title: Fight or flight response

text: Humans have some problems with the system, because though they share the physiology with other animals, they rarely face a clear-cut fight or flight choice. Humans can try to talk their way through various problems and semi-threats, but they may suffer stress when the issues are not easily solved.


title: Fight or flight response

text: Animals respond in many ways to situations which threaten them. The fight/flight choice is just one alternative. At one extreme is the way mother cats with kittens will defend them to the death if necessary. Another situation is the way many animals keep still when a predator is nearby. Their camouflage is often effective.


title: Book cover

text: A book cover is any protective covering used to bind together the pages of a book. The covering may be of paper, or hard paper boards, or even plastic. The boards may be covered with paper, cloth or leather. They may be laminated, with a plastic layer onto paper.


title: Croydon

text: Croydon is a large town in Greater London, southern England in the United Kingdom. It is south of London and is part of the London Borough of Croydon.


title: Book cover

text: There is a distinction between hardbacks and softbacks, which are usually sold at different prices. Hardbacks may be covered with a dust jacket designed to attract readers. Softbacks are almost always designed to attract sales in bookshop displays.


title: Croydon

text: The town grew up from Anglo-Saxon times around a palace belonging to the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1276 the archbishop allowed a weekly market to take place nearby and this date is taken as the founding of the town. The town grew in the eighteenth century as a stage coach stop on the way to the popular seaside town of Brighton from London. In the nineteenth century railways put the town only 15 minutes from London by fast train and it grew 23 times in terms of the number of people living there between 1801 and 1901.


title: Book cover

text: The evolution of printing methods has made the production of books very much cheaper than was the case with early printed works. As a result, books are bought and read in great numbers. They compete against each other in the marketplace. The function of book design is partly to help the reader, but even more to persuade the reader to buy the book.


title: Croydon

text: Croydon is well known for having many places to go shopping, which includes two shopping centres called Centrale and the Whitgift Centre. A third one called Park Place is planned. Croydon has been rated the 20 best shopping area in the UK. It is also well known for holding a lot of offices for companies to let. The council wants to keep Croydon a big town by building more offices and entertainment facilities so a new place called the Croydon Gateway is planned. Purley Way, just west of Croydon, is a large retail park area which has many shops like Comet (which went in admin in 2012), Sainsbury's, McDonald's, IKEA, Argos, M&S, Boots along with a cinema and bowling alley.


title: Croydon

text: Croydon is very easy to get to. There is a large bus station on the edge of Croydon, and three railway stations called East Croydon, West Croydon, and South Croydon.


title: Croydon

text: Croydon is also served by Tramlink, a tram system, the only tram system in all of Greater London. It is the place where all four routes meet. They go to places like Elmers End and Beckenham in Bromley to the east, Wimbledon and Mitcham in Merton to the west, and Addington and Addiscombe to the south.


title: Sayyid dynasty

text: Sayyid dynasty was the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. This dynasty is the shortest ruling dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. Throughout this dynasty, four rulers ruled North India. Their rule lasted from 1414 to 1451.Founded by a former governor of Multan. This dynasty succeeded the Tughlaq dynasty. They were displaced or succeeded by the Lodi dynasty.


title: IFOR

text: The Implementation Force (IFOR) was a NATO-led multinational peace enforcement force in Bosnia and Herzegovina under a one-year mandate from 20 December 1995 to 20 December 1996 under the codename "Operation Joint Endeavour".


title: Sayyid dynasty

text: Following the 1398 Delhi invasion of Amir Timur, he appointed the Sayyids as the governors of Delhi. This dynasty was established by Sayyid Khizr Khan. He was appointed by Timur to be the governor of Multan (Punjab). Khizr Khan captured Delhi from Daulat Khan Lodi on May 28, 1414. By this way he established (formed) the Sayyid dynasty.


title: IFOR

text: NATO was responsible for carrying out the Dayton Peace Accords. The Dayton Peace Accords were started on November 22, 1995 by the presidents of Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia, on behalf of Serbia and the Bosnian Serb Republic. The actual signing happened in Paris on December 14, 1995. The peace accords contained a General Framework Agreement and eleven supporting annexes with maps. The accords had three major goals: ending of hostilities, authorization of military and civilian program going into effect, and the establishment of a central Bosnian government while excluding individuals that serve sentences or under indictment by the International War Crimes Tribunals from taking part in the running of the government. IFOR's specific role was to implement the military Annexes of "The General Framework Agreement for Peace (GFAP) in Bosnia and Herzegovina".


title: Sayyid dynasty

text: Khizr Khan was succeeded by his son Sayyid Mubarak Shah. He succeeded after his father's death on May 20, 1421. Mubarak Shah referred to himself as "Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah" on his coins. After the death of Mubarak Shah, his nephew, Muhammad Shah ascended (came to throne) the throne. His son Sayyid Ala-ud-Din Shah succeeded him as the king.Alam Shah was a weak ruler. In 1451 he surrendered Delhi to Bahlul Lodi. He went to Budaun where he spent rest of his life.


title: IFOR

text: IFOR relieved the UN peacekeeping force UNPROFOR, which had originally arrived in 1992, and the transfer of authority was discussed in Security Council Resolution 1031. Almost 60,000 NATO soldiers in addition to forces from non-NATO nations were deployed to Bosnia. Operation Decisive Endeavor (SACEUR OPLAN 40105), beginning 6 December 1995, was a subcomponent of Joint Endeavor.


title: IFOR

text: The Dayton Agreement resulted from a long series of events. Notably, the failures of EU-led peace plans, the August 1995 Croat Operation Storm and its aftermath, the Bosnian Serb atrocities, in particular the Srebrenica massacre, and the seizure of UNPROFOR peace-keepers as human shields against NATO's Operation Deliberate Force.


title: IFOR

text: Admiral Leighton W. Smith, Jr. (Commander in Chief Allied Forces Southern Europe (CINCSOUTH)) acted as the Joint Force Commander for the operation (also known as "Commander IFOR" (COMIFOR)). He commanded the operation from HQs in Zagreb and later from March 1996 from the Residency in Sarajevo. Lt Gen Michael Walker, Commander Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC) acted as the Land Component Commander for the Operation, commanding from HQ ARRC (Forward) based initially in Kiseljak and from late January 1996 from HQ ARRC (Main) Ilidža. This was NATO's first ever out-of-area land deployment. The Land Component's part of the operation was known as Operation Firm Endeavour.


title: IFOR

text: At its height, IFOR involved troops from 32 countries and numbered some 54,000 soldiers in-country (BiH) and around 80,000 involved soldiers in total (with support and reserve troops stationed in Croatia, Hungary, Germany, and Italy and also on ships in the Adriatic Sea). In the initial phases of the operation, much of the initial composition of IFOR consisted of units which had been part of UNPROFOR but remained in place and simply replaced their United Nations insignia with IFOR insignia.


title: Vince Neil

text: Vincent Neil Wharton (born February 8, 1961 in Hollywood, California) is an American musician. He is the lead singer of the heavy metal band Mötley Crüe.


title: Edward Woodward

text: Edward Albert Arthur Woodward OBE (1 June 1930 – 16 November 2009) was a British actor. He was born in Croydon, London. His parents were working class. His television roles included the title characters in "Callan" (for which he won a BAFTA Award) and "The Equalizer" (for which he won a Golden Globe Award). His movie roles include Sergeant Howie in "The Wicker Man". He also acted on stage.


title: Vince Neil

text: He joined Mötley Crüe in 1981 and released "Too Fast for Love" on November 10, 1981. He then went on to record "Shout at the Devil", "Theatre of Pain", "Girls, Girls, Girls" and "Dr. Feelgood" with Mötley Crüe before both Neil and Mötley Crüe parted ways. He then went on a solo career but rejoined Mötley Crüe when both their fortunes were declining. The band then released "Generation Swine" on June 24, 1997 but there was a lot of tension in the band and Tommy Lee left the band. Lee was replaced by Randy Castillo and the band recorded "New Tattoo" on July 11, 2000. The band went on hiatus after Castillo died of cancer on March 26, 2002. The band then released their ninth studio album "Saints of Los Angeles" on June 24, 2008.


title: Edward Woodward

text: Woodward married actress Venetia Barrett in 1952. The couple had three children, all of whom are actors. Their sons are Tim Woodward (born 1953) and Peter Woodward (born 1956). Their daughter is Sarah Woodward (born 1963). Woodward left Barrett for actress Michele Dotrice (born 1948). The couple had a daughter, Emily Beth Woodward (born 1983). Woodward and Barrett divorced in 1986. He was married to Dotrice from 1987 until his death in Treliske, Truro, Cornwall.


title: Edward Woodward

text: Edward Woodward died at the Royal Cornwall Hospital in Truro on 16 November 2009 at the age of 79. He lived in Hawker's Cove, Cornwall, near Padstow. He had various illnesses, including pneumonia.


title: Edward Woodward

text: He is survived by his wife, Michele Dotrice and their daughter, and the three children of his first marriage.


title: Edward Woodward

text: His ability as tenor let him record twelve albums of romantic songs, as well as three albums of poetry and fourteen books to tape. His vocal ability and acting skill let him make a number of appearances when time allowed on the BBC's Edwardian era music hall programme, "The Good Old Days".


title: Edward Woodward

text: In 1969 and 1970, he was Television Actor of the Year, and Best Actor at the Sun Awards in 1970, 1971 and 1972. Woodward won the 1970 BAFTA Award for Best Actor for his title role in "Callan". He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1978. At the 1987 Golden Globe Awards, he won Best Actor in a Dramatic TV Series for his role of Robert McCall in "The Equalizer". At the Emmy Award from 1986 to 1990, he was nominated each year for "The Equalizer".


title: Bicycle path

text: Many bicycle path networks can be found in countries such as Denmark or Netherlands, which has had a national system of cycle routes since 1993. These networks may use routes dedicated exclusively to cycle traffic or minor rural roads whose use is otherwise restricted to local motor traffic and agricultural machinery. A safe way to go on a bicycle is when you have a bicycle path. These are made in places where bicycle safety is given consideration, so you do not have to cycle in busy traffic on dangerous roads.


title: Bicycle path

text: The Dutch word "Fietspad" means Bicycle Path in English. In the Netherlands you can go on the bicycle path to the shops, housing, stations, schools, and workplaces.


title: Bicycle path

text: The more sensible approach is based on efforts to increase Utility cycling. In countries like Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany the high levels of utility cycling also includes shopping trips e.g. 9% of all shopping trips in Germany are by bicycle.


title: CBBC (TV channel)

text: CBBC (Children's BBC) is the name of a television channel that often shows these programmes. The programmes are meant for children that are between 6 and 12 years old. The "Children's BBC" name began on 9 September 1985. Before then there were BBC children's programmes, but they were not branded under one name. The name "CBBC" was used informally since 1990, and became the official name in 1997.


title: CBBC (TV channel)

text: CBBC programmes are shown on BBC One, BBC Two and the CBBC Channel. CBBC has a sister brand, CBeebies, for children under 6. The CBBC brands for BBC One and BBC Two are "CBBC One" and "CBBC Two".


title: CBBC (TV channel)

text: CBBC is run by the BBC Children's department, who make the programmes for children up to the age of 16. Most of their offices are in the East Tower of the BBC Television Centre, with some programmes coming from Scotland and Bristol. CBBC produces a whole range of programme types, including drama, news, entertainment and educational programmes.


title: CBBC (TV channel)

text: Since February 2006, the Controller of the BBC Children's department has been Richard Deverell. The department splits output into age groups:


title: CBBC (TV channel)

text: Anne Gilchrist is Creative Director of CBBC, and Michael Carrington is Creative Director of CBeebies.


title: CBBC (TV channel)

text: Monday 3 September 2007 saw the fifth CBBC relaunch. As part of the relaunch, new logos, idents, interactive services, programmes and presenters were introduced. The previous computer generated backgrounds used from December 2006 were replaced by a real set.


title: CBBC (TV channel)

text: Ed Petrie became the chief continuity presenter, accompanied by a puppet sidekick "Oucho T. Cactus" (operated and voiced by Warrick Brownlow-Pike). They regularly present live, weekday afternoon links on the CBBC channel with Petrie voicing pre-recorded, out-of-vision announcements during for weekdays on BBC One. On 29 August 2008, they went on extended leave to record a new series for CBBC - they returned to continuity duties on 1 December 2008. During this period, relief presenter Holly Walsh presented weekday afternoon links for the channel with Dunceton the Talking Brain.


title: CBBC (TV channel)

text: Anne Foy presented pre-recorded in-vision links at the weekend alongside her dog, Elliot, until her departure in March 2008. Foy was replaced by two new presenters, Ben Hanson and Ciaran Joyce, who previously appeared in CBBC show "The Story of Tracy Beaker". They have since been replaced by comedy double act Dan and Jeff.


title: CBBC (TV channel)

text: On Monday 14 March 2016, CBBC got a whole new look, which saw a new logo, plus new idents and presentation.


title: CBBC (TV channel)

text: "CBBC extra" is a free interactive television service from CBBC. It is found on the BBCi pages. It is accessible from the CBBC Channel by pressing the red button and then selecting "CBBC extra". It can also be accessed from any other BBCi page by pressing 570.


title: CBBC (TV channel)

text: The service is different on different digital platforms, for example Sky viewers can access the video loop. But it is only available on Freeview when BBCi is not showing other interactive services, like sports events.


title: CBBC (TV channel)

text: CBBC extra offers games, the UK Top 40 music, jokes sent in by viewers, "Nev's Horoscopes", and a weekly competition. The current presenter of CBBC extra is Ed Petrie.


title: CBBC (TV channel)

text: This new feature allows the viewers to play a quiz. There are 15 levels, each containing 5 up to 10 questions. Viewers can also send in their questions which could be shown on the service. The "CBBC Quiz" can be from the CBBC extra page, by selecting the option called "CBBC Quiz". This option is also available on the main interactive menu on the "CBBC Channel", by pressing the red button.


title: CBBC (TV channel)

text: The CBBC website has a wide range of activities, such as games, puzzles, message boards and frequently updated news and more stuff. The website is found .


title: CBBC (TV channel)

text: "My CBBC" is a feature to the new CBBC website. It allows users to create their own room which they can decorate. It is also possible to create your own avatar. The new feature is often promoted on the "CBBC Channel".


title: CBBC (TV channel)

text: "Adventure Rock" (renamed from CBBC World) is a virtual online world that launched on 1 March 2008. Press releases have stated "it would allow digitally literate children the access to characters and resources they had come to expect. Users would be able to build an online presence, known as an avatar, then create and share content."


title: CBBC (TV channel)

text: The main points of the system are safety and responsibility online, with no chatrooms or the financial aspects available in other online worlds such as "Second Life".


title: CBBC (TV channel)

text: Controller of Children's BBC Richard Deverell said: ""Adventure Rock" is a good example of the way we need to go. The thing that interests me is that children are at the vanguard. And that is where we are taking Children's BBC."and still fun.


title: English phonology

text: English is a language with many ways to pronounce things. Pronunciation changes both through history and from dialect to dialect. Mostly, however, English has a mostly similar phonological system throughout the world. Most dialects are different from one another because they have different types of stress in syllables. Stops, affricates, and fricatives are also changed in consonants in different dialects.


title: English phonology

text: There is also lots of research done on prestige(more formal) or standard(more common). These can mean Received Pronunciation for England, General American for the United States and General Australian for Australia.


title: English phonology

text: Most dialects in English use the shown 24 consonants. is a little less common. There are, of course, exceptions to all of these in accents such as Hiberno English, New York, South Asian, etc.


title: English phonology

text: English has an unusually large number of vowels. In English, vowels in different dialects change a lot. These vowels can also be written differently throughout different dialects. For example, the vowel in is in Received Pronunciation but in General American.


title: English phonology

text: John C. Wells made a popular lexicon set that shows the pronunciation in Received Pronunciation(RP) and General American(GA). It is shown below.


title: English phonology

text: The next three tables show the vowel phonemes in Received Pronunciation, General American and General Australian.


title: English phonology

text: Some of the short vowels may also be combined with ( "bay", "buy", "boy"), with ( , "beau") or with ( "peer", "pair", "poor"). The vowel inventory of English RP in MacCarthy's system therefore totals only seven phonemes. Analyses such as these could also posit six vowel phonemes, if the vowel of the final syllable in "comma" is considered to be an unstressed allophone of that of "strut". These seven vowels might be symbolized , , , , , and . Six or seven vowels is a figure that would put English much closer to the average number of vowel phonemes in other languages.


title: English phonology

text: A radically different approach to the English vowel system was proposed by Chomsky and Halle. Their "Sound Pattern of English" proposed that English has lax and tense vowel phonemes which are operated on by a complex set of phonological rules to transform underlying phonological forms into surface phonetic representations. This generative analysis is not easily comparable with conventional analyses, but the total number of vowel phonemes proposed falls well short of the figure of 20 often claimed as the number of English vowel phonemes.


title: Gohar Ayub Khan

text: Gohar Ayub Khan (; born 15 January 1937) is a Pakistani politician, businessman and retired army officer. He was a member of the Pakistan Muslim League. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs during the administration of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif from 1997 to 1998.


title: Ignacio Avila Rodríguez

text: Ignacio Avila Rodriguez (born January 19, 1979 in Manresa) is a track and field athlete from Spain. He has a disability: he is blind and is T12/B2 type athlete. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 4 X 400 meter T11-T13 race. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the 1,500 meter race. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.


title: GlobalLogic

text: GlobalLogic is a digital product engineering services company headquartered in San Jose, California, United States. It is a privately held company funded by Partners Group and CPP Investment Board. GlobalLogic provides software product design and development services.


title: GlobalLogic

text: GlobalLogic got its start in 2000 as Induslogic, a provider of outsourced software and product development services. Peter Harrison was appointed CEO in 2001 and Vasudev Bhandarkar joined the board in 2004. Under the direction of its CEO Peter Harrison, the company incubated Pine Labs in 2001 and then divided this subsidiary in 2006 before selling it to Sequoia Capital.


title: GlobalLogic

text: In 2006, Induslogic merged with Bonus Technology to form GlobalLogic, a new global product development services company.


title: GlobalLogic

text: The same year, the company received Series B venture round funding of $12.5M from Sequoia Capital and New Enterprise Associates in 2006 and acquired Lambent Technologies, an offshore software R&D services firm based in Nagpur, India.


title: GlobalLogic

text: In 2008, GlobalLogic opened offices in London, naming Mike Daniels as chairman of the board and hiring Shashank Samant as President.The same year, it acquired U.S.-based Validio Software and its Ukraine-based development center.


title: GlobalLogic

text: In 2012, CEO Peter Harrison became vice chairman and its president, Shashank Samant, was appointed CEO.


title: GlobalLogic

text: In 2014, GlobalLogic hired Zaheer Allam as chief delivery officer and opened new delivery centers in Nagpur, India and Kosice, Slovakia. In 2015, the company opened a delivery center in Kraków, Poland. In 2016, Peter Bonfield took over the role of board chairman. The same year, GlobalLogic acquired REC Global, a Poland-based software development provider specializing in embedded technologies.


title: Doomsday cult

text: A doomsday cult is a new religious movement or cult that says that the world is about to end. According to these cults, there will be a catastrophe. The only way to be saved is by joining the group, and by doing what it says. John Lofland first used the term in 1966, in a study of the Unification Church. Some researchers believe that the term should not be used by mass media or by governments, because it will reinforce the beliefs of the respective group, and lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy.


title: Doomsday cult

text: Examples of groups said to be doomsday cults include the Peoples Temple, the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, and Aum Shinrikyo. Aum Shinrikyo was responsible for an Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995, where thirteen people died. The People's Temple organised a forced mass suicide in Guyana, at a facility now known as "Jonestown", where over 900 people died. The Movement for the Restoration of the Ten commandments, in Uganda, predicted the end of the world would be on the 31st December 1999. When it did not come, people in the movement became skeptical, and wanted their property back, which they had donated to the church leader. At a religious service on 17th March 2000, the church where the service was held was put on fire, and 530 people died. During the inquiry, the police found other people dead, at the properties of the movement; they had likely been poisoned. In total, over 1000 people had died. The leader of the movement survived, and has not been seen since then.


title: Doomsday cult

text: In "Globalisation and the Future of Terrorism", Brynjar Lia notes that "Doomsday cults are nothing new," but also states that they are "relatively few". Lia cites the mass murder/suicide of members of Peoples Temple at Jonestown, Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, the use of salmonella as a poison by followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, and actions of Aum Shinrikyo as examples, noting that: "...during the past decades one has witnessed a number of increasingly violent doomsday sects, inflicting mass violence on their members and, in rare cases, also on outsiders".


title: Hook-handed man

text: Fernald Widdershins, or the Hook-handed Man is a villain and antihero from "A Series of Unfortunate Events", a series of children's books written by Lemony Snicket. He is part of Count Olaf's acting group, and he has hooks on both of his hands. He is first seen in "The Bad Beginning" and last seen in "The Grim Grotto". He is Captain Widdershins' stepson and has a sister called Fiona.


title: Smothers Brothers

text: The Smothers Brothers are an American folk music comedy duo, made up of real-life brothers Tom ("Tommy") and Dick Smothers. They were at their most popular during the 1960s and 1970s. Tom plays acoustic guitar and Dick plays upright bass, and both men sing. They pretend to get into arguments about the songs, and this forms much of their comedy act.


title: Earphones

text: Earphones or earbuds are a small type of headphones and audio devices that people wear in their outer ear. Earphones are lighter and more portable than headphones. They let people listen to music on a walkman, MP3 player, mobile phone or computer.


title: Smothers Brothers

text: The Smothers Brothers began their career during the folk music boom in the United States, during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Their comedy got them noticed, and they began to make records and appear on television. Later they starred in their own television series, "The Smothers Brothers Show". They did not sing or perform music on this show, but instead Dick played a man whose brother (Tom) became his .


title: Earphones

text: Earphones that are worn inside the ear canal are called In-ear headphones or In-ear monitors. They typically have better sound quality.


title: Smothers Brothers

text: Their next series, "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour", was a variety show, with live performances by musical guests, and sometimes actors and comedians. The brothers hosted the program, which began in 1967. They would begin with a song in their usual style, and introduce the performers. Along with guests, the show had regular actors and writers. These included Steve Martin, Pat Paulsen, Bob Einstein, Mason Williams, Leigh French and Lorenzo Music.


title: Smothers Brothers

text: Some of the guests who appeared on "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour" were Bette Davis, Tony Randall, Kate Smith, Eddie Albert and Eva Gabor, and Inger Stevens. Some of their musical guests were Pete Seeger, The Turtles, Janis Ian, Jefferson Airplane, Nancy Sinatra, The First Edition (with a young Kenny Rogers), Donovan, Peter, Paul and Mary, Joan Baez, Jennifer Warnes, Harry Nilsson and The Buckinghams. Glen Campbell regularly appeared on the show, and hosted a summer replacement series, "The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour".


title: Smothers Brothers

text: Sometimes the performances had controversial topics, like the Vietnam War, population and many social issues. CBS, who broadcast the show, sometimes censored it, taking parts out that a large number of people might disagree with. They warned the brothers about presenting things that might cause upset to viewers. The Smotherses and their staff, though, believed it was important to comment about such things. The issues mattered to them, and were affecting people around the United States and the world.


title: Smothers Brothers

text: In 1969, CBS cancelled the show, even though they had already promised another season of shows would be made. The reason given was that David Steinberg, a comedian whose style included , had been invited back to appear even though CBS had his reappearance. The two sides went to court.


title: Smothers Brothers

text: In 1973, the court decided CBS had violated (broken) their contract with the Smothers Brothers, and that the real reason they had cancelled the show was out of censorship. CBS had to pay the Smotherses for the never-made season. The reputation of the brothers, though, had suffered.


title: Smothers Brothers

text: The Smothers Brothers tried to produce a new show, this time for the ABC television network, but it did not last long. Times had changed, and viewers were now interested in other shows and performers.


title: Smothers Brothers

text: The brothers went back to appearing live, in small clubs and large venues, as the chances came. One night in 1974, they were appearing in the Troubadour Club in Los Angeles, California. Two members of the audience were Harry Nilsson and John Lennon, who both knew the Smothers Brothers offstage. (Tom Smothers had even appeared on Lennon's 1969 single "Give Peace A Chance", as a member of the Plastic Ono Band, while Nilsson had appeared on "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour".) As it turned out, Nilsson and Lennon were drunk, and began to the brothers, thinking it would help the show. It did not, and Nilsson and Lennon were finally escorted out. (They both sent flowers to the Smotherses the next day, and issued an apology.)


title: Smothers Brothers

text: The Smothers Brothers remained popular with many fans, and continued to perform their act as years went by. They appeared on programs like "The Tonight Show" during the 1970s and 1980s. A television special in 1988 reunited many of the "Comedy Hour" cast members, and another short-lived series was produced. CBS aired the new programs, having long ago made peace with the Smotherses.


title: Smothers Brothers

text: In later years, the Smothers Brothers appeared in Las Vegas and Branson, Missouri, still performing their familiar act. They continue to tour, more than fifty years after their careers began, often backed by local symphony orchestras.


title: Jesus with erection

text: Jesus with erection is a picture that was made by students at the University of Oregon and published in the March 2006 edition of the "Student Insurgent". It caused debates in the United States in 2006. The picture shows a naked Jesus Christ on the Cross with an erection.


title: Jesus with erection

text: In 2005 the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published 12 cartoons of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The paper said that this was to add to the debate about criticism of Islam and self-censorship. Danish-Muslims said that they did not like them because Islam teaches that it is wrong for people to make any picture of Muhammad and also because they felt that the pictures showed disrespect to Muhammad. This led to protests in many Islamic countries, some of which became violent and led to more than 100 deaths.


title: Jesus with erection

text: The students of the University of Oregon said that they made the pictures of Jesus because they want to show how people who are religious feel when people make pictures that may be offensive to Jesus. They wanted to get Muslims and Christians to talk and understand each other better.


title: Jesus with erection

text: Some people disliked the picture of Jesus with erection. The president of the Catholic League, William Donohue, said that the president of the Oregon University, Dave Frohnmayer, is partially responsible for the pictures. William Donohue said that the picture was one of the worst attacks on Christianity he had ever seen. Other people who disliked the picture said that the University's President David B. Frohnmayer should not work for the University any more. However, the Oregon Daily Emerald and the Oregon Commentator, said that the students' right to free speech and the University's decision to defend the student newspaper, citing the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States like the Southworth case. This case said that universities could support student groups (such as newspapers) that other students did not agree with without hurting the rights of the students who do not like the groups.


title: Bogan

text: The term bogan () is an Australian and New Zealander slang word. It can be used to describe a person with a working class background. Or it can be someone whose speech, clothing, attitude and behaviour display a proud working class attitude. Sometimes the word can have a negative meaning. Over the last several decades, the bogan has become a very widespread and well respected group. There are many local names that describe the same or similar groups of people.


title: Bogan

text: Bogans are often thought to be people who live in the outer suburbs of larger cities. They are less keen on dental hygiene than others. They also tend to be anti-authority, proud of their country, have home done tattoos, love classic rock, love Peter Brock, hoon around and drink a lot of alcohol. A bogan attitude is not pretentious and is very honest.


title: Bogan

text: Some types of clothing are associated with bogans. These include flannelette shirts, monkey hoodies, Stubbies shorts, King Gee workwear, thongs and Ugg boots. They also wear jeans and black leggings. Victorian Bogans typically wear acid wash jeans, ugg boots, and band T-shirts with mullet style haircuts. In the mid 1990s, New Zealand Bogans were typically dressed in all black. Super-taper black jeans were fairly standard and black woollen jerseys. Long fringe or long hair in general was also common.


title: Bogan

text: Bogans typically do not copy middle-class styles of taste, diet, hobbies, fashion and language. Bogans are sometimes looked down upon by some other groups. This can make the lives of disadvantaged people much tougher.


title: Bogan

text: The term bogan is nowadays used to display a pride in being rough around the edges. In 2002, Michelle Griffin discussed the fact that ‘bogan’ is no longer being used as an insult. It is in fact a way to identify with the ‘Aussie’ culture that many Anglo‐Saxon Australian citizens are so proud of. In the past, bogan was a bad term. Now many take pride in being called a bogan. Radio station Triple J held a "National Bogan Day" on 28 June 2002, which they commemorated by playing music by bands such as Cold Chisel, Midnight Oil, Rose Tattoo and AC/DC.


title: Despotism

text: Despotism is a form of government that is controlled by one person or a small group of people. The person who controls the state is called a "despot". The despot has complete control of the state, like a dictator or tyrant. In history, the pharaohs of Egypt were despots. The word "despot" is thought to come from the Ancient Greek word "despotes", which means "the master".


title: Despotism

text: According to Montesquieu, the difference between absolute monarchy and despotism is as follows. In the case of the monarchy, a single person governs with absolute power by fixed and established laws, whereas a despot governs by his or her own will and caprice.


title: Despotism

text: The importance of the idea of despotism is that today it is a very common type of dictatorship or direct rule. Ruling monarchies are today few in number.


title: Despotism

text: Even when there are elections, as there are for the Russian presidency, opposition candidates are at such a disadvantage that they are rarely, if ever, successful.


title: Despotism

text: Despotism has always been associated with Eastern rather than Western states. Of the former Soviet Union, it is only the new states to the west which have attempted, with difficulties, to build genuine democracies (such as Moldova and Ukraine).


title: Heat sink

text: A heat sink is an object that cools another part that is too hot. It works with a CPU fan to do this. The heat sink is in contact with the part that should be cooled. It takes heat away and dissipates it, for example into the air around it.


title: Heat sink

text: Heat sinks are found in most computers. The chips inside a computer can get very hot. Therefore, they need to be cooled, so that they don't break. This is usually done with a heat sink. Heat sinks are also found in most high fidelity audio amplifiers.


title: Ulan-Ude

text: Ulan-Ude (Russian:Ула́н-Удэ́; Buryat: Улаан-Үдэ), formerly Verkhneudinsk (), the capital city of the Buryat Republic, Russia. The city is located about 100 km south-east of Lake Baikal. It sits at the foot of the Khamar-Daban and Khrebet Ulan-Burgasy mountain ranges, next to the confluence of the Selenga River and its tributary, the Uda. The city is divided into two parts by the Uda. Population 359,391 (2002 Census); 352,530 (1989 Census). It is the third largest city in East Siberia. It is served by Ulan-Ude Airport (Mukhino) as well as the smaller Ulan-Ude Vostochny Airport.


title: Ulan-Ude

text: Ulan-Ude was founded in 1666 by the Russian Cossacks. Due to its geographical position, the city grew rapidly and became a large trade centre which connected Russia with China and Mongolia. There are old merchants' mansions richly decorated with wood and stone carving in the historical center of Ulan-Ude, along the river banks. They represent beautiful examples of Russian classicism. There is also a large and highly unusual head of Lenin in the central square.


title: Maria Theresa of Austria

text: Maria Theresa of Austria (13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female head of the Habsburg Dynasty. She reigned as the de facto Empress Regnant of the Holy Roman Empire and Queen of Germany. She was also queen of Hungary and Bohemia, archduchess of Austria, and held many other titles.


title: Maria Theresa of Austria

text: During her rule she changed the royal palace outside Vienna (the Austrian capital) to look much like Versailles. Vienna itself became an important center for the arts, especially music. Maria Theresa added support to her absolute power by tightening her hold on the government. She also improved conditions for the peasants. She is generally known to history as the Empress Maria Theresa.


title: Maria Theresa of Austria

text: Maria Theresa was born in Vienna, Austria, on 13 May 1717. Her parents were Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Her father had made the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, a decree which allowed a female ruler despite the Salic law prohibition.


title: Maria Theresa of Austria

text: Maria Theresa married Duke Francis Stephan I of Lorraine for love. They had sixteen children who are named here:


title: BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role

text: Best Actress in a Leading Role is a British Academy Film award presented each year by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA). It is to recognise an actress who has delivered an outstanding leading performance in a film.


title: DNA methylation

text: DNA methylation is the main way gene activity is adjusted during life, especially during early development.


text: Between 1952 and 1967, two awards were given to the best British and best foreign actress each year. In 1968, the two prizes of British and foreign actress were combined to create a single Best Actress award. Its current title, for Best Actress in a Leading Role, has been used since 1995.


title: DNA methylation

text: It is how methyl groups are added to DNA. This suppresses gene transcription. Two of DNA's four nucleotides, cytosine and adenine, can be methylated. Since adenine methylation is restricted to prokaryotes, all eukaryote transcription is regulated by suppressing cytosine.


title: DNA methylation

text: Suppressing genes is the basis of epigenetics, the study of changes in gene activity which are "not" caused by changes in the DNA sequence. It is the study of gene expression, the way genes bring about their phenotypic effects.


title: DNA methylation

text: The changes in gene activity by methylation may last for the rest of the cell's life, and for many generations of cells through cell divisions. However, there is no change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism. Instead, non-hereditary factors cause the organism's genes to behave (express themselves) differently.


title: Willy Brandt

text: Willy Brandt (18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German chancellor from 1969 until 1974. He was born "Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm" in Lübeck, Germany. He was the leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany 1964–1987 and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize (1971). He died on 8 October 1992 in Unkel on the Rhine.


title: Willy Brandt

text: He was born as son of Martha Frahm and John Möller in 1913 in Lübeck. He never met his father and grew up with his mother and his grandfather.


title: Willy Brandt

text: He fled to Norway when the Nazis took over government in Germany. He led a contact office for the resistance against the Nazi regime. After he lost his German citizenship, he became Norwegian. The Germans arrested him when they occupied Norway. He fled to Sweden. In 1945, Brandt returned to Germany as writer for Scandinavian newspapers.


title: Willy Brandt

text: His political career started in 1948. He became a representative for the SPD in the Bundestag for a district of Berlin. He was member of the state parliament of Berlin from 1950 until 1971.


title: Willy Brandt

text: He became president of the Parliament of Berlin (1955) and Mayor of Berlin (1957). Willy Brandt started to campaign for the position as Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) for the Social Democrats (SPD) in 1961. In 1966, he became Vice-Chancellor of the "Grand Coalition" of SPD and the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) under Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger. He started the social-liberal coalition between the SPD and the Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP). Willy Brandt became Chancellor in 1969.


title: Willy Brandt

text: He travelled to East Germany, Warsaw and Moscow to improve relationships. His acceptance the Oder-Neisse Line and many of controversies in the Parliament and society followed.


title: Willy Brandt

text: In 1972, Rainer Barzel of the CDU believed he could end the Brandt administration, but he failed to win the vote of no-confidence. Brandt was re-elected to a second term later that year. In 1974, Günther Guillaume who worked in Brandt's office was discovered to be a spy. Brandt resigned and Helmut Schmidt became chancellor.


title: Willy Brandt

text: Brandt stayed leader of the SPD, and later of the Socialist International too. He was member of the European Parliament from 1978 to 1983. He gave up the position as chief of the SPD in 1987. Willy Brandt died of colon cancer at his home in Unkel, a town on the River Rhine, on 8 October 1992, at the age of 78. He was given a state funeral and was buried at the cemetery at Zehlendorf in Berlin.


title: Elephant seal

text: The Elephant Seal is a huge seal of the genus Mirounga. There are two species, one in each hemisphere. The southern elephant seal, is found in Antarctic waters, while the northern elephant seal lives on islands of California and Mexico. The elephant seal is the largest amphibious animal. The bulls have a huge proboscis, and may weigh 750 lbs, and 8 ft in length at maturity although old males can approach 11 ft long and weigh 1,375 lbs in rare cases.


title: Elephant seal

text: Outside the breeding season, elephant seals come ashore only to shed their skin, a process known as "moulting". In late summer, hundreds of seal gather on beaches and wallow in muddy pools of water. They lie close to gather while they gradually shed patches of hair and skin. Eventually, the old skin replaced by a new coat of sleek fur, and the seal return to water.


title: Elephant seal

text: Mating is preceded by fights between males, who throw their huge bulk against each other. Winners get to mate with females.


title: Elephant seal

text: Elephant seals dive to 1550 metres beneath the ocean's surface: the deepest recorded dive of an Elephant seal is . The average length of their dives is around 20 min for females and 60 min (1 hour) for males, as they search for their favorite food. Their diet includes skates, rays, squid, octopus, eels, penguin (Southerns only), and small sharks. Their stomachs also often contain gastroliths (stomach stones).


title: Jodhra

text: The Jodhra are a North Punjabi Rajput tribe who are located in Punjab's district of Attock, they are densely populated in Tehsil Pindi Gheb. Jodhra Rajputs are closely allied with the Ghebas,Khans of Makhad.


title: Jodhra

text: The Jodhra tribe converted to Islam in the hand of Mahmud of Ghazni, they came to Attock in the end 16th Century and got their hands on much of the land of north Punjab mainly the 'illaquas' of Sohan, Sill, Talagang and Chakwal. The Jodhra were independent Chiefs keeping up a large body of armed retainers. They saw their peak in the times of Malik Aulia Khan after which owing to family feuds and other causes the tribe has lost much of its original prosperity.


title: Jodhra

text: Their fights with Gheba tribe were an essential part of their history and were known as 'arch-rivals' and enemies but now the two tribes inter-marry and are on friendly terms.In Sir Lepel Griffins book it is stated that the Jodhra are men of principles who could kill for their prestige, they are strong, proud of their culture and traditions. They also breed horses and are fond of hawking and field sports, they prefer service in cavalry to infantry.


title: Jodhra

text: There are two major and powerful jodhra families in Pindi Gheb and Khunda: "The Kamrial Family" & "The Khunda Family"


title: Jodhra

text: "kamrial family has a long history dated centuries back to the times of mughal & british empire, known for their valour. kamrial family comprises of people of kamrial mostly landlords businessmen and politicians there land ownership had a stretch of 13 villages which got squeezed after land reforms during ayub khan's martial law. kamrial family is headed by its powerful leaders but in the political arena they are mainly headed by two brothers Malik ahmed khan and Malik lal khan, Both esteemed businessmen. Malik lal also served in national assembly of pakistan twice and held the office as Parliamentary secretary, his son malik sohail khan is currently MNA from PML-N and ex vice chairman of district attock. Elder son of malik ahmed, malik sajjad khan kamrial is also getting alot of traction in public as an emerging brave face of PTI in attock, younger brother of sajjad; Malik Shabbar khan is Malik Ahmed Khan's younger son who is currently the deputy Chief of 'Citizen Police Liaison Committee'.


title: Jodhra

text: This family is very strong not only in Attock but in whole Pakistan but it is said that they hold grudges among themselves.


title: Jodhra

text: "The Khunda Family" is also a very famous & powerful family who are landlords with a big stretch across fatehjang and politicians. They and the Kamrial family go along well. Their main man was Malik Allahyar Khan who was rumored to be the Chief Minister of Punjab, his younger brother Malik Atta Muhammad khan who is the chief of Khunda family was also Attock district's chairman. Malik Allahyar Khan's younger son Malik Aitebar Khan is a previous MPA and MNA, his elder brother Malik Sheheryar Khan also contested 2018's general election, he has also been a civil officer.


title: Jodhra

text: The Jodhra are strong and powerful in Attock who use the Title Malik which was traditionally 'MALAK'.


title: France women's national football team

text: The France women's national football team is the women's association football team that represents France. The team wasn't very good in the beginning, but they became a powerful team. They reached the quarter-finals of the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. They finished fourth in the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. Their best performance in the UEFA Women's Championship was in the 2013 and 2007 tournament, where they reached the quarter-finals. The top scorer of the team is currently Marinette Pichon, with 81 goals.


title: Lalit Modi

text: Lalit Kumar Modi, (; born November 29, 1963) Is an Indian businessman. Modi is the founder of the Indian Premier League, where he was the Chairman and Commissioner. Modi was also the Chairman of Airtel Champions League T20. Modi served as the Vice President of the Board of Cricket Control in India (BCCI) and the Punjab Cricket Association.


title: Lalit Modi

text: Lalit Modi is the President and Managing Director of Modi Enterprises and the Executive Director of Godfrey Phillips India.


title: Closure (computer programming)

text: In computer science, a closure is a function that has an environment of its own. In this environment, there is at least one bound variable (a name that has a "value", such as a number). The closure's environment keeps the bound variables in memory between uses of the closure.


title: Closure (computer programming)

text: Peter J. Landin gave this idea the name "closure" in 1964. The Scheme programming language made closures popular after 1975. Many programming languages made after that time have closures.


title: Closure (computer programming)

text: Anonymous functions (functions with no name) are sometimes wrongly called closures. Most languages that have anonymous functions also have closures. An anonymous function is also a closure if it has an environment of its own with at least one bound variable. An anonymous function with no environment of its own is not a closure. A named closure is not anonymous.


title: Closure (computer programming)

text: "Values" may be numbers or some other type of data, such as letters, or data structures made up of simpler parts. In the rules of a programming language, the first-class values are values that can be given to functions, returned by functions, and bound to a variable name. Functions that take or return other functions are called higher-order functions. Most languages that have functions as first-class values also have higher-order functions and closures.


title: Closure (computer programming)

text: In this example, the lambda expression codice_1 is part of the function codice_2. When the function is run, Scheme must make the value of the lambda. It does this by making a closure with the code for the lambda and a reference to the codice_3 variable, which is a free variable inside the lambda. (A "free variable" is a name that is not bound to a value.)


title: Closure (computer programming)

text: The codice_4 function then runs the closure on each book in the list to pick which books to return. Because the closure itself has a reference to codice_3, the closure can use that value each time codice_4 runs the closure. The function codice_4 itself might be written in a completely separate file.


title: Closure (computer programming)

text: Here is the same example rewritten in (JavaScript), another popular language with support for closures:


title: Closure (computer programming)

text: ECMAScript uses the word codice_8 here instead of codice_9, and the codice_10 method in place of the codice_4 function, but otherwise the code does the same thing in the same way.


title: Closure (computer programming)

text: A function may create a closure and return it. The following example is a function that returns a function.


title: Closure (computer programming)

text: The closure environment keeps the bound variables codice_12 and codice_13 after the "enclosing" function (codice_14) returns. In languages without closures, these values would be lost after the enclosing function returns. In languages with closures, a bound variable must be kept in memory as long as any closure has it.


title: Closure (computer programming)

text: A closure need not be formed using an anonymous function. The Python programming language, for example, has limited support for anonymous functions but does have closures. For example, one way the above ECMAScript example could be implemented in Python is:


title: Closure (computer programming)

text: In this example, the function named "gradient" makes a closure together with the variables "f" and "dx". The outer enclosing function named "derivative" returns this closure. In this case, an anonymous function would work also.


title: Closure (computer programming)

text: Python must often use named functions instead because its lambda expressions may only contain other "expressions" (code that returns a value) and not "statements" (code that has effects but no value). But in other languages, such as Scheme, all code returns a value; in Scheme, everything is an expression.


title: Closure (computer programming)

text: Note: Some speakers call any data structure that binds a lexical environment a closure, but the term usually refers specifically to functions.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: The COVID-19 pandemic in Australia began on 25 January 2020, in Victoria. A man who had returned from Wuhan, China, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: The Australian government stopped all non-residents from entering the country on 20 March. Social distancing rules were put in place on 21 March. The state governments closed "non-essential" services. This included social gathering places such as hotels and clubs, but not businesses such as construction, manufacturing and many retail stores.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: The number of new cases grew sharply, until reaching about 350 per day on 22 March. The numbers stayed around 350, and then started falling at the beginning of April. At the end of April it was under 20 cases per day. As of 15 February 2021, there were 28,098 cases and 908 deaths in Australia.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: A virus that caused a respiratory illness was first seen in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019. It reported to the World Health Organisation (WHO) on 31 December 2019. WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January, and a pandemic on 11 March.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 23 January, passengers on flights from Wuhan to Sydney were checked when arrived. They had to say if they had a fever or thought they might have the disease. .


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 25 January, the first case of a SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported. A Chinese person arrived from Guangzhou on 19 January. The person was tested and received treatment in Melbourne. On the same day, three other people tested positive in Sydney after returning from Wuhan.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: Nine cases were recorded in January. From 31 January, non Australians returning from China had to stay for two weeks in a third country before being allowed into Australia.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: By 6 February, three people coming back from a tour group in Wuhan were found to have the virus in Queensland. Twenty-four Australians were infected with the virus on the "Diamond Princess" cruise ship. Eight were sent to Darwin for two weeks of quarantine. On 27 February, the prime minister put in place the Australian Health Sector Emergency Response Plan for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19), On 29 February, after an infected person came back to Australia from Iran, the government made all people who had been in Iran go into quarantine. They had spend two weeks in a third country before being allowed into Australia. There were 14 new cases in February, bringing the number of cases to 23.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 1 March, the first person in Australia died from COVID-19. He was a 78-year-old Perth man, who was one of the passengers from the "Diamond Princess."


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 2 March, four new cases were reported. Two of the cases were from people who had got the virus in Australia. They were both in New South Wales. One person got the virus from a close relative and the other was a health care worker. Another case found on the same day was a man from Launceston. He had been on a flight from Melbourne. He was treated at the Launceston General Hospital; the first case in Tasmania.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 4 March, a 95-year-old woman died at an aged care home in Sydney. This was the second death in Australia.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 7 March, a doctor in Victoria had tested positive for COVID-19. The doctor had been in the United States. From 2 to 6 March, the doctor had treated 70 patients at a clinic in Melbourne and two patients at an aged-care home. The clinic was closed, and his patients were told to self-isolate. People who had been on the same flights as the doctor were warned. The doctor believed he only had a mild cold and was fit to return to work.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 8 March, an 82-year-old man died at aged-care home in Sydney, and was the third person to die in Australia.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 9 March, a teacher in Melbourne got the virus from her partner who had been on the same flight from the US with the Melbourne doctor.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 12 March, the ACT announced its first case, the 142nd case in Australia. Actor Tom Hanks and his wife Rita Wilson said that they had tested positive and were in isolation.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 12 March, the Prime Minister said the government would spend $17.6billion to "protect Australians' health, secure jobs and set the economy to bounce back" from the crisis. In Western Australia upgrades to the Peel Health Campus were postponed so that it could safely treat people who had the virus.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: Victoria had nine new cases. A McLaren Formula One team member tested positive for the virus. This brought the Victorian total to 36 and the national total to 175. Peter Dutton the Home Affairs Minister for Australia was diagnosed in Queensland. The Victorian government stopped all jury trials to limit the spread of the virus.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: The University of Queensland closed after three students tested positive for the virus. Western Australia, like New South Wales, stopped schools from organising gatherings of over 500. Susan McDonald, a Queensland senator, said she was infected with the virus. New South Wales Liberal senator, Andrew Bragg, was the third Australian politician to test positive. On 18 March, a human biosecurity emergency was declared by the Governor-General, David Hurley, under Section 475 of the "Biosecurity Act 2015".


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: The cruise ship arrived in Sydney on 18 March and 3,500 passengers left the ship. 79 passengers had tested positively for the virus by 1 April. also arrived on 18 March. On 2 April 34 passengers and 5 crew members were found to have the virus in New South Wales alone. arrived on 19 March. On 2 April 11 cases had tested positively for the virus in New South Wales alone.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: The cruise ship let 2,700 passengers off the ship in Sydney on 19 March. On 20 March is was said that 13 passengers had been tests and three had the virus. New South Wales health authorities asked all passengers to go into self-isolation.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 19 March, Qantas said it would stop about 60% of domestic flights, put two thirds of its employees on leave, stop all international flights and stop using 150 of its aircraft from the end of March until at least 31 May 2020. This was because the government had put in travel restrictions to stop the spread of COVID-19.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 22 March, the government said it would spend another A$66bn, bringing the total assistance to A$89bn. They doubled the money for people on income support, made it easier to get the Jobseeker's allowance, and gave grants of up to A$100,000 for small and medium-sized businesses.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 24 March one passenger from "Ruby Princess" had died and 133 on the ship had tested positive. On 28 March 284 passengers had tested positive.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 25 March the National COVID-19 Coordination Commission (NCCC) was set up by the Prime Minister. This would give the government advice on how to deal with the pandemic.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: The number of new infections began to drop, from around 360 per day for the period of 23 to 27 March, then down to 190 in 28 March and 100 on 29 March. However, there was an expected and sudden increase in deaths.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: The cruise ship arrived at Fremantle on 27 March. Most of the 850 passengers flew home from Perth to Germany on 28–29 March. 41 passengers and crew tested positive to COVID-19 and were treated in Perth hospitals.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: As of 30 March, at least 440 passengers from "Ruby Princess" had tested positive for the virus. As of 31 March 2020, five of them had died.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 30 March the Australian Government said it would spend $130 billion on the "JobKeeper" wage subsidy program. They would pay employers up to $1500 a fortnight for people that had worked for that business for over a year, if the business was losing money because of the pandemic.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 31 March, six baggage handlers from Adelaide Airport had tested positive. As a result, about 100 other people from the airport had to self-isolate, stopping all flights to and from Adelaide.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 1 April, the Western Australian State Government put limits on travel between regions of Western Australia.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 5 April, New South Wales Police looked to see ifpeople who owned the "Ruby Princess", had broken Australian and New South Wales state laws, by not telling anyone about COVID-19 cases on the ship.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 6 April, government said that 2,432 people had recovered; this is more than a third of the total number of cases.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 11 April, there was an outbreak of the virus at Newmarch House, an aged care nursing home in New South Wales. On 14 April, it was linked to an infected staff member with minor symptoms, but who been at work for six days. Ten residents and five staff tested positive for coronavirus. On 27 and 28 April, four residents of the home died in less than 24 hours, bringing to eleven the number of residents who had died from COVID-19 since 11 April. By 9 May, there have been 69 COVID-19 cases linked to the home, 32 staff and 37 residents. Seventeen residents had died from COVID-19.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 13 April, the Tasmanian government closed the North West Regional Hospital and North West Private Hospital in Burnie for cleaning. All the staff, over 1000 people and their families, were put into quarantine. Emergency medical teams from the Australian Defence Force were sent to Burnie to because the hospital staff were in quarantine. On 15 April, a Western Australian man became the first person in Australia to be jailed for breaking the self-isolation laws.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: In May there was an outbreak of the virus linked to a meat processing factory in Victoria. By 8 May there was 71 people with the virus, at least 57 workers and 13 close contacts, including a nurse, aged care worker and high school student. By 9 May, the number had increased to 75.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 9 May, there were two cases related to a McDonald's restaurant. By 18 May, this had increased to 12 cases. A a delivery driver had tested positive, and 12 McDonalds stores were closed for cleaning.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: In New South Wales, on 15 May, some restrictions on public gatherings were eased. Cafes and restaurants, and hotel and club dining rooms, were allowed to reopen but with a maximum of 10 people. Outdoor gatherings could have up to 10 people and 10 guests were able to go to weddings. Funerals could have 20 people inside, and 30 outdoors. Up to 10 people could go into a church.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 19 May, in New South Wales, another resident of Newmarch House nursing home died from coronavirus. This brought the total number of COVID-19 related deaths at the home to 19 and the national death toll to 100.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 3 March, the Reserve Bank of Australia became the first central bank to cut interest rates in response to the outbreak. They were cut to a record low of 0.5%.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 12 March, the Government said it would spend billion to help the economy. It included a one-off A$750 payment to around 6.5 million people who already received income help from the government , small business assistance with 700,000 grants up to $25,000 and to pay 50% of the wages for 120,000 apprenticies or trainees for up to 9 months, 1 billion to support economically impacted sectors, regions and communities, and $700 million to increase tax write off and $3.2 billion to support short-term small and medium-sized business investment.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 19 March, the Reserve Bank again cut interest rates again to 0.25%, the lowest in Australian history.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: In March 2020, the Australian Bureau of Statistics showed how the virus was affecting the economy. Retail sales had increased by 0.4% in February 2020. This was probably because of increased sales at supermarkets where people were buying extra supplies in case they were put into isolation. Businesses that relied on tourism lost most of their sales.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 22 March, the government announced a second amount of A$66bn, bringing the amount to A$89bn. They doubled income support and made it easier to get the Jobseeker's allowance. They gave up to A$100,000 to small and medium-sized businesses and A$715 million to Australian airports and airlines. People were allowed to access up to A$10,000 of their superannuation in 2019–2020 and again for the next year.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: On 30 March, the Australian Government said they would spend $130 billion on the "JobKeeper" program. This would pay employers up to $1500 a fortnight for workers that had been in that business for over a year. The business had to have lost 30% of their turnover. For businesses who had made more than $1 billion, their turnover must have dropped by 50%. Businesses pay the Jobseeker money to their staff, instead of their usual wages. This program was to deal with the enormous job losses seen one week before, when about one million Australians lost their jobs. This massive loss in jobs caused the Australian Government's myGov website to crash and lines of people waiting to enter Centrelink offices were hundreds of metres long. The program was backdated to 1 March, to help re-employ the many people who had just lost their jobs in the weeks before. Businesses would receive the JobKeeper money for six months.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: In the first hour of the scheme, over 8,000 businesses applied for the payments. The JobKeeper program is one of the largest economic packages in the history of Australia.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: Before the pandemic, 600,000 Australians worked in the arts, and added around billion to export revenues. The arts added about billion (6.4% of GDP) to Australia's economy in 2016–17".


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: In the second week of March 2020, Australian institutions began cutting back services, and many closed. The Melbourne International Comedy Festival, was cancelled entirely. Opera Australia close on 15 March. TAll cultural institutions were forced to close on 24 March. Public gatherings were banned. Other events that were cancelled included the Sydney Writers' Festival. By April over 50% of arts and recreation services were closed. Adrian Collette, CEO of the Australia Council for the Arts, said the affects on the arts were “catastrophic”.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: The Australian movie industry has been severely impacted. At least 60 movies in production were stopped and about 20,000 people put out of work. On Monday 23 March, all productions funded by Screen Australia were postponed. , after some improvement in COVID-19 statistics in Australia, Screen Australia continues to fund work and process applications, intending to use all of its 2019/20 budget. Many movie production companies do not meet the rules for the Jobkeeper program and will not get any government help.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: 119 films and TV shows have been stopped, with only a few shows (such as "MasterChef Australia" and "Shaun Micallef's Mad as Hell") continuing production through the pandemic. The TV soap "Neighbours" was the first English-language TV drama series in the world to say they would start production again after 20 April 2020.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: The Australia Council will spend about million for new programs. These will be to provide immediate help to artists, arts workers and arts organisations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several state governments have also provided relief packages.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders have poorer health outcomes and a lower life expectancy than the rest of the population, particularly those living in remote areas Overcrowded housing and living in very remote communities, makes them very vulnerable to the virus. The remote Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY lands) in South Australia, restricted access to their lands in early March to protect their people from the virus.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: The Northern Territory developed a remote health pandemic plan They set up a number of remote clinics.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: The major sporting leagues (A-League, AFL, AFL Women's, and the National Rugby League) at first said that their games would continue behind closed doors. The leagues would all later be suspended.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: The 2020 NBL Finals, the best of five series was cancelled after the third game with the title awarded to Perth Wildcats.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: The remaining two One Day Internationals between Australia and New Zealand were cancelled after the first match was played behind closed doors. Cricket Australia also cancelled the Australian women's cricket team's tour of South Africa.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: The 2020 Australian Grand Prix, which was cancelled on 13 March after McLaren withdrew when a team member tested positive for COVID-19.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: When the New Zealand government brought in travel restrictions, the Australian Rugby League Commission (ARLC) said the New Zealand Warriors would be based in Australia. The 2020 season was suspended on 23 March.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

text: The A-League said at first they would continue with the Wellington Phoenix being based in Australia; however, on 24 March, all matches were cancelled.


title: Institution of Structural Engineers

text: The Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE) is an organisation for structural engineering based in the United Kingdom. It has 23,600 members in 105 countries. The Institution is a learned body and provider of professional accreditation for structural engineers. The Institution publishes a monthly journal, "The Structural Engineer".


title: Urchin barren

text: Urchin barrens are places in the ocean where sea urchins have eaten and killed so many kelp plants that they turned a kelp forest into something like a desert. This happens when there are too many sea urchins. The fish, krill and other animals that live in the kelp either die or leave. Urchin barrens occur in coastal areas of the Pacific Ocean.


title: Urchin barren

text: Urchin barrens had been forming for a long time, but in the second half of the 2010s, there were suddenly many more.


title: Urchin barren

text: People first noticed urchin barrens in the 1800s when the sea otters were hunted for their fur. People killed so many sea otters that they almost went extinct. Sea otters like to eat sea urchins, so without sea otters to eat them, there were many, many sea urchins.


title: Urchin barren

text: Warm ocean currents also affect sea urchin populations. In some places, kelp forests turn into urchin barrens and then grow back depending on the currents that year.


title: Urchin barren

text: Starfish also eat sea urchins. The sunflower starfish is the only animal that regularly eats the purple sea urchin. Even sea otters like red sea urchins more than they like purple sea urchins. When a disease in 2013 killed most of the starfish on the Pacific coast, there were many more purple sea urchins left. One study showed that the number of purple sea urchins in one reef off the coast of Oregon increased 10,000% in the five years between 2014 and 2019. They either ate or crowded out the red abalone and red sea urchins that humans like to eat. The abalone fishery in California closed in 2018, a loss of US$44 million per year.


title: Urchin barren

text: When purple sea urchins run out of food, they try to eat each other, and then they become dormant, as if sleeping. They do not try to reproduce, so their gonads shrink. Because the gonads are the part of the urchin that humans like to eat, dormant purple sea urchins cannot be caught and sold for food.


title: Urchin barren

text: Scientists said the warmer water in the early 2010s weakened the bull kelp. In 2016, a mass of warm water nicknamed the "Blob" kept the coast of California very warm. The warm water also made it easier for the sea urchins to reproduce, so they had many more young than usual.


title: Urchin barren

text: A study showed that 90% of the bull kelp off the coast of California had been killed in the late 2010s.


title: Urchin barren

text: Scientists performed tank and ocean experiments on other animals, such as lobsters, to see if they would eat enough purple sea urchins to help the kelp forests grow back, but they only helped a little.


title: Urchin barren

text: In places where sea otters have returned, like Juan de Fuca Strait, they ate enough sea urchins that the kelp forests grew back.


title: Urchin barren

text: Some companies hired red abalone divers to collect purple sea urchins and bring them to controlled sea ranches where they could be fed until they were healthy enough to sell for human use.


title: Smartism

text: Smartism is a sect of Hinduism in which, in contrast with Shaivism and Vaishnavism, one may worship multiple gods. It is often referred as a "liberal" sect and is passed along familial ties. It is a very small sect of Hinduism and has more importance on Hindu texts.


title: AIRES Flight 8250

text: The accident of AIRES Flight 8250 occurred on August 16, 2010 on the runway of the Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport in San Andrés, Colombia. The Boeing 737-700 with registration HK-4682 of the Colombian airline AIRES took off from the El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá, Colombia and during landing under a strong electrical storm the plane lost control when it touched down meters before entering the runway. which caused the aircraft to split into three parts and remain in one of the airport's headwaters. Two people died and 114 more were injured.


title: AIRES Flight 8250

text: The crew consisted of 6 people, Captain Wilson Gutiérrez (43), First Officer Camilo Piñeros Rodríguez (25), and 4 flight attendants.


title: AIRES Flight 8250

text: The entity that governs the Civil Aviation of Colombia (Aerocivil) sent a commission made up of its director and several investigators and those responsible for the security of Aires to determine the causes of the accident. The Colombian Minister of Transportation, Germán Cardona Gutiérrez, also traveled to San Andrés to assess the damage and attributed the accident to bad weather conditions as a result of a strong electrical storm that fell on the island when the plane landed. However, after years of investigation with personnel from the same airline, it became known that days before the AIRES accident an aircraft of the same company had faced adverse weather conditions for landing on San Andrés Island. At that time, the flight had to go to its alternative airport in Panama, an action that had a strong economic impact at the time the airline passed through, which is why the pilots were under pressure from the airline to carry out the landing. According to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the failure of the human factor can not only come from the crew of an aircraft, but also from an external environment, as was the case with the AIRES accident.


title: AIRES Flight 8250

text: The investigation concluded that the crash was caused by the misjudgement by the crew of the aircraft's altitude during the last phase of the approach.


title: AIRES Flight 8250

text: The accident is featured in the fifth episode of Season 20 of "Air Crash Investigation," also known as "Mayday." The episode is titled "Runway Breakup".


title: Johan Hamel

text: On 6 March 2011 he made his professional debut directly in Ligue 1, the highest football league in France, in a match between Olympique Marseille and Lille. He officially became a referee in Ligue 1 during 2015-16 season. Hamel was the referee of 136 Ligue 1 matches. He was also the referee of 86 Ligue 2 matches.


title: Johan Hamel

text: His last match as referee was the match between Lille OSC and Rennes on 6 November 2022 and on 13 November he was a video assistant referee of Paris Saint-Germain against Auxerre. A few days later on 15 November he died from a heart attack during a training at the age of 42.


title: Suva

text: Suva is the capital city of Fiji. It is on the southeast coast of the island of Viti Levu. Suva became the capital of Fiji in 1877. It was changed from the settlement of Kaivalagi on the island of Ovalau because that settlement had no space left to grow. Kaivalangi had been established by the Europeans. In 1996, 77,366 people lived in Suva. Including independent suburbs, 167,975 people lived in the Greater Suva city area.


title: William Faulkner

text: William Faulkner (born William Cuthbert Falkner), (September 25, 1897–July 6, 1962) was an American author. One of the most influential writers of the twentieth century, he was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature. His reputation is based on his novels, novellas, and short stories. However, he was also a published poet and also was a screenwriter. He is now deemed among the greatest American writers of all time.


title: François Mitterrand

text: François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was a French politician who was the President of the French Republic from 21 May 1981 until 17 May 1995. He was born in Jarnac in the Charente department. He was a member of the Socialist Party. Before being elected president, he had held several positions in the French Cabinet. As President of France, he was also one of the Co-Princes of Andorra. He abolished death penalty in 1981. Jacques Chirac was President of France and "ex officio" Co-Prince of Andorra after him. Mitterrand died of prostate cancer in Paris. He was laid to rest in his birthplace Jarnac.


title: William Faulkner

text: Faulkner received the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature for "his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel." He donated a portion of his Nobel winnings "to establish a fund to support and encourage new fiction writers," eventually resulting in the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction. He donated another portion to a local Oxford bank to establish an account to provide scholarship funds to help educate African-American education majors at nearby Rust College in Holly Springs, Mississippi.


title: François Mitterrand

text: From 1959 to 1981, Mitterrand was also mayor of Château-Chinon (Ville), a municipality in the Nièvre department.


title: William Faulkner

text: Faulkner won two Pulitzer Prizes for what are considered as his "minor" novels: his 1954 novel "A Fable," which took the Pulitzer in 1955, and the 1962 novel, "The Reivers," which was posthumously awarded the Pulitzer in 1963. He also won two National Book Awards, first for his "Collected Stories" in 1951 and once again for his novel "A Fable" in 1955.


title: William Faulkner

text: In 1946, Faulkner was one of three finalists for the first "Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine" Award. He came in second to Manly Wade Wellman.


title: Alexander von Humboldt

text: Alexander von Humboldt (Berlin, 14 September 1769 – Berlin, 6 May 1859) was a Prussian naturalist and explorer. Humboldt's work on botanical geography was very important in the field of biogeography.


title: Alexander von Humboldt

text: Humboldt was born in Berlin. His father, Alexander Georg von Humboldt, was a major in the Prussian Army. He married Maria Elizabeth von Colomb in 1766. The couple had two sons, the younger was Alexander. Alexander's elder brother was the Prussian minister, philosopher, and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt.


title: Alexander von Humboldt

text: In his childhood Humboldt already liked to collect plants, shells, and insects. Humboldt's father died very early (in 1779). From that time on his mother took care of his education.


title: Alexander von Humboldt

text: Between 1799 and 1804, Humboldt travelled to Latin America and was the first scientist who wrote about it. He was one of the first who said that South America and Africa was once one continent.


title: Birmingham, Alabama

text: Birmingham is the third most populous city in the U.S. state of Alabama, with about 197,500 people living in it. It is the county seat of Jefferson County. Its metropolitan area is the biggest in Alabama with more than 1.1 million people living in it. The city has an area of about and an elevation of above sea level.


title: Birmingham, Alabama

text: Birmingham was founded in 1871. Three smaller towns came together to make one, which grew into a large town. It was named after Birmingham, England, a British industrial city. The Alabama city is famous for its iron ore, coal, and limestone, which were used in the town's steel mills.


title: Birmingham, Alabama

text: Birmingham became famous around the world when a bomb exploded in the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church on Sunday September 15, 1963. Four young black girls were killed. A member of the Ku Klux Klan was charged for the bombing many years later. Richard Farina wrote a sad song called "Birmingham Sunday" in 1964 to the tune of "I Love A Lass". It has been recorded by several singers, including Joan Baez.


title: Pillow

text: A pillow is made from two pieces of cloth that are sewn together and stuffed with a soft material, such as feathers, duck down, or synthetic batting (man made soft stuffing). Pillows are usually rectangular. Pillows are covered with a fabric sheet called a pillowcase. The pillowcase protects the pillow from getting dirty.


title: Pillow

text: The word "pillow" comes from Middle English "pilwe", from Old English "pyle" (akin to Old High German "pfuliwi") and from Latin "pulvinus". The word "pillow" was first known to be used before the 12th century.


title: Pillow

text: There is no clear inventor of the pillow. Millions of years ago, animals learned to use pillows. An early example is monkeys resting their heads on their arm. Many animals, including birds, use wood and stone nests as pillows. Many domesticated animals have also learned to make use of human-made pillows and cushions. They also rest on members of their own and other species for the same reason.


title: Pillow

text: In ancient Mesopotamia, people slept on stone pillows. Pillows were a status symbol. Early pillows were rectangular and had grooves shaped for the head. Pillows showed the wealth of a person — the more a person owned the wealthier they were.


title: Pillow

text: Anicent Egyptians used pillows as a solution to back, neck and shoulder pain. They also prevented insects from crawling in their hair, mouth or nose at night. Anicent Egyptian pillows were made out of wood and stone and looked like stands. These pillows were mostly used for the deceased.


title: Ostrava

text: Ostrava is the third biggest city in the Czech Republic. It is also the government center of the Moravian-Silesian Region. The town was founded in 1267 and lies in the north-eastern part of the country. More than 300,000 people live there.


title: Frank-Walter Steinmeier

text: Frank-Walter Steinmeier (born 5 January 1956) is a German politician. He was Foreign Secretary, Vice Chancellor of Germany and is currently the twelfth President of the Federal Republic of Germany.


title: Frank-Walter Steinmeier

text: Steinmeier was born in Detmold in 1956. After his "abitur" (secondary school exam) and his military service, he studied law in Gießen. In 1982, he passed his first exam. His second exam was completed and passed in 1986. Between 1986 and 1991, he worked as assistant to the Doctor of Public Law and Political Science at the Gießen University. He obtained his Doctorate of Law in 1991.


title: Frank-Walter Steinmeier

text: After 1991, he worked in the State Chancellory of Lower Saxony for the Minister-President, Gerhard Schröder. From 1998, he was Undersecretary of State in Gerhard Schröder's Chancellor Office after Schröder became Chancellor of Germany. In 1999 he became Secretary of State.


title: Frank-Walter Steinmeier

text: In 2005, he became the new Foreign Minister of Germany in the coalition cabinet of Angela Merkel. He became Vice Chancellor of Germany in 2007. In 2008 he was elected to be the chancellor candidate of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) for the election in 2009. The SPD got their worst result ever in a German federal election (23.0%), and Steinmeier became leader of the SPD parliamentary group in the Bundestag.


title: Frank-Walter Steinmeier

text: Since 19 March 2017 he has been President of Germany, succeeding Joachim Gauck. He was re-elected in 2022 in a landslide victory.


title: Uzbek people

text: Uzbeks are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group who mainly live in Central Asia countries. Uzbeks are the majority of people living in Uzbekistan. They are a minority group in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Russia and China. A few live farther away. Uzbeks speak Uzbek language of the Turkic language family.


title: Frost

text: Frost is ice that is formed when water vapor freezes onto a surface. It has a white, powdery appearance. It forms on cold surfaces when the temperature of the air is very low. It can destroy crops.


title: Russian Wikipedia

text: The Russian Wikipedia () is the Russian-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in May 2001. It currently has about articles. It is currently the 7th largest edition.


title: Frost

text: Many plants can be damaged or killed by freezing temperatures or frost. This varies with the type of plant and tissue exposed to low temperatures. Greenhouses help to protect crops from cold and frost damage.


title: Delft

text: Delft is a city in the province South Holland in the Netherlands. It is about halfway between Rotterdam and The Hague. It is famous for its Delft Blue pottery and the Delft University of Technology. It is the place where the royal family, the kings and queens, are buried. It has about 94,000 inhabitants.


title: Delft

text: Delft is a city with typical Dutch canals, churches and large canal houses. The largest church in Delft is the Nieuwe Kerk (New Church).


title: Harald V of Norway

text: Harald V (born 21 February 1937) is the King of Norway. His father was Olav V of Norway. He became king in 1991. Harald was born in Skaugum, Akershus, Norway.


title: Harald V of Norway

text: In 1968, he married Sonja Haraldsen. They had two children: Princess Märtha Louise and Prince Haakon.


title: Khazars

text: The Khazars were a semi-nomadic Turkic people. They formed an empire called Khazaria in Russia from the 6th to 10th century CE. They came from the Western Turkic Khaganate of the Eurasian steppe, after it was conquered by Tang China.


title: Khazars

text: Khazaria was an international trading center. It was an important place on the Silk Road that linked China, the Middle East, and the Kievan Rus'. For three centuries (c. 650–965) the Khazars conquered the area from the Volga-Don steppes to Crimea and the Caucasus.


title: Khazars

text: Khazaria was between the Byzantine Empire, the steppe nomads, and the Umayyad Caliphate. It helped Byzantine defend itself from the Sasanian Persian empire. The alliance ended around 900. Between 965 and 969, the Kievan Rus replaced Khazaria.


title: Khazars

text: Tengrism may have been the main religion, as it was for the Huns and Turkic peoples. Abrahamic religions were also popular. The ruling class may have converted to Judaism in the 8th century.


title: Khazars

text: Some people think that the Cossacks, Muslim Kumyks, Kazakhs, and some Jews, like the Ashkenazi Jews, descended from the Khazars. Some disagree.


title: Khazars

text: Khazar or "Xazar" may have come from *Qasar. The Turkic root "qaz-" means "to ramble, to roam" (used in Qazaqsa or Kazakh). It is similar to the Common Turkic "kez-".


title: Khazars

text: Others say it is from "qas-" ("tyrannize, oppress, terrorize") because it is similar to the Uyghur name Qasar.


title: Khazars

text: Others think it is a person or tribe's name. For example the Chinese name Kesa for "Khazars" may be one of the tribal names of the Uyğur Toquz Oğuz (of the Gokturks), namely the "Gésà". But others say Kesa was not a tribal name but the name of the chief of the 思结 "Sijie" tribe of the Toquz Oğuz. Also in Middle Chinese the name "Khazars" always comes before the word "Tūjué" ("Tūjué Kěsà bù": 突厥可薩部; "Tūjué Hésà": 突厥曷薩).


title: Khazars

text: Khazar language is extinct. But modern Turkic languages still refer to the Caspian Sea as the "Khazar Sea".


title: Khazars

text: No known records of the Khazar language survive. The state was polyglot (spoke multiple languages) and polyethnic. The ruling elite probably spoke an eastern dialect of Shaz Turkic. The ordinary people may have spoken Lir Turkic, such as Oğuric, Bulğaric, Chuvash, and Hunnish. The Persian historian al-Iṣṭakhrī said that the Khazar language was different from any other known language.


title: Khazars

text: After the Khazars became Jewish they may have written in the Hebrew alphabet. Though they spoke a Türkic language, they may have also spoke Hebrew.


title: Khazars

text: They appear to have came from Mongolia or northern China after the Xiōngnú (Huns) were defeated by Han dynasty of China (Han–Xiongnu war). The tribes probably had Iranian, proto-Mongolic, Uralic, and Palaeo-Siberian people.


title: Khazars

text: The ruling family may have came from the Āshǐnà (阿史那) clan of the West Türkic tribes. The Chinese and Arabic records are almost identical, indicating strong support for this theory. The leader may have been Yǐpíshèkuì (乙毗射匱). He died around 651. Moving west, the Khazars reached Akatziroi, one of the important friends of Byzantium fighting Attila's army.


title: Khazars

text: Khazaria began after 630. It came from the Göktürk Qağanate, after it was crushed by Tang China between 630–650.


title: Khazars

text: Göktürk armies conquered Volga by 549. The Āshǐnà clan whose tribal name was 'Türk' ("the strong one") arrived in 552. They overthrew the Rourans and created the Göktürk Qağanate.


title: Khazars

text: The Chinese Tang Dynasty defeated the Turkic Qağanate and established the Anxi protectorate (Tang dynasty in Inner Asia). The Khaganate split into many tribes. Some tribes went west to the Sea of Azov area. Ashina and the Khazars went further west.


title: Khazars

text: In 657, General Sū Dìngfāng (蘇定方) dominated the Turks and Central Asia. They imposed Chinese overlordship to the east of those Turkic tribes. In 659 the Chinese defeated the remaining tribes. The Khazars did not dare return.


title: Khazars

text: And so the Khazars Qaganate was born, from the ruins of a nomadic empire destroyed by the Tang armies to the east. It became the westernmost successor state of the Gokturks.


title: Khazars

text: The Khazars conquered the lower Volga region and the area between the Danube and the Dniepr. In 670, they also conquered the Onoğur-Bulğar union and made the Onogur-Bulgar language the official language of the empire (lingua franca).


title: Khazars

text: Historians often call this period the Pax Khazarica. The state became an international center of trade.


title: Khazars

text: Ibn al-Balḫî wrote in "Fârsnâma" (c. 1100) that the Sasanian Shah (ruler), Ḫusraw 1, Anûsîrvân, said there were three kings who had as much power as he did: the King of China, the King of Byzantium, and the king of the Khazars.


title: Historiography

text: Historiography is about the writing of history and the use of historical methods. Thus it looks at authors, sources, interpretation, style, bias, and audience. It is sometimes called "the history of history". The word historiography can also refer to a body of historical work.


title: Minister (government)

text: A Minister can be a Member of Parliament, or a Clergyman (person who works as a Minister in the Church). This article talks about a Minister as a Member of Parliament.


title: Acre, Israel

text: Acre ( or ), known to locals as Akko (, "ʻAkkō") or Akka (, "ʻAkkā"), is a city in the Mediterranean coastal plain region of the Northern District of Israel. Its residents include Muslims, Jews and Arabs.


title: Historiography

text: For thousands of years people have been telling stories about the past, and making written records of the actions of kings and prophets and other famous persons. After 500 BC, they began writing more organized histories.


title: Minister (government)

text: A Minister is a Member of Parliament who has a special role dealing with a certain area of Government. In the British Government, there are Ministers for lots of different things, like Children, Work & Pensions and Culture, Media & Sport. There are descriptions (things that describe) of what these people do at the bottom of this page.


title: Historiography

text: Written history appeared first with the ancient Greeks, whose historians greatly contributed to the development of historical methodology. The very first historical works were "The Histories" composed by Herodotus of Halicarnassus (484 BC–ca.425 BC), who became later known as the 'father of history' (Cicero).


title: Minister (government)

text: Ministers in the government report to the Prime Minister, who also tells them what they need to do in relation to their jobs. The Deputy Prime Minister also reports to the Prime Minister.


title: Historiography

text: Thucydides was the first to distinguish between cause and immediate origins of an event, and his successor Xenophon (ca. 431–355 BC) introduced autobiographical elements and character studies in his Anabasis.


title: Minister (government)

text: Other Ministers, even though they are not called Ministers, include the Foreign Secretary, and the Home Secretary.


title: Historiography

text: The Romans adopted the Greek tradition, becoming the first people to write history in a non-Greek language. The most famous writers are Julius Caesar's (100 BC–44 BC) "Bellum Gallicum".


title: Minister (government)

text: The Minister for Children looks after children's rights - these are laws which take care of how children are treated by their parents or guardians (a guardian is someone who looks after a child when their parents are not able to), and their care in society. The job means that this Minister has a special role in the lives of all children in the UK.


title: Historiography

text: Plutarch (c. 46 - 127) and Suetonius (c. 69-after 130) introduced biography as a branch of history. Tacitus (c. 56–c. 117) criticizes Roman immorality by praising German virtues.


title: Minister (government)

text: This Minister looks after jobs (Employment) and money given to people who are in need (Welfare Benefits). They set the rules saying what people who have no job must do to try and get one, and how much money people who have no job or are in need, get to live on. The Minister also sets rules about what happens to people who do not do enough to find a job, or who break the law by working while they are getting Welfare Benefits.


title: Historiography

text: Writing history was popular among Christian monks and clergy in the Middle Ages. They wrote about the history of Jesus Christ, the Church and of their patrons, the dynastic history of the local rulers. In the Early Middles Ages historical writing often took the form of annals or chronicles recording events year by year but this style tended to hampered the analysis of events and causes. An example of this type of writing are Anglo-Saxon Chronicles which were the work of several different writers and start during the reign of Alfred the Great in the late 9th century and one copy of which was still being updated in 1154.


title: Minister (government)

text: This Minister has a special role which means they promote (make popular) British Culture and Traditions. They also take care of Broadcasting laws and laws about what newspapers and television stations can and cannot do. Also, they have a duty to promote sporting activities which take place in Britain and help the government attract major sports events to Britain (the recent decision to let Britain host the Olympic Games in 2012 is an example of this).


title: Historiography

text: History was written about states or nations during the Renaissance. The study of history changed during the Enlightenment and Romanticism. Voltaire described the history of certain ages that were important according to him, instead of describing events in a chronological order. History became an independent discipline. It was not called "philosophia historiae" anymore, but merely history ("historia").


title: Minister (government)

text: There are a lot of other Ministers in the Government, and you can find out about them by writing to the "Houses of Parliament"' in London. Their address is:


title: Historiography

text: Modern historiography began with Leopold Ranke in the 19th century, who was very critical on the sources used in history.