title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Stuart learned from his trip with Sturt that large groups were not able to move quickly through the dry Australian lands. He believed that a small group would have more success. Finke paid him to find out if the land north of Lake Torrens would be suitable for sheep. On this first trip he went with two men, Forster and an unnamed Aboriginal youth. They took six horses, enough food for six weeks, a watch and a compass. In May 1858 they went through settled areas until they reached Oratunga Station, one of the most remote farms in South Australia. It is near the present day town of Blinman, in the north of the Flinders Ranges. From here they went northwest and found a permanent water hole, Andamooka Waterhole, on a creek Stuart named Chambers Creek. It has since been renamed Stuart Creek. The country was very dry, and they could only find water in Aboriginal wells. The stony ground hurt the horses feet. At the end of July they reached the site of the present day town of Coober Pedy. Their horses were in poor condition and they were running out of food. Stuart decided to change direction to the south west and try and reach the coast near Fowlers Bay. The Aboriginal youth would not go any further and went back. He was scared of other Aborigines in the area they were going into. Stuart said the land was "...dreary, dismal, dreadful desert." Stuart and Forster reached the coast at Denial Bay in August 1858, and were back in settled farm lands by 11 September. They had completed a journey of in four months. He gave his diary and maps to the South Australian government. As a reward, Stuart was given the lease to 1,000 square miles of land at Chambers Creek.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: The official South Australian government explorer Benjamin Herschel Babbage followed Stuart's maps and went to Chambers Creek. He reported that the map showed the creek was marked too far to the north. Stuart went back to Chambers Creek to survey the area again. This expedition was paid for by James Chambers and William Finke who realized the value of reliable water supplies on the other side of the salt lakes. Stuart left Oratunga Station on 2 April 1859, with a small group, three men and 14 horses. The men he took with him included a Bavarian naturalist and artist, David Herrgott, and Louis Müller, a stockman and botanist. Both Herrgott and Müller had been gold miners in Victoria, and would know how to look for gold in the country around Chambers Creek. They did not carry much equipment, only a blanket to sleep with, but no tents. The only food they took was flour, dried beef (jerky), tea, sugar and tobacco. He took more equipment than just his watch and compass on this trip; a sextant, a copy of the Astronomical Almanac and a telescope.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Stuart went a different way to Chambers Creek, going through a gap in between the salt lakes that had been explored by Major Peter Warburton earlier in the year. Herrgott found a group of 12 artesian springs, which Stuart named after him. This name later became the settlement of Herggott Springs. The name was changed again during World War One because of strong anti-German feelings in Australia. The town is now called Marree after the Aboriginal word for possum. These springs were mound springs; over thousands of years the salt in the water had formed small hills, and the water came out of them like water out of a volcano. Some of the mounds were over high. They were valuable because they provided reliable water for people and animals moving north to Chambers Creek.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: After surveying Chambers Creek again, Stuart explored the area to the north west of Chambers Creek. They found more mound springs which Stuart named Elizabeth Springs after one of Chamber's daughters. They continued north west and searched for gold in the Davenport Range. They found more springs which they named the Spring of Hope. They were able to continue and found more springs, which Stuart named Freeling Springs, after Major Freeling, a South Australian politician. By the time they had passed the current site of Oodnadatta, both the men and the horses were suffering from the lack of water and proper food. The horses' shoes had worn out in the rocks around the Davenport Range. On 12 June 1859, Stuart turned around and went back. They rode south back to Port Augusta and then took a boat back to Adelaide.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: The South Australian government offered a prize of £2,000 to the first person to cross Australia from the south to the north. They hoped this would be a route for the Australian Overland Telegraph Line that would connect Australia to the line that came from Europe. Stuart and Chambers plans for the trip were not accepted by the government. The government sent Alexander Tolmer to lead the trip. His expedition did not make it out of the settled areas. In August 1859, one month after his last trip, Stuart went back to do more surveying for Chambers at Chambers Creek. With William Darton Kekwick and two other men, they took 12 horses and explored the west side of Lake Eyre. Chambers and Stuart believed that the lake might hold water. Instead Stuart found mud after he walked several kilometres into the dry salt lake. He found another artesian mound spring, more than in height, which he named William Springs, after one of Chamber's sons. He then set off for the Spring of Hope. He saw grasslands and eventually made a base at Freeling Springs. He explored much of the surrounding area hoping to find gold. On 6 January 1860, with his food supplies getting low, and two of the men refusing to go any further, Stuart once again returned home.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: There was a lot of support for an expedition to cross Australia. In Melbourne, the biggest exploring expedition in Australian history, the Victorian Exploring Expedition, was being organized for the crossing. This became known as the Burke and Wills expedition, named after its two leaders, Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills. Stuart knew that he would be able to travel further and faster by only going with a small group. In March 1860, with Kekwick, Benjamin Head and 13 horses, Stuart left Chambers Creek and headed north. They were the first Europeans to enter central Australia. They reached the Finke River, the MacDonnell Ranges, and the strange rock formation Stuart called Chambers Pillar. On 23 April, Stuart worked out that they were at the very centre of Australia. He named a small hill near the spot Mount Sturt, after Charles Sturt. Stuart and Kekwick climbed the hill and raised the British flag. Stuart wrote that the flag would be a sign to the Aborigines "...that the dawn of liberty, civilization, and Christianity is about to break upon them." The name was later changed to Central Mount Stuart. From here Stuart tried to go northwest to reach the Victoria River. This took them into the Tanami Desert, but they could not find water and were forced to go back.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: They continued to travel north, beyond the site of the town of Tennant Creek. On 26 June they reached a creek, now called Attack Creek, about north of Adelaide. A large group of Aborigines from a group called the Warramunga, attacked the explorers. The Warrumunga threw boomerangs at the explorers, and then set fire to the grass. Stuart and his men fired their guns at the Warrumunga, but Stuart does not say in his diary if any were killed or injured. The men quickly left the creek and went south.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Stuart decided they could not get any further north because they were running out of food, water was scarce and the horses were in poor condition. He wrote "...I think it would be madness and folly to attempt more." The return journey was very difficult. Stuart could only ride for a few hours a day; on one day he just dug a hole in the sand and curled up in it. Head was so hungry he stole food, which left them with even less. Their clothes were only torn rags and their bodies were covered in bruises caused by scurvy. Stuart wrote in his diary that "My men have now lost all their former energy...and move about as if they were a hundred years old. It is sad to see them..." Stuart wrote in his diary that sores on his hands had made them to painful to be used and he could only just sit in the saddle. He gums had become so sore and his teeth so loose that he could only eat flour boiled in water. He wrote on 16 May that "...I almost wished that death would come and relieve me from my fearful torture..." The medicines he had with him did not help.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: The explorers made their way back to Adelaide as Burke and Wills were starting their journey north from Melbourne. Stuart was treated as a hero when he arrived in Adelaide. In 1859 the Royal Geographical Society in London presented him with gold watch. This was given to the explorer Count Paul Strzelecki to take back to Australia.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: The cost of Stuart's exploring had been paid for by Chambers. Because of this, Stuart would not make his journals and maps available to the public. This led to claims that Stuart had not really travelled that far north and that he was lying about his discoveries. In Victoria it was even said that Stuart had not really gone north, but had been hiding in a cellar in Adelaide.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: The public and the newspapers began to talk about a race across the continent of Australia. Could Stuart, experienced and used to moving quickly, beat the better equipped, but very slow moving Burke and Wills expedition. After their failures with Babbage and Tolmer's expeditions, the South Australian government now believed that Stuart would succeed if he had enough support. They gave £2,500 to set up another expedition and provided ten armed men to protect Stuart from any more attacks by the Aborigines. Chambers agreed to supply more horses and to pay Stuart and Kekwick's wages. In Victoria, a policeman was sent off to tell Burke to get going to the Gulf of Carpentaria as fast as possible, but Burke had already heard about Stuart's planned trip. Burke divided his group in two, and leaving most of his supplies behind at Menindee on the Darling River, he headed north to Cooper Creek.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: On 1 January 1861, Stuart with a group of 12 men and 49 horses set off from Chambers Creek. The hot weather made it hard to find water and many waterholes from his earlier trips were dry. In February Stuart sent back two men with five horses. They reached the northern border of South Australia at about the same time that Burke and Wills reached the Gulf of Carpentaria. He was able to travel 240 km north of Attack Creek, where he found a large waterhole he called Glandfield Lagoon, after the mayor of Adelaide. Chambers later changed the name on Stuart's maps to Newcastle Waters, after the Duke of Newcastle, a British politician. From here Stuart again looked for a way to go north west to the Victoria River, but he was unable to find water. With the food running out, the men becoming sick, and horses in poor condition, Stuart again decided to return to Adelaide. Burke and Wills had not returned to Cooper Creek and were missing.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Stuart set out on his third attempt to cross Australia on 25 October 1861. This expedition was called the Great Northern Exploring Expedition. The group was: John McDouall Stuart, William Darton Kekwick, Francis William Thring, William Patrick Auld, Stephen King Jnr., John William Billiatt, James Frew Jnr., Heath Nash, John Woodforde, John McGorrery and Frederick George Waterhouse.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: McGorrey was a blacksmith who would be able to fix the shoes on the group's 78 horses. Waterhouse was a naturalist who would be able to keep a scientific notes of their discoveries. Stuart was injured when a horse stood on his right hand, and remained behind for a month to recover. He learned about the deaths of Burke and Wills at Cooper Creek.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: The group left Chambers Creek on 8 January 1862 moving fast, covering between 30 and 50 kilometres a day. The fast pace meant that in the first three weeks eight horses died and Woodforde left and went back. Stuart left some of the supplies behind and cut the amount each man was allowed to eat. At Mount Hay in central Australia, they were again attacked by Aboriginal warriors, but they were no match for the group's guns and several may have been killed.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: They reached Newcastle Waters in three months, and then took a week to rest. Stuart spent the next five weeks searching for water. He finally found a series of waterholes, creeks and rivers which meant the whole group were able to continue to the north. He gave up trying to reach the Victoria River. When they got to the Roper River, which had been explored by Ludwig Leichhardt in 1845, he knew he could easily go west to the Gulf of Carpentaria, but instead chose to continue north. Auld later said that "...the mosquitos and flies were terrible. Our hands, feet and necks were blistered with their bites." They crossed Arnhem Land, and made the way along the edge of what is now Kakadu National Park. He followed the Adelaide River, but when the ground became too soft and muddy, they went further north to the Mary River and eventually reached the sea.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: They arrived at Van Diemen's Gulf on 24 July 1862. On a tall tree branch they raised a Union Jack flag with Stuart's name embroided on it which had been made by Chamber's daughter, Elizabeth. Wood from the tree, which has since been destroyed, is in the collection of the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia's collection. The group then had to travel back to Adelaide. Food was becoming scarce, and the hot weather meant there was little water. Many horses died, and Stuart was again forced to leave behind equipment. Waterhouse had to leave all his carefully collected plants and animals. The men were very hungry and even shot and ate dingos. Stuart was in poor health and became blind. He was unable to speak for several days and the men thought he was going to die. He was unable to ride his horse, and they made a bed with long poles and blankets that could be carried between two horses. Stuart was carried by this method. after crossing the MacDonnell Ranges, they discovered that rain had fallen and there was lots of grass. On reaching the settled areas, Stuart learned that his friend and partner, James Chambers had died. He left Kekwick in charge of the group, and went ahead with Auld. They got on the train at Kapunda and arrived in Adelaide on 17 December 1862.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Stuart and his group were given a special welcome in Adelaide on 16 January 1863. They dressed in their old clothes and rode into the city as heroes. This was also the day that Burke and Wills were buried in Melbourne after the failure of their expedition.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Stuart was in poor health, almost blind, and had a crippled right hand after the sixth trip. With Chambers dead, he no longer had a job. The government tried not to pay him the £2,000 reward, saying that they had paid for the cost of the expedition. After public pressure, they gave in, but invested the money and only gave Stuart a small amount each year. He was drinking a lot of alcohol and none of his friends would give him any help. The government then wanted £500 for the lease of the land they had given him at Chambers Creek. Stuart sold it to James Chambers' brother, John Chambers, for only £200, losing money on the deal.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: He decided to return to Great Britain in April 1864. He lived with his sister Mary in Glasgow, Scotland. The Royal Geographical Society asked the South Australian government for a pension for Stuart, but they said he had been rewarded enough with grants of land. During the debate over the pension it was said that it was not the exploring that had ruined his health, but his drinking habits. He suffered from dementia, and it is possible he also had tuberculosis. He died in London on 5 June 1866 from a stroke and was buried in the Kensal Green Cemetery. Only seven people went to the funeral, four relatives, two members of the Royal Geographical Society, and Alexander Hay, a South Australian farmer who was in London at the time. The grave was damaged in World War II, but was repaired in 2011 by the Stuart Society and the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: The Australian Overland Telegraph Line was built along the route taken by Stuart. Using his notes they were easily able to find water supplies and trees to make the poles. The accuracy of his maps made building the line much easier. His journey is remembered in the Stuart Highway, one of Australia's major roads which joins Port Augusta to Darwin. It follows much of the same route discovered by Stuart. In June 1904, a statue of Stuart was put up in Adelaide. The Royal Geographical Society of South Australia has a wooden chair and table made by Stuart in 1854.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Benjamin Head later said about Stuart "...that he was a born leader of men: the sharpest little fellow you would find in a year's march."


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Stuart and A.C. Gregory were arguably Australia’s greatest inland explorers. The latter was certainly financed and equipped much better than Stuart who had to rely on Chambers and Finke’s support rather than the State Government. It may very well have been possible for Stuart to reach the north coast earlier if he had the Government support that Gregory, Babbage and Tolmer were granted. That said, he didn’t and was totally driven to reach the north coast despite illness and afflictions that arguably he had since arriving in South Australia and were to see him die at such an early age in England in 1866. The key attributes that made Stuart one, if not the best inland explorer, include:


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: - He had exceptional dead reckoning and navigational skills that enabled him to understand exactly where he was.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: - He spent more time in the field and explored more land than any other explorer without the loss of a man.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: - He understood and cared for his horses and knew their limits and ability to move quickly through land and how far each type could survive without water. - He was courageous, a great leader and his concern and respect for his fellow expedition members was reciprocated.


title: Western Interior Seaway

text: The Western Interior Seaway was a huge inland sea. It split North America into two halves for most of the mid- and late-Cretaceous Period. It was up to deep, wide and over long.


title: Western Interior Seaway

text: Sea level was high in the Cretaceous, and the middle part of North America sank down. A shallow subducting plate pulled on the bottom of the lithosphere, causing it to move down. The sea entered both north and south, and came and went during the course of the Cretaceous. Widespread carbonate deposition suggests that the Seaway was warm and tropical, with abundant calcareous algae. The shrunken, regressive phase of the Western Interior Seaway is sometimes called the Pierre Seaway.


title: Western Interior Seaway

text: The long, narrow western border of the seaway called Laramidia had one of the most diverse collections of dinosaurs anywhere on Earth.


title: Western Interior Seaway

text: The Western Interior Seaway was a shallow sea filled with abundant marine life. This included predatory marine reptiles such as plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs that grew up to 18 meters long. Other marine life included sharks such as "Squalicorax" and the giant shellfish-eating "Ptychodus mortoni" (believed to be 10 meters long). There were advanced bony fish such as the massive 5-meter long "Xiphactinus" – a fish larger than any modern bony fish. Other sea life included invertebrates such as molluscs, ammonites, squid-like belemnites, and plankton including coccolithophores that secreted the chalky platelets that give the Cretaceous its name, foraminiferans and radiolarians.


title: Western Interior Seaway

text: The Western Interior Seaway was home to early birds also, including the flightless "Hesperornis" which had stout legs for swimming through water and small wing-like appendages used for marine steering rather than flight; and the tern-like "Ichthyornis", an early avian with a toothy beak. "Icthyornis" shared the sky with large pterosaurs such as "Nyctosaurus" and "Pteranodon". "Pteranodon" fossils are very common and it was likely a major component of the surface ecosystem, though it was only found in the southern reaches of the Seaway.


title: Western Interior Seaway

text: On the bottom, the giant clam "Inoceramus" left common fossilized shells in the Pierre Shale. This clam had a thick shell paved with prisms of calcite deposited at right angles to the surface, giving a pearly luster in life. Paleontologists suggest that its giant size was an adaptation for life in the murky bottom waters, where a correspondingly large gill area would have allowed the animal to cope with oxygen-depleted waters.


title: Bermuda rig

text: A Bermuda rig, also called a Marconi rig, is a fore-and-aft rig that uses a triangular mainsail. The sail is usually attached to a boom at its foot. It has a number of variations. Due to the physics of the wind, the tall thin sails of the Bermudian rigs have more power sailing into the wind than other types. This is why it is such a popular rig with modern sailboats. It was called a Marconi rig after the inventor Guglielmo Marconi because its system of mast stays that looked like the early wireless masts. However, the name Bermuda rig was in use two centuries earlier. It came from the late 1600s when European sailors noticed how well the small sloops in Bermuda worked.


title: Bermuda rig

text: It was developed in Bermuda in the 17th century. It was based on the leg-of-mutton sail. The strong gusty winds around the Bermuda islands made sailing around the waters difficult to navigate. The prevailing winds came out of the west which lined up with the islands. In addition, the number of reefs around the islands required caution. Most other sail designs did not address these issues.


title: Bermuda rig

text: It is widely thought the first of these designs was a fore-and-aft rig built by in the 17th century by a Dutch-born Bermudan. While his name is not remembered, he may have seen the Moorish lateen rigs that were widely used during the time Spain ruled Holland. The Dutch modified early lateen rigs turning the yards into angled masts. This design was called "bezaanjacht" in Dutch (in English this meant "leg of mutton"). By the 19th century the design had evolved into using tall triangular sails and jibs. They also used Bermuda cedar for the hulls which is much lighter than oak. This made the Bermuda sailboats very fast and easily maneuverable. They could travel into the wind with ease and were especially fast when heading downwind. Very soon they were being raced.


title: Bermuda rig

text: The name Marconi rig came from the 1899 America's Cup yacht race held in New York City. Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated his new wireless radio by reporting on the race. The masts of the Bermudan rigged vessels with their supporting cables looked like the wireless mast of Marconi's radio. This is how they came to be named Marconi rigs.


title: Abuja

text: Abuja () is a city in Nigeria. It is the national capital of Nigeria. Around 2.5 million people live there. Abuja is in the middle of the country, in the center of the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. It replaced Lagos, the country's most populous city but very small in size, as the capital on 12 December 1991.


title: Abuja

text: Abuja is a planned city, which means that architects designed it specifically to be Nigeria's capital city. Construction of the first parts of the city was finished in the late 1980s.


title: Montreux

text: Montreux () is a municipality of the district of Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.


title: Montreux

text: It is on Lake Geneva shoreline at the foot of the Alps and has a population, , of and nearly 90,000 in the agglomeration.


title: Montreux

text: The earliest settlement was a Late Bronze Age village at Baugy. Montreux lies on the northeast shore of Lake Geneva at the fork in the Roman road from Italy over the Simplon Pass, where the roads to the Roman capital of Aventicum and the road into Gaul through Besançon separated. This made it an important settlement already in Roman times.


title: Montreux

text: In the 12th century, viticulture was introduced to the region, and the sunny slopes of the lake from Lavaux to Montreux became an important wine-growing region.


title: Montreux

text: The region was subject to various princes, most notably the princes of Savoy from the south side of the lake. They unified the territory which comprises the present canton of Vaud and were generally popular sovereigns.


title: Montreux

text: After the Burgundian Wars in the 15th century, the Swiss in Berne occupied the region without resistance, an indication of the weakness of the princes of Savoy. The Reformation made the region around Montreux and Vevey an attractive haven for Huguenots from Italy, who brought their artisanal skills and set up workshops and businesses.


title: Montreux

text: In 1798, Napoleon liberated the region from the Bernese. In the 19th century, the tourist industry became a major commercial outlet, with the grand hotels of Montreux attracting the rich and cultured from Europe and America.


title: Montreux

text: Starting in the 19th century there were three independent municipalities that shared a central authority. This county council was made up of four deputies from Le Châtelard, two from Les Planches and one from Veytaux. The church, the market hall of La Rouvenaz, the secondary school (the building was from 1872 and 1897) and the slaughter-house (1912) were all owned by the county council. Each municipality had its own taxes and a mayor. In 1962, the municipalities of Le Châtelard and Les Planches merged, while Veytaux remained independent.


title: Montreux

text: Baugy, Brent, Caux, Chailly-sur-Montreux, Chamby, Chaulin, Chêne, Chernex, Clarens, Collonge, Cornaux, Crin, Fontanivent, Glion, Jor, Le Châtelard, Les Avants, Les Planches, Mont-Fleuri, Pallens, Pertit, Planchamp, Sonzier, Tavel, Territet, Vernex, Villard-sur-Chamby and Vuarennes.


title: Montreux

text: The Köppen climate classification subtype for Montreux's climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).


title: Montreux

text: Montreux is twinned with the towns of Menton, France and Wiesbaden, Germany, and with the city of Chiba in Japan.


title: Oxytocin

text: Oxytocin is a hormone found in mammals. It is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide. It acts on the brain. In humans it is released during female reproduction, especially during and after childbirth.


title: Oxytocin

text: It has other effects. It encourages pair bonding, and parental behaviour. It is released during intimate moments during orgasms and even hugs. For this reason it is often called the 'love hormone'.


title: Oxytocin

text: Strange to say, the oxytocin released by the pituitary gland cannot reach the brain: it does have effects on the rest of the body. The reason is that there is a blood–brain barrier which prevents large molecules from getting into the brain. Instead, the hormone is produced by special nerve cells inside the brain.


title: Oxytocin

text: Oxytocin is also released through the use of recreational drugs like MDMA and some prescription anti-depressants.


title: Oxytocin

text: Oxytocin was the first polypeptide hormone to be sequenced and synthesized, by Vincent du Vigneaud and colleagues in 1953.


title: FreeBSD

text: FreeBSD is an operating system for many different kinds of computers. This means that if the user has a computer around the house and want to run FreeBSD on it, the user probably can. Computers that run Microsoft Windows will also run FreeBSD. It is based on BSD, the version of UNIX developed at the University of California, Berkeley.


title: FreeBSD

text: FreeBSD is open source. This means that anyone can download the source code and change, or learn from it. The people who work on FreeBSD do not usually get paid. They keep working on it because they enjoy it or want to become more experienced programmers.


title: FreeBSD

text: Most open source software that runs on Linux will run natively on FreeBSD without the need for any compatibility layer.


title: Becky Lynch

text: Rebecca Mary Lopez (ne'e Quinn) (; born 30 January 1987) is an Irish professional wrestler best known by her current ring name of Becky Lynch. She is currently signed to WWE on its SmackDown brand. She is the current WWE SmackDown Women's Champion. Before joining WWE, she was also known by the ring name Rebecca Knox.


title: Becky Lynch

text: Quin is previously known for her work in France-based professional wrestling promotion Queens of Chaos, where she is a former one-time World Queens of Chaos Champion which she won in 2006. She has also wrestled for England's One Pro Wrestling, Germany's German Stampede Wrestling, and Canada's SuperGirls Wrestling promotion (an offshoot of Extreme Canadian Championship Wrestling). In 2006, she wrestled for the Shimmer Women Athletes promotion, and was involved in a matches with Daizee Haze, which also included an well known two out of three falls match.


title: Becky Lynch

text: On 8 April 2013, it was reported that Quin had signed a two-year developmental contract with the WWE and moved to Florida to start at their developmental territory WWE NXT.


title: Becky Lynch

text: On 29 August, 2013, it was announced that her new ring name would be Becky Lynch. Lynch made her televised debut on the June 26, 2014 episode of "NXT" and defeated Summer Rae.


title: Becky Lynch

text: On the July 3 episode of "NXT", she teamed with Bayley in an losing effort to the BFFs (Charlotte and Sasha Banks) in a tag team match. Lynch would spend the next few months in non-title matches against Charlotte, where she lost three matches against her in a row. On the 23 October episode of NXT, Lynch would turn heel and would align with Sasha Banks by attacking Bayley.


title: American League

text: The American League (or AL) is one of the two leagues that make up Major League Baseball (MLB). The other is the National League (or NL). The American League is made up of 15 teams. At the end of each season, five of these teams go to the "post-season" where one will win the American League championship. The champions of the American League plays against the champions of the National League in the World Series. The team that wins the World Series is the champion of Major League Baseball. Teams in the American league usually play against other teams in the American league, except for a few games a year when they play National league teams. There are 3 Divisions of the American League: AL East, AL Central, and AL West.


title: American League

text: The only big difference between the American League and the National League is that the AL uses the "Designated Hitter" (or DH). The Designated Hitter is a player who does not play in the field, but is used to bat for the worst hitter in his team's "lineup" (usually the pitcher). The NL does not use the Designated Hitter, and all players in the "lineup" must bat and field for themselves. If the DH plays an NL game in an NL park, he often plays First Base if at all. If they play in an AL park, the NL can use a DH.


title: Governance

text: Governance is the term for the way a group of people such as a country do things. Many groups create a government to decide how things are to be done. Governance is different from politics. Politics deals with people with different ideas working together to create an agreement about what to do, and governance is doing what politics decided needed to be done.Governance is also how government decision making affects people in that nation.


title: JVKE

text: Jacob Lawson, best known as JVKE or Jake (born March 3, 2001), is an American singer and songwriter. He is known mainly for his TikTok skit videos, one of which made him go viral in 2021. The platform was where he started showing his production and making of his songs, mainly with his mother. In July 2022, Lawson announced his biggest song yet, named "Golden Hour". He announced a music video for the song two months later.


title: JVKE

text: Within a week of the songs release it became Lawson's first debut on the Billboard Hot 100 of which he topped at #71. His song also reached New Zealand of which it starred at #34 in the country.


title: JVKE

text: Lawson was born on March 3, 2001 to his mother a public school music teacher and his father a pastor Lawson is related to Zachary Lawson, his brother of which is a Grammy-nominated producer. At a early age, Lawson joined a Catholic school in his city and later joined his hometown´s public high school of which he graduated.


title: JVKE

text: In 2020, during the coronavirus quarantine JVKE and his family joined TikTok in the same year with his mother he announced the song "Upside Down." His song quickly blew up on the platform his following grew within it, the song is what the platform now considers a "Mega-Viral Song" the song went on to have a remix featuring Charlie Puth another growing artist at the time.


title: JVKE

text: In September 2021, Lawson announced not only a song but an entire album that he´d produce called "This is What Falling In Love Feels Like," The first song of the album was the namesake of the name of the album followed by many other songs which continued being produced onto 2022, The album blew up like Upside Down on TikTok this time reached a higher popularity with the app growing since 2020 by the millions.


title: JVKE

text: After the success of This is What Falling in Love Feels Like he announced Golden Hour in July and This is What Sadness Feels Feels Like to mark the one year anniversary of the album. A day later on 23 September 2022 he announced his debut album this is what ____ feels like From here Golden Hour started to get noticed by the general public, the song just from July to November ranked up nearly 25 million views his biggest hit yet.


title: Ram Baran Yadav

text: Ram Baran Yadav (born 4 February 1948) is a Nepalese politician and physician. He was the 1st President of Nepal following the declaration of a republic in 2008. He was president from 23 July 2008 to 29 October 2015.


title: Ram Baran Yadav

text: Yadav was Minister of State for Health in the 1991–1994 Nepali Congress government. He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1999.


title: Henry Purcell

text: Henry Purcell (born in Westminster, ; died in Westminster, 21 November 1695) was an English composer. Many musicians think he is the greatest English composer of all time. Although he only lived until he was 36, he wrote a large amount of music. His compositions include church music, instrumental music, music for the theatre, even popular drinking songs. He wrote the first English opera. He lived in the time called the Baroque period. He liked Italian and French music, and combined those styles to make something that was typically English.


title: Henry Purcell

text: We do not know very much about Purcell’s childhood. His mother’s name was Elizabeth. In 1664, Henry Purcell senior died and the widow took her children to live with her brother in law, Thomas Purcell, who was very kind to them. Thomas Purcell was a gentleman of the Chapel Royal which meant that he sang in the king’s choir. Soon Henry was singing in the Chapel Royal. This was the best musical training a boy could have in England. His teachers were Captain Henry Cooke, and then Pelham Humfrey. Henry sang in the choir until his voice broke in 1673. He was then given the job of looking after the king’s musical instruments.


title: Henry Purcell

text: Purcell may have been composing already when he was nine. We know that he wrote an ode for the King's birthday in 1670. When Humfrey died Purcell studied with the famous composer John Blow. He went to Westminster School. In 1676 he was made organist at Westminster Abbey. He started writing music for the theatre. He also wrote church music, including an anthem for a singer called John Gostling who had a very good, deep bass voice. Purcell wrote several anthems for him during his life. One is called "They that go down to the sea in ships". It goes down to a low D.


title: Henry Purcell

text: In 1680, Blow, who had been made organist of Westminster Abbey in 1669, resigned so that the 22-years-old Purcell could have his job. Purcell then spent the next six years just writing sacred (religious) music. Later he went back to writing music for the theatre, including the first English opera "Dido and Aeneas".


title: Henry Purcell

text: In 1682 Purcell became organist of the Chapel Royal. He did this job as well as being organist at Westminster Abbey. His first printed composition, "Twelve Sonatas", was published in 1683. Music printing was expensive in those days, so it was unusual to have something printed. He continued to write music including odes to the king and royal family. In 1685, he wrote two of his finest anthems, "I was glad" and "My heart is inditing", for the coronation of King James II.


title: Henry Purcell

text: In 1687 he wrote more "theatre music." Sometimes this music was for masques (a kind of ballet with some singing as well), sometimes it was music for tragedies, e.g. plays by Dryden. In 1691, he wrote "King Arthur", also written by Dryden. In 1692, he composed songs and music for "The Fairy-Queen" (an adaptation of Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream"). Purcell’s music for this was lost for many years, and was rediscovered and published in 1901. In these works the characters in the plays do not sing, they speak their lines.


title: Henry Purcell

text: Purcell's "Te Deum and Jubilate" was written for Saint Cecilia's Day, 1693, the first English "Te Deum" ever composed with orchestral accompaniment. He composed an anthem and two elegies for Queen Mary II's funeral.


title: Henry Purcell

text: He was very famous when he died in 1695, possibly from tuberculosis. His wife and two of his six children survived him.


title: Henry Purcell

text: Purcell is buried next to the organ in Westminster Abbey. His epitaph reads, "Here lyes Henry Purcell Esq., who left this life and is gone to that blessed place where only his harmony can be exceeded."


title: Henry Purcell

text: Purcell wrote a lot of music for the theatre. He was born one year before the time known in England as the “Restoration”. Before the Restoration Oliver Cromwell had been ruling England for nearly 20 years. Most music had been banned. People were therefore very glad to be able to make music again, and they wanted lots of songs and instrumental music in their plays. Opera, however, was not wanted. In Europe opera was very popular in countries such as Italy, Germany and France, but it did not become popular in England until Handel came to England in 1709 and introduced Italian opera.


title: Henry Purcell

text: "Dido and Aeneas" is an exception because it is a real opera: everything is sung, and the words are in English. It was written for a performance at a girls’ school. It is quite short, lasting just one hour. It contains the famous lament "When I am laid in earth" sung by Dido.


title: Henry Purcell

text: Purcell wrote a very large amount of music for the church. This includes anthems and service settings. Although he was an organist he wrote very little for organ. He wrote chamber music, including some very beautiful fantasias for viols.


title: Henry Purcell

text: Although Purcell was recognized as a great composer at the time he did not have much influence on other composers after his death. He was the last in a line of great English musicians in the 16th and 17th centuries. After his death English music was not as important as it had been. In the 18th century the music heard in England was largely imported from the continent, e.g. Italian opera.


title: Henry Purcell

text: Much later, in the 20th century, English composers were often inspired by Purcell’s music. Benjamin Britten wrote a piece called "The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra" which is based on a tune from Purcell's "Abdelazer". The aria "I know a bank" from Britten's opera "A Midsummer Night's Dream" is inspired by Purcell's aria "Sweeter than Roses". Sir Michael Tippett loved Purcell’s harmonies and rhythms and they influenced him in his compositions.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Kanglatongbi is a village in the Imphal West district of the Indian state of Manipur. As per the 2011 Population Census, the total population is 7,152. The average high temperature in Kanglatongbi is 24.3°C (75.7°F) and an average low-temperature of 6.3°C (43.4°F), January is the coldest month in Kanglatongbi.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Kanglatongbi is known for one of the fiercest battles of world war II, which was challenged by the Ordnance personnel of 221 Advance Ordnance Depot (AOD) between 6-7th April 1944 when the 15th Division of Japanese troops encompassed Imphal from the north to capture Imphal and the encircling areas.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Burma (Myanmar) in 1942 was seized by the Japanese Army after defeating the Commonwealth troops and established their strategic strength in Burma appropriating it as the “war-base” for the ‘attack’ on Imphal and Assam to contain the Chinese air forces across the Himalayas.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: At Kanglatongbi, a little yet settled positions of the 221 AOD corps set up hardened impediments against the propelling Japanese powers.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The situation of 221 AOD was not in any demeanor note from a strategic perspective and was exposed to the adversary from all sides and needed to depend on its soldier intrepidity for its defense.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: After the annihilation in Burma, the British armed force had withdrawn to Imphal in India since it was the most expedient route from Burma.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The British fortified the military foundation at Imphal by framing the 23rd Indian Division positioned in Manipur and new air-runways were developed.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The commonwealth armed forces were also augmented with enough armies and air force units, thereby making their primary healthcare, the general hospital utilitarian in late 1944.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Considering Imphal’s quintessential significance, the Japanese powers launched an attack in Manipur in the spring of 1944.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: They began bombarding Imphal, cut off a piece of the highway interface among Imphal-Dimapur road, and continued attacking over Imphal for more than a quarter of a year.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The fourteenth Army of the Commonwealth Forces battled furiously and copious difficulties of the Japanese powers were caused.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The attack of Imphal was lifted in the late spring of 1944, with the tough battle ending up on June 22, 1944, when British and Indian soldiers from Kohima and Imphal met at Milestone 109.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: For the Japanese armed forces, the prestige over Imphal, in the “wicked fields” was pricey concerning difficulties as almost 50,000 of their troopers losing their lives.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: It is deemed that during the Second World War, the number of deaths in Kohima and Imphal capitals in India, was about 65,000 Japanese soldiers while the British had lost 17,000 armies slaughtered, and injured, while the Allies endured 12,603 losses.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: On their failed mission to demolish the Allied powers at Imphal and attack India, the Japanese were crushed once more into Burma confronting hefty misfortunes.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Lt. Gen. Renya Mutaguchi had sacked the commanders of his divisions’ during the fight and consequently, he and Lt. Gen. Musaku Kawabe was dismissed of command subsequently.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The Battle of Kanglatongbi is one such battle faced during the battle of Imphal which shook the Japanese to retreat after losing thousands of their own.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: It has always been the biggest defeat in Japanese history with many of the Japanese soldiers losing life from starvation, disease, and exhaustion suffered during their departure.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: It is viewed as perhaps the most tumultuous skirmish of World War II resulting in the Japanese forces withdrawing.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Kanglatongbi is located at 24.9666° N, 93.8808° E in the extreme part of Eastern India, with an eminence of 2600 ft. above sea level.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The climatic condition is humid subtropical with dry, cool winter days and moderate hot monsoon season.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Temperatures in the summer average about 24 to 26°C to down 6.3°C (43.4°F) in the winter. The month of January is the coldest.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: It is surrounded by two rivers, the Kanglatongbi river to the east near Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Makhan, Senapati district, and Sekmai river to the west of the village.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Imphal city lies to the north, connected through Imphal-Dimapur national highway no. 2 and Kanglatongbi war-memorial on the south.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The village follows the civic administration of the city which is under Imphal Municipal Corporation, with its foremost district headquarters in Lamphelpat, Imphal, and sub-division in Lamshang.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Kanglatongbi is further subdivided into six wards and each ward is represented by respective members. The ward members are elected by the villagers.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The Panchayat is chaired by the president and vice-president of the village, known as Pradhan and Oopa-Pradhan.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The term of the elected delegates is of five years. Every five years, a general election takes place in the village. Villagers over the age of 21 can participate to vote.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The village strictly promotes women empowerment and reserves one-third of the seats for women candidates as well as scheduled castes and tribes.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Before the 2021 General Census, the total population of the village is 7152 people. Among them, 52% are female, and 48% are male.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The bulk of the population is from the general caste, 8% from the Scheduled caste and scheduled tribes.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The population has drastically increased by 65.3% between 2001 to 2011, with the reasonableness of a high accretion in the 2021 census of India.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The sex ratio in schedule caste is 1375, higher than the schedule tribe and the general caste at 1079 and 1115 respectively.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Each ward is directed by its ward member, they work hand-in-hand with the Pradhan and oopa-Pradhan to maintain and promote the village’s welfare, development, socio-economic enrichment, cultural and safety arrangements.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Additionally, the Pradhans and the ward members are also accountable for any sort of issues- reimbursement, thereby intensifying peace at all levels in the village.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Apart from the panchayat system, there is another kind of inner-village unit called the women society, a form of ensemble-driven by the women residents of the village who act to restrain, moderate, and resist any form of brutality in and throughout the society.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: There are several youth unions, an alliance of the young generation fellows, to treasure, preserve, and assist society by encouraging education, sports, and public safety.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The majority of the people living in the Kanglatongbi area are the Indian Gorkhas (also Gurkhas) who converse in Nepali, Hindi, Manipuri, and other local dialects.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The main religions are Hinduism and Christianity. 50% of the population are Hindus and the other 40% are Christians whereas the 10% are other inherited religions inhabited by the people of mixed-race.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Kanglatongbi is a diverse community, where individuals of distinctive ethnicity, religion, race, language, and beliefs bring a common interest, experience, and knowledge for the peace and welfare of the village.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The primary source of income is Agriculture. The majority of the villagers are farmers, small and medium business owners, and teachers.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: There has been rapid progress in many of the young generation and millennials to join the armed forces of India and that adds up to 1/4th of the population serving in the Indian Army and Para-military forces.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Most of the women in the Kanglatongbi village are housewives, teachers, small retail shop owners, and only one percent of the women population are employed in the Government sectors.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: With the recent invention of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005, an initiative by Raghuvansh Prasad Singh, Minister of Rural Development, most of the males and females in the society are taking a significant role in the improvement of the village toward infrastructure development.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Currently, Kanglatongbi village has one major public market, namely Kanglatongbi Bazaar Board, and the other being outside the jurisdiction of Village, called Sekmai Bazaar, in Sekmai.The weekly market which rotates around the KPI area occurs in Bazar Board every Saturday where people have the options of buying fresh vegetables, second-hand clothes, meat, and other essential commodities.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Kanglatongbi has one operating bank, Punjab National Bank, and one State Bank of India, ATM near Kanglatongbi, Mandir.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Kanglatongbi has one post office as the main branch. The Postal code or PIN of Kanglatongbi is 795136 and the post office is located near the Kanglatongbi Mandir.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The village hosts several events that allow the villagers to host many local and division tournaments in Hindi High School Football ground, near Vijayanagar.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The same ground is also used to host other functions and occasions, like music concerts, social gatherings, meetings, etc.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: There are numerous temples and few churches as the majority of the residents follow Hinduism however, that has nothing to do with any form of prejudice, class and other forms of anti-religion entropy as Kanglatongbi villagers are well-known for peace, integrity, and unison.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Every ward has its main temples, where major festivals like Durga Puja, Diwali, Makar Sankranti, and Krishna Janmashtami are celebrated.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The nearest airport is the Tulihal International Airport which is 30 kilometers and has direct flights to Guwahati, Kolkata, and New Delhi.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Kanglatongbi is connected by the main highway, national highway 2, also known as Imphal-Dimapur road.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The major transport service from Kanglatongbi to Imphal is the private and public buses, auto-rickshaws, and a mini-van service.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The only railway line that unites Manipur to other states of India is the Jiribam-Silchar railway which is due for construction.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The extension of the railway line is expected to be completed by 2022. If so ever, the distance from Kanglatongbi to Imphal railway station will be approximately 28 km.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The major sports venue is in the Hindi High school Football ground, a natural grass football ground where it is used mostly for football tournaments.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The most important tournament held is the “Khasi Tournament’, a local tournament organized every year by every village ward before the Durga pooja, the participating teams are six to ten and divided into team A and team B.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: This was the prize because of the so-called, Balli-day (the beheading of animals as a sacrifice, to offerings the Hindu goddesses) during the Durga Pooja festival, celebrated by the Hindus.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: However, with due respect to animal cruelty, and Animal welfare and rights in India, this practice of awarding khasi has been abolished by the seniors of the village.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Furthermore, the name “Khasi” was not renamed as the name has become popular and also the majority of the villagers are happy calling it, Khasi Tournament.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The other biggest tournament organized in a sequence of venue-selection is the All-Manipur Gorkha Football Tournament, held every year in the state of Manipur.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The uniqueness of this tournament is that only Gorkha players are allowed to participate, nonetheless making it a super round-robin football tournament.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Cricket is another game that is popular in Kanglatongbi. There are many local, inter-village tournaments going on every month.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Kanglatongbi villagers understand the importance of sports, and their respect for any form of games has always been the consequence of how rich, and amicable the community has to be affirmed.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: This has been possible due to the villagers, massive awareness of the importance of education in the current world.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Many well-known and impressive schools produce toppers, scholars, and exceptional education enthusiasts.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: There are many high schools in the villages, most of them are private institutions, and only one government-funded high school called Hindi High school, located at Vijayanagar, that produced many graduates, serving in the Indian Army.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: There are many private high schools as well as higher secondary schools affiliated to the Council of Higher Secondary Education, (COHSEM) Manipur, and Central Board of Secondary Education, (CBSE) India.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: There is also a non-profit Student organization knows as the All-Manipur Gorkha Students Union, administered by the Gorkhas of Manipur to magnify, safeguard, strengthen, sustain, and support students from any background in any social challenges and education.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The major hospital which serves the villagers in Kanglatongbi is the Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, (RIMS) Imphal which is 26 km away from the village.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The other primary health care services is Sekmai Primary Health Care, Sekmai. It is 5kms away from the main village.


title: Pump

text: Pumps need some kind of power, often kinetic energy, to make them work. Sometimes the power comes from a person. Sometimes the power comes from a motor.


title: Johnston Atoll

text: The island is named after Captain James Johnston, who discovered it in 1807. The island was mined for guano until 1890. After that, it was used as an army base.


title: Sriharikota

text: Sriharikota is a barrier island off the coast of the southern state of Andhra Pradesh in India. It houses India's only satellite launch centre in the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (also known as SHAR) and is used by the Indian Space Research Organisation to launch satellites using multi-stage rockets such as the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle.


title: Sriharikota

text: Sriharikota separates the Pulicat Lake from the Bay of Bengal, and is home to the town of Pulicat. It is in Sri Amarajeevi Potti Sri Ramulu Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh. The nearest town is Sullurpeta, which has the nearest railway station. The nearest business city is Sri City. It is also connected by expressways to Chennai.


title: Letter box

text: A letter box (or mail box) is a box or hole for receiving mail at a house or office. For collecting mail that is being sent, a post box is generally used instead.


title: Manila Sound

text: Manila Sound is a type of music that started in Manila, Philippines, from the last years of the 1960s to the middle of the 1970s. It is commonly known as the "bright side" of the time of President Ferdinand Marcos because of its cheerful words and was often used in protest to his dictatorship.


title: Manila Sound

text: This music type has affected all modern music types in the country as the beginner of Original Pilipino Music (OPM).


title: Manila Sound

text: Manila Sound was made famous by a folk rock band called Hotdog. Their songs: ""Ikaw Ang Miss Universe Ng Buhay Ko"" (or "You Are the Miss Universe Of My Life"), ""'Manila'"", and ""Beh Buti Nga""; had catchy melody phrases common to the music type. Later, the singer-songwriter, Freddy Aguilar, used the music type with his music to express the suffering of the people. His song, "Bayan Ko", was popular in protests.


title: Manila Sound

text: The music type is a mix of Filipino folk music and rock music added with some funk, light jazz, and disco, and is sung in both Tagalog and English languages.


title: Manila Sound

text: The lyrics are childlike and often humorous caused by the disco fever in that period and in contrast to the oppression by Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. It is sometimes described as "the marshmallow sound".


title: Violence against women

text: Violence against women (VAW in short), also called gender-based violence, is violent acts mostly against women and girls. It is sometimes considered a hate crime. The reason for that is such acts of violence are done against women and girls mainly because they're female.


title: Violence against women

text: The United Nations' Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women says: "violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power of relations between men and women."


title: Violence against women

text: Violence against women has several broad categories: rape, sexual harassment, domestic violence, sexual violence, forced marriage and female genital mutilation are among those categories.


title: Violence against women

text: On 11 May 2011, Council of Europe has adopted Istanbul Convention against domestic violence and violence against women.


title: Bill Burr

text: William Frederick Burr (born June 10, 1968) is an American comedian, writer and actor. He is the host of the "Monday Morning Podcast", and appeared in the AMC crime-drama show "Breaking Bad". In 2013, "The New York Times" wrote that Burr "has been one of the funniest, most distinctive voices in the country for years. He has released six stand-up specials.


title: Bill Burr

text: Burr was born in Canton, Massachusetts. His parents are of German and Irish ancestry. His father worked as a dentist. He married producer, director and screenwriter Nia Hill in 2013. Their daughter was born in 2017. As of May 2015, Burr is a licensed helicopter pilot and he has played the drums for a long time.


title: Bill Burr

text: "Rolling Stone" magazine called Burr "the undisputed heavyweight champ of rage-fueled humor." Burr often makes himself look like "that loud guy in the bar" with "uninformed logic." In an interview with the "The Boston Globe", Burr stated, "I'm the 'dude, bro' guy." He has also been known to not care about being politically correct."


title: Synesthesia

text: Synesthesia, or synaesthesia, is a condition where the brain mixes up the senses. People who have synesthesia are called synesthetes.


title: Synesthesia

text: Synesthesia is usually inherited (called congenital synesthesia), but exactly how people inherit it is unknown.


title: Synesthesia

text: Synesthesia is sometimes reported by people using psychedelic drugs, after a stroke, or during an epileptic seizure. It is also reported to be a result of blindness or deafness. Synesthesia that comes from events unrelated to genes is called adventitious synesthesia. This synesthesia results from some drugs or a stroke but not blindness or deafness. It involves sound being linked to vision or touch being linked to hearing.


title: Synesthesia

text: Synesthesia was investigated a lot in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but in the middle of the 20th century, it was less studied. Only recently has it been studied again in much detail.


title: Synesthesia

text: Some musicians and composers have a form of synesthesia that allows them to "see" music as colors or shapes. This is called chromethesia. Mozart is said to have had this form of synesthesia. He said that the key of D major had a warm "orangey" sound to it, while B-flat minor was blackish. A major was a rainbow of colors to him. This may explain why he wrote some of his music using different colors for different music notes, and why much of his music is in major keys.


title: Synesthesia

text: Another composer who had color-hearing was the Russian composer Alexander Scriabin. In 1907, he talked with another famous composer, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, who had synesthesia, and they both found that some musical notes made them think of certain colors. Scriabin worked with a man named Alexander Mozer who made a color organ.


title: Synesthesia

text: The same type of synesthesia may have different effects (pronounced and less pronounced) on different people.


title: Synesthesia

text: Synesthetes often say that they did not know their experiences were unusual until they found out that other people did not have them. Others report feeling as if they had been keeping a secret their entire lives. Most synesthetes consider their experiences a gift—a "hidden" sense. Most synesthetes find out in their childhood that they have synethesia. Some learn to apply it in daily life and work. For example, they might use their gift to memorize names and telephone numbers or do mental arithmetic. Many people with synesthesia use their experiences to help them be more creative, for example, in making drawings and music.


title: Synesthesia

text: More than 60 types of synesthesia have been reported, but only a small number have been studied by scientists.


title: Teresa Heinz

text: Teresa Heinz Kerry (born October 5, 1938) is a Portuguese-American businesswoman and philanthropist. She was born in Maputo, Mozambique to Portuguese parents. She is the wife of United States Senator John Kerry. She was previously married to former U.S. senator H. John Heinz III, until his death. She is a naturalized American citizen. She has breast cancer.


title: O Canada

text: Calixa Lavallée wrote the music; Adolphe-Basile Routhier wrote the words in French. It was first sung in French in 1880. Robert Stanley Weir wrote English words for the song in 1908.


title: O Canada

text: It was sung as the national anthem for many years before the government made it official on 1 July (Canada Day) in 1980.


Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the fifth book in the "Harry Potter" series by J.K. Rowling. The book was released on 21 July 2003. It is about Harry's his fifth year at Hogwarts school of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Lord Voldemort has come back. Except for Albus Dumbledore, most people do not believe him. A movie based on the book was released in 2007.


title: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix

text: The fifth book deals with Harry trying to make everyone else realise that Lord Voldemort has come back. Dumbledore, the Order, and Harry's friends are the only people that believe that he has returned. At the end of the book, Harry, Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger, and some of their friends go to the Ministry of Magic (the headquarters of the people who lead the magical world) because Harry thinks his godfather is in danger. It turns out it was a trick using mind magic, and his godfather (Sirius Black), is murdered by Bellatrix Lestrange. They are attacked by some of their enemies. At the end, Voldemort comes, but Dumbledore saves Harry from him, and all the other wizards see Voldemort and know Harry is telling the truth. Harry is then returned to Hogwarts where Dumbledore tells him everything that he needs to know about the prophecy and why Voldemort tried to murder him when he was a child.


title: Tawaret

text: In ancient Egyptian mythology, Tawaret (also "Taweret) "was the demon-wife of Apep, the first god of evil. She was often shown as a hippopotamus. Because female hippos are aggressive to protect their young, pregnant women wore amulets of Tawaret to protect their pregnancies.


title: Tawaret

text: Tawaret was a very popular goddess in the first Dynasty. She was, overall, the goddess who protected women during childbirth and pregnancy. In ancient Egypt, it was believed that if you wanted to live through childbirth it was necessary to pray to Tawaret.


title: Sanitation

text: Sanitation means dealing with human waste (feces and urine) safely . It also includes ways to maintain hygiene by disposing of garbage, treating wastewater and managing hazardous waste. Sanitation is important because it helps prevent the spread of germs and diseases. In past centuries it meant "health" and later "cleanliness".


title: Sanitation

text: In poor countries, many people have poor sanitation because they do not have good toilets. They also do not have good sewage systems. In developed countries, people usually have good sanitation because they have a sewage system to filter disease and toxins from the water. The use of toilets protects the health of a community by keeping germs out of the environment.


title: Sanitation

text: There are also other types of toilets that are more economical, better for the environment, and do not need big sewer systems or wastewater treatment plants. Examples are dry toilets and twin-pit pour-flush toilets (of which many have been installed in India).


title: Jockey

text: A jockey is a person who rides horses in horse races. Most jockeys have to be under a certain weight and/or height, so they would not be too heavy on the horse.


title: Young Thug

text: Jeffrey Lamar Williams (born August 16, 1991), better known by his stage name Young Thug, is an American rapper and singer based in Atlanta, Georgia. He is signed to 1017 Records. Williams grew up to prominence in 2013 after releasing his mixtape "1017 Thug" to critical acclaim. He has collaborated with artists such as Gucci Mane, Rich Homie Quan, and Gunna.


title: Margo (actress)

text: Margo (born María Marguerita Guadalupe Teresa Estela Bolado Castilla y O'Donnell, May 10, 1917 – July 17, 1985) was a Mexican-American actress and dancer. She appeared in many movies and television shows. She was best known for her roles in "Lost Horizon" (1937), "The Leopard Man" (1943), "Viva Zapata!" (1952), and "I'll Cry Tomorrow" (1955).


title: SIMATIC

text: SIMATIC is the name of an automation system which was developed by the German company Siemens. The automation system controls machines used for industrial production. This system makes it possible for machines to run automatically. Depending on the needed function of the machine you have to upload the right program on your Simatic unit. This unit is kept in a control cabinet near the machine.


title: SIMATIC

text: Simatic is similar to a digital computer which can store and run programs. The Simatic also has some inputs and outputs. The running program on the Simatic controls these inputs and outputs. Both are connected by electrical wires with the machine. That makes a communication between the Simatic and any machine possible. As the case may be the inputs and outputs are set on a “High” signal or on a “Low” signal by the program. These are different electrical definitions. Finally these signals are important if an action in the machine happens or not.


title: SIMATIC

text: In the machine, there are sensors. A sensor gives information about different situations in the machine. For example, how fast the motor rotates, what the temperature is or when the current action is completed. All this information is necessary for the program. The sensors give out an electrical signal, each signal goes by wire on an input of the Simatic unit. So the program knows what´s going on in the machine. This is very important, because now the program can perform the next correct step in its sequence. For example, if the temperature of the motor is too high, the program has to know it. Now the program will switch off the motor.


title: SIMATIC

text: In the machine, there are actuators. They cause a wanted motion, action or forming. Examples for actuators are a motor, a heater or a light. If the program says that it´s time to switch on the light in the machine, the right output of the Simatic unit will be set. That means that an electrical signal at the output goes by wire to the machine and switches on the light.


title: SIMATIC

text: The name Simatic is a registered trademark of the company Siemens, since 1958. Simatic connects “Siemens” and “Automatic” in one word.


title: SIMATIC

text: Every automation system needs a program to control a machine. To create a program you need a software. Siemens created their own software for their products.


title: Douglas Hurd

text: Douglas Richard Hurd, Baron Hurd of Westwell (born 8 March 1930) is a British Conservative politician. He served in the governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major from 1979 to 1995.


title: Douglas Hurd

text: He was born in the market town of Marlborough in Wiltshire. Hurd first entered Parliament in February 1974 as MP for the Mid Oxfordshire constituency (Witney from 1983). His first government post was as Minister for Europe from 1979 to 1983 (being that office's inaugural holder) and he served in several Cabinet roles since 1984.


title: Douglas Hurd

text: His jobs include Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (1984–85), Home Secretary (1985–89) and Foreign Secretary (1989–95). He stood unsuccessfully for the Conservative Party leadership in 1990, but retired from frontline politics during a Cabinet reshuffle in 1995.


title: Douglas Hurd

text: In 1997, Hurd was elevated to the House of Lords and is one of the Conservative Party's most senior elder statesmen. He is a patron of the Tory Reform Group and remains an active figure in public life.


title: Avant-garde

text: Avant-garde (pronounced ) in French means "front guard", "advance guard", or "vanguard". The term is commonly used in French, English, and German for people or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly in the areas of art, culture, and politics.


title: Ilse Koch

text: Ilse Koch (22 September 1906 – 1 September 1967), was the wife of Karl-Otto Koch. (Before getting married, Koch's maiden name was Margarete Ilse Köhler.) During World War II, Karl-Otto Koch was the "Commandant" (commander) of the Nazi concentration camps at Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald, and finally Majdanek. In 1947, Ilse Koch became one of the first important Nazis to be tried by the United States Military.


title: Ilse Koch

text: Mass media around the world covered Ilse Koch's trial. People who had survived the Buchenwald and Majdanek camps talked about how she enjoyed abusing prisoners at the camps. For example, they said she used to like beating prisoners with her riding crop, and that she used to make prisoners do exhausting exercise because she liked watching them suffer. In Germany after the war, Koch was seen as "the concentration camp murderess." She was accused of having prisoners with interesting tattoos murdered so she could take their skin as souvenirs.


title: Ilse Koch

text: The prisoners at the concentration camps called Koch "Die Hexe von Buchenwald" ("The Witch of Buchenwald") because of she would act cruelly and sexually towards prisoners at the same time. In English, she has also been called "The Beast of Buchenwald," the "Queen of Buchenwald," the "Red Witch of Buchenwald," the "Butcher Widow," and, most often, "The Bitch of Buchenwald."


title: Ilse Koch

text: Koch was born Margarete Ilse Köhler on 22 September 1906 in Dresden, Germany. Her father was a factory foreman. In elementary school, she was known as a polite and happy child. At age 15, she started school to become an accountant. Later, she went to work as a bookkeeping clerk. Germany's economy had been ruined when Germany lost World War I, and at the time that Koch worked in bookkeeping, the economy still had not recovered.


title: Ilse Koch

text: In 1932, Koch became a member of the Nazi Party, which was getting more and more popular. Through some friends in the "Sturmabteilung" (SA) and "Schutzstaffel" (SS), she met Karl-Otto Koch in 1934. They got married two years later.


title: Ilse Koch

text: In 1936, Koch began working as a guard and secretary at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp near Berlin, which her fiance, Karl-Otto, commanded. They got married the same year. In 1937, Koch went to Buchenwald when Karl-Otto was made Commandant there. While at Buchenwald, Koch helped with an experiment by picking out tattooed prisoners to be murdered and skinned, so the tattooed parts of their skin could be kept. Koch later said she did this to help a prison doctor, Erich Wagner, in his study of tattooing and crime.


title: Ilse Koch

text: In 1940, Koch built an indoor sports arena, which cost over 250,000 reichsmarks (equal to about $62,500 at the time). She had stolen most of this money from prisoners at the camp. In 1941, Karl-Otto Koch was transferred to Lublin, where he helped create the Majdanek concentration and extermination camp. Ilse Koch stayed at Buchenwald until 24 August 1943. On that day, she and her husband were arrested. The Kochs were charged with embezzlement; stealing huge amounts of money and valuables from prisoners to make themselves rich; and murdering prisoners to keep them from talking about what the Kochs were doing.


title: Ilse Koch

text: Ilse Koch was put in prison until 1944, when she was found not guilty because there was not enough evidence against her. However, her husband was found guilty and sentenced to death by an SS court in Munich. He was shot to death in Buchenwald in April of 1945.


title: Ilse Koch

text: After her husband was executed, Ilse Koch went to live with her surviving family in the town of Ludwigsburg. She was arrested there by United States officials on 30 June 1945.


title: Ilse Koch

text: Koch and 30 other Nazis were arraigned before the American military court at Dachau in 1947. She was charged with "participating in a criminal plan for aiding, abetting and participating in the murders at Buchenwald." This meant she had been part of a plan to murder people at Buchenwald, and had helped with the murders in some way.


title: Ilse Koch

text: In the courtroom, Koch said that she was pregnant. She was telling the truth; she was eight months pregnant. Koch already had a reputation for having sex with many different men. The Buchenwald Report said there were rumors that Koch was having relationships with Waldemar Hoven, the chief medical doctor at Buchenwald, and Hermann Florstedt, the Deputy Commandant, at the same time. In his book "Innocent at Dachau," the Dachau tribunal court reporter, Joseph Halow, wrote that rumors said Koch had relationships with many SS officers, and even with some of the prisoners at the Buchenwald concentration camp. Still, Koch's pregnancy surprised the court because she was 41 years old at the time. She was also being kept by herself in prison, and saw no men except the Americans who questioned her; most of them were Jewish. In his book, Halow also says he was shocked to learn that Koch may have turned to other men because her husband was a homosexual. Records at Buchenwald showed that he had been treated for syphilis.


title: Ilse Koch

text: On 19 August 1947, Koch was sentenced to life in prison for "[breaking] the laws and customs of war."


title: Ilse Koch

text: On 8 June 1948, General Lucius D. Clay, the temporary military governor of the American Zone in Germany, decreased Koch's life sentence to four years in prison. He gave the reason that "there was no convincing evidence that she had selected inmates for [murder] in order to secure tattooed skins, or that she [had anything] made of human skin."


title: Ilse Koch

text: News of the change in Koch's sentence did not become public until 16 September 1948. Many people were furious about the change, but General Clay did not change his mind.


title: Ilse Koch

text: Because people were so upset about her lighter sentence, Koch was re-arrested in 1949 and tried before a West German court. The trial started on 27 November 1950 and lasted seven weeks. During this time, 250 witnesses testified, including 50 who defended Koch. Koch collapsed and had to be carried from the court in late December 1950, and again on 11 January 1951. At least four separate witnesses for the prosecution testified either that they had seen Koch choose tattooed prisoners, who were then killed; or that they had seen or helped make human-skin lampshades from tattooed skin. However, prosecutors dropped this charge when they could not prove lampshades or any other items were actually made from human skin.


title: Ilse Koch

text: On 15 January 1951, the Court gave its verdict in a 111 page-long decision. Koch was not in court for the verdict. The Court decided that it could still try Koch, even though she had already been tried in 1944 and 1947, because it was charging her with different crimes than the other trials did. Because of this, trying Koch again would not be double jeopardy. Koch was convicted of charges of incitement (encouraging others) to murder, attempt to murder, and hurt other people badly. On 15 January 1951 , Koch was sentenced to life in prison, and her civil rights were taken away forever.


title: Ilse Koch

text: Koch appealed the Court's decision, but the appeal was denied on 22 April 1952 by the Federal Court of Justice of Germany. Koch later tried several times to get a pardon. However, the Bavarian Ministry of Justice refused all of her requests. Koch also protested her life sentence to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, but got no help from them.


title: Ilse Koch

text: Karl and Ilse Koch had a son named Artwin and two daughters named Gisele and Gudrun (Gudrun died as a baby). Their son killed himself after the war. Ilse Koch had another son, Uwe, conceived in her prison cell at Dachau by an unknown father. Uwe was born in the Aichach women's prison near Dachau where Koch was sent to serve her life sentence. Right away, he was taken away from her. At the age of 19, Uwe Köhler learned that Koch was his mother and began visiting her regularly at Aichach.


title: Ilse Koch

text: Koch killed herself at Aichach prison on 1 September 1967, at age 60, by hanging herself with her bedsheets.


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: A cable-stayed bridge is a bridge that has one or more columns (called "towers" or "pylons"), with cables directly supporting the bridge deck.


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: There are two main types of cable-stayed bridges. In the "harp" design, the cables are nearly parallel. This is done by attaching them to various points on the tower(s). The height of attachment of each cable on the tower is similar to the distance from the tower along the roadway to its lower attachment. In a "fan" design, the cables all connect to or pass over the top of the tower(s).


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: Compared to other bridge types, the cable-stayed is best for longer spans than used for cantilever bridges, and shorter than those needing a suspension bridge. Cantilever spans become too heavy if they were made longer. A cable-stay bridge is cheaper to build than a suspension bridge over a short distance.


title: Gareth Southgate

text: Gareth Southgate (born 3 September 1970) is an English professional football manager and former player. He is currently managing the England men's national football team. As a player, he played as defender.


title: Bhima

text: Bhima (, IAST: Bhīma) is the second son of the Pandavas. The "Mahabharata" has many events which shows the strength of Bhima. Bhima is responsible for killing all hundred Kaurava brothers in the Kurukshetra War. He was considered to have the physical strength of around 10,000 elephants.


title: Political virtues

text: The political virtues were listed by Bernard Crick "In Defense of Politics", 1982. They included but were not limited to:


title: Political virtues

text: He sees these virtues as a way of avoiding ideology or "absolute-sounding ethic". More virtues will lead to less conflict. None of them can be forced on anyone.


title: Political virtues

text: and compassion. "Being brief" or "being positive" are sometimes claimed also to be virtues, but just as many people think they are bad things that only help avoid truth or serious problems.


title: Chanakya

text: Chanakya ( "", ; c. 350-283 BCE) was an adviser and a prime minister to Chandragupta Maurya (c. 340-293 BCE). Chanakya helped Chandragupta create the Maurya Empire. Chanakya is considered a pioneer (someone who explores a new area) in economics. He wrote about economics a very long time before Ibn Khaldun.


title: Chanakya

text: Shloka 1- नात्यन्तं सरलैर्भाव्यं गत्वा पश्य वनस्थलीम् ।छिद्यन्ते सरलास्तत्र कुब्जास्तिष्ठन्ति पादपाः ॥


title: Chanakya

text: English- Do not be very upright in your dealings, as you would see in forest, the straight trees are cut down while the crooked ones are left standing.


title: Chanakya

text: Shloka 2- कः कालः कानि मित्राणि को देशः कौ व्ययागमौ ।कश्चाहं का च मे शक्तिरिति चिन्त्यं मुहुर्मुहुः ॥


title: Chanakya

text: English- Consider again and again the following: the right time, the right friends, the right place, the right means of income, the right ways of spending, and from whom you derive your power.


title: Chanakya

text: English- He who gives up what is imperishable for that which is perishable, loses that which is imperishable; and doubtlessly loses that which is perishable also.


title: Chanakya

text: English- Greatness comes from good qualities and not from a high position. A crow doesn’t become a Garuda (the chief of the feathered race) just by sitting on the top of a palace.


title: Chanakya

text: Shloka 5- अतिरुपेनावे सिता: अतिगर्वेना उर्वशि अतिदानथा कर्ण पुरुश-श्रेष्ठ निष्पाप सरसवति नारद याति बखान| स्वर्गारोहन परिषेवते सम्राट| अत:पुरुषोत्तम रघुराम, अनाघ याति अयोध्या मे रामराज्य|


title: Chanakya

text: English- There can be no beautiful and compassionate woman like Sita. There can be no beautiful but proudy woman like Urvashi. There can be no man like Karna, the supremest of all men(पुरुश-श्रेष्ठ).


title: Chanakya

text: His glories and heroism has been narrated by Narada and Saraswati and eventually he attains the highest goal of a human and unites with his brothers in heaven and becomes the king of the Swarga. There can be no great men like Rama, the purushottam himself. He is sinless and eventually he also becomes the king of Ayodhya and brings Ram-Rajya on earth.


title: Chanakya

text: English- Knowledge is the most powerful tool in this world. Gyaanis are always respected in this world no matter what. Despite their clans were destroyed, Bali, Krishna and Ravana still have their names in this world because of their 'Gyaan'.


title: Chanakya

text: He is generally called Chanakya (taken from his father's name "Chanak") but, in his capacity as author of the "Arthaśhāstra", is generally referred to as Kautilya derived from his gotra's name "KOTIL"(Kautilya means "of Kotil"). He believed in four ways: Treating with Equality, Enticement, Punishment or War and Sowing disagreement. The "Arthaśhāstra" identifies its author by the name Kautilya, except for one verse which refers to him by the name Vishnugupta. One of the earliest Sanskrit literatures to explicitly identify Chanakya with Vishnugupta was Vishnu Sarma's "Panchatantra" in the 3rd century BC.


title: Sonar

text: Sonar is a machine that uses underwater sound waves to find other objects in the sea. A sonar can work by sending out sound and listening for echoes (active sonar), like a radar, or by listening for sound made by the object it is trying to find (passive sonar).


title: Sonar

text: The first use of passive sonar was in 1490 by Leonardo da Vinci, when he put a tube onto water and listened. Active sonar was first used in 1917 by Paul Langevin. The word "SONAR" was created during the Second World War as an acronym for Sound Navigation and Ranging. This acronym replaced the British acronym ASDIC. The word is now thought by many people as a regular word, no longer as an acronym.


title: Gecko

text: Geckos are small to middle size lizards. There are 1196 different species of geckos, mostly in the suborder Gekkota. They live in many warm countries and usually are active during the night. Some kinds of geckos live in people's houses. "Hemidactylus frenatus" is the common house gecko. People are often happy to have them, because geckos eat many insects.


title: Gecko

text: Unlike most lizards, geckos have voices. A gecko sounds a little like a bird or a frog. In some languages, these lizards have names that sound like their calls, for example, both English and Indonesian call one kind gecko (gek-KO) and tokay (to-KAY). Another kind of gecko, with a different sound, is called chicak (CHEE chak).


title: Gecko

text: Geckos have no eyelids. Instead, they have a clear membrane (skin) over their eyes. They lick the membrane clean with their tongues. Like most lizards, they can regenerate their tail if they need to. Their tail also helps them balance and store fat. Geckos also shed their skin, like many other reptiles. Geckos are also able to replace their teeth every few months.


title: Gecko

text: Geckos can walk on trees, walls, windows, and ceilings. Geckos' feet form a molecular bond with the surface that they are walking on in order to "stick" to the surface. This force is called van der Waal's force.They can do this because they have special toe pads. A microscope shows that each toe pad is made of thousands of hair-like structures called setae. Each of these structures branches into many smaller ends called spatulae. The rest of their skin is also covered in extremely small hairs, which make it hard for a gecko to get wet. Gecko skin can also kill bacteria.


title: Brahman

text: Brahman is the Ultimate Reality of Universe in Hinduism. It is a Sanskrit language word. Brahman is said to be infinite, with no beginning or end. Brahman is changeless and is the source of the universe in Hindu beliefs.


title: Priapulida

text: Priapulida (priapulid or penis worms) are a phylum of marine worms. Their name refers to their extensible spiny proboscis, which, in some species, may have a shape similar to that of a human penis. They live in the mud, which they eat, in comparatively shallow waters up to .


title: Priapulida

text: Their nearest relatives are probably Kinorhyncha and Loricifera with which they constitute the taxon Scalidophora. Besides arthropods and velvet worms, the priapulids are the only members of the Ecdysozoa which are relatively large in size. They feed on slow-moving invertebrates, such as polychaete worms.


title: Priapulida

text: Priapulid fossils are known at least as far back as the Middle Cambrian. They were probably major predators of the Cambrian period. There are only sixteen known living species of priapulid worms.


title: Shaving

text: Shaving is removing hair from the face or other body part with a razor. Some people do not shave the chin, this is called a goatee beard. Other men do not shave the upper lip, this is called a mustache.


title: It Must Have Been Love

text: "It Must Have Been Love" is a song by Roxette. It was released in 1987 and again in 1990. This song reached #1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in June 1990. The song is about a breakup on a day in winter.


title: Clermont-Ferrand

text: Clermont-Ferrand is a "commune" in the Puy-de-Dôme department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in central-southern France.


title: Clermont-Ferrand

text: It is the prefecture of the department and the capital of the "arrondissement" of Clermont-Ferrand and the historical capital of the region of Auvergne.


title: Clermont-Ferrand

text: The modern city was born from the union of two separate towns, Clermont and Montferrand. This union has been imposed by Louis XIII in 1630 (Edict of Troyes) and was confirmed by Louis XV.


title: Clermont-Ferrand

text: While Montferrand was founded in the early twelfth century by the Counts of Auvergne on the model of fortified cities in the Southwest, Clairmont is much older, as it existed in ancient times. The earliest mention of the existence of Clairmont contained in the work of Strabo, the early first century. The city was then known Nemossos described as a "metropolis of Arvernes." She later took the name of Augustonemetum then Arverni.


title: Clermont-Ferrand

text: To the west of Clermont-Ferrand, there is a plateau where is the "Chaîne des Puys", a chain of dormant volcanoes including the "Puy de Dôme". To the north of the city is the plain de "Limage", a large plain in the Auvergne region in the valley of the Allier river.


title: Clermont-Ferrand

text: The climate of Clermont-Ferrand is an oceanic climate, Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate) in the Köppen climate classification.


title: Clermont-Ferrand

text: The average temperature for the year in Clermont-Ferrand, at an altitude of , is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .


title: Clermont-Ferrand

text: The average amount of precipitation for the year in Clermont-Ferrand is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is January with an average of .


title: Clermont-Ferrand

text: Clermont-Ferrand forms, together with other 16 "communes", the urban area of Clermont-Ferrand with a population of 264,704 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Clermont-Ferrand, formed by 184 "communes", with a population of 475,694 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .


title: Clermont-Ferrand

text: Clermont-Ferrand is the prefecture of the Puy-de-Dôme department since 1790. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Clermont-Ferrand and the administrative centre () of six cantons:


title: Valais

text: It is near the valley of the Rhone River from its springs to Lake Geneva, that separates Pennine Alps from the Bernese Alps. The canton is one of the drier parts of Switzerland in its central Rhone valley. It is also one of most well-watered parts, having large amounts of snow and rain up on the highest peaks in Switzerland. It is perhaps best known worldwide for the Matterhorn.


title: Valais

text: The canton of Valais is in the south of Switzerland. To its south is Italy, to the southwest France. To the north the canton there are the Swiss cantons of Vaud and Bern; the cantons of Uri and Ticino lie to its east.


title: Valais

text: The wide, icy Rhone valley dominates the area. There are many side valleys off the main valley. At the head of the Mattertal valley is Zermatt, a pretty tourist village dominated by views of the Matterhorn (4,478 m). Fifty of the mountains are more than 4,000m high, with the highest, Monte Rosa, that reaches to 4,638m (15,217 ft), and there are many glaciers.


title: Valais

text: The Rhône drains the main valley from east to west up to Martigny, Switzerland, then in a right angle north to its mouth in the Lake Geneva. After the small town of Saint-Maurice, the northern banks of the river belong to the canton of Vaud. The main valley is between the Bernese Alps in the north and the Pennine Alps in the south. Only about half of the total area is considered productive.


title: Valais

text: King Rudolph III of Burgundy gave the area to the Bishop of Sion in 999, and made him Count of the Valais. The count-bishops had to defend their area against the dukes of Savoy.


title: Valais

text: in 1474 was the Battle of Planta, a place near the capitale Sion. The Bishop of Sion and the people of the Sieben Zenden, beat the Duke of Savoy. The Battle of Planta is a part of the Burgundy War.


title: Valais

text: In 1628 the Valais became a republic, the "République des Sept Dizains / Republik der Sieben Zenden" but the bishop remained in power until Napoleon's troops invaded the Valais and created the "République du Valais" on March 16, 1798 but on May 1, 1798, the Valais became part of the Helvetic Republic and became independent again in 1802 as the "Rhodanic Republic".


title: Valais

text: Valais became independent again in 1813 and on August 4, 1815 decided to join the Swiss confederation as a canton (state).


title: Valais

text: In 1845, the Valais joined the Catholic separatist league ("Sonderbund"), but never fought federal troops when other members of the league started fighting in 1847.


title: Valais

text: Wine production and tourism are some of the main industries of the canton. The Matterhorn near Zermatt is one of the biggest tourist attractions in the Swiss mountains, as is its sister valley immediately east Saas Fee. Other parts of the mountains of the canton farther west are popular as well, such as the more French speaking resorts near Verbier and the Evolene & Arolla region. The resorts on the north side of the main Rhone river valley are popular, looking out southwards towards the Peninne Alps and still part of the southern slope of the Bernese Alps, such as the family oriented resort of Crans-Montana. The resorts in the Goms region are slightly less known, yet also receive attention during the summer hiking season and the winter ski season.


title: Valais

text: Apart from tourism, agriculture is still important, particularly cattle breeding in the mountains and dairy farming in the plains. The wine industry of the canton is the largest in Switzerland. There are also a large number orchards in the area, and saffron is also gathered here.


title: Valais

text: The most industrial western region of the canton is called Chablais. The area is very important for the economy. There are a lot of factories, the most important are the subsidiaries of Novartis and Syngenta, in Monthey. In the town of Collombey, there is an oil refinery.


title: Valais

text: Near Visp there is a large plant of aluminium manufacturing. Other metal products and chemicals are produced around Visp and Sierre.


title: Valais

text: Despite the thriving tourist industry, high level of infrastructure, and the many vineyards, canton Valais is still one of the poorest of the Swiss cantons, and not near the rich banking/financial cantons. A large portion of the canton's land and houses are now owned by foreigners.


title: Valais

text: A small airport is at Sion, but the main routes of transport are rail and road. Both networks are large and benefit from tourism. Many of the road passes are well known, such as the Grimsel Pass. The longest land tunnel in the world, the Lötschberg Base Tunnel, will soon be working, in late 2007 perhaps, connecting by rail the town of Frutigen in canton Bern, with the town of Visp in canton Valais/Wallis. This is to better spread car traffic in the highly scenic Kandertal, and also to provide faster transport through the Bernese Alps from the populous Mittelland in the north to the southern canton of Valais. Cars may be loaded onto the trains as freight.


title: Valais

text: Valais is mostly French speaking. The eastern part of the canton Upper Valais, however, speaks Walliser German. The French speaking population makes up a two-thirds of the population.


title: Valais

text: The people of the canton are spread thinly. The largest towns are the capitals Sion ("Sitten"), Sierre and Brig. There is no major city in the canton. Most of the population is Roman Catholic.


title: Tajik people

text: Tajiks ( "Tājīk") are a Persian-speaking Iranian ethnic group who are mostly found in what is now Tajikistan, including in parts of Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and China. Alternative names for the Tajiks are (Eastern) Persian, Dehqan, and Farsiwan. After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, some Tajik refugees escaped to live in neighboring Iran and Pakistan. Most Tajiks are Sunni Muslims, but a few in remote mountain areas follow Shia Islam alongside pockets in cities such as Herat and Kabul.


title: Tajik people

text: The name "Tajik" being used for this group of people began in the early 20th century by the Russians. Before that, they were called "Sarts". The name "Tajik" refers to the traditionally sedentary people who speak a form of Persian language called "Tajiki" in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, and officially called "Dari" in Afghanistan.


title: Tajik people

text: It is generally accepted that the origin of the word "Tajik" is Middle Persian "Tāzīk" "Arab" (New Persian: "Tazi"), or an Iranian (Sogdian or Parthian) cognate word. Some Turks of Central Asia adopted a variant of this word, "Täžik", to designate the Persian Muslims in the Oxus basin and Khorasan, who were the Turks' rivals.