title: Product (business)

text: There are also national and international classifications. They can be used by different organizations. For example, the European Union uses a "Classification of Products by Activity". The United Nations classifies products for making reports of international economic activity.


title: Compaq

text: Compaq was a computer company headquartered in Houston, Texas, provided some of the first IBM PC compatible computers. It was later bought by Hewlett-Packard. It was founded in 1982 and dissolved in 2002.


title: Watchtower

text: A watchtower or watch tower is a tower used for surveillance. They were used at city walls to see invaders, when they were far away, so the city could prepare for an attack. A watchtower is also used for watching over people (like a town or a city). Watchtowers were popular in the Middle Ages. They are still often used to watch over prisoners and make sure that they don't escape or leave the area. Forestry uses watchtowers to find fires before they become more dangerous.


title: Gallipoli

text: The Gallipoli peninsula (; ; ) is in Turkish East Thrace, the European part of Turkey. To the west there is the Aegean Sea and to the east there are the Dardanelles straits.


title: Gallipoli

text: After an earthquake in 1354, the Greek city of Gallipoli was abandoned, then occupied by Turks from Anatolia. This made it the first Ottoman position in Europe.


title: Gallipoli

text: The peninsula was part of the Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman Empire slowly conquered it from 13th century to the 15th century. By the 19th century, thirty thousand people lived in the city: Greeks, Turks, Armenians, Jews and Xoraxane Roma.


title: Gallipoli

text: It was a big military camp for the British and French forces during the Crimean War (1854). It was also a stopping-off point on the way to Constantinople.


title: First impeachment of Donald Trump

text: The first impeachment of Donald Trump, the 45th President of the United States, began on September 24, 2019, after a whistleblower alleged that Trump had pressured foreign leaders. The scandal was about Trump telling Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky to investigate Hunter Biden and his father Joe Biden, a former vice-president and a candidate for the 2020 presidential election. It ended on February 5, 2020.


title: First impeachment of Donald Trump

text: The inquiry stage of Trump's impeachment lasted from September to November 2019. In October 2019, three Congressional committees (Intelligence, Oversight, and Foreign Affairs) deposed witnesses.


title: First impeachment of Donald Trump

text: In November 2019, the House Intelligence Committee held a number of public hearings in which witnesses testified publicly. On December 3, the House Intelligence Committee voted 13–9 along party lines to adopt a final report.


title: First impeachment of Donald Trump

text: A set of impeachment hearings before the Judiciary Committee began on December 4, 2019. On December 13, the House Judiciary Committee voted 23–17 along party lines to recommend two articles of impeachment: abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. The Judiciary Committee also released a report on the articles of impeachment on December 16.


title: First impeachment of Donald Trump

text: The first hearing, held on December 4, 2019, was an academic discussion on the definition of an impeachable offense. The witnesses invited by Democrats were law professors Noah Feldman from Harvard, Pamela S. Karlan from Stanford, and Michael Gerhardt from the University of North Carolina. Republicans invited Jonathan Turley, a constitutional scholar at George Washington University.


title: First impeachment of Donald Trump

text: On December 18, the full House approved the articles of impeachment, making Trump the third president in U.S. history to be impeached.


title: First impeachment of Donald Trump

text: On January 10, 2020, Speaker Nancy Pelosi announced that she had "asked Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerry Nadler to be prepared to bring to the Floor next week a resolution to appoint managers and transmit articles of impeachment to the Senate".


title: First impeachment of Donald Trump

text: At the end of the January 21 session, the Senate voted along party lines to pass Mitch McConnell's proposed trial rules and reject 11 amendments proposed by Democrats. The prosecution's opening arguments and presentation of evidence took place between January 22–24. Trump's defense presentation began on January 25. The primary arguments were a lack of direct evidence of wrongdoing, and that Democrats were attempting to use the impeachment to steal the 2020 election. Under the U.S. Constitution, a two-thirds majority of the Senate is required to convict the president.


title: First impeachment of Donald Trump

text: On February 5, 2020 the Senate acquitted Trump on both count. The votes were 52-48 to acquit on the first count and 53-47 to acquit on the second count.


title: Oldenzaal

text: Oldenzaal is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 32,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies in Twente region.


title: Davy Crockett

text: David Crockett (August 17, 1786 – March 6, 1836) was an American frontiersman, soldier, politician, and folk hero. He is more often called Davy Crockett. He also has the nickname “King of the Wild Frontier”. He represented Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1827 to 1831 and again from 1833 to 1835. Fighting in the Texas Revolution, he was executed in the Battle of the Alamo at the age of 49.


title: Davy Crockett

text: Crockett was born in Tennessee. A replica of the cabin In which he was born stands today in Davy Crockett Birthplace State Park, in Tennessee.


title: Davy Crockett

text: The Crockett family's name comes from the name "Monsieur de la Croquetagne". Monsieur de la Croquetagne was a captain in the Royal Guard of French King Louis XIV. The family became Protestants and ran away from France in the 17th century. Crockett did not have an easy childhood. He traveled around a lot and had many of adventures. He started to hunt with his brothers before his 9th birthday. A little after he started going to school, he beat up a bully. He stopped going to school so that his teacher would not punish him. His teacher told his father that Crockett was not at school. He ran away from home so that his father would not beat him. He started moving around Tennessee, Virginia, and other places, according to a book that Crockett wrote about himself.


title: Davy Crockett

text: He came back home when he was 15, and his family welcomed him. He married Mary (Polly) Finley a day before his 20th birthday. They had three children, but Polly died at a young age.


title: Davy Crockett

text: Crockett served in the Tennessee Militia for a few years and ran for Congress in 1824. He lost his election but ran again in the next election. In 1827, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. As a Representative, he became angry with President Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, which forced Native Americans to leave their land. He lost his re-election in 1830. However, he ran again in 1832 and won.


title: Davy Crockett

text: In 1834, he wrote a book about himself, "A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett. Written by Himself". He lost re-election to Congress that year.


title: Davy Crockett

text: Around December 1834, Crockett told some of his friends that he might move to Texas if Martin Van Buren became the next president of the United States. The next year, he talked to his friend Benjamin McCulloch about going to Texas, which the belonged to Mexico, but some people fought in the Texas Revolution against Mexico. Van Buren was elected president and so Crockett left Tennessee on Nov. 1, 1835 with three other men to go to Texas and said, "You may all go to hell and I will go to Texas."


title: Davy Crockett

text: He arrived in Nacogdoches, Texas, in early January 1836. On January 14, 1836, Crockett and 65 other men signed an oath before Judge John Forbes to the Provisional Government of Texas for six months that said, "I have taken the oath of government and have enrolled my name as a volunteer and will set out for the Rio Grande in a few days with the volunteers from the United States." Each man was promised about 4,600 acres (19 km²) of land.


title: Davy Crockett

text: He showed up at the Alamo on February 8, where over 100 other men were there. On February 23, a Mexican army, led by General Antonio López de Santa Anna, surrounded the Alamo and was ready to take it over. After the Mexican army had been there for eight days, 32 other men showed up to help Crockett and the other men defend the Alamo.


title: Davy Crockett

text: On March 6, according to Susana Dickinson, before running to his post, Crockett stopped in the chapel to pray. When the Mexican soldiers made it over the walls of the Alamo, they pushed the few remaining defenders back toward the church. The Battle of the Alamo lasted almost 90 minutes. All of the men defending the Alamo died, including Crockett.


title: Davy Crockett

text: Even while he was still alive, many books and plays were written about Crockett's life, some of which stretched the truth. Since his death, he has become a popular figure in American folklore. In the 1950s, there was a television show about him with a song called "The Ballad of Davy Crockett," which was very popular. Many children wore "coonskin" hats to look like him.


title: Kaesong

text: Kaesong ( , , ) is a special city in the southern part of North Korea. It was the capital of Korea during the Taebong kingdom and Goryeo dynasty. The city is near the Kaesong Industrial Region close to the border with South Korea.


title: Kaesong

text: During the Japanese occupation from 1910 to 1945, the city was known by the Japanese pronunciation of its name, "Kaijō". Between 1945 and 1950, Kaesong was part of South Korea and under its control.


title: Kaesong

text: The 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement left the city under North Korean control. Due to the city's close distance to the border with South Korea, Kaesong has hosted exchanges between the two countries as well as the jointly run Kaesong Industrial Region.


title: Kaesong

text: In 2019, a large portion of Kesong was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site called the Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong. The palaces, tombs, observatory, and other buildings in this site show the history of the Koryo Dynasty.


title: Christian eschatology

text: Eschatology is a branch of Christian theology. At large Eschathology consists on a series of studies on the Ultimate Destiny of Humanity and the Human Soul as it is written in the Holy Bible.


title: Christian eschatology

text: Eschatology is concerned with the final events in history and it's most relevant studies are about Death, Life after Death, Resurrection of the Dead and the Final Judgement.


title: Christian eschatology

text: Etymology: The word Eschatology arises from two Greek notions (eschatos) meaning "last" and (logy) meaning "the a study of", and was first used in English around 1844.


title: G20 developing nations

text: The G20 (Group of 20, also variously G21, G22 and G20+) is a bloc of developing nations established on 20 August 2003. Distinct and separate from the G-20 major economies, the group emerged at the 5th Ministerial WTO conference, held in Cancún, Mexico, from 10 September to 14 September 2003. The G-20 accounts for 60% of the world's population, 70% of its farmers and 26% of world’s agricultural exports. In 2008 the group had 23 members.


title: Sundial

text: A sundial shows the current solar time during the day. It does this because the sun appears to move through the sky. At different times in the day when the sun is shining, a shadow is cast in different places on the dial. A person marks the dial with the time at a certain shadow. This lets users easily see the time. There are a few commonly seen designs, such as the 'ordinary' or standard horizontal garden sundial. However, sundials can be designed for any surface where a fixed object casts a predictable shadow. They may be horizontal or vertical or tilted.


title: Louis XIII

text: Louis XIII (27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was King of France from 1610 to 1643. He was the son of Henry IV and Marie de' Medici. He lived during the time of the Thirty Years War and had to deal with many rebellions. He was proud of his country, and tried to encourage French artists to stay in France instead of going off to Italy. He did this by giving them work in the Louvre.


title: Louis XIII

text: Although he was married, many people thought that he would never produce an heir. Then, after 23 years of marriage, his wife Anne gave birth to a baby boy. He was to become King Louis XIV of France.


title: Louis XIII

text: He died of Crohn's disease in 1643 and was later buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis, France. His oldest son would succeed him on the throne.


title: Windows 11

text: Windows 11 is the newest and current operating system from Microsoft. It is the successor of Windows 10 and was announced on June 24, 2021. It was released on October 5, 2021 and is a free upgrade for Windows 10 or Windows 8.1 users. However many users cannot upgrade to Windows 11 or run Windows 11 because it has many system requirements. It's mainstream support will end on January 12, 2027 and extended support will end on January 13, 2032.


title: Cosplay

text: Cosplay can be divided into two parts, basic cosplay and masquerade cosplay. Both types of cosplay involve trying to physically look like the character, including speaking like the character and memorizing quotes. Masquerading, or "The Masquerade," usually refers to a cosplay competition where cosplayers demonstrate their skills in creating costumes, putting on skits, and in technical matters.


title: Cosplay

text: Even though cosplaying comes from Japan, there are a number of cosplay communities in Malaysia, China, the United States, UK, Indonesia, and the Philippines, because of the popularity of Japanese animation, movies, and popular culture in those countries.


title: Cosplay

text: Cosplay communities often hold events such as parties and conventions. Some of the best cosplayers can be famous amongst otaku.


title: Defibrillator

text: A defibrillator is a machine that can help when ventricular fibrillation happens in the heart of a human. A defibrillator is a life saving device.


title: Defibrillator

text: Fibrillation happens when many different cells in the heart begin to act as pacemaker cells. This means that many thousands of cells tell the heart to beat, all at different times and with no rhythm. This confusion causes the heart to become unable to move blood around the body. This causes cardiac arrest and death.


title: Defibrillator

text: A defibrillator sends a high energy pulse from the top-right of the heart to the bottom-middle of the heart. This causes the whole heart to stop all activity. The heart's normal pacemaker then can try and restart normal beating. Defibrillation does not always work.


title: Defibrillator

text: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) are defibrillators that are designed to help patients from inside their body. They are put inside people that are at high-risk of going into cardiac arrest and monitor a person's heart rate, rhythm, and waveform. By comparing the activity in the different chambers of the heart, an icd can detect cardiac arrhythmias and treat them quickly.


title: Defibrillator

text: External defibrillators are often used in hospitals and ambulances. They are now also being used outside of medical environments more as automated external defibrillators (see below) become safer and cheaper. There are many different types of external defibrillators, and progress in cardiac research has led to big improvements in the underlying technology.


title: Defibrillator

text: Until the 1990s, external defibrillators relied on monophasic ("one phase") shock waves. Electrical pulses are quickly sent from one electrode to the other in one direction.


title: Defibrillator

text: Biphasic ("two phases") defibrillation, however, changes the direction of the pulses. It completes one cycle in approximately 10 milliseconds. This means less energy is needed for successful defibrillation. That means less risk of burns and other damage. The small capacitor ("battery") size required for the defibrillator can result in large cost and size savings.


title: Defibrillator

text: An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a self-contained defibrillator device designed to be movable, and easy and simple to use. They are often shaped like briefcases so that they can be carried by a handle. An AED contains a battery, a control computer, and electrodes. When the electrodes are stuck onto the patient, the control computer will assess the patient, checking the rhythm of their heart. It will then charge itself to an appropriate power level and tell users that the person needs to be shocked. If the patient does not need to be defibrillated, the automated external defibrillator will not allow a shock to be administered. A button must still be pushed manually to trigger the shock, as the operator beforehand must be certain that nobody is touching the patient. Often, automated external defibrillators will have speakers which give instructions when they are opened.


title: Defibrillator

text: Current automated external defibrillator devices are designed for emergency medical technicians, home users, police and security officers and other people with minimal medical knowledge. These devices are commonly found in large gathering places, such as airports, casinos, sports stadiums, and college campuses.


title: Defibrillator

text: The most well-known type of electrode is the traditional metal paddle with an insulated handle. This type must be held in place on the patient's skin while shocks are delivered. Before the paddles are used, gel must be applied to the patient's skin so that there is a good connection and to minimise electrical resistance.


title: Defibrillator

text: Another type of resuscitation electrode is designed as an adhesive pad which can be stuck onto the skin of a patient. These electrodes are left connected to a defibrillator. If defibrillation is required, the machine is charged, and the shock is delivered, without any need to apply any gel or to retrieve and place any paddles.


title: Defibrillator

text: Both solid- and wet-gel adhesive electrodes are available. Solid-gel electrodes are more convenient, because there is no need to clean the patient's skin after removing the electrodes. However, the use of solid-gel electrodes presents a higher risk of burns during defibrillation, since wet-gel electrodes more evenly conduct electricity into the body.


title: Defibrillator

text: Defibrillators are often depicted in movies, television, video games and other fictional media. This is because it can quickly produce dramatic improvements in patient health. Their function, however, is often exaggerated.


title: Defibrillator

text: Medical providers are often shown defibrillating patients with a "flat-line" ECG rhythm (also known as asystole); this is not done in real life as the heart is not restarted by the defibrillator itself.


title: Arthur Miller

text: Arthur Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005) was an American playwright. His best known plays are "All My Sons", "Death of a Salesman" and "The Crucible". He also wrote for the movie "The Misfits" while married to Marilyn Monroe. She acted in this movie.


title: Arthur Miller

text: Arthur Miller's family was a rich Jewish family from New York City. During the Great Depression in the 1930'S, his family's business was forced to close down and they lost all their money. Because Miller wanted to go to university, he had to work in a warehouse. He studied economics and history at the University of Michigan as well as working for the school newspaper which helped him learn how to write plays. He married Mary Slaughterhouse in 1940.


title: Arthur Miller

text: In Miller’s childhood, his family had money issues. Due to the fact that he experienced the whole situation with his family, his writings have been influenced a lot, he often includes the theme of financial problems which is a result of everything he had seen as a child. Another thing that influenced him a lot was Greek literature. Miller once said that he liked to read Greek literature for ideas to write about. The readers are able to see it in his writing style and the element he uses in his writing.


title: Arthur Miller

text: In 1936 his very first play, "No Villain," was produced and gained a huge success. The play even won him a Hopwood Award and people started to get to know him. In 1944, Miller had his first play in the theater on Broadway in New York City, called "The Man Who Had All the Luck". Not many people liked it so this play was stopped after one week. However, three years later, his play "All My Sons" became very popular. This play won the Pulitzer Prize for drama. In 1949, he wrote "Death of a Salesman", a story about the American Dream, it addresses the loss of identity and a man who's unable to accept change within himself and society. In 1953, he wrote "The Crucible", a story about the Salem Witch Trials. He wrote this because of the McCarthyism of the 1950s, the fear that communism would take over America. A few years later, Miller was blamed for being a communist himself. He had to answer questions from the House Un-American Activities Committee, a group that Senator Joseph McCarthy made.


title: Arthur Miller

text: In 1956, Miller divorced Mary Slaughterhouse so he could marry the actress Marilyn Monroe. During this marriage, he wrote for the movie "The Misfits". Monroe acted in this movie. After five years of marriage, Monroe divorced him.


title: Arthur Miller

text: The following year, Miller married again. The photographer Inge Morath was his third wife, and they were together until she died in 2002. They had two children.


title: Arthur Miller

text: His son, Daniel, was born with Down Syndrome. Miller put him in a hospital and did not want to see him again. His daughter, Rebecca, who married actor Daniel Day-Lewis, asked Miller several times to contact his hospitalised son.


title: Arthur Miller

text: In 1964, Miller produced the play "After The Fall" that talks about the marriage with Marilyn Monroe. Later on, during the mid 1990s, he wrote three new plays, including "The Ride Down Mt. Morgan", "The Last Yankee" and "Broken Glasses".


title: Arthur Miller

text: Miller's ideas influence the society a lot. For example, the way of writing has changed a lot. He often writes about the experience of being human in a very raw but very loving way. He once said that “Maybe all one can do is hope to end up with the right regrets” which later on has a huge impact on people. Another influence on society is that the way people write stage plays have changed a lot. People tend to focus on characters more than anything else. Miller believes that “the theater is so endlessly fascinating because it's so accidental (happens by chance). It's so much like life.” It reflects on his writing because he likes to write more on the bonds between individual and society rather than only character.


title: Group 10 element

text: Group 10 is in the transition metals section. It is worth noting that darmstadtium has unknown chemical properties, but is probably a transition metal.


title: Hillsborough disaster

text: The Hillsborough disaster happened on 15 April 1989. It happened at the Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. A stampede of people in the stadiums caused the deaths of 97 people (all Liverpool supporters). Another 766 people were injured. It happened during the FA Cup semi-final match between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest football clubs.


title: Hillsborough disaster

text: After the disaster, it was believed to be caused by the football fans. However, this turned out not to be true. A later investigation saw that the police were to blame. Ambulances were not able to reach the pitch where the stampede happened, which helped increase the number of people who died. There is a memorial at Hillsborough Stadium in memory of the people who died.


title: Hillsborough disaster

text: The newspaper "The Sun" made an untrue headline, days after the disaster. In February 2017, Liverpool F.C. put a ban on "The Sun" journalists from entering their grounds in response to the coverage of Hillsborough by the newspaper.


title: VV Cephei

text: VV Cephei is a eclipsing binary star in the Cepheus constellation. It is 5,000 light years from Earth.


title: VV Cephei

text: VV Cephei A is one of the largest known stars, being a red supergiant. Its diameter is around 779 times that of the Sun. It is orbited by VV Cephei B, a blue star with 1325 times the Solar radius. If VV Cephei A were placed in the center of our Solar System, its radius would reach past the orbit of Mars.


title: Sharon Osbourne

text: Sharon Rachel Osbourne ( Levy; born 9 October 1952) is a British-American music manager, television personality, and talent show judge. Osbourne first became famous on "The Osbournes" which was a reality show that showed Osbourne and her family in their daily lives.


title: Sharon Osbourne

text: She has also been a judge on the talent shows "The X Factor" and "America's Got Talent". Her autobiography, "Extreme", which Osbourne wrote about her life, was very successful and has sold 2 million copies.


title: Sharon Osbourne

text: She has recovered from colorectal cancer. She is married to the rock singer Ozzy Osbourne and she has three children with him named Kelly Osbourne, Jack Osbourne and Aimee Osbourne.


title: Bangor, Gwynedd

text: Bangor is a small cathedral city and community in Gwynedd, a county in North Wales. It is Wales' oldest city and one of the United Kingdom's smallest cities.


title: Bangor, Gwynedd

text: The city is located near the Menai Strait, which is a strait that separates the Isle of Anglesey from mainland Wales.


title: Baronet

text: Unlike the members of the orders of chivalry and a knight bachelor a baronet can pass his title to his children.


title: Baronet

text: Some baronets were created in the 1300s, but the modern Order of Baronets dates from King James I of England.


title: Baronet

text: On 22 May 1611 King James I set up the present hereditary Order of Baronets in England. He made 200 "gentlemen of good birth" baronets. He did this partly to reward those people with more than a knighthood, without making them as important as a Baron. The other reason was that the king needed money to keep soldiers in Ireland. Each of the new baronets had to pay £1095, which was the cost of keeping thirty soldiers for three years.


title: Baronet

text: To explore Nova Scotia (New Scotland) in what we now call Canada, King James I of England was going a create the Baronetage of Nova Scotia in 1624, but he died that year. His son King Charles I set up the Baronetage of Scotland and Nova Scotia in 1625. The new baronets had to pay £2000 or to support six settlers for two years.


title: Baronet

text: Today over a hundred "baronets of Nova Scotia" still exist. The Duke of Roxburghe, who is also Baronet of Innes-Ker of Innes is the "Premier Baronet of Scotland" because the baronetcy is the oldest one still existing in Scotland. It was created in 1625.


title: Baronet

text: The Baronets of Nova Scotia were allowed to wear a badge from 1629. The design on the badge is the same as the flag of Nova Scotia


title: Inorganic chemistry

text: Inorganic chemistry can be defined simply as all chemistry which is not organic chemistry. Organic chemistry is basically the study of carbon compounds. Inorganic chemistry studies the elements (including carbon), and all compounds other than carbon compounds. There are a few exceptions to this rule, but this definition covers most cases.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The Caribbean Sea is a tropical sea in the center of the Caribbean area. The body of water is part of the Atlantic Ocean. The sea is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico. The Caribbean Sea has many islands, which are popular among North American tourists because of their tropical climate. The Caribbean Sea is famous around the world as a tourist destination.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: Christopher Columbus came across a group of islands in the Caribbean region. When he did so, he thought he had reached another part of the world. Because of this, he named the islands the ‘West Indies’. However, later it was realized that he found an entire region. It still had its natural resources. The name ‘Caribbean’ was later given to it by the Amerindian tribe, the Caribs. That is how it got its name: the Caribbean Sea.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: This entire region covers an area of 1,063,000 sq. miles. It covers from Mexico to the boundaries of South America.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: This sea is just as deep as it is wide. Its deepest point is believed to be even lower than 25,220 ft, 7,686 m. That makes this point one of the lowest points on the surface of the earth, and the Caribbean Sea one of the deepest seas in the world.


title: Cybernetics

text: Cybernetics is the study of control and communication in the animal and the machine. Norbert Wiener added: "Information is information, not matter or energy".


title: Cybernetics

text: Ross Ashby defined it as: "the art of steermanship... co-ordination, regulation and control will be its


title: Cybernetics

text: themes, for these are of the greatest biological and practical interest... it treats, not things but ways of


title: Cybernetics

text: Cybernetics was from the first an inter-disciplinary field of study. It included people from at least a dozen academic disciplines. There were two events which sparked it off after World War II. The first was that scientists from different backgrounds had, during the war, worked together on various military projects. They learned a good deal about how to cooperate with their various partners. The second event was the invention of computers during the war.


title: Cybernetics

text: The countries which started cybernetics were Britain and the United States, but the idea spread quickly to France, Russia and other countries. Another, more famous, example of 'interdisciplinary studies' was molecular and cell biology.


title: Cybernetics

text: Cybernetics started rapidly, and some of the greatest thinkers of the post-war era were interested in it. When this generation died, and some of the hopes for artificial intelligence and robotics were slow to produce results, cybernetics fell somewhat out of favour.


title: Titration

text: Titration is a type of quantitative chemical analysis. It is used to work out the unknown concentration of a known substance.


title: Titration

text: It makes the use of two main chemical apparatus namely, pipette and burette. External indicators like phenolphthalein or methyl orange and internal indicators like KMnO4 (potassium permanganate) are used to mark the end point of titration.


title: Titration

text: A known concentration and volume of a reagent, called the "titrant" or "titrator", is added to a known volume of another reagent, the "analyte" or "titrand". This is done slowly from a burette until the end point is reached. The volume added before the end point is reached is noted. Because one of the solutions, the titrant, has a known concentration, that of the other, the titrand, can be calculated.


title: Titration

text: Professionals now use a pH meter, which is potentiometer with an electrode whose potential depends on the amount of H+ ions in the solution. The pH of the solution is measured throughout the titration, more accurately than with an indicator. At the endpoint there is a sudden change in the measured pH.


title: Titration

text: Since volume measurements play a key role in titration, it is known as "volumetric analysis" as well as "quantitative analysis".


title: Lose Yourself

text: "Lose Yourself" is a hip hop song by American rapper Eminem. Eminem won an Academy Award in 2003 and a Grammy in 2004 for "Lose Yourself". It was performed live at the 2022 Super Bowl in Los Angeles and has had over 5,000,000 downloads in the United States alone. It is from and about his movie "8 Mile." It is Eminem's second-biggest hit to date.


title: Carrie Johnson

text: Caroline Louise Bevan Johnson (née Symonds; born 17 March 1988) is a British political activist and conservationist. She is the wife of former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Boris Johnson. She was the first unmarried partner of a Prime Minister to live in 10 Downing Street when she was engaged to Johnson until 2021.


title: Carrie Johnson

text: Caroline Louise Bevan Symonds was born on 17 March 1988 to Matthew Symonds, co-founder of "The Independent".


title: Carrie Johnson

text: Before her marriage to the Prime Minister, she was a political and climate activist. She was a Conservative Party media official. She is a senior advisor to the ocean conservation charity Oceana.


title: Carrie Johnson

text: She began an affair with British politician Boris Johnson, then Foreign Secretary, in 2018 while he was still married to his second wife, Marina Wheeler. In July 2019, Johnson became prime minister and both he and Symonds officially moved into the flat above 11 Downing Street. On 16 August 2019, she made her first public appearance since entering 10 Downing Street.


title: Carrie Johnson

text: On 29 February 2020, Symonds and Boris Johnson announced that they had become engaged in late 2019. Their son, Wilfred Lawrie Nicholas Johnson, was born on 29 April 2020 in London. Symonds married Boris Johnson on 29 May 2021 in a secret ceremony. Their daughter, Romy Iris Charlotte Johnson, was born on 9 December 2021 in London.


title: Lynching of Jesse Washington

text: Jesse Washington was lynched in Waco, Texas, on May 15, 1916. Washington was a teenage African American who worked on a farm. The event became a well-known example of racially motivated lynching. Washington was accused of raping and killing Lucy Fryer. Fryer was the wife of Washington's white boss in rural Robinson, Texas. No one saw Washington commit the crime. During his interrogation by the McLennan County sheriff, he signed a confession and described the location of the weapon used to kill Fryer.


title: Lynching of Jesse Washington

text: Washington was tried for murder in Waco. There were angry locals in the courtroom. Washington pleaded guilty and was quickly sentenced to death. Washington was dragged out of the court by observers and lynched in front of Waco's city hall. Over 10,000 people, including city officials and police, gathered to watch the attack. People enjoyed the attack, many children attended the event. Members of the mob removed his testicles, cut off his fingers, and hung him over a bonfire. Washington was lowered and raised over the fire for about two hours. The fire was extinguished and his burnt torso was dragged through the town. Parts of his body were sold as souvenirs. Pictures of the event were taken by a professional photographer. This provided rare pictures of a lynching while the event was going on. These pictures were printed and sold as postcards in Waco.


title: Lynching of Jesse Washington

text: Lynching was supported by many Waco residents. It was, however, not supported by newspapers around the United States. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) hired Elisabeth Freeman to investigate. Freeman gathered many details, despite that many residents did not want to talk about what had happened. After receiving Freeman's report, NAACP co-founder and editor W. E. B. Du Bois published an in-depth report featuring photographs of Washington's burnt body in "The Crisis". The NAACP also featured his death in their anti-lynching campaign. Waco was known as a modern and a progressive city. However, the lynching demonstrated that the city did not mind racial violence. The event was nicknamed the "Waco horror". The city then gained a reputation for racism. City leaders tried to stop violence several times in the following decades.


title: Lynching of Jesse Washington

text: Historians believe that Washington's death helped change the way people view lynching. The media attention the event received made people become against lynching. It was seen as "barbarism" (ruthless) rather than as an acceptable form of justice. In the 1990s and 2000s, some Waco residents wanted a monument for the event. The idea did not gain support in the city.


title: Island country

text: An island country (also sometimes called island nation or borderless country) is a country that is made up only of islands. They are not connected by land to any other nation. Each island only belongs to that country, so there are no borders. Examples of borderless countries are Iceland, Japan and Madagascar.


title: Piedmontese language

text: The Piedmontese language is a Gallo-Romance language spoken in Piedmont. The Council of Europe officially recognised it as a minority language in the 1980s. It is classified as an endangered language. In 2019, there were between 700,000 and 2 million speakers.


title: Piedmontese language

text: Piedmontese has been in use since the 12th century. There are poems and literature, starting from the 16th century. In the 15th or 16th century, local authorities switched to the Italian language, which is based on the dialects of Tuscany. When the Italian state was founded in 1861, Italian was chosen as a national language. With urbanization, and mass media, Piedmontese was a loser again, Italian was more popular, and could reach more people.


title: Quasar

text: Quasars or quasi-stellar radio sources are the most energetic and distant active galactic nuclei (AGN).


title: Quasar

text: They are quite small in comparison with the energy they put out. Quasars are not much larger than the Solar System. The mechanism of brightness changes probably involves relativistic beaming of jets pointed nearly directly toward us. The highest redshift quasar known () has a redshift of 7.085, which means it is about 29 billion light-years from Earth. This estimate is made using the concept of comoving distance.


title: Quasar

text: Scientists now agree that a quasar is a compact region in the center of a massive galaxy surrounding a central supermassive black hole. Its size is 10–10,000 times the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole. The energy emitted by a quasar is gravitational energy, created from mass falling onto the accretion disc around the black hole.


title: Quasar

text: Quasars are extremely luminous. They were first identified as being high redshift sources of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves and visible light. The light (and other energy) appeared to be similar to stars, rather than large sources like galaxies. On the other hand, their spectra had very broad emission lines, unlike any known from stars, hence "quasi-stellar". Their luminosity can be 100 times greater than that of the Milky Way.


title: Quasar

text: The accretion discs of central supermassive black holes can convert about 10% of the mass of an object into energy.


title: Quasar

text: This mechanism explains why quasars were more common in the early universe, as this energy production ends when the supermassive black hole consumes all of the gas and dust near it.


title: Quasar

text: This means that most galaxies, including our own Milky Way, may have gone through an active stage as a quasar or some other class of active galaxy. They are now dormant because they lack a supply of matter to feed into their central black holes to generate radiation.


title: Book of Obadiah

text: The Book of Obadiah is found in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament of the Christian Bible where it is the shortest book, only one chapter long. It is thought to have been written by a person named Obadiah, which means “servant (or worshipper) of the Lord”. Obadiah probably wrote the book sometime between 850 and 550 B.C.


title: Book of Obadiah

text: The message of Obadiah is given to Edom, a country which was made up of descendants of Esau, who was the twin brother of Jacob. Jacob is also called Israel and is the ancestor of the Jewish people. When foreign armies attacked Israel, the people of Edom did not come to their aid, but instead took many things that had belonged to them. Obadiah said that God would destroy the Edomites because of this. The Edomites lived in a city that was protected by mountains. They also had other nations who were their allies in warfare. They were proud of their wise leaders. None of these things could protect them from defeat. Obadiah said that God would give Israel back some lands including the land of the Edomites. Edom no longer exists as a country. Part of what was Edom is now in the kingdom of Jordan. The ruins of their capitol city Petra is a tourist attraction.


title: Ely, Cambridgeshire

text: Ely (; , rhyming with "freely") is a cathedral city in the East Cambridgeshire district of Cambridgeshire in the east of England and north north-east of Cambridge.


title: Ely, Cambridgeshire

text: Ely has been called a city for a long time because it has a cathedral. However, the Royal Charter making it a city was only issued in 1974. Ely's population was 15,102 in 2001. This means Ely is the third smallest city in England. Only after Wells in Somerset and the City of London which are smaller.


title: Ely, Cambridgeshire

text: The University of Cambridge rowing team has a boathouse on the bank of the river and train there for the annual Boat Race against the University of Oxford.


title: Ely, Cambridgeshire

text: The 1944 Boat Race was raced on the River Great Ouse near Ely, the only time it has not been held on the River Thames. The race was won by Oxford despite Cambridge being ahead early in the contest.


title: Ely, Cambridgeshire

text: Ely is built on an clay which is one of the highest points in the Fens. This is very different to the West of Cambridgeshire which is made up of limestone. The river Great Ouse runs through the city, and is one of the longest rivers in the UK with many others flowing into it. The drainage area of the rivers that form the Great Ouse is around 6000 square miles (16,000 square kilometres). This is five times larger than the Fens itself The landscape was a large marsh until the 18th century, when much of the Fens was drained, making Ely no longer an island. Because of this, the ground around the city is very fertile and most of the region is used for farming. The marshes also had many different animals in them such as the Eel, which the city is named after.


title: Ely, Cambridgeshire

text: Cambridgeshire is one of the driest counties in Britain. It is protected from coastal wind from the east. It gets an average of 24 inches (600mm) of rain per year. Because of this, Cambridgeshire is warm in summer and cold and frosty in winter.


title: Thomas Becket

text: Thomas Becket was an English priest, and Archbishop of Canterbury, who was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170. People used to think his name was "Thomas á Becket", but it is now known to be wrong.


title: Thomas Becket

text: Becket was born in Cheapside, London. He was an intelligent child, who also enjoyed playing sports and hunting. At age 16, he left England to study in Paris.


title: Thomas Becket

text: In 1143, Becket joined the household of Theobald of Bec, as a clerk. He became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1162. He had been a close friend of King Henry II, but they argued about the rights of the Church. This argument between Henry and Becket ended their friendship. Becket resigned as Lord Chancellor and sought to extend the rights of the archbishopric. This led to a series of conflicts with the King. One was on the jurisdiction of secular courts over English clergymen.


title: Thomas Becket

text: Attempts by Henry to influence the other bishops against Becket began in Westminster in October 1163. The King sought approval of the traditional rights of the royal government over the church. Henry held a meeting with most of the higher English clergy at Clarendon Palace on 30 January 1164. Becket was officially asked to agree to the King's rights.


title: Thomas Becket

text: Henry summoned Becket to appear before a great council at Northampton Castle on 8 October 1164, to answer allegations. Convicted on the charges, Becket stormed out of the trial and fled to Europe. King Louis VII of France offered Becket protection. He spent nearly two years in the Cistercian abbey of Pontigny, until Henry's threats made him return to Sens.


title: Thomas Becket

text: Beckett returned to England, but the dispute continued. He excommunicated his enemies in the Church, and threatened to do the same to Henry.


title: Thomas Becket

text: Upon hearing reports of Becket's actions, Henry said things which were understood as wishing Becket killed. The king's exact words are unknown and several versions have been reported. The most commonly quoted, as handed down by oral tradition, is "Who will rid me of this troublesome priest?".


title: Thomas Becket

text: Becket was killed by four of the King's knights on 29 December 1170. He became a saint in 1173. His major shrine is in Canterbury, but was destroyed by order of Henry VIII during his reign.


title: Punched tape

text: Punched tape is a medium for data storage. It is made of a long strip with holes in it. The holes are used to represent information. The principle is the same as that of a punched card, except that the length is variable. Punched tape was widely used in the 1950s and 1960s, but was later replaced by other media. Punched tape was first used to program looms, in the 18th century. Similar looms are still used for weaving Tartans, but the punched tape is made of metal platelets today. Another use of punched tape is in barrel organs.


title: Punched tape

text: 20th century teleprinters also use punched tape. Herman Hollerith used punched tape for a census, in 1890. Gilbert Vernam, a telecommunication engineer developed the Vernam cipher in 1917. This cipher could be used with punched tape. Vernam combined a character of the punched tape, with one of a key, to give the encoded character. Combining the ecoded character with the key again gives the plain text. This is in fact an exclusive disjunction, even though Vernam used a different name. It was an automated one-time pad. The NSA has called this patent "perhaps one of the most important in the history of cryptography."


title: Punched tape

text: There are different formats for punching tapes. Today, two formats are left, which are mechanically compatible. One is used in Telex and early computing applications. The strip is wide, and has five positions, plus a row that serves for feeding, and is always punched. The feeding row is between positions three and four. Data positions use a quadratic raster of a width of . The other format is mainly used in computing. The strip is wide, and has eight positions. Like the other format, the feeding row is between holes three and four. Both formats save ten rows of data (or characters) on a length of . If the 5 position strip is put on top of the 8 position one, the first five holes (and the feeding row) have the same position. Thi means that a reader which is capable of reading 8-position tape can also read 5-position tape. There are devices which can output both formats.


title: Punched tape

text: It is possible to encode 256 different characters on an 8 hole tape, the five hole tape can hold 32 different characters. The Baudot code which is used for encoding has two special characters that allow to switch between two halves of a code. This means that the five position punchtape can encode 59 different characters.


title: Punched tape

text: Punched tape had gone out of use by the end of the 20th century, replaced by new technology for these reasons:


title: Crop top

text: A crop top (or a belly shirt, tummy top, or half shirt) is a kind of shirt. Crop tops do not cover all of the middle section of the wearer's body. A person wearing a crop top will have part of their belly and back showing. There are many kinds of crop tops, and most styles show the wearer's belly button. Other styles can show the wearer's waist, or the bottom of their ribs.


title: Crop top

text: Crop tops were popular in the 1990s when movie actresses and female pop music singers wore them. They are popular again in the 2010s.


title: Crop top

text: A crop top does not keep the wearer's middle section warm because they do not cover all of it. So, crop tops are more comfortable for hot weather and exercising.


title: Crop top

text: There is a way to make a temporary crop top with a normal shirt. The wearer can lift their shirt to show as much of their belly as they want, and then make it stay like that by tying the lifted end of the shirt into a knot. This is a common and flexible alternative to a regular crop top.


title: Crop top

text: Low-rise pants or mini skirts are sometimes worn with a crop top. This shows more skin beneath the wearer's belly button.


title: Mujaddid

text: Mujaddid () in Islam is a reformer who is given the task of removing errors that have occurred among Muslims. Their job is to show people the great religious truths which the Muslim community will be asked to face. According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revive Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity. In contemporary times, a mujaddid is looked upon as the greatest Muslim of a century.


title: Mujaddid

text: Ikhtilaf (disagreements) exist among vatious hadith specialists. Scholars and historians like Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani have interpreted that the term mujaddid can also be understood as plural, thus referring to a group of people.


title: Mujaddid

text: The Arabic word mujaddid means "reformer", "renovator", "reviver", "renewer" or "regenerator". It is someone who revives and renovates the religion. The concept of tajdid (renewal or revival) and the term mujaddid come rather from a hadith, a statement of the Prophet Muhammad. This hadith was written down by Abu Dawood in his Sunan, one of the six authoritative Sunni collections of the Prophet's statements. In this hadith, the Prophet says:


title: Mujaddid

text: This means reform is in the essential nature of Islam and Muslims are called all the time to work hard to make new ideas cope with tradition. It also means that not everything in the Muslim tradition is useful and good for this modern age; there are certain things that were possible in the past but are no longer relevant today. Slavery would be a prime example.


title: Mujaddid

text: Tajdid (renewal) in Islamic thought means renewing the ideology representing the intellectual product of Muslims in the fields of science, knowledge and ijtihad to interpret Islam and understand and explicate its rulings.


title: Mujaddid

text: Al-Suyuti mentioned in his book Al-Jami' al-Sagheer, "Renewing religion means renewing its guidance, clarifying its truth and precedence, refuting the innovations and extremism presented to its followers or their reluctance in upholding it, and following its rules in managing the interests of the people and the law of society and civilization."


title: Mujaddid

text: Among the most manifest aspects of tajdid (renewal) in Islamic thought is the renewal of Islamic sciences as follows:


title: Mujaddid

text: There is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid. The persons of this list are claimed to be Mujaddid.


title: Mujaddid

text: While there is no formal mechanism for designating a "mujaddid" in Sunni Islam, there is often a popular consensus.


title: Mozhdeh Lavasani

text: Mozhdeh Lavasani (, born 8 nov 1989 in Tehran) is an Iran. She is a performer, editor, writer, director and speaker from Iran


title: Mozhdeh Lavasani

text: Lavasani started her media career at age of three with the program "Little Hello" and has continued her cooperation with the national radio.


title: Right upper quadrant (abdomen)

text: The right upper quadrant (RUQ), is an anatomical area of the human body, this area may also be called the "epigastrium". The RUQ extends from the median plane to the right of the patient, and from the umbilical plane to the right ribcage. Pain localized in the RUQ may be a sign associated with various medical conditions:


title: Sapporo

text: The city has a famous snow festival in winter, it has a growing population of about 1,800,000 people. Its area is . There are a lot of fish markets in Sapporo. A beer brand named "Sapporo" was named after this city. Ramen is a very popular food in Sapporo. The city has a subway system. Some famous landmarks are the Sapporo TV Tower, and the clock tower that is in the center of the city. There are several universities here, including Hokkaido University. The nearby airport is called New Chitose Airport.


title: Salman of Saudi Arabia

text: Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud born 31 December 1935) is the King of Saudi Arabia, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques since 2015. He had been Minister of Defence since 2011, and was Governor of Riyadh Province from 1963 to 2011.


title: Salman of Saudi Arabia

text: Salman became king on 23 January 2015 following the death of his half brother, King Abdullah. As a Sudairi Seven, his full brothers include king Fahd, and the crown princes Sultan and Nayef.


title: Yuan dynasty

text: The Yuan dynasty was a Mongol dynasty that ruled Mongolia and China from 1271 to 1368. Before this dynasty, China was ruled by the Song dynasty. After the Yuan dynasty, the Ming dynasty ruled China. Genghis Khan and his army of Mongols conquered many parts of China. His grandson Kublai Khan added more parts of China to his kingdom. He founded the Yuan dynasty in 1271.


title: Yuan dynasty

text: In the year of 1206, Genghis Khan ruled the Mobi tribes(a part of a country) to establish the Mongol country at the Onon River. Jin was the main race in Mongolia, but Jin and Xia were in decline, Mongolia had attacked the Western Xia and Jin in August 1227, and Jin lost, so Mongolia occupied the whole north of China in March 1234.


title: Yuan dynasty

text: In 1259, Möngke Khan died after the Song Yuan dynasty war. His brothers all wanted to be king. His fourth brother, Kublai, and his seventh brother, Ali Khan, fought to rule the Mobi tribes. And finally in 1264, Kublai won. Kublai made the name "DaYuan" in 1271 and proclaimed the Yuan Dynasty and said its founder was his grandfather Genghis. In 1276, Yuan ruled southern of Song, so yuan ruled the whole China in this year. In 1279, the Kublai subdued southern Song dynasty. The Yuan dynasty ruled China and brought different parts of China together that had been split since the late Tang dynasty. They were the first foreign dynasty to rule just about all of China.


title: Yuan dynasty

text: For centuries, most of what the West knew about China came from the book by Marco Polo about his visit to Kublai's empire. The Yuan dynasty ended in 1368 when the Ming dynasty took control.


title: Northeast

text: Northeast or north east is the direction halfway between north and east. It is the opposite of southwest.


title: Steven Pienaar

text: Steven Pienaar (born 17 March 1982) is a South African football player. He played for Everton and South Africa national team.


title: 1556 Shaanxi earthquake

text: The 1556 Shaanxi earthquake was a very bad earthquake that occurred on the morning of 23 January 1556 in Shaanxi, during the Ming Dynasty. It killed around 830,000 people, making it the worst earthquake in human history by number of deaths.


title: 1556 Shaanxi earthquake

text: More than 97 counties in the provinces of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu and Anhui were affected. The earthquake destroyed a area. In some counties, 60% of the population was killed. It had a magnitude of around 8.0.


title: 1556 Shaanxi earthquake

text: At the time, many people in that area lived in homes they made from artificial caves. Loess, the material that made these caves, is known to be very weak and can cause landslides. Scholars believe that is why so many people had died.


title: Hermeticism

text: Hermeticism is the study and practice of occult philosophy and magic. The name comes from the fact that the first books about Hermeticism are said to have been written by the god Hermes Trismegistus ("Thrice-Greatest Hermes"), who combines aspects of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth.


title: Hermeticism

text: Hermeticism is also connected with astrology and alchemy. These beliefs were strong in Europe during the Renaissance. The Hermetic Corpus was translated by Marsilio Ficino in 1463 and published in 1471. At this time, the Hermetic Corpus was thought to be older than both Plato and Pythagoras.


title: Hermeticism

text: In 1614, Isaac Causabon showed that the texts were actually written sometime between 200 and 300 AD. This view was based on careful study of the way language was used in the original writings.


title: Hermeticism

text: Hermeticism was revived in the 19th century in Western Europe. The most famous group involved in this revival was the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.


title: Humanitarianism

text: Humanitarianism is a way of behaving out of kindness to other people. Someone who is a humanitarian is a person who helps to improve the lives of other people without thinking about their race, belief or nationality.


title: Humanitarianism

text: A good example of Humanitarianism is the well-known story from the New Testament about the Good Samaritan who goes to help the poor man who has been robbed.


title: Humanitarianism

text: Humanitarianism also means basic morality indispensable for human being. There are international laws called "international humanitarian laws" considered to created out of humanitarianism of this mean. Among them, Geneva Conventions on the matter made at the time of wars are well known.


title: The Boring Company

text: The Boring Company is a tunnel boring company founded by Elon Musk, who earlier started SpaceX. It aims to reduce traffic congestion in urban areas. It is involved in the building of the Hyperloop in Los Angeles.


title: The Boring Company

text: Elon Musk complained via Twitter about Los Angeles traffic and the same day, December 17, 2016, founded the company. It built a short test tunnel in Los Angeles.


title: The Boring Company

text: To raise money for the expensive project, Elon Musk started selling promotional merchandise - first caps and then flamethrowers (branded as 'Not a flamethrower' to stop customs) and then fire extinguishers to go with. The company website is written in a lighthearted tone, for example describing the fire extinguishers as 'overpriced'.


title: Six Flags Magic Mountain

text: Six Flags Magic Mountain is a theme park in Valencia, California, United States. It opened on May 29, 1971. From 1971 to 1979, the theme park was named Magic Mountain and independently owned. In 1979, the park was purchased by Six Flags, and it was renamed to Six Flags Magic Mountain in 1980. It is located beside a water park called Six Flags Hurricane Harbor. It has 19 roller coasters (the most in the world) and 60 other kinds of rides, giving a total of 69 rides in the park. Some of its rides include Revolution, Tatsu, X2, , Full Throttle, Scream!, , Gold Rusher, and Twisted Colossus. There are nine themed areas, including DC Universe (an area inspired by DC Comics) and The Movie District (a movie-inspired area). Starting with Wet 'n Wild Orlando, they had replaced


title: Six Flags Magic Mountain

text: There are currently 19 roller coasters at Six Flags Magic Mountain, the largest number of roller coasters in a park in the world.


title: No Scrubs

text: "No Scrubs" is a Grammy Award-winning song. It was recorded by American contemporary R&B girl group TLC. It was for their album, "FanMail". It was released in January 1999 as the lead single. "No Scrubs" became TLC's third number-one single and eighth top-ten single on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. It also earned them their second Grammy nomination for Record of the Year. It was certified gold in the US for sales of over 500,000 copies. It was the second-best performing song of 1999 in the US, behind Cher's "Believe".


title: No Scrubs

text: English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran credited the writers of "No Scrubs" when he used a sample of the song in his 2017 single, "Shape of You".


title: Diaphragm

text: When breathing in, the diaphragm pulls down so that the size of the lungs increases, allowing air to enter the lungs.


title: Diaphragm

text: When breathing out, the diaphragm rests and goes up making a dome shape, decreasing the size of the lungs and pushing air out.


title: American imperialism

text: American imperialism is the economic, military, and cultural influence of the United States on other countries. At one time this influence included expansion into foreign territories. Expansionism was a primary objective of most empires, an example being the British Empire. Modern imperialism started in the 15th century when European countries discovered, and fought to claim, the New World. American imperialism began in the 1890s. In 1896 the US annexed the Hawaiian Islands. After the Spanish-American War the US annexed Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. In 1914 the US completed the Panama Canal. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine increased US influence in Latin America. It was the basis for Roosevelt's Big Stick policy. The US evolved from expansionism towards being an influence on world affairs.


title: Gary Glitter

text: Gary Glitter, born "Paul Francis Gadd", (born 8 May 1944 in Banbury, Oxfordshire) is a British former glam rock singer whose career ended in late 1990s by criminal charges and convictions for child sexual abuse offenses. Glitter recorded a very popular song called "Rock and Roll, Parts 1 and 2", often known as "The Hey Song", which was frequently played at sporting events.


title: Gary Glitter

text: His mother was a cleaner who was unmarried and she raised him with the help of her mother and he knew his father and he was hard to control because of his antisocial behaviour along with his brother and he was taken with his brother into local authority care when he was 10 years old. Although a Protestant he went to a Roman Catholic school. He got in trouble at school as a child, he also often ran away and went to London to clubs where his glam rock career started and he started calling himself Paul Raven in 1960 when his glam rock career started and then Gary Glitter in 1971 which he is known as. He has become infamous after being convicted of possessing child pornography and of child sexual abuse. Glitter has also been investigated for claims of child abuse dating back to the 1950s, connecting to the activities of the deceased child abuser Jimmy Savile. He was briefly married to Anne Merton with who he had 2 children, a son called Paul and a daughter called Sarah but Glitter and Merton divorced. Later when he lived in Cuba he had a Cuban girlfriend called Yudenia Sosa Martinez with who he had another son in 2001 called Gary Glitter Jr. In the 1970s Giltter was also convicted of driving under the influence and had used drugs such as cocaine and had a drug overdose.


title: Gary Glitter

text: Glitter who became a vegetarian and embraced Buddhism lived in Cambodia until 2002 when he was extradited to Vietnam where he was sentenced to three years jail in early 2006 for child sex offences he committed in Vietnam but on appeal twice with his Vietnamese lawyer he was released in November 2008. He has since returned to the United Kingdom where the British Government has decided that he can't travel overseas and several countries around the world have banned him and he gave in his passport to the government officials as required. Gary Glitter was placed on the UK Sex Offender Registry for life as a registered sex offender showing his real name Paul Francis Gadd and his other name of Gary Glitter. He was also arrested in 2012 by police investigating complaints against Jimmy Savile and questioned and has been monitored by Police in an investigation code named Operation Yewtree and is one of the most hated people. Others arrested include Dave Lee Travis, Stuart Hall, Wilfred De'ath, Ted Beston, Jim Davidson, Freddie Starr, Max Clifford, Paul Gambaccini and Rolf Harris. In June 2014, Glitter was charged with eight child sex offences dating back to the 1970s. Glitter was sentenced to 16 years in prison in February 2015.


title: The Silence of the Lambs

text: The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 American crime horror thriller movie. It was directed by Jonathan Demme. It stars Jodie Foster and Anthony Hopkins. It is based on the novel by Thomas Harris. The movie is about psychopathic psychiatrist and cannibal Dr. Hannibal Lecter and FBI agent Clarice Starling. The movie was released in 1991.


title: The Silence of the Lambs

text: In the movie, Clarice Starling, a young FBI worker, is sent to see the Dr. Lecter in prison to ask his advice on catching a serial killer called Buffalo Bill. Buffalo Bill has been kidnapping women and killing them.


title: The Silence of the Lambs

text: When the movie was being made, the FBI helped with the making of the movie. They used the movie to try to have more women join the FBI.


title: The Silence of the Lambs

text: Jonathan Demme won an Academy Award for Best Director. Jodie Foster and Anthony Hopkins both won Academy Awards. The movie also won Oscars for Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Picture. It became the third and most recent movie (the other two being 1934's "It Happened One Night" and 1975's "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest") to win Academy Awards in all the major five categories: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Adapted Screenplay. It is also the only horror movie to have won the Oscar for Best Picture.


title: The Silence of the Lambs

text: Hopkins' performance as Lecter is one of the shortest lead acting Oscar-winning performances ever. Hopkins is only on screen for seventeen minutes in the movie.


title: Whist

text: Whist is a classic English trick-taking card game which was widely played in the 18th and 19th centuries.


title: Whist

text: Whist is played by four players. They play in two partnerships with the partners sitting opposite each other. Players cut or draw cards to determine partners, with the two highest playing against the two lowest. The players then cut for deal. Unlike contract bridge, there is no bidding process. Trumps are decided by cutting a deck of cards. Therefore the game can be played by people who know nothing about modern bridge bidding.


title: Whist

text: Although the rules are simple, there is scope for scientific play. Originally it was a gambling game played in clubs and coffee houses.


title: Whist

text: Whist is a descendant of the 16th century game of "trump" or "ruff". The game takes its name from the 17th century "whist" (or "wist", or "whisk") meaning "quiet", "silent", "attentive", which is the root of the modern "wistful".


title: Whist

text: Whist is first described by Charles Cotton in his "The Compleat Gamester", published in London in 1674. It appears again in Seymour's "Court Gamester" of 1719, and we know that whist was played in some coffee houses in London. About 1728, a group led by the first Lord Folkestone played in Crown's coffee house in Bedford Row, London. They began to develop its potential as a partnership game.


title: Whist

text: Edmond Hoyle tutored wealthy young gentlemen in the game and published "A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist" in 1742. It became the standard text and rules for the game for the next hundred years and helped the game become fashionable. There are over 150 editions of this little book.


title: Whist

text: In the 1890s, a variant known as bridge-whist became popular. It evolved in stages to become auction bridge, and finally contract bridge in the late 1920s.


title: Whist

text: A standard 52-card pack is used. The cards in each suit rank from highest to lowest: A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2. Whist is played by four players, who play in two partnerships with the partners sitting opposite each other. Players cut or draw cards to determine partners, with the two highest playing against the two lowest. The players then cut for deal.


title: Whist

text: It is against the etiquette to comment on the cards in any way. One may not comment upon the hand one was dealt nor about one's good fortune or bad fortune.


title: Whist

text: Many basic ideas in card-play were discovered by whist players, and survive today in contract bridge. An example is the "finesse". This is an attempt to win a trick with a card lower than your best. For example: holding AQ73 in the South hand, the partnership lacks the K. North leads a low card, next hand plays low and South plays the Q. If it wins, an extra trick has been made.


title: Whist

text: Signalling between partners by means of the card-play was well understood and used. Examples are: leading the top card in a sequence, such as K from KQJx, and also leading 4th highest from any suit (which implies you hold one or two top honours in that suit). In 1834 Lord Henry Bentinck invented the "high-low" signal, which encourages partner to continue the suit. Some advanced ideas were known. Alexandre Deschapelles (17801847), a French genius at both cards and chess, invented a play now known as the Deschapelles coup. It is the sacrifice of a high-ranking card to get entry to partner's hand.


title: Whist

text: The technique of running events where all players sitting in the same direction play the same cards was invented for whist. A duplicate whist drive has placings N/S and placings E/W. Modern movements for contract bridge events are developments of that duplicate whist system.


title: Whist

text: The basic movement was invented by John T. Mitchell, a Scot who moved to the U.S. He invented the boards which hold the cards, and the movement for whist drives, in the 1890s. In the basic Mitchell movement all N/S pairs sit, while E/W pairs move one table up each round. When they move, boards go down one table. The effect of this is to divide the tournament into two halves, but later movements can avoid this. By allowing many pairs to play the same set of boards, tournament whist was invented. The idea, with variations, is still used today for bridge tournaments.


title: Neoconservatism

text: Neoconservatism refers to things that are pro-American nationalist interest in international affairs. This includes bigger military, pro-democracy, nationalism, anti-communism. It started in the United States during the 1960s. Neocons supported the Vietnam war, but disliked the Democratic party, Great Society, and the New Left.


title: Neoconservatism

text: Neoconservative sometimes refers to people who started as anti-Stalinists and then became American conservatives during the 1960s and 1970s.


title: Neoconservatism

text: Some neocons are Republicans, like the presidents between from the 1970s to the 2000s. For example, George W. Bush started the 2003 invasion of Iraq. His neocon friends include Paul Wolfowitz, Elliott Abrams, Richard Perle, and Paul Bremer. Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld also listened to these neocons. Together they supported the defense of Israel and the American invasion of the Middle East.


title: Neoconservatism

text: Neocon started in the 60s with Jewish magazine "Commentary", edited by Norman Podhoretz and published by the American Jewish Committee. They opposed the New Left and thus started the neocon movement.


title: Software development

text: Software development is the process of creating a computer software. It includes the software release life cycle of preparing a design, coding the program, and fixing the bugs. The final goal is software release of a product that serves the wishes of users.


title: Software development

text: Software product is usually a result of research, new development, prototyping, modification, reuse, re-engineering, maintenance, or any other activities.


title: Software development

text: A software development process (model, methodology) is a system that is used to structure, plan, and control the process of developing information systems. Each model is defferent, more or less structured and is considered to be suitable to only some kinds of projects.


title: Software development

text: There are different sources of ideas for software products like market research. The next step is market evaluation. It includes a check of cost and time assumptions, economic feasibility, fit with existing channels distribution, effects on existing product lines, required features, fit with the company's marketing objectives.


title: Software development

text: This process is also connected with non-technical activities like human resources, risk management, intellectual property, budgeting, crisis management, etc.


title: Software development

text: An important task in creating a software program is understanding the requirements. The software engineers must accept the client's idea and adapt it to the working process.


title: Software development

text: After establishing the requirements, the engineers start creating a software design document. Design of the software means the high-level design of the main modules with a full picture of how the parts fit together. The language, operating system, and hardware components should be clear at this stage.


title: Software development

text: The deployment includes installation, customization, testing, and possibly a longer period of evaluation.


title: Software development

text: Software training and support are important because software is only effective if it is used rightly.


title: Software development

text: Maintaining and improving software is the stage to cope with new faults or requirements, it usually takes a lot of time and effort.


title: Giovanni da Verrazzano

text: Giovanni da Verrazzano (1485 – 1528) was a Florentine explorer of North America. He is known for being the first European since the Norse colonization of the Americas around 1000 to explore the east coast of North America between South and North Carolina and Newfoundland, including New York Harbor and Narragansett Bay in 1524. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is named for him.


title: Giovanni da Verrazzano

text: He was chosen in 1524 by the King of France to search for a “Northwest Passage” to Asia through North America.


title: Giovanni da Verrazzano

text: He then proceeded north to explore the coastline, and believed that he had seen the Pacific Ocean (he explored North Carolina coast on the other side of a narrow piece of land). He actually discovered the Pamlico Sound, which is part of the Atlantic Ocean.


title: Giovanni da Verrazzano

text: These maps showed North America as split into two parts, connected by a narrow strip of land. This error took over a century to correct.


title: Giovanni da Verrazzano

text: Verrazzano discovered New York Harbor, Block Island and Narragansett bay while exploring the Atlantic coast of North America.


title: Giovanni da Verrazzano

text: There are conflicting reports on how he died. One version says he was killed and eaten by natives on Guadalupe Island. Another says he was executed for piracy in Spain.


title: Garry Newman

text: Garry Newman (born May 20, 1982) is a british video game developer. In 2004, Newman founded Facepunch Studios while working on Garry's Mod, a Half-Life 2 mod. As of October 2010, he lives in Walsall, England.


title: Ampersand

text: It represents the Latin conjunction "et", which means "and". The ampersand symbol is not only a logogram, but also a ligature. It joins the old handwritten Latin letters "e" and "t" of the word "et", so that the word is represented as a single glyph.


title: Ampersand

text: In everyday writing, the ampersand is sometimes written like a reversed 3 with a vertical line through it.


title: Mohamed Al-Fayed

text: Mohamed Al-Fayed (; born Mohamed Fayed; 27 January 1929) is an Egyptian businessman. Fayed's business interests include ownership of Hôtel Ritz Paris and formerly Harrods. He sold Fulham Football Club to Shahid Khan in 2013. His son Dodi died in a car crash in Paris with Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997.


title: Mohamed Al-Fayed

text: Fayed was born in Roshdy, Alexandria. Dodi was the child from his first marriage to Samira Khashoggi from 1954 to 1956. He later married Finnish socialite and former model Heini Wathén in 1985. The couple have four children, including Omar.


title: Cyberpunk 2077

text: Cyberpunk 2077 is a 2020 action role-playing video game created by CD Projekt. The story is an open world set in the "Cyberpunk" universe.


title: Cyberpunk 2077

text: CD Projekt released "Cyberpunk 2077" for PlayStation 4, Stadia, Windows, and Xbox One on 10 December 2020, with PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S versions planned to come out in 2021.


title: Cyberpunk 2077

text: In Cyberpunk 2077, you play as the character V. You can customize V's gender, voice, body, and clothing. Your goal is to complete missions. Sometimes, it may involve killing people, but the main goals in the missions are mostly about survival.


title: Jose Rizal

text: José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda is a hero of the Philippines. He was a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated for changes in the colony under the Spanish occupation. He was born on June 19, 1861 in the town of Calamba, Laguna.


title: Jose Rizal

text: He was the seventh child in a family of 11 children (2 boys and 9 girls). His parents went to school and were well known. His father, Francisco Rizal Mercado, worked hard as a farmer in Biñan, Laguna. Rizal looked up to him. His mother, Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos, was born in Meisic, Sta. Cruz, Manila. She read a lot and knew about art and many other things. Rizal said she was loving and very smart. He learned the alphabet from his mother when he was three years old. At age five, while learning to read and write, he also showed that he could draw and paint. He surprised his family and relatives with his pencil drawings and sketches and with his moldings of clay.


title: Jose Rizal

text: In 1877, at the age of 16, he finished school (Bachelor of Arts) from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. In the same year, he went to another school to study Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas. At the same time, he took classes to become a surveyor and assessor at the Ateneo. In 1878, he went to the University of Santo Tomas to become a doctor. He stopped in his studies when he felt that the Filipino students were not being treated right by the priests who were also their teachers. On May 3, 1882, he went by boat to Spain. In Spain, he continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid. On June 21, 1884, at the age of 23, he got his degree and became a doctor. On June 19,1885, at the age of 24, he got another degree in Philosophy and Letters.


title: Jose Rizal

text: He hoped to make political changes in his country and to make the Filipinos go to school. Rizal wrote many poems and books that show his love for his country. In March 1887, his book, "Noli Me Tangere" was published. It shows the bad habits of the Spanish priests. "El Filibusterismo", his second novel was published on September 18, 1891. It is sadder than his first book.


title: Jose Rizal

text: Rizal was not liked by those in power. He told people about the bad things that were done by the priests and the people working for the government, and this caused trouble for him and his relatives. Because of this, he and those who he knew were watched by the government. They made up bad things about him. When he arrived from Hong Kong with his sister Lucia, they said that in Lucia's luggage they found letters Rizal wrote that spoke about the priests in a bad way. Because of this he was put to jail in Fort Santiago from July 6 to July 15, 1892. He was made to stay in Dapitan and there he did farming, fishing and business. He also worked in a hospital. He taught others English and Spanish and the arts.


title: Jose Rizal

text: When the Philippine Revolution (the war of Filipinos against the Spaniards) started on August 26, 1896, his enemies went after him fast. They were able to get people to say bad things against him and connected him with the war. He was never allowed to talk to these people. Because the Spanish authorities thought he was responsible for the activities of the rebels, he was exiled to the city of Dapitan in Zamboanga, in the Southern Philippines.


title: Jose Rizal

text: From November 3, 1896 until his death, he was imprisoned at Fort Santiago. During his last days in prison, he wrote a poem which is now known as the "Mi Ultimo Adios." The poem contains Rizal's final farewell.


title: Jose Rizal

text: After a trial by the military, he was convicted of rebellion (going against the government), sedition (making trouble) and of illegal association (having meetings that are not allowed by the government). He was sentenced to death and was executed by firing squad in the early morning hours of December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan Field. His body was initially buried in an unmarked grave in the Paco Cemetery. His bones were then exhumed and are now located in their final resting place at the Rizal Monument.


title: Jose Rizal

text: Although many people think Jose Rizal is actually the national hero, he isn't. As of this moment, The National Heroes Committee hasn't picked a national hero of the Republic of the Philippines. No law or declaration announce a national hero of the Philippines.


title: Charles Aznavour

text: Charles Aznavour (22 May 1924 – 1 October 2018) was an Armenian-French singer, songwriter and actor. He was one of France's most popular and long lasting singers, and also one of the most well-known French singers in other countries.


title: Charles Aznavour

text: He appeared in more than 60 movies and written more than 1000 songs (including 150 in English, 100 in Italian, 70 in Spanish, and 50 in German).


title: Charles Aznavour

text: He has sold over 100 million albums. Aznavour started his final tour in late 2006. Aznavour was born as Shahnour Vaghinag Aznavouryan in Paris, the son of Armenian immigrants Michael Aznavouryan & Knar Baghdasaryan. His parents introduced him to the world of theatre at an early age. He dropped out of school at the age of nine, already aspiring to the life of an artist. He began to perform at this time, and soon took the stage name "Aznavour" which he was know by for the rest of his career.


title: Charles Aznavour

text: His big break came when the singer Edith Piaf heard him sing and arranged to take him with her on tour in France and to the USA. Aznavours voice is shaded towards the tenor range, but possesses the low range and coloration more typical of a baritone, contributing to his unique sound.


title: Charles Aznavour

text: On 1 October 2018 it was announced that Aznavour had died at his home in the village of Mouriès in the south of France at the age of 94. An autopsy report said Aznavour died of cardiopulmonary arrest caused by pulmonary edema.


title: Furcula

text: The furcula ("little fork" in Latin) is commonly called the wishbone. It is a forked bone in birds and


title: Furcula

text: It is a strut between a bird's shoulders, and connects to each of the bird's scapulae (shoulder blades). A strut is a structure which resists compression (pushing together) along its length.


title: Furcula

text: It is formed by the fusion of the two clavicles (shoulder blades). In birds, its main function is to strengthen the thoracic skeleton to withstand the forces of flight.


title: Furcula

text: X-ray films of starlings in flight have shown that the furcula expands when the wings are pulled downward, and snaps back as they are raised. Acting like a spring, the furcula stores some of the energy generated by contraction of the breast muscles. Then it releases the energy during the upstroke as the furcula snaps back to the normal position. This, in turn, draws the shoulders toward the midline of the body.


title: Furcula

text: Surprisingly, the furcula is not essential for flying, and there are a number of birds which can fly well, but have a reduced furcula, or none at all.


title: Pakistani Seasonal Calendar

text: The Punjabi Calendar or the Desi Calendar (Punjabi:پنجابی کیلنڈر) is a luni-solar calendar used by the Punjabi people of the Indian subcontinent. This is considered as the "“National Calendar of Pakistan”" respectively.


title: Pakistani Seasonal Calendar

text: The Punjabi Muslims use the Arabic Hijri calendar. Some festivals in Punjab, Pakistan are determined by the Punjabi calendar, such as Muharram which is celebrated twice, once according to the Muslim year and again on the 10th of harh/18th of jeth. The Bikrami calendar is the one the rural (agrarian) population follows in Punjab, Pakistan.


title: Right angle

text: A right angle is an angle with a measurement of 90 degrees. When two lines cross each other so that all the angles have the same size, the result is four right angles. The top of the letter T is at right angles to the vertical line. Walls of buildings are usually at right angles to the floor. Two things that are at right angles are called "perpendicular" or "orthogonal". This is expressed using the formula_1 symbol (such as in formula_2).


title: Right angle

text: Planes (flat surfaces) can also meet at right angles. In a building, a wall and a floor are said to be perpendicular to each other, and they have a right angle. It also can be called a square angle.


title: Shake It Off (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Shake It Off" is a song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It is the first single from her fifth studio album, "1989". It premiered during a Yahoo! live stream on August 18, 2014. The song's music video was released was also released on the same day. The music video helped the song to debut at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It was ranked number 13 in the year-end Hot 100 of 2014.


title: Bedminster, New Jersey

text: Bedminster is a township in Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. The township's population was 8,165, according to the 2010 United States Census.


title: Bedminster, New Jersey

text: Bedminster was the corporate headquarters of AT&T Corporation, before its merger with SBC Communications (the combined company is now known as AT&T Inc.).


title: Bedminster, New Jersey

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 26.301 square miles (68.119 km), including 26.080 square miles (67.547 km) of land and 0.221 square miles (0.573 km) of water (0.84%).


title: Bedminster, New Jersey

text: As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 8,302 people, 4,235 households, and 2,100 families residing in the township. The population density was 313.6 people per square mile (121.1/km²).


title: Bedminster, New Jersey

text: Trump National Golf Course - owned by Donald Trump, the course features 36 holes designed by Tom Fazio, with fees to join of $350,000.


title: Bedminster, New Jersey

text: Bedminster Township has a township government. The five-member Township Committee is elected by the voters serve three-year terms of office. At an annual reorganization meeting held during the first week of January, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as mayor.


title: Bedminster, New Jersey

text: The Bedminster Township School District serves students in pre-Kindergarten through eighth grade at Bedminster Township Public School. As of the 2011-12 school year, the district's one school had an enrollment of 582 students and 56.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.25:1.


title: Bedminster, New Jersey

text: Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend Bernards High School. It is part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Somerset Hills Regional School District. It is a K - 12 district that serves students from Bernardsville, Far Hills and Peapack-Gladstone.


title: Bedminster, New Jersey

text: , the township had a total of of roadways. are maintained by the municipality, by Somerset County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.


title: Bedminster, New Jersey

text: Bedminster has Interstate 287 that which runs through the eastern section, while Interstate 78 runs mostly through the center of the township. U.S. Route 202 and U.S. Route 206 also pass through running parallel to I-287 from the Bridgewater area to Pluckemin.


title: Bedminster, New Jersey

text: The closest New Jersey Transit service offered is at the Far Hills station on the Morris & Essex Lines.


title: Bedminster, New Jersey

text: People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Bedminster Township include:


title: Toe

text: Toes are the "digits" of the foot of an animal. Many animal species walk on their toes, and are called "digitigrade". Humans, and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet, are "plantigrade"; hoofed animals are "unguligrade".


title: Toe

text: In humans, the bones of each toe continue all the way to the heel, although in from the base of the toes they come together in the body of the foot. The inside toe is by far the thickest, and is called the "big toe", "great toe", or "hallux".


title: Toe

text: The one on the other end is short and thin. The toes, especially the big toe, play an essential role in walking, although a loss of the smallest toe will not affect the way people move.


title: Amidah

text: The Amidah (, "standing") is one of the two main prayers of Judaism. It has that name because people say it standing up. Jews say it at every prayer service of the year.


title: Amidah

text: It is also called "Shemoneh Esrei" (, "eighteen") because at first the weekday version of the prayer had eighteen blessings. (It now has nineteen.) In the Talmud, it is called "Tefilah" (). This simply means "prayer". It has that name because it is so central to Judaism.


title: Amidah

text: The Amidah is said at least three times every day: at the morning, afternoon and evening prayer services. A person should say it standing. A person should say it loud enough to hear it. But it should be quiet enough that other people cannot hear it.


title: Amidah

text: At the morning and afternoon services, the Amidah is repeated out loud by the prayer leader. When the Amidah is said out loud:


title: Amidah

text: There are two Amidah prayers during the year that are different from any others. See the pages on these holidays for more information.


title: LIV Swiss Watches

text: LIV Swiss Watches is a watch company in Miami, United States. LIV Swiss Watches' headquarters are in Miami, but most of its watches are made by hand and put together in Switzerland. It is the Swiss watch brand with the support.


title: LIV Swiss Watches

text: The watches are available worldwide. Magazines and newspapers in Switzerland, Germany, France, Japan, and other countries have written about them.


title: LIV Swiss Watches

text: Esti Chazanow started LIV Swiss Watches in Miami, Florida in 2012. She wanted to build good Swiss watches that were not expensive but could also last, and so went on Kickstarter to get crowdfunding for her idea. Chazanow wanted to make LIV Swiss Watches more personalized too, instead of mass producing it. Some other crowdfunded watch brands are Sequent "SuperCharger" and "Laventure Marine".


title: LIV Swiss Watches

text: LIV Swiss Watches has also supported and worked with Taylor Eisenhart since 2019. In 2018, LIV Watches gave the winners of the F1600 Championship Series with custom "GX1-A" Swiss watches.


title: LIV Swiss Watches

text: The first LIV watch model, the "GX1 Swiss Quartz Chronograph", came out in 2014. The second model, the "GX1-A Swiss Automatic", was funded with $1,119,029 by over 2,169 people within 12 hours.


title: LIV Swiss Watches

text: Another model launched in 2016 is the "GX Base". Later in 2017, the next LIV model, called "Rebel", was also funded within 12 hours, receiving more than $1.7 million from over 2,900 people. The "GX1-A" was also launched in 2017. It has a luminescent (light-making) feature called "Super-LumiNova". In 2018, the "Titanium Ceramic Chrono" watch was launched and funded.


title: LIV Swiss Watches

text: Other models include the "GX1 Panda" (for sportswear), "GMT Cobalt", "GX-AC", "GX1", and many others.


title: LIV Swiss Watches

text: There are also many limited edition watches and collections. Some of them are specialized watches for divers, pilots, and other watches for specific uses and groups of people.


title: Meghalaya

text: Meghalaya () is a state within the Republic of India. Occupying an area of 8,660 mi² (22,429 km²), bigger than the State of Israel but smaller than Belize. Its capital is Shillong. Meghalaya's population is 2,318,822. The population of Shillong was 314,610 in 2001. There are problems in Meghalaya arise from the divide between tribals and non tribal settlers, identity issues and growing corruption besides the fear of being reduced to minority by native tribals. The activity status is classified as active. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North-east Indian zone.


title: Buckinghamshire

text: Buckinghamshire (abbreviated Bucks) is a county in central England, near the south and London. The county town is named Aylesbury.


title: Buckinghamshire

text: Locations marked with a (*) are a part of the cerimonal county of Buckinghamshire, but are governed by the Borough of Milton Keynes.


title: Piet Mondrian

text: Piet Mondrian (7 March 1872 – 1 February 1944) was a Dutch modern artist of the De stijl group. His early paintings show abstract landscapes in post-impressionist and cubist style.


title: Piet Mondrian

text: Mondrian painted about 250 of these geometric abstracts, from 1917 to 1944. Mondrian called his style “neoplasticism”.


title: Piet Mondrian

text: Escaping in 1940 from a Europe at war, Mondrian spent the last four years of his life in New York City. His paintings of that time express exuberance at city life. In his final painting, "Broadway Boogie Woogie" (painted around 1942 or 1943), the checkerboard lines, previously black, are now painted blue, gray, red and yellow. The yellow was apparently inspired by New York’s Yellow cabs.


title: Correlation

text: In statistics and probability theory, correlation is a way to indicate how closely related two sets of data are.


title: Correlation

text: Correlation does not always mean that one causes the other. In fact, it is very possible that there is a third factor involved.


title: Correlation

text: Correlation usually has one of two directions. These are positive or negative. If it is positive, then the two sets go up together. If it is negative, then one goes up while the other goes down.


title: Correlation

text: Lots of different measurements of correlation are used for different situations. For example, on a scatter graph, people draw a line of best fit to show the direction of the correlation.


title: Correlation

text: "Strong" and "weak" are words used to describe the strength of correlation. If there is strong correlation, then the points are all close together. If there is weak correlation, then the points are all spread apart.


title: Correlation

text: There are ways of making numbers show how strong the correlation is. These measurements are called correlation coefficients. The best known is the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, sometimes denoted by formula_1 or its Greek equivalent formula_2. You put in data into a formula, and it gives you a number between -1 and 1. If the number is 1 or −1, then there is strong correlation. If the answer is 0, then there is no correlation. Another kind of correlation coefficient is Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.


title: Correlation

text: Correlation does not always mean that one thing causes the other (causation), because there might be something else that is at play.


title: Correlation

text: For example, on hot days people buy ice cream, and people also go to the beach where some are eaten by sharks. There is a correlation between ice cream sales and shark attacks (they both go up as the temperature goes up in this case). But just because ice cream sales go up does not mean ice cream sales cause (causation) more shark attacks or vice versa.


title: Correlation

text: Because correlation does not imply causation, scientists, economists, etc. will test their theories by creating isolated environments where only one factor is changed (where this is possible). However, politicians, salesmen, news outlets and others often suggest that a particular correlation implies causation. This may be due to ignorance or a wish to persuade. Thus, a news report may attract attention by saying that people who consume a particular product more often have a particular health problem, implying a causation that could be actually due to something else.


title: File (tool)

text: A file is a tool used to shape materials, by wearing away some of it. Today, files are usually made of a steel bar that has a rough surface. By rubbing the surface against a material, some of the material is scraped away. There are also nail files used to shape a person's fingernails. Files can also make a surface smooth so that there are no gaps, which is useful when two surfaces need to be attached to each other. A file is "blunt" if it is the same size on both ends, and "tapered" if one end is smaller than the other.


title: Rashtrapati Bhavan

text: Rashtrapati Bhavan (, Bengali: রাষ্ট্রপতি ভবন ; Sanskrit for Presidential House) is the official home of the President of India, located in New Delhi, India. The present president (now Ram Nath Kovind) stays there.


title: Rational root theorem

text: The Rational root theorem (or rational zero theorem) is a proven idea in mathematics. It says that if the coefficients of a polynomial are integers, then one can find all of the possible rational roots by dividing each factor of the constant term by each factor of the leading coefficient.


title: Rational root theorem

text: This only finds the rational roots. There may be imaginary roots. Other theorems, such as Descartes’ rule of signs, help find how many imaginary roots there are for a given equation.


title: Rational root theorem

text: Possible rational roots are: ±1/1, ±2/1, ±4/1, ±8/1, ±1/3, ±2/3, ±4/3, ±8/3, ±1/5, ±2/5, ±4/5, ±8/5, ±1/15, ±2/15, ±4/15, ±8/15