title: Polly Bergen

text: In 1958, Bergen won an Emmy Award for her role as Helen Morgan in the Playhouse 90 drama series "The Helen Morgan Story". She also was awarded with a Tony Award in 2001 for her role as Carlotta Campion in "Follies". In the early 1960s, she was nominated with two Golden Globe Award for "Cape Fear" (1962) and "The Caretakers" (1963). From 1957 to 1958, she hosted "The Polly Bergen Show", an NBC comedy/variety show for 18 episodes. She also had an Emmy-nominated guest role in the television series "Desperate Housewives" as Stella Wingfield from 2007 until 2011.


title: Ostwald process

text: 1) It is oxidized in the presence of platinium as catalyst at about 900 degrees Celsius to form nitric oxide and water.


title: Naked singularity

text: The existence of naked singularities is a very important topic in physics, because it would mean we could actually see phenomena made by black holes that we wouldn't be able to see otherwise. In addition, naked singularities would pose big problems for general relativity, since scientists still have not figured out a working idea for what happens to space-time in and around a black hole. Quantum mechanics, the main other scientific theory scientists turn to in physics, is also unable to explain how space-time would behave in such a situation.


title: Big L

text: On 15 February 1999, Big L was murdered at 45 West 139th Street after being shot nine times in the face and chest in a drive-by shooting at the age of 24. Gerard Woodley, his childhood friend, was arrested for the shooting. A spokesperson for the New York City Police Department said that "It's a good possibility it was retaliation for something [Big L's] brother did, or [Woodley] believed he had done". Woodley was later released and the murder is still unsolved.


title: Polly Bergen

text: Bergen was born in Knoxville, Tennessee to a Southern Baptist family. She was married three times, all ending in divorce. She was first married to Jeffrey Endervelt from 1950 until 1955. She then married theatrical agent/movie producer Freddie Fields from 1956 until 1973. They had three children, two of which her adopted. She was later married to Jeffrey Endervelt from 1982 until 1990. During her marriage to Fields, she became Jewish.


title: Ostwald process

text: 2) Nitric oxide is oxidized again to form nitrogen dioxide and then it reacts with water to form dilute nitric acid whereas some portion of the nitrogen dioxide is reduce back to nitric oxide.


title: Naked singularity

text: Although the cosmic censorship hypothesis says that naked singularities cannot exist, some research says that if loop quantum gravity (a scientific theory that says the universe is made of small 'loops') is correct, naked singularities could exist in nature. Other calculations and arguments have been made to support this.


title: Polly Bergen

text: Bergen died from heart failure on September 20, 2014 in Southbury, Connecticut. She was 84. She had emphysema since the 1990s, caused by fifty years of smoking.


title: Naked singularity

text: There are black holes known as Kerr black holes which have spin (they rotate). But, there is a maximum spin rate. If it spins faster than that maximum, its horizon disappears, leaving the singularity inside it wide open.


title: Naked singularity

text: Mathematician Demetrios Christodoulou has shown that naked singularities also occur in nature. However, he then showed that such "naked singularities" are unstable.


title: Stradivarius

text: A Stradivarius is a string instrument (such as a violin) built by the 17th century Italian luthier Stradivari family (especially by Antonio Stradivari) that was famous for making them. Stradivarii are known for their high quality sound and ability to last a long time without tuning. Most of these instruments survive to this day, though few have been stolen. They are some of the best and most expensive instruments, and even each string instrument created has a name. So many people have wanted Stradivarii, and some have sold for more than a million dollars. Famous violinists, such as Midori Goto or Joshua Bell have Stradivarii.


title: John Deere

text: John Deere (February 7, 1804 – May 17, 1886) was an American blacksmith and inventor. He started Deere & Company, which is a big company that makes farm equipment. In 1837, he invented the first successful steel plow. This worked better with the tough soil of the Midwestern United States.


title: John Deere

text: John Deere was born in Rutland, Vermont, on February 7, 1804. He was the third son of William Rinold Deere and Sarah Yates Deere. In 1805, the family moved to Middlebury, Vermont, John’s father worked as a tailor. In 1808, William took a boat to England, because he hoped to claim an inheritance and make a more comfortable life for his family. He was never heard from again, and people think that he must have died at sea. John’s mother, Sarah, only had a small of money to raise him. John Deere's education was limited to the elementary schools of Vermont. At the age of 17 he learned how to be a blacksmith, which took him to several places in Vermont.


title: John Deere

text: In 1836, John traveled to Grand Detour, Illinois, to make a fresh start. He had married and nine young children to look after. John was smart and hard working and he easily found work as a blacksmith. There were lots of farmers in Illinois and John had to fix their plows. The new farmers in Illinois struggled to turn heavy, sticky prairie soil with cast iron plows designed for the light, sandy soil of Vermont. John thought about the steel needles he had seen in father’s tailor shop. The needles stayed smooth and shiny because they were pulled through rough leather. John Deere came up with the idea for a plow that would work. The plow in his mind was polished and shiny and made of steel just like his father’s tailoring needles. It was shaped so that it could scour itself as it cut furrows. In 1837, he created his plow using a broken saw blade.


title: John Deere

text: John sold his first plow to a farmer named Lewis Crandall. Lewis loved the plow told lots of other farmers. By 1841, John was making 100 of the plows every year. In 1843, he started working with another man named Leonard Andrus to help him keep up! By 1848, John had stopped working with Leonard and moved the business to Moline, Illinois. Moline had water power, coal and cheaper transportation than in Grand Detour. In 1850, John’s company made 1600 plows. The company was soon producing other tools to go with the steel plow.


title: John Deere

text: In 1858, John asked his son Charles to be in charge of the company. John stayed on as president of the company, but he also wanted to work on others things. He started a bank in Moline and joined a church. He was also the mayor of the city for two years and the director of the city library! John Deere died on May 17, 1886, at his home in Moline.


title: Mockingbird

text: Mockingbirds are a group of New World passerine song-birds. They are best known for the habit of some species mimicking the songs of insect and amphibian sounds, and other bird songs, often loudly and in rapid succession. There are about 17 species in three genera.


title: Cheating

text: Cheating can be done in many ways. Some students cheat on a test by copying someone else's answers and writing secret notes. This can get them kicked out of school.


title: Cheating

text: People who break the rules of a game are cheating. For example, if someone holds the ball when playing soccer, they are cheating. Another form of cheating in sport is using performance-enhancing drugs; Ben Johnson and Lance Armstrong are examples of sportspeople who used drugs to cheat.


title: Cheating

text: When someone is in a relationship with another person and they kiss, date or have sex with someone else, they are cheating on the person they are in a relationship with - unless they are in an open relationship. This is called infidelity. If the two people are married, and one has sex with somebody else, it is called adultery.


title: Cheating

text: Local and national governments have laws. If someone breaks the law, they can be punished. If someone cheats in a way that is not illegal, they cannot be punished by law. Some common punishments include jail and fines.


title: Cheating

text: Organizations, such as schools, can have rules. Rules are not laws, but people can still be punished for breaking a rule.


title: Cheating

text: The first cheat in video games was thought to be the "Konami Code", a code Konami used to test a game that was too hard for them to do alone. See cheat code for more on cheating in video games.


title: Cheating

text: Sometimes, even if the game creators do not provide cheat codes, it is possible to cheating with some 3rd party software. Game cheats create unfairness in online games and often cheating players' accounts are banned.


title: Shanna Moakler

text: Shanna Lynn Moakler (born March 28, 1975) is an American model, actress, and former beauty queen. She won Miss New York USA in 1995. She became Miss USA when Chelsi Smith won Miss Universe. Moakler was the Playmate of the Month for "Playboy" in December 2001.


title: Ricki Lake

text: Ricki Pamela Lake (born September 21, 1968) is an American television host and actress. She hosted her own talk show, named "Ricki Lake", from 1993 until 2004. Lake played Tracy Turnblad in the 1988 movie "Hairspray". During the 1990s, she starred in many movies. These included "Serial Mom" and "Mrs. Winterbourne". She recently hosted another talk show named "The Ricki Lake Show" which began in 2012.


title: Ricki Lake

text: Lake was born to secular, Jewish parents, Barry who is a pharmacist and Jill who is a housewife. Lake went to Ithaca College and Professional Children's School.


title: Ricki Lake

text: In September 2011, Lake competed in "Dancing with the Stars" with Derek Hough. She got third place. She lost to Rob Kardashian and J. R. Martinez, respectively.


title: Ricki Lake

text: Lake married Rob Sussman on March 1994. They have two sons, Milo Sebastian Sussman born March 22, 1997 and Owen Tyler Sussman born June 18, 2001. They separated in August 2003. Lake and Sussman divorced in 2005. She started dating Christian Evans in 2009. They were engaged in August 2011. Lake and Evans married on April 8, 2012.


title: Team Umizoomi

text: Team Umizoomi is an American animated series that aired on Nickelodeon from January 25, 2010 to April 24, 2015.


title: Broadcasting House

text: Broadcasting House is the headquarters and registered office of the BBC in Portland Place and Langham Place, London.


title: Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

text: Created on December 15, 1791, the Sixth Amendment (Amendment VI) to the United States Constitution is a part of the United States Bill of Rights. It provides many protections and rights to those accused of a crime. Among the provisions are the right to a lawyer, the right to a speedy public trial and the right to an impartial jury. It gives defendants the right to know who his (or her) accusers are. It also give the defendant the right to know the charges and evidence against him.


title: Broadcasting House

text: Broadcasting House is home to BBC Radio 3, BBC Radio 4, and BBC Radio 4 Extra and also houses the BBC Radio Theatre, where music and speech programmes (typically comedy for BBC Radio 4) are recorded in front of a studio audience. It is also the headquarters of the BBC itself and contains the offices of key figures within the organisation, such as the Director General.


text: One of the most important rights given is that to legal counsel. It is so important that another right is associated with it. All those who cannot afford to pay for legal assistance will have a lawyer appointed for them at government expense. The federal, state and local justice systems all have provisions to appoint legal counsel for indigent defendants. The appointed counsel assists the defendant in any interrogations by law enforcement. They assist the defendant through the trial phase, sentencing and the initial appeal if there is a conviction. Legal systems, including the U.S. legal system, are complex and not easily understood by the average person. Having an attorney is critical to guiding the defendant through the legal processes. An attorney advises his client, the defendant, as to his or her rights and explains all processes of the criminal proceedings. The attorney protects the defendant's Constitutional rights. An attorney also can negotiate with the prosecution and the court in cases of plea bargains.


title: Broadcasting House

text: The Original Construction of Broadcasting House took place in 1932, and opened on the 14 May 1932, 8 years after the corporation was created and was built as a housing for all their current operations, of offices and radio operations. Architect George Val Myer designed the building in collaboration with the BBC's civil engineer, M T Tudsbery. The original interiors were the work of the Australian-Irish architect Raymond McGrath. He set up and directed a team that included Serge Chermayeff and Wells Coates and designed the vaudeville studio, the associated green and dressing rooms, and the dance and chamber music studios in a flowing Art Deco style. It was later said of his efforts that "the designs for the BBC gave the first real fillip to industrial design in England".


text: The right to a speedy trail originated with the Assize of Clarendon in 1166. It says that justice must be provided to robbers, murders, and thieves "speedily enough." Those who wrote the Bill of Rights did not want defendants to be prisoners for a long time without the benefit of a trial. They did not want the accused to have their life disrupted, especially when the Fifth and Sixth Amendments both hold a presumption of innocence. Also, the longer a trial is delayed, the more likely that evidence may be lost and that witnesses may forget or cannot be found.


title: Broadcasting House

text: The building was designed with the radio elements, such as the studios, in a central location constructed of Portland stone. The remainder of the building was steel framed and faced with Portland stone on the outside. These areas housed the offices, so that they could be both away from the noise of the radio operations, and have access to daylight. Issues with local residents also caused the structure to be changed: The east side of the building blocked out the light to local residents, and after complaints and seeking the right of ancient lights, the building was changed so that the East side of the building had a sloped roof. The building also faced issues with the fact that both the Bakerloo and the Victoria lines of the London Underground, as well as sewers 100 years old ran under the site.


text: A right to a speedy trial does not begin until a person has been arrested or formally charged. The government may investigate a crime (within any applicable statute of limitations) for as long as they find it is necessary. They are under no obligation to bring an indictment within a certain period of time. The prosecution may drop any pending criminal charges and open the investigation again at a later time without penalty of the Sixth Amendment.


title: Broadcasting House

text: The building also incorporated other elements, the ground floor of the building was fitted with floor to ceiling windows overlooking the street, as it was believed that to finance such a project (costing £25,000,000 in today's money) they would need to rent out the ground floor as a retail unit. This however never occurred, as the Corporation expanded so quickly the space was needed by the BBC.


text: If a defendant brings a claim that their speedy trial rights have been violated the court may look at the reasons for the delay, any prejudice or injury to the defendant and how far the prosecution has gone into the criminal proceedings. If a defendant does not assert the right to a speedy trial early enough, they may lose their claim. Defendants who cause unnecessary delays also lose their rights to a speedy trial claim.


text: If the delay in bringing a defendant to trial exceeds one year following the arrest, this will trigger a presumption that the Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial may have been violated. The government may counter if they have good or plausible reasons for the delay. Requests by the prosecution for additional time may be granted if plausible. But if none are offered or the court finds the reasons not plausible, they may dismiss the indictment, overturn a conviction or hear other remedies the defense might seek.


text: This right, to a public trial, has its roots in English common law. It reflects the hostility and suspicion felt at the time towards secret proceedings such as the Spanish Inquisition, the French "Lettre de cachet" or England's Star Chamber. The framers of the Bill of Rights believed that public trials would help prevent corruption in judges and prosecutors. It was also thought it might reduce witnesses committing perjury. The United States Supreme Court has held that the right to a public trial applies to federal, state, and local governments. The right is not absolute however. While the public and the press have a First Amendment interest in open proceedings, under some circumstances a defendant waive his rights to a public trial. In cases where undue publicity might hurt the defendant's case, public access to the trial can be restricted.


text: The right to a jury has always depended on the nature of the offense with which the defendant is charged. Petty offenses—those punishable by imprisonment for no more than six months—are not covered by the jury requirement. Even where multiple petty offenses are concerned, the total time of imprisonment possibly exceeding six months, the right to a jury trial does not exist. Also, in the United States, except for serious offenses (such as murder), minors are usually tried in a juvenile court, which lessens the sentence allowed, but forfeits the right to a jury.


text: Originally, the Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial indicated a right to “a trial by jury as understood and applied at common law. This includes all the essential elements as they were recognized in this country and England when the Constitution was adopted. Therefore, it was held that juries had to be composed of twelve persons and that verdicts had to be unanimous, as was customary in England.


text: When, under the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court extended the right to a trial by jury to defendants in state courts, it re-examined some of the standards. It has been held that twelve came to be the number of jurors by "historical accident," and that a jury of six would be sufficient, but anything less would deprive the defendant of a right to trial by jury. The Sixth Amendment requires unanimity in a federal jury trial. However, the Supreme Court has ruled that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, while requiring states to provide jury trials for serious crimes, does not incorporate all the elements of a jury trial within the meaning of the Sixth Amendment. Thus, states are not mandated to require jury unanimity.


text: The Sixth Amendment's confrontational clause grants the defendant the right to face their accusers. It allows the defense to dispute the testimony given by prosecution witnesses. It also allows the jury the opportunity to decide if a witness is being dishonest in any way. This applies to statements made in court and out of court statements. A court may prevent repeated questioning of witnesses on the same question or harassing a witness. But if a judge restricts the cross-examination of a witness too severely, it may cause a violation of the defendant's Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses.


text: Admitting out of court statements, often called hearsay evidence, may also prevent a defendant from confronting his accusers. There are some exceptions. For example, if a witness is unavailable and testified against the defendant in previous judicial proceedings, and the defendant was able to cross-examine the witness, a transcript of the testimony may be used as evidence.


title: Altered state of consciousness

text: An altered state of consciousness (ASC), or altered state of mind, is any condition which is significantly different from a normal waking state. The expression was used in 1966 by Arnold M. Ludwig, and brought into common usage by Charles Tart. It describes induced changes in one's mental state, almost always temporary. A synonymous phrase is "altered state of awareness".


title: Altered state of consciousness

text: Altered states of consciousness can be associated with artistic creativity, or different focus levels. They also can be shared between people and studied as a subject of sociological research.


title: Altered state of consciousness

text: During an altered state of consciousness, brain waves occupy different frequencies (i.e. Epsilon, Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma). These waves can be measured by electroencephalography (EEG). Also, subjective reports and observer reports of behaviour are used to identify the altered state.


title: Lakes of Titan

text: The lakes of Titan, a moon of Saturn, are made of liquid methane. The lakes were found by the "Cassini-Huygens" space probe. The larger lakes are known as maria (seas) and the smaller ones as lacūs (lakes).


title: Mika Brzezinski

text: Mika Emilie Leonia Brzezinski (; born May 2, 1967) is an American news presenter and author who currently co-hosts MSNBC's weekday morning broadcast show "Morning Joe". Her father was National Secuity Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski.


title: Lakes of Titan

text: It was possible that there were seas of liquid methane on Titan and first suggested after reading Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 information that showed Titan to have a thick atmosphere, capable of supporting lakes, but exact evidence was not found until 1995 when pictures from the Hubble telescope and other telescopes had already shown some proof of liquid methane possibly in lakes or planet-wide oceans, similar to oceans on Earth.


title: Lakes of Titan

text: The "Cassini" mission proved there are liquid lakes on Titan, but not at first. When the probe arrived in the Saturnian system in 2004, scientists hoped that hydrocarbon lakes or oceans might be seen in reflected sunlight from the surface, but no reflections were found.


title: Lakes of Titan

text: Scientists still believed that liquid ethane and methane would be found near Titan's poles, where they expected to find lots of liquid. At Titan's south pole, a large dark area named Ontario Lacus was the first lake identified, possibly created by rain as clouds are often seen in the area. A possible shoreline was also identified at the pole in radar images. As the Huygens-Cassini probe flew by on July 22, 2006, its radar took pictures of the northern part of the planet (which was in its winter), a number of large, smooth areas were found on the surface near the northern pole. Based on this data, scientists announced "definitive evidence of lakes filled with methane on Saturn's moon Titan" in January 2007. The "Cassini–Huygens" team decided that the smooth areas are the hydrocarbon lakes they had been searching for, the first lakes found off Earth. Some valleys appear to have rivers.


title: Lakes of Titan

text: The satellite was not able to show pictures of lakes moving in the wind. The heavy moisture and clouds of methane near Titan’s surface could be a sign of evaporation from lakes. The lakes cover 0.002–0.02% of Titan's surface.


title: Lakes of Titan

text: The "Cassini-Huygens" probe flew by in February, 2007, taking radar and camera pictures of some large areas near the north pole that may be large areas of liquid methane and/or ethane, including one sea larger than 100,000 km² (larger than Lake Superior), and another area similar in size to the Caspian Sea. Pictures taken near Titan's southern pole in October 2007 showed similar, but far smaller, areas that look like lakes.


title: Lakes of Titan

text: The Cassini-Huygens probe, flew very close to Titan in December 2007, and took infrared pictures of the chemicals on the surface and found a lake called Ontario Lacus near the south pole. Scientists studying the infrared pictures decided that one or more of the large lakes in the pictures of Saturn's moon Titan does hold liquid and that the liquid is made of hydrocarbons. They have also found ethane on Titan. This mission proves Titan to be the only other planet known to have liquid on its surface. The lakes make Titan a very important planet for studying weather science. Liquids, gases and temperatures are at play on Titan. This should help the science of weather forecasting.


title: Lakes of Titan

text: Lakes were not found near near Titan's center of Titan which was studied on January 14, 2005. A part of the Huygens-Cassini probe landed there. The pictures taken by the probe as it fell showed no open areas of liquid, but showed rivers that had dried. It was at first thought that dark areas near the center of Titan could be a lake of a liquid or tar-like substance, but the probe landed on the dark area, and it is solid without any liquid. A device known as a penetrometer studied the surface as the probe landed and seemed to find wet clay. Scientists believe that the penetrometer may have landed on a large pebble, and they say that the surface is similar to sand made of ice. Pictures taken after the probe landed show a large flat area covered in pebbles. The pebbles may be made of water ice and are partly rounded, which indicates fluids.


title: Lakes of Titan

text: On February 13, 2008, scientists said that Titans polar lakes contain "hundreds of times more natural gas and other hydrocarbons than all the known natural gas on Earth." The desert near the center of the planet are not liquid but do have more organics than Earth. In June 2008, "Cassini"'s Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer confirmed the presence of liquid ethane beyond doubt in a lake in Titan's southern hemisphere.


title: Lakes of Titan

text: Predictions of Titan's clouds are that during in a Saturnian year, liquid moves from the equator to the poles, in clouds, and falls as rain.


title: 2020 stock market crash

text: The 2020 stock market crash is a global stock market crash that began on 20 February 2020 during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. The Dow Jones Industrial Average, S&P 500 Index, and the NASDAQ-100 all fell into short-term decline on 27 February during one of the worst trading weeks since the financial crisis of 2007–08.


title: 2020 stock market crash

text: Markets over the following week (2–6 March) became extremely bad, with swings of 3% or more being made per daily session (except for 6 March). On 9 March, all three Wall Street indices fell more than 7% and most global markets reported severe losses, due to the response of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic and the Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war.


title: 2020 stock market crash

text: This became known as Black Monday, and at the time was the worst drop since the Great Recession in 2008.


title: 2020 stock market crash

text: Three days after Black Monday, there was another drop, Black Thursday, where stocks across Europe and North America fell more than 9%.


title: 2020 stock market crash

text: Stock market prices across most of the world were greater than or equal to their prices before the crash before the end of 2020.


title: Neper (mythology)

text: Neper was the god of grains, specifically grains that were significant in Ancient Egyptian times, such as wheat, corn, and barley. His name means lord of the mouth. Neper also represented sustenance and nourishment. He determined the times of the year when the crops grew, were harvested, and disappeared. He was worshipped mainly because he was a god that kept people healthy through their food.


title: Mukim

text: A mukim is a type of administrative division. It is used in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. The closest English translation for mukim is township.


title: Neper (mythology)

text: Neper was a god in human form. However, he had distinctive marks to represent grains. He had dots on his clothing to represent corn grains. He also had grains above his head, like in the picture to the left. He was also often shown carrying wheat, or similar crops. He wore little clothes, like in the picture where it shows him wearing a cloth around his waist. Neper was worshipped all over Egypt.


title: Neper (mythology)

text: Neper had a female version of himself, called Nepit. Nepit was the goddess of grain. Neper's mother, Renenutet, was a goddess of nourishment, and harvesting, who also represented grains. Neper was also seen as a form of Osiris, the god of death and the underworld. People saw him as a form of Osiris because he appeared and disappeared at the times of annual harvest, just like Osiris came back from the dead. He, along with Osiris, was often thought of the god that was "Living after he had died".


title: Becker (TV series)

text: Becker was a 1998 American television series. It was a sitcom on the CBS network. It starred Ted Danson as Dr. John Becker, a very grumpy family doctor who is unhappy with his life in The Bronx, New York. Becker became famous for his witty responses and constant negative outlook on all situations. The show aired on Wednesdays, and was cancelled in January 2004.


title: Subpoena

text: A subpoena is a written order that requires a witness to give testimony, or their statement of truth. A subpoena is usually issued by a court. If a person or organization does not respond to the subpoena, they may be punished by the court.


title: Becker (TV series)

text: Becker, a Harvard Medical School graduate, runs a neighborhood medical practice. He is easily annoyed by things, and is a very angry person. He has been married and divorced twice.


title: Subpoena

text: There are two types of subpoena. "Subpoena ad testificandum" means a person must give testimony directly to the court. This can be in person or by telephone. "Subpoena duces tecum" means physical evidence must be brought to the court. This type of subpoena is usually used for documents. Sometimes the documents can be mailed to the court.


title: Becker (TV series)

text: Becker's office manager, and one of the few people who can not get annoyed by Becker and his ways. Margaret is a motherly-like figure to Becker and Linda. She is married.


title: Becker (TV series)

text: A muddle-headed girl whose surname is never revealed. She works at the doctor's office to establish independence from her wealthy parents.


title: Becker (TV series)

text: The owner and worker of a diner she inherited from her late father. Reggie is a former model and is unhappy being stuck running a diner.


title: Becker (TV series)

text: Becker's best friend. Jake also works at the diner selling newspapers and miscellaneous items such as candy, magazines, cigarettes, gum, etc. Jake is blind following a car accident several years before.


title: Becker (TV series)

text: Bob loiters at the diner and is Italian. He is an old high school classmate of Reggie's who is short, annoying, and refers to himself in the third person.


title: Black pudding

text: Black pudding is an English name for zwarte pudding. It is food made by cooking down the blood of any mammal (usually pigs or cattle) with meat, fat or filler until it is thick enough to congeal (become firm or solid) when cooled.


title: Black pudding

text: In Great Britain, blood sausage is called "black pudding". The ingredients include pig's blood, suet, bread, barley and oatmeal. The most common kind of German "Blutwurst" is made from fatty pork meat, beef blood and filler such as barley. Though already cooked and "ready to eat" it is usually served warm.


title: Black pudding

text: Other kinds of blood sausage include "boudin noir" (France), "boudin rouge" (Creole and Cajun) and "morcilla" (Spain).


title: Black pudding

text: A legend says that blood sausage was invented in a bet between two Bavarian butchers drunk on the alcoholic drink absinthe during the 14th century. Homer's "Odyssey" from Ancient Greece says that "As when a man besides a great fire has filled a sausage with fat and blood and turns it this way and that and is very eager to get it quickly roasted...".


title: Permissive software license

text: A permissive free software licence is a free software licence for a copyrighted work that offers freedoms such as publishing a work to the public domain. In contrast, copyleft licences like the GNU General Public License require copies and derivatives of the source code to be made available on terms not more restrictive than those of the original licence.


title: Superphylum

text: A superphylum is an unofficial grade in taxonomy, above the phylum and below the subregnum, used to describe a group of phyla which probably evolved from a common ancestor.


title: Permissive software license

text: A license tells what someone can do with something that was bought. It also tells what cannot be done with it without getting into legal trouble.


title: Structured program theorem

text: The structured program theorem is a theorem in programming and computer science. A computer program can be split into pieces of code that do a certain task. According to the structured program theorem, these smaller tasks can be combined in only three ways to get any larger task done.


title: Tetracontagon

text: All sides of a regular tetracontagon are the same length. Each corner is 171°. All corners added together equal 6840°.


title: Sulabha Deshpande

text: Sulabha (or Sulbha) Deshpande (; 1937 – 4 June 2016) was an Indian movie, theatre and television actress and theatre director. She was known for her roles in "Bhumika" (1977), "Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan" (1978) and "Gaman" (1978).


title: Structured program theorem

text: A program gets a large task done by splitting it into many smaller tasks that the computer can do easily. These smaller tasks are called "subprograms" in computer science. According to the structured program theorem, the three ways subprograms can be combined are:


title: Structured program theorem

text: The theorem was first published in 1966 by Corrado Böhm and Guiseppe Jacopini. It comes from the 1946 description of the von Neumann architecture and the normal form theorem developed by Stephen Kleene.


title: Harita Kaur Deol

text: Flt. Lt. Harita Kaur Deol (1972 – 25 December 1996) is a pilot with the Indian Air Force (IAF). She was the first woman pilot to fly solo in the IAF. The flight was on 2 September 1994. She was 22 years old at the time.


title: 22 Short Films About Springfield

text: "22 Short Films About Springfield" is the 21st episode of the 7th season of "The Simpsons". It was first shown on television on April 14, 1996. The episode is divided into 22 parts. Each part is a different story that shows how life is for the people in Springfield.


title: Harita Kaur Deol

text: Harita is originally from Chandigarh. She joined the Air Force in 1992, when it advertised for the first time 8 jobs for women pilots.


title: 22 Short Films About Springfield

text: The name of the episode is based on the movie "Thirty Two Short Films About Glenn Gould". The episode's story is based on the ending of a season 4 episode named "The Front". Many parts of the episode reference the film "Pulp Fiction". A scene from the episode became an internet meme after two decades of when the episode was first shown on television.


title: Harita Kaur Deol

text: She flew an Avro aircraft. She landed at the Yelahanka Air Force Station, near Bangalore. Two more women, Flight Cadets Archana Kapoor and Bindu Sebastian, did their solo flights on the Avro after Harita.


title: 22 Short Films About Springfield

text: Bill Oakley calls "22 Short Films About Springfield" his favorite episode. In 2019, Oakley said that the episode is one of the best episodes to watch on Disney+. "TV Guide" put it in its list of the top 12 "Simpsons" episodes. "Consequence of Sound" put the episode on number 5 of its list of top 30 "Simpsons" episodes. "The Guardian" named the episode as one of the 5 greatest episodes of The Simpsons. IGN called "A Fish Called Selma" the best episode of the seventh season but said "22 Short Films About Springfield" was "good competition".


title: Harita Kaur Deol

text: There had been other female pilots in India before, but Harita was the first time a woman was flying for the Air Force.


title: 22 Short Films About Springfield

text: A segment of the episode called "Skinner & The Superintendent" became an internet meme. Principal Skinner calls hamburgers "steamed hams" and says the name came from Albany, New York. In 2016, the segment was put on many Facebook pages and remixes of the segment on YouTube were also created. About 1,000 people asked the supermarket chain Woolworths about "steamed hams". Woolworths said that "in Australia, we call them Hamburgers. 'Steamed Hams' is an Albany, New York expression. Fans of "The Simpsons", this is for you".


title: 22 Short Films About Springfield

text: During an interview for the movie "", a GameSpot reporter made Jeff Goldblum read the dialogue of Principal Skinner. Bill Oakley, the original writer of the segment, did not like the reading and said "[I'm] not a fan of fairly big companies like GameSpot having famous actors perform scripts I wrote, verbatim, without giving me any sort of credit whatsoever."


title: Shambali

text: Shambali () is a Middle Eastern sweet cake. It is cake made of semolina sweetened with syrup and topped with peanut. Its shape is rectangular.


title: Yamato kotoba

text: Yamato kotoba (kanji: 大和言葉, hiragana: やまとことば) are words that are native to the Japanese language. The word itself is also a native Japanese word, interestingly enough. Yamato kotoba can also be called by its Chinese based name, wago (kanji: 和語, hiragana: わご). It is one of the three main sources of Japanese words, along with "kango" (kanji: 漢語, hiragana: かんご), or Chinese loanwords, and "gairaigo" (kanji: 外来語, hiragana: がいらいご), or loanwords borrowed from languages other than Chinese (especially English since the post-WWII era).


title: Chun Kuk Do

text: Chun Kuk Do (, commonly abbreviated as CKD) is a martial art (or type of fighting style) that Chuck Norris created. It is said to be based upon Tang Soo Do, another martial art.


title: Shambali

text: It is also known in most of the countries which formed the Ottoman Empire. Its name means "Damascus honey" () and shambali can also be called Damascus dessert.


title: Yamato kotoba

text: Yamato kotoba in Japanese has much in common with native English words in that most of the everyday vocabulary comes from yamato kotoba, while Chinese loanwords words (much like Latin and French loanwords in English) are used for more formal situations (usually writing) and for specialized terms.


title: Yamato kotoba

text: Usually, words with only one kanji are yamato kotoba, such as "katana" (kanji: 刀, hiragana: かたな, meaning: sword), "sakana" (kanji: 魚, hiragana: さかな, meaning: fish), "kami" (kanji: 紙, hiragana: かみ, meaning: paper), "yama" (kanji: 山, hiragana: やま, meaning: mountain) "te" (kanji: 手, hiragana: て, meaning: hand), and "oyogu" (kanji and hiragana: 泳ぐ, hiragana only: およぐ, meaning: to swim). Most kanji (the Japanese version of Chinese characters) have two different kinds of pronunciation, on'yomi (the pronunciation of the kanji borrowed from Chinese) and kun'yomi (the native pronunciation of Japanese words that use the kanji). Yamato kotoba words use the kanji's kun'yomi.


title: Yamato kotoba

text: Since on'yomi came from Chinese monosyllables (words with only one syllable), they themselves are also only one syllable, and like Chinese, they can have a CV or CVC structure. For example, the on'yomi for the following kanji 刀, 魚, 紙, 山, 手, and 泳 are "tō, shi, san, shu, and ei." However, kun'yomi can have one or multiple syllables, and those syllables are usually a CV structure, like the examples given above.


title: Yamato kotoba

text: Since Japanese uses three different writing systems interchangeably, even yamato kotoba can be written in several different ways. For example, the word "sushi" can be written entirely in hiragana as すし, entirely in katakana as スシ, in kanji as 鮨 or 鮓, or in ateji (kanji used only to show a word's pronunciation and not its meaning) as 寿司 or 壽司.


title: Yamato kotoba

text: Kanji usually show the root meaning of the word. While nouns are usually written only with kanji, they can also be written in kana if they are very common words, like "sushi", or if their kanji is not well known, not part of the "jōyō kanji" (a standard list of 1,945 kanji all Japanese adults are expected to know) or too difficult to remember how to write, like "bara," whose kanji is 薔薇, but is usually only written as ばら in hiragana or as バラ in katakana.


title: Yamato kotoba

text: Japanese also invented many of its own kanji to name things that could be found in Japan, but not China (usually plants and animals). These are called "kokuji" (kanji: 国字, hiragana: こくじ) meaning "national characters", or "wasei-kanji" (kanji: 和製漢字, hiragana: わせいかんじ) meaning "Japanese-made Chinese characters". "Kokuji" include the names of fish like "iwashi" (kanji: 鰯, hiragana: いわし, meaning: sardine), "tara" (kanji: 鱈, hiragana: たら, meaning: codfish), and "kisu" (kanji: 鱚, hiragana: きす, meaning: sillago), and trees like "kashi" (kanji: 樫, hiragana: かし, meaning: evergreen oak), "sugi" (kanji: 椙, hiragana: すぎ, meaning: Japanese cedar), and "kaba" or "momiji" (kanji: 椛, hiragana: かば/もみじ, meaning: birch/maple). Most "kokuji" only have kun'yomi because they are "yamato kotoba", but some kanji also have on'yomi, like 働 (on'yomi: dō どう, kun'yomi: hatara(ku) はたら(く), meaning: work), and some have only on'yomi, like 腺 (on'yomi: sen せん, meaning: gland).


title: Yamato kotoba

text: Other content words like verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are usually written in a combination of kanji and hiragana, where the root of the word is written in kanji and the inflectional morphemes (the parts of the word that don't change the central meaning of the word's root) are written in hiragana. For example, the native Japanes verb meaning "to swim" is "oyogu" in its plain form, where it is written as 泳ぐ in kanji and hiragana. The kanji 泳 shows the verb's meaning, while ぐ (gu) as in "oyo-gu" shows that the word is in its plain form. The polite form of "to swim" is "oyogimasu", which is written as 泳ぎます in kanji and hiragana. Once again, it has the same kanji, but it ends with different syllables ぎます (gi-ma-su) as in "oyo-gimasu" to show that the word is in the polite form. Native Japanese adjectives usually end in with the syllable い ("-i)," like the word "hayai" (kanji and hiragana: 速い, hiragana only: はやい, meaning: fast), "takai" (kanji and hiragana: 高い, hiragana only: たかい, meaning: tall, high), and "ookii" (kanji and hiragana: 大きい, hiragana only: おおきい, meaning: big or large), while native Japanese adverbs are simply adjectives that end in く ("-ku") rather than い, like "hayaku　"(kanji and hiragana: 速く, hiragana only: はやく, meaning: quickly).


title: Yamato kotoba

text: Nouns based on adjectives end with the syllable さ ("-sa"), as in "hayasa" (kanji and hiragana: 速さ, hiragana only: はやさ, meaning: speed), "takasa" (kanji and hiragana: 高さ, hiragana only: たかさ, meaning: height), and "ookisa" (kanji and hiragana: 大きさ, hiragana only: おおきさ, meaning: size/largeness).


title: Yamato kotoba

text: Sometimes, native Japanese nouns can be written with multiple kanji. These are usually proper nouns like family names or place names. Japanese family names are usually "yamato kotoba", like Tanaka (kanji: 田中, hiragana: たなか), Yamamoto (kanji: 山本, hiragana: やまもと), and Kobayashi (kanji: 小林, hiragana: こばやし). Most Japanese place names are also "yamoto kotoba", like Ōsaka (kanji: 大阪, hiragana: おおさか), Ehime (kanji: 愛媛, hiragana: えひめ), and Hiroshima (kanji: 広島, hiragana: ひろしま), although there are also plenty of Japanese places with Chinese-based names, like Tōkyō (kanji: 東京, hiragana: とうきょう), Mt. Fuji or "Fuji-san" (kanji: 富士山, hiragana:ふじさん), and Honshū (kanji: 本州, hiragana: ほんしゅう).


title: Yamato kotoba

text: While usually cardinal numbers (numbers for measuring things) in Japanese are based off of Chinese words, most ordinal numbers (numbers for ordering things) and even certain measure words use native Japanese words. The following table has Sino-Japanese numerals (Japanese numbers based on Chinese) on the left and native Japanese numerals on the right.


title: Anarkali Bazaar

text: The word 'Anarkali' means 'Pomegranate Blossom'. According to a legend, this was the name of a beautiful dancing-girl. She fell in love with the Mughal prince Selim (who later became the Emperor Jahangir). But the prince's father, the old Emperor Akbar, did not like the girl. So he had the girl arrested and punished. She died and was buried near a bazaar or market. Later, when prince Selim became Emperor he named the bazaar after her. Today, there is an old tomb near there. Jahangir built it in 1615. People say this is the tomb of the real Anarkali, but no one is certain. Another famous tomb near Anarkali Bazaar is Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aibak's tomb


title: Discrimination against non-binary people

text: Nonbinary people are people who do not identify as male or female. Discrimination against people who do not identify as nonbinary is both a type of sexism and a type of transphobia. A nonbinary person is also sometimes called an enby. Many nonbinary people experience discrimination in their social lives, workplace, health treatment, and legal system.


title: Anarkali Bazaar

text: Today, the Anarkali Bazaar is one of the best shopping areas in all of South Asia. Women love to go there because it has excellent clothes, shoes and jewelry shops. There are some nice places to eat there, too. It is open most days from 9 in the morning to 11 at night. There are always many lights and music playing there. There is also a lot of traffic.


text: A study by the "National LGBTQ Task Force" in 2012 showed that nonbinary people are significantly more likely to experience physical assault, police harassment, sexual harassment, sexual assault, and bullying than their binary peers. Black, Asian, and multi-racial people are more likely to identify as nonbinary. Nonbinary people are also generally young (below 45) and more highly educated. Nonbinary people were also shown to be more likely to be in poverty. They are also more likely to have attempted suicide than binary people. A 2016 study by "The Journal of Sex Research" showed that misgendering someone is a common form of discrimination.


text: Trans people in the USA are twice as likely as cisgender people to be unemployed. The "LGBTQ+ Task Force" found that almost all nonbinary people have experienced discrimination at work. They discovered that coming out as nonbinary decreases employment prospects compared to binary people. A 2012 study by the "Center for American Progress" showed that a third of LGBTQ+ employees felt forced into traditional gender roles to keep their jobs. It also discovered that a fourth of nonbinary people were denied bathroom access because of their gender identity. A fifth of nonbinary people reported losing their jobs because of transphobia and nearly all nonbinary people experience transphobia on the job. Most nonbinary people who transitioned in the workplace were glad they did, despite increased discrimination.


title: Rick May

text: Rick May (September 21, 1940 – April 8, 2020) was a voice actor from Seattle. He voiced the Soldier in Team Fortress 2 and Peppy Hare in Star Fox 64. He also voiced many other characters from other video games. May was infected with COVID-19 in March 2020 and later died on April 8.


title: Trump–Raffensperger phone call

text: On January 2, 2021, former U.S. President Donald Trump called Brad Raffensperger, the Secretary of State of Georgia, for an hour-long telephone call telling him to change the state's vote totals from the 2020 presidential election. Joe Biden won the state in November. Trump has refused to accept the presidential election.


title: Rick May

text: Rick May suffered a stroke in February 2020. Because of this, he was moved to a nursing home so that he can get rehabilitation. On April 8, 2020, it was reported that Rick May died due to complications related to COVID-19 at the Swedish Medical Center in Seattle.


title: Trump–Raffensperger phone call

text: Trump's call with Raffensperger was first reported by "The Washington Post" and other media outlets the day after it took place.


title: Rick May

text: On May 1, 2020, Valve made an update to "Team Fortress 2", dedicating their tributes to Rick May, who voiced the Soldier. They added memorial statues of Soldier to various maps in-game for the rest of May 2020, as a tribute for Rick May's work for his work on voice-acting.


title: Trump–Raffensperger phone call

text: At one point on the call, Trump told Raffensperger, "What I want to do this. I just want to find 11,780 votes, which is one more than we have, because we won the state." Trump lost Georgia by 11,779 votes, so 11,780 votes would be 1 vote more for him.


title: Trump–Raffensperger phone call

text: Many believe that Trump should be criminally investigated and impeached. Many Republicans and Democrats criticized Trump's phone call.


title: Trump–Raffensperger phone call

text: In the United States, the winner of a presidential election is not the person with the most votes. Instead, it is the person who wins the most votes in the electoral college. In this process, a group of people called electors vote for president. Each state has a certain number of electors depending on how many people live there. There are 538 electors in all. For a person to become president, he or she must get 270 or more votes from the electors.


title: Trump–Raffensperger phone call

text: When a presidential candidate wins the most votes in a state, all of those state's electoral votes go to that person.


title: Trump–Raffensperger phone call

text: Elections are done by each state, which means there were 50 different elections going on at the same time. Each state has its own rules about who is allowed to vote.


title: Trump–Raffensperger phone call

text: Georgia has 16 electoral votes. That means that it makes 16 people electors. Biden got the most votes in Georgia so all 16 electoral votes went to him. A lot of people were surprised because Trump got the most votes in Georgia in 2016. Usually, Republican candidates have gotten the most votes in Georgia.


title: Trump–Raffensperger phone call

text: Brad Raffensperger was elected Secretary of State in 2018. He and Trump are both members of the Republican Party.


title: Trump–Raffensperger phone call

text: Trump was not very happy about Georgia's electoral votes going to Biden. He said that there was cheating in the Georgia elections and that votes were changed so that Biden would get more. He said government officials in Georgia allowed electoral fraud and made him lose. He asked them to count the votes again. They did, but Biden still got the most votes.


title: Trump–Raffensperger phone call

text: On January 2, 2021, Trump called Raffensperger. He said that he won Georgia by "hundreds of thousands of votes" and that the results were wrong. Neither of these are true. Then he asked Raffensperger to "find" 11,780 votes and add them to the results so that he could be the winner.


title: Trump–Raffensperger phone call

text: According to federal and state law, trying to change the results of an election and making someone do so are illegal. That means that Trump might have broken the law by trying to make Raffensperger change the results of the elections in Georgia.


title: Street cricket

text: It is played in many countries by people of all types and ages. It is played in gardens, back yards, on the street, in parks, car parks, beaches and other places. The rules get adapted to local conditions. They play with bat or bat like wood and use any kind of ball like plastic, sponge, paper and others.


title: Street cricket

text: Street cricket sometimes uses rules from similar games, like baseball. For example, a batter who is not in a batsman's ground can be touched by an opponent holding the ball to be tagged out, or the opponent might put a foot on the wicket while holding the ball to run out a batter, which is similar to a force out.


title: Street cricket

text: Bete-ombro is a Brazilian bat-and-ball game very similar to cricket. The main differences are that there are no 4s or 6s, and only the bat can be used to avoid runouts and stumpings. The wickets are often bottles.


title: Street cricket

text: "La plaquita" or "la placa" is a similar game from the Dominican Republic, which traditionally used license plates as wickets.


title: Lulusar Lake

text: Lulusar is a lake near the Naran Valley in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The word "sar" means "top or peak" in Pashto. Actually Lulusar is the name of the mountains that contain the lake. So, it is the lake of Lulusar. It is located at N35.0804 E73.9266, at a height of 11,200 ft (3,410 m) from sea level.


title: Lulusar Lake

text: The lake is the main source of the Kunhar River, which flows through the entire Kaghan Valley through Jalkhand, Naran Valley, Kaghan, Jared, Paras and Balakot until it joins the Jhelum River. The lake is 48 kilometers away from Naran, on the Naran-Babusar road. Lulusar marks the historic place where 55 participants of the 1857 war of independence were arrested.


title: Power network

text: It must be large enough to literally scare or force people to go along with its requests, which makes them orders. This typically requires thousands of people in constant touch with each other.


title: Modern English Bible translations

text: People don't agree about what is the "original Bible". Because there are many versions of Greek and Latin Bibles, there are also many versions of the English Bible.


title: Power network

text: A political party is the most obvious example. It is typically much larger than a social network but is not one, since people can only call on each other for a small number of reasons, and perhaps at specific times. Also not every member of the network has the same role or right to help.


title: Modern English Bible translations

text: Some translations are word-for-word from the original language. These translations are usually difficult to read. Other translations are idea-for-idea. These translations change the ideas of the original Bible into English. Some idea-for-idea translations use very easy English. Literal translations are difficult for some people to understand. But, non-literal translations can change the meaning. "Dynamic Equivalence" means making the Bible easy to read, without changing the meaning.


title: Power network

text: A corporation may also be a power network if it relies on many power relations to maintain itself - for instance, the right to draw oil from the ground or dump waste without being held responsible for it.


title: Modern English Bible translations

text: The Authorized King James Version (KJV) is very popular. Many parts of it are literal (word-for-word) translations of the original Greek and Hebrew. The KJV Bible was produced from 1604 to 1611, as a revision of the Bishops Bible. Since 1600, many English words have changed. Because the KJV Bible is 400 years old, it is more difficult to read. But even though it is 400 years old, many expressions and idioms used in everyday modern English come from the KJV.


title: Power network

text: When a power network achieves some stable grasp of political power and daily working control of some important infrastructure, it becomes a power structure. In a democracy the visible power networks represented by the parties compete regularly in an election - but much of the power structure, typically the bureaucracy, does not change, and is typically ignored as a power network in itself.


title: Modern English Bible translations

text: Since 1611, the first KJV Bible has been changed. The edition usually used today is the 1769 edition. The new versions, which are revisions of the KJV include the Revised Version (1885), the Revised Standard Version (1952), the New Revised Standard Version (1989), and the English Standard Version (2001).


title: Modern English Bible translations

text: On the internet, there are many translations of the Bible. You can read virtual Bibles. If you want to read part of the Bible, you can print that part. This is called "print on demand".


title: Modern English Bible translations

text: Today, there are many translations that are literal, not literal, and between. The Young's Literal Translation is very literal. The Message Bible and The Word on the Street are not literal.


title: Modern English Bible translations

text: In the Bible, men and women are equal. They just have different roles. Men are supposed to be the dominant figures in society. Some new translations weaken male dominance. These translations are called "feminist," "gender neutral, or gender accurate."


title: Modern English Bible translations

text: Some gender-neutral translations are: the New Revised Standard Version (1989), the Revised English Bible (1989), Today's New International Version (2005), New International Version (2011). The English Standard Version (2001) also tries to be more equal.


title: Modern English Bible translations

text: Many people have written simpler Bibles. These Bibles use few words. Some are written for non-native speakers of English.


title: Modern English Bible translations

text: The "World English Bible" is a version of the Bible written in modern English. It began in 1997 and was a revision of the "American Standard Version 1997". The project began with the goal of producing an English-language version of the Bible that does not use older English nor Basic English.


title: Modern English Bible translations

text: It is based on the 1901 "American Standard Version", the Greek "Majority Text", and the Hebrew "Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia" with some minor changes made because of alternative readings in the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Septuagint but these alternative readings are ignored or restricted to the footnotes. There are seven passes of editing and reading for each book. The first pass updated about 1,000 words, phrases and grammatical constructs. The first manual pass was to add quotation marks and other punctuation, and to check the version against the Greek and Hebrew texts where there are large textual variants or the meaning is not clear.


title: Modern English Bible translations

text: Sometimes Jews and Christians do not agree on how to translate the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh. Jews have written translations that follow Jewish opinions. These include:


title: Modern English Bible translations

text: Many Jewish Bible translations show the English and original Hebrew on facing pages. None of these translations is considered Simple English or Basic English.


title: Tatum O'Neal

text: Tatum Beatrice O'Neal (born November 5, 1963) is an American actress and author. She is the youngest person ever to win an Academy Award, which she won in 1974 at age 10 for her role as Addie Loggins in "Paper Moon". She also starred in "The Bad News Bears" (1976), "Nickelodeon" (1976), and "Little Darlings" (1980).


title: Tatum O'Neal

text: In 2015, she said she had begun dating women, while choosing not to identify as either lesbian, bisexual or heterosexual, saying, "I'm not one or the other."


title: Rivellino

text: Roberto Rivellino (also Rivelino, ; ; born 1 January 1946) is a Brazilian football pundit and retired footballer. He was one of the stars of Brazil's 1970 FIFA World Cup winning team. Rivellino currently works as a pundit for Brazilian TV Cultura. He is the son of Italian immigrants. As a footballer, Rivelino (his football name only had one L) was known for his hard shots, long-range free kicks, long balls and huge mustache. He also invented his own action: the Elástico, nowadays also called the flip-flap or aka and copied by Ronaldinho and Zlatan Ibrahimović, among others. Rivelino is often regarded to be one of the best midfielders the world has ever known. Also, many people consider him the fourth best Brazilian footballer of all time, after Pelé, Garrincha and Zico. Finally, according to many football pundits, he is considered as the best player in the history of Corinthians and Fluminense.


title: Rivellino

text: Rivelino was born on New Year's Day 1946 as the son of Italian immigrants from Macchiagodena in the metropolis of São Paulo, where he grew up in poor conditions. He played football from an early age: first in the backyards (“peladas”) of his neighborhood and later indoor football (futsal).


title: Rivellino

text: In 1962, the 16-year-old caught the eye of those in charge of the first division club Palmeiras, who invited him to a trial session. Rivelino's entire family was supporters of this club (the club has traditionally been supported by Italian immigrants ) but he was denied a contract. Furious, he tried it a little later at the city rival Corinthians, who recognized his talent and committed him. “Corinthians welcomed me with open arms and allowed me to achieve everything I have achieved in life. The club was my second home,” Rivelino later said.


title: Rivellino

text: In 1965, at the age of 19, Rivelino was promoted to the senior squad. He quickly became one of the top performers in the team and was considered one of the most hopeful players in the country. Rivelino was a classic playmaker who excelled with great ball handling, technique and long-range shots. The dark mustache and hard-hitting free- kicks became his trademarks. He quickly became a fan favorite, who nicknamed him O Reizinho do Parque (Little King of the Park).


title: Rivellino

text: But titles and successes were a long time coming. During Rivelino's time at Corinthians, the club endured a 23-year league without a title win. One title could still be won: the Rio-Sao Paulo tournament in 1966, which went to the four semi-finalists Corinthians, Botafogo FR, FC Santos and CR Vasco da Gama due to serious scheduling problems.


title: Rivellino

text: In 1974, Corinthians lost the Sao Paulo championship final 0-1 to Palmeiras of all places. From then on, Rivelino was presented by the supporters as a scapegoat for the repeated failure of the team. "That was the saddest moment of my life," he later explained and, when admiration turned to rejection, decided to leave the club after nine years.


title: Rivellino

text: The elegant left-footed player joined Fluminense in Rio de Janeiro. With "Flu" it quickly became clear that a good catch had been made with him. He won the Rio State Championship with Fluminense in 1975 and 1976. Here he played under coach Mário Travaglini, who had once spurned him at Palmeiras.


title: Rivellino

text: After the 1978 World Cup, the now 32-year-old turned his back on Brazil. He signed a well-paid contract with Al-Hilal in Saudi Arabia and ended his career there. In 1981 he ended his active career.


title: Rivellino

text: Rivelino made his debut for the Seleção in 1965, but it would be three years before he established himself as a regular in the team. Although Rivelino is now considered one of the most admired players in Brazil, he had to fight hard for a place in the national team as there were many candidates for the playmaker position. It was only when Mário Zagallo became national coach that Rivelino's playing times increased. Zagallo wanted to form a team that included all the ball magicians in the country. From then on, Rivelino was used in left midfield.


title: Rivellino

text: He was left out for the World Cup in 1966, In 1970, Rivelino was part of Brazil 's World Cup squad. He was part of the outstanding offensive series around Pelé, Tostão, Jairzinho and Gérson, who understood each other almost blindly and constantly swapped positions. At the tournament in Mexico, Brazil's style of play became synonymous with efficient and beautiful football. The team played the best and most offensive football and advanced to the final, in which Italy was clearly defeated 4-1. Rivelino played a good tournament, scoring three times (against Czechoslovakia, Peru and in the semifinals against Uruguay). This world title is Rivelino's most important sporting success.


title: Rivellino

text: After Pelé's retirement from the national team in 1971, Rivelino took over his jersey number 10. Brazil held the 1972 Taça Independência , an international tournament in which Rivelino participated and which Brazil won. Brazil traveled to West Germany as defending champions for the 1974 World Cup ; great hopes were pinned on Rivelino. Despite being the best player in his team (three goals), they underperformed and ended up fourth.


title: Rivellino

text: The 1978 World Cup in Argentina should be Rivelino's big career finale. As captain, he led Brazil into the tournament. But after disputes with coach Cláudio Coutinho, he was replaced in this function by Leão and was no longer used in the further preliminary round and the first intermediate round games. Only in the last intermediate round game against Poland and in the game for third place against Italy was he substituted on again. His international career ended in third place after 92 games with 26 goals.


title: French Revolution of 1848

text: The February 1848 Revolution in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852).


title: French Revolution of 1848

text: The revolution established the principle of the "right to work" ("droit au travail"), and decided to establish "National Workshops" for the unemployed. At the same time a sort of industrial parliament was established at the Luxembourg Palace, under the presidency of Louis Blanc. Tensions between liberal Orleanist and Radical Republicans and Socialists would cause the June Days Uprising a few months later.


title: French Revolution of 1848

text: The era of revolution in France came to an end when Louis Napoleon dissolved the National Assembly without having the constitutional right to do so, and became the sole ruler of France. In 1852 he reestablished the empire and took the title Emperors Napoleon III.


title: Pardon

text: A pardon is a decision that absolves a convicted person of a criminal conviction. A pardon may be "full" or "partial":


title: Pardon

text: Pardons are sometimes given to people who are wrongly convicted. In that case, the person is cleared of that conviction, as if never convicted.


title: Pardon

text: The practice varies greatly between countries. In the United States a pardon for a federal conviction may be granted by the President, while pardons for state convictions may be granted by state governors.


title: Times New Roman

text: Times New Roman is a serif typeface. It was made for legibility (easy reading) in body text. It was created by the British newspaper "The Times" in 1931. It was made by Stanley Morison, the artistic advisor to the British part of the newspaper. Victor Lardent, a lettering artist at "Times" advertising department, helped him make it.


title: Times New Roman

text: The font is no longer used by the "Times" newspaper. It is used mostly in books and general printing. It has become a regular typeface used on most computers.


title: Times New Roman

text: As a typeface used for newspapers, Times New Roman allows tight line-spacing and a smaller appearance. It was first seen in the "Times" on 3 October 1932.


title: Times New Roman

text: Times New Roman is packed together, with tall lowercase letters. These things make it easier to read.


title: Hysterectomy

text: Women who undergo a hysterectomy can no longer bear children. Hysterectomies are done for certain forms of cancer of the reproductive system (affecting womb, cervix, ovaries), or tumors.


title: Hysterectomy

text: A woman may have her uterus removed because she has a tumor. A tumor can be cancer. Another type of tumor can be benign. The uterus may be removed because organs in the pelvic area have moved down. When organs move, the uterus may move down, too. A hysterectomy may be able to fix this problem. A hysterectomy can be done for other reasons. These are endometriosis, bleeding, and pain that does not stop.


title: Hysterectomy

text: When a woman has a hysterectomy other organs may be removed. Removing the ovaries and fallopian tubes can be part of the hysterectomy.


title: Edward the Exile

text: Edward the Exile (January 1016 – 19 April 1057), also called Edward Ætheling, was the son of King Edmund Ironside and of Ealdgyth. He spent most of his life in exile following the defeat and death of his father by Canute.


title: Edward the Exile

text: After the Danish conquest of England in 1016, Canute had Edward and his brother, Edmund, sent to the Swedish court of Olof Skötkonung. Edward was a baby at the time. Canute's agents apparently had orders to have the children murdered. But they were quickly taken to Hungary where neither Canut or his agents could reach them. He was brought up at the Hungarian court. Edward married Agatha, a relative of Emperor Henry II.


title: Edward the Exile

text: Edward the Confessor, King of England, had no children. Edward, his nephew, was his nearest living relative. The King wanted to make Edward his heir. In 1057, the king's messengers reached Edward living in Hungary. Edward agreed to return to England and in 1057 arrived in London with his family. But a few days after their arrival Edward was killed.


title: Edward the Exile

text: He and Agatha had three children, Edgar the Atheling, Margaret of Scotland and Cristina, Abbess of Romsey Abbey. In the summer of 1068 his son Edgar took his mother and sisters and escaped to Scotland.


title: Temperance movement

text: The temperance movement is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the temperance movement became very big in many countries. It led to Prohibition in the United States, which lasted from 1920 to 1933.


title: Temperance movement

text: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) started from a movement against saloons and liquor stores. It began in Ohio. It spread throughout the Midwestern United States during the winter of 1873-1874. The movement had over 32,000 women who went into saloons and liquor stores. They did this to disrupt business and stop the sales of alcohol. The WCTU was officially started in late November 1874 in Cleveland, Ohio.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: WrestleMania 21 was the twenty-first yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on April 3, 2005 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. The official theme song for the event was ""Big Time"" by The Soundtrack of Our Lives. The secondary theme song was ""Behind Those Eyes"" by 3 Doors Down. The tagline for WrestleMania 21 was ""WrestleMania Goes Hollywood"."


title: WrestleMania 21

text: The event was a joint-promotion pay-per-view, featuring performers from the Raw and SmackDown! brands. The main match on the Raw brand was Triple H versus Batista for the World Heavyweight Championship, which Batista won by pinfall after executing a Batista Bomb. The main match on the SmackDown! brand was John "Bradshaw" Layfield versus John Cena for the WWE Championship, which Cena won after performing an FU. The featured matches on the undercard included The Undertaker versus Randy Orton, Kurt Angle versus Shawn Michaels, and the first ever Money in the Bank ladder match, which featured six participants from the Raw brand.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: WrestleMania 21 was the first WrestleMania held at the Staples Center, but the fifth to take place in the Southern California metropolitan area (following WrestleMania 2, WrestleMania VII, WrestleMania XII and WrestleMania 2000). Tickets sold out in less than one minute for the event, making it the fastest ticket sell-out in the company's history as well as the fastest ticket sell-out at the Staples Center. The event drew a Staples Center record attendance of 20,193 people from 14 countries and 48 states and grossed more than $2.1 million in ticket sales, making it the highest grossing WWE event ever at the Staples Center, and the highest grossing of the five WrestleManias held in California. In addition to those in attendance, the event was seen by millions of fans in more than 90 countries.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: The main feud heading into WrestleMania on the Raw brand was between Triple H and Batista for the World Heavyweight Championship. Batista won the 2005 Royal Rumble, last eliminating John Cena, earning the right to participate in the main event of WrestleMania 21 against the World Champion of his choice. In an attempt to persuade Batista to challenge WWE Champion John "Bradshaw" Layfield rather than Batista facing Triple H at WrestleMania, Triple H concocted a scheme to have Batista run over in a limousine resembling the one used by Layfield. Initially, Batista did not want help from Evolution and wanted to confront JBL by himself. Triple H insisted that Evolution accompanied Batista anyway, saving him from the oncoming limousine. Batista became aware of the plot while eavesdropping on fellow Evolution members and signed a contract guaranteeing him a match with World Champion Triple H at WrestleMania, thus leaving Evolution and officially turning face. Batista pretended to sign with the SmackDown! brand, giving Triple H and Flair the "thumbs up," but turned it into a "thumbs down" before attacking the pair. This lead to Batista's departure from the stable.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: The main feud heading into WrestleMania on the SmackDown! brand was between John "Bradshaw" Layfield and John Cena for the WWE Championship. At No Way Out, Cena defeated Kurt Angle to earn a spot in the SmackDown! main event. As a result of Cena's win, he began a feud with WWE Champion John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) and his Cabinet. In the feud, Cena lost his United States Championship to Cabinet member Orlando Jordan. The following week, JBL proceeded to "blow up" Cena's U.S. spinner version belt and reintroduce the traditional style belt.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: A heavily promoted match for the event was an Interpromotional match between SmackDown! superstar Kurt Angle and Raw superstar Shawn Michaels. Their match stemmed from the Royal Rumble, the pay-per-view event two months before WrestleMania. At the Royal Rumble, Kurt Angle relentlessly attacked Shawn Michaels after Michaels had eliminated him from the Royal Rumble match. The next month at No Way Out, Angle lost a number one contenders match to John Cena, losing a spot in the SmackDown! main event at WrestleMania. The next night on "Raw", Michaels told SmackDown! General Manager Theodore Long to inform Angle that he had challenged him to a match at WrestleMania.<ref name="PWWEW - 2/21 Raw"></ref><ref name="OWW - 2/21 Raw"></ref> On the February 28 edition of "Raw", after Michaels defeated Edge in a Street Fight, Angle attacked Michaels and accepted his challenge.<ref name="PWWEW.net - 2/28 Raw"></ref><ref name="411mania.com - 2/28 Raw"></ref>


title: WrestleMania 21

text: The other Interpromotional match on the card was between Randy Orton and The Undertaker, with Orton representing Raw and Undertaker representing SmackDown!. The feud first started on the March 7 edition of "Raw" when Orton challenged The Undertaker to a match at WrestleMania billed as ""Legend vs. Legend Killer"".<ref name="PWWEW.net - 3/07 Raw"></ref><ref name="OWW - 3/07 Raw"></ref> Three days later on "SmackDown!", Undertaker accepted Orton's challenge.<ref name="PWWEW.net - 3/10 SmackDown!"></ref><ref name="SLAM! Sports - 3/10 SmackDown!"></ref> On the March 14 edition of "Raw", Jake "The Snake" Roberts, attempted to give Orton advice about his match with Undertaker at WrestleMania, but was RKOed when Orton was not cooperating.<ref name="411mania.com - 3/14 Raw"></ref><ref name="OWW - 3/14 Raw"></ref> Later that week on "SmackDown!", Orton and Undertaker had a contract signing for their match at WrestleMania.<ref name="PWWEW.net - 3/17 SmackDown!"></ref><ref name="411mania.com - 3/17 SmackDown!"></ref> After both men signed, Orton told Undertaker that he has nothing but respect for him. Shortly afterwards, Orton slapped him and claimed that his 12-0 undefeated streak at WrestleMania, would soon be 12-1. The next week on "Raw", Orton claimed that his confidence was at an all-time high, despite what happened on "SmackDown!" the week before. Afterwards, Orton turned heel and furthered his "Legend killer" gimmick by RKOing his then-girlfriend Stacy Keibler.<ref name="411mania.com - 3/21 Raw"></ref><ref name="OWW - 3/21 Raw"></ref>


title: WrestleMania 21

text: Another match on the card was the Money in the Bank ladder match between Chris Jericho, Christian, Chris Benoit, Edge, Kane, and Shelton Benjamin. The idea for the Money in the Bank match was introduced by Chris Jericho who proposed a six-man Ladder match, for the event in which the winner would receive a contract for a World title match at the place and time of his choosing. Raw General Manager, Eric Bischoff, booked the match at WrestleMania 21 soon after.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: Before the event went live on pay-per-view, a dark match was held. A 30-man Interpromotional Battle Royal, which featured: Booker T, Paul London, Heidenreich, Spike Dudley, Nunzio, Funaki, Doug Basham, Danny Basham, Orlando Jordan, Mark Jindrak, Luther Reigns, Scotty 2 Hotty, Hardcore Holly, Charlie Haas, Billy Kidman, Akio from SmackDown! and Simon Dean, William Regal, Tajiri, Rob Conway, Sylvain Grenier, Snitsky, The Hurricane, Rosey, Chris Masters, Viscera, Rhyno, Val Venis, Tyson Tomko, Maven from Raw. However, Booker T won the Battle Royal, as he eliminated Chris Masters.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: Lilian Garcia sang ""America the Beautiful"" at the start of the event. The first televised match of the night was between Rey Mysterio and Eddie Guerrero. In the beginning of the match, Mysterio jumped over the top rope, knocking Guerrero down. Mysterio also attempted another aerial attack but was countered by Guerrero into a Powerbomb. Guerrero placed Mysterio into the Three Amigos and attempted a Frog splash but was unsuccessful. Following a Hurricanrana by Mysterio on Guerrero, Mysterio pinned Guerrero to win. After the match, both shook hands in the ring.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: John "Bradshaw" Layfield and Orlando Jordan were then shown backstage talking about Layfield's match against John Cena. As Triple H and Ric Flair walked by, Triple H mocked Layfield. Layfield retaliated by advising Triple H to worry about losing the World Heavyweight Championship to Batista and assured him that John Cena would be unsuccessful at defeating him for the WWE Championship. Triple H then stated that only the end of the night would reveal who would still be champion.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: The match that followed was the first Money in the Bank ladder match which featured Chris Jericho, Chris Benoit, Shelton Benjamin, Edge, Kane, and Christian with Tyson Tomko at ringside. The match contained many notable moments, including points where Jericho, Christian, Benjamin and Kane all jumped over the top rope to the outside of the ring to knock down multiple opponents. Another moment included Benjamin executing a T-Bone Suplex on Edge off the top of a ladder and later using an inclined ladder as a ramp to run up a standing and hit Jericho with a Clothesline maneuver. Benoit also executed a Diving headbutt from the top of a ladder onto Kane. In the conclusion to the match, Benoit climbed a ladder to attempt to retrieve the Money in the Bank briefcase hanging above the ring but was stopped by Kane who had also climbed the ladder. Benoit used repeated headbutts to knock Kane to the ground and attempted to retrieve the briefcase once more but was knocked down by Edge who hit him with a steel chair. Edge then climbed the ladder and successfully obtained possession of the briefcase to win the match.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: In an interlude, Eugene entered the ring and shared his excitement about being at his first WrestleMania with the crowd in attendance. While attempting to recall his favorite WrestleMania moments, Muhammad Hassan and Daivari interrupted him with Hassan expressing his outrage for not being included in a match for the event. Hassan concluded that since he was not scheduled to compete at the event and was therefore denied the opportunity to experience his own WrestleMania "moment", he would have to create a "moment" of his own. Following this remark, Hassan and Daivary began to assault Eugene. With Eugene placed into a Camel clutch hold while Daivari verbally attacked him, Hulk Hogan came down to the ring to save Eugene from the assault, knocking Hassan and Daivary out of the ring. Hogan celebrated posing in the ring for the crowd.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: The third match featured The Undertaker and Randy Orton. Bob Orton, Randy's father and ringside manager, interfered and attacked Undertaker with his arm cast resulting in Randy Orton gaining control of the match. Undertaker attempted to chokeslam Orton, but Orton countered the maneuver with an RKO that led to a two-count. Orton then attempted to use Undertaker's own finishing maneuver against him with the Tombstone piledriver, however, it was reversed by Undertaker into Tombstone piledriver of his own which led to the definitive pin fall. The Undertaker won the match and continued his undefeated streak at WrestleMania with a 13-0 record.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: The next match was for the WWE Women's Championship, between Trish Stratus and Christy Hemme with Lita at ringside. Stratus controlled most of the match though Hemme attempted many pinning maneuvers that were unsuccessful. Hemme then executed a Twist of fate on Stratus and attempted another pin, which was also unsuccessful. After a Roll-up attempt by both Stratus and Hemme, Stratus hit Hemme with a Chick kick and followed it with the decisive pin, thus winning the match and retaining the WWE Women's Championship.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: The fifth match was the encounter of Shawn Michaels and Kurt Angle. Mid-way in the match, Michaels hit Angle with low blow, after he countered a suplex attack from Angle. Following the low blow, which was not seen by the referee, Michaels leapfrogged from the ring and laid out Angle onto the announce table. Angle would then gain control of the match, as he would apply the Ankle Lock on Michaels, forcing him to submit, thus Angle winning the match.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: The next match was between Akebono and The Big Show in a Sumo Match. The match went for a minute and Akebono won the match after he threw The Big Show out of the ring, thus winning the Sumo Match.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: The next match was John Cena vs. John "Bradshaw" Layfield for the WWE Championship. The match was dominated a lot by JBL. At the end Cena would win the match and the WWE Championship after ducking a Clothesline from Hell attempt from JBL into an FU and pinning JBL to become the WWE Champion.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: The eighth and final match of the night was Triple H defending his World Heavyweight Championship against Batista. The match was dominated a lot by both men. At the end Batista would pin Triple H after a Batista Bomb and would win the World Heavyweight Championship.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: Batista and Triple H's feud would continue. It would continue to Backlash where Batista and Triple H had a rematch for the World Heavyweight Title. Batista won the match after a Batista Bomb out of a corner. Following that, the two concluded their rivalry at Vengeance where Batista scored the third and final win over his former mentor inside Hell in a Cell. Shortly thereafter, Batista was drafted to the SmackDown brand, and Triple H opted to take time off.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: John Cena and JBL's feud would continue until Judgment Day where Cena and JBL would have a rematch for the WWE Championship in an "I Quit" match, which Cena won after he was going to hit JBL with an exhaust pipe but made JBL say "I Quit" instead. After Judgment Day Cena and JBL's feud ended. Cena was subsequently drafted to the Raw brand shortly after.


title: WrestleMania 21

text: In line with the event's location and tagline, WrestleMania 21 was promoted on television with a series of parody movie trailers with wrestlers playing the starring roles from famous modern movies.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: In England, a civil parish is a unit of local government. Civil parishes are the lowest tier of local government, below districts and counties. It is an administrative parish, in comparison to an ecclesiastical (church) parish.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: The parish council can decide to call itself a town, village, neighbourhood or community; and in a limited number of cases has city status granted by the monarch. Civil parishes only cover part of England; about 35% of the population.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: There are currently no civil parishes in Greater London, and before 2008 their creation was not permitted within a London Borough.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: The creation of ancient parishes was linked to the manorial system. The parishes often shared the same boundaries as the manor of the local lord. At first the manor was the main unit of local administration and justice in the early rural economy. Eventually the church replaced the manor court as the rural administrative centre and levied a local tax on produce known as a tithe. Responsibility for things such as relief of the poor passed from the Lord of the Manor to the church, but in practice it was administered by monasteries. After the dissolution of the monasteries, the power to charge (levy) a rate to fund relief of the poor was given to the parish authorities by the 1601 Act for the Relief of the Poor.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: The parish authorities were known as vestries and were made up of all the inhabitants of the parish. As the population was growing it became increasingly difficult to hold meetings as an open vestry. In some, mostly built up, areas the select vestry took over responsibility from the community at large. This innovation improved efficiency, but allowed governance by a self-perpetuating elite. The administration of the parish system relied on the monopoly of the Church of England. As religious membership became more fractured, such as through the revival of Methodism, the legitimacy of the parish vestry came into question and the perceived inefficiency and corruption inherent in the system became a source for concern. Because of this scepticism, during early the 19th century the parish progressively lost its powers to ad-hoc boards and other organisations, such as the loss of responsibility for poor relief through the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834. The replacement boards were each able to levy their own rate in the parish. The church rate ceased to be levied in many areas and was abolished altogether in 1868.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: The ancient parishes split into two distinct units during the 19th century. The Poor Law Amendment Act 1866 declared that all areas that levied a separate rate —extra-parochial areas, townships, and chapelries— become civil parishes as well. The parishes for church use continued unchanged as ecclesiastical parishes. The latter part of the 19th century saw most of the ancient irregularities inherited by the civil system cleaned up, with the majority of exclaves abolished.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: Civil parishes in their modern sense were established afresh in 1894, by the Local Government Act 1894. The Act abolished vestries, and established elected parish councils in all rural civil parishes with more than 300 electors. These were grouped into rural districts. Boundaries were altered to avoid parishes being split between counties. Urban parishes continued to exist, and boundaries were usually changed to be the same as the urban district or municipal borough in which they were situated. Large towns originally split between multiple parishes were, for the most part, eventually joined into one parish. No parish councils were formed for urban parishes, and their only function was as areas electing guardians to Poor Law Unions. With the abolition of the poor law system in 1930 the parishes had only a nominal existence.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: In 1965 civil parishes in London were formally abolished when Greater London was created, as the legislative framework for Greater London did not make provision for any local government body below a London Borough (since all of London was previously part of a metropolitan borough, municipal borough or urban district, no actual parish councils were abolished). In 1974 the Local Government Act 1972 retained civil parishes in rural areas and small urban areas, but abolished them in larger urban areas. Many former urban districts and municipal boroughs that were being abolished rather than succeeded were continued as new parishes. Urban areas that were considered too large to be single parishes were refused this permission and became unparished areas. The Act also led to the possibility of sub-division of all districts (apart from London boroughs, reformed in 1965), into multiple civil parishes. For example, Oxford, whilst entirely unparished in 1974, now has four civil parishes, covering part of its area.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: The creation of town and parish councils is encouraged in unparished areas. The Local Government and Rating Act 1997 gave local residents the right to demand that a new parish and council be created in unparished areas. This was extended to London boroughs by the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 - with this, the City of London is at present the only part of England where civil parishes cannot be created.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: If enough electors in an area of a proposed new parish (ranging from 50% in an area with less than 500 electors to 10% in one with more than 2,500) sign a petition demanding its creation, then the local district council or unitary authority must consider the proposal. Recently established parish councils include Daventry (2003), Folkestone (2004), and Brixham (2007). In 2003 seven new parish councils were set up for Burton upon Trent, and in 2001 the Milton Keynes urban area became entirely parished, with ten new parishes being created. In 2003, the village of Great Coates (Grimsby) regained parish status. Parishes can also be abolished where there is evidence that this in response to "justified, clear and sustained local support" from the area's inhabitants. Examples include Birtley, which was abolished in 2006 and Southsea abolished in 2010.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: Every civil parish has a parish meeting, consisting of all the electors of the parish. Generally a meeting is held once a year. A civil parish may have a parish council which exercises various local responsibilities given by statute. If a parish has fewer than 200 electors it is usually deemed too small to have a parish council, and instead will only have a parish meeting; an example of direct democracy. Alternatively several small parishes can be grouped together and share a common parish council, or even a common parish meeting. In places where there is no civil parish (unparished areas), the administration of the activities normally undertaken by the parish becomes the responsibility of the district or borough council. There are about 8,700 parish and town councils in England, and about 1,500 parishes with only parish meetings. Since 1997 around 100 new civil parishes have been created, in some cases splitting existing civil parishes, but mostly by creating new ones from unparished areas.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: The role played by parish councils varies. Smaller parish councils have only limited resources and generally play only a minor role, while some larger parish councils have a role similar to that of a small non-metropolitan district. Parish councils receive funding by levying a "precept" on the council tax paid by the residents of the parish.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: Parish councils are run by volunteer councillors who are elected to serve for four years and are not paid. Some councils have chosen to pay their elected members a small allowance as permitted under Part 5 of the Local Government Act 2000 The Local Authorities (Members’ Allowances) (England) Regulations 2003. The number of councillors varies roughly in proportion to the population of the parish. Most parish councillors are elected to represent the entire parish, though in parishes with larger populations or those that cover large areas, the parish can be divided into wards. These wards then return a certain number of councillors each to the parish council (depending on their population). Only if there are more candidates standing for election than there are seats on the council will an election be held. However, sometimes there are fewer candidates than seats. When this happens, the vacant seats have to be filled by co-option by the council. When a vacancy arises for a seat mid-term, an election is only held if a certain number (usually 10) of parish residents request an election. Otherwise the council will co-opt someone to be the replacement councillor. Every Parish Council in England must adopt a code of conduct, and parish councillors must comply with its standards, enforced by the Standards Board for England.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: A parish can have city status but only if that is granted by the Crown. In England, there are currently eight parishes with city status, all places with long-established Anglican cathedrals: Chichester, Ely, Hereford, Lichfield, Ripon, Salisbury, Truro and Wells.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: The council of an ungrouped parish may unilaterally pass a resolution giving the parish the status of a town. The parish council becomes a "town council". Around 400 parish councils are called town councils.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: Under the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007, a civil parish may now be given an "alternative style" meaning one of the following:


title: Civil parishes in England

text: The chairman of a town council will have the title "town mayor" and that of a parish council which is a city will usually have the title of mayor. As a result, a parish council can also be called a town council, a community council, a village council or occasionally a city council (though most cities are not parishes but principal areas, or in England specifically metropolitan boroughs, non-metropolitan districts).


title: Civil parishes in England

text: When a city or town has been abolished as a borough, and it is considered desirable to maintain continuity of the charter, the charter may be transferred to a parish council for its area. Where there is no such parish council, the district council may appoint charter trustees to whom the charter and the arms of the former borough will belong. The charter trustees (who consist of the councillor or councillors for the area of the former borough) maintain traditions such as mayoralty. An example of such a city was Hereford, whose city council was merged in 1998 to form a unitary Herefordshire. The area of the city of Hereford remained unparished until 2000 when a parish council was created for the city. The charter trustees for the City of Bath make up the majority of the councillors on Bath and North East Somerset Council.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: Civil parishes do not cover the whole of England. There are none in Greater London and very few in the other conurbations. Civil parishes vary greatly in size: many cover tiny hamlets with populations of less than 100, whereas some large parishes cover towns with populations of tens of thousands. Weston-super-Mare, with a population of 71,758, is the most populous civil parish. In many cases, several small villages are in a single parish. Large urban areas are mostly unparished, as the government at the time of the Local Government Act 1972 discouraged their creation for large towns or their suburbs, but there is generally nothing to stop their establishment. For example, Birmingham has a parish, New Frankley, whilst Oxford has four, and Northampton has seven. Parishes could not however be established in London until the changing of the law in 2007 and as yet none have been established there.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: The 2001 census recorded several parishes with no inhabitants. These were Chester Castle (in the middle of Chester city centre), Newland with Woodhouse Moor, Beaumont Chase, Martinsthorpe, Meering, Stanground North (subsequently abolished), Sturston, Tottington, and Tyneham. The last three had been taken over by the British Armed Forces during World War II and remain deserted.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: Ancient parishes often had detached parts, exclaves and enclaves which were not joined to the rest of the parish. In some cases the detached part was in a different county. In other cases, an entire parish was in a detached part of the county to which it belonged. There were also many examples of parishes divided between two or more counties.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: These anomalies were mostly fixed in the 19th century. Before civil parishes were introduced, the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844 transferred many (but not all) parishes which were detached parts of a county to the county in which they were geographically located. The remaining detached parishes were transferred in the 1890s and in 1931. The detached part of the parish of Tetworth, Huntingdonshire, surrounded by Cambridgeshire, remained until the boundaries were changed in 1965.


title: Civil parishes in England

text: Other laws, including the Divided Parishes and Poor Law Amendment Act 1882, eliminated most instances of civil parishes belonging to two (or more) counties, and by 1901 Stanground in Huntingdonshire and the Isle of Ely was the sole remaining example. Stanground was split into two parishes, one in each county, in 1905.