title: The Jungle

text: The main character is Jurgis Rudkus, a Lithuanian man who emigrates to the United States with his fifteen year old fiance Ona Lukoszaite and their extended family. He marries her in Chicago and then soon gets a job at Durham's, a factory in Chicago. The factory mistreats him and Ona and their family. Eventually Ona dies of blood loss because the greedy midwife will not help her because the Rudkus family do not have enough money. Stanislovas, a child in the family who worked in a factory, is killed by an accident while working. Jurgus turns to drinking and Marija Barynczykas, a member of his extended family, becomes a prostitute.


title: Bastide

text: The Treaty of Paris (1229) is sometimes seen as the foundation act which made the construction of modern cities and bastides possible. The treaty itself ended the Albigensian Crusade. One of the first bastides built was Montauban. Montauban became a city in 1144. However some consider Mont-de-Marsan which was founded in 1133 to be a bastide.


title: Simple aromatic rings

text: In the oxygen- and sulfur-containing aromatic rings, one of the electron pairs of the heteroatoms contributes to the aromatic system (similar to the non-basic nitrogen-containing rings). The second lone pair extends in the plane of the ring (similar to the basic nitrogen-containing rings).


title: Bastide

text: Most bastides were built in the countryside. They were basically to serve the needs of local trade (usually, agriculture). A few of them were built in places which were very easy to defend. Others were built where it was possible to defend them, but most bastides were simply built where they were needed. The time when they were built was a peaceful one in the region.


title: Bastide

text: The main feature of all bastides is a central, open place, or square. It was used for markets, but also used for political and social gatherings. A typical square, (which was probably a model for other bastides), can be found in Montauban.


title: Bastide

text: Generally, there is just one square. Saint-Lys and Albias are different because they have two squares, one for the market, and one square for the church.


title: Bastide

text: The square is also used to divide the city into quarters. Generally it lies outside the main street (the axis) which carried the traffic. There are three possible layouts:


title: Bastide

text: Except in very rare cases, the church was not on the central square. Usually it was at an angle, and faced the square diagonally. One of the rare exceptions is Villefranche-de-Rouergue.


title: Bastide

text: There were clear rules how houses could be built in the bastide. The front of the houses - the façades - had to line up. Also there had to be a small space between the houses. The different housing lots were all alike, by was a common size. There were only a limited number of lots. This varied between 10, and several thousand (3,000 in Grenade-sur-Garonne)


title: Bastide

text: The streets were usually – wide, so a chariot could pass through. They ran alongside the façades of the houses. Alleys run between streets, these are usually only – wide. Sometimes they are only – wide. In a bastide there were usually between one and eight streets.


title: Bastide

text: When bastides were founded most had no city walls or fortifications. This was because it was a peaceful time in history. Such things were added later. This was done either through a special tax, or through a law that required that the people of the city helped build the walls. A good example is Libourne. Ten years after the city was founded, the people asked for money to build city walls. Once they had received the money, they spent it on making their city prettier, rather than building walls.


title: Bastide

text: At the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, many bastides that had no city walls were destroyed. Some of the others quickly built stone walls, to protect the city.


title: Bastide

text: There are different base layouts for bastides. Often for each type of layout, there was a bastide that was an example for other bastides. The most common layout started from two perpendicular streets. New streets were made parallel to the two original streets. This led to a usually rectangular grid layout.


title: Bastide

text: There seems to have been no plan when these bastides were built. This may have been for the following reasons:


title: Bastide

text: Enclosing bastides were built around an existing small village or hamlet. There already was a church or a small group of houses. When new houses were built, they were added around the original buildings.


title: Bastide

text: There is one main street that links the two gates. This makes the axis around which the bastide was built. These are quite common, with about 30—40% of all bastides using this design. Very often they are found on flat land. The square is often made by making the main street bigger. Very often there are alleys which run perpendicular to the main street. This layout is very easy to change to fit in with the local landscape.


title: Bastide

text: An example of a one axis bastide is Gimont. Gimont is long, and only wide. Sometimes, there is another street which runs parallel to the main axis. The city square is made between the two streets.


title: Bastide

text: There are two main streets, axes, which are perpendicular (make a right angle). All other streets are at a right angle, or parallel to one of the two main streets. The city square is very often in the centre, or very near the centre. The whole city is either rectangular, square, hexagonal or oval shaped. This layout was the plan used at the height of the bastide movement.


title: Bastide

text: Once all this steps are done, the bastide is not yet founded. The next step is to attract people to come live in the new city. This is done by making a "Charta of customs". This Charta does not tell so much about customs, but rather about the privileges those that live there (the citizens) get. These privileges can be of different kinds:


title: Bastide

text: Bastides wanted to attract people who should come to live there. They therefore offered equality to those who came to live there. They made it look like citizens had equal rights, and were free.


title: Bastide

text: The social system was very fixed and unchanging during the Middle Ages. The system of laws of the Middle Ages was built on the fact that society did not change. Everyone had their place in the system and they stayed there. The lords who built the bastide did not want to change the social system. All they wanted was small local improvements. Usually, the land where the bastide was built was not developed. The lords that owned the land were not making much money from it. They built the bastide because they hoped they would get more profits from the land.


title: Bastide

text: For these reasons, people who already had a social status, (serfs, noblemen and priests) could not settle in the bastide. A few poor noblemen gave their land to the city and started a career as a trader, because that way they could earn more money than before.


title: Bastide

text: Men and women did not have equal rights. Women are often mentioned in the Charter, and have some rights:


title: Bastide

text: Lepers were usually not welcome in the city. Certain bastides had special places which would treat them, but they were generally excluded from social life. They had to wear special badges to show they were ill, and they could not come close to normal people.


title: Bastide

text: Another group of people that was generally not welcome were the Jews. In the beginning there was no problem, but later Jews were persecuted. Philip IV of France did not allow any Jews to live in France, in 1306. He confiscated their belongings and sold them.


title: Bastide

text: A number of bastides were successful and still exist today. Many others have failed, and most of their population left them.


title: Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk

text: Lady Frances Brandon (16 July 1517 – 20 November 1559) was the daughter of Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. She was married to Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk and had three daughters: Jane, Mary and Katherine. Her daughter Jane became the Queen of England for nine days.


title: Craps

text: Craps is a game that uses dice. It is a game of chance. Players make bets on the outcome of the roll. Players can bet other players or the casino. Players may wage money against each other (playing "street craps") or a bank (playing "casino craps", also known as "table craps", or often just "craps"). Because it requires little equipment, "street craps" can be played in informal settings. It is also very popular in the internet to play.


title: Endocarp

text: Endocarp is the inside of the fruit, particularly of the Valencia navel orange hesperidium. You may also refer to the endocarp as the carpel or pulp of the orange. The exocarp would be the outside skin or rind of the fruit.


title: First Minister of Wales

text: The First Minister of Wales () is the leader of the Welsh Government. Wales' government is devolved, meaning it can make decisions on certain laws in Wales (any other laws are decided by the UK Government in Westminster). It was established in 1999.


title: Iðavöllr

text: In Norse mythology, Iðavöllr (Old Norse: "Iðavǫllr" — “splendour-plain”) is a location mentioned in the "Völuspá" (the first poem of the Poetic Edda); it is a field which lies somewhere in Asgard, home of the Æsir, and it is where the survivors of Ragnarök shall meet.


title: Fluorescence microscope

text: A fluorescence microscope is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence to study organic or inorganic substances. "Fluorescence microscope" means any microscope that uses fluorescence to make a picture. This applies whether it is a more simple set up or a more complicated design.


title: Habit (biology)

text: The way plants grow makes their shape of habit. This is the way we can tell trees apart even at a distance. The shape of a willow tree or a poplar is very distinct. It is made during growth. Bacteria and fungi also have very distinct types of growth.


title: Piccolo trumpet

text: The Picolo trumpet is a smaller version of the trumpet, that is also tuned an octave higher than the regular trumpet. Since the 19th century, regular trumpets have three valves. The piccolo usually has four valves. Note also that the piccolo trumpet is different from the pocket trumpet. A pocket trumpet has the same tonal range as a regular trumpet; it is just built differently (to be smaller).


title: J. D. Tippit

text: J.D. Tippit was a police officer in Dallas, Texas, murdered on the 22nd of November, 1963, by Lee Harvey Oswald. This was the same day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated.


title: Inductively coupled plasma

text: An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is a type of plasma source. Electromagnetic induction creates energy in the source by causing ions to circulate. Movement of the ions generates energy in the form of heat.


title: 1999 (Prince album)

text: 1999 is the fifth studio album from Prince. It contained the hit songs "Little Red Corvette", "1999" and "Delirious". The title track was a protest against nuclear proliferation.


title: Beast (2022 American movie)

text: Beast is a 2022 American survival thriller movie directed by Baltasar Kormákur from a screenplay by Ryan Engle. It is based on a story by Jaime Primak Sullivan. The movie stars Idris Elba, Sharlto Copley, Iyana Halley, Leah Sava Jeffries, and Riley Keough.


title: Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk

text: Frances Brandon was a cruel, abusive mother to her children and a bold wife to her husband, Henry Grey. She had spent her childhood with her mother and was very close to Catherine of Aragon, so she was against Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn. In 1533, she married Henry Grey and soon she had two children who died young before having Lady Jane Grey in 1537, Katherine in 1540, and Mary in 1545.


title: Craps

text: The Boxman - is the one who’s in charge of the Craps table. He’s not only watching over the chips but also taking care of any issues that may arise during a game. Usually, he’s wearing a suit and tie, and his place is in the center of the table at one side, near the chips.


title: First Minister of Wales

text: The office of the First Minister is in Tŷ Hywel, and at the Senedd building in Cardiff. An office is also kept at the Crown Buildings, Cathays Park, Cardiff. The current First Minister, since 2018, is Mark Drakeford. The longest-serving First Minister was Rhodri Morgan.


title: Fluorescence microscope

text: Most fluorescence microscopes, especially those used in the life sciences, are of the epifluorescence design shown in the diagram. Light of the excitation wavelength illuminates the specimen through the objective lens. The fluorescence emitted by the specimen is focused onto the detector. The dichroic beamsplitter acts as a wavelength specific filter, transmitting fluoresced light through to the eyepiece or detector, but reflecting any remaining excitation light back towards the source.


title: Habit (biology)

text: Trees are also examples of a life style when compared to shrubs and annual plants. To be a tree is to occupy a different space in the ecosystem from shrubs or climbers.


title: Piccolo trumpet

text: A piccolo trumpet has another characteristic tone, which can easily be distinguished from that of a regular trumpet.


title: Inductively coupled plasma

text: Inductively coupled plasma sources usually use argon as a fuel. Unfortunately, most ICP sources require at least 5 L/min of argon. This makes inductively coupled plasma a rather expensive source. The argon atoms are ionized with a spark from tesla coil. These ions will circulate due to the magnetic field to produce heat and high temperatures. This will cause additional ions to be formed from the argon fuel. After a period of time, the torch will reach temperatures between 6 000 and 10 000 Kelvin.


title: Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk

text: In 1554, just weeks after her daughter Lady Jane Grey's and her husband Henry Grey's execution, Frances married again. This time it was to Adrian Stokes. Many people were shocked about this marriage, because Adrian was far below Frances's status. Historians believe that Frances was pregnant at the time of their marriage because she gave birth to a child about six months later. This child did not survive and Frances had two others. None of these last three children lived past a year.


title: Craps

text: The Stickman - is in charge of the center of the layout and uses a stick to move the dice. His place is on the opposite side of the table from the Boxman. The stick is needed because dealers never touch the dice, so the Stickman has to be able to reach them wherever they land. He’s also announcing each roll of the dice and passes them to the shooter when all payoffs are done.


title: Habit (biology)

text: The 'mode of life' (or 'lifestyle') is sometimes referred to as the 'habit of an animal. Terms like motile or sessile, sedentary, free-living, parasitic, saprophyte, terrestrial, arboreal, aquatic, pelagic, diurnal, nocturnal, are all modes of life or habits.


title: Piccolo trumpet

text: The piccolo was developed in the first quarter of the 20th century, mostly by Julius Kosleck. Kosleck used it to make it easier to play baroque music. Note however, that at the time of Johann Sebastian Bach, the trumpets had no valves; these were added in the 19th century.


title: Inductively coupled plasma

text: The high temperatures produced by ICP make it a popular source for many scientific experiments. This source had the advantage of providing strong signals and only small amounts of noise or interference. Also, the data obtained from experiments using an inductively coupled plasma source is often linear. This makes it easy for scientists to determine the amount of something in a sample. Some of the most common applications are


title: Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk

text: Frances became increasingly large similar to her great-uncle Henry VIII. Because of this, she died in 1559 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.


title: Craps

text: The Dealers - are the ones who take care of the layouts, one layout per dealer. There are two dealers at the table and one on a break, and they stand at the sides of the Boxman. Their duty is to correctly pay all bets at their side of the table and exchange chips for cash.


title: Piccolo trumpet

text: Piccolo trumpets could not establish themselves in Jazz music, but they are often used to play classical trumpet.


title: Inductively coupled plasma

text: Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy is one of the most common applications of ICP. The plasma source is used to heat a sample. At high enough temperatures, electrons in the sample atoms will gain enough energy to move into an excited state. Energy is released in the form of photons when electrons "fall" from the excited state to a lower energy. The lower energy state is usually called the ground state of an atom.


title: Piccolo trumpet

text: The trumpet is a "noble instrument"; it is often used to play high-pitched notes. Such notes are easier to play with a Piccolo. Because of its construction, the piccolo cannot play the first octave of the classical trumpet.


title: Inductively coupled plasma

text: The wavelength of the emissions are determined by a detector. Most atoms will emit light at different wavelengths so scientists may use this information to identify atoms in a sample. The intensity of emission is related to the amount of an atom in the sample. Scientist may use the wavelength and intensity to determine both the identity and amount of an atom. ICP-AES is often used for the detection of toxins, such as heavy metals. It may also be used for chemical studies.


title: Inductively coupled plasma

text: Inductively coupled plasma source may be used for the detection of approximately 60 different elements. These include most alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, metalloids, all transition metals, and some f-block elements.


title: Salt mine

text: A salt mine is a mine where salt is taken from the earth. Very often, this is done in the mountains. It is different from a salt evaporation pond, where salt is taken from salt water. Getting salt from different layers of rock in a mountain used to be a very dangerous job. The Romans used to sentence prisoners to this kind of labour.


title: Intrusion

text: An intrusion is magma (melted rock) which cools and becomes solid under the Earth's surface. It occurs when there are lines of weakness such as faults, joints, or bedding planes in the crust. Then magma enters these lines of weakness. By contrast, an extrusion is magma which cools into rock above the surface of the crust. Both intrusive and extrusive rocks are classed as igneous rocks.


title: Ice cream sandwich

text: An ice cream sandwich is a type of frozen desert that is made by putting ice cream in between two cookies or pieces of cake (called "sandwiching"). It is often made with vanilla ice cream between two pieces of chocolate cake, but sometimes is made with other flavours instead.


title: Gag reflex

text: Gag reflex, also called "pharyngeal reflex", is a reflex contraction of the throat in humans that prevents anything to pass through the throat, except during normal swallowing. It is also named as "pharyngeal reflex".


title: Palace of Placentia

text: The Palace of Placentia was an English Royal Palace built by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester in 1447, in Greenwich, on the banks of the River Thames, downstream from London. It was the place of the birth of Elizabeth I in 1533. The Palace was demolished in the seventeenth century .


title: Puppy Dog Pals

text: The Puppy Dog Pals is an Anerican-Canadian cartoon series. In it, pug dogs Bingo and Rolly go on adventures while their master, Bob, is out the house.


title: Dysautonomia

text: Dysautonomia or autonomic dysfunction is a condition in which the autonomic nervous system (ANS) does not work properly. This may affect the heart, bladder, intestines, sweat glands, pupils, and blood vessels. Dysautonomia has many causes and may not be neuropathic.


title: Queer anarchism

text: Queer anarchism is a movement within anarchism that supports LGBT people expressing themselves. The movement is in favor of gay liberation and against homophobia. Notable people advocating queer anarchism were John Henry Mackay, Adolf Brand and Daniel Guérin.


title: Dear Zindagi

text: Dear Zindagi () is a 2016 Indian Hindi-language coming-of-age romantic comedy drama movie written and directed by Gauri Shinde. It was produced by Gauri Khan, Karan Johar, and Shinde under the banners of Red Chillies Entertainment, Dharma Productions, and Hope Productions respectively. The film stars Alia Bhatt and Shah Rukh Khan in lead roles, while Ira Dubey, Kunal Kapoor, Angad Bedi, Ali Zafar, Yashaswini Dayama and Rohit Suresh Saraf are playing the supporting roles.


title: Loss aversion

text: Loss aversion is a concept in psychology. It is to prefer avoiding losses to acquiring equivalent gains. The principle is prominent in economics.


title: Salt mine

text: Empty salt mines are used very often as a storage area, for example, for unused radioactive elements (from nuclear power plants). Salt mines are empty if there is no salt left to take, or if taking the salt that is left would be too expensive.


title: Intrusion

text: The process of forming intrusive rocks may take millions of years. As the rock slowly cools into a solid, the different parts of the magma crystallize into minerals. The crystals are usually larger than in extrusive rocks. Many mountain ranges, such as the Sierra Nevada in California, are formed mostly by intrusive rock. Often they are huge granite (or related rock) formations.


title: Gag reflex

text: Touching the soft palate results in a very strong gag reflex in most healthy people. The gag reflex can also be caused by touching the roof of the mouth, or the back part of the tongue. The gag reflex can be used to make someone vomit as well.


title: Dear Zindagi

text: "Dear Zindagi" released worldwide on 25 November 2016 and received positive reviews and was a success at the box office. The audience loved Alia Bhatt and Shah Rukh Khan's performances a lot.


title: Loss aversion

text: The principle of loss aversion was first proposed by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky in 1979. Loss aversion happens when people face the same amount of gains and losses and find the loss is more unbearable. In other words, the pain of loss is greater than the pleasure of equal gain. In some experiments, it shows females have a higher level of loss aversion than males.


title: Intrusion

text: Intrusions vary widely, from mountain range sized batholiths to thin vein-like fracture fillings. When exposed by erosion, these cores called batholiths may occupy huge areas of Earth's surface. Large bodies of magma that solidify underground before they reach the surface of the crust are called plutons.


title: Loss aversion

text: The cause of loss aversion lies in people's asymmetric emotional response to gain and loss. Studies show that this asymmetry is particularly strong during the anticipation processing and the immediate experience after presenting the outcome. One study of income and well-being indicates that when people make loss-averse choices, it is not directly due to the loss itself but because the impact brings a series of negative consequences that follow the loss.A classic example presented in the book "Thinking, Fast and Slow" of a flipping coin implies that people will first compare the satisfaction of gaining with the pain of losing before making a decision. Thus, most people would not choose to participate in coin gambling with 50% to get $150 and 50% to lose $100; and according to the "loss aversion ratio," the minimum amount to fulfil the pain of losing $100 will be $200 (assume the coefficient is 2).


title: Intrusion

text: Intrusive structures may go between bedding planes of earlier 'country' rock. A sill is an intrusion which makes a table along bedding planes. A dyke is an intrusion which moves up, crossing older strata.


title: Loss aversion

text: In 2001, J. O' Doherty and his colleagues had found that humans process losses and gains in qualitatively different ways by using brain imaging technology and suggests the correlation between the magnitude of brain activation and the extent of reward and losses received.When we are evaluating potential gains, the areas of the brain that process value and reward become more active than it does when assessing the potential losses. The different loss aversion levels differ from individuals by the degrees of sensitivity to losses and gains, in which people are more loss-averse with stronger sensitivity.


title: Loss aversion

text: Equity premium puzzle(EPP) refers to the problem of why there is a big difference between returns in stocks and risk-free investments historically. Since stocks are much riskier than government bonds, the underinvestment in stocks relative to bonds supports the idea of loss aversion theory. Specifically, it's the myopic loss aversion introduced by Shlomo Benartzi and Richard Thaler, which indicates the behavioural characteristics of "loss aversion" and "frequent evaluations" of investors. Benartzi and Thaler argue that loss-averse investors are more willing to take risks if they do not evaluate the performance of their investments frequently. In their model, investors are unwilling to accept return variability and tend to take a short-term view of their wealth.


title: Loss aversion

text: Demand is more elastic for price increases than price decreases, based on the assumption that the price increase is a loss while the price decrease is a gain for consumers.


title: Loss aversion

text: Based on the principle of loss aversion, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Twersky developed prospect theory to explain how consumers make decisions in uncertain situations. Unlike the hypothesis of rational man use in economics, prospect theory reveals the irrational psychological factors that affect the choice behaviour. Most people are unwilling to take risks when facing gains but become risk-seeking in losses.


title: Loss aversion

text: Loss aversion theory explains the endowment effect. The endowment effect refers to the finding that once an individual owns a good, he/she tends to naturally place more value than he did before he didn't own it. Due to the asymmetric responses to losses and gains in the decision-making process, the consideration of "loss avoidance" is far greater than that of "gain seeking," so people value more on a good they own.


title: Loss aversion

text: By using the loss aversion theory as a marketing strategy, firms are able to gain higher profits by changing consumers' behaviours. For example:


title: Metalocalypse

text: Metalocalypse is an animated comedy television series directed by Jon Schnepp. It is a part of Cartoon Network's Adult Swim. It is about a heavy metal group called Dethklok, who are the most famous and richest band in the world. The band is a very dangerous force to the people who like it and to world governments. Even though their fans often die or are hurt in the series, they still remain very popular. There is also a secret group of people who work for the U.S. Government who secretly spy on the band and plan to kill them.


title: Word of mouth

text: Word of mouth is the passing of information from a person to one or more people in conversation. In the past, it referred only to speech, but now, it can sometimes include online communication. It can be as simple as telling someone what time it is, or it can involve longer stories and news. It is a good way to share information about things that are of interest to a local community, such as businesses, other people, and things that happened in the past.


title: Nymphaea pubescens

text: The hairy water lily or pink water-lily ("Nymphaea pubescens") is a species of water lily. It is the Official National flower of Bangladesh respectively.


title: Royal Rumble (2011)

text: Royal Rumble (2011) was the twenty-fourth annual Royal Rumble professional wrestling pay-per-view event made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on January 30, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. As always, the Royal Rumble match winner, Alberto Del Rio got a main event match at WrestleMania XXVII for his choice at either the WWE Championship or the World Heavyweight Championship.


title: Kennelly-Heaviside layer

text: The Kennelly–Heaviside layer, also known as the E-region, is part of the ionosphere. It is a region which is between 90 km and 150 km from the earth’s surface. It is named after the American engineer Arthur Edwin Kennelly and the British scientist Oliver Heaviside. These two scientists both predicted that this area existed, although it was not until some years later that it was proved.


title: Claw of Archimedes

text: The Claw of Archimedes (also known as the "Iron Hand") was an ancient weapon. It was designed by Archimedes to defend the seaward part of Syracuse's city wall against amphibious assault. Although its exact nature is unclear, the accounts of ancient historians seem to describe it as a sort of crane equipped with a grappling hook. Apparently it was able to lift an attacking ship partly out of the water to capsize or suddenly drop it.


title: Send My Love (To Your New Lover)

text: "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)" is a song recorded by English singer-songwriter Adele. It was on her third studio album, "25". It was released on streaming services on May 16, 2016. It was released to radio in the U.S. on May 17, 2016. It was the album's third single, after "Hello" and "When We Were Young". Adele has said that she heard fellow singer-songwriter Taylor Swift's 2012 single "I Knew You Were Trouble" and asked who the writers of that song were. After learning that they were producers Max Martin and Shellback, Adele worked with them on "25".


title: Grand jury

text: A grand jury is a legal body which has the power to conduct official proceedings to investigate possible criminal conduct. They also decide whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may subpoena evidence and may compel the sworn testimony of witnesses who appear before it. Grand juries are made up of from 16 to 23 people in the United States. They meet for a period of one month up to a year. However, jurors may only have to meet for a few days each month. The juries meet in private. The suspected person, called a suspect, is not usually present. About half the states in the US do not regularly use grand juries. A preliminary hearing may be used instead. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires the use of grand juries by the federal legal system for all capital and "infamous crimes" (cases involving treason, certain felonies or gross moral turpitude).


title: Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan

text: The Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan (Kurdish: كۆمه‌ڵه‌ی شۆڕشگێڕی زه‌حمه‌تكێشانی كوردستانی ئێران, written in Western letters: Komełey Şorrişgêrrî Zehmetkêşanî Kurdistanî Êran), is a social democratic political party from the Kurdish region of Iran. Komala has been seeking a nonreligious democratic federal ruling system to replace the current government, which is run by religious people. This party is currently exiled in northern Iraq, where its leaders work from. Komala is a member of the International Socialist and Progressive Alliance. This is an organization that has many different social democrats, socialist, and progressive groups. Komala wants to make laws against sexual violence and to protect children during armed conflicts. Komala also wants to make laws against anti-personnel land mines.


title: Metalocalypse

text: Cartoon Network released a DVD of the first season of "Metalocalypse" and an album of Dethklok's songs in the summer of 2007. The album has songs that are played during the series.


title: Word of mouth

text: Oral tradition (also called "oral culture" or "oral lore") is when cultural material is transmitted orally from older people to younger people. This material may include folktales, sayings, songs, or chants. It is a way for things like history, literature, and law to be passed down from generation to generation without a writing system.


title: Royal Rumble (2011)

text: Six professional wrestling matches were on the event's supercard, a scheduling of more than one main event. The main event was the 40-man Royal Rumble match instead of the original 30-man match which featured wrestlers from both brands.


title: Kennelly-Heaviside layer

text: In the Kennelly-Heaviside layer neutral molecules are split into electrons and positively charged molecules. Radio waves can be bounced off this region so that long-distance radio messages can be sent over long distances around the curved surface of the earth. This was why Marconi had been able to send radio messages across the Atlantic in 1902, although it was not understood at the time.


title: Send My Love (To Your New Lover)

text: A music video of the song premiered on May 22 at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards. It was uploaded to the singer's official Vevo account soon afterwards. The video shows the singer in front of a black backdrop.


title: Grand jury

text: In 1166 an enactment of King Henry II of England, called the Assize of Clarendon, called for "the oath of *twelve men from every hundred and four men from every vill" to meet and decide who was guilty of robbery, theft or murder. It was the early ancestor of the jury system and of the grand jury. The United Kingdom abolished grand juries in 1933. Many of their former colonies including


title: Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan

text: The Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan started in 1969, among Kurdish leftist students and intellectuals in Tehran and some Kurdish towns. Since there was no political freedom in Iran, every political organization and even small student circles had to go into hiding and organize underground. Komala was no exception. Like all other opposition organizations of that time, especially the leftist groups of the sixties and seventies, Komala faced severe repression.


title: Word of mouth

text: Oral history is history that is given by people who lived through historical eras or events. Often, they are interviewed, and it is recorded. Usually, they talk about things that are not part of written history, such as what everyday life was like.


title: Royal Rumble (2011)

text: Red ██ and "Raw" indicates a "Raw" wrestler, blue ██ and "SD" indicates a "Smackdown" wrestler and gold ██ and "FA" indicates a free agent entrant. A new entrant came out every 90 seconds.


title: Send My Love (To Your New Lover)

text: The song reached number 8 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 1 on the Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) chart. It reached the top five in the UK and the top 10 in Canada. It ranked #26 on the Year-End "Billboard" Hot 100 of 2016.


title: Grand jury

text: Canada, Australia and New Zealand have also stopped using them. The United States is one of the few remaining countries that uses the grand jury.


title: Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan

text: During those years many of Komala's members and its leadership experienced persecution, torture and imprisonment in the hands of , Shah’s notorious secret police, but Komala managed to survive and protect the main body of its organization and its growing network of activists. More than 9 years of hard and disciplined work prior to the outbreak of Iranian Revolution of 1978-79, bore its fruit and helped Komala build a strong and cohesive body of cadres among sections of Kurdish society. Komala managed to win over considerable amounts of Kurdish students, teachers, intellectuals and young people and to develop a significant influence and social base among workers and peasants throughout Kurdistan.


title: Word of mouth

text: Consumers often talk to their friends about their experiences with a product or a service. This is important for businesses because people are more likely to trust someone they know well.


title: Send My Love (To Your New Lover)

text: "BBC News"' Mark Savage said this is a "nimble pop song" and wrote that it "shows a fresh, playful side to the star".


title: Grand jury

text: Grand juries are called by a federal judge and are required to supervise them. But judges almost never interfere. The grand jury is led by a federal prosecutor. He cannot testify or be present while the jury deliberates. But most federal grand juries will return any indictment presented to it. This led to the famous saying "a prosecutor can get a grand jury to indict a ham sandwich." They can subpoena anything they want with very few restrictions. In United States v. R. Enterprises, Inc., 498 U.S. 292 (1991), the Supreme Court of the United States ruled "federal grand jury subpoenas are presumed to be reasonable and the burden of showing unreasonableness is on the recipient."


title: Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan

text: Komala actively participated in the Iranian Revolution and in fact was behind almost every demonstration and popular movement of that period. On March 16, 1979, a few days after the victory of the Revolution, Komala launched an open political party. By this time Komala had already become a major political force in Iranian Kurdistan. The birth of Komala and its rapid growth among large sections of Kurdish society in Iran, apart from its own hard work, discipline and dedication, can be attributed to a combination of social factors during a period of Iran’s transition from a traditional and patriarchal society to a so-called pseudo-modern one.


title: Word of mouth

text: "Word-of-mouth marketing" happens when a business tries to encourage people to talk about their product. For example, they can offer rewards or suggest that they make posts on social media.


title: Send My Love (To Your New Lover)

text: Rob Garratt of "The National (Abu Dhabi)" said the song is a "bouncy pop nugget" and it "falls into that classic pop tradition of transforming a turn-down into a lover's rebuke".


title: Grand jury

text: A grand jury, state or federal, has two functions. The first is to go over all evidence of criminal wrongdoing and to issue an indictment only if there is enough evidence. Their other purpose is to investigate and help the prosecutor gather evidence. Critics claim grand juries have failed to do both.


title: Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan

text: After a long and heated debate among its ranks and in public during the 1990s, finally the majority of the Komala Party’s cadres and members decided on a renewal programme to adapt to new domestic and global developments. Since year 2000, Komala Party has undergone a major overhaul. This move was welcomed by the great majority of people, intellectuals, students, women, civil activists, Komala veteran activists and others.


title: Word of mouth

text: A lot of people think that a lot of word of mouth now happens on the internet. However, studies show that most word of mouth actually happens in spoken conversation.


title: Send My Love (To Your New Lover)

text: In a positive review, a writer for "The Hindu" wrote that the song is a "spritely song" and called it "an I'm-so-glad-you're-gone number".


title: Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan

text: While preserving its socialist values, Komala fights for Kurdish rights, a democratic secular pluralist federal Iran, social justice, democratic labour laws, the freedom of assembly and organization, political freedoms, democracy, human rights, women’s rights and cultural and religious tolerance.


title: Send My Love (To Your New Lover)

text: Maeve McDermott and Patrick Ryan of "USA Today" included "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)" in their list of 2015's 50 best songs. McDermott wrote "this song is among the most interesting of her career".


title: Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan

text: Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan is currently a consultative member of the International Socialist, a worldwide organization for progressive forces including social democrats, socialists and labor parties to gather under.


title: Send My Love (To Your New Lover)

text: Michael Arceneaux, of "Complex" magazine, says that the track was the least sad song on "25". He also wrote, "It’s a little melancholy, but it comes with some shimmy-inducing production".


title: Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan

text: Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan is also a member of the German-based Progressive Alliance, an organization with member organizations from social democrats and progressive organizations that believe in both social democracy and social progress.


title: Send My Love (To Your New Lover)

text: "Business Insider"s Tony Manfred says this song is different from Adele's earlier work. He writes that "she wades into the waters of contemporary pop music like never before".


title: Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan

text: Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan is a member of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, UNPO, an international organization aimed at promoting neglected and marginalized nations. Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan joined UNPO in 2007.


title: Send My Love (To Your New Lover)

text: Nick Messitte of "Forbes" gave the song a positive review, writing "It’s got the grace of damning individuals without sinking to their level; it boasts nostalgia—not the least of which for a sound popularized in 2013".


title: Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan

text: Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan is a member of Iran Transition Council, Congress of Nationalities for a Federal Iran, Solidarity for Freedom and Equality in Iran, the Council of Iranian Democrats. and Cooperation Center for Iranian Kurdistan Political Parties. The Secretary General of Komala, Abdulla Mohtadi, is the Secretariat for Special affairs of ITC and Nahid Bahmani, a leadership member of Komala, is the Secretariat of Ethnic Affairs of ITC.


title: Send My Love (To Your New Lover)

text: "Vanity Fair"'s Josh Duboff called "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)" "the poppiest song Adele has ever recorded". He named it his "pick for the breakout track on "25"".


title: Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan

text: "Komala has a collective and democratic decision-making system. Since it was founded, it has held 15 congresses in which the representatives discuss any modification or changes to the party’s platform, structure and leadership among others.


title: Send My Love (To Your New Lover)

text: A small clip of the video was released on Adele's Twitter page. She wears a flower-printed dress and sways while different scenes of her play on top of each other. The full music video was shown during the 2016 "Billboard" Music Awards on May 22, 2016. It also appeared on Adele's Vevo channel shortly after the show.


title: Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan

text: The leadership council or the politburo has 5 members and the party is led by a Secretary General. There is a central or executive committee which has 25 members. Women play a major role in decision making and leadership. The leadership council has two female members currently.


title: Clipboard

text: A clipboard is a thin board with a large (usually metal) clip at the top. Clipboards are a little larger than a piece of paper. They are used to support paper with one hand, while writing on the paper with the other hand. Clipboards are often used in situations where a person may not be able to find a good writing surface.


title: Schedule

text: A schedule is a plan for accomplishing certain things on certain dates. Many people use a schedule to help them be organised. Jobs often require their employees to use a schedule and turn in projects or documents on certain dates.


title: Battle of Hatfield Chase

text: The Battle of Hatfield Chase was fought on 12 October 633 at Hatfield Chase near Doncaster in present-day Yorkshire. The pagan King Penda of Mercia and the Christian king of Gynedd, Cadwallon ap Cadfan joined forces to attack Northumbria.


title: Elena Verdugo

text: Elena Angela Verdugo (April 20, 1925 – May 30, 2017) was an American actress. She began in movies at the age of five in "Cavalier of the West" (1931). She had a starring role as a singer in 1957 musical comedy "Panama Sal". Her career in radio, television, and movie lasted from 1931 through 1985.


title: Spencer repeating rifle

text: The Spencer repeating rifle was a lever-action, seven shot repeating rifle with a rotating block. It had a tubular magazine that fed 56-56 rimfire cartridges into the chamber. The rifle was invented by Christopher Miner Spencer and patented in 1860.


title: Deaths in December 2019

text: The following is a list of deaths that should be noted in December 2019. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting.


title: Thrashing (computer science)

text: Thrashing is when the OS (Operating System) of a computer spends most of its time switching pages between memory and the disk. This seriously hurts the computer's performance. It prevents the computer from performing any useful work. Thrashing can also happen when the hard disk is attempting to retrieve files scattered all over the disk.


title: Benee

text: Stella Rose Bennett (born 30 January, 2000), known professionally as Benee is a New Zealand singer-songwriter from Grey Lynn, Auckland. She is best known for her songs "Soaked", "Glitter", and "Supalonely" and has released two extended plays "Fire on Marazz" and "Stella & Steve". In 2019, Benee won Best Solo Artist and Best Pop Artist at the New Zealand Music Awards.


title: Kamran Mirza

text: Kamran Mirza, sometimes known simply as Kamran, (1509 – 5 (or 6) October 1557) was the second son of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire and the first Mughal Emperor. Kamran Mirza was born in Kabul to Babur's wife Gulrukh Begum.


title: Chi Cheng

text: Chi Ling Dai Cheng (July 15, 1970 – April 13, 2013) was an American musician and bassist for alternative metal band Deftones. He was of Chinese ancestry.


title: London Breed

text: London Nicole Breed (born August 11, 1974) is an American politician. She is the 45th and current Mayor of the City and County of San Francisco. She used to be supervisor for District 5, and was president of the Board of Supervisors from 2015 to 2018.


title: Clipboard

text: Clipboards can be made of many things. Most clipboards are made of masonite or particleboard, two types of wood. They can also be made from aluminum, steel, or acrylic, which is a type of plastic.


title: Battle of Hatfield Chase

text: King Edwin met them in the southern part of his kingdom. In the battle Edwin was killed and his army was defeated. Cadwallon destroyed as much of Northumbria as he could. This led to the end of Northumbrian dominance over southern England for a short time.


title: Elena Verdugo

text: Verdugo was known for her role as Nurse Consuelo Lopez in the ABC series "Marcus Welby, M.D.", which ran from 1969 to 1976. In 1971-72, Verdugo was nominated for Emmy Awards in the Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in Drama category. Both nominations were for her performances on "Marcus Welby, M.D."


title: Spencer repeating rifle

text: Spencer had formerly worked for Samuel Colt. His rifle was one of the most advanced designs of the American Civil War. It took some time to sell the idea to the United States Government so the rifles were not produced until 1863. The war department was looking at a number of rifle designs and it took time to decide on Spencer's rifle.


title: Deaths in December 2019

text: Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, where they came from, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and a source.


title: Benee

text: According to the "Straits Times", people like to think of "Supalonely" as a song for the COVID-19 pandemic, even though Benee says she wrote it as a breakup song.


title: Chi Cheng

text: He was also the author of a collection of poetry which was titled "The Bamboo Parachute" and was released in June 2000 as a spoken word album. He joined Deftones in 1988 and a recorded a four track demo with them soon after joining. He was also a practicing Buddhist.


title: London Breed

text: Breed was raised in San Francisco by her grandmother, Comelia Brown. Along with her grandmother, she lived with her siblings in public housing. In an interview, London talks about remembering being a little girl in her unsafe community. She clearly remembers seeing glass all over the street floors and graffiti on all of the walls. London was a very smart young girl, she loved school and all of her teachers knew she had a bright future ahead of her. In her teen years, Breed attended Galileo High School and soon after, the University of California.


title: Clipboard

text: Many police officers and EMTs carry clipboards. These clipboards are used very often and are usually made of metal. They often have one or two sections inside for carrying papers and reports.


title: Battle of Hatfield Chase

text: Edwin of Northumbria (ruled 616–633) was recognized as overlord over all of Britain. In his wars he conquered the kingdom of Elmet (western Yorkshire). He then drove out its king, Cerdic. This gave him access all the way to the Irish Sea. Elmet was one of the last kingdoms of the Britons.


title: Elena Verdugo

text: Verdugo has a star at 1709 Vine Street in the Television section of the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It was dedicated on February 8, 1960.


title: Spencer repeating rifle

text: When Spencer was trying to get his rifle accepted, he faced a number of bureaucratic obstacles. He decided to try to see the one person who might be able to cut through the red tape, President Abraham Lincoln. He got an appointment with Lincoln and brought a Spencer rifle and ammunition to the White House. Lincoln was impressed and asked Spencer to take it apart and explain how it worked. When Spencer put it back together for the President, Lincoln asked if Spencer was busy the next day. When Spencer said he was not, Lincoln said “Come over tomorrow at 2 o’clock, and we’ll see the thing shoot.”


title: Chi Cheng

text: On November 4, 2008, Cheng was involved in a car accident in Santa Clara, California. Cheng was in the passenger seat, was not wearing a seat belt and was ejected from the vehicle. Cheng slipped into a coma and was showing signs of improvement in May 2010 but never recovered fully recovered. He died on April 13, 2013.


title: London Breed

text: In 2012, Breed was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. She became the president of this board. Breed became "acting" mayor after the death of Mayor Ed Lee. She served in this role from December 12, 2017 to January 23, 2018. She won the special election for mayor a few months. Her main opponents in the election were Mark Leno and Jane Kim. Breed was the first black woman and second woman to be elected mayor of San Francisco. She was sworn in as mayor on July 11, 2018.


title: Battle of Hatfield Chase

text: Edwin next moved against Wales: he invaded the Welsh north and captured Anglesey. He drove Cadwallon to the far eastern part of the island and laid siege to him at Priestholme. This caused Cadwallon, a Christian king, to ally himself with Penda, the pagan king of Mercia. Cadwallon's motive was revenge on the powerful Northumbrian ruler who had invaded his kingdom. Penda resented Northumbria's being Christianized by Kent. He also wanted Edwin's power over the other kingdoms.


title: Elena Verdugo

text: Verdugo was born in Paso Robles, California. She married Charles R. Marion from 1946 until they divorced in 1955. Then, she married Charles R. Rosewall from 1972 until his death in 2012. She had one child with Marion.


title: Spencer repeating rifle

text: At 2:00 p.m. the next day, Spencer, President Lincoln and his son Todd, went to the open field nearby (later the site of the Washington Monument). Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton had been asked to attend but did not show up. Lincoln fired the gun and tested it thoroughly. Lincoln decided to keep the rifle. He shot it again the next day with his secretary, John Hay. Lincoln directed the War Department to order Spencer rifles. By the end of the war about 230,000 had been produced. Some were made by Spencer's company and later others were made by the Burnside Rifle Company in Providence, Rhode Island. After the Sharps rifle, the Spencer was the most widely used carbine during the war.


title: Battle of Hatfield Chase

text: The site of the battle suggests Edwin and his forces may have had to fight on ground not suited for defence. He may have been trapped by the grassy wetlands to the north and the river Don to the east. The armies of Cadwallon and Penda came at him from the west. In the battle one of Edwin's sons, Osfrid, was killed before his father. Edwin was killed and his army scattered. Another son, Eadfrith, was taken prisoner by Penda. Edwin's queen escaped to Kent with two of her children, Osfrid's young son and Bishop Paulinus.


title: Spencer repeating rifle

text: An excellent example of the firepower of the new Spencer carbines was the action at Parker's Store on the morning of May 5, 1864. The 500 cavalrymen of the Fifth New York Cavalry dismounted to form a skirmish line. They were attacked by an entire division of Confederate infantry The Union cavalry held off the Confederates for over three hours until they ran low on ammunition, forcing them to pull back. The cavalry lost about 80 casualties in the skirmish. The Confederates believed they were facing an entire Union brigade and had no idea it was a small cavalry regiment using Spencer repeating carbines.


title: Battle of Hatfield Chase

text: Cadwallon and Penda began slaughtering the people of Northumbria. This included men, women and children. Cadwallon, according to Bede, although Christian was more barbarous than any pagan. Northumbria fell apart and divided back into its two former kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia. Oswald reunited Deira and Bernicia back into Northumbria. As King he restored Northumbria to the power it had under Edwin.


title: Spencer repeating rifle

text: The Spencer repeating rifle had a "rolling block" design. It was activated by lowering the trigger guard which opened the breech and extracted the spent cartridge shell. Raising the lever loaded a new cartridge from a spring-loaded 7-round magazine in the stock. The gun had few parts, many of which were common to the Sharps rifle. This made it easy and relatively inexpensive to make. One of its main advantages was its breech loading design. The Spencer proved to be very reliable under battlefield conditions. The muzzleloading rifles were slow to load compared to the Spencer. Also, in battlefield conditions, muzzleloaders could only aim the first few shots. With the enemy bearing down on them the remaining shots were fired as quickly as possible and were almost always poorly aimed. Muzzleloaders could fire only two or three shots a minute. A soldier trained to use the Spencer could fire from 20 to 30 aimed shots a minute when using a cartridge box that held 10 pre-loaded magazines. The only weakness of the Spencer was the small powder charge that did not have great range. But it proved to be an excellent rifle for the cavalry because they usually fought at close range. It allowed a smaller cavalry unit to lay down devastating firepower on an enemy. Several times, larger Confederate units had to retreat to save themselves from being cut to pieces by Spencer-equipped Union cavalry units.


title: Sackbut

text: The sackbut is a brass musical instrument from the Renaissance. By the 1750s, it was developing into the modern trombone. It has narrower tubing, does not have a water key, a slide lock or a tuning slide that are found on trombones. It is played by buzzing the lips into a mouthpiece. The length of the instrument could be changed by the use of a sliding tube which meant it could play a full chromatic range of notes. The earliest instruments come from the 1500's. The sackbut was popular because it could be played loudly or softly, and it could also be played in tune. They were made in a range of sizes, a descant (rarely used), alto, tenor and bass. They were often played to accompany a church choir.


title: Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?

text: Are You Smarter Than A Fifth Grader? is a television game show based on asking grade-school level questions to adults. The format started with the United States version, which first aired on FOX in February 2007. The show was created by Mark Burnett, the same person behind the hit show "Survivor". The show has since been made in many other countries; some use the same title, and some use different titles.


title: Courts of Germany

text: The judiciary, that is, the judges and Courts of Germany are independent. They are not controlled by the Federal Government or the State Governments. There are laws which say what sort of cases the courts can hear and pass judgment on, and what type of punishment a court can give. But no law or minister can say that a person is guilty. Only the courts can do this.


title: Italian Concerto

text: The "Italian" Concerto (or, Concerto in the Italian style) is a piece of music for harpsichord composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. It was published in 1735 with the "French Overture" in the second volume of Bach's (English: "Keyboard Practice"). Both pieces are Bach's interpretations of popular musical forms of the day. The "Italian Concerto" is a three-movement composition written specifically for a two-manual harpsichord (see image).


title: Visual poetry

text: Visual poetry is poetry in which the typographical arrangement of words and images is important in conveying the intended effect. It was influenced by Fluxus, the international artistic movement of the 1960s, well known for blending different disciplines and artistic media.


title: LAPA Flight 3142

text: LAPA Flight 3142 was a domestic scheduled passenger flight operated by a Boeing 737-204C registration LV-WRZ. On August 31, 1999, it caused the fourth most serious accident in the history of Argentine aviation. 65 people were killed.


title: Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?

text: A syndicated version of the show aired in the United States from September 2009 to March 2011. Contestants answer eight questions (ten in Season 1), and can answer a 5th grade bonus question for ten times the amount they earned from those questions. Unlike other versions of the show, the game does not end after a wrong answer. Instead, the contestant loses their earnings up to that point.


title: Courts of Germany

text: Courts give protection to ordinary people from bad governments, they are also protected from bad governments themselves.


title: Italian Concerto

text: The first movement is written in F major. It has a time signature of 2/4, but has no tempo marking. It is always played Allegro (fast). The second movement is written in D minor. Its time signature is 3/4, and its tempo marking is Andante (slow). The third movement is written in F major. Its time signature is cut-time (2/2), and its tempo is marked Presto (very fast). The first and third movements are composed in "ritornello" style. This means a theme particular to the movement returns time and again. The second movement is a very florid arioso-like piece.


title: LAPA Flight 3142

text: It was to leave from the Jorge Newbery Airport in the city of Buenos Aires at 8:36 p.m. on that day. It was bound for the Ingeniero Taravella Airport in the city of Córdoba. They were carrying 98 passengers and 5 crew members. Due to some inconveniences in engine no. 1, 4 take-off positions were lost while the mechanics checked it and finally it was located at the head of the runway.


title: Courts of Germany

text: Germany has had free courts for longer than it has been a democracy, although under the Nazis many judges ignored the law and did what the Nazi Party wanted. This is why they were tried at the Nuremberg Judges Trial


title: Italian Concerto

text: An orchestral Italian concerto relies upon contrasts between the full orchestra and a small group of instruments which act as soloists. Bach achieves this effect by using the lower manual on the harpsichord as the "full orchestra" and the upper manual as the "small group of instruments".


title: LAPA Flight 3142

text: At 8:54 p.m. (local time), during the takeoff operation, the aircraft did not take off and continued its flight beyond the limits of the airport. It crossed the "Avenida Costanera Rafael Obligado" Street. The plane dragged a car that was circulating. It finally collided with road machines, an embankment and a gas regulating plant. The loss of fuel and the gas expelled by the rupture of the plant caused a fire that killed most of the passengers who had survived the crash.


title: Courts of Germany

text: Germany is a "Rechtsstaat". That means it is a government based on law. All citizens are guaranteed to be equal, and government decisions can be challenged in court.


title: LAPA Flight 3142

text: The Argentinean Civil Aviation Accident Investigation Board (JIAAC) established that the "immediate cause" of the accident was the pilot Gustavo Weigel's failure to extend the flaps to increase the aircraft's lift. In addition, the alarm that alerted about the wrong position of the flaps were ignored for 52 seconds. The pilots continued to taxi, and let the aircraft exceed V1 speed or decision speed, which once reached made it impossible to stop the takeoff.


title: Courts of Germany

text: Federal law sets out the structure of the judiciary. Running courts is up to the Länder. The Länder ("States of Germany") are run the lower levels of the court system; only the highest courts are paid for by the federal government.


title: LAPA Flight 3142

text: The report found that there was serious negligence on the part of the captain Gustavo Weigel and first officer Luis Etcheverry, who died in the accident, as well as a series of shortcomings on the part of the airline.


title: Courts of Germany

text: This federal-Land split means that the Federation (that is, the Federal Government) can make sure laws are enforced equally throughout the country, because it says what courts must be set up. The Länder administer the courts, and this stops the federal government from being able to order the courts to do things, or to appoint the judges. This helps keep the courts independent.


title: Courts of Germany

text: Germany has a system of Roman law. This is different from the United States and England which use the common law.


title: Courts of Germany

text: In a common law system courts rely on "precedents" (what was decided in similar cases earlier) . In Germany, courts look to a comprehensive system of legal codes. The codes set out legal principles or basic ideas, and have to decide each case by comparing the facts of the case to those principles, not to what another judges decided earlier.


title: Courts of Germany

text: Judges are not chosen from practicing lawyers, as in the UK and USA. Instead being a judge is a separate career


title: Courts of Germany

text: At the end of their legal education at university, all law students must pass a state examination before they can continue on to an apprenticeship that provides them with broad training in the legal profession over two years. They then must pass a second state examination that qualifies them to practice law. After the second exam a person must choose either to be a lawyer or to be a judge.


title: Courts of Germany

text: Those who choose to be a judge start working at courts immediately. However they are on "probation" (a temporary training period) for up to four years before being appointed as judges for lifetime.


title: Courts of Germany

text: The is a Federal Patents Court in Munich adjudicates disputes relating to industrial property rights. Patents are a federal issue, so now state courts have been set up.


title: Courts of Germany

text: Each Land has a state constitutional court. These courts are administratively and financially independent from any other government body. For instance, a Land constitutional court can write its own budget and hire or fire employees.


title: Courts of Germany

text: For example, a criminal case might be appealed from the Bundesgerichtshof if a persons human rights are involved.


title: Courts of Germany

text: The Federal Constitutional Court, the "Bundesverfassungsgericht", can check that the way other courts look at the law to make sure they do not forget these basic rights. Sometimes the Federal Constitutional Court has overturned the decisions of other federal courts.


title: Courts of Germany

text: The "Bundesverfassungsgericht" protects people's rights under the constitution in another way. It is the only court that can ban a political party, if it is acting or says it will act against the constitution.


title: The Four Stages of Cruelty

text: The Four Stages of Cruelty is a series of four printed engravings. They were published by the English artist William Hogarth in 1751. Every print is about a different part of life of Tom Nero, a fictional (not real) character.


title: Stereotype threat

text: Stereotype threat is the risk of confirming a negative stereotype about a group to which one belongs. Claude Steele introduced this idea in 1995. Stereotype threat may reduce the performance of people who belong to a negatively stereotyped group.


title: Abby Martin

text: Abigail Suzanne Martin (born September 6, 1984) is an American citizen journalist and presenter. She hosts the web series "The Empire Files". Martin was born in Oakland, California.


title: Teresa Perales

text: Teresa Perales Fernández (born on 29 December 1975) is an S5, SB4, SM5 type Spanish swimmer, political person and professional speaker who finished in the top three 22 times in the Paralympic Games, with six of her top three finishes happening at the 2012 London Games. She has the most top three finishes at the Paralympics out of any person from Spain.


title: 34+35

text: "34+35" is a song recorded by American singer Ariana Grande, as the second track on her sixth studio album, "Positions" (2020). It was released as a single on October 30, 2020. The song was written by Grande, Albert Stanaj, Courageous Xavier Herrera, Scott Nicholson, Steven Franks, Tayla Parx, Victoria Monét, and its producers Peter Lee Johnson and Tommy Brown. It runs for two minutes and 54 seconds.


title: Pump and dump

text: "Pump and dump" (P&D) is a form of security fraud that involves artificially inflating the price of an owned stock through false and misleading positive statements, in order to sell the cheaply purchased stock at a higher price.


title: Pallonji Mistry

text: Pallonji Shapoorji Mistry (1 June 1929 – 28 June 2022) was an Indian-born Irish billionaire businessman. He was chairman of Shapoorji Pallonji Group. He was the richest Irish person. According to "Forbes", his wealth was US$14.4 billion in October 2019. He was the largest individual shareholder in India's largest private group, Tata Group. His net worth was US$25.7 billion in January 2021.


title: Acasta Gneiss

text: The Acasta Gneiss is the oldest rock in the world. It is in the Slave craton in Northwest Territories, Canada.


title: The Four Stages of Cruelty

text: The "First stage of Cruelty" shows Nero, when he is a child, hurting a dog. In the "Second stage of cruelty", Nero, who is an adult, beats his horse. Then in "Cruelty in perfection", he becomes a robber and murders his pregnant lover. At last, in "The reward of cruelty", his body is taken from the gallows after his execution and is cut up into pieces by surgeons. This last annotation refers directly to the act of parliament then under consideration and passed in 1752 which changed the law to require the bodies of executed murderers to be surrendered to the surgeons for use in anatomy classes and only buried after they had been anatomized. The act was created in response to the increase in murders, especially in the suburbs of London.


title: Stereotype threat

text: Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson did research for this theory of social psychology. They had African-American and European-American college students take a difficult verbal portion of the Graduate Record Examination. The design was a 2x3 factorial. The factors were the race of the participant (black or white)and the test description (diagnostic of intelligence, non diagnostic, or non diagnostic and challenging). Performance on the test was the dependent variable. 117 male and female participants were recruited from Stanford University. After comparing the results of the three groups, it was found that the differences were not very significant. However, in their second study results were significant.


title: Abby Martin

text: Martin was a 9/11 conspiracy theorist. She hosted "Breaking the Set" on the Russian network RT America from 2012 to 2015. Martin also works on the board of directors for the Media Freedom Foundation. In 2015, Martin launched "The Empire Files", an interview and documentary series, hosted by Telesur.


title: Teresa Perales

text: In 1995, at the age of nineteen, Perales was diagnosed with neuropathy and lost the use of her legs in three months. After the 2000 Paralympics Games, she earned a Diploma in Physiotherapy and married Mariano Menor. She had a baby (named Mariano Menor Jr) with him after the 2008 Games. In addition to swimming, Perales has been a politician, teacher, business person and professional talker. As an Aragonese Party (PAR) political person, she was in office from 2003 to 2007. After she stopped being a political person, she co-wrote an autobiography with her husband. She has no plans to return to office but was on the 2011 ballot for PAR as a member of the Congreso de los Diputados in a symbolic gesture. Perales supports organizations like Doctors Without Borders, Fundación Carlos Sanz and Fundación Vicente Ferrer.


title: 34+35

text: On October 30, 2020, the song was released by Republic Records as the second single from the album. The song's title and overall theme is about the 69 sex position with some sex jokes.


title: Pallonji Mistry

text: Mistry died on 28 June 2022 in Dublin, Ireland at the age of 93. His son, Cyrus Mistry, died two months later.


title: Acasta Gneiss

text: The rock body is exposed on an island about 300 kilometres north of Yellowknife. The rock of the outcrop was metamorphosed 3.58 to 4.031 billion (10) years ago. It is the oldest known intact crustal fragment on Earth.


title: The Four Stages of Cruelty

text: William Hogarth, who had been very unhappy at the acts of cruelty that he saw on the streets of London, printed the pictures for moral learning. They were printed on cheap paper for poor people. The pictures are rougher and more violent than Hogarth's other works, which usually have touches of humor. He had felt he needed to do this to make people understand his message. However, the pictures still have the small, careful details that Hogarth is famous for.


title: Stereotype threat

text: A study on chess players shows that if females are made aware of the stereotype that females are worse at chess than males, they perform worse than the controls. Stone, Lynch, Sjomeling, & Darley did experiments in which white men performed poorly in sports if they are put in the condition that described the task as reflecting natural athletic ability compared to African-Americans. The African-Americans performed worse when the task was described as involving intelligence of the sport.


title: Teresa Perales

text: Starting swimming at the age of 19, she joined the Aragon-based disability sport club CAI CDM when she was 20 years old. When she was 21 years old, in 1997, she competed in her first Spanish championships, and she finished in the top three several times. In 1998, she first competed for Spain at the IPC (International Paralympic Committee) Swimming World Championships in Christchurch, New Zealand and finished number three in one race. She competed in the 1999 European Championship, 2000 Summer Paralympics, 2001 European Championships, 2002 IPC World Championship, 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2006 IPC World Swimming Championship, and 2008 Summer Paralympics. She stopped swimming after the 2008 Games and gave birth to her son. She started swimming again in 2011 for the European Championship and then competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. She finished in the top three in every Paralympics, European Championship, and World Championship in which she raced.


title: 34+35

text: On January 15, 2021, a remix of the song featuring American rappers Doja Cat and Megan Thee Stallion was released with verses written by the artists. It is eight seconds longer than the original.


title: Acasta Gneiss

text: The nearby Acasta River east of Great Bear Lake gave the rock its name. It is the oldest known exposed rock in the world.


title: The Four Stages of Cruelty

text: Like most of his other prints, such as "Beer Street" and "Gin Lane", Hogarth wanted "The Four Stages of Cruelty" to be a warning against cruel and evil acts, and that it was easy for a small bully to become a criminal. He wished to stop "that barbarous (mean) treatment of animals, the very sight of which renders (makes) the streets of our metropolis so distressing (terrible) to every feeling mind". Hogarth loved animals. When he painted a portrait of himself, he included his pug in the picture. He also marked the graves of his dogs and birds at his home in Chiswick.


title: Stereotype threat

text: Yeung & von Hippel did an experiment in which two groups of women went through a driving simulation. They told the women in the stereotype threat group that they were investigating why men were better drivers than women. That group twice more likely than the control to hit a pedestrian jaywalker.


title: Teresa Perales

text: Because of her top three finishes in so many races, Perales was awarded the and the Medalla de Oro de la Real Orden del Mérito Deportivo. She has earned several other awards including the Woman of the Year by the Spanish women's magazine "Mujer hoy".


title: 34+35

text: The song entered at number eight on the "Billboard" Hot 100 upon the album's release. Combined with sales of the remix, the song later peaked at number two in the US.


title: Acasta Gneiss

text: The rock, before it was metamorphized, was a granitoid that formed 4.03 billion years ago. This age is based on radiometric dating of zircon crystals at 4.031x10 years. The Acasta Gneiss is important in establishing the early history of the continental crust.


title: The Four Stages of Cruelty

text: Hogarth was pleased with his pictures. "European Magazine" reported that he said to a person who sold books named Mr. Sewell:


title: Stereotype threat

text: Stereotype lift can increase a person's performance on a task when he/she is exposed to a negative stereotype of a group to which he/she does not belong.


title: Teresa Perales

text: Perales is a S5, SB4, SM5 type swimmer and is a member of CD Asser: Spain swimming club. She is the has the most first three finishes of any Paralympic sportperson from Spain.


title: The Four Stages of Cruelty

text: In his 1817 book "Shakespeare and His Times", Nathan Drake said that picture in the first plate changed the opinion of people about "throwing at cocks", and encouraged them to be firmer about stopping the people who did these things.


title: Stereotype threat

text: Stereotype boost can increase an individual's performance on a task when he/she is exposed to a positive stereotype about his/her group.


title: Teresa Perales

text: Perales first competed for Spain not in Spain at the IPC World Championships in Christchurch, New Zealand in 1998. She finished number three in the 50 m freestyle event. She finished in fourth-place in the 4 x 50 m freestyle 20 points relay, 4 x 50 m medley 20 points relay and the 400 m freestyle. She finished in seventh-place in the 100 m libre event and finished eighth in the 50 m butterfly.


title: The Four Stages of Cruelty

text: Some people, however, did not like the series very much. Charles Lamb said that the series were not as good as Hogarth's other works. Art historian Allan Cunningham also disliked the series:


title: Stereotype threat

text: Stereotype threat can have a bad effect on people. It has a negative effect on performance. It can also cause individuals to distance themselves from the stereotyped group to which they belonged, or lead them to dis-identify with the group that they experience stereotype threat. For example, a woman sees herself as "not a math person".


title: Teresa Perales

text: Perales competed at four Paralympic Games: the 2000 Summer Paralympics, 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics. She had her first top three finish at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.


title: Teresa Perales

text: At the 2004 Athens Games, when she was 27 years old, Perales twice finished first. Her two first place finishes were the first time she ever had first place finishes at the Paralympic Games.


title: Paul Sturrock

text: Paul Sturrock is a former football player. He has played for Dundee United and Scotland national team.


title: Mayor–council government

text: The Mayor-Council government system, sometimes called the Mayor-Commission government system, is one of two variations of government most commonly used in modern representative municipal governments in the United States.


title: Commentary

text: A commentary often means some sort of voice that will explain what is going on while a program is playing. Commentary is most often used in sports. Some famous commentators are Jim Ross, Larry Merchant, Jesse Ventura, Navjot Singh Sidhu and Gorilla Monsoon.


title: Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles

text: The owner of the Eagles is Rakuten, an IT company. The Eagles are very popular in Miyagi. The mascot character is Clutch and Clutchyna. And in 2016, Switch was added to them.


title: Classic car

text: A classic car is an older automobile, generally one that is at least 25 years old. Classic cars are often very valuable to collectors, and may sell for many times their original factory price, especially if they have been well-maintained and have low mileage. Iconic cars that are less than 25 years old and may become classics are referred to as future classics. Classic cars are often not recommended as a daily driver. Replacement parts may be hard to find, and most classic cars lack safety features found in modern cars such as airbags and crumple zones. Contrary to popular belief, classic cars are structurally weaker than modern cars and will not hold up as well in a crash.


title: Gregg Palmer

text: Gregg Palmer (born Palmer Edvind Lee; January 25, 1927 – October 31, 2015) was an American television and movie actor. He was known for his roles in "Gunsmoke", "Death Valley Days", and "The Virginian". He guest starred five times on "Bonanza", NBC's longest-running western. He was born in San Francisco, California.


title: Matricide

text: Matricide is the act of killing one's mother. In the case of teenage daughters, it is often for one of two reasons. Either the daughter "snapped" (suddenly lost her temper) after suffering abuse or became an abuser herself. Few studies have been done to discover why children commit parricide, matricide or patricide.


title: John Franklin (actor)

text: John Franklin (born John Paul Salapatek; June 16, 1959) is an American actor, writer and former school teacher. He is best known for playing Isaac Chroner in "Children of the Corn" (1984) and Cousin Itt in "The Addams Family". He was born John Paul Salapatek in Blue Island, Illinois, a southern suburb of Chicago on June 16, 1959. Franklin was born with dwarfism. As a result he is "barely 5 feet" and is about 152 centimeters tall.


title: Fruit preserves

text: Fruit preserves is the name of specially prepared fruit, where sugar, and sometimes acid, is used to make the fruit last longer. They are often used as a spread.


title: Mayor–council government

text: Strong-mayor is a form of mayor-council government. It is made up of an executive branch and a legislative branch. Both branches are elected by the people. The executive brance is usually a city mayor. The legislature is usually a city council.


title: Commentary

text: A commentary can mean comments, spoken or written, which help people understand a book, play or work of art.


title: Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles

text: The Eagles became the champion of the Pacific League on September 26, 2013. Masahiro Tanaka contributed to becoming the champion. He won 24 games in the 2013 series. In the Japan Series, the Eagles had four wins and three losses to Yomiuri Giants, who became the champion of Central League in Japan.


title: Fruit preserves

text: Sugar is used to preserve sweet fruits, but vinegar is used for savoury items. Fruit preserves have been used for a long time, since before refrigeration, to make food last longer.


title: Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles

text: The Rakuten Seimei Park Miyagi in Sendai is their home stadium. This stadium is in the central ward of Sendai city, near .


title: Fruit preserves

text: There are many ways to make fruit preserves. Normally, chopped fruit is boiled with sugar and water. After the mixture gets hot enough, it will become firm after it cools down.


title: Fruit preserves

text: The preserves are poured into glass jars when they are still hot. After they cool down, a vacuum forms in the jar. This keeps the food fresh for a long time.


title: Continuum (theory)

text: Space-time is when space and time are said to be part of the same continuum instead of two different continuums.


title: 442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)

text: The 442nd Regimental Combat Team () of the United States Army was a regimental size fighting unit. It was composed almost entirely of American soldiers of Japanese descent. These men volunteered to fight in World War II even though their families were subject to internment. The 442nd, beginning in 1944, fought primarily in Europe during World War II. The 442nd was a self-sufficient force. It fought with uncommon distinction in Italy, southern France, and Germany. The 442nd is considered to be the most decorated infantry regiment in the history of the United States Army. The 442nd was awarded eight Presidential Unit Citations and twenty-one of its members were awarded the Medal of Honor for World War II. The 442nd Regimental Combat Team motto was, "Go for Broke".


title: Vampiro

text: Ian Richard Hodgkinson (born May 31, 1967 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a semi-retired Canadian professional wrestler that currently wrestles for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA).


title: Lanyard

text: A lanyard is a cord or strap. It is made to help the wearer keep and use some basic items of equipment, especially small items. It is usually worn around the neck with an ID card or keys.


title: Alaska Standard Time

text: The Alaska Time Zone subtracts nine hours from UTC during standard time (UTC-9) and eight hours during daylight saving time (UTC-8).


title: Chenpi

text: Chenpi, also called chen pi, is sun-dried tangerine peel used as a traditional seasoning in Chinese cooking and traditional medicine. They have a bitter taste.


title: Martha Karua

text: Martha Wangari Karua (; born 22 September 1957) is a Kenyan politician. She was Minister for Justice from 2005 to 2009. She also was a member of the National Assembly from 1993 to 2013.


title: Michelle Wu

text: Michelle Wu (born January 14, 1985) is an American lawyer and politician. Wu is the 55th Mayor of Boston since 2021. She was a member of the Boston City Council from 2014 until 2021. A Taiwanese-American, she is the first Asian American woman to serve on the council or be Boston's mayor. From January 2016 to January 2018, she was president of the council and was its first woman of color president.


title: Continuum (theory)

text: A dialect continuum is a group of language dialects that change over an area. In a dialect continuum, two dialects are more different when they are farther away from each other.


title: Vampiro

text: He is probably best known for wrestling with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre in the early 1990s and with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) under the ring name, Vampiro.


title: Lanyard

text: Lanyards were first introduced in the 15th century. In the military, lanyards are worn on the shoulders of uniforms to denote the wearer's qualification or regimental affiliation.


title: Alaska Standard Time

text: This time zone is called Alaska Standard Time (AKST) during standard time (Winter) and Alaska Daylight Time (AKDT) during daylight saving time (Summer).


title: Martha Karua

text: Karua unsuccessfully ran for President of Kenya in 2013. She was picked to run for deputy president of presidential candidate Raila Odinga in the 2022 election. She would lose the election to the Ruto-Gachagua ticket in August 2022.


title: Michelle Wu

text: In September 2020, Wu announced her candidacy for Mayor of Boston in the 2021 election. In November 2021, Wu won the election and became the first woman and person of color elected to the mayoral office.


title: 1 E8 m²

text: 1 E8 m² is used for places that are between 100 km² and 1000 km² in area. The term is based from the scientific notation for 1 x 10m².


title: Muslim League (Pakistan)

text: The Pakistan Muslim League was founded in 1962, as a successor to the previously disbanded Muslim League in Pakistan. Unlike the original PML which ended in 1958 when General Ayub Khan banned all political parties, each subsequent Muslim League was in some way propped by the military dictators of the time: Ayub Khan, General Zia-ul-Haq and General Pervez Musharraf. Every time the pro-establishment political leaders were put together, who splintered apart when the general's blessings faded away.


title: Canaanite

text: Canaanites were a people mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament. Most of their land, called Canaan, later became known as Israel.


title: Jovan Belcher

text: Jovan Belcher (July 24, 1987 – December 1, 2012) was an American football player. He was a line backer in the NFL for the Kansas City Chiefs. He was a student at the University of Maine. He played in the NFL from 2009 until his death.


title: William Margold

text: William "Bill" Margold (October 2, 1943 – January 18, 2017) was an American pornographic actor and director. He was born in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. He began his career in 1972. He continued to perform until 2007. He had more than 250 credits to his name as an actor and director. He was added to the AVN Hall of Fame.


title: Indian Spitz

text: The Indian Spitz is a spitz-type dog breed. It is considered as one of the ""National pets of India"".


title: Muslim League (Pakistan)

text: Historically, Pakistan Muslim League can also refer to any of the following political parties in Pakistan:


title: Canaanite

text: The Canaanites settled in the region about 2000 BCE. They were the main inhabitants until about 1200 B.C. The Book of Joshua says that the Israelites conquered Canaan. However, archaeology and the Bible suggest that the Israelites only gradually became the area's main people. Archaeology also suggests that many Canaanite cities were destroyed by the Sea Peoples, or Philistines, in the 1100s BCE. The Sea Peoples may have sailed to Canaan from the area around the Aegean Sea.


title: Jovan Belcher

text: On the evening of December 1, 2012 in Kansas City, Missouri, he shot his partner dead and committed suicide by shooting himself.


title: Muslim League (Pakistan)

text: Recently Pakistan Muslim League (PML-Q) made headlines when on 31 December 2007, armed men belonging to the party kidnapped the human rights lawyer, Asma Jahangirs daughters who were in company of some friends, at gun point and brought them to the PML-Q main election office. The girls were detained illegally, abused, severely beaten. Asma's youngest daughter was then dragged off to a separate room by some of the gunmen. Asma Jahangir only barely managed to rescue her daughters and their friends and called the police for assistance. The girls had been out filing ripped and torn election posters in Lahore City in the aftermath of the assassination of Benezir Bhutto. The police took the side of the gunmen, insisting that the girls hand over the tape, or else they would be kidnapped, raped and killed.


title: Canaanite

text: The Canaanites were a Semitic people related to the Phoenicians, Amorites, Assyrians and Israelites. The Canaanites had a developed civilization. Their main political group was the city-state. In a city-state, a king ruled a city or town and the villages and land around it. The Bible mentions a number of Canaanite tribes.


title: Canaanite

text: The chief Canaanite gods were El (a creator god) and Baal (a storm god). The main goddesses were Anat, Asherah, and Astarte. They were fertility goddesses.


title: Animals of New Zealand

text: The animals of New Zealand have an unusual history. The main thing to know is that the islands were part of Gondwana, from which they separated 84 million years (mya) ago. New Zealand has some animals and plants which survive from that time, and birds which flew there much later. The islands are well known for their terrestrial birds, some of which were large species (the moas). For millions of years the islands did not have any native mammalian carnivores, and the moas' only predators were other birds, such as the giant Haast's eagle.


title: Meqabyan

text: Meqabyan (Amharic: መቃብያን), also called called Ethiopic Maccabees or Ethiopian Maccabees, are three books in the Ethiopian Orthodox Old Testament Biblical canon. These books are very different in content from the books of Maccabees in Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Bibles. The Maccabees described in these books are not those of the Hasmonean dynasty, and the "Five Holy Maccabean Martyrs" here do not match "Woman with seven sons", who were also called "Maccabees" and are revered throughout Orthodoxy as the "Holy Maccabean Martyrs".


title: Ken Osmond

text: Kenneth Charles "Ken" Osmond (June 7, 1943 – May 18, 2020) was an American actor and LAPD police officer. He played Eddie Haskell in "Leave It to Beaver" (1957-1963). He was born in Glendale, California.


title: Taps

text: "Taps" is a song. It is used as the final bugle call of the day ("lights out") and at solemn ceremonies such as military funerals. It was written in 1862 by General Daniel Butterfield, commander of a Union brigade camped in Virginia. "Extinguish Lights" was the original title. The words of the song (Day is done; Gone the sun) were written at later date. When or why "Taps" replaced the original title is unknown. The meaning of "Taps" is also unknown, but may refer to the sound of a muffled drum beat.


title: Spur (zoology)

text: A spur is a bone covered in horn that grows out of an animal's body. While claws or nails grow from the toes, spurs grow on other parts of the foot. These parts are usually connected with joints. Spurs are mostly found on the hindfeet, but some birds have spurs at the edge of their wings.


title: Biewer Yorkshire Terrier a la pom pon

text: The Biewer Yorki, is Tri-colored (Black-White and Tan), named after his Breeders, the Yorkshire Terrier Breeder couple Biewer from Germany. He have the same charakteristia as the Yorkshire Terrier, but more calm in temperament.


title: Animals of New Zealand

text: Humans arrived in New Zealand less than 1,300 years ago. At that time the country's only mammals were bats (which flew there), and pinnipeds and sea lions (which swam there). This meant that all the ecological niches occupied by mammals in other lands were occupied in New Zealand by either insects or birds. Because of this, the country has an unusually large number of flightless birds, of which only the kiwi, and the kakapo survive.


title: Meqabyan

text: These books were only written in Ethiopian languages for a long time, but have recently been translated into English.


title: Ken Osmond

text: Osmond died at his home in Los Angeles on May 18, 2020 of problems caused by COPD and peripheral artery disease at the age of 76.


title: Spur (zoology)

text: The male platypus has spurs on the heels of its hind feet. The spurs are hollow and connected to a venom gland. This helps the platypus kick painfully. Echidnas have spurs as well, but they are not venomous. Fossils of some early mammals are found to have spurs also.


title: Animals of New Zealand

text: Because of the lack of predators, even the bats spend most of their time on the ground. There are also about 60 species of lizard (30 of gecko and 30 of skink), and four species of frog (all rare and endangered). There are two species of tuatara, "Sphenodon", the only surviving reptile in its order. These living fossils are reptiles of a type which flourished as long ago as 200 million years. While mapping its genome, it has been discovered that the species has between five and six billion base pairs of DNA sequence. The reptile now lives only on the islands in the Cook Strait and the Bay of Plenty.


title: Meqabyan

text: According to this book, a certain man from the territory of Benjamin called Meqabis had three sons Abya (Amharic: አብያ- Abijah), Seela (Amharic: ሴላ- Shelah), and Pantos (Pantera), who opposed the tyrannical policies of the king and refused to worship his idols. Their account consumes only a short section of the book, spanning chapters 2 through chapter 5.  A second group of brothers are later introduced in Chapter 15. They are called: Yihuda (Amharic: ይሁዳ- Judah), Meqabis and Mebikyas, and they are said to have lead a successful revolt against the ruthless King Akrandis of Midian. This appears to be a historical allusion to the king Alexander I Balas, who ruled the Seleucid Empire after the death of Antiochius IV, and who supported the legitimacy of the Maccabees cause. However, in this folk rendering of history, Mebikyas enters the king's military camp and decapitates him at his dinner table, while his food was still in his mouth. The remainder of the book, chapters 16 to 36, have no dealing with the Maccabees (disambiguation) revolt and offer no further historical narrative. Their purpose is unknown, as they recount significant events from the Old Testament.


title: Animals of New Zealand

text: Humans brought with them the Polynesian Rat ("Kiore") and the dog. Europeans later brought their domesticated animals. Of these, the rats, ferrets, cats, stoats and dogs have all had serious effect on the original New Zealand animals. They have driven many species to extinction. Possums were later introduced from Australia for a fur industry, and deer from Europe as animals to be hunted. Both seriously damaged the forest habitat of many birds.


title: Meqabyan

text: Selassie, Feqade. Ethiopian Books of Meqabyan 1–3, in Standard English. 2008; Lulu Press Inc, Raleigh, NC


title: Animals of New Zealand

text: In recent years people made efforts to remove mammals from off shores either the animals are big or small. In some parts of the mainland, mammals are being completely eliminated inside fenced areas to create "ecological islands". Examples are the Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in Wellington City, from which about a ton of dead possums was removed after the installation of a mammal-proof fence, and the Maungatautari Restoration Project.


title: Gaeltacht Quarter

text: The Gaeltacht Quarter in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is an area around the Falls Road in the west of the city. A Gaeltacht is an area where the Irish language is most often spoken. The area aims to bring interest to the Irish language and tourist attractions related to it, as well as Irish culture.


title: Zeebra

text: Zeebra ( "", born April 2, 1971 in Tokyo, Japan) is a famous Japanese hip hop artist, who is known as the first rapper in Japan. He was born and raised in Tokyo. He made his first appearance in 1995. Zeebra was a member of the hip-hop group King Giddra, which also included DJ Oasis and K Dub Shine. He became a solo artist in 1997. Because he has been in many TV commercials, started hip-hop television programs, and produced songs for upcoming rappers, Zeebra could be called the father of the Japanese rap scene. His daughter is Rima Yokoi, a rapper as a member of the girl group NiziU.


title: Key whitening

text: In cryptography, key whitening is a technique used to increase the security of block ciphers. It consists of steps that combine the data with portions of the key (most commonly using a simple XOR) before the first round and after the last round of encryption. DES-X was the first block cipher that used key whitening.


title: O.T. Genasis

text: Odis Oliver Flores (born June 19, 1987) is an American rapper. His stage name is O.T Genasis. He is well known for his songs "CoCo", "Do It" and "Cut It".


title: Houghton Estate

text: Houghton Estate (often simply called Houghton) is a rich suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located north-east of the city center. Houghton Estate has been informally divided into two areas: "Upper Houghton", and "Lower Houghton". The most famous resident of Houghton Estate was Nelson Mandela. Mandela died here.


title: Ammon

text: Ammon is an ancient country in the Middle East. It was in northwestern Jordan and east of the Kingdom of Israel.


title: Sideshow

text: A sideshow is an amusement or entertainment usually associated with circus and carnival midways. Such a show displays curiosities of all sorts such as bearded ladies, midgets, giants, snake charmers, two-headed babies saved in formaldehyde, six-legged calves, and more.


title: Aquatic locomotion

text: Aquatic locomotion is animals and other organisms moving through water. The surface of the world is mostly covered with water, and all major animal phyla started life in the water.


title: Thomas D. Rice

text: Thomas Dartmouth Rice (May 20, 1808 – September 19, 1860) was an American entertainer. He developed a character called Jim Crow. Using African-American speech, song, and dance, Rice performed successfully as Jim Crow in America and England. Rice is known as the "Father of the Minstrel Show".