title: Kreisfreie stadt

text: The name kreisfreie Stadt (plural: "kreisfreie Städte") is used for German towns that have their own government. This town government is independent of the government of the next-higher level of authority, the "Landkreis". Today, most of the cities that have this statute, are big cities, with 100.000 people living there, or more. The concept grew historically. That means that there are big cities, with more than 100.000 people that do not have the statute. There are also some cities who have only taken a part of the responsibilities of a Landkreis (or Kreis). The smallest city with the statute is Zweibrücken. About 35.000 people live there. The biggest of these cities is Munich, with about 1.3 million people. Hamburg and Berlin are bigger. They are city states, though. The city state of Bremen (state) is made of two "kreisfreie Städte", the city of Bremen, and the city of Bremerhaven, about 60 km to the north. About half a million people live in Bremen (1.5 million in the agglomeration), about 117.000 people live in Bremerhaven.


title: Kreisfreie stadt

text: But not every big city with more than 100.000 inhabitants is a "kreisfreie Stadt". Some of them, for example Recklinghausen or Göttingen (both more 120.000 inhabitants) are part of a "Landkreis".


title: Kreisfreie stadt

text: There are very few cities, who only took part of the paperwork from the Landkreis. Some of these are called "Große selbständige Stadt" (Translates to "Big sovereign city"). They only seem to exist in Lower Saxony. They are:


title: Kreisfreie stadt

text: Celle, Cuxhaven, Goslar, Hameln, Hildesheim, Lingen, and Lüneburg. Things like hunting permits cannot be delegated to the cities. Other things, like what to do with the trash have sometimes been delegated.


title: Kreisfreie stadt

text: Similar concepts to that of the "kreisfreie Stadt" are Unitary authorities in the United Kingdom, or that of "independent city" in the United States.


title: Anti-abortion movement

text: The Anti-abortion movement is a group of people who believe that human life begins at conception and that the life of unborn children should be protected. Consequently, they oppose abortion, in some or all cases. As they favor the life of the unborn, they are also called pro-life. In 1960, there were the oral contraception pills and the sexual revolution started. The anti-abortion movement started in the early 1970s in the United States. The other movement that believes women should have a choice whether to end a pregnancy is called pro-choice.


title: Sustainable energy

text: It involves both energy efficiency and renewable energy. Both resources help to stabilize and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.


title: Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany

text: Prince Frederick Augustus, Duke of York and Albany, was born on August 16, 1763. He was the second son of George III. He was the heir to the throne from 1820 to his death.


title: Contras

text: The contras is the name given to the rebel groups that were active from 1979 through to the early 1990s. They were against the Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction government in Nicaragua. Among the separate contra groups, the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN) emerged as the largest by far. In 1987, virtually all contra organizations were united, at least nominally, into the Nicaraguan Resistance.


title: Arbaeen

text: Arbaeen (, "forty"), Chehelom (, , "the fortieth [day]") or Qirkhi, Imamin Qirkhi (, "the fortieth of Imam") is a Shia Muslim religious observance that occurs forty days after the Day of Ashura. It honors the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad. Imam Husayn ibn Ali and 72 companions were killed by Yazid I's army in the Battle of Karbala in 61 AH (680 CE). Arbaeen or forty days is also the usual length of mourning in many Muslim traditions. Arbaeen is one of the largest pilgrimage gatherings on Earth. Millions of people go to the city of Karbala in Iraq. The pilgrims include Shia, Sunnis, Christians, Yazidi and other faiths.


title: Anti-abortion movement

text: People who are anti-abortion say that all humans, including the unborn, have a right to live. They say that having a human genome is enough for a developing organism to be called a living human being. Others say that an organism should be identified as a living human once a heartbeat has been detected. Pro-lifers say that abortion should be illegal. Many pro-lifers say pregnant women who do not want to raise a child should look for alternatives to abortion, such as adoption.


title: Sustainable energy

text: Efficient energy use allows energy demand to slow so that rising clean energy supplies can make big cuts in fossil fuel burning. If energy use grows too fast, renewable energy development will chase a receding target. Likewise, unless clean energy supplies come online rapidly, slowing demand growth will only begin to reduce total emissions; reducing the carbon content of energy sources is also needed.


title: Contras

text: From an early stage, the rebels received financial and military support from the U.S. government. President Ronald Reagan supported the group. After the U.S. support was banned by Congress, the Reagan administration secretly gave them money from profit they gained after selling weapons to Iran. These secret activities soon became known as the Iran–Contra affair.


title: Anti-abortion movement

text: The pro-life movement is associated with conservative politics. In one poll in the United States, 66% of conservatives called themselves pro-life. It is also associated with the Catholic Church. Pope Francis has said that "Every child that isn't born, but is unjustly condemned to be aborted, has the face of Jesus Christ, has the face of the Lord."


title: Sustainable energy

text: Any serious vision of a sustainable energy economy thus requires major commitments to both efficiency and renewables.


title: Anti-abortion movement

text: In 2022, many countries have laws that say that abortion is possible for a certain amount of time, without penalty.


title: Anti-abortion movement

text: In 1973, the U.S. supreme court decided that the article in the laws of a state that banned abortion was unconsitutional. This decision is known as Roe v. Wade today which legalized abortion across all states.


title: Anti-abortion movement

text: In 2022, the Supreme Court reversed the 1973 decision. They ruled that the consitution of the United States does not give the right to privacy under the 14th Amendment, and therefore abortion is not protected. The case that was heard is Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization.


title: Sarcosuchus

text: Sarcosuchus is an extinct genus of giant crocodile. It lived in the Lower Cretaceous of what is now Africa 135 to 112 million years ago.


title: Case 39

text: Case 39 is a 2009 American-Canadian psychological horror movie. It was directed by Christian Alvart and was produced by Lisa Bruce, Steve Golin, Alix Madigan, and Kevin Misher. "Case 39" was released on August 13, 2009 in the United Kingdom, as well as European and Latin American countries. The movie was originally supposed to be released in North America in August 2008 but it was delayed twice.


title: Sarcosuchus

text: Strictly speaking, it was not a modern type of crocodile but a kind of pre-crocodile. These earlier types are called Crocodylomorphs. True crocodiles arrived in the Upper Cretaceous.


title: Case 39

text: Emily Jenkins (Renée Zellweger) is a social worker living in Oregon, who is assigned to investigate the family of ten-year-old Lillith Sullivan (Jodelle Ferland), as her grades have declined and an emotional rift with her parents has emerged. Emily suspects that the parents have been mistreating Lillith. Emily's fears are confirmed when Lillith's parents try to kill her by gassing her in the oven at home. Emily saves Lillith with the help of Detective Mike Barron (Ian McShane). Lillith is originally sent to a children's home, but she begs Emily to look after her instead. With the agreement of the board, Emily is assigned to take care of Lillith until a suitable foster family comes along. In the meantime, Lillith's parents, Edward and Margaret Sullivan (Callum Keith Rennie and Kerry O'Malley) are placed in a mental institution.


title: Sarcosuchus

text: "Sarcosuchus" was one of the largest giant crocodile-like reptiles that ever lived. It was almost twice as long as the modern saltwater crocodile and weighed about 8 tonnes.


title: Case 39

text: Not too long after Lillith moves in, strange things begin to happen around Emily. Two weeks later, another of Emily's cases, a boy named Diego (Alexander Conti), suddenly murders his parents with a crowbar, and Barron informs Emily that somebody phoned Diego from her house the night before the crime. As she is suspected of involvement in the incident, Lillith undergoes a psychiatric evaluation by Emily's best friend, Douglas J. Ames (Bradley Cooper). During the session, however, Lillith turns the evaluation around, asking Douglas what his fears are and subtly threatening him. That night after receiving a strange phone call, Douglas is panicked by a mass of hornets coming out of his body in hysteria and kills himself in the bathroom.


title: Sarcosuchus

text: Until recently, all that was known of it was a few fossilised teeth and armour scutes, which were discovered in the Sahara Desert in the 1940s or 1950s.


title: Case 39

text: Emily gradually becomes fearful of Lillith, so she heads to the mental asylum for answers from Lillith's parents. They tell her that, far from being truly human, Lillith is actually a Succubus-like demon who feeds on emotion, and that they had tried to kill her in an attempt to save themselves. Lillith's father tells Emily that the only way to kill Lillith is to get her to sleep. Shortly after Emily leaves the asylum, Lillith's mother hallucinates being on fire, and her father is stabbed in the eye after attacking a fellow inmate through whom the voice of Lillith spoke. Barron initially thinks Emily should seek psychiatric help, but is later convinced when he receives a strange phone call in his home from Lillith. He arms himself to help Emily. However, he fatally shoots himself in the head with his shotgun, as Lilith makes him imagine he is being attacked by dogs.


title: Sarcosuchus

text: In 1997 and 2000, Paul Sereno discovered half a dozen new specimens, including one with about half the skeleton intact and most of the spine. All of the other giant crocodiles are known only from a few partial skulls, so which is actually the biggest is an open question.


title: Case 39

text: After realizing that her closest colleagues have been eliminated, and that the rest of her cases will be next, Emily serves Lillith tea spiked with sedative. While Lillith is asleep, Emily sets fire to her house, hoping to get rid of her. However, the girl apparently escapes unharmed (from this point on, the audience may wonder whether Lilith is really present or Emily is hallucinating her presence). A police officer offers to escort Emily and Lillith to a temporary place to sleep. As Emily is following the police cars, she suddenly takes a different route and drives her car at a high speed, hoping to bring fear to Lillith. Instead, Lillith forces Emily to relive her childhood memory of her mother driving fast in a rainstorm. Emily fights through the memory, telling herself that it is not real. The image fades, and Lillith appears scared by the fact that Emily was able to fight through their illusions.


title: Sarcosuchus

text: Unlike other giant crocodiles, "Sarcosuchus" was a river predator. As the overhanging jaw and stout teeth are designed for grabbing and crushing, its primary prey may have been large animals and smaller dinosaurs, which it ambushed, dragged into the water, crushed, drowned and then tore apart.


title: Case 39

text: Emily drives the car off a pier. As the car sinks, Emily struggles to lock Lillith (now in her demonic true form) in the trunk. Emily then attempts to swim to the surface. The demon grabs Emily's hand to stop her from swimming away but Emily struggle and eventually breaks free, as a trapped Lillith sinks to the bottom. Emily climbs out of the water and sit on the pier. Emily has to go to mental asylum.


title: Sarcosuchus

text: However, the long, thin snout of "Sarcosuchus" was very similar to the thin snouts of the modern gharial, the false gharial and the slender-snouted crocodile, all of which are nearly exclusive fish-eaters and incapable of tackling large prey. This can be contrasted to both the modern Nile crocodile and the extinct "Deinosuchus", both of which have very broad, heavy skulls, suitable for dealing with large prey. This, coupled with the abundance of large, lobe-finned fish in its environment, leads many to suggest that, far from being a dinosaur killer, Sarcosuchus was simply a large piscivore, a scaled-up version of the modern gharial.


title: Sarcosuchus

text: 110 million years ago, in the early Cretaceous, the Sahara was still a great tropical plain, dotted with lakes and crossed by rivers and streams that were lined with vegetation. Based on the number of fossils discovered, the aquatic "Sarcosuchus" was probably plentiful in these warm, shallow, freshwater habitats.


title: Sarcosuchus

text: Unlike modern true crocodiles, which are very similar in size and shape to one another and tend to live in different areas; "Sarcosuchus" was just one of many Crocodyliformes, of different sizes and shapes, all living in the same area. Four other species of extinct Crocodyliformes were also discovered in the same rock formation along with the "Sarcosuchus", including a dwarf crocodile with a tiny, 8 cm (3 in) long skull. They filled a diverse variety of ecological niches, instead of competing with each other for resources.


title: Boeing 747-400

text: The Boeing 747-400 is a jet airliner, a variant of the Boeing 747. Compared to the original 747, the 747-400 features improvements such as more powerful engines, new avionics, a new interior, and a longer-span wing with winglets. The 747-400 first flew in 1988 and entered service in 1989. It was produced until 2009 in six different variants: 747-400, 747-400F, 747-400M, 747-400D, 747-400ER, and 747-400ERF.


title: Squire

text: Use of the term has changed over time. In the Middle Ages, a squire was the apprentice of a knight. Later it meant a leader in an English village or Lord of the manor might be called a squire. Later still it was used for key public figures such as Justice of the Peace or Member of Parliament. In modern American usage a squire is the title given to a Justice of the Peace or similar local official. "Squire" is a shortened version of the word "Esquire".


title: Bhangra

text: Bhangra started in the Punjab region, now divided between India and Pakistan, and began as a folk dance which was conducted by Punjabi farmers of all creeds, Sikhs, Muslims and Hindus, to celebrate the coming of the harvest season.


title: Bhangra

text: Bhangra became popular in Britain in the 1980s and the artists of Bhangra were selling over 30,000 cassettes a week in the UK even though not one of the artists made their way into the Top 40 UK Chart. Bhangra is also popular in Canada where singer, Jazzy B sold over 55,000 copies of his third album, Folk and Funky and became one of the best-selling Punjabi folk artists in the world.


title: Bhangra

text: The outfits for Bhangra are Turla or torla, "Pag", which is a turban that is a sign of pride/honor in Punjab and is tied differently than the traditional turbans that the Sikhs and other people wear on the street, "Kurta" which is a silk shirt, with about four buttons and is very loose with embroidered patterns, "Lungi" or chadar which is a loose loincloth tied around the dancer's waist, "Jugi" which is a waistcoat with no buttons, and "Rumāl" which are small scarves that are worn tied on to the fingers.


title: Warranty

text: In commercial and consumer transactions, a warranty is an obligation that an article or service that is sold has the quality the buyer can reasonably expect from the seller.


title: Hossam Hassan

text: Hossam Hassan Hussein (; born 10 August 1966) is an Egyptian retired footballer. He played as a striker. He is the current manager of Al-Masry in the Egyptian Premier League.


title: Marzanna

text: Marzanna (in Polish), Marena (in Russian), Morana (in Czech, Bulgarian, Slovene, and Serbo-Croatian), or Morena or Kyselica (in Slovak), Kiszehajtás (in Hungarian), Morena (in Macedonian), Maslenitsa (in Russia) and also Mara (in Belarusian and Ukrainian), Maržena, Moréna, Mora or Marmora, Morė (in Lithuanian) is the goddess of death and winter in Slavic paganism. In many Slavic countries, it is very popular to burn a doll, that represents Marzanna, when it's beginning of spring.


title: Warranty

text: That often means that there must be a remedy. That means repair or replacement if the article or service is not as good as the warranty says. It is a breach of the warranty when the promise is broken, i.e., a product is defective or not as good as should be expected by a reasonable buyer.


title: Hossam Hassan

text: He is known for being a goalscorer, he is Egypt's all-time top scorer. He scored 70 goals in 169 matches. His twin brother Ibrahim also played professional football. They played in the same team for most of their careers.


title: Warranty

text: In business and legal transactions, a warranty is an assurance by one party to the other party that certain facts or conditions are true or will happen. The other party is allowed to rely on that assurance and seek some type of remedy if it is not true or followed.


title: Warranty

text: An express warranty is typically a guarantee from the seller of a product that specifies the extent to which the quality or performance of the product is assured and states the conditions under which the product can be returned, replaced, or changed.


title: Warranty

text: An implied warranty is one that arises from the nature of the transaction, and the understanding by the buyer.


title: Warranty

text: To be "merchantable", the goods must reasonably conform to an ordinary buyer's expectations, i.e., they are what they say they are. For example, a fruit that looks and smells good but has hidden defects would violate the implied warranty of merchantability if its quality does not meet the standards for such fruit "as passes ordinarily in the trade".


title: Warranty

text: A warranty is violated when the promise is broken; when goods are not as should be expected, at the time the sale occurs, whether or not the defect is apparent. Most warranties exclude parts that normally wear out, and supplies that must be periodically replaced as they are normally used up (e.g., tires and lubrication on a vehicle).


title: Warranty

text: Many people do not realize that extended warranties are not always provided through the manufacturer, but in some circumstances it may work to the consumer's benefit. For instance, when an auto warranty is provided through a dealership from the manufacturer, repairs on the vehicle are reimbursed at a lower negotiated rate.


title: Warranty

text: In the United States, the rights and remedies of buyers and sellers of goods are governed by the Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) as it has been adopted with variations from state to state.


title: Warranty

text: A home warranty protects against the high costs of home and appliance repair by offering insurance coverage for appliances and equipment in the house.


title: Video game music

text: Video game music is any musical instruments or soundtrack and background music found in video games. It can be from just a synthesizer tune to an orchestral piece. The older a game is, the simpler the music will be. In recent times, many games have had complex soundtracks similar to those of movies.


title: Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen

text: Popeyes Louisiana Chicken, known simply as Popeyes, is a fried chicken fast food franchise. The franchise, which used to be called Popeyes Chicken & Biscuits, consists of over 2,600 restaurants in over 40 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and over 30 other countries worldwide.


title: Mirtha Legrand

text: Rosa María Juana Martínez Suárez (born 23 February 1927), known by her stage name Mirtha Legrand is an Argentine actress and television presenter. She is the twin sister of Silvia Legrand. She is known for her roles in "Educating Niní" and in "Los martes, orquídeas" (1941).


title: Video game music

text: Interactive soundtracks in a video game is music changing into different sounds, depending on what the player does. It is also common for a video game soundtrack to be sold in stores or performed in concerts. Music is very important to gameplay.


title: Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen

text: Popeyes was started in 1972, and in 1992 became owned by AFC Enterprises, which until 2004 also owned Church's Chicken. In 2017, the company was bought out by Restaurant Brands International (owned by 3G Capital of Brazil), and Popeyes restaurants are now operated as a subsidiary along with Burger King and Tim Hortons.


title: Mirtha Legrand

text: With a 72-year career, Legrand is one of the most popular entertainment figures in Argentina. Despite having appeared in 36 movies and twelve theatrical performances, Legrand is best known for her television programmes.


title: Video game music

text: There are many awards for composers who create the music in a video game. Awards available are from the Ivor Novello Awards, Spike Video Game Awards, Grammy Awards, International Film Music Critics Association, Inside Gaming and the MTV Video Music Awards.


title: Types of business entity

text: A business entity is an organisation which sells a product or service, usually to make a profit. Different countries have different types of business entity. Most countries have similar types of business entity. The following list has a few examples of business entities which exist in the United Kingdom:


title: Leyland, Lancashire

text: Leyland () is a town in the South Ribble borough, in the county of Lancashire, England. It is about six miles (10 km) south of the city of Preston. The population of the town was about 35,600 in 2011.


title: Leyland, Lancashire

text: English Leyland was an area of fields, with Roman roads passing through, from ancient Wigan to Walton-le-Dale.


title: Leyland, Lancashire

text: The town is famous primarily for the bus and truck manufacturer Leyland Motors, which between the 1950s and 1970s expanded and grew to own several British motor manufacturers, including British Motor Corporation, Standard-Triumph and Rover, culminating in the massive British Leyland company. The truck business still operates today as Leyland Trucks, and is owned by Paccar.


title: Leyland, Lancashire

text: Leyland railway station is on the West Coast Main Line and is run by Northern. There is one train an hour between Liverpool Lime Street and Preston. There is also one train an hour between Manchester Victoria/Hazel Grove to Blackpool North.


title: Leyland, Lancashire

text: To the east of Worden Park is Runshaw College. The college received the best Ofsted report, for any further education college in the United Kingdom in 2005.


title: Leyland, Lancashire

text: Leyland is made up by six different areas, the town centre itself as the main retail side, with the railway station, library and shops nearby. The other areas include Broadfield, Moss Side, Worden Park, Turpin Green and the Wade Hall estate.


title: Dementor

text: A dementor is a man-size creature in the Harry Potter books. They are black and hooded. They only lift up their hood for performing "the kiss" in which they suck out the soul. There is one way to make them go away. It's the Patronus Charm. It's very advanced magic. You perform it by saying "Expecto Patronum! " and remembering a very happy memory, a very powerful memory. Harry Potter first saw them in the third book "The prisoner of Azkaban".


title: Don Howe

text: Donald "Don" Howe (12 October 1935 – 23 December 2015) was an English football player, coach, manager and pundit. He was born in the Springfield area of Wolverhampton.


title: Don Howe

text: Howe joined the West Bromwich Albion ground staff after leaving school, joining the club as a youth player in December 1950. He turned professional in November 1952, but did not make his debut until 1955, against Everton.


title: Don Howe

text: A full back, he played nearly 350 games for the Baggies in twelve years, as well as becoming a regular in the England team; he played in the 1958 FIFA World Cup, and won 23 caps in total.


title: Don Howe

text: Howe was signed by Billy Wright's Arsenal in 1964, and was made club captain. However, in March 1966 he broke his leg playing against Blackpool and never recovered well enough to play in the first team again.


title: Don Howe

text: Howe retired from coaching in the summer of 2003 after more than 30 years. He occasionally wrote as a pundit for the BBC Sport website. He also had a regular column in the official Arsenal magazine. Right up until his death he ran youth coaching schemes across the United Kingdom.


title: Jacques Plante

text: Joseph Jacques Omer "Jake the Snake" Plante (January 17, 1929 – February 27, 1986) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He grew up in Shawinigan Falls, Quebec, and began to play hockey in 1932. Plante started to play organized hockey at age 12, and his first professional game was at age 18. He played for the Montreal Canadiens from 1953 to 1963; during this time, the team won the Stanley Cup six times, including five wins in a row.


title: Wu Zun

text: Wu Zun (traditional Chinese: 吳尊; simplified Chinese: 吴尊; pinyin: Wú Zūn) is a Brunei-born actor and singer. He is the only non-Taiwanese member of the boy band Fahrenheit. He is also known for his roles in the Taiwanese TV shows Hanazakarino Kimitachihe and Tokyo Juliet.


title: Dot Jones

text: Dot Jones (born on January 4, 1964 as Dorothy-Marie Jones) is an athlete and actress who has had multiple roles in television. She played Shannon Beiste in "Glee".


title: Anput

text: Anput is the goddess of the seventeenth Nome (or district) of Upper Egypt. She is the goddess of the desert and protection. She was the mother of Kebechet.


title: Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer

text: Charles Edward Maurice Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer, (born 20 May 1964), styled Viscount Althorp between 1975 and 1992, is a British nobleman, peer, author, journalist, and broadcaster.


title: Jacques Plante

text: Plante first retired in 1965, but he was asked to come back to the NHL to play for a new team, the St. Louis Blues, in 1968. Plante was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1970, and then to the Boston Bruins in 1973. He joined the World Hockey Association, first as coach and general manager for the Quebec Nordiques in 1973–74. After his time with Quebec was not successful, Plante played goal for the Edmonton Oilers in 1974–75. Plante retired for the last time during training camp in the 1975-76 season.


title: Wu Zun

text: Born Goh Kiat Chun (traditional Chinese: 吳吉俊; Pinyin: "Wú Jí Jùn") in Brunei on 10 October 1979, Wu studied at the Chung Hwa Middle School in Bandar Seri Begawan. He later graduated from the RMIT University in Melbourne with a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration. Wu also played basketball for Brunei's national team . Before joining Fahrenheit (band), he was a model for "伊林 Yi Lin" in Taiwan and for "Diva Models" in Singapore. He manages a gym club called Fitness Zone in Brunei.


title: Dot Jones

text: Dot was born in Turlock, California and moved to Hilmar, where she grew up. When she was in middle school, she became very tall very fast. This made her back hurt, so she started exercising by lifting weights to strengthen the muscles. By high school, she was very good at lifting weights and won contests. She was named the school's female athlete of the year. When she was 19, she tried arm wrestling, and was very good at it. She won the world championship 15 times.


title: Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer

text: He is the younger brother of Diana, Princess of Wales. He is the maternal uncle of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex.


title: Jacques Plante

text: Plante is considered one of the most important inventors in ice hockey. Most importantly, Plante was the first NHL goaltender to always wear mask when playing. With the help of other experts, he made and tested many versions of the goalie mask, including a version of today's mask/helmet combination. Plante was the first goaltender to regularly play the puck outside his crease in support of his team's defencemen, and often instructed his teammates from behind the play, as the goaltender usually has the best view of the game.


title: Wu Zun

text: Wu was the last and oldest member to join Fahrenheit (band). He is the bass vocalist of the group. He also plays the drums. His personality is represented by a cool Autumn at 59 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale. He also represented by the word "Mysterious" (traditional Chinese: 神; Pinyin: shén).


title: Dot Jones

text: After she graduated high school, Dot went to Modesto Junior College, and then California State University, where she kept playing sports. She got a scholarship for track, which paid for her classes. She played softball and the track sport shot put and set records in the sport. After college, Dot worked with troubled children at the Fresno County Juvenile Probation center while continuing her involvement with sports.


title: Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer

text: Spencer worked as an on-air correspondent with NBC News from 1986 to 1995 for the network's morning programme, "Today", and "NBC Nightly News." He also worked as a reporter for Granada Television from 1991 to 1993.


title: Jacques Plante

text: Plante was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1978. He was chosen as the goaltender of the Canadiens' "dream team" in 1985. He was inducted into the Quebec Sports Pantheon in 1994. Lastly, the Montreal Canadiens retired Plante's sweater, #1, in 1995.


title: Dot Jones

text: Dot, who had never thought of acting, was seen at a bodybuilding contest by Shirley Eson, who was on the TV show American Gladiators. Shirley said Dot should try out for the show "Knights and Warriors", which was like "American Gladiators". Dot got the part.


title: Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer

text: Spencer was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Northamptonshire in November 2005. Spencer is also a patron of the Northamptonshire County Cricket Club.


title: Jacques Plante

text: Plante was the eldest of 11 children. In 1949, he married Jacqueline Gagné; they had two sons, Michel and Richard. In 1970, Plante met his second wife, Raymonde Udrisard, with whom he eventually moved to Switzerland. He died in Geneva, on February 27, 1986, shortly after he had been diagnosed with untreatable stomach cancer. He was buried in Sierre.


title: Dot Jones

text: After "Knights and Warriors" ended, Dot acted in other shows, such as "Full House", "Roseanne", "Chicago Hope", "Lizzie McGuire", "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody", "iCarly" and "Desperate Housewives". Dot was well known for playing Coach Kelly on "Lizzie McGuire". Dot is friends with Ryan Murphy, a man who helped create the TV show "Glee". Dot is a fan of the show and asked if she could be in it. Ryan created the character Coach Beiste for her.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: The history of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 covers the dissolution of the Soviet Union. ("Dissolution" means ending or splitting up.) The dissolution of the Soviet Union describes its end as a separate country.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: The Soviet Union had many regions called "republics". They all belonged to the Russian Empire before 1917. All these "republics" were part of the Soviet Union, and the Soviet Union was one country. After its dissolution, all of the republics became independent countries. The names of these countries are: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: Russia is a special case, because it still has a number of former republics inside its borders. That is why the country is called the Russian Federation. There are eight Federal Districts and 83 so-called "Federal Subjects" of the Russian Federation. Siberia, for example, has two huge federal districts.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: The Soviet Union ended with the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. At the time of dissolution of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev was the president of the Soviet Union. He was in this position for a little over a year but he was leader of the Soviet Union from March 11th 1985. On 25 December 1991, he quit the post of the president of the USSR. By 31 December 1991, all organizations and departments of the Soviet Union stopped working. On that date, the Soviet flag flew for the last time on the Kremlin.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: During 1969 and 1982, very few changes took place in the politics and economy of the Soviet Union. With the beginning of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, its relationship with the United States also deteriorated. At that time Jimmy Carter, followed by Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States. Jimmy Carter ended the policy of Détente - ending of unfriendly relationship. Some historians believe that this may be one of the reasons for the Soviet Union to change its political and economic policies.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: In March 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the CPSU. Under him, a new group of officials and leaders started a process of changes in the politics and economy of the Soviet Union. They also tried to improve relationships with Western countries like the US.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: At that time, the Soviet economy was doing okay but it was slower than its competitors' economies in the West. Also, the cost of maintaining the Soviet Union, as a superpower was huge. These costs included running a large military; running the KGB networks; and giving money to countries close to the Soviet Union. At the same time, the Soviet Union’s technological development had fallen behind. For example: many of its factories used out-of-date technologies and it had fallen behind in the use of information technology.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: Since the time of Vladimir Lenin in 1920s, the people of the Soviet Union did not have any right to own personal property and business. The government owned almost everything. In 1988, the government permitted the people to own some types of businesses in the service sector, manufacturing, and foreign trade. A system of cooperative restaurants, shops, and manufacturers came into existence.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: Glasnost gave a greater freedom of speech to the citizens and allowed them to criticise the government - something they had never been allowed to do. The government reduced censorship and control on publication. The government set free many political prisoners. In January 1987, Gorbachev started a process of democratization of Soviet politics. In June 1988, Gorbachev started a process to reduce the control of the CPSU on the different parts of the government.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: In December 1988, the Supreme Soviet had approved the establishment of a Congress of People's Deputies, the Soviet Union's new legislative body. In March and April 1989, elections to the Congress of People’s Deputies took place. The members on 15th March 1990 elected Gorbachev as the first executive President of the Soviet Union.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: Many steps taken by Gorbachev gave results different than the intended results. Thus the "perestroika" and "glasnost" intended to make the Soviet economy stronger resulted into something very different. Many factors and events combined and finally they resulted into the dissolution of the Soviet Union.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: Under the policy of "glasnost" (political openness), the Soviet government and the Communist Party lost control over the media. A free media brought to notice of the public many bad aspects of the society and the economy of the Soviet Union. These bad aspects included poor housing, alcoholism, drug abuse, pollution, out-of-date technologies in many factories, and corruption. People also learnt of many crimes committed by Stalin. For example, they learnt about prisoners at Gulags, agreement with Adolf Hitler, and large massacres of Stalin opponents. Further, people also learnt details about such events as the ongoing Soviet war in Afghanistan and bad management of nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl (the Soviet Union didn't publicly admit to the meltdown until three days after it happened). In short, people learnt about the negative aspects of the Soviet life. People began to lose faith in their Soviet system and ideology of Communism.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: By 1989, the Soviet government found it to be too difficult for the Soviet Union to keep its control over its Eastern European bloc and decided to let them choose their own futures. After the end of the Second World War, with the support of the Soviet Union, communist governments were ruling all these countries. The change in the policy of the Soviet Union resulted into fall of the communist governments in many such countries by 1990: in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: Seeing all these developments, many "republics" of the Soviet Union wanted to become independent. The Glasnost policy also released long wanted nationalism in the "republics" that the Soviet government had suppressed and covered up. Some republics tried to become independent.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: The leaders had thought that the policy of "perestroika" was a bold step to improve the economy. But, the steps were not very strong to improve the bad economic conditions of 1980s. Despite many changes, Gorbachev and his team had left many aspects of the Soviet economy unchanged. For example, price control, inconvertibility of the ruble, and government control over most means of production continued. By 1990 the economic situation had become worse. The examples include:


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: On 7th February 1990, the Central Committee of the CPSU was forced to loosen its control over power. At around the same time, different "republics" of the Soviet Union started to claim their right to become independent. They stopped following the laws of the central government of the Soviet Union. They also stopped paying taxes to the central authorities (of Moscow) of the Soviet Union. These weakened the Soviet authority and economy.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: During a 1990 visit of Gorbachev to Vilnius, capital of Lithuania, about 250,000 persons protested in a public meeting. On 11th March 1990, leaders of Lithuania declared its independence from the Soviet Union. However, the Soviet central-government demanded Lithuania to give up its independence and sent the Soviet Army continued to keep many troops in Lithuania. The government said that it would have to follow the Soviet constitution if it wanted to leave. The Soviet Union also did economic blockade of Lithuania. Estonia and Latvia were also illegally taken by the Soviet Union in 1940. On 30th March 1990, the leaders of Estonia declared that the control of their country by the Soviet Union from 1940 was illegal. They also declared independence. The leaders of Latvia also started process of independence on 4th May 1990.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: On 17th March 1991, people of the Soviet Union voted to keep the existing Soviet Union in a slightly changed form. The Baltic States (Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia), Armenia, Georgia and Moldova boycotted the voting. In each of the other nine "republics" of the Soviet Union, a majority of the voters supported the retention of the Soviet Union. In June 1991 an election took place in the Russian Republic of the Soviet Union. Boris Yeltsin got 57% of the vote. He was a critic of Mikhail Gorbachev. Gorbachev’s preferred candidate, former Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov, got only 16% of the vote.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: The "republics" of the Soviet Union had agreed to sign on 20th August 1991, an agreement making them almost independent republics but part of a federation, with a common president, foreign policy and military. However, many persons disagreed, and they wanted a fast transition to market economy even if it meant dissolution of the Soviet Union. There were many others in the CPSU and the military of the Soviet Union who supported continuation of the Soviet Union.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: On 19th August 1991, some senior leaders of the Soviet Union formed a "State Committee on the State Emergency." They prevented signing of the above-mentioned agreement on 20th August 1991. These leaders included Gorbachev’s vice president Gennadi Yanayev, prime minister Valentin Pavlov, defense minister Dmitriy Yazov, KGB chief Vladimir Kryuchkov, and many other senior officials. At that time Gorbachev was holidaying in Crimea). These officials put him under house arrest. They also issued orders banning all political activities and banned most newspapers.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: This was like a coup. The organizers had expected popular support for their action. But, the people did not support them. Instead, they supported "White House" (Yeltsin's office), then the symbolic seat of Russian sovereignty. The organizers of the coup tried but failed to arrest Boris Yeltsin. After three days, on August 21, the coup failed. The authorities detained the organizers. Gorbachev returned as president of the Soviet Union. However, Gorbachev's real powers had reduced.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: Through the autumn of 1991, the Russian government took over the union government, ministry by ministry. In November 1991, Yeltsin issued an order banning the CPSU throughout the Russian republic. As a result, many former CPSU personnel left CPSU to join the new positions in the new Russian government.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: After the failure of the coup, the republics of the Soviet Union increased their efforts to become independent. On 6th September 1991, the Soviet Union recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. On 1st December 1991, Ukraine declared its independence, after 90% of the voters opted for an independent Ukraine; this really destroyed any hopes of keeping the Soviet Union together since Ukraine was the second most powerful "republic" after Russia. One by one, the remaining eleven "republics" of the Soviet Union also declared themselves as sovereign and independent states.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: As noted above, on 6th September 1991, the Soviet Union had recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. It may be note that twelve out of the fifteen republics of the Soviet Union had signed an international agreement (European Energy Charter) in the Hague on 17th December 1991. The signing had indicated that these republics had practically become independent and sovereign countries.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: Leaving apart already independent Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the remaining 12 republics, all (except Georgia) joined the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). In December 1993, Georgia also joined the CIS. On 26th August 2006 Turkmenistan left the permanent membership, and became an associate member.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: Many persons believed that with the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Soviet Union ceased to exist. They believed that it was the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Many others think that with CIS, the Russia continues to have some control over the former republics of the Soviet Union.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR. By December 31, 1991 all official Soviet institutions had stopped to function in different "republics" of the Soviet Union. The individual governments of these republics started functioning. The Soviet flag flew last time over the Kremlin.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: The four principles had governed the Soviet Union: a chain of soviets; ethnic federation; state socialism; and supremacy of the Communist party. Gorbachev's policies of "perestroika" and "glasnost" created a situation which weakened all the above four principles. He repeatedly tried to form a circle of leaders to support his policies. He tried to do all these as he and his team saw that the Soviet Union was moving toward a long-term stagnation.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: Gorbachev’s policies made it possible for leaders of various Soviet republics to gain confidence and influence. At the same time, he faced opposition from many including the nationalist forces and the traditional communists. Some people accepted the reforms; some wanted the old system to continue; and some desired complete independence from the Soviet Union and central control. In the end, Gorbachev was unable to ensure any common view among these forces. Ultimately, this led to the collapse and dissolution of the Soviet Union.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: Immediately after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Yeltsin took many steps to change the economy of the Soviet Union from a socialist economy to a capitalist economy. For example: he cut the payment of grants to money-losing farms and industries; he also removed control over prices; he took steps for convertibility of the Russian rouble. He also allowed many people close to his circle, and other business people, to take possession of the businesses and industries earlier owned by the government, and to run them as private enterprises. The planners and economists had thought that these changes would lead to a faster economic development. However, nothing of this sort happened.


title: History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

text: Many Russians of older generation believe that the earlier system was better. During 1990s, Russia faced many crises in political, social and economic matters. Many persons still believe that the situation still continues to be worse compared to earlier times.


title: Perilla

text: Perilla is a genus of annual herb which is a member of the mint family. In mild climates the plant can reseed itself. There are both green leafed and purple leafed versions of this plant. The plant's leaves resemble stinging nettle leaves, though they are slightly rounder in shape.


title: Statistical parameter

text: A statistical parameter or population parameter is an amount put into the probability distribution of a statistic or a random variable. It can be thought of as a numbered amount of a trait of a statistical population or a statistical model.


title: TOEIC

text: The TOEIC is an examination for learners of English. It is mainly used in Japan, but is also important in some other countries. The test started in 1977. The full name of the exam is the "Test of English for International Communication". The Educational Testing Service (ETS) writes and gives the test.


title: Statistical parameter

text: A statistical parameter is different from its estimator in that the parameter is a fixed amount, while the value of an estimator changes according to some probability distribution. The notations formula_1 (for the parameter) and formula_2 (for the estimator) are often used to clarify this distinction.


title: TOEIC

text: The Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC) is meant to measure English skills in everyday workplace activities.


title: TOEIC

text: The TOEIC Listening & Reading Test is a two-hour multiple-choice test. It has 200 questions. One hundred questions test listening comprehension, and the other 100 test reading comprehension. Test takers get separate scores for listening and reading on from 5 to 495 points. The total score adds up to from 10 to 990 points. The TOEIC certificate comes in five colors based on the scores:


title: TOEIC

text: ETS began to offer the TOEIC Speaking & Writing Test in 2006. Test takers get separate scores for each of the two tests. They can also take the Speaking test without taking the Writing test. The TOEIC Speaking Test takes about 20 minutes. The TOEIC Writing Test lasts about 60 minutes. Each test has a score between 0-200.


title: TOEIC

text: Nearly 1.5 million people take the TOEIC each year in Japan. The offers the test in Japan. There are two ways to take the TOEIC test. One is the TOEIC Secure Program (SP), the other is the TOEIC Institutional Testing Program (ITP). The SP is offered at a set place and time, and test takers go there for the exam. In the ITP, a group such as a university gives the test when and where they like. Groups giving the ITP test must follow the test rules.


title: TOEIC

text: The IIBC’s 92 year-old Chairman Yaeji Watanabe made his girlfriend's son Chairman of the IIBC Board of Directors. Watanabe forced out half the board of directors. Also, Watanabe only worked about one day a week. Watanabe's salary was more than 25 million yen each year. Watanabe said he was Chairman in name only and had little to do with choosing the new chairman. Then, Watanabe suddenly quit the IIBC. The son of his girlfriend was in charge of the non-profit company. The IIBC paid Watanabe 25 million yen for his retirement.


title: TOEIC

text: The IIBC lowered the price of the TOEIC Secure Program Test from 6,615 yen to 5,985 yen from September 13, 2009. Ministry of Trade asked the IIBC to lower the price because the test was making too much money.


title: TOEIC

text: IIBC has a for-profit partner company called International Communications School (ICS). In July 2010, the Tokyo Tax Bureau announced that ICS lied about 100 million yen in income. ICS had to pay 30 million yen in taxes and fines.


title: TOEIC

text: South Korea is the second largest user of TOEIC by population. But, some major corporations have stopped using TOEIC scores for employment, or have required lower scores.


title: TOEIC

text: From 2011, Korean universities were no longer allowed to use TOEIC and TOEFL scores as part of the selecting students. Seoul National University has developed another English proficiency test, TEPS. It may replace TOEIC.


title: TOEIC

text: In France, some Grandes écoles require a TOEIC score of at least 785 for a diploma. Some people think this is wrong because it means a diploma from a state school depends on a private corporation. The "Commission des titres d'ingénieur" set the 785 score as similar to a B2+ level on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages.


title: TOEIC

text: Student who cannot score 785 may have to show their English language ability in some other way. Some schools allow one more year after the end of studies to complete the diploma.


title: TOEIC

text: TOEIC is used by some universities in Italy. All universities require that students pass an English examination before entering a degree courses or receiving diplomas. Students usually need a TOEIC score of 600 to earn a diploma. Many universities allow other tests such as the Cambridge certificate and TOEFL.


title: TOEIC

text: TOEIC Bridge is a simpler version of the TOEIC test. This test is for beginning and intermediate speakers. It has 100 multiple-choice questions. The test lasts about one hour.


title: The Boondocks (TV series)

text: The Boondocks is an American adult animated sitcom produced by Adult Swim. The series premiered in November 6, 2005. It is set in Woodcrest, Baltimore, Maryland.


title: The Boondocks (TV series)

text: It is about a black family called the Freemans moving from the West Side of Chicago to Woodcrest, a white suburb, of Baltimore, Maryland. They deal with many situations such as drugs, alcoholism, poverty, racism, and child abuse.


title: Hair tie

text: A hair tie, also known as a ponytail holder, or hair band, is an accessory used to hold back long hair, particularly away from areas such as the face. This is usually done as part of a hairstyle, such as pigtails, ponytails, or afro puffs.


title: Hair tie

text: Hair tie's elasticity and durability varies according to the material or materials from which they are made. Most hair ties are made of elastic, wool, rubber, or stretchy cotton. A specific type of hair tie is known as a scrunchie. Scrunchies are hair ties that are covered with fabric.


title: Dacquoise

text: A dacquoise is a dessert cake. It is made with layers of almond and hazelnut meringue and whipped cream or buttercream. The name comes from the French word "", meaning "of Dax". (Dax is a town in southwestern France.) It is usually served chilled with fruit. One form of dacquoise is "marjolaine". "Marjolaine" is long and rectangular and combines almond and hazelnut meringue layers with chocolate buttercream.


title: Dacquoise

text: A classic "dacquoise" is made of two layers of a meringue filled with an egg-yolk-based buttercream. Often, the layers are of a meringue "japonais". (Meringue "japonais" means there are ground nuts added.) The nuts can be blanched almonds or hazelnuts. While this "dacquoise" is based on layers of meringue "japonais", it is held together with a mix of sour cream and milk and dark chocolates.


title: Sapphire (color)

text: Sapphire is a deep blue or bright blue color that is a representation of the color of a sapphire. Sapphire gems are most commonly found in a range of blue shades. Other names for variations of the color "sapphire" are blue sapphire or sapphire blue, shown below.


title: Conviction

text: In law, a conviction is the verdict that results when a court of law finds a defendant guilty of a crime. The opposite of a conviction is an acquittal (i.e. "not guilty"). A minor conviction is a warning conviction, and it does not affect the defendant but does serve as a warning. In Scotland there can also be a verdict of "not proven", which counts as an acquittal. A convicted person is also called a convict.


title: James Beck

text: Stanley James Carroll Beck (21 February 1929 – 6 August 1973) was an English actor. He is best remembered for his role as Private Joe Walker, the cockney spiv in the popular BBC sitcom "Dad's Army".


title: Maria Gabriela de Faria

text: Maria Gabriela de Faria Chacón (born September 11, 1992 in Caracas, Venezuela) is an award-winning Venezuelan actress and singer. She got international fame as Isabela "Isa" Pasquali in the Nickelodeon series "Isa TKM".


title: James Beck

text: Beck was born on 21 February 1929 in Islington, London, England. He was married to Kay Beck until his death in 1973. Beck died on 6 August 1973 from pancreatitis in Roehampton, Wandsworth, London, England, aged 44.


title: Maria Gabriela de Faria

text: Across Latin America and the US Hispanic population, the teen telenovela, with Maria in the lead role, became Nick’s #1 Spanish language program in over 20 countries. It also had a sold-out live tour and two numbet one albums. The series had many adolescent fans. These were described by the Los Angeles Times as "Isa-Mania". She was also dating her TV love interest in real-life, Reinaldo Zavarce. This brought them more attention from the international media as well as the covers of teen magazines across Latin America.


title: Maria Gabriela de Faria

text: María Gabriela de Faria began her career acting in the Venezuelan telenovela "Ser Bonita No Basta", the teen drama "Túkiti, Crecí de Una", a production of RCTV in which she played the heroine Wendy, and the soap opera "Toda Una Dama" (also with Reinaldo Zavarce. In 2007 she was a co-host of the children's program "La Merienda" from RCTV. She has also a featured in various TV campaigns across Latin America.


title: Bird bath

text: A bird bath is an artificial "puddle" or small shallow pond, created with a water-filled basin, for birds to bathe in, cool off, and drink from. A bird bath can be a garden decoration, small reflecting pool, or outdoor sculpture.


title: Dina Ali Lasloom

text: Dina Ali Lasloom (; born 29 March 1993) is a Saudi Arabian teacher who was kidnapped in the Philippines.


title: Reconstruction Amendments

text: The Reconstruction Amendments are the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution, adopted between 1865 and 1870, the five years immediately following the Civil War. The amendments were important in carrying out the reconstruction of the southern states after the war. Many northern politicians saw them as changing the United States from a country that was (in Abraham Lincoln's words) "half slave and half free" to one in which the constitutionally guaranteed "blessings of liberty" would be extended to all the people, including the former slaves and their descendants.


title: Bird bath

text: A bird bath is an attraction for many different species of birds to visit gardens, especially during the summer and drought periods. Bird baths that provide clean and continual water all year makes more birds come.


title: Dina Ali Lasloom

text: On April 11, 2017, she was traveling from Kuwait to Australia to ask for political asylum. She was stopped in Manila airport. She made a video with a cellphone. IN the video, she said they took her passport and papers. She said that her family would kill her. She wanted to escape a forced marriage. Dina borrowed a phone from a Canadian woman to make the video. In the video, Dina said she was locked up for 13 hours. Then two men came to the airport. Dina said they were her uncles.


title: Reconstruction Amendments

text: The Thirteenth Amendment (proposed and ratified in 1865) abolished slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment (proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868) created the privileges and immunities clause, applicable to all citizens; and made the due process and equal protection clauses applicable to all persons. The Fifteenth Amendment, (proposed in 1869 and ratified in 1870) prohibits discrimination in voting rights of citizens on the basis of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."


title: Dina Ali Lasloom

text: An airport security officer saw three men take Dina. They put duct tape on her hands, feet, and mouth. Then they put her in a wheelchair. THey took her on a Saudia Airlines flight to Riyadh. Other passengers said they heard her scream for help in the airplane.


title: Reconstruction Amendments

text: The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was passed by the U.S. Senate on April 8, 1864. The U.S. House of Representatives passed it on January 31, 1865. The measure was swiftly ratified by all but three Union states (the exceptions were Delaware, New Jersey, and Kentucky), and by a sufficient number of border and "reconstructed" Southern states. It was ratified by December 6, 1865. On December 18, 1865, Secretary of State William H. Seward proclaimed it to have been incorporated into the federal Constitution. It became part of the Constitution 61 years after the Twelfth Amendment. This is the longest interval between constitutional amendments to date.


title: Dina Ali Lasloom

text: The video went viral in Saudi Arabia. People used the hashtag #SaveDinaAli. Protesters were waiting for Dina at the Riyadh airport. One Saudi woman, Alaa Anazi, was arrested at the airport. Some women’s rights advocates in Saudi Arabia say Dina was taken to a women’s shelter. Others said Alla Anazi was taken to the shelter. Dina did not get off the airplane with the other passengers.


title: Reconstruction Amendments

text: The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was proposed by Congress on June 13, 1866. By July 9, 1868, it had received ratifications by the legislatures of the required number of states in order to officially become the Fourteenth Amendment. On July 20, 1868, Secretary of State William Seward certified that it had been ratified and added to the federal Constitution. The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws. It was proposed in response to issues related to treatment of freedmen following the war. The amendment was bitterly opposed, particularly by Southern states, which were forced to ratify it in order for their delegations to be able to return to Congress. The Fourteenth Amendment, particularly its first section, is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution. It formed the basis for landmark decisions such as "Roe v. Wade" (1973), regarding abortion, and "Bush v. Gore" (2000), regarding the 2000 presidential election.


title: Reconstruction Amendments

text: The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a male citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude". It was ratified on February 3, 1870, as the third and last of the Reconstruction Amendments.


title: Reconstruction Amendments

text: By 1869, amendments had been passed to abolish slavery and provide citizenship and equal protection under the laws. But the narrow election of Ulysses S. Grant to the presidency in 1868 convinced a majority of Republicans that black voters would be important for the party's future. After rejecting more sweeping versions of a suffrage amendment, Congress proposed a compromise amendment banning restrictions on the basis of race, color, or previous servitude on February 26, 1869. The amendment survived a difficult ratification fight and was adopted on March 30, 1870. After blacks gained the vote, the Ku Klux Klan directed some of their attacks to disrupt their political meetings and intimidate them at the polls, to suppress black participation. In the mid-1870s, there was a rise in new insurgent groups, such as the Red Shirts and White League, who acted on behalf of the Democratic Party to violently suppress black voting. While white Democrats regained power in southern state legislatures, through the 1880s and early 1890s, numerous blacks continued to be elected to local offices in many states, as well as to Congress as late as 1894.


title: Reconstruction Amendments

text: From 1890 to 1910, all the states of the former Confederacy passed new constitutions and other laws that found new methods to get around the Fifteenth Amendment, such as poll taxes, residency rules, and literacy tests administered by white staff, sometimes with exemptions for whites via grandfather clauses. When challenges reached the Supreme Court, it interpreted the amendment narrowly, ruling based on the stated intent of the laws rather than their practical effect. The results in voter suppression were dramatic, as voter rolls fell: nearly all blacks, as well as tens of thousands of poor whites in Alabama and other states, were forced off the voter registration rolls and out of the political system, effectively excluding millions of people from representation. Democratic state legislatures passed racial segregation laws for public facilities and other types of Jim Crow restrictions. During this period of political struggle, the rate of lynchings in the South reached an all-time high.


title: Reconstruction Amendments

text: In the twentieth century, the Court interpreted the amendment more broadly, striking down grandfather clauses in "Guinn v. United States" (1915). It took a quarter century to finally dismantle the white primary system in the "Texas primary cases" (1927–1953). With the South having become a one-party region after the disfranchisement of blacks, Democratic Party primaries were the only competitive contests in the states. But Southern states reacted rapidly to Supreme Court decisions, often devising new ways to continue to exclude blacks from voter rolls and voting; most blacks in the South did not gain the ability to vote until after passage of the mid-1960s federal civil rights legislation and beginning of federal oversight of voter registration and district boundaries. The Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964) forbade the requirement for poll taxes in federal elections; by this time five of the eleven southern states continued to require such taxes. Together with the US Supreme Court ruling in "Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections" (1966), which forbade requiring poll taxes in state elections, blacks regained the opportunity to participate in the American political system.


title: Reconstruction Amendments

text: These amendments were intended to guarantee freedom to former slaves and to prevent discrimination in civil rights to former slaves and all citizens of the United States. The promise of these amendments was lessened by state laws and federal court decisions over the course of the 19th century. In 1876 and later, some states passed Jim Crow laws that limited the rights of African-Americans. Important Supreme Court decisions that undermined these amendments were the "Slaughter-House Cases" in 1873, which prevented rights guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment's privileges or immunities clause from being extended to rights under state law; and "Plessy v. Ferguson" in 1896 which originated the phrase "separate but equal" and gave federal approval to Jim Crow laws. The full benefits of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments were not realized until the Supreme Court decision in "Brown v. Board of Education" in 1954 and laws such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.


title: Area codes in Germany

text: Area codes in Germany () for telephones have two to five digits, not counting the first zero. The first or "leading" zero must be dialled when calling from inside Germany and not when calling from outside Germany. The area code is not needed when dialling another telephone in the same area, unless one of the telephones is a mobile phone. Usually shorter area codes are used by larger cities, and longer area codes to smaller towns.


title: Area codes in Germany

text: (0)1 are special numbers such as mobile phones (015, 016, 017), shared cost service (0180), televoting numbers (013) and 010 for dial-around services. The OLD codes 0130 for free phone numbers and 0190 for premium-rate numbers are now moved to 0800 and 0900 to meet international standards.


title: Die Frau vom Checkpoint Charlie

text: Die Frau vom Checkpoint Charlie (English: The Woman of Checkpoint Charlie) is a movie in two parts about a woman who manages to escape to the west from the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), but is separated from her children. She spent six years trying to get the East German government to allow her daughters to join her in the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). It is based on a true story. It was first shown on French-German television station ARTE on 28 September 2007.


title: Individual retirement account

text: An individual retirement account or IRA is a form of "individual retirement plan". It is simply a savings account with large tax advantages. An IRA is not itself an investment. It is where an investor keeps assets such as stocks, bonds and mutual funds. A 401(k) is set up by an employer, but an IRA may be started by an individual. Other IRAs may be opened by small business owners and those who are self-employed.


title: Die Frau vom Checkpoint Charlie

text: The woman’s name was Jutta Fleck. In the movie she is called Sara Bender. She is played by the actress Veronica Ferres. Her children were called Claudia and Beate. In the movie they are called Silvia and Sabine (or “Bine” – pronounce “BEE-ne” - for short).


title: Individual retirement account

text: There are different types of IRAs: Traditional IRAs, Roth IRAs, SEP-IRAs and SIMPLE IRAs. They vary as to tax filing status. Also they have different rules and s.


title: Die Frau vom Checkpoint Charlie

text: In 1982 Sara Bender is living with her two daughters Silvia (11) und Sabine (9) in Erfurt in the GDR (East Germany). Their mother said some things that criticized the government of their country. In a communist country like the GDR it was a bad thing to be critical of the government. Because of what their mother said, her children were treated badly at school.


title: Individual retirement account

text: Internal Revenue Code Section 408 prohibits IRA investments in life insurance and in collectibles such as artwork, rugs, antiques, metals (there are exceptions for certain kinds of bullion), gems, stamps, coins, alcoholic beverages, and certain other tangible personal property.


title: Die Frau vom Checkpoint Charlie

text: Sara wants to marry Peter Koch, whom she knows at work. A wedding is arranged. Sara’s father lives in Helmstedt in the West Germany. He travels to his daughter’s wedding, but on the way he has an accident on the motorway and is seriously injured. The wedding is postponed. Sara wants to visit her father in hospital in West Germany, but the government of the GDR do not allow her to go because of the critical things she had said. Her father dies. Sara still keeps asking for permission to leave her country, but she is not allowed, and things are made difficult for her at work.


title: Individual retirement account

text: A participant-directed account (also called a self-directed IRA) is an IRA which is provided by some financial institutions in the United States. It allows alternative investments for retirement savings. Some examples of such alternative investments are: real estate, private mortgages, private company stock, oil and gas limited partnerships, precious metals, horses, and intellectual property. There is a risk of fraud when investing in Self-Directed retirement accounts.


title: Die Frau vom Checkpoint Charlie

text: She tries to escape from the GDR with her two daughters. They manage to get to Romania, and they want to go to Yugoslavia, but they are caught by the East German secret police (Stasi). The Stasi knew they were going to try to escape because they had put secret microphones in Sara’s flat so that they could hear everything that was said. Sara and the children are brought back to East Berlin. At the airport the children are separated from their mother. They are taken to a children’s home in Dresden. Sara is locked up in a police cell. Her friend Peter, whom she had wanted to marry, turns out to be on the side of the Stasi. He works against her. Sara is sentenced to three years in prison.


title: Die Frau vom Checkpoint Charlie

text: After two years in prison Sara is let out, thanks to the West German government who paid the GDR to free her and let her come to the West. She is still not allowed to see her two daughters who had been sent to live with a foster family who were loyal to the communist government. Sara is tricked into signing papers which actually mean that she no longer has any rights to see her daughters.


title: Die Frau vom Checkpoint Charlie

text: Sara cannot bear to be in the West without her daughters. She immediately starts to beg the GDR to let her daughters join her, but nothing happens. Even the West German government does not help her, because, for political reasons, they do not want to make bad relationships with the GDR in East Berlin.


title: Die Frau vom Checkpoint Charlie

text: Sara thinks the only way she can make anyone take any notice of her is to get publicity. She gets help from a journalist and photographer Richard Panter. She stands at Checkpoint Charlie, the place in the middle of Berlin, where foreigners could cross over from one side of the divided city to the other. She wears a big placard which says: “Give my children back to me!”. Richard takes photographs and gets newspapers all over the world to print them. The GDR government does not like this at all. They send agents to threaten her. She is even attacked and wounded in the street, and told that next time she will be killed if she carries on her campaign. Even the FRG (West German) ask her to stop her campaign, because it is bad for international relations.


title: Die Frau vom Checkpoint Charlie

text: However, Sara does not stop. She manages to contact her children by smuggling letters and messages on cassettes. The girls are really cheered up and think they will soon be able to join their mother in the West. But no permission is given.


title: Die Frau vom Checkpoint Charlie

text: Sara travels to a conference in Helsinki where she wants to speak to Hans-Dietrich Genscher, the West German Minister for Foreign Affairs (the movie is slightly different here to what really happened). She is given a lift in a car by men who say they are taking her to Genscher, but they are Stasi agents who take her to a forest to murder her, but she manages to escape.


title: Die Frau vom Checkpoint Charlie

text: Her two daughters are told that their mother has been killed in a car crash, but this is a lie. The children happen to see their mother demonstrating on a television news report. They realize she is still alive. Her foster parents find a recording on a cassette on which the girls have criticized the GDR government. They are harshly punished.


title: Die Frau vom Checkpoint Charlie

text: In the end their foster mother feels sorry for them and helps to persuade the GDR government to let the children go. They are reunited with their mother in West Berlin.


title: El Hedim Square

text: El Hedim Square (, "the square of demolition") is a famous square in Meknes, Morocco. The square was built in the years 1672-1674 after the Sultan of Morocco, Moulay Ismail, demolished half of the Old city of Meknes for his palace and the square. the Mansour Gate is in the front of the square.


title: World Trade Center Doha

text: World Trade Center Doha is a skyscraper in Doha, Qatar. It is 241 meters (791 feet) tall and has 51 floors. It was built in 2013.


title: Shlomo Yanai

text: Shlomo Yanai (born May 18, 1952 in Holon) is a retired Israeli military officer and businessman. He held the rank of Major General. He was the CEO of Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (TEVA) from 1 March 2007 to May 2012. He was offered the directorship of Mossad by Benjamin Netanyahu but turned it down.


title: Pascal's triangle

text: Pascal's Triangle is a mathematical triangular array. It is named after French mathematician Blaise Pascal, but it was used in China 3 centuries before his time.


title: Pascal's triangle

text: Pascal's triangle can be made as follows. On the first row, write only the number 1. Then, to get the numbers of following rows, add the number that can be seen above and to the left (if any) and the number above and to the right (if any) to find the new value. For example, the numbers 1 and 3 in the fourth row are added to make 4 in the fifth row.


title: Pascal's triangle

text: The triangle displays the coefficients that occur when the binomial formula_1 is raised to the formula_2 power:


title: Pascal's triangle

text: where the coefficients "a" in this expansion are precisely the numbers on row "n" + 1 of Pascal's triangle; in other words,


title: Pascal's triangle

text: Pascal's triangle generalizes readily into higher dimensions. The three-dimensional version is called Pascal's pyramid or "Pascal's tetrahedron". A higher-dimensional analogue is generically called a "Pascal's simplex". See also pyramid, tetrahedron, and simplex.


title: Pascal's triangle

text: The second number in each row is the row number. In a binomial expansion, this second number is equal to the power. (This makes the 'first' row, 1, actually the zero row).


title: Pascal's triangle

text: The sum of the numbers in each row is double the sum of the numbers in the row before. The sum of each row is 2.


title: Sorghum

text: Sorghum is a genus in the grass family "Poaceae". The plants are grown in warmer climates. Species grow naturally in tropical and subtropical regions of all continents in addition to Oceania and Australasia. Because many species of Sorghum are resistant to drought and high temperatures, it is a very important food source in the desert areas of Africa.


title: Opera house

text: The first opera houses were built in the 1630s in Italy, about thirty years after the first operas were written. Traditionally they have a stage where the action takes place and a proscenium archway with a curtain that can be drawn back when the performance begins. In front of the stage is an orchestra pit which is a little lower than the stage so that the audience can still see the stage. The audience sit in the auditorium which is often horse-shoe shaped. The downstairs seats are called “stalls”. Round the stalls there are two or three tiers (storeys) of boxes. Each box can seat a small number of people. At the top towards the back there is a balcony and often a gallery along the sides as well. Some seats in the gallery may have restricted view (it is not possible to see all of the stage).


title: Opera house

text: Some of the most famous opera houses in the world are Teatro alla Scala (or “La Scala”) in Milan, the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London, the Metropolitan Opera House in New York, the War Memorial Opera house in San Francisco, the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow and the Sydney Opera House in Sydney which is a very modern building.


title: Iceni

text: The Iceni were a Celtic tribe who lived in Great Britain, in the area of modern-day Norfolk and Suffolk. Emperor Claudius invaded Great Britain in the year 43 AD. After that, the Iceni became allies of Rome. At that time, Antedios was the ruler of the Iceni. There was little economic exchange between the Iceni and the Romans: The Iceni feared a loss of cultural identity. This meant, that the Romans saw the relationship with the Iceni as a bad one. The Roman governor, Publius Ostorius Scapula, decided to disarm the tribes the Romans had bad relations with, in the year 47, and to build new Roman fortifications.


title: Iceni

text: Prasutagus, an Icene, was given the title of vassal king. Boudicca, Prasutagus' wife, incited the Iceni, and a few allied tribed, into resisting the Romans. This resistance took place in the years 60 and 61, and was not successful.


title: Iceni

text: At the end of the first century, the Iceni had their own capital, Venta Icenorum, located near the modern-day village of Caistor St Edmund.


title: QNX

text: QNX is an Unix-like, real-time operating system that is embedded in cars, medical devices, machinery, and other devices. The QNX operating system contains a microkernel that handles basic core tasks and a group of servers / daemons outside of the kernel that handle most other tasks. This design gives end-users and developers greater control (i.e. freedom) over the operating system. BlackBerry (formerly RIM) devices such as the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet and the BlackBerry smartphone use modified versions of the QNX operating system.


title: Lead(II) bromide

text: Lead(II) bromide, also known as plumbous bromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbBr. It contains lead and bromide ions. The lead is in its +2 oxidation state.


title: Lead(II) bromide

text: Lead(II) bromide is a white solid. It only dissolves a little in water. It melts to make a liquid that conducts a little electricity. It is toxic because it has lead in it.


title: Lead(II) bromide

text: It can be made by reacting lead(II) nitrate or lead(II) acetate with hydrobromic acid or any other bromide.


title: Real Muthaphuckkin G's

text: "Real Muthaphuckkin G's" (also known as "Real Compton City G's") is a song off American rapper Eazy-E's second EP, "It's On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa". The song was released on August 26, 1993. The song was a diss song towards former N.W.A member Dr. Dre and his protégé Snoop Doggy Dogg.


Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble! (also called Donkey Kong Country 3 or DKC3) is the third game in the "Donkey Kong Country" series of video games and the third and final game in the original "Donkey Kong Country" trilogy, overall. It is the sequel and direct follow-up to "Donkey Kong Country" and "". It was released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. It was developed by Rare and published by Nintendo.


title: Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble!

text: The game itself was later re-released for the Game Boy Advance in 2005 and for the Wii's Virtual Console in 2007/2008. Unlike its predecessors, "Donkey Kong Country 3" was not released for the Wii's Virtual Console in South Korea. On November 25, 2012, for reasons unknown, "Donkey Kong Country 3" and both its predecessors were delisted from the Wii's Virtual Console, but on October 30, 2014, the games were relisted only in Europe and Australia. Around the same time, the games were released on the Wii U's Virtual Console in Europe and Australia, in Japan on November 26, 2014, and in the United States and Canada on February 26, 2015. For handhelds, "Donkey Kong Country 3" was ported exclusively over to the New Nintendo 3DS's Virtual Console in May/June 2016. It was made available for the Nintendo Switch Online on December 18, 2020.


text: A similar game was released for the Game Boy in 1997, "Donkey Kong Land III", and it has the same characters and settings.


text: Donkey and Diddy went on a fishing trip and have gone missing. Meanwhile, the Kremling Krew returns under the leadership of KAOS.


text: There are eight worlds (nine in the Game Boy Advance remake) in total in "Donkey Kong Country 3". This also includes Pacifica, a world exclusive to the Game Boy Advance version. The worlds include:


text: There are seven bosses (eight in the Game Boy Advance version) in the entire game. The reason for another boss in the Game Boy Advance version is because of the new world Pacifica. The bosses include:


title: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (2022 movie)

text: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules is a 2022 American animated movie. It is based on the second book in the "Diary of a Wimpy Kid" series by Jeff Kinney. Both the movie and the book have the same name. "Rodrick Rules" will be the sixth movie in the "Diary of a Wimpy Kid" movie series, including the live-action movies. It will also be the second animated movie in the series, and it is the sequel to the 2021 movie "Diary of a Wimpy Kid". Brady Noon, Hunter Dillon, Ethan William Childress, Chris Diamantopoulos, and Erica Cerra all play their same roles from the last film. The movie is produced by Disney+.


text: On November 12, 2021, Kinney made a post on Twitter about the movie. He said that the team has been working on the second animated movie in the series for Disney+. Its release date was announced on September 12, 2022.


text: "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules" was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Bardel Entertainment, with the latter providing animation services, and it was released on Disney+, as a Disney+ original film, on December 2, 2022. Like its predecessor, it received mixed reviews.


text: Greg's parents reveal that they are going away for the weekend and taking Manny with them. Rodrick takes advantage of this and informs Greg that they are throwing a party together. Greg invites Rowley over to help, but they both end up doing all the work while Rodrick sits and watches. He locks them in the basement during the party, but Greg loosens the doorknob and takes photos of the party as blackmail. In the morning, they are let out and Rowley runs home while Greg confronts Rodrick over what happened. They suddenly get a call from their mother Susan, who informs them that Manny got sick and they are coming home right away. The brothers quickly clean up the house and kick out leftover guests before switching the bathroom door, which has the words 'Rodrick Rules' permanently written on it, with Rodrick's door, though Frank later notices that the door does not lock properly.


text: Following the incident, Greg demands Rodrick give him advice in return for helping clean up the party. Rodrick gives in and tells him about his "Rodrick Rules" which deal with getting things done without making an effort. Greg quickly becomes impatient, but is calmed down when Rodrick teaches him how to play the drums. Greg meets his fellow bandmates of Löded Diper, one of whom is actually a 30-something year old man, who are going to enter a talent show. Greg is also in it, but is assisting Rowley with his magic act, something which he does not think will be a hit. Frank suspects that the boys are hiding something, but Susan is happy to see them getting along. When Frank asks about the door, Greg covers and claims that he accidentally slammed it too hard, explaining why it does not lock properly. Frank and Susan are going away for the weekend again, but this time, they will leave the boys with Grandpa at the nursing home, which Rodrick seems overly eager about.


text: At the nursing home, Rodrick reveals that the board games contain plenty of mom bucks they can use back at home. He gives some to Greg, but his pants get wet during a game and he is forced to change in the lobby bathroom. Greg accidentally ends up in the women's room where he gets accused of being a peeping tom. A chase through the old folks home ensues, but he manages to get back to the room. Later, Grandpa tells Greg that he knows that he and Rodrick did not want to come, but he admires that they hang out, something that Frank fails to do with his siblings. The next school day, Rowley reminds Greg that he needed to do his life science project and he rushes to Rodrick for help. He gives him his old life science project on the condition that he hand over some mom bucks. Greg does so, but upon arriving at school realizes that it is a failed project about plants sneezing.


text: Greg angrily reveals his blackmail to Rodrick and demands he pay up in mom bucks. However, he accidentally bumps into Susan who sees the photos and grounds both boys, though Greg is still forced to do the talent show with Rowley. As payback, Rodrick reveals that he took photos of the pictures in Greg's diary about the restroom incident and threatens to send them to his friends who will send them to their siblings. They get the phone away from Rodrick, but Rowley accidentally sends the photos. To Greg's surprise, the story at school got twisted to being about Greg winning the top prize at a bingo competition and making a big getaway, making him popular. Greg is still depressed however as he has to do the talent show with Rowley, but just before entering, Löded Diper approaches Greg about being their new drummer, as their replacement drummer Larry loves magic and would not mind switching places with him.


text: Greg starts to question whether he should drum or not, but after Rodrick makes a scathing remark to him, he agrees. Upon seeing Rodrick solemnly leaving the show, Greg goes out to talk to him and explains that he simply wanted him to be proud of him and was worried they will grow apart. Rodrick tells Greg that he does care about him and that they will continue to hang out together. Greg gives Rodrick his position as drummer back, despite him still being grounded, and returns to Löded Diper. Frank and Susan extend Greg's grounding, but Grandpa commends Frank for raising two good brothers while Susan excitedly dances to the band's song. Rowley's magic show ends up winning the competition while Löded Diper gains a wider audience thanks to Susan. Despite their differences, Greg and Rodrick's relationship improves.


text: On December 3, 2021, Kinney stated that he intends to adapt all his books into animated features for Disney+.


text: In December 2022, Kinney confirmed a sequel was in the works and that it would be based on the third book, "".


title: Samuel Pepys

text: Samuel Pepys ( ; 23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703) was an English administrator at the Admiralty and Member of Parliament. He is famous for his diary.


title: Samuel Pepys

text: Pepys rose to be the Chief Secretary to the Admiralty under Charles II, and later under James II. Although Pepys had no maritime experience, he rose by patronage, hard work and his talent for administration.


title: Samuel Pepys

text: The detailed private diary that he kept from 1660–1669 was first published in the nineteenth century. It is one of the most important primary sources for the English Restoration period. It provides a combination of personal notes and eyewitness accounts of great events, such as the Great Plague of London, the Second Dutch War and the Great Fire of London.


title: Samuel Pepys

text: Pepys was a key person in the fire of 1666. Seeing that the wind was driving the fire westward, he ordered the boat to go to Whitehall, and became the first person to inform the King of the fire. The King told him to go to the Lord Mayor, and tell him to start pulling houses down.


title: Samuel Pepys

text: Pepys took a coach back to Old St Paul's Cathedral, before setting off on foot through the burning city. He found the Lord Mayor, who said: "Lord! what can I do? I am spent: people will not obey me. I have been pulling down houses; but the fire overtakes us faster than we can do it."


title: Samuel Pepys

text: At noon Pepys went home and 'had an extraordinary good dinner, and as merry, as at this time we could be'. In the evening he and his wife watched the fire from the safety of Bankside: Pepys writes that 'it made me weep to see it'. Returning home, Pepys met his clerk, Tom Hayter, who had lost everything. Hearing news that the fire was advancing, Pepys started to pack up his possessions by moonlight.


title: Samuel Pepys

text: A cart arrived at 4am on 3 September, and Pepys spent much of the day arranging the removal of his possessions. Many of his valuables, including his diary, were sent to friend. The next day, Pepys continued to arrange the removal of his possessions. By this point, he believed that Seething Lane was in grave danger, and suggested calling men from Deptford to help pull down houses and defend the king's property. He described the chaos in the city, and his curious attempt at saving his own goods:


title: Samuel Pepys

text: On Wednesday, 5 September, Pepys – who had taken to sleeping on his office floor – was woken by his wife at 2am. She told him that the fire had almost reached All Hallows-by-the-Tower, and that it was at the foot of Seething Lane. He decided to send her and his gold – about £2350 – to Woolwich. In the following days Pepys witnessed looting, disorder and disruption. On 7 September he went to Paul's Wharf and saw the ruins of St Paul's Cathedral, of his old school and of his father's house. Despite all this destruction, Pepys's house, office and diary had been saved.


title: Samuel Pepys

text: The complete and definitive edition of Pepys's diary by Robert Latham and William Matthews was published by Bell & Hyman, London, in 1970–1983.


title: Standardized test

text: A standardized test is a test that is done and scored in a consistent, or "standard", manner. Standardized tests are designed so that everything about them are standard. They are administered and scored in a predetermined, standard manner.


title: Standardized test

text: Often they are used as a test to join an institution or gain a license of some sort. The grading system is the same no matter where they are taken. They can be used for university entry, like the SAT and ACT in the United States or the Gaokao in the People's Republic of China (PRC). They can be used a requirement to get a job, like the LSAT for lawyers.


title: Standardized test

text: In the United States the term is often used for the multiple-choice questions used in the educational system. They are thought by some to be a poor way to measure educational progress. They are, however, convenient and cheap. Marking does not require expertise in the subject-matter.


title: Standardized test

text: Many psychological tests are designed to be standardized. They are designed to be "an objective and standardized measure of a sample of behavior".


title: Standardized test

text: The first known standardized test was in Imperial China, when Empress Wu allowed anyone who passed the test to be a government official based on their merit rather than birthright, meaning that people work to become leaders rather than being born into leadership. However, we do not know the details of this system.


title: Charente-Maritime

text: Charente-Maritime (Saintongeais: "Chérente-Marine") is a department on the west coast of France in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It is named after the Charente river, the most important river in the department, and its position along the coast.


title: Charente-Maritime

text: The department, as "Charente-Inférieure" ("Lower Charente" because it was in the lower part of the Charente river), is one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790.


title: Charente-Maritime

text: It was created from parts of the old provinces of Saintonge and Aunis and small parts of Poitou and Angoumois.


title: Charente-Maritime

text: The new department had seven districts: La Rochelle, Rochefort, Saint-Jean-d'Angély, Saintes, Pons, Montlieu and Marennes. The capital (now prefecture) was Saintes alternating with La Rochelle and Saint-Jean-d'Angély but soon was changed and Saintes was kept as the only capital.


title: Charente-Maritime

text: In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the seven districts were changed into six "arrondissements": Saintes, Jonzac, Marennes, Rochefort, La Rochelle and Saint-Jean-d'Angély and in 1810 the capital was moved to La Rochelle.


title: Charente-Maritime

text: On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissements" of Marennes and Saint-Jean-d'Angély were eliminated. In 1943, Saint-Jean-d'Angély was made again an "arrondissement".


title: Charente-Maritime

text: On 4 Septembre 1941, the name of the department was changed from "Charente-Inférieure" to the present name of Charente-Maritime.


title: Charente-Maritime

text: The highest point in the department is in the woods of Chantemerlière, near the commune of Contré in the northeast, and that is high.


title: Charente-Maritime

text: The main rivers are the Charente and its tributaries, the Boutonne and the Seugne, along with the Sèvre Niortaise, the Seudre, and the Garonne in its downstream part, which is the estuary of the Gironde.


title: Charente-Maritime

text: The climate of La Rochelle is an oceanic climate with template summers, Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate) in the Köppen climate classification.


title: Charente-Maritime

text: The average amount of precipitation for the year in La Rochelle is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of .


title: Charente-Maritime

text: The average temperature for the year in La Rochelle is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .


title: Charente-Maritime

text: The department is managed by the "Departmental Council of the Charente-Maritime" in La Rochelle. Charente-Maritime is part of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.


title: Charente-Maritime

text: There are 5 "arrondissements" (districts), 27 "cantons" and 469 "communes" (municipalities) in Charente-Maritime.


title: Charente-Maritime

text: The following is a list of the 27 cantons of the Charente-Maritime department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:


title: Charente-Maritime

text: The inhabitants of Charente-Maritime are known, in French, as "Charentais maritimes" (women: "Charentaises maritimes").


title: Charente-Maritime

text: Charente-Maritime has a population, in 2014, of 637,089, for a population density of inhabitants/km. The "arrondissement" of Rochelle, with 210,151 inhabitants, is by far the largest. The other four, Rochefort, Saintes, Jonzac and Saint-Jean-d'Angély, have respectively 187,843, 128,786, 56,973 and 53,336 inhabitants.


title: Real Sociedad

text: Real Sociedad de Fútbol is a Spanish football team. The team is in Donostia-San Sebastián in the Spanish province of Guipuzcoa. It was created in 1909. In the 2006/07 season, the team was in La Liga. After 40 years in this division, in the season 2007/08 Real Sociedad plays in Segunda División. The colors of the team are blue and white.


title: Real Sociedad

text: Anoeta Stadium is the stadium of Real Sociedad. Anoeta has a capacity of 32 000. Anoeta Stadium was opened in 1993.


title: İlkay Gündoğan

text: İlkay Gündoğan (born 24 October 1990) is a German professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Manchester City and the Germany national football team.


title: İlkay Gündoğan

text: Born in Gelsenkirchen, Gündoğan came through VfL Bochum's (German Club) youth academy. In 2008, he began playing for the club's reserve side before joining the first team, FC Nürnberg (German Club) the following season. He was then acquired by Borussia Dortmund (German Club) in 2011, winning the double of Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal (German knockout football cup) in his first season. In 2013, he helped Borussia reach their first UEFA Champions League Final since 1996–97. After playing a total of 157 matches and scoring 15 goals for the club, Gündoğan signed for Manchester City for an estimated transfer fee of £21 million in the summer of 2016. He won the Premier League and English Football League Cup in 2017–18.


title: İlkay Gündoğan

text: Gündoğan made his senior debut for Germany in 2011 after previously being capped by Germany youth teams at under-18, under-19, under-20 and under-21 levels. He was chosen in Germany's squads for UEFA Euro 2012, the 2018 FIFA World Cup and the 2022 FIFA World Cup.


title: Saint Petersburg State University

text: St Petersburg University (SPbU, Saint Petersburg State University; Russian: СПбГУ, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет) is a Russian university based in Saint Petersburg. It is the oldest and one of the largest universities in Russia.


title: Saint Petersburg State University

text: Saint Petersburg State University has many schools. They include science, engineering and humanities.