title: Big Brother (franchise)

text: Big Brother is a TV reality show. People known as housemates, enter a house and they do not bring any of their belongings except clothes. They are bored and the people behind the cameras who call themselves Big Brother announce things through the loudspeaker. Housemates would get a task to do so that they can get food. There is also a celebrity version of Big Brother.


title: Big Brother (franchise)

text: The series was developed by Endemol, and the first season was shown in the Netherlands. The show's format has since been copied in over forty countries, including Brazil,Israel, Bulgaria, Germany, Italy, Spain, India, United Kingdom and US. It also used to be in Australia, It was originally cancelled in 2008, later came back in 2012-2014 and will return again in 2020


title: Big Brother (franchise)

text: Usually, some of the rules in these special editions are a little bit different from the original ones.


title: Big Brother (franchise)

text: "Big Brother VIP" is the name of the special edition of the show, in which all the housemates are famous people. It has been released in many of the countries airing "Big Brother", for example Bulgaria - "VIP Brother"; Mexico - "Big Brother VIP"; UK - "Celebrity Big Brother".


title: Big Brother (franchise)

text: The duration of the show is often only a month and in some countries the nominations and evictions are twice a week.


title: Learning

text: Learning may occur as a result of habituation or classical conditioning, seen in many animal species, or as a result of more complex activities such as play, seen only in relatively intelligent animals. Learning may occur consciously or without conscious awareness. There is evidence for human behavioral learning prenatally, in which habituation has been observed as early as 32 weeks into gestation, indicating that the central nervous system is sufficiently developed and primed for learning and memory to occur very early in development. According to James Zull, Professor of Biology and Biochemistry at Case Western University, "Learning is physical. Learning means the modification, growth, and pruning of our neurons, connectionscalled synapsesand neuronal networks, through experience".


title: Mekong River

text: The Mekong River is a river in the south-east of Asia. It flows through many countries: China, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and finally Vietnam. The Mekong begins in the Lasagongma Spring which is in the plateaus of Tibet, disputed part of China, and flows about south-east to the South China Sea. Its watershed covers 307,000 square miles (797,000 square kilometers). Its name comes from the Thai language's "Mae Num", or literally, "Mother Water".


title: Mekong River

text: The Mekong is one of the most biologically diverse areas in the world, with hundreds of types of fish, as well as river dolphins, crocodiles, and otters. Fishing is a very important activity on the river. However, the Mekong River is also used extensively for navigation.


title: Atomic orbital

text: Atomic orbitals are the places surrounding the nucleus of an atom where the electrons are most likely to be at any given time. It is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom.


title: Atomic orbital

text: The word 'orbital' is used because it was thought that electrons behaved similarly to the solar system, where the nucleus is like the sun and the electrons orbit like the planets.


title: Atomic orbital

text: The number of atomic orbitals in an element is defined by the period the element is in. Electrons move between orbitals depending on how fast they are moving and how many other electrons there are.


title: Atomic orbital

text: In atomic theory and quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a quantum number. Each such orbital can be occupied by one or two electrons. The way orbitals are arranged is related to the electron configurations of atoms. They were derived from descriptions provided by early spectroscopists of certain alkali metal spectroscopic lines as being sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental.


title: Jinnah-Sikandar Pact

text: The famous Jinnah-Sikandar Pact was an agreement signed between Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, at Lucknow, British India, October 1937.


title: Jinnah-Sikandar Pact

text: In 1937 the All India Muslim League was a weak party with very little political strength. It had lost the 1936 general elections in India quite badly. It needed more support from powerful Muslims to make it strong. The party wanted to help Muslims in India get their rights. So, in October 1937, M.A. Jinnah, the main leader of the Muslim League party, invited some very powerful Muslims to a conference in Lucknow city. One of the most powerful Muslim leaders was Sardar Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, KBE (1892-1942), Premier of the Punjab province and head of the Punjab Unionist Party. He was also invited by Jinnah to this big conference.


title: Jinnah-Sikandar Pact

text: At this conference, at first most of the big and powerful Muslim leaders refused to accept Jinnah's request for help. Only Aga Khan III was ready to support him. At this time, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan thought that it would be bad if the Muslims did not stand united to get their rights. He thought it was time for unity. So, he convinced some other big leaders to join him. These included Sir Saadullah of Assam, Molvi A.K. Fazlul Huq of Bengal, Nawab Sir Hamidullah Khan of Bhopal State and some others. They all went together and told Jinnah that they would support and help the Muslim League. A special agreement or pact was also signed at this time, between Jinnah and Sir Sikandar, called the 'Jinnah-Sikandar Pact'. This pact also said that all the Muslim members of the Punjab Unionist Party could join the Muslim League if they wanted to. Muslim people all over India were very happy to know that now, they had strong support from big leaders.


title: Jinnah-Sikandar Pact

text: The Jinnah-Sikandar Pact was one of the most important documents and agreements of the Pakistan Movement. According to Professor Stanley Wolpert, '...it made Pakistan possible'. The Punjab was the biggest and richest province of British India. It linked together all the other Muslim areas and provinces. After this pact was signed in 1937, the Muslim League was next able to make the famous Pakistan Resolution at Lahore, Punjab, in 1940. And just seven years later, in 1947, an independent Pakistan was finally made.


title: Jinnah-Sikandar Pact

text: Syed Amjad Ali, a Muslim leader of Punjab said that 'Thanks to the agreement reached between Jinnah and Sir Sikandar in Lucknow, the dream of Pakistan became real. All Pakistanis today should be thankful to these two great Muslim leaders and their wisdom'.


title: Vaigai River

text: The Vaigai River is a river that starts flowing from Varusanadu Hills, Periyar plateau of the Western Ghats range. This river flows east towards Tamil Nadu. The Vaigai river produces the Vattaparai Falls. The city of Madurai lies on the banks of this river. The river empties into the Palk strait in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu.


title: Vaigai River

text: The Vaigai river flows for 256km (160mi). The area of the drainage basin of Vaigai is 7036 square kilometers.


title: Vaigai River

text: The tributaries of Vaigai are Suruli River, Mullaiyaar River, Varaha River and Manjal River. The Kirudhumal River joins Vaigai river in Theni district. The water of Periyar river is diverted or turned to Vaigai.


title: Concussion

text: Concussion is an injury to the brain caused by being hit on the head, as often happens in motor vehicle collisions, fights or contact sports such as football. It is the most common form of traumatic brain injury. Related terms include mild brain injury, mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), mild head injury (MHI), and minor head trauma. Patients with severe concussion are occasionally monitored in hospital. The main reason for this is the risk of bleeding in the brain, which can be life-threatening.


title: Concussion

text: Common symptoms of concussion include: headache, dizziness, fatigue, problems with vision, confusion and loss of consciousness. A person with a mild concussion may have nothing more than a headache or brief confusion. In more severe cases, symptoms tend to last longer, and may include loss of consciousness. Other associated symptoms are: worsening headache, inability to wake, dilation of the eyes, vomiting, nausea, loss of coordination and weakness of extremities.


title: Concussion

text: Symptoms may last less than a week in minor cases, but recovery from more severe concussions can take up to 4 weeks. The most common causes of concussions are accidents; in some cases, wearing a helmet can help prevent major damage.


title: Concussion

text: One often underreported symptom of concussion is aphasia.  Aphasia is the loss of ability to produce or understand speech; it is caused by brain damage.  Most of the important areas for speech and language are located in the left hemisphere. As such, patients who have concussions due to injury on the left side of the head could be more at risk for these symptoms.


title: Concussion

text: The most common kinds of aphasia associated with traumatic brain injury are amnestic aphasia and verbal paraphasia.  Amnesic aphasia, also known as anomia, is an issue with word finding where patients struggle to find words for objects that they once knew.  There is no impairment of comprehension associated with anomia. This can be especially challenging for students trying to return to school and professionals returning to work.  The second kind of aphasia associated with concussion is verbal paraphasia, the substitution of one word for another.  Typically, the substituted word will have a similar meaning as the word it replaces; e.g. substituting sock with shoe.


title: Concussion

text: As with most concussion symptoms, aphasia symptoms correlated with concussion typically get progressively better, as evidenced by a study done by Inger Vibeke Thomsen. Of the concussion patients studied that showed aphasia symptoms, only one patient had long term aphasia.  The others showed almost full recovery.


title: Concussion

text: The National Aphasia Association recognizes that concussions can cause aphasia.  In serious concussions, aphasia is a documented symptom and can be temporary or permanent.  This is correlated to injury of brain regions that are important for language production. However, traumatic brain injuries usually effect multiple areas of the brain, so other symptoms will also be present. The damage causing aphasia will usually be on the left side of the brain.


title: Confucius

text: Confucius (born 551 BC, died 479 BC) was an important Chinese educator and philosopher. His original name was Kong Qiu or Zhong Ni.


title: Confucius

text: As a child, he was eager to learn about everything, and was very interested in rituals. Although he grew up in extreme poverty, it did not stop his curiosity from growing. He was a very dedicated student, especially in his teenage years. Its not known how he received his formal education, but he mastered many subject of the arts. Once he grew up, he worked as a state official who handled farms and cattle. Then he became a teacher.


title: Confucius

text: Instead he wanted people to think hard about problems and to learn from others, especially from history.


title: Confucius

text: Confucius also thought that people should get power because they were good and skilled, and not just because they came from powerful families.


title: Confucius

text: However he also felt that there should be strong rules in society and that people needed to obey them.


title: Confucius

text: Confucius thought that there were five relationships people could have, and that they all had their own rules.


title: Confucius

text: For example, a subject must obey a prince, but also a prince must listen to a subject and must rule him well and fairly.


title: Confucius

text: Confucius said that people should only do things to other people if they would be okay with other people doing those things to themselves.


title: Confucius

text: These were put together to make a book called The Analects, which became one of the main books of Confucianism.


title: Sean Paul

text: Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques (born 9 January 1973) is a Jamaican singer, songwriter, and rapper. Sean Paul appeared as himself in the 1998 movie "Belly". In 2000 he released his first album, "Stage One". In 2003 Sean Paul had his first number one single. He was featured on Beyoncé Knowles' 2003 number one single "Baby Boy". In 2003 he also rapped on Blue Cantrell's UK number one single "Breathe". In 2006 Sean Paul rapped in Rihanna's single "Break It Off". He rapped on Pitbull's 2011 single "Shake Señora" with T-Pain. Sean Paul's sixth album "Full Frequency" will be released on February 18, 2014. The first single off the album, "Other Side of Love", was released to iTunes on September 10, 2013. It reached number one in the UK R&B Chart. "Full Frequency" includes songs with Nicki Minaj, 2 Chainz, Juicy J, and Iggy Azalea.


title: City status in the United Kingdom

text: City status in the United Kingdom is granted by the British monarch to some communities. There are 69 cities in the United Kingdom (see list below) – 51 in England, six in Wales, seven in Scotland and five in Northern Ireland.


title: City status in the United Kingdom

text: Becoming a city is not automatic. Many people think that any town that has a cathedral is a city. This is because Henry VIII built cathedrals in six English towns and made them cities by letters patent.


title: City status in the United Kingdom

text: A city council does not have any more powers than a borough or district council. Some city councils (like Ripon) are only parish councils, and have few little powers at all.


title: City status in the United Kingdom

text: Officially there are 69 cities in the United Kingdom (UK). Sunderland was made a city to mark Elizabeth II's Ruby anniversary (40 years as Queen). Eight others have been created in competitions to celebrate the new millennium and Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee.


title: City status in the United Kingdom

text: A city does not automatically have a Lord Mayor or Lord Provost in Scotland. There are 69 cities in the UK but only 30 Lord Mayors.


title: City status in the United Kingdom

text: On April 1, 1974 the city council was abolished, and new letters patent were issued to the new Medway Borough Council to carry on the city name in the old city area.


title: City status in the United Kingdom

text: In 1979, Medway was renamed Rochester-upon-Medway and new letters patent made the whole of the new area a city.


title: City status in the United Kingdom

text: On April 1, 1998, Rochester-upon-Medway and Gillingham joined together to became the new unitary authority of Medway. Rochester upon Medway City Council did not appoint appoint Charter Trustees to maintain the existence of the city and the mayoralty so the city simply ceased to exist, because the council forgot.


title: City status in the United Kingdom

text: Declaration that the Chief Magistrate and Officer of the City to bear the style and title of Lord Mayor due to "the city's high position in the roll of ports of [the] kingdom" June 26, 1914


title: City status in the United Kingdom

text: Declaration that the Chief Magistrate of the City to bear the style and title of Lord Mayor July 10, 1928 "in consideration of its antiquity and importance"


title: City status in the United Kingdom

text: Style of "Right Honourable" conferred on Lord Mayor by Letters Patent dated October 26, 1956. The city was designated the capital of Wales at that date.


title: City status in the United Kingdom

text: The Lord Mayoralty was granted in 1910 "in view of the position occupied by that city as the chief city of East Anglia and of its close association with his Majesty"


title: City status in the United Kingdom

text: Warrant issued 28 January 1889 that Letters Patent be issued under the Seal appointed by the treaty of union to be used in place of the Great Seal of Scotland, ordaining and declaring that the Burgh of Dundee shall be a City, and shall be called and styled "The City of Dundee"


title: City status in the United Kingdom

text: Burghs of Old Aberdeen and Woodside and the district of Torry incorporated as the City and Royal Burgh of Aberdeen by the Aberdeen Corporation Act 1891 (1891 c.cxxiv)


title: City status in the United Kingdom

text: The present council areas are designated "cities" by virtue of the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, which also reserves the post of Lord Provost for the convener of the four councils. The previous local government districts and district councils created by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 enjoyed the same privileges.


title: Gray asexuality

text: Grey asexuality refers to the broad spectrum between asexuality and sexuality. Gray-asexual individuals are often ascribed with a rare or circumstantial sexual attraction.


title: Farmer

text: A farmer is a person who grows crops and raises animals to be used as food. This has been a common job for people since the beginning of civilization.


title: Farmer

text: The word "farmer" usually refers to a person who has a field, orchard, vineyard, or garden where food is grown. This food is eaten or sold after it is harvested. Farmers may also grow raw materials for industrial purposes. Some examples of raw materials that are used in this way are:


title: Cremation

text: Cremation is the act of burning a body after it has died. Cremation is a popular option to dispose of (get rid of) a body instead of burying it. The place where cremations take place is called a crematorium or crematory.


title: Cremation

text: Religions which approve cremation include Christianity, Jehovah's Witnesses, Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, Shinto, and Neopaganism. Judaism and Mormonism strongly discourage cremation. Islam, Neo-Confucianism, and Zoroastrianism disapprove it.


title: Cremation

text: Cremated remains (also called "ashes") are returned to the person's family. The family then has a few options of what to do with the remains. Usually the ashes are buried in an urn at a cemetery plot just as a coffin is buried in normal earth burial. Many religions require the ashes to be handled in dignified manner. In Scandinavia it is customary to bury the ashes ín an urn in a family grave (a grave which contains the remains of many family members). Family graves are also popular in Japan and Thailand.


title: Cremation

text: Sometimes the cremated person has thought about what they want to be done with their remains and have shared their desires with their family. Cremated remains can be kept in a container called an urn, which in turn can be buried on cemetery plot or placed in a depot called "columbarium", or thrown into the air or water of a place that was special to the cremated person, or buried anonymously in the ground. These are the most popular choices of what to do with remains. There are also other, less common, options of how to dispose of the remains. Some examples of ways to scatter the remains are: through fireworks, shot from guns, or dropped from an airplane or hot air balloon. Remains can even be sent into space or turned into a diamond. The latter can be done because humans and diamonds are both made largely from carbon.


title: Cremation

text: Queen Victoria is the most well-known mourner because she went into a state of mourning for several decades. To honour her late Prince Albert, Queen Victoria "took to wearing black jet jewelry, from Whitby, in Yorkshire". As a limited and fairly difficult medium to work with, jet was expensive. It's a hard material, requiring skilled craftsmanship to avoid breakage during carving.


title: Funchal

text: Funchal is the capital city of Madeira, part of Portugal. It is also the largest city of Madeira with 111,892 people.


title: Funchal

text: Funchal is in a valley. It has even temperatures all year round. There is a rainier and slightly cooler season from October through March. A drier and warmer season lasts from April through September.


title: Funchal

text: The harbor of Funchal used to be the only major port in Madeira. In 2007 cargo trade was moved to the port of Caniçal, 12 miles to the east. Funchal still serves cruise ships, ferries, and other tourist-related boats and yachts.


title: Funchal

text: A highway to Câmara de Lobos and Ribeira Brava is to the west. Santa Cruz, Machico and Caniçal can be reached to the east.


title: Sacred fig

text: Ficus religiosa or the sacred fig is a species of fig on the Indian subcontinent and Indochina. It belongs to "Moraceae", the fig or mulberry family. It is also known as the bodhi tree, pippala tree, peepul tree, peepal tree or ashwattha tree (in India and Nepal).


title: Sacred fig

text: The sacred fig is considered to have a religious significance in three major religions of the Indian subcontinent: Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. It is the type of tree under which Gautama Buddha is believed to have attained enlightenment. Hindu and Jain ascetics also consider the tree to be sacred and often meditate under them.


title: Sacred fig

text: It begins life as an epiphyte, and eventually surrounds and outlives its host tree. The kind of growth is like dozens of vertical trunks stuck together. In the middle may be a space where the original tree


title: Gisele Bündchen

text: Gisele Caroline Bündchen (born July 20, 1980) is a Brazilian model. She also occasionally acts in movies. According to "Forbes", Bündchen is the best paid supermodel in the world and the sixteenth richest woman in the entertainment world. Bündchen earned $33 million in 2007 and $35 million in 2008 alone. Bündchen's fortune is estimated to be about $150 million. She is also listed on "Guinness Book of World Records" as the world's richest supermodel. Bündchen has been the face of more than 20 brands internationally and has appeared on more magazine covers than any other model.


title: Gisele Bündchen

text: Gisele Caroline Bündchen was born in Brazil to a family of German origin. Her mother, Vânia Nonnenmacher, was a bank clerk and her father, Valdir Bündchen, was a university teacher and writer. Bündchen is one of the six daughters of Vânia Nonnenmacher and Valdir Bündchen. Her sisters are: Raquel, Graziela, her twin Patrícia, Gabriela and Rafaela.


title: Gisele Bündchen

text: Bündchen married Tom Brady on February 26, 2009. Bündchen has two children with him, Benjamin Rein Brady (born 2009) and Vivian Lake Brady (born 2012).


title: Nuuk

text: Nuuk (Danish: Godthaab or Godthåb) is the capital of Greenland. It is around the mouth of island Nuup Kangerlua (Danish: "Godthåbsfjorden") on the west coast of Greenland, about 240 km (150 mi) south of the Arctic Circle. The city has a population of 15,047 people.


title: Nuuk

text: It was founded in 1728 by the Norwegian missionary Hans Egede. Egede named the city Godthåb which means "Good Hope". Today, the people of Nuuk are mainly Inuit and Danes.


title: Kuiper belt

text: The Kuiper belt is an area of the Solar System beyond the orbit of Neptune (at 30 astronomical units) to 50 AU from the Sun.


title: Kuiper belt

text: The objects within the Kuiper Belt together with the members of the "scattered disk" beyond, are together called trans-Neptunian.


title: Kuiper belt

text: Many objects such as dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt are much bigger than the ones in the asteroid belt and are round. At least some Kuiper belt objects are icebound.


title: Kuiper belt

text: The first objects in the Kuiper belt to be found were Pluto and Charon (moon) but the belt was only identified and named in 1992 when more Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) were found. A few thousand have since been discovered and more than 70,000 KBOs over 100 km (62 mi) in diameter are thought to exist.


title: Period 1 element

text: A period 1 element is an element in the first period (row) of the periodic table. The periodic table is arranged in rows to show repeating properties of the elements. When the atomic number increases, the element have different properties. A new row begins when chemical properties repeat. It means that elements in the same group have similar properties. The first period has less elements than any other periods in the periodic table. There are only two elements in the first period: hydrogen and helium. We can explain why "there is less elements in the first row" in modern theories of atomic structure. This is because in quantum physics, this period fills up the 1s orbital. Period 1 elements follows the duet rule, they only need two electrons to complete their valence shell. These elements can only hold two electrons, both in the 1s orbital. Therefore, period 1 can have only two elements.


title: Period 1 element

text: Although both hydrogen and helium are in the s-block, they do not behaves similarly to other s-block elements. There is argument over where these two elements should be placed in the periodic table.


title: Period 1 element

text: The position of hydrogen is sometimes above lithium, sometimes above carbon, sometimes above fluorine, sometimes above both lithium and fluorine (appearing two times), or float above the other elements and not belongs to any group in the periodic table.


title: Period 1 element

text: The position of helium is almost always above neon (which is in the p-block) in the periodic table because it is a noble gas. However, sometimes the position of it is above beryllium because they have similar electron configuration.


title: Period 1 element

text: Hydrogen (symbol:H) is a chemical element. Its atomic number is 1. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen has no color, no smell and no taste. It belongs to nonmetal, and it is highly flammable. It is a diatomic gas with the molecular formula H. Its atomic mass is 1.00794 amu, making hydrogen the lightest element.


title: Period 1 element

text: Hydrogen is the most abundant of the chemical elements. The abundance of hydrogen is roughly 75%. Stars in the main sequence are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. However, there are less hydrogen on Earth. Therefore, hydrogen is industrially produced from hydrocarbons (e.g. methane). We use elemental hydrogen locally at the production site. The largest markets almost equally divided between fossil fuel upgrading, such as hydrocracking, and ammonia production, mostly for the fertilizer market. Hydrogen may be produced from water using the process of electrolysis, but this process is significantly more expensive commercially than hydrogen production from natural gas.


title: Period 1 element

text: The most common naturally occurring isotope of hydrogen, known as protium, has a single proton and no neutrons. In ionic compounds, it can take on either a positive charge, becoming a cation composed of a bare proton, or a negative charge, becoming an anion known as a hydride. Hydrogen can form compounds with most elements and is present in water and most organic compounds. It plays a particularly important role in acid-base chemistry, in which many reactions involve the exchange of protons between soluble molecules. As the only neutral atom for which the Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically, study of the energetics and spectrum of the hydrogen atom has played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics.


title: Period 1 element

text: The interactions of hydrogen with various metals are very important in metallurgy, as many metals can suffer hydrogen embrittlement, and in developing safe ways to store it for use as a fuel. Hydrogen is highly soluble in many compounds composed of rare earth metals and transition metals and can be dissolved in both crystalline and amorphous metals. Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the metal crystal lattice.


title: Period 1 element

text: Helium (He) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert monatomic chemical element that heads the noble gas series in the periodic table and whose atomic number is 2. Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among the elements and it exists only as a gas except in extreme conditions.


title: Period 1 element

text: Helium was discovered in 1868 by French astronomer Pierre Janssen, who first detected the substance as an unknown yellow spectral line signature in light from a solar eclipse. In 1903, large reserves of helium were found in the natural gas fields of the United States, which is by far the largest supplier of the gas. The substance is used in cryogenics, in deep-sea breathing systems, to cool superconducting magnets, in helium dating, for inflating balloons, for providing lift in airships, and as a protective gas for industrial uses such as arc welding and growing silicon wafers. Inhaling a small volume of the gas temporarily changes the timbre and quality of the human voice. The behavior of liquid helium-4's two fluid phases, helium I and helium II, is important to researchers studying quantum mechanics and the phenomenon of superfluidity in particular, and to those looking at the effects that temperatures near absolute zero have on matter, such as with superconductivity.


title: Period 1 element

text: Helium is the second lightest element and is the second most abundant in the observable universe. Most helium was formed during the Big Bang, but new helium is being created as a result of the nuclear fusion of hydrogen in stars. On Earth, helium is relatively rare and is created by the natural decay of some radioactive elements because the alpha particles that are emitted consist of helium nuclei. This radiogenic helium is trapped with natural gas in concentrations of up to seven percent by volume, from which it is extracted commercially by a low-temperature separation process called fractional distillation.


title: Sea of Galilee

text: The Sea of Galilee is Israel's largest freshwater lake, about 53 kilometers (33 miles) around, about 21 km (13 miles) long, and 13 km (8 miles) wide; it has a total area of 166 km², and a depth of about 43 meters. At 209 meters below sea level, it is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth, and the second lowest lake in the world after the Dead Sea, a saltwater lake. It is not a real sea - it is called a sea because of tradition.


title: Sea of Galilee

text: The lake is also known on modern maps as Lake Galilee or Lake Tiberias, in the region of Galilee. In modern Hebrew, it is known as (), "Sea of Kinnereth" (Numbers 34:11; Joshua 13:27). It has also been called the Lake of Gennesaret or the Sea of Gennesaret (Luke 5:1) after the name of a small fruitful plain on its western side. The Arabic name for the lake is (بحيرة طبريا) meaning "Lake Tiberias". Other names are: Ginnosar, Lake of Gennesar, Sea of Chinneroth, Sea of Tiberias (Roman) and Waters of Gennesareth.


title: Sea of Galilee

text: Its main source is the Jordan River, which flows through it from north to south. The lake is deep in the Jordan Great Rift Valley, the valley caused by the separation of the African and Arabian Plates. Because of this, the area has earthquakes and, in the past, volcanic activity.


title: Sea of Galilee

text: Due to its low-lying position in the rift valley, surrounded by hills, the sea can get sudden violent storms; as in the New Testament story about Jesus calming the storm. A main feature of the lake seems to be that it is always changing. It is still famous, just as in New Testament times, for having plenty of fish, and in today's restaurants, "St. Peter's Fish" (tilapia) is very popular.


title: Sea of Galilee

text: The Sea of Galilee is on the ancient Via Maris road which linked Egypt with the northern empires. The Greeks, Hasmoneans, and Romans started towns and settlements here: Gadara, Hippos, Tiberias and others. The 1st century historian Flavius Josephus wrote of a large fishing industry at this time, with 230 boats regularly working in the lake.


title: Sea of Galilee

text: Much of the ministry of Jesus was on the shores of Lake Galilee. In those days, there were many settlements and villages all around the lake and plenty of trade and ferrying by boat. The gospels of Mark (1:14-20), Matthew (4:18-22), and Luke (5:1-11) tell how Jesus got four of his apostles from the shores of Lake Galilee: the fishermen Simon and his brother Andrew, and the brothers John and James. One of Jesus' famous teachings, the Sermon on the Mount, was given on a hill overlooking the lake. Many of his miracles were also recorded to have been here: his walking on water, calming a storm, feeding five thousand people and many others.


title: Sea of Galilee

text: In 135, the second Jewish revolt against the Romans, called Bar Kokhba's revolt, was put down. The Romans responded by sending all Jews away from Jerusalem and not letting them come back. The center of Jewish culture and learning thus moved to the region of the Kinneret, particularly to the city of Tiberias.


title: Sea of Galilee

text: In the time of the Byzantine Empire, the lake's importance in Jesus' life made it a major destination for Christian pilgrims. This led to the growth of a tourist industry, with package tours and plenty of comfortable inns.


title: Sea of Galilee

text: The lake lost importance when the Byzantines lost control of it. The area came under the control of the Umayyad Caliphate and later Islamic empires. Except for Tiberias, little by little, the major towns and cities began to be left empty. In 1187, Saladin defeated the armies of the Crusades at the Battle of Hattin, mainly because he cut the Crusaders off from the valuable fresh water of the Sea of Galilee.


title: Sea of Galilee

text: In 1909 Jewish pioneers built their first cooperative farming village (kibbutz), Kvutzat Kinneret which trained Jewish immigrants in farming and agriculture. Kinneret was the center of the Kibbutz culture of early Zionism.


title: Sea of Galilee

text: In 1923 an agreement between the United Kingdom and France set the border between the British Mandate of Palestine and the French Mandate of Syria. The British gave the southern Golan Heights to the French in return for the northern Jordan Valley. The border was drawn again so that both sides of the Jordan river and the whole of the Sea of Galilee, including a 10-meter wide strip along the northeastern shore, were made a part of Palestine . The 1947 UN Partition Plan put this area inside the Jewish state.


title: Sea of Galilee

text: During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Syria occupied the lake's northeastern shore. In 1967, the State of Israel took control of the entire Sea of Galilee, as well as the Golan, during the Six Day War. Syria still claims the northeastern shore of the sea , arguing it is a part of the Golan Heights.


title: Sea of Galilee

text: Israel's National Water Carrier, built in 1964, takes water from the lake to the population centers of Israel, and is the source of most of the country's drinking water. Israel also supplies water from the lake to the West Bank and to Jordan (under the terms of the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace). More demand for water and some dry winters have resulted in a lower water level that is sometimes dangerous.


title: Sea of Galilee

text: Today, tourism is again very important in the area. The entire Sea of Galilee is a popular holiday resort area. The many historical and spiritual sites around the lake, especially its main town Tiberias, are visited by millions of local and foreign tourists every year. Other economic activities include fishing in the lake and agriculture, particularly bananas, in the fertile belt of land surrounding it.


title: Sea of Galilee

text: A key attraction is the site where the Kinneret's water flows into the Jordan River. Thousands of pilgrims from all over the world come to be (re-)baptized there every year.


title: Rage Against the Machine

text: Rage Against the Machine, sometimes known as RATM or Rage, is a rock band from Los Angeles, California. Rage Against the Machine are known for mixing funk, hip-hop, metal and rock music. They are also known for their left-wing political opinions. The band members have been the same since they started in 1991. The band members are rapper Zack de la Rocha, guitarist Tom Morello, bassist Tim Commerford and drummer Brad Wilk. Morello, Commerford and Wilk also made Audioslave with Chris Cornell.


title: Rage Against the Machine

text: RATM released their first album in 1992. It was called "Rage Against the Machine". The album sold a lot of copies and reached number 40 on the "Billboard" 200 music chart. The band did not do another album until "Evil Empire" in 1996. The bands third album, "The Battle of Los Angeles," was released in 1999. Shortly after, in 2000, the band released a covers album named "Renegades".


title: Rage Against the Machine

text: In 1991, Tom Morello's band named Lock Up disbanded. He wanted to make another band, so talked to Zack de la Rocha and Tim Commerford about working on new music. After some time, Morello got drummer Brad Wilk to join the band as well. Morello knew him because Wilk had auditioned to play the drums for Lock Up, but failed. The band named themselves Rage Against the Machine. They got the name from a song that de la Rocha had written for another band.


title: Rage Against the Machine

text: The band made a demo tape named "Rage Against the Machine". It had twelve songs on it. Seven of the twelve songs would be put on their first album. A lot of big record labels were interested in the band after they put out their demo. Rage Against the Machine joined Epic Records. Morello said they "agreed to everything [the band] asked".


title: Rage Against the Machine

text: The band's first album, "Rage Against the Machine", was released in 1992. It sold many copies, with "Killing in the Name" being the most popular song from the album. To get more people to listen to the album, the band played at Lollapalooza in 1993.


title: Rage Against the Machine

text: After their first album was successful, Rage Against the Machine made some songs for movie soundtracks, such as "Tire Me" and "Year of tha Boomerang". They released their second album, "Evil Empire", in 1996. It got to the number one spot on the "Billboard" 200 music chart.


title: Rage Against the Machine

text: In April 1996, Rage Against the Machine played music on "Saturday Night Live". They planned to play two songs, but their second song was cancelled. This was because they tried to put upside-down American flags over their amplifiers (upside-down flags are a sign of danger). The flags were a protest against the show having Republican Steve Forbes on the show the same night.


title: Rage Against the Machine

text: In 1997, Rage Against the Machine played on tour with U2. All of the money that Rage made from the concerts was given to groups they supported, such as the EZLN and Women Alive. After touring with U2, Rage started their own tour in the United States. They planned to do the tour with the Wu-Tang Clan, but replaced them with The Roots after they did not show up to a concert. The band released a compilation album of songs from their demo and live recordings named "Live & Rare" in 1998.


title: Rage Against the Machine

text: In 1999, Rage Against the Machine played music at Woodstock. The band then released an album named "The Battle of Los Angeles". It sold over 450,000 copies, and hit number one on the "Billboard" 200. Rage's music was put on the soundtrack for movies from "The Matrix" series.


title: Rage Against the Machine

text: In January 2000, the band made a music video for "Sleep Now in the Fire" on Wall Street. Hundreds of people came to watch the band make the video. Michael Moore, the person filming the music video, only had a permit for being at the front of Federal Hall. The band was not allowed to make loud noises, but they kept playing loudly. Tom Morello said that Moore told the band that "no matter what happens, don't stop playing". When the band went away from the front of the Hall, police officers handcuffed Moore. Moore told the band to "take the New York Stock Exchange", and many people starting running into the building. The Stock Exchange shut down, and nobody could trade for some time because of the band.


title: Rage Against the Machine

text: In September 2000, the band went to the MTV Music Awards. When Limp Bizkit got the award for Best Rock Video instead of Rage, Tim Commerford climbed up a set of scaffolding for the awards show. De la Rocha left the awards show after he did this, and Commerford went to jail for a night.


title: Rage Against the Machine

text: In October 2000, de la Rocha left the band. He thought that Rage had many problems that made the band members not work together well. At the end of the year, the band released "Renegades", an album of covers. It had songs originally made by many bands, such as Devo, the Rolling Stones, Cypress Hill, and Bob Dylan. It was certified platinum by the RIAA.


title: Rage Against the Machine

text: After de la Rocha left the band, Morello, Commerford and Wilk wanted to keep making music. They decided to find someone else to sing, and make a new band. Rick Rubin, a music producer, told them that they should play with Chris Cornell from Soundgarden. Cornell agreed to sing, and they made the band Audioslave. In November 2002, the band released their first album. It was also named "Audioslave". Many people liked the album. Compared to Rage Against the Machine, Audioslave was not very political. The band made two more albums, named "Out of Exile" and "Revelations". In February 2007, Audioslave broke up after Cornell left the band.


title: Progressive rock

text: Progressive rock is a type of rock music with complicated musical technique and composition. This means that the tempo, time signature, and style can change many times in a single song.


title: Progressive rock

text: Most normal rock songs follow a very simple pattern in the way they are arranged. This pattern is a verse followed by a chorus, then a different verse, and then the same chorus. Progressive rock is more complicated than this, and can require more skill to play.


title: Progressive rock

text: Progressive rock was first made in the late 1960s, but became most popular in the 1970s. It continues to be popular today, too. Progressive rock began in England and spread throughout Europe. It remains most popular in Europe, but there are several notable American and Canadian progressive rock bands. This genre was influenced by classical music and jazz fusion. Over the years, different sub-genres of progressive rock have been created, such as symphonic rock, art rock, math rock, and progressive metal.


title: Progressive rock

text: Progressive rock artists wished to create music that was not limited to the structures of common popular rock and pop music. They wanted to make rock music that "progressed" to the complexity of jazz and classical music by creating a more serious, complex and sophisticated type of rock music. Progressive rock bands may have influences from psychedelic rock, folk music, traditional music, world music, and jazz or jazz fusion. It is also referred to as "prog rock" as an abbreviation, or as "Hobbit rock" because of frequent medieval or fantasy themes in the lyrics.


title: Progressive rock

text: Progressive rock bands write and play songs that have many changes during each song. Regular rock songs have verses and a chorus, but progressive songs can have many different sections. For example, instead of having verses and choruses, progressive rock songs may have many different musical themes, solos, and musical moods. A typical progressive song might have a form such as: Introduction-Verse-Chorus-instrumental section-New verse-New chorus-Instrumental section-Ending.


title: Progressive rock

text: Because of their depth and complexity, progressive rock songs are not played on pop music radio very often.


title: Progressive rock

text: Some of the important progressive rock bands from the late 1960s and early 1970s include The Moody Blues, Jethro Tull; Yes, Genesis; Pink Floyd; Emerson; Lake & Palmer; Rush; Gentle Giant; Happy The Man; Van der Graaf Generator, and King Crimson.


title: Progressive rock

text: Progressive rock is difficult to define, because progressive rock bands often play different types of progressive rock music which sound different. There are some common elements that are in most progressive rock band music, such as long, complex songs, unusual time signatures, unusual instruments or ways of using them, and use of improvisation, which means making up or inventing music while playing on stage.


title: Progressive rock

text: Albums by progressive rock groups are often concept albums. In a concept album, the songs have a common theme, are arranged in a certain order and often tell a story or represent a larger concept.


title: Hygrometer

text: A hygrometer is a meteorological instrument that is used to measure the humidity of the air. A common way these devices work is by using a material that attracts moisture. This material changes depending on how hydrated it is.


title: Hygrometer

text: A hygrometer has two bulbs: one wet and one dry. Both bulbs are like thermometers, though one is covered with a wet or dry towel. After a period of time, the water on the bulb evaporates and at that time, the temperature is measured on each bulb. The difference between the temperatures is noted. Then each of the temperatures are used on a chart to find the relative humidity of that temperature and area. Relative humidity is a ratio, so it has no unit. A small difference between the temperature of the bulbs shows a high relative humidity coming from a low evaporation rate. In dry air, evaporation takes place faster showing a large difference in temperature thus giving a low relative humidity.


title: Hygrometer

text: A sling psychrometer works when the scientist spins two thermometers through the air, one plain and one with a wet cloth around it. The dry thermometer measures the air temperature. The wet thermometer measures the dew point, because the wet cloth is cooled as the thermometer spins. Since the water on the cloth evaporates, due to latent heat, which is the loss of heat energy when matter goes through a phase change, the cloth cools. Then, the thermometer measures the temperature of the cloth. Eventually the cloth will match the amount of water absorbed in it with the amount of water absorbed in the air, or the humidity. When the matching happens, the temperature will stabilize. Then, the scientist looks on a table to find the dew point according to the air temperature and humidity measured by the wet bulb.


title: Landfill

text: A landfill is a place where waste is kept. Waste is usually buried in landfills, but it may first be sorted to remove any recyclable materials.


title: Landfill

text: Landfills have a bad smell and look bad, therefore are usually located far away from where people live.


title: Landfill

text: Once the waste is crushed into very small pieces, it is buried, but without oxygen, a dangerous gas called methane is created. This process is called anaerobic digestion. In some countries, the methane from landfills is used to generate energy.


title: Zwartbles sheep

text: Zwartbles sheep are a large breed of domestic sheep. This breed first came from Holland in the north of the Netherlands. They were used to make sheep milk as well as lamb and mutton. They were often kept in the same fields as the dairy cattle.


title: Zwartbles sheep

text: They were brought over to Great Britain in the late 1900s. They are not very common and now live in the north of England. The sheep have reddish brown wool, black legs with four white socks, a white tip on the tail, and a black face with a white stripe. They do not have horns. The lambs look the same but have jet black wool. These are a tame and friendly sheep, but are difficult to look after.


title: Zwartbles sheep

text: They are bred for their meat and not for their wool, because it is very dark and cannot be dyed. The meat from Zwartbles sheep does not have much fat and tastes sweet.


title: Zwartbles sheep

text: Being so large, they often have three or four lambs. Having so many babies can cause problems for the mother in giving birth.


title: Zwartbles sheep

text: These sheep have become less popular in Holland. There are so few there that they are listed as being rare by the Dutch Rare Breed Survival trust in the mid-1970s.


title: Zwartbles sheep

text: The first Zwartbles were imported to the United Kingdom in the early 1990s. A group for their farmers and owners, the Zwartbles Sheep Association, was formed in 1995.


title: Zwartbles sheep

text: Zwartbles are now mainly used for breeding lambs, and for their meat and wool. Already coming from the cold, wet, windy climate in the Netherlands, they can live in good health at various altitudes in Great Britain. Some Zwarbles are now shown in agricultural shows to be judged. The wool of these show animals is often trimmed to remove the brown wool tips. This leaves a tight black fleece showing as the primary colour.


title: Crystal

text: Crystals are made from fluids by Crystallization, which is a kind of phase change. Usually the fluid is a liquid, but crystals can form from a gas too. For example, snow is water crystals (ice) formed from air that contains water vapor (evaporated water). Crystallization can be by freezing from a simple fluid or from a solution. Sometimes heat and pressure needs to be applied to a substance for crystals to form. Diamond is a carbon crystal formed under heat and pressure. Crystals are found naturally or can be made artificially.


title: Crystal

text: The surface of crystals often have regions that are flat, called facets. Facets occur naturally as crystals form, because flat layers of atoms are usually the most stable. The atoms in a facet are arranged in a regular pattern, such as the pattern of a chess board or a honeycomb. These facets reflect light to give crystals their shiny or sparky appearance. Artificial facets can be made in any shape by cutting or grinding a crystal, which is how some gemstones for jewelry are made.


title: Crystal

text: Different substances form different types of crystals. The study of the arrangement of atoms in crystals is crystallography. Well-known substances that form crystals are table salt (whose crystals are cubes), diamond, and quartz.


title: Critical thinking

text: Critical thinking is "thinking about thinking". It is a way of deciding if a claim is true, false, or sometimes true and sometimes false, or partly true and partly false.


title: Critical thinking

text: To find out if someone is telling you the truth, one needs evidence. Information is found in libraries, online, and by asking people. Professional librarians can help research library sources. Cybrarians can help research using computers. Professional interviewers are good at finding people who are experts in their fields, and they know how to ask the right questions.


title: Critical thinking

text: To solve a problem, questions can be written as clearly and simply as possible, making certain that all terms are well understood by giving definitions if necessary. Then, this critical thinking can help one judge how true this information is. Critical thinking tools are taken from many fields of study: statistics, logistics, semantics, experimental research methodology, psychology, sociology. Research sources should be of good quality: up to date, thorough, well-informed, and impartial.


title: Hypothesis

text: A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for some event or problem. For a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it.


title: Hypothesis

text: In the early 17th century, Cardinal Bellarmine gave a well known example of the older sense of the word in his warning to Galileo: that he must not treat the motion of the Earth as a reality, but merely as a hypothesis.


title: Hypothesis

text: Today, a hypothesis refers to an idea that needs to be tested. A hypothesis needs more work by the researcher in order to check it. A tested hypothesis that works may become part of a theory—or become a theory itself. The testing should be an attempt to prove that the hypothesis is wrong. That is, there should be a way to falsify the hypothesis, at least in principle if not in practice.


title: Hypothesis

text: Experimenters may test and reject several hypotheses, before solving the problem or reaching a satisfactory theory.


title: Hypothesis

text: A 'working hypothesis' is just a rough kind of hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research. The hope is that a theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails.


title: Hypothesis

text: Hypotheses are especially important in science. Several philosophers have said that without hypotheses, there could be no science. In recent years, philosophers of science have tried to integrate the various approaches to testing hypotheses (and the scientific method in general), to form a more complete system. The point is that hypotheses are suggested ideas, which are then tested by experiments or observations.


title: Hypothesis

text: In statistics, people talk about correlation: correlation is how closely related two events or phenomena are. A proposition (or hypothesis) that two events are related cannot be tested in the same way as a law of nature can be tested. An example would be to see if some drug is effective to treat a given medical condition. Even if there is a strong correlation that indicates that this is the case, some samples would still not fit the hypothesis.


title: Hypothesis

text: There are two hypotheses in statistical tests, called the null hypothesis, often written as formula_1, and the alternative hypothesis, often written as formula_2. The null hypothesis states that there is no link between the phenomena, and is usually assumed to be true until it can be proven wrong beyond a reasonable doubt. The alternative hypothesis states that there "is" some kind of link. It is usually the opposite of the null hypothesis, and is what one would conclude if null hypothesis is rejected. The alternative hypothesis may take several forms. It can be two-sided (for example: there is "some" effect, in a yet unknown direction) or one-sided (the direction of the supposed relation, positive or negative, is fixed in advance).


title: The Fappening

text: On August 31, 2014, a collection of almost 500 private pictures of many celebrities, mostly women, and with many having their nudes, were posted on the imageboard 4chan, and later shared by other users on websites and social networks such as Imgur and Reddit.


title: The Fappening

text: The images were initially believed to have been obtained via a breach of Apple's cloud services suite iCloud. However, access was later revealed to have been gained via targeted phishing attacks.


title: The Fappening

text: The event, which media outlets and Internet users referred to under names such as "The Fappening".) and "Celebgate", was met with a varied reaction from the media and fellow celebrities.


title: The Fappening

text: On September 20, 2014, a second batch of similar private photos of additional celebrities was leaked by hackers. On September 26, a third batch was also leaked, which was dubbed as "The Fappening 3".


title: Jacob

text: Jacob is a figure in the Abrahamic religions. He was a patriarch of the Hebrew people, as told in the Hebrew Bible, the Talmud, the New Testament and the Qur'an. He was the ancestor of the tribes of Israel, which were named after his male children. He had 13 children, 12 sons and a daughter.


title: Jacob

text: Jacob had an older brother, Esau. His mother was named Rebecca and his father named Isaac. According to the Talmud, immediately after Abraham died, Jacob prepared a lentil stew as a traditional mourner's meal for his father. The Hebrew Bible says that Esau, who was very hungry, begged Jacob to give him some of the stew. (Esau called the dish, "that red, red stuff", which is why he is called Edom, ("`Edom", meaning "Red").) Jacob said, "If you give me your birthright I will give you some stew." Esau agreed. Soon, Issac became almost blind. Rebecca tricked Issac into giving Jacob the blessing. Jacob's brother got angry, so Rebecca sent Jacob away.


title: Jacob

text: Jacob works for his uncle Laban so he can marry his daughter Rachel. But he is tricked into marrying Leah, her older sister as well. He has children with both women, and with their concubines.


title: Jacob

text: He is very upset when his son Joseph is sold into slavery in Egypt by his brothers. Jacob moves to Egypt when there is a famine. He dies and is buried in Canaan.


title: Italian unification

text: Italian unification (), also known as the Risorgimento (meaning "the Resurgence"), refers to the Italian movement that united the Italian states in the 19th century. The movement began in 1815 with the Congress of Vienna. It ended in 1871, when Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy by the efforts of Count of Cavour, the prime minister of Piedmont, and Giuseppe Garibaldi, an Italian national hero who united southern Italy. That allowed King Victor Emmanuel II to become the first king of Italy.


title: Italian unification

text: Napoléon Bonaparte invaded Italy in 1796 and later controlled it. When he was defeated in 1815, at the Battle of Waterloo, the free states could now join together.


title: Italian unification

text: The Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) restored the prewar "ancien régime". The Austrian Empire, ruled by the Habsburgs, controlled most of Italy.


title: Italian unification

text: Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont-Sardinia had a great vision of a unified Italy. He wanted Piedmont-Sardinia to be a model for the unification of Italy. To do so, he started many public works, projects, and political reforms. Piedmont-Sardinia was soon recognized as an emerging power. The next step for its conquest was to get Austria out of the Italian Peninsula.


title: Italian unification

text: With the Crimean War breaking out between France and Britain on one side, and Russia on the other, Piedmont-Sardinia had a chance to earn some respect and to make a name for itself. Britain and France proved victorious, and Sardinia was able to attend the peace conference. As a result, Piedmont-Sardinia gained the support of French Emperor Napoléon III.


title: Italian unification

text: In 1858, Sardinia and France secretly plotted a plan of attack against Austria. The following year, Sardinia put its plan into action. Instead of attacking, Sardinia encouraged nationalist revolts in the Austrian-held territories in Italy to provoke Austria into starting the war. Following the Battles of Magenta and Solferino, France drove Austria out of Lombardy, but Austria still held onto Venetia.


title: Italian unification

text: France then dropped out of the war, since it feared that a unified Italy might be a threat and realized that the Austrian strength would eventually crush the French. That ended the war, with Austria keeping Venetia.


title: Italian unification

text: Meanwhile, the Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi led a nationalist uprising to join the states and territories into one republic. As Sardinia ended the war, Garibaldi gave it most of the provinces. In March 1861, a parliament of all of Italy except Rome and Venetia agreed to unify Italy with Victor Emmanuel II as its first king. When Prussia defeated Austria in a war in 1866, Italy struck a deal with Berlin to force Vienna to turn over Venetia, which left Rome as the last Italian city not yet added.


title: Italian unification

text: Because of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, France sent its army away from Rome. Without protection, the Pope could not resist, and Rome finally became the capital of Italy.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: Imagine Dragons is an American pop rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada. Its members are its lead singer Dan Reynolds, guitarist Wayne Sermon, bassist Ben McKee, and drummer Daniel Platzman. The band first got attention for its single "It's Time". This was followed by its award-winning debut studio album "Night Visions" (2012). This album had two of its chart-topping singles "Radioactive" and "Demons". "Rolling Stone" named "Radioactive" the "biggest rock hit of the year" after it held the record for most weeks charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100. MTV called them "the year's biggest breakout band", and "Billboard" said they were their "Breakthrough Band of 2013" and "Biggest Band of 2017". "Billboard" put them at the top of their "Year of Rock" rankings for 2013, 2017, and 2018. Imagine Dragons topped the "Billboard" Year-End "Top Artists – Duo/Group" category in 2018.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: The band's second studio album "Smoke + Mirrors" (2015) got to number one in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Next they released their third album "Evolve" (2017). This album had three chart-topping singles, "Believer", "Thunder", and "Whatever it Takes". This helped them become the artist with the most weeks at number one on the "Billboard" Hot Rock Songs chart. The album reached the top five in many countries. The band's fourth album "Origins" (2018) included the song "Natural". "Natural" became their fifth song to top the Hot Rock Songs chart. The band released their fifth album "Mercury – Act 1" on September 3, 2021 and its follow-up "Mercury – Act 2" on July 1, 2022.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: Imagine Dragons has won three American Music Awards, nine "Billboard" Music Awards, one Grammy Award, one MTV Video Music Award, and one World Music Award. In May 2014, the band was nominated for 14 "Billboard" Music Awards. These include Top Artist of the Year and a Milestone Award. In April 2018, the band was nominated 11 more times for "Billboard" Music Awards.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: Imagine Dragons has sold more than 75 million records worldwide. This makes them one of the world's best-selling music artists. They were the most streamed group of 2018 on Spotify and are the first rock act to have four songs, "Radioactive", "Demons", "Believer", and "Thunder", to have over one billion streams each. According to "Billboard", "Believer", "Thunder", and "Radioactive" were the three best performing rock songs of the 2010s.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: In 2008, lead singer Dan Reynolds met drummer Andrew Tolman at Brigham Young University, where they were both students. Reynolds and Tolman recruited Andrew Beck, Dave Lemke, and Aurora Florence to play guitar, bass, and piano respectively for their band. Their name is an anagram for a phrase only known to members of the group, which Reynolds said each member approved of. The five released an extended play called "Speak to Me" that year. However, Beck and Florence left the band later that year. In 2009, Tolman recruited long-time high school friend Wayne Sermon to play guitar. Sermon had graduated from Berklee College of Music. Tolman later recruited his wife, Brittany Tolman, to sing back-up and play keys and the band began to play again. Lemke left the band later on, so Sermon recruited Ben McKee to join the band as their bassist. The band got a large following in their hometown of Provo, Utah before they moved to Las Vegas, where the band recorded and released their first three extended plays.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: The band released a self-titled extended play "Imagine Dragons" on September 1, 2009, and "Hell and Silence" on March 10, 2010, both recorded at Battle Born Studios, in Las Vegas. They released their third extended play, "It's Time" on March 12, 2011. Six months later, they signed a record deal with Interscope Records on November 18, 2011.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: They got their first big break when Train's frontman Pat Monahan fell sick just prior to the Bite of Las Vegas Festival 2009. Imagine Dragons was called to fill in and performed to a crowd of more than 26,000 people. Local accolades including "Best CD of 2011" ("Vegas SEVEN"), "Best Local Indie Band 2010" ("Las Vegas Weekly"), "Las Vegas' Newest Must See Live Act" ("Las Vegas CityLife"), Vegas Music Summit Headliner 2010, and more sent the band higher in popularity. In November 2011, they began working with English Grammy Award-winning producer Alex da Kid. Eventually, the Tolmans left the group. Daniel Platzman and keyboardist Theresa Flaminio were recruited by Ben McKee in August 2011, before the band's label deal in November 2011.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: Theresa Flaminio left Imagine Dragons in early 2012, leaving them as a quartet. The band worked with Alex da Kid. They recorded their first major-label release at Westlake Recording Studios in West Hollywood, California with him. An extended play called "Continued Silence" was released on Valentine's Day (February 14, 2012) digitally and got to number 40 on the "Billboard" 200. The band also released an extended play called "Hear Me" in 2012.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: Shortly after, "It's Time" was released as a single and got to number 15 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The music video debuted on April 17, 2012, on all MTV services and was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award in the "Best Rock Video" category. "It's Time" was made a 6× platinum single by the RIAA.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: The band finished recording their debut album "Night Visions" in the summer of 2012 at Studio X inside Palms Casino Resort and released the album in the United States on September 4, 2012. It peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 chart with first week sales of more than 83,000 copies, the highest charting for a debut rock album since 2006. The album also reached No. 1 on the Billboard Alternative and Rock Album charts and the top ten on the Australian, Austrian, Canadian, Dutch, German, Irish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Scottish, Spanish, and United Kingdom Albums charts. It won a Billboard Music Award for Top Rock Album and was nominated for the Juno Award for International Album of the Year. "Night Visions" is certified platinum in the US by the RIAA as well as in Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK. The album had three songs that got to the "Billboard" Top 40, four songs in the ARIA Top 40, and five songs in the UK Top 40.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: The album's second single "Radioactive" reached No. 1 on the "Billboard" Alternative Songs, "Billboard" Rock Songs, and Swedish singles chart and has sold more than 14 million singles in the United States, going into the top 3 of the most selling songs digitally ever. It also beat the record of the longest song on the "Billboard" Hot 100 by spending 87 weeks before being broken by The Weeknd's "Blinding Lights" in 2021. "Radioactive" stayed at No. 1 on the Hot Rock Songs chart for a record-breaking 23 weeks and became the genre's biggest hit of 2013. It peaked at No. 3, becoming their first top ten single in the United States and broke the record for the longest run into the top five. It is the best-selling rock song on the Nielsen SoundScan running list of best-selling rock songs in digital history. By the end of 2013, "Radioactive" had already sold over 3 million copies. "Rolling Stone" called it "the biggest rock hit of the year". It was also the most streamed song of 2013 on Spotify in the United States. It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. It won the Grammy Award for Best Rock performance.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: Third single "Demons" reached No. 1 on the "Billboard" Pop Songs, peaked at No. 6 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and spent 61 weeks on it. In 2021, RIAA said that the song has become the band's third diamond selling song in the US.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: Fourth single "On Top Of The World" reached No. 79 on the Billboard Hot 100 and also spent 20 weeks on the chart.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: In the US, the non-singles off the album, "Bleeding Out" and "Amsterdam" were certified platinum while "Hear Me" and "Tiptoe" were certified gold.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: "Billboard" listed them as one of "2012's Brightest New Stars" and later "The Breakout Band of 2013". Imagine Dragons won the 2014 Billboard Music Awards for Top Duo/Group, Top Hot 100 Artist, and Top Rock Artist. Amazon.com called the band their "Favorite Rock Artist of 2012".


title: Imagine Dragons

text: In 2013, Imagine Dragons went back to Europe and North America with the Night Visions Tour. The band announced 13 more US summer tour dates which also sold out. The band then announced a North America Amphitheatre tour.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: The idea behind the second album was to create music and finish it when the band feels that their work is done. Since the beginning of the Night Visions Tour, the band had been writing new material for the next album. Even as early as the start of the tour they had been recording demos for the album. By the time that they went into the studio to work on the album, they had created 50 demos to work from.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: Before the album's release, Imagine Dragons released a number of singles for other projects including a song for the film "", called "Battle Cry" (June 2014) and “Warriors" for the 2014 League of Legends World Championship (September 2014).


title: Imagine Dragons

text: On October 24, they showed the lead single to the upcoming album, "I Bet My Life" on Facebook and Instagram. It was released on October 27. It was sent to US Alternative radio for ads on November 3. On December 16, the band announced their second album "Smoke + Mirrors" and the release of its second single "Gold". "Shots" was released as the album's third single on January 26, 2015.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: Imagine Dragons played at the Mayan Theater in Los Angeles on February 5, 2015. The half-hour set included the live debut of unreleased songs "Summer" and "I'm So Sorry". On February 8, the band partnered with Target for a performance of "Shots" as part of a live commercial during the Grammy Awards.  "Smoke + Mirrors" was released on February 17. The album debuted on top of the Billboard 200, making it the band's first number one album. The band began a world tour on June 3 in Portland, Oregon.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: During the band's tour, Imagine Dragons released two non-album singles. "Roots" was released on August 26, 2015, and "I Was Me" on October 12, 2015, on iTunes. The band also released a cover of "I Love You All the Time" by Eagles of Death Metal on December 18, 2015, in support of the victims of the November 2015 Paris attacks. The Smoke + Mirrors Tour ended on February 5, 2016, in Amsterdam.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: They released the soundtracks songs "Not Today" from "Me Before You" and "Sucker for Pain" from "Suicide Squad" with Lil Wayne, Wiz Khalifa, Logic, Ty Dolla Sign, and X Ambassadors in April and June, respectively.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: Imagine Dragons began recording their third album in September 2016. The band teased the upcoming album by posting cryptic messages on their Twitter account for the next four months. They released the song "Levitate", recorded for the film "Passengers", on December 2, 2016. On January 28, 2017, the band started posting a series of videos teasing the album's first single. The time-lapse videos featured lead singer Dan Reynolds drawing surreal images on a drawing pad. Morse code was hidden in the videos and translated to "objects of same color".


title: Imagine Dragons

text: On February 1, 2017, Imagine Dragons released "Believer" as the lead single for their next album. "Believer" was used as part of a Super Bowl ad for the Nintendo Switch. On April 27, 2017, the band released "Thunder" as the second single from their third album. On May 8, 2017, Imagine Dragons announced their third studio album "Evolve", as well as a new track "Whatever It Takes", which was released on the same day. A tour in support for the album was also announced within the same day. The tour was held across 33 countries from September 2017 through September 2018.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: "Evolve" was released on June 23, 2017, worldwide. The album reached the top five in most countries but was met with mixed critical responses. The album and the single "Thunder" received nominations for Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance, respectively, at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards. "Whatever It Takes" was released as an official single off the album a few months later on October 6, 2017. The song won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Rock Video in 2018. On February 14, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced a new single titled "Next to Me" on Twitter. The song was released as part of a re-issue of "Evolve" on February 21, 2018.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: On June 12, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced a new single with Kygo called "Born to Be Yours" on Twitter. The song was released on June 15, 2018. In 2018, Imagine Dragons also became co-owners of esports team Rogue.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: On July 12, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced a new single named "Natural" on Twitter. The song was released on July 17, 2018. The song was used as the anthem for the 2018 "ESPN College Football" season. The band ended the Evolve tour in Tampa, Florida on August 10. On September 18, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced a new single titled "Zero", which was released the following day. It was used in the end credits of the Walt Disney Animation Studios movie "Ralph Breaks the Internet".


title: Imagine Dragons

text: On October 3, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced their fourth studio album, "Origins", which was released on November 9, 2018. "Natural" and "Zero" serve as the lead singles off the album, while "Born to Be Yours" is featured on the international deluxe edition of the album. The band has said that this album was made as a sister album to "Evolve". On October 31, 2018, Imagine Dragons released the third single off the album, "Machine". Lastly, on November 6, 2018, Imagine Dragons released the album's fourth single, "Bad Liar". "Origins" debuted at number two in the US, making it their fourth top five album. It reached the top ten in multiple countries, but received mixed reviews from critics.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: On January 7, 2019, Imagine Dragons performed the halftime show for the 2019 College Football Championship game. The band performed "Natural", "Bad Liar", "Thunder", and a special version of "Believer" with rapper Lil Wayne. The new version of the song was released on streaming platforms the following day.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: In June 2019, Beat Games released a paid downloadable content (DLC) music pack for virtual reality rhythm game "Beat Saber", called "Imagine Dragons Music Pack", that includes ten songs by Imagine Dragons.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: On June 20, 2019, Imagine Dragons released a new version "Birds", featuring Italian singer Elisa, as the fifth and final single from "Origins". On July 23, 2019, an animated video for the original version of the song was released.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: On January 20, 2020, the band released a music video for "Nothing Left to Say", a song from their debut album "Night Visions".


title: Imagine Dragons

text: On March 8, 2021, Imagine Dragons announced the release of two singles, "Follow You" and "Cutthroat", which were released on March 12. The band began teasing their upcoming album which was produced by Rick Rubin. On June 29, 2021, the band announced the single "Wrecked", along with the pre-order for their fifth studio album "Mercury – Act 1" a day later. The song was released on July 2, 2021. "Mercury – Act 1" was released on September 3, along with the single "Monday". Similar to their previous work, the album was met with mixed critical reception. It debuted at number nine in the US.


title: Imagine Dragons

text: In October, the band re-released their first three extended plays onto streaming services and digital retailers. Each EP features a previously unreleased bonus track. The band also released the single "Enemy" featuring rapper JID, as part of the soundtrack to the Netflix series "Arcane", on October 28. It is the second collaboration between Imagine Dragons and "League of Legends", following "Warriors".


title: Imagine Dragons

text: Soon after the release of "Mercury – Act 1", the band began teasing a follow-up album that would also be produced by Rubin. In January 2022, Reynolds said that the album was "almost done" and would be released after the first part of the Mercury Tour. The tour started on February 6 in Miami and ended on September 15 in Los Angeles. On March 11, 2022, the band released a single named "Bones". It was the lead single for their album "Mercury – Act 2". On April 6, the band announced that "Mercury – Act 2" would be released on July 1, 2022. The 18-track album was released as part of an album that had both "Mercury" albums.


title: Aristotle Onassis

text: Aristotle Socrates Onassis (20 January 1906 – 15 March 1975) was a prominent Greek shipping magnate and founder of Olympic Airways.


title: Aristotle Onassis

text: Onassis was born in Smyrna (now Izmir), Ottoman Empire, into a prosperous Greek family. He received a good education and became fluent in several languages. In 1922, when Turkey took possession of Smyrna, the Onassis family lost most of their fortune and had to flee to Greece. The following year, Onassis left for Argentina where he quickly established himself as a prominent businessman.


title: Aristotle Onassis

text: He later began to invest in shipping and eventually acquired a large fleet of freighters which made him one of the richest men in the world. In 1957, he founded Olympic Airways. He converted one of his ships into a luxury yacht called "Christina", which he used to entertain famous people (artists, politicians, royalty, etc.).


title: Aristotle Onassis

text: He married Athina Livanos (1926-1974) in 1946, with whom he had two children; Alexander (1948-1973) and Christina (1950-1988). In the late 1950s, he met diva Maria Callas and began a liaison with her that led to his divorce. In 1968, he startled the world by marrying Jacqueline Kennedy, the widow of slain President John F. Kennedy.


title: Aristotle Onassis

text: He died at American Hospital of Paris in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, from complications of myasthenia gravis and pneumonia, aged 69.


title: Idealism

text: Idealism is the philosophy that believes the ultimate nature of reality is ideal, or based upon ideas, values, or essences. The external, or real world cannot be separated from consciousness, perception, mind, intellect and reason in the sense of science. The word comes from the Greek word ἰδέα.


title: Idealism

text: In some doctrines of idealistic thought "the ideal" relates to direct and immediate knowledge of subjective mental ideas, or images.


title: Princess of Xiaohe

text: The Princess of Xiaohe () was unearthed and named by the archaeologists of Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology at Xiaohe Cemetery Tomb M11, 102 km west of Loulan, Nop Nur, Xinjiang in 2003. She is different from the female mummy discovered in 1934 described below. She has flaxen hair and long eyelashes and was wrapped in a white wool cloak with tassels and wore a felt hat, string skirt, and fur-lined leather boots. She was buried with wooden pins and three small pouches of ephedra and twigs and branches of ephedra were placed beside the body. She is not permanently exhibited in any museum. In 2010, she was exhibited at Bowers Museum in Santa Ana, California, Houston Museum of Natural Science and University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. In 2019, she was exhibited at Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Art and Archaeology at Peking University.


title: Princess of Xiaohe

text: The previously called Princess of Xiaohe (), also known as the Beauty of Xiaohe (), is a different female mummy discovered in 1934 by Swedish archaeologist Folke Bergman, at Xiaohe Tomb (小河墓地; literally "Little River Tomb"), Luobu Po (罗布泊), Ruoqiang County (若羌县), Xinjiang. Because of its beauty, this mummy was also nicknamed Marlene Dietrich of the Desert and Sophia Loren of Xiaohe.


title: Princess of Xiaohe

text: The mummy was discovered in the Tarim Basin, 60 km south of the river Konqi He (孔雀河) at the coordinates .


title: Princess of Xiaohe

text: Estimated to have lived between 1900 BC and 1613 BC, the mummy was between 20 and 40 years old when she died, and stands out among other mummies found nearby for her Indo-European features. The mummy's hair, teeth and eyelashes are well preserved; its face has a sharp nose and deep eyes.


title: Didgeridoo

text: The "didgeridoo" (sometimes didjeridu) is an Australian Aboriginal wind musical instrument. They were used by the Yolgnu people of Arnhem Land. They can be quite long, anywhere from long. Most are around long. The longer the instrument, the lower the pitch or key of the instrument. They are a hollow wooden tube, which can be either cylindrical or conical in shape. It is best described as being a wooden trumpet or drone. Musicologists say it is a brass aerophone.


title: Didgeridoo

text: It is difficult to know when didgeridoos were first used. Studies of rock art in Arnhem Land show that it has been in use for more than 1,500 years. A rock painting in Ginga Wardelirrhmeng, on the northern edge of the Arnhem Land plateau, dates from the freshwater period. It shows a didgeridoo player and two singers playing in a ceremony.


title: Didgeridoo

text: "Didgeridoo" is said to be a word invented in the West, not an Aboriginal word. It may come from the Irish words "dúdaire" or "dúidire". This means 'trumpeter; constant smoker, puffer; long-necked person, eavesdropper; hummer, crooner' and "dubh", meaning "black" (or "duth", meaning "native"). However, this theory is not widely accepted.


title: Didgeridoo

text: The earliest examples of the word in print was in a 1919 issue of Smith's Weekly where it was called an ""infernal didjerry"" which ""produced but one sound - (which sounded like) didjerry, didjerry, didjerry and so on"". It was also used the 1919 "Australian National Dictionary", "The Bulletin" in 1924 and the writings of Herbert Basedow in 1926. There are more than 45 names for this instrument among the Aboriginal people of northern Australia including "Yirdaki". "Yirdaki", also sometimes spelt "yidaki", is for the instrument made and used by the Yolngu people of north-east Arnhem Land.


title: Didgeridoo

text: Aboriginal didgeridoos are made in the traditional communities in Northern Australia or by makers who travel to Central and Northern Australia to get the materials. They are usually made from hardwoods, usually eucalyptus species that are native to the area. Sometimes a native bamboo, such as "Bambusa arnhemica", or pandanus is used. The main trunk of the tree is used, though a big branch may be used instead. Aboriginal makers spend a lot of time looking for a tree that has been hollowed out by termites. If the hollow is too big or too small, it will make a poor quality instrument.


title: Didgeridoo

text: When a tree is found and cut down, the part of trunk or branch that will be made into a didgeridoo is cut out. The bark is taken off, the ends are trimmed, and there is some shaping of the outside. It may be painted or left natural. A rim of beeswax may be put on to the mouthpiece end. Traditional instruments made by Aboriginals in Arnhem Land are sometimes fitted with a 'sugarbag' mouthpiece. This is black beeswax from wild bees and has a its own special smell.


title: Didgeridoo

text: Didgeridoos can also be made from PVC pipes, non-native hard woods (which are split, hollowed and rejoined), fiberglass, metal, agave, clay, hemp (a bioplastic named zelfo), and even carbon fiber. These didgeridoos usually have an upper inside diameter of around 1.25" down to a bell end of anywhere between two to eight inches and have a length made to the needed key. The mouthpiece can be made of beeswax, hardwood or simply sanded and sized by the craftsman. In PVC, rubber stopper with a hole cut into it can be used.


title: Didgeridoo

text: Modern didgeridoo designs are different from the traditional Australian Aboriginal didgeridoo. They are recognized as being a separate instrument. Didgeridoo design changes started in the late 20th century using new materials and different shapes.


title: Didgeridoo

text: A didgeridoo is usually played sitting down because they are so long. It is played with continuously vibrating lips to make the drone while using a special way of breathing called circular breathing. This means a player breathes in through the nose at the same time as pushing air out of the mouth. A skilled player can refill the air in their lungs. With practice, the player can keep a note playing for as long as desired. There are recordings of modern didgeridoo players playing without stopping for more than 40 minutes; Mark Atkins on "Didgeridoo Concerto" (1994) plays for over 50 minutes continuously.


title: Didgeridoo

text: The rhythm of the circular breathing, gives the instrument its readily recognizable sound. Other changes in the didgeridoo's sound can be made by adding vocal sounds to the drone. Most of the sounds are related to the sounds of Australian animals, such as the dingo or the kookaburra. To make these sounds, the players simply have to use their voice to make the sounds of the animals whilst continuing to blow air through the instrument. The results range from very high-pitched sounds to very low sounds. Adding vocal sounds increases the complexity of the playing.


title: Didgeridoo

text: Anthony Baines wrote that the didgeridoo is like "...an aural kaleidoscope of timbres". He also said that the virtuoso skills used by the best performers were unlike those needed on any other instrument.


title: Didgeridoo

text: The didgeridoo was mainly played for ceremonial dancing and singing. It was also common for didgeridoos to be played for entertainment outside of ceremonial life. In northern Australia, the didgeridoo is still a very important as it plays for singers and dancers in surviving cultural ceremonies. Today, most didgeridoo playing is for entertainment in both Indigenous Australian communities and elsewhere around the world.


title: Didgeridoo

text: Pair sticks, sometimes called "clapsticks" or "bilma", set the beat for the songs during ceremonies. The rhythm of the didgeridoo and the beat of the clapsticks use patterns that have been handed down for many generations. Traditionally, only men play the didgeridoo and sing during ceremonies, but both men and women may dance. There were female didgeridoo players, but they did not play in ceremonies and it was not encouraged. Linda Barwick, an ethnomusicologist, says that traditionally women have not played the didgeridoo in ceremony, but in informal situations there is no prohibition in the Dreaming Law. On September 3, 2008, the publisher Harper Collins issued a public apology for its book "The Daring Book for Girls", scheduled to be published in October, which openly encouraged girls to play the instrument.


title: Didgeridoo

text: The didgeridoo is now often used as an instrument in the experimental and avant-garde music scene. Industrial music bands like Test Department- used sounds from this instrument in their performances, linking ecology to industry, influenced by ethnic music and culture.


title: Didgeridoo

text: It has also been an instrument used for the fusion of tribal rhythms with a black metal sound. A music project called Naakhum used the paganism of the Australian tribes and many others as an approach.


title: Didgeridoo

text: Most didgeridoos made today are for souvenir purposes. It is common to find didgeridoos made of non-native timbers, decorated incorrectly by non-indigenous artists with colourful designs or copied dot patterns. These decorations do not use traditional dreamtime stories or designs. These didgeridoos also often vary widely in size and shape, many being thinner and straighter. As a result of the inadequate wood types, shapes and lengths, souvenir didgeridoos can rarely be used as musical instruments.


title: Didgeridoo

text: Decoration of souvenir didgeridoos is often seen by Aboriginal communities as offensive, inappropriate, inadequate, inaccurate and in many cases, misleading. The copying of traditional artwork is also used to sell these didgeridoos to unsuspecting tourists.


title: Didgeridoo

text: A 2005 study in the British Medical Journal found that learning and playing the didgeridoo helped reduce snoring and sleep apnea. It does this by making muscles in the upper airway stronger, and this helps them stay open during sleep. This strengthening happens after the player has learned the circular breathing technique.


title: Double-layer capacitance

text: Double-layer capacitance is the storing of electrical energy by means of the electrical double layer effect.


title: Double-layer capacitance

text: Double layer capacitance is when an electrode and a liquid solution are touching each other, causing the charges to line up and allowing electricity to be stored there. The double layer is created when the electrode’s surface is charged through the application of electricity. This causes oppositely charged molecules to be attracted to the surface (since opposites attract). This first layer is well attached to the electrode surface, causing it to be semi-permanent. The second layer (with opposite charge) is held by this first layer, making it less attached to the electrode than the first layer. These two layers are separated by a single atomic layer of uncharged molecules in the solution. These alternating layers of charges have the ability to store electrical energy, in a way that depends on the amount of electricity initially applied to the electrode. Once this charge is stored in the device, the source of electricity can be removed and the circuit can still be powered from this stored electricity contained in this device, until it is used up.


title: Double-layer capacitance

text: The amount of electric charge stored in double-layer capacitance is linearly proportional to the applied voltage. It depends mainly on the electrode surface. The unit of capacitance is the farad.


title: Double-layer capacitance

text: A capacitor is a very common electrical circuit device that can store electrical energy as charge. It works based on the idea that you can have a separation between two conductive plates and store a charge on the surface of these plates. However, if too much electricity is stored in the plates, it can jump across the gap causing less energy to be stored. The amount of charge stored in the capacitor can be increased by putting a dielectric material between the plates; air plays this role if no other material is present. This helps to prevent the charge from crossing the gap between the two electrodes, which allows more charge to be stored in this manner.


title: Double-layer capacitance

text: By using a solution instead of the dielectric material, more energy can be stored within the device. When the capacitor becomes charged, the positively charged molecules in the solution become attracted to the negatively charged electrode (and opposite for the positively charged electrode). These positively charged molecules then become attached to the surface of the electrode, and pull in negatively charged molecules from the solution to form a spherical shape; however, these molecules are not attached as strongly. These two layers in the solution prevent the similar charges from pushing each other apart as much leading to an increase in the amount of charge the device can store. In experiments, it has been seen that there is a voltage drop across this layer, which works in the same way as a capacitor. This led to the first use of the term "electrical double layer" in the 1850s by Helmholtz and later being changed to "electrical double layer capacitance" (EDLC). Since this double layer capacitance happens at both electrodes, the theoretical capacitance of the entire device can be raised substantially. However, there are several other factors which can come into play, causing the actual capacitance of the device to not see as much benefit as expected.


title: Double-layer capacitance

text: When the double layer capacitance idea is used to create a device, they are sometimes called "ultracapacitors" because they store energy by separating the charges (like a capacitor but capable of storing more energy), instead of using a chemical reaction to store electricity. This means that the devices can work correctly for a much longer period of time and charging a device like this takes less time than charging a traditional battery. However, the solution will dry up over time, causing the device to eventually fail. Currently there are several devices that use this technology, including: wireless modems, GPS devices, CMOS computer chips, solar battery operated chips, windmills, electric cars, and power tools.


title: Double-layer capacitance

text: The electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) has the ability to power a device for longer than a traditional capacitor, but cannot give as much instant energy as the traditional capacitor, which can discharge all at once. Rechargeable batteries can power a device for longer than the EDLC per charge, but cannot deliver as much instant energy.


title: Caedwalla of Wessex

text: Caedwalla, also spelled Cædwalla (c. 659–689), was the King of Wessex from until his abdication in 688. His name comes from the British name Cadwallon. He was a powerful king and war leader. It was through his efforts that Wessex rose to become the third kingdom, after Northumbria and Mercia, in what would become the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of the heptarchy. Caedwalla was a pagan king who fought for and promoted Christianity.


title: Caedwalla of Wessex

text: Caedwalla was born . He the son of Cenberht (Coenbryht) and the brother of Mul. They were of the royal house of the Gewissae. Caedwalla was a descendant of Cerdic. His father, an in Wessex, was killed in 661 when Caedwalla was about two years old. His family took refuge in the great forest of the Caedwalla was apparently one of those trying to claim territory in Wessex after the death of Cenwalh. But he was exiled from Wessex in 680 by Centwine. During that time he had gathered around him a band of warriors. In 685 Caedwalla "began to strive for the kingdom" (or wanted to become king). He repeatedly attacked Sussex and killed king Ethelwalth. Two of the Sussex ealdormen drove Caedwalla out of that kingdom. Still landless, Caedwalla turned his attentions again towards Wessex. This same year Centwine retired to a monastery and abdicated the throne of Wessex.


title: Caedwalla of Wessex

text: By 686 Caedwalla was able to declare himself king. The remaining underkings in Wessex did not oppose him and kept their territories. During the three years Caedwalla reigned over Wessex he was constantly at war. He and his brother Mul ravaged Kent in 686. After subjecting Kent to his rule he left his brother Mul in charge as king of Kent. That summer he attacked Sussex and killed king Berhthun. In 687 the men of Kent rose up against Mul and he was burned with twelve of his companions. They soon restored their own royal line on the throne. Caedwalla invaded a second time and ruled Kent himself. Caedwalla next invaded the Isle of Wight. King Arwald was killed. Caewalla allowed the two young athelings of Wight, Arwald's brothers, to convert to Christianity before executing them. He then began to kill all the inhabitants and replace them with settlers from Wessex. Although still a pagan, he gave several large estates on the Isle of Wight to bishop Wilfrid. It was during his war on the Isle of Wight that Caedwalla was badly wounded. His wound seemed mortal to him. But he had succeeded in conquering most of the south-east of England. In 688 he abdicated the throne of Wessex. He was able to journey to Rome where on Easter day 689, he was baptised by Pope Sergius. About ten days later on 20 April he died and was buried in Rome. He set a precedent for the west Saxon kings who followed him to dominate all of south-east England.


title: Caedwalla of Wessex

text: Caedwalla remained a pagan until end of his life. He was a friend of bishop Wilfrid and at times called himself the defender of the church. He granted land for a monastery to an Abbot Ecgbald at Hoo in Kent. His authority in Surrey is demonstrated by a grant of land for an monastery in Farnham. He saw his attempts to remove all the Jutes from the Isle of Wight as a war of Christianity against the pagans. When he left England on his pilgrimage to Rome he stopped at Calais and donated money to build a church there. He did the same at the court of the Lombards before going on to Rome. Caedwalla was succeeded by Ine.


title: Robo Vampire

text: Robo Vampire is a 1988 horror-action comedy fantasy sci-fi movie directed by Godfrey Ho, footage lift from "Against the World" an 1984 Thai action movie. Featuring the characters Tom Wilde/Robo Warrior played by Harry Miles. also an unrelated sequel from 1987's Devil's Dynamite.


title: Boy George

text: George Alan O'Dowd, better known as Boy George (born 14 June 1961 in Bexley, Kent) is a rock singer-songwriter and Club DJ. He grew up in a large, working-class Irish family. The family which originally came form Thurles, in Co. Tipperary, Ireland.


title: Boy George

text: O'Dowd was a part of the British new romantic movement which emerged in the late 1970s and was popularised in the early 1980s. He and Marilyn (born Peter Robinson) were regulars at 'The Blitz' a very popular nightclub in London. It was run by Steve Strange of the musical group Visage. The Blitz was a starting place for many early 1980s pop stars such as Spandau Ballet. The new romantics based their image on the coolness of David Bowie and high fashion. They liked the music of Bowie, Kraftwerk, Marc Bolan and post punk New Wave.


title: Boy George

text: O'Dowd gained fame with his group Culture Club during the 1980s. His music is often called blue-eyed soul. He was heavily influenced by Rhythm and Blues and reggae. Early recordings with Culture Club showed that O'Dowd's vocals had an emotional quality which was like American soul music of the 1960s and 1970s. His later solo work has also touched on glam rock influences and was particularly influenced by David Bowie and Iggy Pop.