title: Ben-Hur (1959 movie)

text: Ben-Hur is an epic movie of the sword and sandal genre released in 1959. It was directed by William Wyler. It stars Charlton Heston as Ben-Hur and Stephen Boyd as Messala. It is set in Ancient Rome and Ancient Judea. It tells of two men - one a Jewish prince and the other a Roman tribune - whose friendship turns to bitter hatred. The climax of the movie is a 9-minute chariot race and the crucifixion of Jesus. The movie won 11 Academy Awards, including Best Picture. The movie is based on the 1880 novel, "" by Lew Wallace. A silent movie on the same subject was made in 1925.


title: Ben-Hur (1959 movie)

text: The story is about Judah Ben-Hur, a Jewish prince and merchant in Jerusalem at the beginning of the 1st century. Judah's childhood friend Messala returns home as an ambitious commanding officer of the Roman legions. The two men realize that they have changed and hold very different views. During a military parade, a tile falls from the roof of Judah's house. It barely misses the Roman governor. Although Messala knows that they are not guilty, he condemns the Ben-Hur family. Without trial, Judah is sent to the Roman galleys for life; his mother and sister are imprisoned and all the family property is confiscated.


title: Ben-Hur (1959 movie)

text: Through good fortune, Judah survives and returns to Jerusalem, where he seeks revenge against his one-time friend and redemption for his family. Running in parallel with Ben-Hur's narrative is the unfolding story of Jesus, who comes from the same region and is a similar age. The two reflect themes of betrayal, conviction and redemption. With the Crucifixion, Ben-Hur recognizes that the Christ stands for a different goal than revenge, and he becomes Christian, turning to supporting the new religion with money which he has inherited, inspired by love and the talk of keys to a greater kingdom than any on earth.


title: Romani Americans

text: Romani Americans are people in the United States whose ancestors once came from India in Ancient time's. They came to the United States via Eastern Europe at 19th century - 20th century. It is estimated that there are one million Romani people in the United States. They known as American Gypsies.


title: Romani Americans

text: Spain shipped Romani slaves to Louisiana. An Afro-Romani community exists in St. Martin Parish due to intermarriage of freed Africans and Romani slaves. Romanichal and British Roma were enslaved in the Southern United States. Massive Roma migration from Europe began in the nineteenth century. Most were Romanichal. Many resided in Ohio, Pennsylvania and Virginia. They were mostly horse traders.


title: Romani Americans

text: They are different Roma groups in the USA, with different religions. Majority are Christian Dasikane Roma from Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Spain, and few Muslim Xoraxane Roma from former Ex-Yugoslavia.


title: Romani Americans

text: The Roma are concentrated in large cities such Chicago and Los Angeles and states such as New York, Virginia, Illinois, Texas, and Massachusetts.


title: Romani Americans

text: There are about 20,000 Roma in Texas. In Texas, the two main Roma populations are Vlax and Romanichal. They are concentrated in Houston and Fort Worth.


title: Baker Island

text: Baker Island is a small coral island, or atoll, in the North Pacific Ocean. It is just above the equator. It belongs to the United States. The United States Department of the Interior is in charge of the island. It is called the "Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge".


title: Baker Island

text: The island has no trees. The island is surrounded by a coral reef. This makes the atoll hard to approach in a boat.


title: United Russia

text: United Russia (Russian: "Единая Россия") is a Russian political party, which usually labels itself centrist and conservationist. Dmitry Medvedev is leader of this party.


title: United Russia

text: The party has most of the seats in the State Duma and in the Regional Parliaments. Because of this, United Russia is the most powerful political party in Russia. Two large parties merged in 2001 to form United Russia.


title: Islamic theology

text: Islamic theology comes from the Qur'an, Hadith, and the story of Muhammad's life ("Sirah Rasul Allah").


title: Islamic theology

text: Kalam is the Islamic philosophy of seeking theological principles through dialectic. In Arabic, the word means "speech". A scholar of kalam is called a "mutakallim" (Muslim theologian; plural "mutakallimiin").


title: Islamic theology

text: Eschatology is understood as the last things or ultimate things, and in Muslim theology, eschatology is about the end of this world and what will happen in the next world. Eschatology covers the death of human beings, their souls after their bodily death, the destruction of this world, the resurrection of human souls, the final judgments of human deeds by Allah after the resurrection, and the rewards and punishments for the believers and non-believers. The places for the believers are known as Paradise and for the non-believers as Hell.


title: Islamic theology

text: Comparative religion in Muslim theology is about the differences and similarities between it and other theologies such as Christian and Jewish as explained in the Qur'an and the Prophetic traditions.


title: Islamic theology

text: In the history of Muslim theology, there have been theological schools among Muslims with both similarities and differences with each other about their beliefs.


title: Islamic theology

text: Sunni Muslims hold that there are six articles of belief: belief in Allah, in angels, in divinely revealed scripture] like Qur'an, in prophets, in the "Last Day" or end times, and in predestination.


title: Islamic theology

text: Shi`ite Muslims hold that there are five articles of belief: the Divine Oneness and Justice, the Prophethood, the Imamate, and eschatology.


title: Islamic theology

text: In the relationship between humans and their creator, Mu`tazilites emphasize human free will over predestination and God's justice over God's omnipotence. Mu'tazilites also believe in the use of logic to decide the true meanings of the Qur'an. This and the principal of Ijtihad, led to their belief in dynamic Fiqh.


title: Central Africa

text: Central Africa is a subregion of the African continent. It is made up of Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, Central African Republic and Rwanda.


title: Kashubian language

text: Kashubian or Cassubian is a Lechitic language, a kind of Slavic language. It is spoken in the Polish region of Pomerania.


title: Kashubian language

text: Today the language is taught in some state schools. Since 2005 it has been protected in Poland as a regional language. It is the only language in Poland with this status. The status was given by an act of Polish Parliament on January 6, 2005.


title: Grand Theft Auto

text: Grand Theft Auto is a series of video games published by Rockstar Games. The first was released in the late 90s. This game was played from a bird's-eye view, meaning that it was like seeing the main character from a helicopter. The second was called "GTA 2" and also an add-on pack was added for the first game called "GTA: London" which was set in the 60s.


title: Grand Theft Auto

text: Then came the next games which were made in 3D which changed the way Grand Theft Auto was played. The first in the 3D series was called "Grand Theft Auto III" which was set in Liberty City which is like New York. Then there was "" which was set in the middle 80s. It was very much like Miami in Florida. The next game in the 3D series is called "" which is based on Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas. This game was a very big improvement from the older game because the map was so much bigger.


title: Grand Theft Auto

text: "Grand Theft Auto IV" ("GTA IV") was officially announced at the Microsoft 2006 E3 Press Conference on May 10, 2006. Grand Theft Auto IV is now being sold inside stores. Grand Theft Auto IV now has 2 episodes, and a complete collection.


title: Grand Theft Auto

text: The latest game released in the "Grand Theft Auto" series is "Grand Theft Auto V". It was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on September 17, 2013 and later on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on November 18, 2014.


title: Grand Theft Auto

text: "Grand Theft Auto V" broke the industry sales records by earning US $800 million in the first 24 hours of its release. The game became extremely popular in the gamers community attracting programmers to create many mods to it. With New Additional Features and Quality Graphics it became popular multiplayer game. It also earned $1 billion within its first three days which made it the fastest selling entertainment product in history and broke 7 records by Guinness World Records.


title: Grand Theft Auto

text: There has been a lot of arguing, or "controversy," about these games. Many people do not like how the player can murder random people, and sleep with prostitutes. Because of this, all 3-D GTA games have been rated Mature so far.


title: Minos

text: Minos was the mythical first king of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa. The following stories are mythological, and have no real historical basis.


title: Minos

text: Every nine years, he made King Aegeus pick seven young boys and seven young girls to be sent to Daedalus' creation, the labyrinth, to be eaten by the Minotaur. After his death, Minos became a judge of the dead in the underworld.


title: Minos

text: He once had a wife named Pasophae. Minos upset the Greek gods by cheating them in a sacrifice. He told Poseidon that he would sacrifice a beautiful bull that Poseidon gave him after he used it. Instead, he switched it with another bull. They punished him by having Pasophae fall in love with a bull.


title: Minos

text: Pasophae asked Daedalus to help her, so Daedalus made a mechanical cow for her, and she got into it. The bull mated with the wooden cow and Pasophae had a child. It was the Minotaur, half human, half bull.


title: Minos

text: King Minos took the Minotaur and put it in a labrynth, or maze, built by Daedalus. When he was in possession of all of Crete he ordered that fourteen young people come to him to be sacrificed to the Minotaur. Theseus volunteered to be one of them, and went there with daughter, Ariadne. He killed the Minotaur in the labyrinth.


title: Minos

text: The Minoan civilization was later named after him by Arthur Evans. Evans was the archaeologist who discovered and excavated the palace of Knossos in Crete.


title: Asphyxia

text: Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition when a living body does not get enough oxygen. If this condition lasts long enough it can lead to unconsciousness, brain damage and death.


title: Asphyxia

text: Asphyxia can injure or kill people. This sometimes happens during suicide, torture, and in warfare. It can also be used as a capital punishment. It is also sometimes used nonfatally in martial arts, combat sports, and in some types of sex play. Because the need to breathe is controlled by the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, some victims may not experience an urgent need to breathe and may remain unaware of the shortage of oxygen in their body.


title: The World Factbook

text: The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a book that contains the Central Intelligence Agency's information about the world's countries. A new book is published every year. The "Factbook" provides a two- to three-page summary of the demographics, geography, communications, government, economy, and military of 272 countries, dependencies, and other areas in the world.


title: The World Factbook

text: "The World Factbook" is designed to be used by people that work for the United States government, but it is also used by students, on websites, and in other publications that are not made by governments. Because the U.S. Government made it, it is in the public domain.


title: Ross Dependency

text: The Ross Dependency is an area of Antarctica (and other land masses in the Southern Ocean) claimed by New Zealand. The Dependency takes its name from Sir James Clark Ross, who discovered the Ross Sea.


title: Ross Dependency

text: The Dependency includes part of Victoria Land, and most of the Ross Ice Shelf. Ross Island, Balleny Islands and the small Scott Island also form part of the Dependency, as does the ice-covered Roosevelt Island.


title: Ross Dependency

text: The scientific bases of Scott Base (New Zealand) and McMurdo Station (USA) are the only permanently occupied human settlements in the area – apart from the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station at the very edge of the territory. The Dependency has a snow runway at Williams Field, and depending on conditions and time of year, two ice runways. This allows wheeled and ski equipped aircraft to come and go, year round.


title: Ross Dependency

text: The British government took possession of the territory in 1923 and entrusted it to the administration of New Zealand. Under the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty System, to which New Zealand is a signatory, no nation may make efforts to enforce sovereignty or territorial claims over the Antarctic continent proper. If one accepts the claim, the Ross Dependency comprises the bulk of the territory of New Zealand, far larger than the North Island and the South Island combined. However, the actual amount of land mass claimed is not large; most of the area defined as being in the Ross Dependency is either in the Ross Sea or the Antarctic Ocean. It is the smallest of the claims which were made prior to the implementation of the Antarctic Treaty System and the suspension of all territorial claims to Antarctica proper.


title: Ross Dependency

text: The Governor-General of New Zealand is also the Governor of Ross Dependency. Officers of the Government of the Ross Dependency are annually appointed to run the Dependency.


title: Ross Dependency

text: In the late 1980s, the British non-governmental exploratory vessel "Southern Quest" sank in the Ross Sea, United States Coast Guard helicopters rescued the crew, who were taken to McMurdo Station.


title: Chittagong Division

text: Chattogram Division ' (চট্টগ্রাম) is one of the six administrative divisions of Bangladesh. It covers the most southern areas of the country and is also the second largest one.


title: Chittagong Division

text: In 1947 the area was continued as a Division, as one of four divisions of East Bengal. The upland districts of "Khagrachhari", "Rangamati" and "Bandarban" together comprise an area known as the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Before 1995, the four districts of Sylhet Division were also a part of Chittagong Division.


title: Luca

text: Luca is a 2021 American computer-animated comedy movie produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Pixar Animation Studios. It is directed by Enrico Casarosa.


title: Luca

text: It stars Jacob Tremblay, Jack Dylan Grazer, Emma Berman, Saverio Raimondo, Maya Rudolph, Marco Barricelli, Jim Gaffigan, Peter Sohn, Lorenzo Crisci, Marina Massironi, and Sandy Martin.


title: Luca

text: "Luca" was released direct-to-streaming on Disney+ due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It received generally positive reviews from critics.


title: Accuracy and precision

text: The accuracy and precision of measurements have special meanings in the fields of science, engineering, industry and statistics.


title: Accuracy and precision

text: A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both. For example, if an experiment contains a error in the way it is done, then increasing the sample size generally increases precision but does not improve accuracy. The end result would be a consistent, yet inaccurate, set of results from the flawed experiment. Eliminating the systematic error improves accuracy but does not change precision.


title: Accuracy and precision

text: A measurement system is valid if it is both "accurate" and "precise". Related terms include "bias" (non-random or directed effects caused by a factor or factors unrelated to the independent variable) and "error" (random variability).


title: Accuracy and precision

text: The terminology is also applied to indirect measurements—that is, values obtained by a computational procedure from observed data.


title: Accuracy and precision

text: In addition to accuracy and precision, measurements may also have a measurement resolution, which is the smallest change in the underlying physical quantity that produces a response in the measurement.


title: Accuracy and precision

text: The word "precision" also refers to how fine the measurement is made, as the "resolution" of the measurement, such as to the nearest meter, centimeter, or yard, foot, inch, or nanometer.


title: Accuracy and precision

text: In the case of full reproducibility, such as when rounding a number to a representable floating point number, the word "precision" has a meaning not related to reproducibility. For example, in the IEEE 754-2008 standard, it means the number of bits in the significand (number of digits in the amount), so it is used as a measure for the relative accuracy with which a number can be shown.


title: Quorum

text: A quorum is the minimum number of members of an organization who must be present in order for their meeting to be legal or official. The word is often used in legislative assemblies, corporations and societies who make official decisions. The by-laws of an organization will usually say how many members make up a quorum.


title: Bob Iger

text: Robert Allen "Bob" Iger (; born February 10, 1951) is an American businessman. He was the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of The Walt Disney Company from 2005 to 2020.


title: Quorum

text: In the case of legislatures and government bodies, the requirements for a quorum are often set by statute or in their constitution. Some bodies use a fixed number for a quorum while others use a percentage of the members. It is usually the responsibility of the chairperson to make sure there is a quorum present. If there is not a quorum at a meeting, then in most cases the only business that can be discussed is taking steps to obtain a quorum, to decide on a time when to adjourn the meeting and to adjourn the meeting.


title: Bob Iger

text: Before Disney, Iger served as the president of ABC Television from 1994 to 1995 and the president and chief operating officer (COO) of Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. from 1995 until Disney's acquisition of the company in 1996.


title: Quorum

text: A similar term, "quorum-busting", is a tactic used by members of a group when they know they will lose a vote. If enough members do not show up for a meeting, a vote cannot take place if there is no quorum. It is a delaying tactic similar to a filibuster. Both are used in the hopes that if a vote is delayed long enough, it may not take place at all.


title: Bob Iger

text: He was named president and COO of Disney in 2000, and later succeeded Michael Eisner as CEO in 2005, after a successful effort by Roy E. Disney to shake-up the management of the company. As part of his yearly compensation, Iger earned $44.9 million in the year 2015.


title: English Reformation

text: The English Reformation was part of the Protestant Reformation. Many Christian churches in Europe broke away from Rome. Each of the countries that went through this process did so in a different way. Earlier the Roman Catholic Church had supreme powers.


title: English Reformation

text: Henry VIII broke ties with the church and became head of the English church. This was done in 1534 in the Acts of Supremacy. It was the beginning of the Church of England. His friend Thomas Cranmer became Henry's Archbishop of Canterbury. Cranmer would also go on to advise Edward Henry's son when he took the throne in 1549. For years, the Church of England was almost exactly the same as the Catholic Church, except that it was ruled by the King instead of the Pope. This is different from the Reformation on the European continent, where the reformers wanted big changes right away.


title: English Reformation

text: There were several causes for the English Reformation. One of these was that Henry VIII, who was King of England, wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Another reason was because Henry wanted the Church's wealth and power, and got them with the dissolution of the monasteries.


title: English Reformation

text: The Protestant Reformation in Scotland, however, was based more on the teachings of Martin Luther and John Calvin, so it was more like the Reformation in continental Europe.


title: Jacques, Hereditary Prince of Monaco

text: Jacques, Hereditary Prince of Monaco, Marquis of Baux (Jacques Honoré Rainier Grimaldi; born 10 December 2014), is the heir apparent to the Monegasque throne. He is the son of Prince Albert II and Princess Charlene. He is the twin brother of Princess Gabriella.


title: Jacques, Hereditary Prince of Monaco

text: The newborn prince was baptised Jacques Honoré Rainier. He received the title Marquis of Baux from his father.


title: Bo Dallas

text: Taylor Michael Rotunda (born May 25, 1990) is an American professional wrestler. He currently wrestles for the WWE, where he competes under the ring name Bo Dallas.


title: Bo Dallas

text: Dallas has also competed for WWE's development territories Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) and NXT. During his time in FCW, Dallas was a three-time FCW Florida Heavyweight Champion and a two-time FCW Florida Tag Team Champion with his older brother Duke Rotundo/Husky Harris. While in NXT, Dallas was a one-time NXT Champion and holds the longest reign as NXT Champion, lasting 280 days.


title: Free Soil Party

text: The Free Soil Party was, for a short duration, a political party in the United States. It was active in the 1848 and 1852 president elections, and in some state elections. It got lots of its strength from New York. Most of the important party members were former anti-slavery members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. Its main purpose was stopping slavery from spreading into the western lands, arguing that free men on free soil had a morally and economically better system than slavery. Also, many workers feared that slave labor would take away work for white workers.


title: Queue area

text: A queue is a line of people standing behind one another who are waiting for something. The person at the front of the queue will have his turn next, then the next person and so on. When someone comes to join the queue they have to go to the back of the queue and wait until it is their turn. Sometimes people try to "jump the queue" or "push in". They are usually told off and have to go to the back of the queue.


title: Queue area

text: The word "queue" comes from the French word for "tail", but when talking about a queue of people in English it is pronounced "kyoo" (like "Kew" in "Kew Gardens"). The word "queue" can be a noun ("Please stand in the queue") or a verb ("Please queue over there").


title: Queue area

text: People may queue to be served in a shop, or queue for a bus or taxi or to go into something like a museum. Queueing is much better than pushing one's way in.


title: Queue area

text: Sometimes, in places where a lot of people are queueing, there may be a system of numbered tickets. When someone arrives, they take a number and wait until their number is shown on a display board. This system is often used in banks, doctor's surgeries, passport offices, etc.


title: Queue area

text: People waiting in a queue are not always standing around. There may be people who, for example, are waiting to have an operation, but they have to wait "in a queue" until one day they receive a letter from the hospital telling them when to come in for their operation.


title: Queue area

text: Russians often make jokes about queues because, in the days of the Soviet Union, there was not much in the shops. When a shop had a delivery there would suddenly be a long queue of people. People joined a queue even if they did not know what the queue was for. If they bought something they did not want they could always sell it.


title: Queue area

text: Perhaps the most famous queue in Britain is the queue for promenade tickets (standing places) at the BBC Proms. People enjoy chatting to one another in the queue. The people who are at the front of the queue can have the first choice of where to stand for the concert. The word queue does not have any word families, however, it has many synonyms. Some of these are: Chain, line, row, and series. It only has two antonyms, and they are disorder and disorganized.


title: Sarojini Sahoo

text: Sarojini Sahoo (born 1956) is an Indian writer, who has been enlisted among 25 exceptional women of India by ‘Kindle’ English magazine of Kolkata.


title: Sarojini Sahoo

text: She has been given the Orissa Sahitya Academy Award (1993), the Jhankar Award (1992), the Bhubaneswar Book Fair Award and the Prajatantra Award.


title: Sarojini Sahoo

text: Sahoo was born in a small town of Dhenkanal in Orissa (India). Sarojini has MA and PhD degrees in Oriya Literature and a Bachelor of Law from Utkal University. She now teaches at a degree college in Belpahar, Jharsuguda, Orissa.


title: Sarojini Sahoo

text: Sarojini is the second daughter of Ishwar Chandra Sahoo and (late) Nalini Devi. She is married to Jagadish Mohanty, a veteran writer of Orissa. They have a son and a daughter.


title: Sarojini Sahoo

text: She has been widely translated and published in different Indian languages. Her stories have been included in anthologies published by "Harper Collins", "National Book Trust", "Sahitya Akademi" and "Gnanpith" . She has attended many All India Writer’s meet and workshops arranged by Bharat Bhawan, Bhopal, Sahitya Akademi and National Book Trust.


title: Sarojini Sahoo

text: She has been given the Orissa Sahitya Akademi Award and Bhubaneswar Book Fair award for her short stories collection "Amrutara Pratikshare".


title: Sarojini Sahoo

text: The novel "Upanibesh" was the first attempt in Oriya Literature to focus the sexuality as a part of social revolt by any woman. Medha, the protagonist of Sarojini’s novel, was a bohemian. In her pre-marital stage, she was thinking that it was boring to live with a man life-long.


title: Sarojini Sahoo

text: In her novel "Pratibandi", Sarojini has also described the thematic development of sexuality in a woman. Priyanka, the protagonist of the novel has to encounter the loneliness in the exile of Saragpali, a remote village of India. This lonliness develops into a sexual urge and soon Priyanka finds herself sexually attached with a former Member of Parliament. Though there is an age gap between them, his intelligence impresses her and she discovers a hidden archaeologist in him. Sarojini has painted successfully the difference of sensibility towards sexuality among male and female. Sarojini has her own credibility for the frankness to deals with the sensitive matters either it may be in politics or in sexuality. She has gained a reputation and has her own place in the history of Oriya fiction.


title: Sarojini Sahoo

text: Her novel "Gambhiri Ghara" she describes an unusual relationship between two people, a Hindu house wife of India and a Muslim artist of Pakistan. It is a net oriented novel. A woman meets a very sexually experienced man. One day he asks if she had any such experience. The woman, Kuki, scolds him and insults him by calling him a caterpillar. She said without love lust is like hunger of a caterpillar. Gradually they become involved with love, lust and spiritually. That man considers her as his daughter, lover, mother, and above all these as a Goddess. They both madly love each other, through the internet and on the phone. They use obscene language; they kiss each other online. Kuki does not lead a happy conjugal life though she has a love marriage with Aniket. The novel is not limited to only a love story. It has a greater aspect. It deals with the relationship between State and individual. Safique, who is not a Muslim by temperament, and as a historian, thinks the Pakistan of today has separated itself from its roots and looks towards Arabian legends for his history. He protests that the syllabus of history for the school would start from seventh century AD, not from the Mahenjodaro and Harappa. This broad Safique was once arrested after the bomb blast of London for allegation of being associated with the terrorist. But is it a true fact? Later Kuki came to know that Safiques is trapped by a military junta. The ex-lover of Tabassum had revenged on Safique by arresting him with an allegation of terrorism.


title: Sarojini Sahoo

text: Her novel "Gambhiri Ghara" proved to be a bestseller in Oriya literature. Her novels have gained a reputation for the frankness about sexuality and of feminist outlook. Her novels have gained a reputation for their feminist outlook and sexual frankness and has been translated into English and published from India under the title, The Dark Abode (2008) () and published from Bangladesh in Bengali as Mithya Gerosthali. (2007) () Dr. Vishwanath Bite is working on its Marathi translation. Another novel Pakhibas has been translated in to Bengali and published from Bangladesh under the same title () in 2009.


title: Antonio Ibáñez de Alba

text: Antonio Ibáñez de Alba (born Chiclana de la Frontera, 1956) is a Spanish engineer, researcher and scientist.


title: Antonio Ibáñez de Alba

text: He is known mainly for his project of Artificial Palm Trees in Libya for the creation of microclimates in the deser at the Great Man-Made River. The Libyan government invested in this project nearly one billion dollars for the installation of 50,000 palm trees..


title: Antonio Ibáñez de Alba

text: During the summer of 2017 his patent of floating water whitout salt was reflected by worldwide media.


title: Acetic acid

text: Acetic acid, or ethanoic acid, (CHCOOH) is a carboxylic acid, which is the main compound of vinegar, other than water. It tastes and smells sour; it has no color. Its melting point is 16.5 °C(61.6 °F) and boiling point is 118.1 °C(244.5 °F). It has a pH of 2.4.


title: Acetic acid

text: Acetic acid is commonly used as a food additive. It has the E numbers E 260 (acetic acid). Potassium acetate (E 261), sodium acetate (E 262), and calcium acetate (E 2639 are salts of acetic acid; they are commonly used in preserving food, usually vegetables. In sourdough, ethanol fermentation is used.


title: Street

text: A street is a piece of land, made flat and often with pavement, so that people can travel on it better. "Street" and "road" may mean the same thing, but "street" is more often used only in a town.


title: Street

text: Many streets are the center of local culture or of a specialized activity. New Orleans’ Bourbon Street, for example, is famous for its active nightlife and also for its role as the center of the city’s French Quarter. The Bowery in Manhattan was, at different times, a main highway, a center of underground punk culture, and a specialized shopping district for light fixtures.


title: Princess Madeleine of Sweden

text: Princess Madeleine of Sweden, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland, (Madeleine Thérèse Amélie Joséphine; born on 10 June 1982 in Drottningholm, Sweden), is a Swedish princess. She is the youngest child and second daughter of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden. Madeleine is seventh in line to the Swedish throne.


title: Princess Madeleine of Sweden

text: Princess Madeleine is married to British financier Christopher O'Neill. The couple has three children, Princess Leonore, Prince Nicolas, and Princess Adrienne.


title: Princess Madeleine of Sweden

text: Princess Madeleine was born on 10 June 1982 at 19.05 Central European Time in the Drottningholm Palace in Drottningholm, Sweden. Her fourth name, "Josephine", honours her ancestor Josephine of Leuchtenberg.


title: Centrosome

text: In cell biology, the centrosome is an organelle that is the main place where cell microtubules are organized. Also, it regulates the cell division cycle, the stages which lead up to one cell dividing in two.


title: Centrosome

text: The centrosome was discovered by Edouard Van Beneden in 1883, and was described and named in 1888 by Theodor Boveri.


title: Centrosome

text: The centrosome has apparently only evolved in animal cells. Fungi and plants use other structures to organize their microtubules. Although the centrosome has a key role in efficient mitosis in animal cells, it is not necessary.


title: Centrosome

text: A centrosome is composed of two centrioles at right angles to each another. They are surrounded by a shapeless mass of protein.


title: Centrosome

text: The centrosome is copied only once per cell cycle. Each daughter cell inherits one centrosome, containing two centrioles. The centrosome replicates during the interphase of the cell cycle. During the prophase of mitosis, the centrosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell. The mitotic spindle then forms between the two centrosomes. Upon division, each daughter cell receives one centrosome.


title: Centrosome

text: Centrosomes are not needed for the mitosis to happen. When the centrosomes are irradiated by a laser, mitosis proceeds with a normal spindle. In the absence of the centrosome, the microtubules of the spindle are focused to form a bipolar spindle. Many cells can completely undergo interphase without centrosomes. It also helps in cell division.


title: Centrosome

text: Although centrosomes are not needed for mitosis or the survival of the cell, "they are needed for survival of the organism". Cells without centrosomes lack certain microtubules. With centrosomes the cell division is much more accurate and efficient. Some cell types arrest in the following cell cycle when centrosomes are absent, though this doesn't always happen.


title: Jeu de paume

text: Jeu de paume was originally a French game similar to lawn tennis, but played without racquets. The players hit the ball with their hands as in volleyball. "Jeu de paume" literally means: game of palm (of the hand). After some time gloves replaced bare hands. But even when bats, and finally racquets, became standard equipment for the game, the name did not change. It became known as "tennis" in English (see History of tennis), and later "real tennis" after lawn tennis became more popular than the parent game.


title: Jeu de paume

text: Some important buildings in France are known by the name "jeu de paume", in general because they are near to tennis courts or to sites on which courts once stood. Several works of art also bear this name, including the famous "serment du jeu de paume" ('the Tennis Court Oath') in the Palace of Versailles. It depicts the formal announcement of the French revolution made in the Royal Tennis Court there on 20 June, 1789.


title: Orgy (band)

text: Orgy is an American alternative metal band. They formed in 1997 in Los Angeles, California. The band's first hit was Blue Monday, which was a remake of a song by 1980s band New Order. The members of the band are:


title: Knock Shrine

text: Knock Shrine () is a Roman Catholic pilgrimage site. In 1879, a religious vision was said to have happened in the village of Knock, County Mayo, Ireland. It was seen by fifteen people. The vision was of The Virgin Mary, Saint Joseph, John the Evangelist, angels, and Jesus Christ as the Lamb of God. A church was later built on the site, to worship and remember this event.


title: Max Baer Jr.

text: Maximilian Adalbert Baer Jr. (born December 4, 1937) is an American actor, screenwriter, producer, and director. He is best known for playing Jethro Bodine on "The Beverly Hillbillies". He directed the 1979 comedy "Hometown U.S.A." before retiring to his home at Lake Tahoe, Nevada.


title: Knock Shrine

text: On the evening of 21 August 1879, at about 8 o'clock, fifteen people, aged from five years to seventy-five included men, women, teenagers and children, witnessed this event.


title: Max Baer Jr.

text: With the 2015 death of "The Beverly Hillbillies" co-star Donna Douglas, Baer is the only surviving cast member.


title: Knock Shrine

text: They all said they saw an apparition of Our Lady, Saint Joseph, and Saint John the Evangelist on the wall of the small parish church. The little church was called the Church of Saint John the Baptist.


title: Knock Shrine

text: The Blessed Virgin Mary was said to be beautiful, standing a few feet above the ground. She wore a white dress. She had a crown on her head. The crown was golden, sparkling, and glittering. She was described as "in prayer", with her eyes raised to heaven.


title: Knock Shrine

text: Saint Joseph, also wearing a white robe, stood on the Virgin's right hand. Behind the figures, to the left of Saint John was a plain altar. On the altar was a cross and a lamb, with angels around. The lamb is the symbol of Jesus. This symbol is from the religious phrase The Lamb of God)


title: Knock Shrine

text: The evidence was found to be trustworthy and not a lie. At a second Commission of inquiry in 1936, the surviving witnesses confirmed the evidence they gave to the first Commission.


title: Knock Shrine

text: The original little church is still there. A new Apparition chapel with statues of Our Lady, St Joseph, the lamb and St John the Evangelist, has been built next to it. Knock Basilica is a separate building showing a tapestry of the apparition.


title: Shangrila Lake

text: Shangrila Lake or Lower Kachura Lake is a part of the Shangrila resort. It is about 20 minutes from Skardu (nearly 2,500 m or 8,200 feet) town.


title: Shangrila Lake

text: It is a popular tourist destination, and has a unique restaurant that is built on the fuselage of an aircraft that had crashed nearby.


title: Shangrila Lake

text: Shangrila was established in 1983 with the opening of the first Resort Hotel in Skardu, Baltistan. It was named "heaven on earth" because of its spectacular beauty,and breathtaking view and peaceful atmosphere. Shangrila Resort Hotel was founded by the late Brig.(Retd) Muhammad Aslam Khan, the first commander of the Northern Scouts who liberated the Northern Areas in 1948.


title: Shangrila Lake

text: Shangrila was named after a book titled "Lost Horizon" by James Hilton. In the novel, the author narrates a tale in which an aeroplane crash landed near a riverbed, in the early 1920s. The surviving passengers came across some Buddhist monks from a nearby temple and sought their help. They were taken to a beautiful lamasery filled with a variety of fruits and flowers. The monks looked quite young, although they claimed to be hundreds of years old. The idyllic place was called Shangri-la, a Chinese word meaning "Heaven on earth".


title: Mass (liturgy)

text: Mass is the term used to describe celebration of the Eucharist in the Western liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church, Old Catholic Churches, in the Anglo-Catholic tradition of Anglicanism, and in some largely High Church Lutheran regions: in Scandinavian and Baltic countries the Lutheran Eucharistic service is also known as "the Mass".


title: Mass (liturgy)

text: The term comes from the late-Latin word "missa" (dismissal), a word used in the concluding formula of Mass in Latin: ""Ite, missa est"" ("Go, it is the dismissal"). Dismissal means that someone is allowed to leave. In this case, people are being allowed to leave because Mass is finished. In another sense, it also means that people are allowed to leave to go on a mission to tell other people about Jesus and Christianity.


title: Mass (liturgy)

text: Mass is the most important ceremony and form of worship in the Catholic Church. The Eucharist is thought to be the most important part of Christian life because that is when the blood and body of Christ is received in the form of bread and wine as a sacrifice.


title: Mass (liturgy)

text: A Sunday Mass is about an hour long. On other days, it is about half an hour. A Mass can be longer or shorter depending on how many people there are taking Communion.


title: Mass (liturgy)

text: A good Catholic is supposed to go to Mass every Sunday and on some other holy days. Even though Mass can be on other days, a Catholic is still supposed to go to one on Sunday.


title: Mass (liturgy)

text: There are four parts in a Catholic Mass. They are all the same all around the world but in different languages. The four parts are the Introductory Rites, the Liturgy of the Word, the Liturgy of the Eucharist, and Concluding Rites.


title: Mass (liturgy)

text: The priest comes in and everyone does the sign of the cross. He greets everyone in the congregation. Then people confess their sins together and ask the Lord for mercy. After that, they sing the hymn Gloria and the priest says a prayer called the collect.


title: Mass (liturgy)

text: In this part of Mass, some parts of the Bible are read. They are a first reading (which can be from either the Old or New Testament), a psalm, a second reading from the New Testament, and a reading from the Gospel. Then the priest will have a short sermon (homily). After that, the Apostles' Creed is said. Finally, some intercessory prayers can be made on behalf on another person.


title: Mass (liturgy)

text: During the Liturgy of the Eucharist, the bread and wine is offered at the altar. The priest consecrates them, which is when he says that they are the body (bread) and blood (wine) of Jesus. According to the teachings of the Catholic Church, this turns them into the actual blood and body of Christ (transubstantiation) even though they still look, smell, and taste like bread and wine.


title: Mass (liturgy)

text: After this, the Lord's Prayer is said. Next, people in the congregation do a sign of peace (usually a nod or handshake while saying "peace" or "peace be with you") with one another to show that they are now one family in Christ. The bread and wine are then eaten in a process called Communion. Only baptized Catholics who are sorry for their sins are allowed to take part in Communion.


title: Golden Fleece

text: In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece is the fleece of the gold-haired winged ram. It is in the story of Jason and his group of Argonauts. They set out on a quest ordered by King Pelias to get the fleece so that Jason can rightfully claim the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly.


title: Rafting

text: Rafting is an outdoor sport in which a person uses an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other body of water. This is often done on rough water. This usually requires teamwork. Rafting is a dangerous sport. People can die while rafting. Rafting is also a competitive sport.


title: Rafting

text: Rafting goes back to 1811 when the first attempt to go on the Snake River was planned. With no training, the river was too difficult and dangerous.


title: Rafting

text: The International Scale of River Difficulty use six grades of difficulty to describe rivers for white water rafting. The scale ranges from simple to very dangerous and potential death or serious injuries.


title: Immunization

text: Immunization is a way of preventing a person from getting a disease. This is done by making the person's body come into contact with a bit of the disease so that the body learns how to fight it. The body's ability to fight off a disease is called its immune system.


title: Immunization

text: The material is known as an immunogen. Immunization is the same as inoculation and vaccination because inoculation and vaccination use an infecting agent (something that infects) in the same way that immunization does.


title: Immunization

text: When the human immune system is exposed to an infection once, it can learn how to cope quickly if it is exposed to it again. By exposing an individual to an immunogen in a controlled way, the body will be able to protect itself from that infection later on in life.


title: Palindromic prime

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 131, 151, 181, 191, 313, 353, 373, 383, 727, 757, 787, 797, 919, 929, 10301, 10501, 10601, 11311, 11411, 12421, 12721, 12821, 13331, 13831, 13931, 14341, 14741, 15451, 15551, 16061, 16361, 16561, 16661, 17471, 17971, 18181, 18481, 19391, 19891, and 19991.


title: Palindromic prime

text: Out of the above list, 2 is the only number that is not an odd number. Almost all palindromic numbers are composite, for any base.


title: Palindromic prime

text: 11 is the only palindromic prime with an even number of digits because all palindromic numbers with an even number of digits can be divided by 11, which means they are not primes.


title: Palindromic prime

text: The palindromic prime numbers have an infinite number, one of them can be created based on Smarandache function, and, etc. The known biggest palindromic prime so far is


title: Kateryna Pavlenko

text: Kateryna Pavlenko (Ukrainian: Катерина Анатоліївна Павленко; born August 10, 1988, Nizhyn, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian singer, folklorist, composer, and soloist of the Go_A band.


title: Kateryna Pavlenko

text: She was born in 1988 in Nizhyn, Chernihiv region. Kateryna's mother is a former soldier. Raised by grandparents.


title: Kateryna Pavlenko

text: Due to unsatisfactory living conditions, she developed lung disease. As a teenager, she underwent several surgeries, including surgery to remove a lung tumour. After that she can't sing in the traditional way. "The sound is not formed in my lungs or bronchi, because there is not much space there, but somewhere here (points to the back of the head). This is especially true of high notes," she said.


title: Kateryna Pavlenko

text: During her school years she studied at the Nizhyn Music School in the vocal and choral department. She sang in the children's choir "Shine". She studied instruments - piano and guitar. According to Pavlenko, teachers guided her to pursue opera singing in the future.


title: Kateryna Pavlenko

text: In 2009 she graduated from the Nizhyn School of Culture and Arts named after Maria Zankovetska with a degree in folk choir conductor (faculty - folk choir).


title: Kateryna Pavlenko

text: During her studies at the school she was a member of several local rock bands: "Contours of Shadows", "My spirit".


title: Kateryna Pavlenko

text: In 2009-2013 she studied at the Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts at the Faculty of Music (specialization "Folklore").


title: Kateryna Pavlenko

text: During her student years she directed the ensemble "Vytynanka", sang in the ensemble "Queen" (KNUKiM).


title: Kateryna Pavlenko

text: She studied the folklore of the left-bank Kyiv region (Baryshiv district, Berezani suburbs, etc.). She was interested in the folklore of Chornobyl Polissya.


title: Kateryna Pavlenko

text: In 2012, she joined the band Go_A, six months after its creation. At first, she performed as a backing vocalist, later she became a soloist.


title: Kateryna Pavlenko

text: Since 2017, Pavlenko has been the leader of the Veterans' Choir in Berezan (Kyiv Region) at the City House of Culture. Under her leadership, the choir won the title of folk. According to Kateryna Pavlenko, this is one of the strongest feelings when 30 voices sing under her direction.


title: Kateryna Pavlenko

text: On February 22, 2020, together with the band Go_A, she won the National selection for the song contest "Eurovision-2020" with the song "Nightingale". Due to the coronavirus pandemic, the contest was cancelled, but Go_A represented Ukraine next year at Eurovision-2021 with the song SHUM. In the final of the competition, the band took the 5th place in the sum of points from the national jury and the spectators (according to the results of the spectator voting - the 2nd place, and in the semifinals the team won the 1st place).


title: Ocelot

text: It lives in South and Central America, as far up as Mexico. It has been reported as far north as Texas and in Trinidad, in the Caribbean. These fast cats eat small mammals, birds, fish, and snakes. They are very good swimmers.


title: Ocelot

text: Once hunted for its beautiful fur, the cat is now protected and listed as 'least concern' by the IUCN Red List. The cat is nocturnal and likes forests and dense vegetation. It is very territorial, and will fight to keep its territory. Like many cats, male ocelots mark their territory by spraying urine.


title: Ocelot

text: Their kittens grow slowly, staying with their mother for up to two years. They have to learn how to catch prey before they can be independent.


title: Ocelot

text: Although a "small cat", it is a good deal bigger than the others. The ocelot ranges from in length, plus in tail length, and typically weighs . Larger ones have been reported. It is the largest of the generally dainty "Leopardus" wild cat genus.


title: Kim Il-Sung

text: Kim Il Sung (, ""; April 15, 1912 – July 8, 1994) was the first leader of North Korea from 1948 until his death in 1994. He died of a heart attack on July 8, 1994. The North Korean government gave him the title of "Eternal President" after his death.


title: Kim Il-Sung

text: Kim Il Sung created the Juche political idea. He ran North Korea differently than the Soviet Union and China.


title: Kim Il-Sung

text: When he died, his son Kim Jong Il (1941-2011) became the leader of North Korea. He had that job until he died on December 17, 2011. His grandson, Kim Jong Un (born 1983) is the leader of North Korea. His brother, Kim Yong Ju (1920-2021), was also a government official.


title: Kim Il-Sung

text: In 1945, after the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, the United States bombed Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, severely weakening the Japanese Empire. The Soviet Red Army entered Japanese-Korea and captured Pyongyang with little difficulty. They made Kim Il Sung the leader of the North Korean branch of the Korean Communist Party and supplied him with modern Soviet tanks, trucks, arms and artillery for the Korean People's Army (KPA). The Democratic People's Republic of Korea was declared on September 8, 1948 despite UN resistance. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin installed Kim as leader of the new state. The southern portion of the Korean Peninsula declared itself the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in retaliation. Statues of Kim appeared in North Korea as early as 1949.


title: Kim Il-Sung

text: The Soviet Union recognized Kim's regime as having sovereignty over the whole Korea, including the south. It is generally accepted that Kim invaded the south by his own decision and that the Soviets did not influence him. The south was caught completely by surprise when Kim's army invade in the early morning of June 25, 1950. The KPA captured Seoul and most of the south apart from Pusan in the south-east. UN forces backed mostly by the United States landed in Korea and began to push the KPA back north. Firstly, the UN forces managed to push the KPA back behind the 38th parallel (the imaginary line that divided the Koreas during the war). The newly formed People's Republic of China was at first reluctant to the idea that the Koreas would be reunited under Kim's regime but accepted when Kim told them that Stalin approved the invasion.


title: Kim Il-Sung

text: It was put to a UN vote on whether UN forces should attempt to gain control of Korea under democratic rule. The motion was passed since the Soviet Union was not present during the vote. Had the Soviets vetoed the proposal, the UN forces would not have been able to press further into Korea. Eventually UN forces captured Pyongyang and Kim's government was forced to flee north over the Yalu River into China. The Chinese army mobilized and eventually crossed the Yalu River and fought alongside the KPA and Red Army against US, British and UN forces. Eventually they reached a stalemate since neither force could gain full sovereignty of the peninsula. An armistice was signed on July 27, 1953 ending three years of fighting and established the two sovereign nations of North Korea and South Korea. Since no peace treaty was signed, the two Koreas are technically still in a state of war with each other.


title: Kim Il-Sung

text: During the early years, North Korea was ahead of its southern neighbor economically; most likely due to Soviet and Chinese aid. Kim installed a centrally-planned Soviet-style command economy. The means of production was controlled by the government and food prices were fixed instead of being allowed to rise and fall like in a market system. Kim Il Sung formally became leader of North Korea with the establishment of the constitution of the DPRK in 1972 which identified him as President of the republic.


title: Kim Il-Sung

text: To coincide with Kim Il Sung's seventieth birthday in 1982, a 170m tall tower called the "Juche Tower" was built. It was made up from 25,550 stone blocks; one for each day of Kim's life.


title: Kim Il-Sung

text: It is a legal requirement to have a portrait of him, alongside his son Kim Jong Il, hanging in one's home. Everyone is issued a special cloth to dust and clean the portraits.


title: Kim Il-Sung

text: In the 1980s a calcium deposit developed on the back of Kim Il Sung's neck. It swelled up to the size of an orange at its greatest extent. It was quickly determined that an operation to remove it was not possible due to its close proximity to his spine. North Korean reporters were thereafter forbidden to photograph Kim Il Sung from the right.


title: Kim Il-Sung

text: In 1997 with Kim Jong Il fully consolidating his power after the death of his father, North Korea abandoned the Gregorian calendar that is used in the rest of the world. Instead they use the "Juche" calendar which starts from the year of Kim Il Sung's birth (1912) as being year 1. For example, 2015 would be written as "Juche" 104. To calculate the date in Juche years, simply subtract 1911 from the current year. Dates are often written in North Korea with "Juche" first; for example: April 12, "Juche" 104 (2015).


title: Kim Il-Sung

text: In the early 1990s, North Korea began to experience a famine, labelled as the "'Great Famine"'. At the same time the Soviet Union was going through serious economic and social changes as well as suffering a stagnating economy. The Soviets, who had supplied the DPRK with food amongst other things since the late 1940s, began to demand the North Koreans to pay them back; money that the DPRK did not posses. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and food aid stopped almost immediately. Kim Il Sung's centrally planned economic system, where the government plans the economic output in advance, proved to be too inflexible to avoid the economic disaster. On the 8th of July 1994, Kim Il Sung had a heart attack and died shortly afterwards, leaving his country severely bankrupt, malnourished and isolated.


title: Kim Il-Sung

text: A mourning period was declared after he died and did not officially end until 1997; three years after death. His son, the long-groomed successor, Kim Jong Il succeeded him as supreme leader of North Korea. Kim Jong Il did not become president since Il-Sung was given the honorary title of "'Eternal President"'. Instead he was named General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (leader of the ruling party). North Korea is therefore the world's only country that is technically led by a dead man.


title: Kim Il-Sung

text: State propaganda portrayed Kim Il Sung as a god to the people and when he died many people felt lost, distressed and confused as many believed that he could not die.


title: Kim Il-Sung

text: During the Japanese occupation of Korea, Kim Il Sung was involved with numerous opposition guerrilla groups.


title: Richard Dawkins

text: Clinton Richard Dawkins DSc, FRS, FRSL (born Nairobi, 26 March 1941) is an English biologist, evolutionist, and writer. He is an emeritus Fellow of New College, Oxford, and was the University of Oxford's Simonyi Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008.


title: Richard Dawkins

text: Dawkins is an atheist, a vice president of the British Humanist Association, and a supporter of the Brights movement. He is well known for his criticism of creationism and intelligent design. In his 2006 book "The God Delusion", Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion—"a fixed false belief". As of January 2010, the English-language version had sold more than two million copies and had been translated into 31 languages.


title: Richard Dawkins

text: Dawkins' ideas on evolution were heavily influenced by W.D. Hamilton. The influence can be seen throughout Dawkins' book "The Selfish Gene". They became friends at Oxford and, after Hamilton's death, Dawkins wrote his obituary and organised a secular memorial service.


title: Czechs

text: Czechs (, , archaic ) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe. Most live in the Czech Republic. Small amounts of Czechs also live in Slovakia, Austria, U.S., Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Germany, Russia and other countries. They speak the Czech language, which is closely related to the Slovak and Upper Sorbian language.


title: Narcissism

text: Narcissism is a condition in which a person admires their own attributes through vanity or egotism. The term is derived from Narcissus, a figure from classical mythology who fell in love with the sight of his own face.


title: John Cabot

text: John Cabot (, (1450 – 1499) was an Italian navigator and explorer. In 1497, sailing westward from England in his ship "Matthew", he landed in what he thought was Asia. In fact he came to North America, in what is now eastern Canada, which he claimed for King Henry VII. he landed in what is now known as Bonavista, Newfoundland. A town in the most eastern province of Canada. He died in England in 1499.


title: John Cabot

text: Giovanni Caboto (his Italian name) was probably born in Genoa about 1450. Most of his early life was not written about so much of his history is missing. When he was still young his family moved to Venice. Venice was a larger seaport than Genoa and at the time was the most important in all of Europe. Growing up there he learned a great deal about sailing and the sea. Cabot became an excellent sailor. His father was a trader and taught Giovanni (John) all about the spice trade.


title: John Cabot

text: Cabot married a young woman named Mattea (female form of the name Matthew) about 1482. They had three sons who all sailed with their father. By this time he was a merchant and traveled widely. He and his family moved to the port of Bristol, England about 1490.


title: John Cabot

text: He set sail from Bristol. Cabot sailed across the North Atlantic in about seven weeks. His ship, the "Matthew" had a crew of 20 men. During the voyage they saw enormous quantities of Cod fish. Fishermen would soon follow to take advantage of the rich fishing of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland.


title: Historical linguistics

text: Modern historical linguistics dates from the late 18th century. It grew out of the earlier discipline of philology, the study of ancient texts and documents dating back to antiquity.


title: Historical linguistics

text: At first, historical linguistics was comparative linguistics. The focus was on the well-known Indo-European languages, many of which had long written histories. Scholars also studied the Uralic languages, another language family for which less early written material exists.


title: Historical linguistics

text: Since then, there has been linguistic work in non-European languages, such as on the Austronesian languages and various families of Native American languages.


title: Historical linguistics

text: Comparative linguistics is now part of a discipline of historical linguistics. For Indo-European languages, comparative study is now a well-developed field. Most research is being carried out on their later development, such as the development of the modern standard varieties.


title: Historical linguistics

text: Some scholars have done studies attempting to establish super-families. They have, for example, linked Indo-European, Uralic, and other families into Nostratic. Such attempts have not been accepted widely. The information needed to establish relatedness becomes thinner the farther back. The time depth of linguistic methods is limited because of chance word resemblances and variations between language groups. Scholars can trace language changes back to around 10,000 years. The dating of the various proto-languages is also difficult; several methods are available for dating, but only approximate results are possible.


title: Mladá Boleslav

text: Mladá Boleslav (; ) is a city in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It is on the left bank of the Jizera river about northeast of Prague. The automobile company Škoda Auto has its main office in Mladá Boleslav.


title: Mladá Boleslav

text: The city was founded in the second half of the 10th century by King Boleslav II as a royal castle. Because there already was a castle known as Boleslav near Prague, this new castle was named Mladá (young) to distinguish it from the older Boleslav, which became known in the 15th century as Stará Boleslav (Old Boleslav). The town received partial city rights in 1334 and 1436, becoming an important site on the road from Prague to northern Bohemia, Lusatia, and Brandenburg. In the 16th century the town was a leading centre of the Unitas Fratrum / Unity of the Brethren / Moravian Church, hosting the Brethren's bishop, Renaissance church, and printing house. After being re-Catholicized in the 17th century, the town's population declined.


title: University of Florida

text: The University of Florida (UF) is a public university that is in Gainesville, Florida in the United States. The campus is 2,000 acres and has more than 900 structures, as well as other locations in the state of Florida. Important research activities at the university are in medicine, at Shands Hospital, and in agriculture. The mascot of UF is an alligator, and students and fans of the university's athletic teams are often called "Gators."


title: Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex

text: Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, KG, PC (c. 1485 – 28 July 1540) was an English statesman and lawyer. He was King Henry VIII's chief minister (like Prime Minister) from 1532 to 1540. He held many important posts, ending as Lord Chamberlain. Cromwell did not come from a rich or noble family: he rose in life by his work and merit.


title: Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex

text: Cromwell tried to modernize government, but this meant that both the nobility and the church would have less power. Because of this he was seen as an upstart. He was one of the strongest supporters of the English Reformation, the English Church's break with the papacy in Rome. Henry VIII was made the head of the Church of England by Parliament in 1534. Cromwell helped control the new Church with his two new jobs; Vicegerent for spirituals and Vicar general.


title: Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex

text: Cromwell had supported Henry VIII in disposing of Anne Boleyn and replacing her with Jane Seymour. During his years as the King's chief minister, Cromwell created many powerful enemies for himself.


title: Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex

text: His final downfall was caused by the haste with which he encouraged the king to marry Anne of Cleves. This was a marriage that Cromwell hoped would put the English Reformation back on track after the recent setback with the Six Articles. The enterprise became a disaster when King Henry told Cromwell that he had not consummated the marriage. Henry told Cromwell to get him out of the marriage by legal means, but the king was obliged to go ahead with it or risk the vital German alliance. The king's marriage to Anne of Cleves was a disaster for Cromwell. It was the opportunity that Cromwell's opponents (most notably the Duke of Norfolk) needed to press for his downfall.


title: Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex

text: Cromwell was executed at Tower Hill, near the Tower of London, on 28 July 1540, the same day that the king divorced Anne of Cleves and married Catherine Howard. After his execution, Thomas Cromwell's head was boiled and then set upon a spike on London Bridge, facing away from the City of London.


title: Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex

text: Henry came to regret Cromwell's execution. About eight months afterwards, Henry accused his ministers of bringing about Cromwell's downfall by false charges. Henry spent the rest of his life lamenting the fact that Cromwell had been executed.


title: Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex

text: Oliver Cromwell, the revolutionary leader who overthrew the British monarchy and led a short-lived republican government in the 17th century, was a descendant of Thomas Cromwell's sister, Catherine Cromwell (born circa 1482).


title: Bismarck, North Dakota

text: Bismarck is the capital city of the U.S. state of North Dakota. It is also the county seat of Burleigh County. As of 2010, 61,272 people lived there. 108,779 people lived in the metropolitan area.


title: Bismarck, North Dakota

text: Bismarck was founded in 1872. It is named in honor of the German chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. It has been North Dakota's capital since it became a state in 1889.


title: Bismarck, North Dakota

text: Bismarck is on the east side of the Missouri River, directly across the river from Mandan. The two cities make up most of the Bismarck-Mandan Metropolitan Statistical Area.


title: Bismarck, North Dakota

text: The North Dakota State Capitol, the tallest building in the state, is in the center of Bismarck. The state government employs more than 4,000 in the city. Bismarck is the economic center of south-central North Dakota and north-central South Dakota with health care and retail businesses.


title: Macedonian phalanx

text: The Macedonian phalanx is an infantry formation developed by Philip II. It was used by his son Alexander the Great to conquer the Persian Empire. The formation was made up of spearmen carrying 18 to 20 ft (5.56 m) long spears. These were called sarissas. They were two-handed; the smaller shields were slung over the left shoulder.


title: Macedonian phalanx

text: The Macedonian phalanx was impregnable from the front, but vulnerable from the sides and back, where it could be attacked by the enemy cavalry. Therefore, the system required protection, which it got from the Macedonian cavalry, which was the most flexible force.


title: Macedonian phalanx

text: At the start of a battle, Alexander used the phalanx to pin down the enemy. His heavy cavalry would drive the enemy horse from the field, and then charge selected opponents or exposed enemy unit flanks. Then, the phalanx would move against the centre.


title: Macedonian phalanx

text: The early Greek city states often fought on narrow valley floors, where cavalry was not so important. Often, there was little or no cavalry. But in the Greco-Persian Wars, the battles were fought on more open land, where cavalry was a great force. An example of this is the Battle of Gaugamela. There, Alexander manoeuvered to the right to prevent a double envelopment from the Persian army. Darius commanded his cavalry on his left flank to check the oblique movement of the Greeks by attacking their cavalry. Alexander's Companion cavalry then charged the weakened enemy center where Darius was posted and were followed by the phalanx formation.


title: Deaths in April 2022

text: The following is a list of deaths that happened in April 2022. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting.


title: Deaths in April 2022

text: Each listing of death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, where they came from, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known), and a source.


title: Celebrity chef

text: A celebrity chef is a chef who is well known for their cooking, kinds of food, and style of preparation. Many celebrity chefs become famous through television appearances, publishing cookbooks, or having their own restaurant.


title: Miss Farah

text: Miss Farah (, transcribed Al Anisa Farah or El Anisa Farah) is an American romantic comedy-drama and satirical telenovela developed by Jennie Snyder Urman. The series premiered on December 29, 2019 on MBC 4. adaptation of the original Arabic version of the American television series " Jane the Virgin " format, developed by Jennie Snyder Urman. The series premiered on October 13, 2014 on broadcast on the broadcaster The CW., It is a loose adaptation of the Venezuelan telenovela "Juana la Virgen" created by Perla Farías.


title: Miss Farah

text: Farah works as a waitress in a hotel as she completes her studies. Her mother had her at a young age, so they're more like friends than mother and daughter. When Farah goes through a life-changing incident, her mother must stick by her side to help her through., Farah and Shadi are left to deal with the consequences of their son's kidnapping. Between war and peace, Majed and Dalal rediscover their relationship, The series stars Asmaa Abulyazeid as Farah, based on as Jane Villanueva, a devout 23-year-old Latina virgin. She becomes pregnant after an accidental artificial insemination by her gynecologist. The program parodies commonly used tropes and devices in Latin telenovelas., Farah works as a waitress in a hotel, and she suffers an accident that changes her life. As for her mother, she is young because of her early marriage, which makes the age difference between them small.


title: Miss Farah

text: At the "Miss Farah" was nominated for the award for Arab Drama Critics Awards, and Asmaa Abulyazeid won the award for At the The Joy Awards, "Miss Farah" was nominated for the award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy


title: Miss Farah

text: Beginning with the fourth episode of season three, the series's on-screen title card was modified, with "Al Anisa" crossed out in favor of a substitution corresponding to each episode. This mirrored the storyline, in which Farah is no longer a virgin.


title: Miss Farah

text: On April 2, 2022, MBC 4 and Shahid VIP renewed the series for a fifth and final season, which premiered on May 8, 2022.


title: Jennifer Siebel Newsom

text: Jennifer Lynn Siebel Newsom (born June 19, 1974) is an American documentary filmmaker and actress who is the current First Partner of California as the wife of Governor Gavin Newsom. Newsom also served as the Second Lady of California and First Lady of San Francisco when her husband was lieutenant governor and mayor of the state and city.


title: Jennifer Siebel Newsom

text: Jennifer Lynn Siebel was born on June 19, 1974 in San Francisco, California to Kenneth Siebel Jr. and Judy Pritzer Siebel. She is the second eldest of five girls and later grew up in Ross, California. During her childhood, she was very active in playing basketball, soccer, and tennis. Siebel attended schools and universities such as, Ross Grammar School, The Branson School, and Stanford University where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and Master of Business Administration degree.


title: Jennifer Siebel Newsom

text: Jennifer assumed the role and duties as the First Partner of California on January 7, 2019, succeeding Ann Brown, when her husband inaugurated as the 40th Governor of California. During her husband's term as governor and her term as first partner, she launched major initiatives such as, The Representation Project, Advance SEL California, California for ALL Kids, California for ALL Women, and the Equal Pay Pledge. Newsom redefined her role as ""first partner"" to prevent gender bias.


title: Jennifer Siebel Newsom

text: She previously served as the second lady of the state when her husband was lieutenant governor of the state and served as the first lady of San Francisco when her husband was mayor of the city.


title: Jennifer Siebel Newsom

text: She had met then San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom on a blind date at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in October 2006, and soon began dating afterwards. He officially proposed to her in January 2008 and announced their engagement and they officially got married in July 2008. They have four children together, two daughters named, Montana and Brooklynn Newsom and two sons named, Dutch and Hunter Newsom and she also has a sister in law named Hilary Newsom.


title: Cookie Clicker

text: Cookie Clicker is a JavaScript-based browser video game written by French programmer Julien Thiennot.


title: Cookie Clicker

text: The point of the game is to bake cookies as fast as possible. To start the game, a player bakes cookies by clicking on a giant cookie. One cookie is gained each time it is clicked. With sufficient cookies to use as currency, a player can buy items and upgrades that will bake more cookies. They will also increase the number of cookies per click. There is no true end to the game.


title: The Simpsons Movie

text: The Simpsons Movie is a 2007 animated comedy movie. It is based on the television programme "The Simpsons". The movie is mainly about environmental disaster. The movie features the main television voices of Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Hank Azaria, and Harry Shearer.


title: The Simpsons Movie

text: Homer (Dan Castellaneta) adopts a pig, which he names Spider Pig, a parody of Spiderman. Lisa (Yeardley Smith) starts a campaign with a new boy named Colin (Tress MacNeille), who is Irish. They want to stop the people of Springfield from dumping in the lake. Everyone agrees to this and the lake is cleared up. Marge (Julie Kavner) questions Homer about Spider pigs 'leavings'. He says he has put them in a silo. This causes Marge to say "Get rid of the silo properly." Homer agrees to this, and Marge says he is allowed to take Spider Pig with him. To which Homer tells Marge "He's not Spider Pig anymore, he's Harry Plopper". This is a reference to Harry Potter. The pig even has the lightning bolt scar and the thick glasses, just like Harry Potter. Homer drives to the waste site to get rid of the silo. Homer's friend and co-worker Lenny (Harry Shearer) calls him from a donut store and tells him that they are giving out free donuts. Homer, with his love for donuts, tries to find a different way to getting rid of his silo. He then drives to the now clean lake. He ignores the "No Dumping" signs and dumps the silo into the lake. The lake then bubbles up and turns into a toxic poison.


title: Black hole information paradox

text: The black hole information paradox is a phenomenon in astrophysics. It is when quantum mechanics and general relativity are put together. In 2004, Stephen Hawking introduced the studies which supported the theory.


title: Black hole information paradox

text: This phenomenon states that the information of a physical system can be lost when it enters a black hole. The object that falls into a black hole, only keeps information about its spin, mass and charge. However, quantum mechanics suggests that information cannot be lost. This makes it a paradox and serious problem.


title: Scooby-Doo

text: Scooby-Doo is an American long-running animated series that was made for Saturday morning cartoons in many different versions from 1969-present. The first series, that was called "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!", was made for Hanna-Barbera Productions. Hanna-Barbera made many versions like it and other shows like it until everything was made in The WB Television Network. Warner Bros. currently handles the production (making) of the show.


title: Scooby-Doo

text: Though the show, people in it, and their ages have changed, the most familiar versions of the show have a talking dog named Scooby-Doo and four teenagers: Fred "Freddie" Jones, Daphne Blake, Velma Dinkley, and Norville "Shaggy" Rogers. There are also some films based on the Scooby-Doo franchise like Scooby-Doo, , and Scoob!.


title: Scooby-Doo

text: A group of young teenagers and their talking dog solves mysteries in the animated series. The television show was in the early 2010s.


title: Gisele Barreto Fetterman

text: Gisele Barreto Fetterman (née Almeida; born February 27, 1982) is a Brazilian-American activist, philanthropist, and nonprofit executive. She is a founder of the non-profit Freestore 15104. She is a co-founder of the non-profits For Good Pgh and 412 Food Rescue. She is the wife of Lieutenant-Governor John Fetterman. She is the Second Lady of Pennsylvania.


title: One Hundred and One Dalmatians

text: One Hundred and One Dalmatians, often abbreviated as 101 Dalmatians, is the seventeenth animated movie in the Walt Disney classics series. It was made and produced by Walt Disney Productions, and based on the book "The Hundred and One Dalmatians" by Dodie Smith.


title: One Hundred and One Dalmatians

text: The movie stars Rod Taylor as the voice of Pongo, the first of the dalmatians, and Betty Lou Gerson as the voice of the villainous Cruella de Vil.


title: One Hundred and One Dalmatians

text: Disney remade the movie in 1996 as "101 Dalmatians", a live-action film starring Glenn Close as Cruella De Vil. (None of the animals talked in that version.)


title: One Hundred and One Dalmatians

text: "One Hundred and One Dalmatians" was first released to theaters on January 25, 1961. After its first release, it was re-released to theaters four more times: January 1969, June 1979, December 1985, and July 1991.


title: One Hundred and One Dalmatians

text: It was then released on VHS on April 10, 1992 as part of the Walt Disney Classics video series. It was re-released on March 9, 1999 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection video series. On December 19, 1999, it received its first DVD release as part of Disney's Limited Issue series. A 2-disc Platinum Edition DVD was released on March 4, 2008. It was released on February 10, 2015 as part of the Walt Disney Diamond Editions.


title: Johannes Brahms

text: Johannes Brahms (7 May 1833 - 3 April 1897) was a famous German composer. He started his career as a pianist. He was always very self-critical and destroyed any composition he thought was not really good. He thought that people were expecting him to be the “next Beethoven”, and spent many years on his first symphony before he allowed it to be performed. In the end, he wrote four symphonies altogether, as well as four concertos and a number of choral works, including a requiem. He also wrote chamber music, piano music, and German art songs, or "Lieder". One of his best known songs is "Wiegenlied" ("cradle song"), often called "Brahms' Lullaby," which is often heard in music boxes.


title: Johannes Brahms

text: Brahms was born in Germany. His father was a double bass player in the Hamburg city orchestra. He probably gave the young boy his first music lessons. He soon was learning the piano with a teacher named Otto Cossel. When Brahms played in a public concert in 1843 an American agent asked him to tour America, but his teacher realized he was too young. He said that Johannes should study with Eduard Marxsen, a well-known teacher in Hamburg. By 1848 he was playing piano recitals. He also started to compose, and he sent some of his compositions to Robert Schumann to ask for his advice. Schumann sent the parcel back unopened.


title: Johannes Brahms

text: At this time there were many Hungarian musicians in Hamburg. Brahms liked their folk music with its unusual rhythms, little triplet figures and sense of rubato. It was to influence his own style of composition. One of the Hungarians was called Remenyi. He played the violin and Brahms often accompanied him at concerts. They went on tour together and met famous people such as the composer Franz Liszt and the violinist Joseph Joachim who became a close friend of Brahms for many years. Joachim told Brahms to go and see Schumann and his wife Clara in Düsseldorf. Schumann liked Brahms and could see that he was going to be a great composer, so he wrote an article in his music journal about him. The article had the title: "Neue Bahnen" ("New Paths"). Schumann turned out to be correct: Brahms did become a famous composer and found “new paths” (new ways of composing).


title: Johannes Brahms

text: Brahms remained a very close friend of Schumann. When Schumann had a nervous breakdown, Brahms went all the way to Düsseldorf to see him. Brahms soon fell in love with Clara who was 14 years older than himself. He continued to be in love with her after Robert Schumann’s death, and they had a close relationship, though Brahms became interested in other women and was briefly engaged. However, he never married.


title: Johannes Brahms

text: In 1859, Brahms settled in Hamburg. He founded a women’s choir and wrote and arranged a lot of music for them. His "First Piano Concerto" was a great success in Hanover and Hamburg, but not in Leipzig, where a lot of people preferred the wildly Romantic music of Liszt which was quite different from Brahms’s style based on the Classical music style. Brahms decided to go to Vienna. He was to stay there for the rest of his life.


title: Johannes Brahms

text: In Vienna he soon made many friends who liked his music. For a short time he was director of a choir called the Vienna Singakademie, who sang some of his compositions. He met Wagner. Wagner was afraid that Brahms would start to write operas which would be more famous than his own. So Wagner wrote an article saying that Brahms was a very bad conductor. Wagner had made himself an enemy of Brahms, who never did write any operas anyway.


title: Johannes Brahms

text: In 1870, Brahms became director of a concert series called Vienna Gesellschaftskonzerte. He became more and more famous as a composer, but he was never very good at conducting, and in 1875 a conductor called Hans Richter took over conducting the concerts. During these years he finished one of his greatest works: "Ein deutsches Requiem" ("A German Requiem"), as well as one of his most popular works: the "Variations on the St Anthony chorale" (sometimes wrongly known as "Variations on a Theme by Haydn)".


title: Johannes Brahms

text: At last, in 1876, he allowed his "First Symphony" to be performed. It was not very successful at first, but in Vienna the audience liked it. He started to compose a lot of his greatest works and received many honours from universities. In the winter he gave concerts and in the summer he spent his time composing. He wrote his last symphony ("Fourth Symphony") in 1885 and conducted it, going on tour with the orchestra through Germany and the Netherlands.


title: Johannes Brahms

text: From 1889, Brahms spent each summer in Ischl where he had many friends. By 1890 he had decided to stop composing, although he did still write four beautiful works for clarinet after meeting the clarinettist Richard Mühlfeld. In 1896 he wrote "Four Serious Songs" which were probably inspired by the sad death of Clara Schumann. The next year Brahms died from cancer in Vienna. His father had died of the same illness.


title: Johannes Brahms

text: Brahms wrote a great deal of vocal music. The greatest of these works is the "German Requiem". There were many works for choirs, and a large collection of songs with piano accompaniment (Lieder). He wrote a lot of piano music which includes sonatas and many shorter pieces such as fantasias, rhapsodies, ballades, intermezzos, capriccios and romances. His chamber music includes string quartets, quintets and sextets and piano trios, quartets and a piano quintet. He wrote four symphonies and four concertos: two for piano, one for the violin and one for violin and cello (the "Double Concerto"). The "German Requiem" is his greatest vocal work.


title: Johannes Brahms

text: Brahms was also very interested in old music and helped to edit music by François Couperin as well as the music of his friend Robert Schumann. For writing his music Brahms was mostly using German and Viennese pianos. He owned a Conrad Graf piano that he received from Clara Schumann in 1856. Later in life he was mostly playing on a Streicher piano. Brahms kept this piano in his house until his death.


title: Optical character recognition

text: Optical character recognition (OCR) is a method of automatic data entry. OCR software is used to convert handwritten, type-written or printed text into data that can be edited on a computer.


title: Optical character recognition

text: In simple systems, the paper documents are scanned with an image scanner. The OCR software then looks at the image and compares the shapes of the letters to stored images of letters. In this way, it makes a text file that can be edited with a normal text editor.


title: Optical character recognition

text: More complex systems look at images, layout and so on. This can make editable electronic versions which look identical to the original documents.


title: Digital certificates

text: Digital certificates are electronic 'credit cards' that establish your credentials when doing a business or other transactions on the Web. It is issued by a certification authority (CA). It contains your name, a serial number, expiration dates, a copy of the certificate holder's public key (used for encrypting messages and digital signatures), and the digital signature of the certificate-issuing authority so that a recipient can verify that the certificate is real. Some digital certificates conform to a standard, X.509. Digital certificates can be kept in registries so that authenticating users can look up other users' public keys.


title: Digital certificates

text: • The class 1 defines the certificate that do not hold any legal validity as the validation process is based only on a valid email ID and involves no direct verification.


title: Digital certificates

text: •The class 2 category states that a person's identity is to be verified against a trusted,pre-verified database.


title: Digital certificates

text: •The class 3 requires the person present himself or herself in front of the registration authority and prove his or her identity.


title: Bracket fungus

text: They produce shelf- or bracket-shaped fruiting bodies called conks. These lie in a close group of horizontal rows. Brackets can range from only a single row of a few caps, to dozens of rows of caps that can weigh several hundred pounds. They are mainly found on trees (living and dead) and woody debris. Some form annual fruiting bodies while others are perennial and grow larger year after year. Bracket fungi are usually tough and sturdy. Their spores, called basidiospores, are in pores on the undersurface.


title: T-ara

text: T-ara () is a South Korean girl group. They are one of the best-selling girl groups of all time. T-ara was formed in 2009. The group mainly makes dance-pop music. This is partly due to their partnership with composer Shinsadong Tiger, who has favored that genre. T-ara uses a wide variety of visual looks in their dance and performances.


title: T-ara

text: T-ara debuted in July 2009 with the single "Lies". Their first studio album was called the "Absolute First Album". It was released in December 2009 and lead to several hit songs. These included "TTL (Time to Love)", "Bo Peep Bo Peep", and "You Drive Me Crazy".


title: T-ara

text: In 2011, T-ara released the song "Roly-Poly". It became the best-selling single of the year on the "Gaon" chart in South Korea. The group also became popular in Japan. Later that year they signed a contract with agency J-Rock to manage their sales in Japan. The contract was for USD 4.7 million. This was the most any Korean girl group had made in a foreign market at the time. T-ara went on to make a Japanese studio album called "Jewelry Box". This album reached number one on the "Oricon" weekly charts in Japan. Also in 2011, T-ara released the Korean album "Black Eyes". It lead to three number ones songs in a row. These were "Cry Cry", "We Were in Love" and "Lovey-Dovey".


title: T-ara

text: In 2012, T-ara had a drop in popularity. The group was accused of disagreements and problems with one another. Soon after, Hwayoung left T-ara. Areum did the same a year after. After these issues, T-ara's albums and songs had mixed success in South Korea. As a result, T-ara changed their focus to China. In 2014, they made a cover of the Chopstick Brothers' song "Little Apple". After focusing on China, T-ara became one of the most popular K-pop groups in the country.


title: T-ara

text: In 2017, the contracts of Soyeon and Boram were set to expire. On the other hand, Qri, Eunjung, Hyomin and Jiyeon had extended their contracts. This would reduce the members of the group from six to four. T-ara had intended to make one more album as a six-member group. However, a conflict with their management lead to a delay and it did not happen. T-ara's next release was as a four-member group. This was the EP called "What's My Name?" which was released in June 2017.


title: T-ara

text: T-ara was formed by the record label Mnet Media, which is now known as Stone Music Entertainment. The original members of T-ara were Jiae, Jiwon, Eunjung, Hyomin and Jiyeon. They trained together for three years before their debut. The group's name is based on the word "tiara". The idea for the name was that they would be "queens of the music industry". Their first song came before their official debut as a group. It was "Joheun Saram" for the soundtrack of the "Cinderella Man" television show. One month before their official debut, Mnet Media changed some of the members of the group. Jiae and Jiwon left T-ara in early June 2009, and were replaced by Boram, Soyeon, and Qri. Then in early July 2009, T-ara was moved from Mnet Media to Core Contents Media. Core Contents Media is a subsidiary of Mnet Media, and is now known as MBK Entertainment.


title: T-ara

text: T-ara made their debut in July 2009 on the "Radio Star" talk show. Their first performance was on the "M Countdown" music show a few days later. It included the songs "Geojitmal" (or "Lies") and "Norabollae?". The performance had negative reviews by those who watched it. Some felt was that it was lip-synced and had an "elementary school" appearance. In response, the group decided that future performances would be live. In September 2009, T-ara made the song TTL "(Time to Love)" with the boy band Supernova. It became the first number one song for both groups and topped many online charts. A month later, T-ara and Supernova made the follow up song "TTL Listen 2".


title: T-ara

text: T-ara made their first studio album in November 2009, with the name "Absolute First Album". Core Contents Media held a survey to have the public help choose which song would be the title track. The choices were "Bo Peep Bo Peep" and "Cheoeum Cheoreom" (처음처럼, "Like the First Time"). Of the 9,000 people who took the survey, 53% chose "Cheoeum Cheoreom". However, "Bo Peep Bo Peep" was chosen as the title track. It made it to number four on the "Gaon" chart. "Cheoeum Cheoreom" made it to number ten. T-ara performed these songs live on the "Music Bank" television show on 4 December 2009. At the 24th Golden Disk Awards, T-ara won Rookie of the Year along with girl group 4minute.


title: T-ara

text: The group won their first music show award with "Bo Peep Bo Peep" on the first day of 2010. The song went on to win five awards in total. T-ara intended to follow up with promotions for "Cheoeum Cheoreom" as well. But these had to be canceled in January 2010, as Soyeon got sick with H1N1. Later that month, T-ara had a cameo appearance in two episodes of the television show "God of Study".


title: T-ara

text: In February 2010, the group re-released their debut album under the title "Breaking Heart". The digital release was on February 23. The two lead singles were "Neo Ttaemune Michyeo" (너 때문에 미쳐; "I Go Crazy Because of You") and "Naega Neomu Apa" (내가 너무 아파, "I'm Really Hurt"). "Neo Ttaemune Michyeo" made it to number one on the "Gaon" chart and "Naega Neomu Apa" made it to thirty-one. T-ara performed on the same day on "M Countdown". They went on to win three awards for "Neo Ttaemune Michyeo". The physical release of the album was March 3. It made it to number two on the weekly "Gaon" chart and number thirty-five on the yearly chart. T-ara performed "Naega Neomu Apa" on music shows in March and early April 2010.


title: T-ara

text: In July 2010, T-ara added Hwayoung as a seventh member. The stated reason was to give other members some relief from their heavy schedules. It would also allow each member to be away for solo activities from time to time. In November 2010, the group starred in the third season of the reality show "Hello Baby". Later that month, T-ara released "Wae Ireoni". It is the lead single for their first extended play, which is called "Temptastic". "Temptastic" was released in December 2010, along with the single, "Yayaya". T-ara performed on "Music Bank" on December 3 with their new seventh member Hwayoung. They later won awards for "Wae Ireoni" and "Yayaya" on "M Countdown".


title: T-ara

text: T-ara made their second extended play (or EP) in June 2011. The title is "John Travolta Wannabe". It made it to number three on the Gaon Album Chart. The EP's single, "Roly-Poly", made it to number two on the Gaon Digital Chart and number one on the Korea K-Pop Hot 100 chart. It became the highest-selling song of 2011 in South Korea. "Roly-Poly" won the award of Best Music Video at the 3rd Melon Music Awards. T-ara also won Singer of the Year at the 1st Gaon Chart Awards. They were also nominated for Best Dance Performance by a Female Group and Song of the Year at the 13th Mnet Asian Music Awards.


title: T-ara

text: In August 2011, T-ara made a limited edition re-issue of "John Travolta Wannabe" with the title "Roly-Poly in Copacabana". The title track is a eurodance remix of "Roly-Poly". It was given the name "Roly-Poly in Copacabana" after the song "Copacabana" which was popular in the 1980's in disco clubs. The album made it to number three on the Gaon chart. The song made it to number forty-five on the Billboard Korea K-Pop Hot 100 chart. The group then performed the song on the "Music Bank" television show.


title: T-ara

text: T-ara made a Japanese version of "Bo Peep Bo Peep" in September 2011. It made it to number one on the "Oricon" weekly chart. This made T-ara the first non-Japanese girl group to make it to number one on the "Oricon" chart. The song also made it to number one on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 chart.


title: T-ara

text: In November 2011, T-ara made their third EP, "Black Eyes", which made it to number two on the "Gaon" charts. The album followed the release of the song "Cry Cry", which made it to number one on the Billboard Korea K-Pop Hot 100. "Cry Cry" also won two first-place awards on "M Countdown". The music video for "Cry Cry" had a billion Korean won budget and a thirty-minute drama story line. The group made their second Japanese song, a remake of "Yayaya" from their "Temptastic" EP, in November. It made it to number seven on the "Oricon" charts and number six on the Billboard Japan Hot 100.


title: T-ara

text: In December 2011, the group held a three-day concert tour in Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka. By the end of the year, T-ara had become the second most popular girl group in Korea. Also in December, T-ara made a ballad with Davichi called "Uri Saranghaetjanha" (우리 사랑했잖아, "We Were in Love"). It was later included on T-ara's "Funky Town" re-release album. "Uri Saranghaetjanha" made it to number one on the "Gaon" chart and number two on the Billboard Korea K-Pop Hot 100. Both groups performed the song on SBS's "Inkigayo" television show.


title: T-ara

text: T-ara re-released "Black Eyes" under the title "Funky Town" in January 2012. The album made it to number one on the "Gaon" weekly chart and number two on the monthly chart. "Lovey-Dovey" was the second single from the album. It made it to number one on both the "Gaon" and "Billboard Korea" charts.


title: T-ara

text: In February 2012, Forbes Korea listed T-ara as number 17 in their list of "Top 40 Power Celebrities". In April, Core Contents Media announced that they would add two new members to T-ara. Areum joined T-ara in June 2012, bringing the group to eight members. The second new member was to be Dani, who was 14 years old at the time. While she starred in T-ara's "Day by Day" music video, she did not end up becoming a member.


title: T-ara

text: T-ara made their first Japanese studio album in June 2012 with the title "Jewelry Box". It made it to number two on the "Oricon" weekly albums chart with sales of over 57,000 copies. Following the album release, T-ara held a concert tour in Japan.


title: T-ara

text: In July 2012, T-ara released their fourth extended play (EP), with the title "Day by Day". It made it to number five on the "Gaon" chart. The title track, also called "Day by Day", was released as a single on the same day. It made it to number two on the "Gaon" chart. On July 7, T-ara performed "Day by Day" live on "Music Core" with a 70-person orchestra. This was the first time Areum performed with the group.


title: T-ara

text: In late July 2012, T-ara held a concert in Japan. Hwayoung only performed one song due to a leg injury. Afterwards, one member of T-ara tweeted a message about showing determination. Later four of the other members agreed with her. After this Hwayoung and her twin sister (Hyoyoung) tweeted about a "bad person". This lead to rumors of conflict within the group. Some assumed that Hwayoung was being bullied. Soon after, Core Contents Media ended Hwayoung's contract and she left T-ara. The stated reason was that Hwayoung's actions were harming teamwork. The record label claimed that the bullying rumors were not a factor in the decision. The group stated that the rumors were not true but did confirm a conflict between Hwayoung and the others. Due to the rumors, the group put all activity on hold for a time. Their scheduled performances were postponed without a new date planned.


title: T-ara

text: In September, T-ara resumed their activity as a group. In that month they released "Mirage", which was a re-issue of their "Day by Day" EP with additional songs. Two of the songs from the EP were also released as singles on the same day. These were "Sexy Love" and "Najgwa Bam (Love All)" (낮과 밤, "Day and Night"). "Sexy Love" made it to number four on the "Gaon" charts and number three on the Billboard Korea K-pop Hot 100 charts. While the new EP and song were a success, the group’s popularity suffered a drop due to the bullying rumors.