

text: Paul the Octopus (said to be hatched January 2008 at Oberhausen, Germany– 26 October 2010) was an octopus living in a tank at a Sea Life Centre in Oberhausen, Germany. Paul became famous around the world for correctly "choosing" the winner of Germany's seven matches at the 2010 World Cup, as well as the final.


title: Paul the Octopus

text: During the divinations, Paul was shown two boxes with a mussel inside them, for food. Each box had, on the outside, a flag of a football team. Paul would eat the mussel from the box with the flag of the winning team. He did this correctly in four of Germany's six Euro 2008 matches, and in all seven of their matches in the 2010 World Cup. He correctly chose a win for Spain against the Netherlands in the World Cup final. His predictions were 100% (8/8) right for the 2010 World Cup and 86% (12/14) correct overall. Paul was retired after the 2010 FIFA World Cup.


title: Paul the Octopus

text: It was at first said that Paul's career as an oracle began during the UEFA Euro 2008 tournament. In the lead-up to Germany's international football matches, Paul (or a similar octopus) was presented with two clear plastic boxes, each containing food: a mussel or an oyster. Each container was marked with the flag of a team, one the flag of Germany, and the other the flag of Germany's opponent. The box which Paul opened first (and ate the contents of) was judged to be the predicted winner of the game.


title: Paul the Octopus

text: Under the thought that Paul had the same chances of choosing the winner or the loser of a match, and not considering the chance of a draw, he had a 1/2 chance of rightly choosing any single game and a 1/256 chance of rightly choosing eight in a row.


title: Scandium

text: Scandium is a metal in a group known as the transition metals. It is also a rare earth metal. What this means is that there is not very much scandium found in the earth. Because of this, the pure metal can be expensive. The pure metal is very reactive, and will react with other elements like oxygen. The metal turns from shiny to gray.


title: Scandium

text: Scandium is not very dangerous because there is not much of it on Earth, so there is not enough of it to harm us. It does not have many uses. Its main use is perhaps as a component in Mercury-vapor lamps. Such lamps are used to light Stadiums.


title: Cache (computing)

text: Caching is a term used in computer science. The idea behind a cache (pronounced "cash" ) is very simple: Very often, obtaining a result for a calculation is very time-consuming, so storing the result is generally a good idea. Two kinds of storage media are used: One is usually quite big, but accessing it is "slow"; the other one can be accessed much faster, but generally it is small. The very basic idea behind caching is to use the medium that is fast to access to have copies of data. There is no difference between the copy, and the original. Accessing the original data may take a long time, or it may be expensive to do (for example: the results of a difficult problem that take a long time to solve). For this reason, it is much "cheaper" to simply use the copy of the data from the cache. Put differently, a cache is a temporary storage area that has copies of data that is used often. When a copy of the data is in this cache, it is faster to use this copy rather than re-fetching or re-calculating the original data. This will make the average time needed to access the data shorter. Putting a new value into a cache often means that an older value needs to be replaced. There are different ideas (usually called "strategies") on how to select the value to replace.


title: Cache (computing)

text: A buffer is very similar to a cache. It is different in that the client accessing the data in a buffer knows there is a buffer; the buffer is managed by the application. With a cache, the client accessing the data need not be aware there is a cache.


title: Cache (computing)

text: Typical computer applications access data in very similar ways. Suppose the data is structured into "blocks", which can be accessed individually. When an application accesses a block it is also very likely to access (or reference) a block that is "close" to the original block. This is known as locality of reference. There are different kinds of such "locality". Locality of reference is one of the reasons why caches work well in many areas of computing.


title: Cache (computing)

text: In order to work well, caches are small, compared to the whole amount of data. The bigger the cache, the longer it takes to lookup an entry. Bigger caches are also more expensive to build.


title: Cache (computing)

text: A cache is a block of memory for storing data which is likely used again. The CPU and hard drive often use a cache, as do web browsers and web servers.


title: Cache (computing)

text: A cache is made up of many entries, called a "pool". Each entry holds a datum (a bit of data) which is a copy of a datum in another place. Caches usually use what is called a "backing store". Backing stores are slow or expensive to access, compared to the cache. A disk cache uses a hard disk as a backing store, for example.


title: Cache (computing)

text: Each entry also has a little information attached, called a "tag". This tag is used to find the location where the original data is stored.


title: Cache (computing)

text: A client (a CPU, web browser, operating system) wants to access a bit of data, it believes to be in the backing store, it first checks to see if the datum can be found in the cache. If the data can be found in the cache, the client can use it and does not need to use the main memory. This is known as a cache hit. So, for example, a web browser program might check its local cache on disk to see if it has a local copy of the contents of a web page at a particular URL. In this example, the URL is the tag, and the contents of the web page is the datum.


title: Cache (computing)

text: The other situation that can occur is that the datum with the tag cannot be found in the cache. This is known as cache miss. The datum needs to be fetched from the backing store. Usually, it is copied into the cache, so that the next time, it no longer needs to be fetched from the backing store.


title: Cache (computing)

text: The cache only has a limited size. To make room for the previously uncached entry, another cached entry may need to be deleted from the cache. Special rules are used to find the entry that should best be deleted. These rules are usually called Heuristics. Heuristics used to find the entry are called replacement policy. A very simple rule used is called "Least recently used" (or LRU). It simply takes the entry that was used the longest time ago. Other heuristics are listed at cache algorithm..


title: Cache (computing)

text: Caches can also be used for writing data; the benefit of this is that the client can continue its operation once the entry has been written to the cache; it does not have to wait until the entry is written to the backing store.


title: Cache (computing)

text: However, the entry must be written to the backing store at some point in time. The timing when this happens is controlled by the write policy.


title: Cache (computing)

text: In a write-through cache, each entry is written to the backing store immediately, as well as being stored in cache.


title: Cache (computing)

text: The other option is to only write to cache, and write to the backing store later. This is known as write-back (or write-behind) cache. The cache marks the entries that have not yet been written to the backing store; the mark that is used is often referred to as dirty flag. Before the entries are deleted from the cache, they are written to the backing store. This is known as lazy write. A miss in a write-back cache (which requires a block to be replaced by another) will often need two memory accesses: one to get the needed datum, and another to write replaced data from the cache to the store.


title: Cache (computing)

text: The caching policy may also say that a certain datum must be written to cache. The client may have made many changes to the datum in the cache. After it is done, it may explicitly tell the cache to write back the datum.


title: Cache (computing)

text: No-write allocation is a cache policy where only reads are cached. This avoids the need for write-back or write-through caching. Writes are done to the backing store all the time.


title: Cache (computing)

text: The client is not the application that changes data in the backing store. If the data changed in the backing store, the copy in the cache will be out of date, or "stale". Alternatively, when the client updates the data in the cache, copies of that data in other caches will become stale. There are special communication protocols that allow cache managers to talk to each other to keep the data meaningful. These are known as coherency protocols.


title: Cache (computing)

text: A cache is small, and it will be full, or almost full, most of the time. So when a new value is added, an old one needs to be removed. There are different ways in which this selection can be done:


title: Cache (computing)

text: The word "cache" was first used in computing in 1967, when a scientific article was prepared to be published in IBM Systems Journal. The article was about a new improvement of the memory in Model 85. Model 85 was a computer of the IBM System/360 product line. The editor of the Journal wanted a better word for "high-speed buffer", used in the article. He got no input, and suggested "cache", from the French "cacher", meaning "to hide". The article was published in early 1968, and the authors were honored by IBM. Their work was widely welcomed and improved."Cache" soon became standard usage in computer literature.


title: Cache (computing)

text: Small memories on or close to the CPU chip can be made faster than the much larger main memory. Most CPUs since the 1980s have used one or more caches. Modern general-purpose CPUs inside personal computers may have as many as half a dozen. Each cache may be specialised to a different part of the task of executing programs.


title: Cache (computing)

text: CPU caches are generally managed entirely by hardware, other caches are managed by a different kinds of software. The operating system usually manages a "page cache" in main memory. Users outside computer science usually call this cache virtual memory. It is managed by the kernel of the operating system.


title: Cache (computing)

text: Modern hard drives have disk buffers. These are sometimes called "disk cache", but this is wrong. The main function of these buffers is to order disk writes, and to manage reads. Repeated cache hits are rare, because the buffer is very small compared to the size of the hard drive.


title: Cache (computing)

text: Local hard disks are fast compared to other storage devices, such as remote servers, local tape drives, or optical jukeboxes. Using local hard disks as caches is the main concept of hierarchical storage management.


title: Cache (computing)

text: Web browsers and web proxy servers use caches to store previous responses from web servers, such as web pages. Web caches reduce the amount of information that needs to be transmitted over the network. Information previously stored in the cache can often be re-used. This reduces bandwidth and processing requirements of the web server, and helps to improve responsiveness for users of the web.


title: Cache (computing)

text: Modern web browsers use a built-in web cache, but some internet service providers or organizations also use a caching proxy server. This is a web cache that is shared between all users of that network.


title: Cache (computing)

text: Search engines also often make web pages they have indexed available from their cache. For example, Google provides a "Cached" link next to each search result. This is useful when web pages are temporarily inaccessible from a web server.


title: Cache (computing)

text: Write-through operation is common in unreliable networks (like an Ethernet LAN). The protocol used to make sure the data in the write cache makes sense when several write caches are used is very complex, in such a case.


title: Cache (computing)

text: For instance, web page caches and client-side network file system caches (like those in NFS or SMB) are typically read-only or write-through to keep the network protocol simple and reliable.


title: Cache (computing)

text: Buffer and cache are not mutually exclusive; they are also often used together. The reason why they are used is different, though. A buffer is a location in memory that is traditionally used because CPU instructions cannot directly address data stored in peripheral devices. Computer memory is used as an intermediate store.


title: Cache (computing)

text: Additionally such a buffer may be feasible when a large block of data is assembled or disassembled (as required by a storage device), or when data may be delivered in a different order than that in which it is produced. Also a whole buffer of data is usually transferred sequentially (for example to hard disk), so buffering itself sometimes increases transfer performance. These benefits are present even if the buffered data are written to the buffer once and read from the buffer once.


title: Cache (computing)

text: A cache also increases transfer performance. A part of the increase similarly comes from the possibility that multiple small transfers will combine into one large block. But the main performance gain occurs because there is a good chance that the same datum will be read from cache several times, or that written data will soon be read. The only purpose of Caches is to reduce accesses to the underlying slower storage. Cache is also usually an abstraction layer that is designed to be invisible from the perspective of neighboring layers. That way, the applications or clients may not be aware that there is a cache.


title: Palmdale, California

text: Palmdale is the largest city in the desert area of California. It is a suburb of Los Angeles. It has a population of 147,897 and is the 6th largest city in Los Angeles County. It is one of the fastest growing cities in the United States, currently the 25th fastest. It has a population of 589,043 if you include the suburbs around it.


title: Palmdale, California

text: Even though Palmdale is in Los Angeles County, it is not connected to the larger Los Angeles population area. It is separated from it by a mountain range called the San Gabriel Mountains that are over 40 miles wide and almost 2 miles high overall.


title: Palmdale, California

text: Palmdale is the home of several airplanes used by NASA and the Air Force, giving it the nickname of ""the aerospace capital of America.""


title: Palmdale, California

text: Palmdale Airport will have one airline called United Airlines that flies to San Francisco, California everyday starting in June 2007.


title: Palmdale, California

text: In 1886, when land in the Antelope Valley sold for 50 cents an acre, a group of 50 Swiss and German families migrated from the Midwest and settled in what is now known as Palmdale. They named their new community “Palmenthal” because they had mistaken the native Joshua trees for palm trees.


title: Palmdale, California

text: The City of Palmdale celebrated its 50th anniversary of incorporation on Aug. 24, 2012. It has consistently been one of the fastest-growing cities in California and in the country. Since 1980, Palmdale’s population has soared from 12,277 to 158,605. Despite its growth, Palmdale continues to cherish the small-town values of a family-oriented community while enjoying all of the conveniences of its booming retail and commercial sectors.


title: Palmdale, California

text: In 1772 Captain Pedro Fages, a Spanish soldier in pursuit of deserting sailors, crossed the southern part of the Antelope Valley into Leona Valley.


title: Palmdale, California

text: After the Shoshone Indians left the valley, immigrants from Spain and Mexico established large cattle ranches there.


title: Josh Peck

text: Joshua Michael Peck (born November 10, 1986) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian, and YouTube personality. He is best known for playing Josh Nichols in the Nickelodeon live-action sitcom "Drake & Josh". He began his career as a child actor in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and became known to young audiences after his role on "The Amanda Show". He has since acted in films such as "Mean Creek", "Drillbit Taylor", "The Wackness", "ATM", and "Red Dawn", along with voicing Eddie in the "Ice Age" franchise. He also starred as Gerald in a lead role with John Stamos in the series "Grandfathered". He formerly voiced Casey Jones in "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". He also starred in a Netflix comedy, "Take the 10", along with Tony Revolori.


title: Josh Peck

text: As of 2017, Peck began branching out in YouTube starting his own comedic lifestyle YouTube channel, Shua Vlogs, featuring David Dobrik and his wife Paige O' Brien.


title: Josh Peck

text: Peck was born in New York City, New York, where he attended P.S. 40 and The Professional Performing Arts School. His parents were unmarried at the time of his birth and he has never met his biological father. He grew up with his mother, Barbara, who is a career coach, and his maternal grandmother. Peck is Jewish, and had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony. He had asthma during his childhood, and often stayed indoors watching old sitcoms. He was inspired to become involved in stand-up comedy when he was eight years old.


title: Josh Peck

text: Peck subsequently appeared at TADA! Youth Theater and performed stand-up comedy at Carolines on Broadway for the Audrey Hepburn foundation. At the age of 13, he was offered a role on Nickelodeon's "The Amanda Show" and, at his mother's suggestion, accepted the part and moved to Los Angeles to further pursue an acting career.


title: Josh Peck

text: Peck made his film debut in "Snow Day" (2000), and appeared regularly on "The Amanda Show" until the end of its run in 2002. He also starred opposite Alex D. Linz and Zena Grey in the theatrical film, "Max Keeble's Big Move", which was released on October 5, 2001. In 2001, he guest starred in an episode of the NBC drama "ER" called "Thy Will Be Done". During this period, Peck appeared in several independent films, including "Spun" and 2004's "Mean Creek", for which he received critical praise. He was cast as Josh Nichols, opposite Drake Bell's Drake Parker, in another Nickelodeon sitcom, "Drake & Josh", which began airing in 2004 and gained Peck recognition among young audiences. Peck's character, Josh Nichols, was smart, funny, and organized, but was always being tormented along with Drake by Megan Parker (Miranda Cosgrove), Drake's younger sister. Both characters sing in a remake of the song "Soul Man" by Sam and Dave. In 2006, Bell and Peck starred in their own TV movie called "Drake & Josh Go Hollywood", and in 2007, they starred in a sequel called "Drake & Josh: Really Big Shrimp". Josh was nominated for Favorite Television Actor at the 2008 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards for his work on "Drake & Josh". Peck also made his debut as a director in the "Drake & Josh" episode, "Battle of Panthatar". He also directed his co-star Drake Bell's music video for the theme song to "Drake & Josh", "Found a Way". He has also appeared in the series finale of "What's New, Scooby-Doo?", an episode of "Codename: Kids Next Door" called "Operation: C.A.K.E.D.-F.I.V.E.", and the direct-to-video New Line Cinema film "Havoc". Peck returned to the character of Josh Nichols in 2008 for the television film "Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh".


title: Josh Peck

text: In 2006, Peck appeared in the independent film "Special", which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, and voiced Eddie, one of two possum brothers, in the animated sequel, "", which was released on March 31 of that year. Peck played a high school bully in 2008's "Drillbit Taylor", and starred in the films "The Wackness" (released July 2008), "American Primitive", "Safety Glass", and reprised his role as Eddie in "".


title: Josh Peck

text: In 2011, Peck had a cameo role on the hit Nickelodeon show "Victorious" as an audience member for a play Jade wrote. In 2012, Peck starred in the remake of "Red Dawn", and once again reprised his role as Eddie, in "". In 2013, he began voicing Casey Jones in Nickelodeon's "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles".


title: Josh Peck

text: In 2014, Peck appeared as Danny Norwood in the pilot of "The Rebels", one of Amazon Studios' five adult test pilots released on Amazon Video in early 2014.


title: Josh Peck

text: In 2015, Peck was cast as a lead in the comedy series, "Grandfathered". He starred alongside John Stamos. "Grandfathered" premiered on September 29 and has gained generally favorable reviews from Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic. Both Peck and Stamos are nominated for a 2016 People's Choice Award in the category "Favorite Actor In A New TV Series".


title: Josh Peck

text: In 2016, Peck was cast as Ross in the FOX series "Pitch". He appeared in 2 episodes as a statistics analyst. The series was cancelled after 10 episodes.


title: Josh Peck

text: In the fourth season of "Drake & Josh", Peck was noticeably thinner. He said: I made a conscious effort to lose weight because I knew I could be happier as well as being healthier. I started by going on a diet a year and a half ago and I got a personal trainer, but I definitely have a healthier lifestyle now. Also I feel that because I do so much television, I am a better role model. I don't really understand why I should be a role model, but I know that kids do look up to me, so it is my responsibility to motivate people and be inspiring. I hope that I can do that for kids. It doesn't really matter what you look like though. He is also a prominent personality on the video-sharing services Vine and Snapchat. He now stars in vlogs made by David Dobrik on YouTube.


title: Josh Peck

text: In June 2017, Peck married his longtime girlfriend, Paige O'Brien. In August 2018, the couple announced they were expecting their first child, a son.


title: Holy Spirit

text: The Holy Spirit was there from the beginning. Genesis 1:2 says that the Holy Spirit helped create the Earth.


title: Holy Spirit

text: When Jesus had finished his ministry on Earth, he told his followers that he would provide "another Comforter" (helper), who would lead them, into truth (John 14:16), and would be their teacher to tell them things that Jesus had not told them, but that they needed to know to continue to live for God.


title: Holy Spirit

text: The second chapter of the book of Acts tells how on the 50th day after Passover (called Pentecost), and 10 days after Jesus ascended to Heaven, Jesus' followers were gathered at the feast. While they were praying, the Holy Spirit came upon them. They began to speak in other languages (tongues).


title: Holy Spirit

text: While most Christians believe that the Holy Spirit is in them from the time they become born again, in Pentecostal denominations, such as the Assemblies of God, it is believed that speaking in unknown languages can still be an expression of the Holy Spirit, and that it is proof that a person has received the baptism of the Holy Spirit.


title: First law of thermodynamics

text: The first law of thermodynamics is that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can change only from one form to another. The law forms the basis of the principle of conservation of energy. This means that anything that uses energy is changing the energy from one kind of energy to another. For example, exercising changes energy from food into kinetic (motion) energy. Another example: In the Sun (or any star), nuclear fusion changes mass into heat and light (electromagnetic radiation), which travels to Earth and is used by plants to create food (chemical energy) via photosynthesis, which can be eaten by animals allowing them to move (kinetic energy). Energy only ever changes its form; it is neither created nor destroyed. This is why perpetual motion machines do not exist and could never exist; it would break a fundamental law of physics.


title: First law of thermodynamics

text: People can use the changes to do work that is useful. Examples of forms of energy in classical mechanics include heat, light, kinetic (movement) or potential energy. However, in modern physics it is considered that there are only two types of energy - mass and kinetic energy, although this may not be helpful to those not familiar with more complex physics.


title: First law of thermodynamics

text: The law means that the total energy of the universe (or any Closed system) is a constant. However, energy can be transferred from one part of the universe to another.


title: First law of thermodynamics

text: James Prescott Joule was the first person who found out by experiments that heat and work are convertible.


title: First law of thermodynamics

text: The first explicit statement of the first law of thermodynamics was given by "Rudolf Clausius" in 1850: "There is a state function E, called 'energy', whose differential equals the work exchanged with the surroundings during an adiabatic process."


title: First law of thermodynamics

text: In thermodynamics and engineering, it is natural to think of the system as a heat engine which does work on the surroundings, and to state that the total energy added by heating is equal to the sum of the increase in internal energy plus the work done by the system. Hence formula_1 is the amount of energy lost by the system due to work done by the system on its surroundings. During the portion of the thermodynamic cycle where the engine is doing work, formula_1 is positive, but there will always be a portion of the cycle where formula_1 is negative, e.g., when the working gas is being compressed. When formula_1 represents the work done by the system, the first law is written:


title: First law of thermodynamics

text: People disagree whether energy is a positive or a negative number. So that formula_6 is the flow of heat out of the system, and formula_1 is the work into the system:


title: First law of thermodynamics

text: Because of this ambiguity, it is very important in any discussion involving the first law to explicitly establish the sign convention in use.


title: Cardinality

text: In mathematics, the cardinality of a set means the number of its elements. For example, the set "A" = {2, 4, 6} contains 3 elements, and therefore "A" has a cardinality of 3. The cardinality of a set A can also be represented as formula_1.


title: Cardinality

text: Two sets have the "same" (or "equal") cardinality if and only if they have the same number of elements, which is the another way of saying that there is a 1-to-1 correspondence between the two sets. The cardinality of the set "A" is "less than or equal to" the cardinality of set "B" if and only if there is an injective function from "A" to "B". The cardinality of the set "B" is "greater than or equal to" the cardinality of set "A" if and only if there is an injective function from "A" to "B".


title: Cardinality

text: The "cardinality" of a set is only one way of giving a number to the "size" of a set. The concept of measure is yet another way.


title: Cardinality

text: The cardinality of a finite set is a natural number. The smallest cardinality is 0. The empty set has cardinality 0. If the cardinality of the set "A" is "n", then there is a "next larger" set with cardinality "n"+1 (for example, the set "A" ∪ {"A"}). If ||"A"|| ≤ ||"B"|| ≤ ||"A" ∪ {"A"}||, then either ||"B"|| = ||"A"|| or ||"B"|| = ||"A" ∪ {"A"}||.) There is no largest finite cardinality.


title: Cardinality

text: An infinite set is considered countable if they can be listed without missing any (that is, if there is a one-to-one correspondence between it and the set of natural numbers formula_2). Examples include the rational numbers, integers, and natural numbers. Such sets have a cardinality that we call formula_3 (pronounced "aleph null", "aleph naught" or "aleph zero"). Sets such as the real numbers are not countable, since given any finite or infinite list of real numbers, it's always possible to find a number that's not on that list. The real numbers have a cardinality of formula_4—the cardinality of the continuum.


title: Vasa (ship)

text: Vasa was a big Swedish warship. The ship was built from 1626 to 1628. The same year "Vasa" was ready outside Stockholm, but sank by accident on her maiden voyage (first trip). "Vasa" sank because she was too heavy on top. Those who built her knew that she had problems, but they didn't dare say that to the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus. He was not in Sweden when "Vasa" was built and he wanted her to go fight in the Thirty Years' War as soon as possible. There was a hearing about why "Vasa" sank, but no one was found guilty or judged for her sinking.


title: Vasa (ship)

text: Swedish divers in diving bells brought up some of "Vasa"'s cannons from the sunken ship in the 1660s. Anders Franzén found "Vasa" in 1956 after he had read about the ship in sources and looked for her in the water around Stockholm. The ship was brought up in 1961 and was then treated with special chemicals so that it would last for a long time. The preservation treatment took almost 20 years to complete. "Vasa" is now in the Vasa Museum in Stockholm, Sweden. It is a very popular place for tourists to visit. It gets more than one million visitors every year.


title: Vasa (ship)

text: When "Vasa" was brought up there were thousands of things inside her. There were bones of people, clothes, weapons, tools, coins, food and even some of the sails. The things and "Vasa" have been very good for historians, because they helps them understand how it was in Sweden in the 1600s. "Vasa" was a very expensive ship and was one of the largest in the world. She had hundreds of sculptures, and they were painted in many colors. She was a symbol of how powerful Sweden wanted to look and how good the Swedish king was.


title: Ming-Na Wen

text: Ming-Na Wen (born November 20, 1963) is a Chinese actress. She is known for doing the voice of Fa Mulan in the Disney film 1998 "Mulan" and "Mulan II". She played Jing-Mei Chen in "ER". Wen plays Agent Melinda May in "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D".


title: Ming-Na Wen

text: Wen was born in Hong Kong. Her name means "enlightenment". When she was a child she moved to the United States. In 1995 she married Eric Michael Zee. She lives with him in California.


title: The Elephants' Graveyard (1976)

text: The Elephants' Graveyard is a 1976 British drama television play. It was written by Peter McDougall for the BBC's "Play for Today". It stars Billy Connolly and Jon Morrison.


title: The Elephants' Graveyard (1976)

text: Two strange unemployed men meet in an old house in the woods. They find out that they both are pretending to work.


title: The Elephants' Graveyard (1976)

text: You get neither chance nor choice. You leave school and straight to work without even thinking about it. Then you get married without even knowing about it. Then spend the rest of your days using both as an excuse for never have done anything with your life.


title: Auch

text: Auch (Gascon: "Aush" or "Aux") is a commune in southwestern France, in the region of Occitanie. It is the "prefecture" (capital) of the Gers department. It is also the capital of 3 "cantons": Auch-1, Auch-2 and Auch-3.


title: Auch

text: Auch is the historical capital of Gascony and the people of this city are known, in French, as "auscitain" (women: "auscitaines").


title: Auch

text: Auch is an ancient town. The name of "Auch" comes from the people that inhabited the area at the time of the Roman conquest. The name of this tribe was "Ausci", singular "Auscus".


title: Auch

text: The Romans named the town where that tribe lived as "Augusta Auscorum" (or "Augusta Ausciorum"), which means "Augusta of the Ausci". Eventually, "Augusta" was dropped, and the name changed into modern Gascon "Aush", and modern French "Auch".


title: Auch

text: Auch is in the southwest of France, in Armagnac (Gascony), in the valley of the Gers river. It extends along the sides of the river that gives its name to the department.


title: Auch

text: The "commune" is, in straight line, at from the Pyrenees, from the Bay of Biscay, from Bordeaux, from Toulouse and from Pau.


title: Auch

text: Auch is surrounded by the following "communes", all of them part of the arrondissement of Auch: Roquelaure to the north, Preignan and Montaut-les-Créneaux to the northeast, Leboulin and Montégut to the east, Pessan to the southeast, Pavie to the south, Lasséran and Barran to the southwest, Ordan-Larroque and Duran to the west and Castin and Castillon-Massas to the northwest.


title: Auch

text: The climate of the department is an oceanic climate with template summers, Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate) in the Köppen climate classification.


title: Auch

text: The average temperature for the year in Auch is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .


title: Auch

text: The highest recorded temperature in Auch is , which was recorded in August. The lowest recorded temperature in Auch is , which was recorded in January.


title: Auch

text: The average amount of precipitation for the year in Auch is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .


title: Auch

text: Auch is the prefecture of the Cantal department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of Auch and the administrative centre () of three cantons:


title: Auch

text: A city founded by the Romans, Auch had its period of power during the Middle Ages, when it was the capital of the old province of Gascony. The high quality of the limestone is an important component of its monuments and buildings, such as its cathedral.


title: Roger Taylor (Queen drummer)

text: Roger Meddows Taylor (born 26 July 1949) is an English musician, singer and songwriter. He is best known as the drummer of the rock band Queen.


title: Incubus

text: In the Middle Ages, people in Europe believed that Incubi (one Incubus, several Incubi) were male demons. There were also female demons, called succubi. They lay on sleeping people, to have sexual intercourse with them. They would also do this to make other incubi. While they had sex with their victim, they drained its energy to sustain themselves. Sometimes, having sex with an incubus may result in a child, as in the legend of Merlin. Some sources say that the incubus may be identified by its unnaturally cold penis. Religious tradition holds that repeated intercourse with such a spirit by either males or females may result in bad health, or even death.


title: Incubus

text: People have come up with different explanations for the incubus legends. In the Middle Ages, people worried a lot about sin, especially sexual sins of women. Victims may have been experiencing waking dreams or sleep paralysis. Also, nocturnal arousal, orgasm or nocturnal emission could be explained by the idea of creatures causing an otherwise guilt-producing and self-conscious behavior. The influence of incubi could also have been used to explain how pregnancies happen outside marriage; such pregnancies were often "unexplainable".and unnoticed


title: Incubus

text: Victims who claimed to have fallen prey to the influence of incubi, could in reality have been victims of sexual assault by a real person. Rapists may have attributed the rapes of sleeping women to demons in order to escape punishment. A friend or relative may have assaulted the victim in her sleep. The victims and, in some cases the clergy, may have found it easier to explain the attack as supernatural in origin rather than confront the idea that the attack came from a trusted person.


title: Incubus

text: One of the earliest mentions of an incubus comes from Mesopotamia on the Sumerian kings' list, ca. 2400, where the hero Gilgamesh's father is listed as Lilu (Lila). It is said that Lilu disturbs and seduces women in their sleep, while Lilitu, a female demon, appears to men in their erotic dreams. Two other demons appear as well: Ardat lili visits men by night and bears ghostly children from them. Irdu lili, is the male counterpart to Ardat lili. He visits women by night. These demons were originally storm demons. Because the etymology was interpreted wrongly, they were later seen as night demons. Also considered to be vampires which is another form of a demon that is said to drink blood from its victims.


title: Incubus

text: Incubi and succubi were said by some not to be different sexes, but the same demon able to change its sex. A succubus would be able to sleep with a man and collect his sperm, and then transform into an incubus and use that seed on women. Their offspring were thought to be supernatural in many cases, even if the actual genetic material originally came from humans.


title: Incubus

text: Many tales claim that the incubus is bisexual, but some indicate that it is strictly heterosexual and finds attacking a male victim either unpleasant or detrimental. There are also many stories involving the attempted exorcism of incubi or succubi who have taken refuge in the bodies of men or women.


title: Incubus

text: Incubi are sometimes said to be able to conceive children. The half-human offspring of such a union is sometimes referred to as a cambion. The most famous legend of such a case includes that of Merlin, the famous wizard from Arthurian legend.


title: Incubus

text: According to the "Malleus Maleficarum", exorcism is one of the five ways to overcome the attacks of Incubi, the others being Sacramental Confession, the Sign of the Cross (or recital of the Angelic Salutation), moving the afflicted to another location, and by excommunication of the attacking entity, "which is perhaps the same as exorcism." On the other hand, the Franciscan friar Ludovico Maria Sinistrari stated that incubi "do not obey exorcists, have no dread of exorcisms, show no reverence for holy things, at the approach of which they are not in the least overawed."


title: Janakinath Bose

text: Janakinath Bose (28 May 1860 – 2 December 1934) was an Indian lawyer and the father of Indian independence leader Subhas Chandra Bose.


title: Yandex

text: Yandex N.V. (; ) is a Russian web browser built to become the next Google back in 2006. The website has gone through many changes like being just a searching browser, an entire email and becoming into a multi-service website. The company was originally founded in 2000 by Arkady Volozh but as stated before, the website didn't start until 2006. Currently headquartered in Moscow, Russia.


title: Yandex

text: Yandex runs Yandex Translate, a machine translation program. It uses computer software to translate text or speech from Russian into either English or Ukrainian or back. Yandex Translate started in 2011. The team that built it read thousands of documents and their translations and built a dictionary for Yandex Translate.


title: Yandex

text: In 2020, the Mozilla Firefox web browser added a tool to that could translate webpages. That tool can use only Google Translate and Yandex Translate.


title: Graduation (album)

text: Graduation is the third studio album by American hip hop recording artist and producer Kanye West. It was released on September 11, 2007 on Roc-A-Fella Records. It is also West' last album to be influenced by a college theme in both the albums title and artwork.


title: Karl Dönitz

text: Karl Dönitz ( ) (16 September 1891 – 24 December 1980) was a German naval leader. He commanded the German Navy ("Kriegsmarine") during the second half of World War II. Dönitz was also President of Germany for 23 days after Adolf Hitler's suicide. For his role in World War II, Dönitz was referred to as "der Löwe" (the Lion).


title: Karl Dönitz

text: Dönitz was born in Berlin. He entered the Imperial German Navy ("Kaiserliche Marine") in 1911. During World War I, he served on surface ships. Later he was transferred to submarines (U-boats). He remained in the navy after the war and rose through the ranks of the German Navy of the Weimar Republic ("Reichsmarine") and the German Navy of the Third Reich ("Kriegsmarine"). He became a "Großadmiral". He served as Commander of Submarines ("Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote", "B.d.U."). Later, he became Commander-in-Chief of the German Navy ("Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine"). He got this position, even though he never joined the Nazi Party. Under his command, the U-boat fleet fought the Battle of the Atlantic. He also served as "Reichspräsident" for 23 days after Adolf Hitler's suicide. He ended the war as a prisoner-of-war of the British.


title: Karl Dönitz

text: After the war Dönitz was charged and convicted of "crimes against peace" and "war crimes" at the Nuremberg Trials. He served ten years in prison. He ordered the unrestricted submarine warfare which was done by Germany in the North Atlantic. With this, he caused Germany to be in breach of the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936.