title: Contract bridge

text: Contract bridge, or just bridge, is a trick-taking card game. It is played by two pairs of players, one pair against the other pair. Partners sit opposite each other at a table.


title: Contract bridge

text: In face-to-face games, a convenient table size is from 32 to 40 inches (80 to 100 centimeters) square. The table is usually covered by green baize cloth. The point of the cloth is to stop cards skittering (sliding) across the table. In online computer play, players from anywhere in the world sit at a virtual table.


title: Contract bridge

text: Millions of people play bridge in clubs, tournaments, online and with friends at home. It is one of the world's most popular card games. The World Bridge Federation is the governing body for international competitive bridge.


title: Contract bridge

text: The game is played in a number of "deals". Each deal goes through four phases: dealing the cards, the auction (also referred to as bidding), playing the cards, and scoring the results.


title: Contract bridge

text: Most club and tournament play uses duplicate bridge, where the cards are not re-dealt during a session. The same deals are played by most or all players. This allows comparative scoring. The method has one peculiarity: in competition between pairs, all boards count for an equal number of points. The same number of points are available on each and every board (hand). These points are distributed according to the scores. This is a fundamental difference between duplicate bridge pairs and rubber bridge.


title: Contract bridge

text: used. This is because teams play the same set of boards at each table, but with the seating of players changed (N/S to E/W and E/W to N/S). Thus both teams play the same set of boards.


title: Contract bridge

text: It is played with the standard 52 cards in four suits. The game developed out of whist, which is a relatively old card game. Bridge developed in a series of stages from about 1890 to about 1930. The stages included bridge-whist and auction bridge, and the developments took place mostly in New York and London. The origin of the word "bridge" in this context is not really known. One possibility is that it is taken from an 1886 book, "Biritch, or Russian Whist" by John Collinson.


title: Contract bridge

text: Contract bridge became one of the most popular pastimes when it was publicised by Ely Culbertson, a leading American player and organiser. Anglo-American matches got huge publicity in the newspapers, cinema and radio of the 1930s.


title: Contract bridge

text: Whist is played with the trump suit chosen by chance, whereas in bridge it is chosen by a process called "bidding". A trump is a card which can beat any card from the other three suits.


title: Contract bridge

text: In whist, the winners had to get most of the tricks (a trick is a round of four cards), that is, seven or more tricks. However, in bridge the players bid in sequence to decide what the "contract" shall be. The contract is decided by the last bid, and will be in one of the four suits, or in "no trumps", without a trump suit.


title: Contract bridge

text: The scoring rules and the bidding process evolved through stages between 1890 and about 1930. Bids at the one level are offers to make at least seven tricks. Bids at the seven level are offers to make all thirteen tricks. The lowest bid one can make is "one club" and the highest bid is "seven no trumps".


title: Contract bridge

text: The scoring system for bridge is very much more complicated than it is for whist. Fundamentally, it depends on whether or not declarer makes his contract or not. If he does not, the defending side collect penalty points. If he does make the contract his side wins points. How many points are won or lost depends on the scoring system (not discussed here). Harold S. Vanderbilt played a key role in designing the scoring system, and in 1927 the Whist Club of New York produced a code for contract bridge. They and the Portland Club of London became the authorities who guided the later minor changes to the rules.


title: Contract bridge

text: The set-up for playing the cards is also different from whist. The side which wins the bidding sequence plays with only one partner ("declarer") controlling both hands. His or her partner is called "dummy", and that hand is played face up on the table so all players can see it.


title: Contract bridge

text: Like much else in the game, the idea of duplicate play was invented for whist. At "whist drives" North/South pairs sat in the same positions throughout, East/West pairs moved up the series of tables and boards moved down. This simple movement was invented in the 19th century. The first game of duplicate whist was organised by "Cavendish" in London 1857, but it was not followed up. It was played in Chicago in 1880, and the first book about it was written in 1891 by John T. Mitchell. His simple method is known as the Mitchell movement.


title: Contract bridge

text: Duplicate bridge for pairs differs in one important way from rubber bridge or team-of-four bridge. That is: in duplicate bridge every hand is equal, and so every hand offers the same number of points. It is by far the most popular form of bridge today, but it is the form least like the original game.


title: Contract bridge

text: At matchpoints, all hands offer the same number of points when the result is scored. Points available for each board are the same, no matter whether they are bid to a part-score or a slam. Making one more overtrick than everybody else on a board gives the same result (the top) as making a slam that nobody else bid.


title: Contract bridge

text: This has all kinds of consequences. Beginners are still taught the original game, but most bridge is duplicate. Many players never discover the difference, and few understand how to play this version differently from older types of bridge.


title: Contract bridge

text: Due to the above, it is often unclear to the defence, and sometimes even to declarer, what their goals are. Thus mastering matchpoints play requires additional skills.


title: Contract bridge

text: In the example above, West was the dealer and first to bid. The bidding goes as shown with South becoming the declarer in a 4 spades contract, he being the first to bid spades. East-West become the defenders and West becomes the opening leader, North becomes the dummy and spades the trump suit.


title: Contract bridge

text: Mostly, bridge is a social game played in clubs. A number of tables play the same set of hands, which allows for the scoring of individual pairs to be ranked. The deal is done by a computerised method. A pseudo-random algorithm sets the hands (the sets of cards held by each player). The computer is linked to a mechanical device which deals the cards and delivers them into the hands. These are put into the holding boards. The boards are then put on the tables.


title: Contract bridge

text: Daniels, David 1980. "The Golden Age of Contract Bridge". New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0812825763. Includes all stages from the history of whist to contract bridge, up to about 1950.


title: Mini

text: The Mini is a small car made by the British Motor Corporation (BMC), British Leyland and Rover from 1959 to 2000. It used a transverse engine and front-wheel drive, where the turning power was put on the front wheels of the car rather than the back wheels. Its design saved a large amount of space. It allowed most of the car's size to be used for passengers and luggage. It had only two doors, but could seat up to four passengers.


title: Mini

text: The design was very influential for car-making in the second half of the 20th century. In 1999, the Mini was voted the second most influential car of the 20th century, behind the Ford Model T. The original model is considered an icon of the 1960s in Britain.


title: Mini

text: It was first released in August 1959. Rover ceased production in October 2000. It was marketed under the names Austin, Morris, Cooper, Wolseley, Riley, British Leyland and Rover.


title: Geographic Names Information System

text: The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) contains name and location information about more than two million physical and cultural features in the United States of America and its Territories. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey and the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) to promote the standardization of feature names.


title: Close vowel

text: A close vowel, also called a high vowel, is a type of vowel. It is used in many spoken languages. When you say a close vowel, your tongue is very close to the top of your mouth. It isn't touching the top, however, because if it were to touch the top of your mouth, it would be called a consonant.


title: Close vowel

text: "Close" is recommended by the International Phonetic Association. In America, however, they are called high vowels.


title: Film processing

text: Photographic film is able to record images. In order to make these images visible, the film needs to undergo a number of chemical processes. The result of these processes will either be negatives or slides. This is generally known as "developing". Different films need different processes. The process for black and white film is different from that for slide film. In general, the process involves the following steps:


title: Film processing

text: There are different kinds of films. The most common of these is film negative. With negative film, all colors are reversed. This is corrected in an additional step of making a "print" of each image.


title: Film processing

text: So called reversal film, which is used for diapositives, directly produces "positive" images (which are "framed" to become a slide).


title: Eurovision Asia Song Contest

text: The Eurovision Asia Song Contest was a proposed singing contest. It was to be like the Eurovision Song Contest but it would be held in the Asia-Pacific part of the world. By May 2017, Australia, Hong Kong, and Singapore had offered to host the first contest. The inaugural contest would be intended to be developed by the Australian broadcaster SBS and production partner Blink TV, in co-operation with the EBU.


title: Eurovision Asia Song Contest

text: In the first contest would have had 10 countries (Australia, China, Japan, Kazakhstan, Maldives, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, South Korea and Vanuatu).


title: Master's degree

text: A master's degree is the certificate that students get after they complete their bachelor's degree and continue to study in a university in some specific field. In other words, a person must first get a bachelor's degree before they can get a master's degree. People with this degree are considered to possess more advanced knowledge of the field that they had studied, as compared to those who only get a bachelor's degree. There has recently been an increase in programs leading to these degrees in the United States. More than twice as many such degrees are now awarded, as compared to the 1970s. In Europe, most countries offer master's degrees in all fields.


title: Andrzej Duda

text: Andrzej Sebastian Duda (born 16 May 1972) is a Polish politician and lawyer. On 6 August 2015, he became the President of Poland. He has a PhD in law. From 2006 to 2007, he was a secretary of state in the Ministry of Justice. From 2008 to 2010, Duda was secretary of state in the Office of President of Poland, Lech Kaczyński. He was also a member of the European Parliament.


title: Ebola virus

text: Ebola virus or Ebola virus disease (EVD), often shortened to Ebola, is a very dangerous virus. It belongs to the family "Filoviridae." Four different types of Ebola virus can cause a severe disease which is often fatal. Ebola infection causes hemorrhagic fever which starts suddenly. "Hemorrhagic" means that the victim will bleed a lot, inside and outside of their body. The virus attacks almost every organ and tissue of the human body, causing multiple organs to fail at once. Out of every 100 people who get Ebola, on average 25 to 90 die.


title: Ebola virus

text: The virus was first found in Sudan. It is mostly found in Africa, with very few cases in Europe and the United States.


title: Ebola virus

text: The Ebola virus that makes people sick lives in the blood and other liquids and organs in some kinds of non-human animals without killing them. Scientists think the animals it lives in are mainly some kinds of monkeys or fruit bats. When people touch animals that have the virus, or secretions that came out of those animals, they can get sick.


title: Ebola virus

text: Ebola cannot be caught through the air, or by being near sick people. The virus can only go from liquids into people's bodies. This means Ebola can be caught by touching a sick person's blood, saliva, mucus, semen, diarrhea, vomit, or other fluids that come out of a sick person's body.


title: Ebola virus

text: If a person does not die from the disease, he can still give other people the infection by having sex for nearly another two months after they stop being sick. This is because the virus can still be in the man's semen after a long time.


title: Ebola virus

text: 1. Once the virus enters the human body via mucosal surfaces, abrasions or injuries in the skin or by direct parental transmission, it fuses with the cells lining the respiratory tract, eyes, or body cavities.


title: Ebola virus

text: 2. It invades the macrophages and dendritic immune cells and releases its genetic content. The cell explosion triggers the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines initiating a ‘cytokine storm’. The genetic material takes over the cell machinery to replicate itself; new copies of the virus are formed and released into the system.


title: Ebola virus

text: 3. The virus then, goes on to attack spleen, kidneys and even the brain. The blood vessels leak blood and fluid into the surrounding tissues. This atypical clotting and bleeding at the same time manifests externally in the form of rashes.


title: Ebola virus

text: 4. The virus causes the shutdown of other vital organs such as liver and lungs too. In fact, it is able to invade almost all human cells through different attachment mechanisms for each cell type (except for lymphocytes). The very cells that are meant to fight infection are used as carriers to spread infection to other body parts


title: Ebola virus

text: 5. It has been found that the ebola-infected cells do not undergo normal apoptosis, but exhibit vacuolization and signs of necrosis.


title: Ebola virus

text: When people get Ebola the first symptoms look like some other diseases. People get a fever and feel very tired. Their head, stomach, joints, and throat might hurt. Sometimes, people think they have other diseases like malaria or typhoid fever.


title: Ebola virus

text: Later, people get much sicker. They bleed both inside and outside their bodies. They have blood in their diarrhea and vomit. They bleed from their noses, mouths, and genitals/sex organs. They get shock: low blood pressure, fast pulse (heart rate), and low blood circulation to the body. Their organs might stop working. Ebola also causes stiffness throughout the body which makes it hard for sick people to move.


title: Ebola virus

text: There is no cure for Ebola, but if people get care quickly from doctors and nurses at a hospital, more of them live. People with Ebola need a lot of fluids to replace fluids lost from diarrhea, vomiting, and bleeding. The most important care is giving them water with a very small amount of salt and sugar in it. This is called oral rehydration. It helps to replace their fluids and blood. It is also important to give medicines in case they get bad blood pressure and blood circulation.


title: Ebola virus

text: In December 2016, a study found the VSV-EBOV vaccine to be very effective (in the neighborhood of 70–100%) against the Ebola virus, making it the first vaccine against the disease.


title: Ebola virus

text: Many Ebola vaccine candidates had been developed in the decade prior to 2014, but as of October 2014, none had yet been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans.


title: Ebola virus

text: World Community Grid is a computing project that is seeking possible drug treatments. People donate the spare time on their computers to the project.


title: Interactive whiteboard

text: An interactive whiteboard is a large, interactive screen that connects a computer and a projector. The projector projects the computer's desktop onto the screen of the interactive whiteboard. The user can control the computer by using a special pen, finger or another tool to touch the screen of the interactive whiteboard. Normally, interactive whiteboards are fixed on walls. However, there are some mobile interactive whiteboards. Interactive whiteboards are used in many different places such as in classrooms, in work groups and in training rooms for professional coaching. Interactive whiteboards are the modern version of the traditional whiteboards used in schools.


title: Interactive whiteboard

text: The interactive whiteboard must be connected to an PC before you can use the whiteboard. Most whiteboards are connected to the computer's Serial port or to a USB port. Some newer systems can use a wireless connection to the computer.


title: Interactive whiteboard

text: The summary of use the interactive whiteboard includes three words: controlling, translation and presentation.


title: Interactive whiteboard

text: In this system the projector is placed in front of the whiteboard. Either the projector is fixed on the whiteboard or it hangs on the ceiling.


title: Interactive whiteboard

text: The teacher or the student must stand in front of the whiteboard and sometimes their body will cast a shadow.


title: Interactive whiteboard

text: The teacher does not cast a shadow and does not look into the projector light while speaking to the students.


title: Phillis Wheatley

text: Phillis Wheatley (May 8, 1753 – December 5, 1784) was a poet. She was the first African-American person to have a book published. She was born in West Africa. However it is not known which country she was born in. It was Senegal or The Gambia. She took work as a slave in the United States when she was about seven years old on a slave ship called The Phillis. Her master and his wife taught her how to read and write. Wheatley wrote her first published poem when she was 13. She wrote over 100 poems in her life and at least 30 had lost.Although she was an African slave, Phillis Wheatley was one of the best-known poets in America. In 1770 Wheatley wrote a poetic tribute to the evangelist George Whitefield. A lot of people said good things about the poem. In 1773 a collection of 39 poems Wheatley had written, "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral by Phillis Wheatley..." It was the first writings by an African American woman to publish in public. The book made her famous in England and the American colonies. There was a poem in the book about slave trader brought people from Africa to America. Other than this Wheatley did not write much poetry about slavery. Wheatley's mistress Mrs. Wheatley died on October 18, 1773. At this point Wheatley did not have to do household chores anymore. Yet, it was not until 1778 that she had set free when her master, John Wheatley, died. That year she married John Peters. Peters was a free black grocer. They had two children. Both of them died when they were babies. Her husband got put in prison in 1784 for debt. After this Wheatley became very poor. Wheatley died of illness in 1784 in Boston. She was 31 years old.


title: Phillis Wheatley

text: Phillis Wheatley was born around 1753 in Gambia, Africa. She got captured by slave trader and brought to America in 1761, which she was only a seven or eight years old girl. Her front teeth was missing that time. When she arrived America, she got sold to Wheatley family in Boston, Massachusetts. The reason John Wheatley purchased her was that he needed some young girls to serve his wife, who has weak body. In addition, the Wheatley family educated her. After sixteen months, she can read the Bible, and books in different three languages. Wheatley family saw the talent from her, so they allow her to focus on her study. When she at fourteen years old, she began writing the poem and published her first poem in 1767.


title: Phillis Wheatley

text: On April 1, 1778, Wheatley married John Peters, a handsome and well-mannered free black. They knew each others for five years,then they married. He likes to call himself Dr. Peters, practicing law and keeping a grocery store at the court. But, his business did not work well and match his dream. Soon after their marriage, they moved to Wilmington, Massachusetts. Shortly returning to Boston they set up their home in the run-down section of the city. Since John Peter could not find a job and that made them became very poor. She had three children with John Peter but they all died when they were still a baby. The debt from John Peter makes Wheatley go to work as a charwoman.


title: Phillis Wheatley

text: Her writing style seems to affect by different things.Her writing style also embraced the elegy, likely from her African roots. It was the role of girls to sing and perform funeral dirges. Religion was also a key influence, and it led Protestants in America and England to enjoy her work. Wheatley’s poems reflected several influences on her life. She is strongly against slavery, she emphasizes that all the different people should all have their freedom. For example, America separates from England, and African American set free from slavery. She wrote several letters to ministers and others on liberty and freedom. That shows she put her belief in her letters and her poems to tell the people what she thinks is right.


title: Phillis Wheatley

text: Two of Wheatley's writings were printed after she died. Vincent Carretta wrote a book about Wheatley's life called "Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage". It was published in 2011. In 2012, Robert Morris University named the new building for their School of Communications and Information Sciences after Phillis Wheatley. A statue of Wheatley is part of the Boston Women's Memorial on Commonwealth Ave in Boston.


title: Takumi Minamino

text: Minamino was born in Izumisano. He started his club career at J1 League club Cerezo Osaka in 2012 and in his first season he was named "J.League Rookie of the Year". In 2014, he moved to Austrian club Red Bull Salzburg. He spent four successful season at Salzburg before moving to Liverpool on 1 January 2020. On February 1, 2021 Minamino joined Southampton on loan for the rest of the 2020-21 Premier League season.


title: Takumi Minamino

text: Minamino has made over 20 appearances for the Japan national team. He was part of the squad that reached final of the 2019 AFC Asian Cup and played in the 2022 FIFA World Cup.


title: Mustapha Hadji

text: Mustapha Hadji (born 16 November 1971) is a Moroccan football player. He has played for Morocco national team.


title: Semiotics

text: Semiotics (or semiology) is a theoretical framework for the study of the meaning of language, signs and symbols. It was first developed in the early 20th century, separately, by the Swiss Ferdinand Saussure and Charles Sanders Peirce of the U.S.A. It can be described as both a science and a technique: a science because it has its own theories and a technique because it is a way of studying systems of representation and meaning. The meaning can be intentional such as a word uttered with a specific meaning, or unintentional, such as a symptom being a sign of a particular medical condition. Signs can communicate through any of the senses, visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, or gustatory.


title: Semiotics

text: The importance of signs and signification has been recognized throughout much of the history of philosophy, and in psychology as well. The term derives from the Greek: σημειωτικός, "sēmeiōtikos", "observant of signs" (from σημεῖον "sēmeion", "a sign, a mark"). For the Greeks, "signs" occurred in the world of nature, and "symbols" in the world of culture. As such, Plato and Aristotle explored the relationship between signs and the world.


title: Semiotics

text: The general study of signs that began in Latin with Augustine culminated with the 1632 "Tractatus de Signis" of John Poinsot, and then began anew in late modernity with the attempt in 1867 by Charles Sanders Peirce to draw up a "new list of categories." More recently, Umberto Eco, in his "Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language", has argued that semiotic theories are implicit in the work of most, perhaps all, major thinkers.


title: Dynamic random-access memory

text: DRAM is called dynamic (or active), because it must be refreshed all the time or it will lose the data which it is supposed to be storing. Because it loses data when power is removed, DRAM is called volatile. This word comes from the Latin adjective "volātilis", which means "flying, fleeting, transitory".


title: Dynamic random-access memory

text: Refreshing DRAM means "reading" the data "from" the DRAM and directly "writing" them "back" to the DRAM.


title: Dynamic random-access memory

text: DRAM is made up of millions of very small capacitors. Each of these capacitors has a transistor to let energy in and out. The capacitor slowly loses energy, and if the DRAM is not refreshed, in the end one or more of the capacitors will let so much energy out, that for example a 1 will become a 0, so data will be lost or corrupted. Almost all computers refresh their DRAM many times per second.


title: Dynamic random-access memory

text: DRAM is often compared to SRAM (Static RAM). SRAM is able to store data as long as power/energy is used. There is no need to refresh it. SRAM can also be faster than DRAM. But SRAM is much more expensive than DRAM. Also, SRAM uses more electric power and heats up much faster than DRAM.


title: Dynamic random-access memory

text: DRAM and SRAM lose the data when the power to them is turned off, unlike non-volatile random-access memory.


title: Assassination of James A. Garfield

text: The assassination of President James A. Garfield happened in Washington, D.C. on July 2, 1881. Garfield was shot in the back by Charles J. Guiteau at about 9:30 am, less than four months into Garfield's term as the 20th President of the United States.


title: Assassination of James A. Garfield

text: Guiteau shot Garfield after being mad at him about not receiving credit for Garfield's victory in 1880 after he wrote a speech about Garfield but never made the speech. The 31st Speaker of the United States House of Representatives James G. Blaine was at Garfield's side when he was shot down.


title: Assassination of James A. Garfield

text: Garfield died eleven weeks later on September 19, 1881 aged 49. He was the second of four Presidents to be assassinated, after Abraham Lincoln and the next president to be assassinated would be William McKinley and next John F. Kennedy. His Vice President, Chester A. Arthur, became the next President after Garfield. And on June 2, 1882 Guiteau was executed by hanging, aged 40.


title: Assassination of James A. Garfield

text: Garfield also lived the longest after the shooting, than the other Presidents. Lincoln and Kennedy died less than a day after being shot, and McKinley died a week later.


title: Seasonal affective disorder

text: Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), also called winter depression, winter blues, summer depression and seasonal depression, is a mood disorder that happens in people who have normal mental health throughout most of the year. They show depressive symptoms at the same time each year, usually in the winter.


title: Seasonal affective disorder

text: Some people think that SAD is related to not having enough serotonin because they don't get enough sunlight, which could cause serotonin polymorphisms. Serotonin polymorphisms could be the cause in SAD, although it has been disputed (people think it's not correct).


title: Seasonal affective disorder

text: Treatments include light therapy, medication, ionized-air administration, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and taking the hormone melatonin at the right time. Doctors often cure SAD with bright light therapy, although normal light therapy is the most common treatment for SAD. Part of light therapy can include being in sunlight, either directly from being outside, or by using a computer controlled heliostat (a device that includes a mirror, usually a plain mirror, usually turns to keep reflecting sunlight on a specific object) to reflect into the windows of a home or office. Physical exercise is also a good form of therapy for SAD, especially when combined with other forms of treatments.


title: Quentin Oliver Lee

text: Quentin Oliver Lee (January 28, 1988 – December 1, 2022) was an American actor and producer, known for having worked on various stage productions such as "The Phantom of the Opera" and "Caroline or Change".


title: Quentin Oliver Lee

text: He started his career in 2007, where he appeared in many stage plays, where he had some incredible career accomplishments, including performing as 'soloist in Handel's Messiah with the Flagstaff Master Chorale, guest soloist for Sedona Opera Saloons, soloist for the Day celebration of MLK in Jax Beach, Florida, and as an artist at the Romanian embassy in New York'. He also appeared in the Tony Award-nominated play Caroline or Change. He married his wife Angie Lee in 2010, they had a daughter named Samantha.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: The prime minister of New Zealand is New Zealand's head of government. This job is given to the leader of the party or coalition with the most support in the Parliament of New Zealand. Since 26 October 2017, the prime minister has been Jacinda Ardern of the Labour Party.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: The power of the presidency has grown substantially since the office's establishment in 1789. While presidential power has ebbed and flowed over time, the presidency has played an increasingly strong role in American political life since the beginning of the 20th century, with a notable expansion during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. In contemporary times, the president is also looked upon as one of the world's most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower. As the leader of the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP, the president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: The prime minister holds the most senior post in the New Zealand Parliament. The prime minister is not able to give direct orders to other people in their party.


title: Madras Presidency

text: Madras Presidency was an administrative subdivision (presidency) of British India. At its greatest extent, the presidency included most of southern India, including the whole of the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh and parts of Odisha, Kerala, Karnataka, Telangana, and the union territory of Lakshadweep. The city of Madras was the winter capital of the Presidency and Ootacamund or Ooty, the summer capital. The island of Ceylon was a part of Madras Presidency from 1793 to 1798 when it was created a Crown colony.


title: Madras Presidency

text: In the early decades of the 20th century, many significant contributors to the Indian independence movement came from Madras. After India got its independence Madras Prescidency became Madras State and later renamed as Tamil Nadu during C.N.Annadurai's reign as the chief minister.


title: Madras Presidency

text: In 1822, the Madras Presidency underwent its first census, which returned a population of 13,476,923.The last census of British India held in 1941 counted a population of 49,341,810 for the Madras Presidency.According to the 1871 census, there were 14,715,000 people who spoke Tamil, 11,610,000 people who spoke Telugu, 2,324,000 people who spoke Malayalam, 1,699,000 spoke Canarese or Kannada, 640,000 people spoke Oriya and 29,400 people spoke Tulu.


title: Ruth Buzzi

text: Ruth Ann Buzzi (born July 24, 1936) is an American comedian and actress. She is most famous for her performances on the variety show "Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In". She most often appeared as the unwilling object of "dirty old man" character Tyrone F. Horneigh's affection. Ruth appeared as Ruthie on seasons 25 (1993-1994)-32 (2001) of Sesame Street.


title: Ruth Buzzi

text: Buzzi received 5 Emmy Award nominations. She won the Golden Globe Award in 1973 for her work on "Laugh-In".


title: Ruth Buzzi

text: Buzzi received a Clio Award for Best Spokesperson in a television commercial for her series of Clorox-2 commercials. She is among the first of only a few Caucasian women to win an NAACP Image Award.


title: Ruth Buzzi

text: Ruth Buzzi guest starred as a music and comedy performer on dozens of prime time television specials with colleagues including Jonathan Winters, Carol Burnett, Jim Nabors, Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, Jerry Lee Lewis, Wayne Newton, Anne Murray, Rolf Harris, Dom DeLuise, Tony Orlando to name just a few. She appeared 8 times on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" and has made more than 200 other television guest appearances.


title: Ruth Buzzi

text: Ruth Buzzi graduated with honors from the Pasadena Playhouse in Pasadena, California. She was one of the first recipients of the Pasadena Playhouse Alumni Achievement Award along with her former classmates Dustin Hoffman and Gene Hackman.


title: Ruth Buzzi

text: Buzzi was a presenter at the 2009 Emmy Awards along with several members of her debut series, "Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In".


title: Ruth Buzzi

text: Buzzi and her husband collect automobiles. Some of their collection is at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles, California.


title: Anisul Hoque

text: Anisul Hoque (; born March 4, 1965) is a Bangladeshi author, novelist, dramatist, and journalist. Hoque was born in Rangpur in 1965. His father was Mofazzal Hoque. His mother is Mst Anwara Begum. Hoque graduated from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, trained as a civil engineer. He is currently working as a journalist. Currently, Hoque is working as an Associate Editor of a Bengali language daily, Prothom Alo.


title: Hungarians

text: Hungarians, also known as Magyars ( ; ), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history, ancestry and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the Uralic language family.


title: Goldie Hawn

text: Goldie Jeanne Hawn (born November 21, 1945) is an American actress, director and producer. Her mother was an American Jew of Hungarian immigrant parents. One of her early roles was as a cast member of "Laugh-In", a comedy series on NBC television. She won the Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award in 1969 for her work in "Cactus Flower". She then left "Laugh-In" to continue her movie career.


title: Goldie Hawn

text: Hawn is famous for her acting in many movie comedies during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. Her son, Oliver Hudson, is a television and movie actor. Her daughter is Kate Hudson, who is an actress and has been nominated for an Oscar. Hawn has another son, Wyatt Russell, whose father is actor Kurt Russell, Hawn's longtime partner.


title: Industrial engineering

text: Industrial engineering is a type of engineering. It is one of the fastest growing areas of engineering. It looks at what makes organizations work best. An industrial engineer tries to find the right combination of human and natural resources, technology, equipment, information and finance to do the work best. Industrial engineering is important to finding the answers to many important problems in manufacturing, distribution of goods and services, health care, utilities, transportation, entertainment, and the environment. Industrial engineers design and change how things are done to increase quality, safety and productivity.


title: Sarah Bernhardt

text: Sarah Bernhardt (; born Henriette-Rosine Bernard; 22 or 23 October 1844 – 26 March 1923) was a French stage actress, and has often been called "the most famous actress in the history of the world". Bernhardt made her fame on the stages of Europe in the 1870s, and was soon working in Europe and the United States. She developed a reputation as a serious actress, getting the nickname "The Divine Sarah."


title: Sarah Bernhardt

text: She was born in Paris as Marie Henriette Bernardt, the daughter of Julie Bernardt and a Dutch father. She added the letter "H" to her first and last name, and used the name of Edouard Bernardt, her mother's brother, as the name of her father. This was probably done to hide the fact that her father was unknown.


title: Sarah Bernhardt

text: Bernhardt's career started in 1862, when she was a student at the Comédie-Française. She was not very successful there, and left to become a courtesan by 1865. She became famous in Europe in the 1870s, and was soon in demand all over Europe and in New York. She may have been the most famous actress of the 19th century. She coached many young women in the art of acting, including Liane de Pougy.


title: Sarah Bernhardt

text: In 1905, while performing in Rio de Janeiro, Bernhardt hurt her right knee during the final scene when she jumped from a high wall. The leg never healed properly, showing signs of bruising. By 1915, gangrene had set in and her entire right leg was amputated, meaning she was in a wheelchair for several months. Nonetheless, she continued her career. She carried out a successful tour of America in 1915, and died on returning to France. On 26 March 1923, Bernhardt died of uremia following kidney failure. She is buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.


title: Seaweed

text: Seaweed is a term used for several kinds of algae that live in the ocean. Red algae, Green algae and Brown algae are commonly considered to be seaweed. Seaweed gets its energy from photosynthesis just as plants do.


title: Seaweed

text: Two specific environmental requirements are important in seaweed ecology. These are the presence of seawater (or at least brackish water) and the presence of enough light for photosynthesis.


title: Seaweed

text: Another common requirement is a place to attach to. As a result, seaweeds are commonly found near the shore. Within that area, they are found more often on rocky shores than on sand or shingle. Seaweeds occupy a wide range of ecological niches. The highest elevation is only wetted by the tops of sea spray, the lowest is several meters deep. In some areas, seaweeds near the shore can extend several miles out to sea. The limit to how much they grow in such cases is based on how much sunlight there is. The deepest living seaweeds are the various kelps.


title: Seaweed

text: A number of species such as "Sargassum" have adapted to a fully planktonic niche and are free-floating, depending on gas-filled sacs to stay afloat.


title: Seaweed

text: Others have adapted to live in tidal rock pools. In this niche seaweeds must withstand rapidly changing temperature and salinity (amount of salt) and even occasional drying.


title: Seaweed

text: People living on the coast often eat seaweed, especially those in East Asia, such as Japan, China, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. It is also used in Belize, Peru, the Canadian Maritimes, Scandinavia, Ireland, Wales, Philippines, and Scotland.


title: Seaweed

text: Tiwi, Albay residents discovered a new pancit or noodles made from seaweed. These have health benefits. Seaweed is rich in calcium and magnesium and seaweed noodles can be cooked into pancit canton, pancit luglug, spaghetti or carbonara.


title: Seaweed

text: In Asia, Zicai (紫菜) (in China), gim (in Korea) and nori (in Japan) are sheets of dried "Porphyra" used in soups or to wrap sushi. "Chondrus crispus" (commonly known as Irish moss or carrageenan moss) is another red alga used in producing various food additives, along with Kappaphycus and various gigartinoid seaweeds. "Porphyra" is a red alga used in Wales to make laver. Laverbread, made from oats and the laver, is a popular dish there. Affectionately called "Dulce" in northern Belize, seaweeds are mixed with milk, nutmeg, cinnamon, and vanilla to make a common beverage.


title: Seaweed

text: Seaweeds are also harvested or cultivated for the extraction of alginate, agar and carrageenan, gelatinous substances collectively known as hydrocolloids or phycocolloids. Hydrocolloids have attained commercial significance as food additives. The food industry exploits their gelling, water-retention, emulsifying and other physical properties. Agar is used in foods such as confectionery, meat and poultry products, desserts and beverages and moulded foods. Carrageenan is used in salad dressings and sauces, dietetic foods, and as a preservative in meat and fish products, dairy items and baked goods.


title: Seaweed

text: Seaweed extract is used in some diet pills. Other seaweed pills exploit the same effect as gastric banding, expanding in the stomach to make the body feel more full.


title: Seaweed

text: Seaweed is currently under consideration as a potential source of bioethanol. Seaweed is an ingredient in some toothpaste, cosmetics and paints.


title: Osijek

text: Osijek is a city in Croatia. As of 2011, 108,048 people lived in the city. It is the fourth largest city in the country.


title: Osijek

text: It is the largest city and the economic and cultural centre of the eastern Croatian region of Slavonia, as well as the administrative center of Osijek-Baranja County. Osijek is on the right bank of the river Drava, upstream of its confluence with the Danube.


title: Dian Fossey

text: Dian Fossey (January 16, 1932 – December 26, 1985) was an American zoologist. She is best known for studying gorillas in Rwanda.


title: Dian Fossey

text: Fossey was inspired by a book called "The Mountain Gorilla" by George Schaller. Fossey studied mountain gorillas in Rwanda because of the book. When people want to get close to gorillas and get to know them they have to gain the gorillas trust. Fossey changed her lifestyle to match the gorillas’. She wanted to protect the gorillas from hunters. Hunters were going into places where to one was allowed to hunt. She also wanted to protect the endangered animals in the area, even though some people didn’t agree with her ideas. She is a hero to many people for what she did to help mountain gorillas. There is a movie that was made based on what she experienced in Africa. The movie is called "Gorillas in the Mist". Her book, also named "Gorillas in the Mist", is the best-selling book on gorillas of all time.


title: Dian Fossey

text: She is recognized for saving mountain gorillas and starting a successful fund to help raise money for gorillas everywhere.


title: Dian Fossey

text: Fossey was born in San Francisco. She was an only child. She was very lonely as a child. Her parents divorced when she was six years old. Fossey loved animals since childhood but she was never allowed to have a pet.


title: Dian Fossey

text: She attended the University of California in Davis. At college she was in a veterinary program. She transferred schools to San Jose State University after two years. Fossey earned a bachelor degree of arts degree in occupational therapy. She became a very good horseback rider in college. She worked at a hospital in Kentucky for disabled children. Fossey was inspired by a book about mountain gorillas. She decided to travel to Africa to study gorillas. She met Louis Leakey who is a famous anthropologist. Leakey hired Fossey study gorillas for a long time. Fossey observed gorillas for many years. Fossey later earned a PhD from Cambridge College in England. The PhD was for her gorilla research.


title: Dian Fossey

text: Fossey was found dead in her house on December 26, 1985 at the age of 53. Reports think that she was killed by poachers. Her head was cut by a panga, a weapon used by poachers. Fossey was buried at the site she created as a graveyard for the gorillas.


title: Dian Fossey

text: Fossey studied the lives of mountain gorillas for 18 years. She was the world’s expert on mountain gorillas. Her dedication allowed for mountain gorillas to continue as a species. Some of the people who lived in the area did not like her because of her thoughts on how the gorillas should be treated. She did not want them to be in zoos, harassed by tourists, harmed or killed for meat.


title: Jesus in Islam

text: Isa Masih was a 1st century preacher. In Islam, he is the penultimate prophet and messenger of God, sent to guide the Children of Israel with a revelation: "Injīl". He is believed to be a descendant of Ibrahim, and is seen as an example for all Muslims to follow. According to the Quran, Jibrael told that the name of the figure will be Masih Isa.


title: Jesus in Islam

text: According to the Quran, Isa foretold the coming of Muhammad in As-Saff 61:6. In Islam, Isa is the only prophet to return. Muslims believe that Isa will return in a Second Coming to fight Gog and Magog and "Al-Masih ad-Dajjal" or "False Messiah" and establish peace and justice on earth.


title: Jesus in Islam

text: The birth narrative in the Quran for Isa begins at Quran 19:16–34 and Q3:45–53. Islamic theology affirms Maryam as a pure vessel. Islamic exegesis affirms the virginal birth of Isa. The narrative of the virgin birth is an announcement to Mary by the angel Gabriel while Mary is being raised in the Temple after having been pledged to God by her mother. Gabriel states she is honored over all women of all nations and has brought her glad tidings of a holy son. A hadith narrated by Abu Hurairah, quotes Muhammad explaining that both Jesus and Mary were protected from Satan's touch at birth, quoting from Q3:36. The Quran states that son of Maryam and his mother a sign; and we made them abide in an elevated place, full of quiet and watered with springs."


title: Jesus in Islam

text: Some Muslims believe that Isa became a prophet when he was born and spoke in infancy. From the Islamic basis, reflected upon all previous prophets through the lens of Muslim identity, Isa is considered no more than a messenger repeating a repetitive message of the ages. Some Islamic traditions believe Isa's mission was only to the people of Israil and his status as a prophet being confirmed by numerous miracles.


title: Jesus in Islam

text: Muslims believe that God revealed to Isa a new scripture, "Injīl" (the Gospel), while also declaring the truth of the previous revelations: "Tawrat" (the Torah) and "Zabur" (the Psalms). The Quran speaks favorably of "al-Injīl." Traditional Islamic exegesus claiming the biblical message to have been distorted or corrupted. This polemic effort has its origins in the medieval period with Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad's writings.


title: Jesus in Islam

text: The Quran states that Isa was aided by a group of disciples who believed in His message. The Quran mentions in chapter 3, verses 52–53, that the disciples submitted to the faith of Islam:


title: Jesus in Islam

text: The longest narrative involving Isa's disciples is when Jesus performs the miracle of bringing a table of food from heaven at their request, for further proof that his preaching is the true message.


title: Jesus in Islam

text: Muslims believe that Isa was not crucified and was raised up into the skies instead of being crucified. Muslims believe that a lookalike was crucified. According to some Shia writings, Isa ascended to heaven wearing a woolen shirt, spun and sewed by Maryam, his mother. As he reached the heavenly regions, he was addressed, 'O Isa, cast away from you the adornment of the world.


title: Jesus in Islam

text: According to Islam, Isa Masih will descent at a white minaret, on the eastern side of Damascus (believed to be the Minaret of Isa in the Umayyad Mosque), Isa would slay the Dajjal, and then everyone who is one of the People of the Book ("ahl al-kitāb", referring to Jews, Sabians and Christians) will believe in him. Thus, there will be one community, that of Islam.


title: Jesus in Islam

text: After the death of "al-Mahdi", Jesus will assume leadership. This is a time associated in Islamic narrative with universal peace and justice. Islamic texts also allude to the appearance of "Ya'juj and Ma'juj" (known also as Gog and Magog), ancient tribes which will disperse and cause disturbance on earth. God, in response to Jesus' prayers, will kill them by sending a type of worm in the napes of their necks, and send large birds to carry and clear their corpses from the land. According to a hadith, Jesus will marry, have children and rule for forty years after which he will die. Isa would be buried in the city of Madinah in a grave left vacant beside Muhammad, Abu Bakr, and Umar.


title: Hudson Bay

text: The Hudson Bay is a bay that goes into East-central Canada. It is the fourth largest sea in the world with an area of 316,000 square miles (819,000 square kilometres). The northern and western shores belong to Nunavut, the southern shore is split between Manitoba and Ontario, and the eastern shore belongs to Quebec. It is connected with the Atlantic Ocean through the Hudson Strait, which is in the northeast of the bay, and with the Arctic Ocean through the Foxe Channel in the north part of the bay.


title: Hudson Bay

text: It was named for the English explorer Henry Hudson, who, in 1610 on the ship "Discovery", found the bay and clamed it for England.


title: Qin dynasty

text: The Qin dynasty ruled in China from 221 BC to 206 BC. It was created by the warlord Qin Shi Huang during the Warring States Period and defeated several other states in the area to unite China. The Qin ruled China for only a very short time, during which they built both the Terracotta Army and parts of the Great Wall of China.


title: Qin dynasty

text: The second, and final emperor, Qin Er Shi, was overthrown by a popular rebellion after the first Qin emperor died. It was followed by the Han dynasty. The Han dynasty was founded by Liu Bang in 202 BC. The Qin Dynasty made its mark in China's history.


title: Aisha

text: Aisha bint Abu Bakr (604-678; ) was the third wife of Muhammad. Aisha is given honour in Islam, especially in the Sunni branch. She is often called by Muslims "Umm-al-mu'minin" which means "the Mother of the Believers".


title: Aisha

text: Aisha was the daughter of Abu Bakr of Mecca. Aisha was six years old when she was betrothed to Muhammad. (Marriage under the age of 21 was common worldwide at the time) She was not Muhammad's only wife.


title: Aisha

text: Her ten-year marriage to Muhammad ended when he died. Aisha lived fifty more years in and around Medina. Much of her time was spent learning the Quran, and the Sunnah of Muhammad.


title: Peace Corps

text: The Peace Corps is an independent United States federal agency. The Peace Corps was started by Executive Order 10924 on March 1, 1961, and allowed by Congress on September 22, 1961, with passage of the Peace Corps Act (Public Law 87-293). The first president of the Peace Corps was Sargent Shriver. The Peace Corps Act says the purpose of the Peace Corps is:


title: Peace Corps

text: “to promote world peace and friendship through a Peace Corps, which shall make available to interested countries and areas men and women of the United States qualified for service abroad and willing to serve, under conditions of hardship if necessary, to help the peoples of such countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower.”


title: Diesel-electric

text: A diesel-electric engine is a diesel generator, a diesel engine that drives an electric generator. The generator feeds electric power to an electric motor which turns a driveshaft. Its efficiency is higher than when an engine drives a shaft through gears. Most locomotives and many ships use diesel-electric drive.


title: Diesel-electric

text: Many diesel-electric drives, especially small ones, store the electricity in a battery. Some designs also store braking energy in a flywheel, which can also charge a battery. However, these add even more complexity and weight to the vehicle, so are more appropriate for city driving where service stations are always available and there is much stop and go driving.


title: Diesel-electric

text: Because they do not require any change or investment in stations nor much in vehicle design, diesel-electric vehicles are believed to be the most likely replacement for today's internal combustion engine. When properly tuned, they have low emissions and they use only about one-third of the fossil fuel of most gasoline engines powering similar vehicles.


title: Diesel-electric

text: Honda and Toyota are presently delivering consumer priced diesel-electric cars. By contrast, hydrogen infrastructure is thought to be decades off, and is not fully implemented even in Iceland where there is abundant free geothermal electricity.


title: Diesel-electric

text: In countries like India, government is focusing on fully electric trains rather than diesel electric. That too electricity will be produced by renewable sources like Solar.


title: Diesel-electric

text: Many activists feel that promoting hydrogen is a stall, a way to avoid forcing the shift to diesel-electric vehicles in the nearer term.


title: Heat lamp

text: A heat lamp is a lamp (light) with the main purpose of making heat. This is commonly infrared light but white light incandescent lightbulbs are also used. Sometimes the glass of the light bulb is colored to cut out yellow and even higher frequency light (to let the infrared light through, which has most of the heat).


title: Heat lamp

text: Humans can use these lamps to keep warm, to warm a part of the body that is injured and needs gentle heat, etc. These lamps are also frequently used to keep baby chickens, piglets or other baby animals warm.


title: Scotty 2 Hotty

text: Scott Ronald Garland (born July 2, 1970 in Westbrook, Maine) is an American firefighter and professional wrestler who is best known for working with WWF/E and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) under the ring name, Scotty 2 Hotty.


title: Scotty 2 Hotty

text: He was one-half of the tag-team Too Cool with Grandmaster Sexay and sometimes Rikishi. During his time in Too Cool, Garland won the WWE Tag Team Championship 1 time with Rikishi and won the WWF World Tag Team Championship with Grandmaster Sexay. He also defeated Dean Malenko to win the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship on April 17, 2000 but he held the title for only 10 days before he dropped it back to Malenko on April 27, 2000.


title: Scotty 2 Hotty

text: In February 2013, he began training as a firefighter and graduated from the Lake Tech Fire Academy in Tavares, Florida in June 2013.


title: Heraldry

text: Heraldry is the art and science of designing and using a coat of arms. The study of coats of arms is also called "armory". The practice of using distinct markings on a person's shield started in the Middle Ages, when a knight's helmet covered his face, making everybody look the same in battle. At first, only knights and nobility had coats of arms, but in the Middle Ages, some cities started using heraldry too. By the end of the Middle Ages, other people began using coats of arms, now called "burgher arms", which means they belong to a commoner and not a member of the nobility. An official in charge of approving and recording coats of arms is called a "herald". The related study of flags is called "vexillology".


title: Heraldry

text: Heraldry is described in English using a specialised jargon called "Blazon" which is based on French words. Heraldry uses only bold, bright colors, called "tinctures", with special names. Gold, for instance, is called "Or". This word is often capitalised to distinguish it from the conjunction "or". Silver and white are sometimes treated as different colors, but in English Blazon both are called "argent". Some combinations of colors represent furs, and these have names that are only used in heraldry. There are a number of geometric shapes, called "ordinaries", that are used in heraldry, and each of these has a special name too. The shield may be divided in a number of ways, usually following the lines of the ordinaries.


title: Asian Development Bank

text: The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966, which is headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. The company also maintains 31 field offices around the world to promote social and economic development in Asia. The bank admits the members of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP, formerly the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East or ECAFE) and non-regional developed countries. From 31 members at its establishment, ADB now has 68 members.


title: Asian Development Bank

text: The ADB was modeled closely on the World Bank, and has a similar weighted voting system where votes are distributed in proportion with members' capital subscriptions. ADB releases an annual report that summarizes its operations, budget and other materials for review by the public. The ADB-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP) enrolls about 300 students annually in academic institutions located in 10 countries within the Region. Upon completion of their study programs, scholars are expected to contribute to the economic and social development of their home countries.


title: Asian Development Bank

text: As of 31 December 2018, Japan and the United States each holds the largest proportion of shares at 15.571%. China holds 6.429%, India holds 6.317%, and Australia holds 5.773%.


title: Asian Development Bank

text: The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established on 22 August 1966 to facilitate economic development of countries in Asia. The President of the Asian Development Bank is Abhist Vejjajiva


title: Persian cat

text: The Persian is a cat from Persia (now Iran). Ir is one of the oldest breeds of domesticated cats. It has a long and rich history that can be traced back to ancient Persia. The first documented reference to the Persian cat was in a book written by an Islamic scholar named Ibn Al-Nafis in 1258 AD. He described them as a longhaired cat that the royal family kept in Persia.


title: Persian cat

text: Persian cat are called Longhair or Persian Longhair in Britain. It was made by English breeders and the American ones after the Second World War. Because of very careful breeding, it has gotten a really flat face and many different colors. While most cat fanciers love the flat faced Persian, this brings along many illnesses. The public likes the traditional faced Persian more than the flat faced one. They can get polycystic kidney disease easily.


title: Persian cat

text: The gentle and easy-going nature of the Persian makes it very easy to live in apartments with this cat. While it is the top cat in the United States, its popularity has decreased in France and the United Kingdom.


title: Christopher Lambert

text: Christophe Guy Denis Lambert (born March 29, 1957) who is known professionally by his credited stage name Christopher Lambert is an American-born French actor, novelist and movie producer, who has appeared in American, as well as French and other European movies. He is best known for his work as Connor MacLeod, or simply "The Highlander", from Highlander and the Highlander (movie franchise).


title: Christopher Lambert

text: He is also known for his roles as Tarzan in "" and as the thunder god Raiden in the first movie adaptation of the video game "Mortal Kombat". He is sometimes credited internationally as "Christopher Lambert", with the notable exceptions of French-speaking countries, where he is known as "Christophe Lambert" and in anime adaptations as "Chris Lambert".


title: Christopher Lambert

text: Lambert was born in Great Neck, New York to French parents. Lambert was married to Diane Lane from 1988 until they divorced in 1994. Later he married Jaimyse Haft from 1999 until they divorced in 2000. He was married to Sophie Marceau from 2012 until they divorced in 2014. His career began in 1978 and he still continues to act.


title: Bob the Builder

text: Bob the Builder is a British-American television program for children. It is broadcasted on the BBC and around the world. It was first broadcast on April 12, 1999. It is developed by Hit Entertainment for BBC Television.


title: Bob the Builder

text: The show is about the life of a builder named Bob, and his talking vehicles and machines who help him fix things. Bob has a partner named Wendy and a cat named Pilchard. The slogan of the show is "Can we fix it? Yes we can!".


title: Bob the Builder

text: There are albums of songs from "Bob the Builder". Out of these songs, there are 2 number 1 hits, "Can We Fix It?" and "Mambo No. 5". There is also the number 81 hit "Big Fish Little Fish". There is also merchandise which is based on the show.


title: Bob the Builder

text: In 2015, a Bob the Builder 2015 series aired on Cartoonito and Channel 5's Milkshake block. In 2018, it left Cartoonito. In 2021, it left Channel 5 as it has since ended its run. Two years after the 2015 series ended, The original Bob the Builder aired on Qubo but Qubo ceased operations on February 28, 2021. A new titled Bob the Builder reboot series is to be announced.


title: Artificial insemination

text: Artificial insemination is when sperm is put into the cervix of a female to make her pregnant without sexual intercourse. It is often used for breeding livestock. It can also be used in human women insemination. It is the process of breeding without sexual inter course. It is when a males sperm is extracted from the body and inserted the cervix and which in theory will make a woman pregnant.


title: Pearl Harbor (movie)

text: Pearl Harbor is a 2001 American epic war movie. The movie also has romance and action elements in it. It was directed by Michael Bay and was produced by Michael Bay and Jerry Bruckheimer. "Pearl Harbor" was released on May 25, 2001. The movie is based on the attack on Pearl Harbor.


title: Pearl Harbor (movie)

text: The movie gained negative reviews from critics and holds a 25% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Even though the movie received negative reviews, it was a major box office success and earned almost $450 million worldwide. The movie was nominated for four Academy Awards and won one for Best Sound Editing.


title: Pearl Harbor (movie)

text: Many Pearl Harbor survivors did not like the movie. They called it grossly inaccurate and pure Hollywood. In an interview, producer Jerry Bruckheimer was quoted saying, "We tried to be accurate, but it's certainly not meant to be a history lesson".


title: Flood control

text: Flood control is a term to refer to measures that protect settlements, people and property against flooding. Such measures include building dams, levees and weirs. People also move away from floodplains where flooding is frequent.


title: Flood control

text: Although it may be impossible to prevent flooding, there are a number of methods you can carry out to stop the water coming into your home or working environment. Simply follow these steps:


title: Khaby Lame

text: Khabane Lame (; born 9 March 2000) is a Senegalese social media personality based in Italy. He does TikTok videos in which he silently mocks complicated life hack videos. He is is the most-followed TikToker.


title: Electroplating

text: Electroplating is the coating of an object with a metal. It is done by immersing the object and a bar of the metal in a solution containing the metal ions. Electric current is then applied; the positive goes to the metal and the negative goes to the object. The metal bar dissolves in the solution and plates out on the object, forming a thin but durable coating of metal. It is often used to gold-plate objects for decoration or to stop corrosion. Normally the metal becomes fragile, and is only used for display.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Captain Sir Thomas Moore (30 April, 1920 – 2 February, 2021), popularly known as Captain Tom, was a former British Army officer. He was known for his philanthropic work. Moore was in India and the Burma campaign during the Second World War. He later became an instructor in armoured warfare.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Moore was born on 30 April 1920 to British parents. His father was from of a family of builders, and his mother was a head teacher. Moore went to Keighley Grammar School.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: After the war, he worked as managing director of a concrete company and was a motorcycle racer. He was born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: On 6 April 2020, at the age of 99, he began to walk around his garden to raise money for NHS Charities Together during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the goal of raising £1,000 by his hundredth birthday. By 27 April he had raised over £29 million. He co-recorded a cover version of the song "You'll Never Walk Alone", which was at the top of the UK music charts and made him the oldest person in history to have a number one single.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: On 31 January 2021, Moore was taken to Bedford Hospital after testing positive for COVID-19 and being treated for pneumonia. On 2 February, he died from the illness aged 100.


title: 2008 UEFA Cup Final

text: The 2008 UEFA Cup Final was the 37th final of the UEFA Cup. It is UEFA's second-tier club football tournament. The match was played at the City of Manchester Stadium. It is the home stadium of Manchester City F.C., in Manchester, England, at 20:45 CEST (19:45 local time) on 14 May 2008.


title: 2008 UEFA Cup Final

text: The match was played by Zenit St. Petersburg of Russia and Rangers of Scotland. It was called a battle of Rangers coaching staff, with ex-boss Dick Advocaat, currently the manager of Zenit against current boss Walter Smith. Smith has had two times as manager of Rangers. Both coaches led the Rangers to the Scottish domestic treble; Smith in 1993 and Advocaat in 1999.


title: 2008 UEFA Cup Final

text: Zenit won the match 2–0. They had goals from Igor Denisov and Konstantin Zyryanov. It was their first UEFA Cup title. It made them only the second Russian side to win the competition, after CSKA Moscow in 2004–05.


title: 2008 UEFA Cup Final

text: The logo of the final shows a picture of the City of Manchester Stadium, created by English artist Liam Spencer. It was first shown at a ceremony in the stadium on December 6.


title: 2008 UEFA Cup Final

text: Zenit and Michel Platini asked the British government to ease visa procedures for Russian fans, despite Russia having cancelled visas for British fans travelling to 2008 UEFA Champions League Final in Moscow. However, the Director for British Visa Services for the CIS, Mandy Ivemy, said that "for the U.K. government, visas and biometric checks are a vital part of immigration policy, and we are not prepared to waive them".


title: 2008 UEFA Cup Final

text: Meanwhile, there was a mass flow of Rangers fans into Manchester. Over a hundred thousand supporters 'invaded' the city despite the club's official ticket allocation being just 13,000 and police requests for fans to stay at home. The influx of people resulted in there being no vacant hotel rooms in a twenty-mile radius of the city and the total amount of money that was ploughed into the local economy was estimated to be around £25 million.


title: 2008 UEFA Cup Final

text: Rangers' home ground, Ibrox, was opened to show a live beamback of the match to approximately 30,000 spectators. Fans queued overnight for a seat in the stadium. The capacity was reached more than two hours before kick-off.


title: 2008 UEFA Cup Final

text: Zenit St. Petersburg were without the competition's top scorer, Pavel Pogrebnyak, who had picked up two bookings in the knockout stages of the tournament and was therefore suspended. However, they were able to call upon their other star names such as attacking midfielders Andrei Arshavin and Konstantin Zyryanov, as well as holding midfielder Anatoliy Tymoschuk.


title: 2008 UEFA Cup Final

text: Rangers manager Walter Smith started with Jean-Claude Darcheville on his own up-front, with a five-man midfield supporting him comprising Steven Davis, Kevin Thomson, Steven Whittaker, Barry Ferguson and Brahim Hemdani. Neil Alexander was making only his tenth start in goal for Rangers, first choice keeper Allan McGregor was injured.


title: 2008 UEFA Cup Final

text: The event was marred by fans rioting in Manchester city centre; these riots started after a big screen that was due to show the match had failed. BBC News 24 interrupted normal programming to broadcast the riots live on television. ITN's flagship News at Ten programme gave a lot of coverage to the riots.


title: 2008 UEFA Cup Final

text: A Zenit fan was also attacked and stabbed. Six Rangers fans were arrested on suspicion of grevious bodily harm.


title: Music competition

text: A music competition is an event in which people compete for prizes by performing music. Music competitions can be for solo performers or for small or large groups such as orchestras, bands or choirs. Some competitions are for young people who are starting to make a professional career in music. Other music competitions may be for amateurs, which means that professional musicians are not allowed to compete.


title: Music competition

text: The person who decides who is the winner is called the adjudicator. Some big festivals have a team of several adjudicators who decide together on the winner.


title: Music competition

text: The British and International Federation of Music Festivals organizes music competitions for amateurs in many parts of the British Isles. Children and adults can take part, competing in classes for music, speech and drama and dance. Competitions like these are often called "festivals" because the main reason for taking part is to enjoy performing rather than just to win.


title: Music competition

text: There are many big international competitions for some of the most talented musicians from all over the world. Winning a big competition can help a young musician to start a successful career. Some people think it can also be a bad thing to win a big competition, especially for musicians who are still very young. It may make them a star for a short time but they still have to get better and mature as a musician and a person.


title: Anteater

text: An anteater is a mammal of the family Myrmecophagidae and the suborder Vermilingua. Anteaters live in South America and Central America.


title: Anteater

text: Anteaters eat ants and termites. They have long, sharp claws and a long, sticky tongue. The tongue can be up to 60 cm long, as long as a person's arm. The anteater opens an ant nest with its claws. Then it licks up the ants with its tongue.


title: Anteater

text: Large anteaters that move on the ground knuckle-walk, bending their front toes under when they move the way gorillas do. Small anteaters that live in trees do not do this.


title: Montenegrin language

text: Montenegrin ( ; ) is a normative variety of the Serbo-Croatian language. It is the official language of Montenegro.


title: Montenegrin language

text: The Montenegrin alphabet has three more letters than the Serbian one; Ś, З and Ź. Besides those letters, the Serbian and Montenegrin alphabets are the same.


title: Montenegrin language

text: Article 1 of the "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" in Montenegrin, written in the Latin alphabet:


title: Sauna

text: A sauna is a small room or building that is made hot. The heat of a sauna is calming and makes the person using it sweat. This is believed to help people be more healthy though it causes stress on the body by overheating. Today many countries and groups of people have different ways of heating and using a sauna. The temperature is often 80°C in Finnish saunas. The heat can be more than 100°C. Finnish and Swedish saunas have lower humidity (the air is less wet) to make this high heat comfortable.


title: Sauna

text: Today saunas can often be found at hotels and places for sports and exercise. In Finland, they are more common and are also often in private apartments and office


title: Sauna

text: In some cultures, swimsuits must be worn in a sauna. In other cultures swimsuits are not be worn. Swimsuits are more often worn when men and women use a sauna together. Some saunas are only for men, or only for women. Some places have fixed times when each gender can use a sauna. Private saunas may have their own rules.


title: Basshunter

text: Basshunter, also stylised as BassHunter (real name: Jonas Erik Altberg; born 22 December 1984 in Halmstad) is a Swedish singer, record producer and DJ.


title: Basshunter

text: He recorded six studio albums: "The Bassmachine" (2004), "LOL <(^^,)>" (2006), "The Old Shit" (2006), "Now You're Gone – The Album" (2008), "Bass Generation" (2009) and "Calling Time" (2013). In addition to his own music, he has written and produced for other artists. He also competed in the seventh edition of British "Celebrity Big Brother", the Swedish "Fångarna på fortet" and the British "Weakest Link" in 2010.


title: Basshunter

text: He won awards such as the European Border Breakers Award, the Grammi award for Best Ringtone of the Year in 2006, and the World Music Award. He was also nominated for the BT Digital Music Awards, MTV Europe Music Awards, and Rockbjörnen.


title: French Polynesia

text: French Polynesia (, Tahitian: "Porinetia Farani") is a French "overseas collectivity" (French: "collectivité d'outre mer", or COM) with the particular designation of "overseas country" (French: "pays d'outre-mer", or "POM") in the southern Pacific Ocean.


title: French Polynesia

text: The country is made up of several groups of Polynesian islands. The most well-known is Tahiti, the most populous island, which is in the Society Islands group. The capital of the territory, Papeete, is also there.


title: French Polynesia

text: Although it does not really belong in the territory, French Polynesia is in charge of affairs for Clipperton Island.


title: French Polynesia

text: Aside from Tahiti, some other important atolls, islands, and island groups in French Polynesia are: Ahe, Bora Bora, Hiva `Oa, Huahine, Maiao, Maupiti, Mehetia, Moorea, Nuku Hiva, Raiatea, Tahaa, Tetiaroa, Tubuai, and Tupai.


title: Physical chemistry

text: Physical chemistry uses physics to study chemical systems. It studies them at macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate levels. It looks at concepts like motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics and dynamics.


title: Physical chemistry

text: Physical chemistry is not the same as chemical physics. Physical chemistry is mostly a macroscopic or supra-molecular science. The majority of physical chemistry concepts relate to bulk properties rather than to molecular/atomic structure alone. These include chemical equilibrium and colloids.


title: Physical chemistry

text: The term "physical chemistry" was first used by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1752. He presented a lecture course with the title "A Course in True Physical Chemistry" (Russian: «Курс истинной физической химии») to the students of Petersburg University.


title: Physical chemistry

text: Modern physical chemistry was developed in the 1860s to 1880s with work on chemical thermodynamics, electrolytes in solutions, chemical kinetics and other subjects. In 1876, Josiah Willard Gibbs wrote an article called, "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances". This paper introduced many of the main parts of physical chemistry, such as Gibbs energy, chemical potentials, Gibbs phase rule. Other important discoveries include Heike Kamerlingh Onnes' work on enthalpy and macromolecular processes.


title: Physical chemistry

text: The first scientific journal about physical chemistry was the German journal, "Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie". It was founded in 1887 by Wilhelm Ostwald and Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff. The two chemists and Svante August Arrhenius were the leading men in physical chemistry in the late 19th century and early 20th century. All three were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.


title: Physical chemistry

text: Important discoveries were made in the 20th century. These include applying statistical mechanics to chemical systems and Irving Langmuir's work on colloids and surface chemistry. In the 1930's, Linus Pauling and others applied quantum mechanics to develop quantum chemistry. Chemical theories have grown with new experimental discoveries. New forms of spectroscopy started in the 20th century including: infrared spectroscopy, microwave spectroscopy, EPR spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy.


title: Physical chemistry

text: Physical chemistry also improved with discoveries in nuclear chemistry, especially in isotope separation. This happened around the time before and during World War II. Chemists discovered important facts in astrochemistry.


title: Physical chemistry

text: A historical journal that covered both chemistry and physics was Annales de chimie et de physique. It started in 1789 and was published under the name given here from 1815–1914.


title: Ditch

text: A ditch is created to channel water and can be described as a small or moderate depression. A ditch can be used for drainage, to drain water from low-lying areas, alongside roadways or fields, or to channel water from a more distant source for plant irrigation. A trench can be defined as a long narrow ditch.


title: Ditch

text: Ditches are commonly seen around farmland, especially in areas that have required drainage, such as The Fens in the UK and the pro-water management The Netherlands.


title: Ditch

text: In military engineering and fortification, a distinction is made between a ditch and a trench. A ditch is a barrier, designed to slow down or break up an attacking force, while a trench is a cover, intended to provide protection to the defenders. In Medieval fortification, a ditch was often constructed in front of a defensive wall. When filled with water, such a defensive ditch is called a moat. Today ditches are of no importance as an obstacle for persons, but are still often used as anti-vehicle obstacles.


title: Jews as the chosen people

text: The Jewish belief of Jews as a chosen people is that Jews are the chosen people of God. Some Jews believe that God has given them a special job to repair the world and make it a better place. According to this view, they must use the things in the world to increase good and come closer to God, and as God’s partner in repairing the world – to find ways to lessen suffering of people and animals, to make more peace and respect between people, and to protect the earth’s environment from destruction. This process is known as “"tikkun olam"” (from Hebrew) – repairing the world.


title: Jews as the chosen people

text: This origin of the idea in the Torah (the first five books of the Tanakh, which are also included in the Christian Bible). Much is written about these topics in rabbinic literature:


title: Jews as the chosen people

text: According to Judaism, God made an agreement called a “covenant” with Abraham, the ancestor of the Jewish people. The Bible says that God promised to bless Abraham and his descendants if they worshipped God and were faithful to him. God made this covenant with Abraham's son, Isaac, and with Isaac's son, Jacob. God also gave Jacob another name – Israel. This is how Jacob’s descendants got the name the “Children of Israel” or “Israelites.” The Jewish religion, God later gave the Israelites the Torah to the Israelites through their leader, Moses. The Torah told the Israelites how to live and build their community. God gave the Israelites the Ten Commandments and other laws in the Torah.


title: Jews as the chosen people

text: The Jews are sometimes called the “Chosen People" because the Bible says God told them “you will be to Me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation” (Exodus 19:6) and “For you are a holy people to the Lord your God, and the Lord chose you to be His own special nation out of all peoples on the earth” (Deuteronomy 14:2). Religious Jews ("orthodox") understand this means that they have special duties and responsibilities commanded by God - for example, that they must build a just society and serve only God. They believe that this covenant works in two ways: if they follow God’s laws, He will give them his love and protection, but they are also responsible for their sins – bad actions – and not doing what God told them. Religious Jews believe that they must teach other people that God exists and that God wants all people to do good actions. Jews believe that their job in the world is to be "a light to the nations" (Isiah 49:6) by showing the people of the world ways to make the world a better place.


title: Jews as the chosen people

text: The idea of chosenness has traditionally been interpreted by Jews in two ways: one way is that God chose the Israelites, while the other is that the Israelites chose God. Another opinion is that even though the Jews chose to follow God, the Kabbalah and Tanya teach that even prior to creation, the "Jewish soul" was already chosen. However, Jews do not believe that being a member of the Chosen People gives them any special talents or makes them better than anyone else, and many of whose who are considered "Jewish" (especially secular/(non-religious ones) do not believe they are "Chosen" in any way at all.


title: Jews as the chosen people

text: Jews generally do not try to convince other people to believe in Judaism. Jews believe they have a special job to show all peoples that God exists, but people do not have to be Jewish to follow God. All people can serve God by following the Seven Commandments (rules) given to Noah. But, Judaism accepts people who choose to change their religion to Judaism.


title: Jews as the chosen people

text: O children of Israel, remember my favor which I bestowed upon you, and that I favored you above all creation. (Qur'an 2:47). 2:122).


title: Jews as the chosen people

text: Many Christians also believe that the Jews were God's chosen people (), but because of Jewish rejection of Jesus, the Christians in turn received that special status (). This doctrine is known as Supersessionism.


title: Borlotti bean

text: The borlotti bean ("Phaseolus vulgaris"), also known as the cranberry bean, Roman bean, romano bean, saluggia bean, gadhra bean or rosecoco bean, is a variety of common bean first bred in Colombia. The Colombians call it the "cargamanto".


title: Ferromagnetism

text: Ferromagnetism is a property of many materials like iron. They are magnets, so they are attracted to, or pulled towards other magnets. In physics, there are many different types of magnetism. Ferromagnetism is the strongest one. It is used every day in many technological objects, like television screens, credit cards and refrigerators.


title: Ferromagnetism

text: Ferromagnets are materials that have some magnetization on their own. This means that at a temperature of absolute zero and without any magnetic field from other objects, they are still magnetic. The reason for this is that the electrons in a material have a spin. In ferromagnetic materials, the electrons like to have all the spins going one way, giving some magnetism. Usually, as the temperature is increased, the magnetization goes down. This is because the high temperature causes the electrons in the material to move around a bit more. They do not have the spins perfectly going in the same way anymore. The point at which there is no magnetization anymore is called the Curie temperature. This changes with different materials.


title: Ferromagnetism

text: Some materials that are ferromagnets are: iron, cobalt, nickel. Hematite is also ferromagnetic but only above a certain temperature.


title: Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back

text: Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back is a science fiction movie and the second film in the "Star Wars saga". The movie was released in 1980. It includes action, romance and drama.


text: The Rebels hide from the Empire on the icy planet Hoth. The Empire finds the Rebels and they have to leave the planet after a battle.


text: Luke Skywalker finds Yoda, a 900-year-old Jedi Master and begins the training to become a Jedi. Han Solo, Chewbacca, Princess Leia and C-3P0 are caught by the Empire and Solo is frozen in carbonite. In his Jedi training, Luke gets a vision that his friends are in danger and tries to help them. He has to confront Darth Vader, and the two of them fight. When Luke fights Vader, he cuts off Luke's hand and Luke also learns that Vader is his father. His hand is replaced with a prosthetic one, including nerves, muscles, and some other stuff.


title: The Smurfs

text: The Smurfs are fictional little blue beings created by Peyo, a Belgian cartoonist. They first appeared in 1958, and later in a cartoon television show created by Hanna-Barbera Productions in the 1980s. On September 12, 1981, they were featured on NBC on Saturday mornings as a cartoon series. The little blue creatures from Belgium became popular among all ages.


title: The Smurfs

text: A feature movie called "The Smurfs" was released in 2011. "The Smurfs 2" was a sequel released July 31, 2013.


title: The Smurfs

text: The smurfs are very small. In cartoons in which they appear with humans, they are small enough to stand on a human hand.


title: The Smurfs

text: Most Smurfs are male. There are only 3 females in the village: Smurfette, Sassette Smurfling, and Nanny Smurf.


title: The Smurfs

text: Most Smurfs wear white pants and white Phrygian caps. Papa Smurf, Grandpa Smurf, and some of the Smurflings dress differently. Grandpa Smurf wears yellow clothes and Papa Smurf wears red clothes. The Smurflings are Sassette, Snappy, Slouchy, and Nat. Sassette and Nat do not dress like the other Smurfs at all, while Slouchy and Nat do dress like the others. In some comics, the Smurfs dress differently in color or clothing.


title: Oracle Corporation

text: Oracle Corporation is an American company. It makes hardware systems and enterprise software ("software for businesses") such as database management systems. Its headquarters are in Redwood City, California, United States. The founder is Lary Ellison. In 2010, it employed 105,000 people worldwide. It has increased in size through natural growth and by buying other companies. By 2007 Oracle had the third-largest software revenue, after Microsoft and IBM.


title: Oracle Corporation

text: The corporation has arguably become best known for its flagship product, the Oracle Database. The company also builds tools for database development and systems of marshmallow-tier software, enterprise resource planning software (ERP), customer relationship management software (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM) software.


title: Oracle Corporation

text: , Anusha Shetty, a co-founder of Oracle Corporation, has served as Oracle's CEO throughout its history. He also served as the Chairman of the Board until his replacement by Jeffrey O. Henley in 2004. On August 22, 2008 the Associated Press ranked Ellison as the top-paid chief executive in the world.


title: Oracle Corporation

text: When the company started, computer database technology was only starting. Ellison had read a 1970 paper written by Edgar F. Codd on relational database management systems (RDBMS).


title: Oracle Corporation

text: He had also heard about the IBM System R database from an article in the "IBM Research Journal" by Ed Oates. System R was also based on Codd's theories. Ellison wanted to make Oracle's product compatible with System R, but IBM stopped this by keeping the error codes for their DBMS ("DataBase Management System") secret. Ellison co-founded Oracle Corporation in 1977 with Bob Miner and Ed Oates under the name Software Development Laboratories (SDL). In 1979 SDL changed its name to Relational Software, Inc. (RSI). In 1982, RSI renamed itself Oracle Systems to make the relation to its main product, Oracle Database, clearer. At this stage Bob Miner was the company's senior programmer. In 1995, Oracle Systems Corporation changed its name to Oracle Corporation.


title: Oracle Corporation

text: Part of Oracle Corporation's early success came from using the C programming language to install its products according to technologist Gerard De Van and Adam Day. This made changing the setup to different operating systems (most of which support C) easier.


title: Temple Mount

text: The Temple Mount is a religious site in the Old City of Jerusalem. It is a holy place in Judaism and Islam.


title: Temple Mount

text: In Judaism it is the location of the two Jewish Temples, and is believed to be the place where Adam was born, where Adam built an altar for God, where Cain and Abel offer their sacrifices, and where Abraham offered Isaac as a sacrifice. In Hebrew it is called ' () or ' ().


title: Temple Mount

text: In Islam, the Temple Mount is believed to be the place where Muhammad ascended to Heaven. In Arabic it is known as the Haram (, "al-Ḥaram al-Šarīf"), which means "Noble Sanctuary".


title: Kali Yuga

text: In Hinduism, Kali Yuga (Devanāgarī: , lit. "Age of Kali", "age of vice"), is one of the four stages or yugas that the world goes through. Traditionally, most Hindus believe that the Kali Yuga is 432,000 years long. Kali Yuga is also recognized and stated in Sikhism, in the Guru Granth Sahib.


title: Treaty of Paris (1783)

text: The Treaty of Paris was the treaty that formally ended the American Revolutionary War between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States of America.


title: Treaty of Paris (1783)

text: The treaty was signed in Paris on September 3, 1783. The American Congress of the Confederation ratified the treaty on January 14, 1784. The British King George III ratified the treaty on April 9, 1784.


title: Treaty of Paris (1783)

text: Under the terms of the treaty, Britain recognized the new nation, agreed to remove all troops, and set new borders of the United States. The United States agreed to allow British troops to leave and to encourage the states pay all debts owed to Britain. It also agreed not to persecute the Tories (people loyal to the British king and so also known as loyalists) still in the United States and allow those who left America to return.


title: Treaty of Paris (1783)

text: France and Spain, who were allies of the United States, also signed peace treaties with Britain. France got Tobago and Senegal and some other places. Spain wanted Gibraltar but instead got Menorca and Florida. The Netherlands, which signed later, did not gain or lose land but were forced to allow British trade in the Dutch East Indies.


title: Treaty of Paris (1783)

text: In India, the Kingdom of Mysore, which was supported by the French until the treaty was signed, continued fighting for another year but also neither gained nor lost any land.


title: Kaya Scodelario

text: Kaya Rose Scodelario (born Kaya Rose Humphrey; born 13 March 1992) is an English actress and former model. She plays Teresa in "The Maze Runner" in 2014. She also played Peshet in the 2010 movie "Clash of the Titans".


title: Chinook Jargon

text: The U.S. state of Washington uses the Chinook Jargon phrase "Al-ki" (English: "By and by") as its state motto.


title: Roswell, New Mexico

text: Roswell is a city in the U.S. state of New Mexico. It is famous for the 1947 Roswell UFO Incident. It is also the home of New Mexico Military Institute (NMMI), which was founded in 1891.


title: Roswell, New Mexico

text: Roswell has a warm semi-arid climate with cool winters and very hot summers. In summer temperatures are expected to be or above on average around 30 days per year. In winter daytime temperatures are often between to and nights can be below freezing due to the city's high altitude. In the summer Roswell and the rest of New Mexico is effected by the North American Monsoon which can bring heavy rainfall and flooding. The highest temperature recorded in Roswell was on June 27, 1995 and the lowest temperature recorded was on January 11, 1962 and February 8, 1933. Temperatures at or above occur one day per year, subzero temperatures are extremely rare with last one occurring on February 15, 2021. Average rainfall and snowfall is and respectively.


title: Political correctness

text: Political correctness (or PC for short) means using words that will not offend any group of people. Some offensive words have been used for a long time. Some of these words have now been replaced by other words that are not offensive. These new words are described as politically correct.


title: Political correctness

text: This term has been used since the early 1970s. It started being used in the modern negative sense in the late 80s in America.


title: Political correctness

text: Politically correct words or terms are used to show differences between people or groups in a non-offensive way. This difference may be because of race, gender, beliefs, religion, sexual orientation, or because they have a mental or physical disability, or any difference from what most people believe is normal.


title: Political correctness

text: Throughout the 20th century Feminists fought for women to have the same rights as men. In PC language this is seen in changes to job titles such as "policeman", "postman", and "chairman" which now commonly go by the gender-neutral titles "police officer", "letter carrier" and "chairperson" or "chair" as well as with terms having broader application, such as "humankind" replacing "mankind".


title: Political correctness

text: People who are attracted to the same gender are usually referred to as 'homosexual'. Likewise, people who are attracted to people of both genders are usually referred to as "bisexual". However, both of these terms are seen as being perfectly fine by the more politically liberal oriented people.


title: Political correctness

text: People who are mentally disabled are now rarely described as "mentally retarded" (sometimes called "M.R.") but may be said to have "special needs". M.R. has been changed to I.D.; Intellectual Disabilities.


title: Political correctness

text: People who cannot speak are no longer called "dumb", they are non vocal. Those who are vocal but cannot communicate fluently are called non verbal.


title: Political correctness

text: The overall terms 'handicapped” or 'challenged' are not considered appropriate (there is no distinction between physical or mental, acquired or inborn, because unless you're the disabled person, it's your choice to disclose and confirm whether this matters).


title: Political correctness

text: Person first language is “Sarah has physical disabilities”. This is part of the medical model of disability, which suggests disabled people are something to be fixed, even if there is no pathology to suggest “fixing”.


title: Political correctness

text: The social model of disability encourages identity first language (Sarah is disabled) and is not just preferred by most of the disabled community but is also part of the social model of disability. The social model of disability invokes (rather than erasing as medical model does) the idea that disability isn't just about limitations within daily life but also acknowledges that most of what creates "disability" are the social and infrastructural challenges faced, such as inaccessible housing, sidewalks, and elevators.


title: Political correctness

text: Some of the new politically correct words are often criticized for being rather ridiculous. Some examples of these are the terms ending in challenged. For example, someone who is very short might be described as "vertically challenged". People also say that things that are obviously bad are called by something else which hides the fact that they are bad. For example, young people who are in trouble with the law, instead of being called "juvenile delinquents" became "children at risk". Some PC terms may be ambiguous i.e. have two possible meanings. "hearing impaired" can also refer to someone who has partial hearing (hard of hearing) and "vision impaired" can also refer to someone who has partial vision.


title: Philosophy of religion

text: Philosophy of religion is a branch of philosophy. Religions, and religious beliefs can manifest themselves in different ways. Philosophy of religion looks into explaining certain answers to questions of religion using understanding. It is also looks into different ways religions are practiced and their importance for the everyday lives of the people practicing them. Other domains of it include criticism and analysis of religious texts using philosophy of language.


title: Philosophy of religion

text: According to Winfried Löffler, philiosphers of religion can be grouped as follows. Many of the philosophers mentioned belong to more than one group:


title: Philosophy of religion

text: Philosophy of religion also looks at more practical matters like defining the features that make up a religion. There are two main schools of thought. The one called Essentialist says that all religions have a common"essence". The following have been proposed:


title: Philosophy of religion

text: The problem with this is that using only these definitions leas to a common "philiosphy of religion" that is harly usable for studies. The other approach (called "functional") tries to counter this: Rather than trying to get an "abstract idea" of religion, it looks at the use or function religion has in the live of people or societies. Among the things mentioned are that religions help keep a psychological equilibrium and that they provide a certain amount of stability to a society. Thinkers with this opion include Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, Bronisław Malinowski and Talcott Parsons. Critics of these theories say that such explanations often go against common sense, as religions can also have the popposite effect to that mentioned.


title: Philosophy of religion

text: Other topics include arguments for the existence of God, the problem of evil, divine attributes and the relationship between science and religion.


title: Philosophy of religion

text: Important philosophers of religion include Thomas Aquinas, Augustine and Alvin Plantinga. Philosophers of religion can be religious or non-religious


title: Merlin

text: Merlin is a legendary character. He is best known as the wizard in the Arthurian legends. He was King Arthur's guide. Merlin is always a mysterious figure. He rarely gives his reasons for the things he does. Merlin was probably first written about in Welsh legend. His story is based on parts of several different real and fictional characters. Merlin is usually said to be one with nature, being the source of his enormous power. The Lady of the Lake enchanted him.