text: The most common use for private ambulances is for non-urgent patient transport. Many trusts and hospitals have chosen to use a private company for these tasks. NHS ambulance services may also pay the private ambulances to answer some of their 999 calls.


title: Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom

text: All ambulance companies and the NHS Ambulance trusts must follow the same laws, so a private ambulance must have the same equipment and same type of staff working in it.


text: In most of the United Kingdom, the main voluntary ambulance services are the British Red Cross and St John Ambulance. In Scotland, the main voluntary ambulance is St Andrew's First Aid. The Order of Malta Ambulance Corps. can sometimes be found in Northern Ireland also. These groups have been providing both emergency and non-emergency medical cover in the UK for over 120 years, including active service in both World Wars. This is before any government organised service.


text: The main activity of the organisations apart from training and education, is providing ambulance cover at events, as an extension of their first aid contract.


text: They may also treat and transport certain categories of patient to hospital, although for more serious incidents, such as cardiac arrest it is likely that they would call on the ambulance service. This is arranged through agreements with the local ambulance service.


text: Both organisations also provide 'reserve' or 'support' cover to some, though not all, of the ambulance trusts (dependent on the local MOU), where ambulance crews from one of the organisations (who are usually volunteers, but in some instances may be paid staff) will attend 999, GP Urgent or PTS calls on behalf of the ambulance trust. In these cases the organisation is paid by the trust. This service is most often called on during major incidents, when there is a high level of staff absence or when there is an unusually high call volume, although in some areas, voluntary crews are regularly used to supplement full-time trust cover.


text: Both organisations have also provided cover for the public when NHS ambulance trust staff have held strikes or walk outs.


title: British Rail Class 04

text: The British Rail Class 04 0-6-0 diesel-mechanical shunting locomotive class was built between 1952 and 1962. It was the basis for the later Class 03 built in the British Railways workshops. The Class 04 locomotives were supplied by the Drewry Car Co., which at the time (and for most of its existence) had no manufacturing capability. Drewry sub-contracted the construction work to two builders. Both of these built other locomotives under the same arrangement. Early locomotives were built by Vulcan Foundry and later examples were built by Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns.


title: Throw out the baby with the bath water

text: The phrase describes a special kind of mistake which happens when something good is lost while trying to get rid of something bad.


title: Vish (TV series)

text: Vish: A Poisonous Story is an Indian television Supernatural drama. Produced by Alind Srivastava and Nissar Parvej, and starring Debina Bonnerjee, Sana Makbul, Vishal Vashishtha and Krip Suri, it premiered on Colors TV. It went off air in September 2019 due to the premiere of Bigg Boss 13. Season 2 of was gonna launch in February 2020, but it was canceled in in late October.


title: Linda Wolfe

text: Linda Wolfe (November 15, 1932 – February 22, 2020) was an American journalist, essayist, and fiction writer. She was best known for her award-winning work, "", an investigation of the so-called "rough sex" killer, Robert Chambers. Wolfe was also a book critic and a founding member of the National Book Critics Circle.


title: PogChamp

text: PogChamp is an emote that is used on the streaming platform Twitch. It is used to express excitement, joy or shock. The image shows the streamer Ryan "Gootecks" Gutierrez with a surprised expression. The original emoticon originates from a video that was uploaded to YouTube on November 26, 2010, which shows behind-the-scenes recordings that were posted on Gutierrez's YouTube channel "Cross Counter TV" The PogChamp emote was added to Twitch's list of global emotes starting from 2012. However, the original emote was later removed by Twitch in January 2021, after Gutierrez posted on his Twitter page about supporting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. Since January 8, 2021, a different person is shown as the face of PogChamp every 24 hours.


title: Throw out the baby with the bath water

text: The idiom summarizes what happens when something which is necessary is rejected along with what is not necessary.


title: Linda Wolfe

text: Wolfe died of problems caused by bowel surgery at a Manhattan hospital on February 22, 2020 at the age of 87.


title: PogChamp

text: Since February 12, 2021, the original KomodoHype emote now replaces the PogChamp emote. This now means that there are now two duplicated versions of the KomodoHype emote.


title: Throw out the baby with the bath water

text: A slightly different explanation focuses on the loss of the essential while holding on to what is not essential. In other words, the idiom also makes sense when someone might throw out the baby and keep the bath water. Idioms are a common stumbling block for learners of a language.


title: Throw out the baby with the bath water

text: This idiom comes from a German proverb, "das Kind mit dem Bade ausschütten." In 1512, "Narrenbeschwörung" ("Appeal to Fools") by Thomas Murner includes a woodcut picture showing a woman tossing a baby out with waste water.


title: Ustad Allah Bux

text: Ustad Allah Baksh (1895-1978; ) was a very well known early modern artist and painter of Pakistan. He is best known today for his depictions of rural life in the country and for subjects from Hindu and Persian mythology.Whenever Pakistan's folk culture and life will be talked about, the name of Ustad (ustad means a maestro) Allah Baksh will stand out prominently. He was the man who immortalized our rural life, and specially of the Punjab – the land where he was born in 1885 in the small town of Wazirabad, Punjab. His very near-to-life life-size paintings are full of colour, life and people that forces an onlooker to stop in his tracks and appreciate his masterly work of art. He died in October 1978. His grave can be found at Muslim Town graveyard, Lahore.


title: Dominick Cirillo

text: Dominick Vincent "Quiet Dom" Cirillo (born July 4, 1929) is an American gangster. He is a high-ranking member of the Genovese crime family, who briefly served as acting boss for the imprisoned Boss Vincent "Chin" Gigante. He was born in Harlem, New York.


title: Canal+ Family

text: Canal+ Family was a French TV channel devoted to the broadcast of family programming. It is part of the "Les Chaînes Canal+" and the "Famille" package from Canal+.and Canal J


title: John Miller (police official)

text: John Miller (born 1958 or 1959) is the Deputy Commissioner of Intelligence & Counterterrorism of the NYPD. He is the former Associate Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Analytic Transformation and Technology.


title: Ten-Point Program

text: The Ten-Point Program is a list of goals and guidelines made by the Black Panther Party. It is based on the Bill of Rights and the Declaration of Independence. It was written by party members Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966.


title: Spanish football rivalries

text: The rivalry between FC Barcelona and Atletico Madrid (commonly known as El Otro Clásico) was first played back in 1921.


title: Mount Manipur

text: Mount Manipur, formerly known as Mount Harriet, is a mountain in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India. It is the third highest mountain in the archipelago, having a height of . The former name "Mount Harriet" was officially renamed as "Mount Manipur" on 17 October 2021, by the Government of India, in tribute to the freedom fighters of Manipur. The Mount Manipur National Park (formerly, Mount Harriet National Park) is a part of the mountain and a popular tourist destination in the archipelago.


title: Longhouse Religion

text: Longhouse Religion is a religious movement of the Iroquois people. It is also called The Code of Handsome Lake or  Gaihwi:io ("Good Message"). The Seneca prophet Handsome Lake (Sganyodaiyoˀ) founded the movement. The movement combines traditional Iroquois religion and Christianity. There are ceremonies in Longhouses. Handsome Lake claims that spirits visited him. He recovered from an illness and stopped drinking alcohol. In the movement, he told Natives not to be drunk, be lazy or cheat on their spouses. Handsome Lake preached moral conduct. Natives supported the movement. They liked that the movement kept traditional Native values. Some opposed the new movement. They thought it went against traditional Native values and was too Christian.


title: Ustad Allah Bux

text: Ustad Allah Bakhsh was lucky to have found Master Abdullah, a great maestro of his own time and a master of miniature art. He started learning from his ustad at the age of five and by the age of fourteen he had become an artist of his own style. He also learnt the art of painting from Master Meeran Bakhsh Naqash, a known teacher and painter and was also the Vice Principal of the Mayo School of Arts, now the National College of Arts Lahore.


title: Dominick Cirillo

text: Cirillo represented the Genoveses in their dealings with the other Mafia families of New York City after Gigante was jailed, though Gigante remained in overall charge of the family. In this way, Cirillo served as "acting boss", and was seen by US authorities as the most powerful member of the Genovese family. However, in 1998 Cirillo stepped down as acting boss because of a heart attack.


title: Canal+ Family

text: In October 2010, Canal+ SA applied to the CSA to obtain a frequency for the channel on the TNT but this application was rejected on 14 December in favor of the string CFoot.


title: John Miller (police official)

text: He was an Assistant Director of Public Affairs for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Miller is also a former ABC News reporter and anchorman. He is best known for conducting a May 1998 interview with Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan.


title: Ten-Point Program

text: The Ten-Point Program has two parts. The first part is "What We Want Now!" and is a list of demands to American society. The second part is "What We Believe" and describes the philosophy of the party.


title: Spanish football rivalries

text: The rivalry between Spain and Portugal is one of the oldest national football rivalries. Their first game was played in 1921 (Spain 3-1 Portugal, Friendly). They have played 37 games against each other. The most recent game was a 0-0 draw on October 7, 2020. The top scorer in the rivalry is Isidro Lángara with 9 goals, including 5 goals in Spain's 9-0 win during 1934 FIFA World Cup qualification.


title: Ustad Allah Bux

text: His art treasure has been preserved in the National art gallery is an exclusive corner attributed to one of the great master painters of Pakistan and Indo-Pak subcontinent. Besides, his studio where he used to spend most of his time has been converted into an academy "Allah Bux Academy" which is now serving as a learning ground for those who wants to excel in this great master's style.


title: Dominick Cirillo

text: On August 22, 2008, the 79-year-old Cirillo was released from federal prison after serving more than three years.


title: Canal+ Family

text: Canal+ Family is published by Canal+ with a capital of 100,000,000 euros. It is 48.48% owned by Canal+ France, 6.17% from Amber Master Fund, 5.05% by the group Pathé, 4.92% by the Credit Suisse First Boston, 4.32% by Rothschild, 1.87% by Richelieu Finance, 1.08% by the Fund Deposit. The other shares are owned by the public.


title: Spanish football rivalries

text: The rivalry between Spain and Italy has been ongoing since their first meeting in 1920 (Spain 2-0 Italy, 1920 Olympics). They have played each other 38 times in total, with the latest match being a 2-1 win for Spain during the 2021 UEFA Nations League Finals


title: Canal+ Family

text: The programming of Canal + Family consists of family-oriented films, documentaries, series and cartoons. Canal + Family does not broadcast advertising.


title: Canal+ Family

text: Canal+ Family is available on satellite (Canalsat), cable (Numericable) and several broadcasters ADSL.


title: Universal reason

text: Universal reason is something that philosophers think is at the bottom of a thinking system that allows it to understand certain natural things that are generally complex.


title: Anupam Recording Media

text: Anupam Recording Media is a production company and record label company in Bangladesh, producing, purchasing and broadcasting entertainment contents in all platform that entertain to all viewers. The owner of the company is Anowar Hossain.


title: Vielen Dank für die Blumen

text: "Vielen Dank für die Blumen" (German: Thank you very much for the flowers) from "Willkommen in meinem Leben (German: Welcome in my life)" is a German-language schlager pop song by Austrian singer Udo Jürgens and written by Eduardo Lisavetzky and Siegfried Rabe in 1981. in other media by soundtrack from television and movies included, "Tom and Jerry" in German-language dubbed version of the main title song.


title: GoodBarber

text: GoodBarber is a no-code development platform, developed in France, which allows users unfamiliar with programming to build mobile apps and progressive web applications, using Drag and Drop graphic user interface.


title: Takis

text: Takis is a type of spicy rolled tortilla chip. Barcel owns Takis. The flavors of Takis are Fuego, Blue Heat, Nitro, Crunchy Fajitas, and Guacamole. In May 2021, the company released new types of Takis: Takis Waves, Takis Stix, Takis Hot Nuts, Takis Pop, and Takis Watz. Vero also released Takis lollipops with edible chili powder.


title: Anupam Recording Media

text: Anupam Recording Media was established by Anowar Hossain. The YouTube channel crossed the milestone of 3 million subscribers and received Golden Play Button award from YouTube.


title: GoodBarber

text: GoodBarber was born from the merger of two French software companies, DuoApps and WebzineMaker, It was founded in 2001, in Ajaccio (Corsica), by François-Sébastien Simoni and 3 associates (J. Pietri, P. Chiappe and F. Bernardini). At the beginnings, the GoodBarber's platform performed as generator of blogs in SaaS mode, websites and WebTVs. In 2011, DuoApps and WebzineMaker officially launched the native mobile application builder named GoodBarber in order to develop and market a technical solution to build native IOS and Android applications and Progressive Web apps, for content publishing and eCommerce shopping stores. Also used as content management system by some research organizations.


title: Anupam Recording Media

text: "Anupam Recording Media, a Production Company and record label involved in producing, purchasing and broadcasting entertainment contents in all platform that entertain viewers." === But we are not found physically any company as per providing direction. It is virtual activity.


title: GoodBarber

text: GoodBarber's technology is recognized among No-code development platforms, best known as App builders or App makers.


title: GoodBarber

text: As a cross-platform software, the technical platform generate mobile applications compatibles for mobile phones for both Android and iOS and Progressive web application (PWA) mobile applications, accessible from the web through by a mobile browser.


title: GoodBarber

text: In the same class of software, other noticeable companies are Appy Pie, AppSheet, BuildFire, Microsoft PowerApps, AppInstitute, Zoho.


title: GoodBarber

text: Initially launched on the English and French markets, between 2013 and 2015 GoodBarber was enhanced to integrate Italian, Spanish, German, Portuguese and Turkish in its editor interfaces.


title: GoodBarber

text: In December 2018, the companies WebzineMaker and DuoApps merged into a single entity under the name of GoodBarber.


title: GoodBarber

text: GoodBarber has been listed in the FT 1000 by the Financial Times and the French economic newspaper Les Echos.


title: Bahá'u'lláh

text: Bahá'u'lláh, also spelled Bahaullah, which means "Glory of God", was a Persian nobleman who founded the religion known as the Bahá'í Faith.


title: That's So Raven

text: That's So Raven is an original Disney teen television comedy series. The main character is a teenage girl, Raven Baxter, played by actress Raven-Symoné. The original character name was Dawn Baxter. Then it was changed to Mariah Baxter, then to Raven Baxter when Raven Symone won the part.


title: Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

text: "Le Mondes 100 Books of the Century"' is a list of books thought to be the 100 best of the 20th century. The list was made in 1999 by the French retail store Fnac and the Paris newspaper "Le Monde".


title: Nodal plane

text: A nodal plane is a plane, an area around an atom, in which the probability of finding an electron is zero.


title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: Lion's mane jellyfish ("Cyanea capillata"), also known as "Hair Jelly" and "Sea Blubber", are a type of jellyfish which are mostly found in north Atlantic and north Pacific waters. The stings of these jellyfish are painful but not fatal. The species is found near the coast of the U.S. shore line.


title: Ba'ath Party

text: The word Ba’ath is an Arabic word which means ‘resurrection and renaissance’. The name refers to the main intention of the party which is ‘Arab unity and freedom from non-Arab control and domination’.


title: Kepler's laws

text: Kepler's laws improve the model of Copernicus. If the eccentricities of the planetary orbits are taken as zero, then Kepler basically agrees with Copernicus:


title: Catherine O'Hara

text: Catherine Anne O'Hara, (born March 4, 1954) is a Canadian-American movie, television, stage, voice actress, writer and comedian. She is well known for her roles in "SCTV", and her roles in movies such as in "After Hours", "Beetlejuice", "Home Alone", and "The Nightmare Before Christmas". She has won an Emmy Award.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Pontiac's War (also known as Pontiac's Conspiracy or Pontiac's Rebellion) was an uprising of Native American tribes against English rule in America. A few tribes, mainly from the Great Lakes region, the Illinois Country, and Ohio Country started it in 1763. The cause of the war was that these tribes did not like British politics in the region. Warriors from other tribes joined the uprising to help get rid of the English soldiers and settlers. The war is named after the Odawa leader Pontiac, the most prominent of many native leaders in the conflict.


title: White glove

text: White gloves are gloves used to keep hands and hand-touched items clean. White gloves are considered a symbol of cleanliness and quality hygiene in the hospitality industry, including the medical industry, hotels and restaurants, and the delivery industry. They are presented with the meaning of "clean, courteous, quality service". Also white gloves maybe for their tuxedos. In the military, white gloves indicate integrity and discipline. Also, white gloves are often worn by debutantes and wedding brides as a sign of modesty. For centuries, white gloves have symbolized purity and nobility.


title: Grace Tobin

text: Grace Tobin (born 9 June 1997) is a New Zealand water polo player. She competed for the New Zealand women's national water polo team in the 2019 World Aquatics Championships.


title: Bahá'u'lláh

text: He was born in the city of Tehran, in Persia, in 1817 and died in 1892. His followers consider him a messenger of God. One of his teachings was that all men and women are equal and that all the religions believe in the same God.


title: That's So Raven

text: Raven Baxter is a psychic teenager who can see the future. She sees the future in visions. She has to try to understand her visions. Sometimes, she tries to keep them from coming true.


title: Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

text: Starting with a list of 200 titles made by bookshops and journalists, 17,000 French people answered the question, "Which books have stayed in your memory?" The list includes novels, poetry, theatre, and comic strips. Some received the Nobel Prize in Literature.


title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: The lion's mane jellyfish can grow up to 2 m width by its pileus ("bell") and its tentacles up to 30 m long. The largest Lions Mane Jelly recorded was 120 FT, but most jellyfish are far smaller, usually some 30 cm by pileus width and up to 50 cm by tentacle length. It eats mainly plankton and is itself eaten by sunfish, sea turtles and some seabirds. Like all jellyfish, it lives only for one year.


title: Ba'ath Party

text: The Ba’ath Party was established by two individuals who were ambitious about their political vision which was an ideological mixture of Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, and anti-imperialism. Michel Aflaq (1910-1989) a Christian and Salah al-Din al-Bitar (1912-1980) a Sunni Muslim are the founders of this party. By 1945, the Baathists decided to register their party to become an official party, but their application was rejected by the government. This big move was blocked by the French mandate which administrated Syria.


title: Kepler's laws

text: The eccentricities of the orbits of those planets known to Copernicus and Kepler are small, so the rules above give good approximations of planetary motion; but Kepler's laws fit the observations better than Copernicus's.


title: Catherine O'Hara

text: O'Hara was born on March 4, 1954 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. O'Hara studied at Burnhamthorpe Collegiate Institute. She has been married to Jo Welch since 1992. They have two children and currently reside in Los Angeles, California.


title: Pontiac's War

text: The British were one of the winners of the French and Indian War, which lasted from 1754 to 1763. As a result, large amounts of land in the region that were controlled by the French were now controlled by the English. French and English politics were very different.


title: Ba'ath Party

text: After the attack of 1956 in Egypt by Britain, France and Israel, Iraqis realized how cruel these invaders are and that they no longer can’t stay on the side of the British. This bitter awareness was a seed to the Iraqi revolution by the youngsters. Hafaz al-Assad (1930-2000) was the ruler of the Ba’ath Party in Syria and Saddam Hussein (1937-2006) was the ruler of the Ba’ath Party in Iraq.


title: Kepler's laws

text: The eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth makes the time from the March equinox to the September equinox, around 186 days, unequal to the time from the September equinox to the March equinox, around 179 days. A diameter would cut the orbit into equal parts, but the plane through the sun parallel to the equator of the earth cuts the orbit into two parts with areas in a 186 to 179 ratio, so the eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth is approximately


title: Pontiac's War

text: The war began in May 1763 when Native Americans attacked many British forts and settlements. They attacked because they had been offended by the policies of Jeffrey Amherst, a British General. Eight forts were destroyed, and hundreds of colonists were killed or taken. Many people fled from the region. Hostilities came to an end after British Army expeditions in 1764 led to peace negotiations over the next two years. Native Americans were unable to drive away the British, but the uprising made the British government change the policies that started the conflict.


title: Ba'ath Party

text: The Ba’ath Party started its activities in Syria and Iraq after military coups in 1963. Although there were some internal struggles in 1966, the party was divided into several branches in Iraq and Syria. The theme ‘unity’ became an inspiration for countries such as Lebanon, Jordan and other Arab countries in 1948-1951. The connection for Arab nationalism became attractive and popular and Baatism spread out all over the Arab region.


title: Kepler's laws

text: The calculation is correct when perihelion, the date the Earth is closest to the Sun, falls on a solstice. The current perihelion, near January 4, is fairly close to the solstice of December 21


title: Pontiac's War

text: Warfare on the North American frontier was brutal. Prisoners were often killed, and civilians were often targeted. Other atrocities were widespread. Native Americans and British settlers had very little in common. In this conflict, this fact showed as ruthlessness and treachery. Contrary to popular belief, the British government did not issue the Royal Proclamation of 1763 in reaction to Pontiac's War. Because of the conflict, the Proclamation's Indian clauses were applied more often, though. This was unpopular with British colonists, and may have been one of the things that helped start the American Revolution.


title: Ba'ath Party

text: As the name suggests, the Ba’ath party wanted to create unity among Arabs. Beside this main goal, Ba’ath Party added socialism which became a socialist party. The ideology of socialism for the Ba’ath Party was an interpretation of social justice for the poor and underprivileged. The slogan: ‘Unity, Freedom, Socialism’ and ‘One Arab Nation with an Immortal Mission’. The Ba’ath Party was the first Arab political party with pan-Arabist goals. Pan-Arabism is a theory that Arab people and nations should be united, or a movement to achieve such unity.


title: Pontiac's War

text: The conflict is named after its most famous participant, the Odawa leader Pontiac. Other names include "Pontiac's War", "Pontiac's Rebellion", and "Pontiac's Uprising". An early name for the war was the "Kiyasuta and Pontiac War". "Kiyasuta" is a different spelling for Guyasuta, an important Seneca/Mingo leader. The war became widely known as "Pontiac's Conspiracy" after Francis Parkman published a book named "The Conspiracy of Pontiac" in 1851. This important book has been the definitive account of the war for nearly 100 years, and is still made.


title: Ba'ath Party

text: The main goals of Pan-Arabism are that every Arab seeks independence from imperialism and thus create unity within the Arab community. Since there were common problems related to Western imperialism, the Arabs could come to a compromise to work on this. This intrinsic motivation gave rise to pan-Arabism.


title: Pontiac's War

text: In the 20th century, some historians argued that Parkman exaggerated Pontiac's influence in the conflict, and that it was misleading to name the war after him. For example, in 1988 Francis Jennings wrote: "In Francis Parkman's murky mind the backwoods plots [came] from one savage genius, the Ottawa chief Pontiac, and [for this reason] they became 'The Conspiracy of Pontiac,' but Pontiac was only a local Ottawa war chief in a 'resistance' involving many tribes." Even though other names for the war have been proposed, many historians still use familiar names for this war. "Pontiac's War" is probably the most commonly used. Scholars use the name "Pontiac's Conspiracy" less often.


title: Ba'ath Party

text: The Ba’ath Party started its activities in Syria and Iraq after military coups in 1963. Although there were some struggles in 1966, the party was divided into several groups in Iraq and Syria.


title: Pontiac's War

text: In the decades before Pontiac's rebellion, there were a number of wars in Europe which also had an influence on the French and Indian Wars in North America. The largest of these wars was the Seven Years' War. In this war, France lost New France in North America to Great Britain. The Shawnee and Lenape had also fought in this war. The Treaty of Easton was signed in 1758, and brought peace with these tribes. In the treaty, the British promised not to settle further beyond the ridge of the Alleghenies. This line was confirmed in 1763, but few people respected it. Most fighting in the North American theater of the war, generally referred to as the French and Indian War in the United States, came to an end after British General Jeffrey Amherst captured Montreal, the last important French settlement, in 1760.


title: Pontiac's War

text: British troops then occupied the various forts in the Ohio Country and Great Lakes region previously held by the French. Even before the war officially ended with the Treaty of Paris (1763), the British Crown began to implement changes in order to administer its vastly expanded North American territory. The politics of the French and the English was different, though. The French had made alliaces with certain Native American tribes, and traded with them. After the war, these Native American tribes were conquered people. Before long, Native Americans who had been allies of the defeated French were more and more dissatisfied with the British occupation and the new policies imposed by the victors.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Today, it is difficult to say who exactly took part in the rebellion. At the time, the region was known as "pays d'en haut" ("upper country"), but its borders were not defined exactly. Until the Paris peace treaty of 1763, it was claimed by France. Native Americans from many different tribes lived there. At the time, a "tribe" was a group of people who spoke the same language, or a group of people who belonged to the same family. It was not a political unit. No chief spoke for an entire tribe, and no tribe acted in unison. For example, Ottawas did not go to war as a tribe: some Ottawa leaders chose to do so, while other Ottawa leaders denounced the war and stayed clear of the conflict.


title: Pontiac's War

text: There were three basic groups of tribes. The first group was composed of tribes of the Great Lakes region: Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi, who spoke Algonquian languages; and the Huron, who spoke an Iroquoian language. They had long been allied with French "habitants". They lived among them, they traded with them, and marriages between French settlers and Native Americans were common. Great Lakes Native Americans were alarmed to learn that they were under British sovereignty after the French loss of North America. When a British garrison took possession of Fort Detroit from the French in 1760, local Native Americans cautioned them that "this country was given by God to the Indians."


title: Pontiac's War

text: The second group was made of the tribes from eastern Illinois Country: It included the Miami, Wea, Kickapoo, Mascouten, and Piankashaw. Like the Great Lakes tribes, these people had a long history of close trading and other relations with the French. Throughout the war, the British were unable to project military power into the Illinois Country, which was on the remote western edge of the conflict. The Illinois tribes were the last to come to terms with the British.


title: Pontiac's War

text: The third group was made of tribes of the Ohio Country: Delawares (Lenape), Shawnee, Wyandot, and Mingo. These people had migrated to the Ohio valley earlier in the century from the mid-Atlantic and other eastern areas. They did this to escape British, French, and Iroquois domination in the New York and Pennsylvania area. Unlike the Great Lakes and Illinois Country tribes, Ohio Native Americans had no great attachment to the French regime. They had fought as French allies in the previous war in an effort to drive away the British. They made a separate peace with the British with the understanding that the British Army would withdraw from the Ohio Country. But after the departure of the French, the British strengthened their forts in the region rather than abandoning them, and so the Ohioans went to war in 1763 in another attempt to drive out the British.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Outside the "pays d'en haut", most warriors of the influential Iroquois Confederacy did not participate in Pontiac's War because of their alliance with the British, known as the "Covenant Chain". However, the westernmost Iroquois nation, the Seneca tribe, had become disaffected with the alliance. As early as 1761, the Seneca began to send out war messages to the Great Lakes and Ohio Country tribes, urging them to unite in an attempt to drive out the British. When the war finally came in 1763, many Seneca were quick to take action.


title: Pontiac's War

text: General Amherst was the British commander-in-chief in North America. He was also responsible for the policy regarding the treatment of Native Americans. This involved both military matters and the regulation of the fur trade. In Amherst's opinion, the Native Americans had to accept British rule, since the French were no longer in control of the territory. He also believed that they were incapable of resisting against the British Army; therefore, of the 8,000 troops under his command in North America, only about 500 were stationed in the region where the war erupted. Amherst and officers such as Major Henry Gladwin, commander at Fort Detroit, made little effort to conceal their contempt for the Native Americans. Native Americans involved in the uprising frequently complained that the British treated them no better than slaves or dogs.


title: Pontiac's War

text: In February 1761, Amherst took the decision to offer fewer gifts to the Native Americans. With the French, the giving of gifts had been common, and part of the relationship between French and Native Americans. Therefore, Amherst's decision led to more resentment towards the English. Following a Native American custom the exchange of gifts had an important symbolic meaning: the French gave presents (such as guns, knives, tobacco, and clothing) to village chiefs, who in turn redistributed these gifts to their people. By this process, the village chiefs gained stature among their people, and were able to maintain the alliance with the French. Amherst, however, considered this process to be a form of bribery that was no longer necessary, especially since he was under pressure to cut expenses after the war with France. Many Native Americans regarded this change in policy as an insult and an indication that the British looked upon them as conquered people rather than as allies.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Amherst also began to restrict the amount of ammunition and gunpowder that traders could sell to Native Americans. The French had always made these goods available. Amherst, however, did not trust the Native Americans, particularly after the "Cherokee Rebellion" of 1761. In this rebellion Cherokee warriors took up arms against their former British allies. The Cherokee war effort had collapsed because of a shortage of gunpowder. Amherst therefore hoped that future uprisings could be prevented by restricting the supply of gunpowder. This created resentment and hardship: Native American men needed gunpowder and ammunition, because it helped them with hunting. With gunpowder and ammunition, they had more game for their families and skins for the fur trade. Many Native Americans began to believe that the British were disarming them before starting war against them. Sir William Johnson, the Superintendent of the Indian Department, tried to warn Amherst of the dangers of cutting back on gifts and gunpowder, but he was not successful.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Land was also an issue in the coming of the war. With the French, there were relatively few colonists. Most of the colonists were farmers, who also traded fur during the hunting season. In contrast, there were many British colonists. The British colonists wanted to clear the land of the trees and occupy it. Shawnees and Delawares in the Ohio Country had been displaced by British colonists in the east: This was the main reason for their involvement in the war. On the other hand, Native Americans in the Great Lakes region and the Illinois Country had not been greatly affected by white settlement. They were aware of the experiences of tribes in the east, though. Historian Gregory Dowd argues that most Native Americans involved in Pontiac's Rebellion were not immediately threatened with displacement by white settlers. Dowd argues that historians have therefore overemphasized British colonial expansion as a cause of the war. He believes that the presence, attitude, and policies of the British Army, which the Native Americans found threatening and insulting, were more important factors.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Another factor that led to the outbreak of the war was a religious awakening of the Native Americans in the region in the 1760s. Food shortages and epidemics, as well as discontent with the British fed the movement. The most influential person in this phenomenon was Neolin, known as the "Delaware Prophet". Neolin said, Native Americans should steer clear of the trade goods, alcohol, and weapons of the whites. Merging elements from Christianity into traditional religious beliefs, Neolin told listeners that the Master of Life was displeased with the Native Americans for taking up the bad habits of the white men, and that the British posed a threat to their very existence. "If you suffer the English among you," Neolin said, "you are dead men. Sickness, smallpox, and their poison [alcohol] will destroy you entirely." It was a powerful message for a people whose world was being changed by forces that seemed beyond their control.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Although fighting in Pontiac's Rebellion began in 1763, rumors reached British officials as early as 1761. According to these rumors, discontented Native Americans were planning an attack. Senecas of the Ohio Country (Mingos) circulated messages ("war belts" made of wampum) which called for the tribes to form a confederacy and drive away the British. The Mingos, led by Guyasuta and Tahaiadoris, were concerned about being surrounded by British forts. Similar war belts originated from Detroit and the Illinois Country. The Native Americans were not unified, however, and in June 1761, Native Americans at Detroit informed the British commander of the Seneca plot. After William Johnson held a large council with the tribes at Detroit in September 1761, peace was maintained, but war belts continued to circulate. Violence finally erupted after the Native Americans learned in early 1763 that the French would give the "pays d'en haut" to the British.


title: Pontiac's War

text: The war began at Fort Detroit under the leadership of Pontiac. It quickly spread throughout the region. Eight British forts were taken; others, including Fort Detroit and Fort Pitt, were unsuccessfully besieged. Francis Parkman's "The Conspiracy of Pontiac" portrayed these attacks as a coordinated operation planned by Pontiac. Parkman's interpretation remains well known. Other historians have since argued that there is no clear evidence that the attacks were part of a master plan or overall "conspiracy". The most common view among scholars today is that, rather than being planned in advance, the uprising spread as word of Pontiac's actions at Detroit traveled throughout the "pays d'en haut", inspiring already discontented Native Americans to join the revolt. The attacks on British forts did not happen at the same time: most Ohio Native Americans did not enter the war until nearly a month after the beginning of Pontiac's siege at Detroit.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Parkman also believed that Pontiac's War had been secretly instigated by French colonists who were stirring up the Native Americans in order to make trouble for the British. This belief was widely held by British officials at the time, but historians have found no evidence of official French involvement in the uprising. (The rumor of French instigation arose in part because French war belts from the Seven Years' War were still in circulation in some Native villages.) Rather than the French stirring up the Native Americans, some historians now argue that the Native Americans were trying to stir up the French. Pontiac and other native leaders frequently spoke about the fact that French power was about to return. When this happened, the Franco-Native alliance would be revived; Pontiac even flew a French flag in his village. All of this was apparently intended to inspire the French to rejoin the struggle against the British. Although some French colonists and traders supported the uprising, the war was initiated and conducted by Native Americans who had Native—not French—objectives.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Historian Richard Middleton (2007) argues that Pontiac's vision, courage, persistence, and organizational abilities allowed him to activate a remarkable coalition of Indian nations prepared to fight successfully against the British. The idea to gain independence for all Native Americans west of the Allegheny Mountains did not originate with Pontiac, but with two Seneca leaders, Tahaiadoris and Guyasuta. By February 1763 Pontiac appeared to embrace the idea. At an emergency council meeting, Pontiac clarified his military support of the broad Seneca plan and worked to motivate other nations to join the military operation that he helped lead. This was in direct contradiction to traditional Indian leadership and tribal structure. He achieved this coordination through the distribution of war belts: first to the northern Ojibwa and Ottawa near Michilimackinac; and then after the failure to seize Detroit by stratagem, to the Mingo (Seneca) on the upper Allegheny River, the Ohio Delaware near Fort Pitt, and the more westerly Miami, Kickapoo, Piankashaw and Wea peoples.


title: Pontiac's War

text: On April 27, 1763, Pontiac spoke at a council on the banks of the Ecorse River, in what is now Lincoln Park, Michigan, about 10 miles (15 km) southwest of Detroit. Using the teachings of Neolin, Pontiac convinced a number of Ottawas, Ojibwas, Potawatomis, and Hurons to join him in an attempt to seize Fort Detroit. On May 1, Pontiac visited the fort with 50 Ottawas in order to assess the strength of the garrison. According to a French chronicler, in a second council Pontiac proclaimed:It is important for us, my brothers, that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French... Therefore, my brothers, we must all swear their destruction and wait no longer. Nothing prevents us; they are few in numbers, and we can accomplish it.Hoping to take the stronghold by surprise, on May 7 Pontiac entered Fort Detroit with about 300 men carrying concealed weapons. The British had learned of Pontiac's plan, however, and were armed and ready. As his tactic had not worked, Pontiac withdrew after a brief council. Two days later, he started a siege of the fort. Pontiac and his allies killed all of the British soldiers and settlers they could find outside of the fort, including women and children. One of the soldiers was ritually cannibalized, as was the custom in some Great Lakes Native cultures. The violence was directed at the British; French colonists were generally left alone. Eventually more than 900 soldiers from a half-dozen tribes joined the siege. Meanwhile, on May 28, a British supply from Fort Niagara led by Lieutenant Abraham Cuyler was ambushed and defeated at Point Pelee.


title: Pontiac's War

text: After receiving reinforcements, the British attempted to make a surprise attack on Pontiac's encampment. But Pontiac was ready and waiting, and defeated them at the Battle of Bloody Run on July 31, 1763. Nevertheless, the situation at Fort Detroit remained a stalemate. Pontiac's influence among his followers began to fade. Groups of Native Americans began to abandon the siege, some of them making peace with the British before departing. On October 31, 1763, finally convinced that the French in Illinois would not come to his aid at Detroit, Pontiac lifted the siege and removed to the Maumee River, where he continued his efforts to rally resistance against the British.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Before other British outposts had learned about Pontiac's siege at Detroit, Native Americans captured five small forts in a series of attacks between May 16 and June 2. The first to be taken was Fort Sandusky, a small blockhouse on the shore of Lake Erie. It had been built in 1761 by order of General Amherst, despite the objections of local Wyandots, who in 1762 warned the commander that they would soon burn it down. On May 16, 1763, a group of Wyandots gained entry under the pretense of holding a council, the same stratagem that had failed in Detroit nine days earlier. They seized the commander and killed the other 15 soldiers, as well as British traders at the fort. These were among the first of about 100 traders who were killed in the early stages of the war. The dead were ritually scalped and the fort—as the Wyandots had warned a year earlier—was burned to the ground.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Fort St. Joseph (the site of present-day Niles, Michigan) was captured on May 25, 1763, by the same method as at Sandusky. Potawatomis seized the commander and killed most of the 15-man garrison. Fort Miami (on the site of present Fort Wayne, Indiana) was the third fort to fall. On May 27, 1763, the commander was lured out of the fort by his Native mistress and shot dead by Miami Native Americans. The nine-man garrison surrendered after the fort was surrounded.


title: Pontiac's War

text: In the Illinois Country, , Kickapoos, and Mascoutens took Fort Ouiatenon (about west of present Lafayette, Indiana) on June 1, 1763. They lured soldiers outside for a council, and took the 20-man garrison captive without bloodshed. The Native Americans around Fort Ouiatenon had good relations with the British garrison, but emissaries from Pontiac at Detroit had convinced them to strike. The warriors apologized to the commander for taking the fort, saying that "they were obliged to do it by the other Nations." In contrast with other forts, the Natives did not kill the British captives at Ouiatenon.


title: Pontiac's War

text: The fifth fort to fall, Fort Michilimackinac (present Mackinaw City, Michigan), was the largest fort taken by surprise. On June 2, 1763, local Ojibwas staged a game of stickball (a forerunner of lacrosse) with visiting Sauks. The soldiers watched the game, as they had done on previous occasions. The ball was hit through the open gate of the fort; the teams rushed in and were given weapons which Native women had smuggled into the fort. The warriors killed about 15 of the 35-man garrison in the struggle; later they killed five more in ritual torture.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Three forts in the Ohio Country were taken in a second wave of attacks in mid-June. Iroquois Senecas took Fort Venango (near the site of the present Franklin, Pennsylvania) around June 16, 1763. They killed the entire 12-man garrison, keeping the commander alive to write down the grievances of the Senecas. After that, they ritually burned him at the stake. Possibly the same Seneca warriors attacked Fort Le Boeuf (on the site of Waterford, Pennsylvania) on June 18, but most of the 12-man garrison escaped to Fort Pitt.


title: Pontiac's War

text: On June 19, 1763, about 250 Ottawa, Ojibwa, Wyandot, and Seneca warriors surrounded Fort Presque Isle (on the site of Erie, Pennsylvania), the eighth and final fort to fall. After holding out for two days, the garrison of about 30 to 60 men surrendered, on the condition that they could return to Fort Pitt. The warriors killed most of the soldiers after they came out of the fort.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Colonists in western Pennsylvania fled to the safety of Fort Pitt after the outbreak of the war. Nearly 550 people crowded inside, including more than 200 women and children. Simeon Ecuyer, the Swiss-born British officer in command, wrote: "We are so crowded in the fort that I fear disease...; the smallpox is among us." Fort Pitt was attacked on June 22, 1763, primarily by Delawares. The fort was too strong to be taken by force. A siege was organized, which lasted during the month of July. In the meantime, war parties raided deep into Pennsylvania, taking prisoners and killing unknown numbers of settlers in scattered farms.Too strong to be taken by force, the fort was kept under siege throughout July. Meanwhile, Delaware and Shawnee war parties raided deep into Pennsylvania, taking captives and killing unknown numbers of settlers in scattered farms. Two smaller strongholds that linked Fort Pitt to the east, Fort Bedford and Fort Ligonier, were fired upon throughout the conflict, but were never taken.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Before the war, Amherst did not believe that the Native Americans would offer any effective resistance to British rule. During that summer, he was convinced of the contrary. He ordered to "immediately ... put to death" captured enemy Native American warriors. To Colonel Henry Bouquet at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, who was preparing to lead an expedition to relieve Fort Pitt, Amherst wrote on about June 29, 1763: "Could it not be contrived to send the smallpox among the disaffected tribes of Indians? We must on this occasion use every stratagem in our power to reduce them." Bouquet responded to Amherst (summer of 1763):


title: Pontiac's War

text: "P.S. I will try to inocculate [sic] the Indians by means of Blankets that may fall in their hands, taking care however not to get the disease myself. As it is pity to oppose good men against them, I wish we could make use of the Spaniard's Method, and hunt them with English Dogs. Supported by Rangers, and some Light Horse, who would I think effectively extirpate or remove that Vermine."


title: Pontiac's War

text: "P.S. You will Do well to try to Innoculate [sic] the Indians by means of Blankets, as well as to try Every other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execrable Race. I should be very glad your Scheme for Hunting them Down by Dogs could take Effect, but England is at too great a Distance to think of that at present."


title: Pontiac's War

text: Officers at the besieged Fort Pitt had already attempted to do what Amherst and Bouquet were discussing. During a parley at Fort Pitt on June 24, 1763, Ecuyer gave Delaware representatives, Turtleheart and Mamaltee, two blankets and a handkerchief that had been exposed to smallpox, hoping to spread the disease to the Native Americans in order to "extirpate" them from the territory. William Trent, the militia commander, left records that showed the purpose of giving the blankets was "to Convey the Smallpox to the Indians." Turtleheart and Killbuck would later represent the Delaware at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768.


title: Pontiac's War

text: On July 22, Trent writes, "Gray Eyes, Wingenum, Turtle's Heart and Mamaultee, came over the River told us their Chiefs were in Council, that they waited for Custaluga who they expected that Day". There are eyewitness reports that outbreaks of smallpox and other diseases had plagued the Ohio Native Americans in the years before the siege of Fort Pitt. Colonists also caught smallpox from Native Americans at a peace conference in 1759 which then led to an epidemic in Charleston and the surrounding areas in South Carolina.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Historians cannot agree how much damage the attempt to spread smallpox at Fort Pitt caused. Historian Francis Jennings concluded that the attempt was "unquestionably successful and effective" and inflicted great damage to the Native Americans. Historian Michael McConnell writes that, "Ironically, British efforts to use pestilence as a weapon may not have been either necessary or particularly effective", noting that smallpox was already entering the territory by several means, and Native Americans were familiar with the disease and good at isolating the infected. Historians widely agree that smallpox devastated the Native American population. It is estimated that 400,000–500,000 (possibly up to 1.5 million) Native Americans died during and years after the Pontiac's War, mostly from smallpox,


title: Pontiac's War

text: On August 1, 1763, most of the Native Americans broke off the siege at Fort Pitt in order to intercept 500 British troops marching to the fort under Colonel Bouquet. On August 5, these two forces met at the Battle of Bushy Run. Although his force suffered heavy casualties, Bouquet fought off the attack and relieved Fort Pitt on August 20, bringing the siege to an end. His victory at Bushy Run was celebrated in the British colonies—church bells rang through the night in Philadelphia—and praised by King George.


title: Pontiac's War

text: This victory was soon followed by a costly defeat. Fort Niagara, one of the most important western forts, was not assaulted, but on September 14, 1763, at least 300 Senecas, Ottawas, and Ojibwas attacked a supply train along the Niagara Falls portage. Two companies sent from Fort Niagara to rescue the supply train were also defeated. More than 70 soldiers and teamsters were killed in these actions, which Anglo-Americans called the "Devil's Hole Massacre", the deadliest engagement for British soldiers during the war.


title: Pontiac's War

text: The violence and terror of Pontiac's War convinced many western Pennsylvanians that their government was not doing enough to protect them. This discontent was manifested most seriously in an uprising led by a vigilante group that came to be known as the Paxton Boys. They had this name because they were primarily from the area around the Pennsylvania village of Paxton (or Paxtang). The Paxtonians turned their anger towards Native Americans—many of them Christians—who lived peacefully in small enclaves in the midst of white Pennsylvania settlements. Prompted by rumors that a Native war party had been seen at the Native village of Conestoga, on December 14, 1763, a group of more than 50 Paxton Boys marched on the village and murdered the six Susquehannocks they found there. Pennsylvania officials placed the remaining 16 Susquehannocks in protective custody in Lancaster, but on December 27 the Paxton Boys broke into the jail and slaughtered most of them. Governor John Penn issued bounties for the arrest of the murderers, but no one came forward to identify them.


title: Pontiac's War

text: The Paxton Boys then set their sights on other Native Americans living within eastern Pennsylvania, many of whom fled to Philadelphia for protection. Several hundred Paxtonians marched on Philadelphia in January 1764, where the presence of British troops and Philadelphia militia prevented them from committing more violence. Benjamin Franklin, who had helped organize the local militia, negotiated with the Paxton leaders and brought an end to the immediate crisis. Franklin published a scathing indictment of the Paxton Boys. "If an "Indian" injures me," he asked, "does it follow that I may revenge that Injury on all "Indians"?" One leader of the Paxton Boys was Lazarus Stewart who would be killed in the Wyoming Massacre of 1778.


title: Pontiac's War

text: In spring and summer of 11764, there were more Native American raids on frontier settlements that usual. The hardest hit colony that year was Virginia. In July, four Delaware Indian soldiers killed and scalped a school teacher and ten children in what is now Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Incidents such as these prompted the Pennsylvania Assembly, with the approval of Governor Penn, to reintroduce the scalp bounties offered during the French and Indian War: money was paid for every Native killed above the age of ten, including women.


title: Pontiac's War

text: The Board of Trade held General Amherst responsible for the uprising. As a consequence, he was recalled to London in August 1763. Major General Thomas Gage replaced him. In 1764, Gage sent two expeditions into the west to crush the rebellion, rescue British prisoners, and arrest the Native Americans responsible for the war. According to historian Fred Anderson, Gage's campaign, which had been designed by Amherst, prolonged the war for more than a year because it focused on punishing the Native Americans rather than ending the war. Gage's one significant departure from Amherst's plan was to allow William Johnson to conduct a peace treaty at Niagara, giving those Native Americans who were ready to "bury the hatchet" a chance to do so.


title: Pontiac's War

text: From July to August 1764, Johnson negotiated a treaty at Fort Niagara. About 2,000 Native Americans were present, primarily Iroquois. Although most Iroquois had stayed out of the war, Senecas from the Genesee River valley had taken up arms against the British, and Johnson worked to bring them back into the Covenant Chain alliance. As restitution for the Devil's Hole ambush, the Senecas were compelled to cede the strategically important Niagara portage to the British. Johnson even convinced the Iroquois to send a war party against the Ohio Native Americans. This Iroquois expedition captured a number of Delawares and destroyed abandoned Delaware and Shawnee towns in the Susquehanna Valley, but otherwise the Iroquois did not contribute to the war effort as much as Johnson had desired.


title: Pontiac's War

text: After they had secured the area around Fort Niagara, the British launched two military expeditions into the west. The first expedition, led by Colonel John Bradstreet, was to travel by boat across Lake Erie and reinforce Detroit. Bradstreet was to subdue the Native Americans around Detroit before marching south into the Ohio Country. The second expedition, commanded by Colonel Bouquet, was to march west from Fort Pitt and form a second front in the Ohio Country.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Bradstreet set out from Fort Schlosser in early August 1764 with about 1,200 soldiers and a large contingent of Native allies enlisted by Sir William Johnson. Bradstreet felt that he did not have enough troops to subdue enemy Native Americans by force. When strong winds on Lake Erie forced him to stop at Presque Isle on August 12, he decided to negotiate a treaty with a delegation of Ohio Native Americans led by Guyasuta instead. Bradstreet exceeded his authority by conducting a peace treaty rather than a simple truce, and by agreeing to halt Bouquet's expedition, which had not yet left Fort Pitt. Gage, Johnson, and Bouquet were outraged when they learned what Bradstreet had done. Gage rejected the treaty, believing that Bradstreet had been convinced to abandoning his offensive in the Ohio Country. Gage may have been correct: the Ohio Native Americans did not return prisoners as promised in a second meeting with Bradstreet in September, and some Shawnees were trying to enlist French aid in order to continue the war.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Bradstreet continued westward. He did not know yet that his unauthorized diplomacy was angering his superiors. He reached Fort Detroit on August 26, where he negotiated another treaty. In an attempt to discredit Pontiac, who was not present, Bradstreet chopped up a peace belt the Ottawa leader had sent to the meeting. According to historian Richard White, "such an act, roughly equivalent to a European ambassador's urinating on a proposed treaty, had shocked and offended the gathered Indians." Bradstreet also claimed that the Native Americans had accepted British sovereignty as a result of his negotiations, but Johnson believed that this had not been fully explained to the Native Americans and that further councils would be needed. Although Bradstreet had successfully reinforced and reoccupied British forts in the region, his diplomacy proved to be controversial and inconclusive.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Colonel Bouquet was delayed in Pennsylvania while mustering the militia. He finally set out from Fort Pitt on October 3, 1764, with 1,150 men. He marched to the Muskingum River in the Ohio Country, within striking distance of a number of native villages. Now that treaties had been negotiated at Fort Niagara and Fort Detroit, the Ohio Native Americans were isolated and, with some exceptions, ready to make peace. In a council which began on October 17, Bouquet demanded that the Ohio Native Americans return all captives, including those not yet returned from the French and Indian War. Guyasuta and other leaders reluctantly handed over more than 200 captives, many of whom had been adopted into Native families. Because not all of the captives were present, the Native Americans were compelled to surrender hostages as a guarantee that the other captives would be returned. The Ohio Native Americans agreed to attend a more formal peace conference with William Johnson, which was finalized in July 1765.


title: Pontiac's War

text: The military conflict essentially ended with the 1764 expeditions. Some Native Americans still called for resistance in the Illinois Country, where British troops had yet to take possession of Fort de Chartres from the French. A Shawnee war chief named Charlot Kaské emerged as the most strident anti-British leader in the region, temporarily surpassing Pontiac in influence. Kaské traveled as far south as New Orleans in an effort to enlist French aid against the British.


title: Pontiac's War

text: In 1765, the British decided that the occupation of the Illinois Country could only be accomplished by diplomatic means. As Gage commented to one of his officers, he was determined to have "none our enemy" among the Indian peoples, and that included Pontiac, to whom he now sent a wampum belt suggesting peace talks. Pontiac had by now become less militant after hearing of Bouquet's truce with the Ohio country Native Americans. Johnson's deputy, George Croghan, travelled to the Illinois country in the summer of 1765. Even thogh he was injured along the way in an attack by Kickapoos and Mascoutens, he managed to meet and negotiate with Pontiac. While Charlot Kaské wanted to burn Croghan at the stake, Pontiac urged moderation and agreed to travel to New York, where he made a formal treaty with William Johnson at Fort Ontario on July 25, 1766. It was hardly a surrender: no lands were ceded, no prisoners returned, and no hostages were taken. Rather than accept British sovereignty, Kaské left British territory by crossing the Mississippi River with other French and Native refugees.


title: Pontiac's War

text: The total loss of life resulting from Pontiac's War is unknown. About 400 British soldiers were killed in action and perhaps 50 were captured and tortured to death. George Croghan estimated that 2,000 settlers had been killed or captured, a figure sometimes repeated as 2,000 settlers "killed". The violence compelled approximately 4,000 settlers from Pennsylvania and Virginia to flee from their homes. Native American losses went mostly unrecorded.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Pontiac's War has traditionally been portrayed as a defeat for the Native Americans. Scholars now usually view it as a military stalemate: while the Native Americans had failed to drive away the British, the British were unable to conquer the Native Americans. Negotiation and accommodation, rather than success on the battlefield, ultimately brought an end to the war. The Native Americans had in fact won a victory of sorts: They forced the British government to abandon Amherst's policies and instead create a relationship with the Native Americans modeled on the Franco-Native alliance.


title: Pontiac's War

text: Relations between British colonists and Native Americans, which had been severely strained during the French and Indian War, reached a new low during Pontiac's Rebellion. According to historian David Dixon, "Pontiac's War was unprecedented for its awful violence, as both sides seemed intoxicated with genocidal fanaticism." Historian Daniel Richter characterizes the Native attempt to drive out the British, and the effort of the Paxton Boys to eliminate Native Americans from their midst, as parallel examples of ethnic cleansing. People on both sides of the conflict had come to the conclusion that colonists and Native Americans were inherently different and could not live with each other. According to Richter, the war saw the emergence of "the novel idea that all Native people were 'Indians,' that all Euro-Americans were 'Whites,' and that all on one side must unite to destroy the other."


title: Pontiac's War

text: The British government also came to the conclusion that colonists and Native Americans must be kept apart. On October 7, 1763, the Crown issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, an effort to reorganize British North America after the Treaty of Paris. The Proclamation had already been worked on when Pontiac's War erupted. It was hurriedly issued after news of the uprising reached London. Officials drew a boundary line between the British colonies along the seaboard, and Native American lands west of the Allegheny Ridge (i.e., the Eastern Divide). This created a vast 'Indian Reserve' that stretched from the Alleghenies to the Mississippi River and from Florida to Quebec. It also confirmed the demarcation line that had been set before the war by the Treaty of Easton in 1758. By forbidding colonists from trespassing on Native lands, the British government hoped to avoid more conflicts like Pontiac's Rebellion. "The Royal Proclamation," writes historian Colin Calloway, "reflected the notion that segregation not interaction should characterize Indian-white relations."


title: Pontiac's War

text: The effects of Pontiac's War lasted for a long time. Because the Proclamation officially recognized that indigenous people had certain rights to the lands they occupied, it has been called the Native Americans' "Bill of Rights", and still informs the relationship between the Canadian government and First Nations. For British colonists and land speculators, however, the Proclamation seemed to deny them the fruits of victory—western lands—that had been won in the war with France. The resentment which this created undermined colonial attachment to the Empire. It also contributed to the coming of the American Revolution. According to Colin Calloway, "Pontiac's Revolt was not the last American war for independence—American colonists launched a rather more successful effort a dozen years later, prompted in part by the measures the British government took to try to prevent another war like Pontiac's."


title: Pontiac's War

text: For Native Americans, Pontiac's War demonstrated the possibilities of cooperation between tribes for resisting colonial expansion. Although the conflict divided tribes and villages, the war also saw the first extensive multi-tribal resistance to European colonization in North America, and was the first war between Europeans and Native North Americans that did not end in complete defeat for the Native Americans. The Proclamation of 1763 ultimately did not prevent British colonists and land speculators from expanding westward, and so Native Americans found it necessary to form new resistance movements. Beginning with conferences hosted by Shawnees in 1767, in the following decades leaders such as Joseph Brant, Alexander McGillivray, Blue Jacket, and Tecumseh would attempt to forge confederacies that would revive the resistance efforts of Pontiac's War.


title: The Christmas Song

text: "The Christmas Song", also named "Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire" is a song that is played during the Christmas holiday season. It was written by Mel Tormé in 1944 and recorded in 1946 under Nat King Cole, who also did the song during 1953 and 1961. Other musicians, including though not limited to, The Carpenters, Christina Aguilera, Chicago, Hootie & the Blowfish and Jessica Simpson have covered the song throughout the years.


title: Bio-Dome

text: Bio-Dome is a 1996 American stoner comedy movie. It was directed by Jason Bloom. It was produced by Bradley Jenkel, Brad Krevoy, and Steven Stabler. "Bio-Dome" was released on January 12, 1996.


title: Bio-Dome

text: The movie got negative reviews from critics. It has a 5% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Shore co-won a Razzie Award for Worst Actor and was tied with Tom Arnold who had won for "Big Bully", "Carpool" and "The Stupids".


title: Howard Keel

text: Howard Clifford Keel (April 13, 1919 – November 7, 2004) was an American actor and singer. He was born in 1919. He starred in many movies, including "Man of La Mancha" and "Kiss Me, Kate". He died of colon cancer in 2004.


title: Grant Shapps

text: Grant Shapps (born 14 September 1968) is a British politician for the Conservative Party who has been the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy since 25 October 2022. He was the Home Secretary from 19 October 2022 to 25 October 2022. He has also been a Member of Parliament (MP) for Welwyn Hatfield since 2005.


title: Grant Shapps

text: In July 2022, Shapps unsuccessfully ran to be Leader of the Conservative Party in the leadership race to replace Boris Johnson.


title: Orly

text: Orly is a town near Paris, France. It is in the Val-de-Marne département and the Île-de-France region. There are about 21,372 people in the town (as of 2007).


title: Orly

text: The École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) was built at Orly in 1949. It was there from 1949 to 1969. The buildings are still visible from the road going to the airport of Paris Orly.


title: Glória Menezes

text: Glória Menezes, artistic name of Nicelde Soares Magalhães (born October 19, 1934) is a Brazilian actress. She was born in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Menezes was best known for her role as Amelia in the telenovela "Páginas da Vida".


title: Rallidae

text: The rails, or Rallidae, are a large family of small to medium-sized birds. The rails are related to cranes, and both are in the order Gruiformes.


title: Rallidae

text: The family is diverse, and includes the crakes, coots, and gallinules. Many species are associated with wetlands, although the family is found in every terrestrial habitat except dry deserts, polar regions and alpine areas above the snow line. The Rallidae are found on every continent except Antarctica. There are numerous island species. The most common habitats are marshland or dense forest. They like dense vegetation.<Hor/>


title: Rallidae

text: The wings of all rails are short and rounded. Their flight is not powerful, but can continue for long periods, and many species migrate annually. The weakness of their flight means they are easily blown off course, so they are common vagrants. This has led them to colonize many isolated oceanic islands. Furthermore, these birds often prefer to run rather than fly, especially in dense shrub or woodland habitats. Some are also flightless at some time during their moult period.


title: Rallidae

text: Many island rails are flightless because on a small island without threatening predators they do not need to fly or move long distances. Flight makes intense demands, with the keel and flight muscles taking up to a quarter of a bird's weight. Reducing the flight muscles lowers the metabolic demands, and reduces the flightless rail's energy needs. For this reason, flightlessness makes it easier to survive and colonize an island where resources may be limited. Flightlessness can evolve extremely rapidly in island rails; it took as little as 125,000 years for the Laysan rail to lose the power of flight and evolve the reduced, stubby wings only useful to keep balance when running quickly.


title: Tarja Turunen

text: Tarja Turunen (b. August 17, 1977 near Kitee) is a Finnish singer and songwriter. She is a mezzo and lyric soprano and has a vocal range of eight octaves. People know her for her work with symphonic metal band Nightwish. She was the first singer of the band. She was dismissed from the band in the end of 2007, due to musical differences. and started making her own music. Because of her soprano voice, she even sings heavy metal songs in a classical way. She was one of the first singers to do this, which made other people want to make similar music.


title: Roland Emmerich

text: Roland Emmerich (born 10 November 1955) is a German movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Stuttgart and grew up in nearby Sindelfingen, Baden-Wurttemberg, West Germany. His movies include "Universal Soldier", "Stargate", "Independence Day", "Godzilla", "The Patriot", "The Day After Tomorrow", "10,000 BC", "2012", "Anonymous", and "White House Down".


title: Tarja Turunen

text: In 2006 she made a wonderful Christmas album, called "Henkäys Ikuisuudesta". In November 2007, she came out with her first metal album, "My Winter Storm", which had a lot of different music types on it like rock and heavy metal. In 2010 she made "What Lies Beneath", her second metal album without Nightwish. She played some concerts in Europe, and was in well known heavy metal festivals. She made a whole tour for these two albums. In August 2013, she made her third metal album, "Colours in the Dark", which is a very optimistic album and in August 2016, she made her fourth metal album, "The Shadow Self", which is also very optimistic. In December 2017, she made her second magical Christmas album, called "From Spirits and Ghosts (Score for a Dark Christmas)".


title: Malayalam Wikipedia

text: The Malayalam Wikipedia () is the Malayalam language edition of Wikipedia, a free and publicly editable online encyclopedia. It was launched on December 21, 2002. Now this project is the leading Wikipedia among other South East Asian language Wikipedias in quality. It has grown to be a wiki containing more than 31,000 articles .


title: Malayalam Wikipedia

text: The Malayalam language Wikipedia has been available in the wikipedia.org domain since 21 December 2002. A user had taken the initial tasks for it. After its creation he was the key person for the next 2 years. Almost all the early users of Malayalam Wikipedia were Malayalees (speakers of the Malayalam language). The growth of the Wikipedia during these times was very slow due to technical issues such as browser problems, font problems, and other problems.


title: Fabio Grosso

text: Fabio Grosso (born 28 November 1977) is an Italian football player. He plays for Juventus and Italy national team.


title: Kingdom Hearts

text: Kingdom Hearts is a role-playing game video game series made by Square Enix. The series is a crossover between Square Enix and Disney. The games included "Kingdom Hearts", "", "Kingdom Hearts II", "Kingdom Hearts coded", "Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days", "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep", "" and "Kingdom Hearts III". The reissues for all games were released on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.


title: Yonatan Netanyahu

text: Yonatan "Yoni" Netanyahu (Hebrew: יונתן נתניהו; March 13, 1946, New York City, United States – July 4, 1976, Entebbe, Uganda) was the commander of Sayeret Matkal, which is a special armed force unit of the Israel Defense Forces, from 1975 to July 1976. He was killed in service during operation Entebbe to rescue hostages held at Entebbe Airport in Uganda. Yonatan Netanyahu has since been a hero of the Operation Entebbe.


title: Kingdom Hearts

text: "Kingdom Hearts" is the first game of the series for the PlayStation 2. It was released in Japan on March 28, 2002 and in North America on September 17, 2002. In the game, Sora, Riku and Kairi end up going separate ways, when their island is invaded by Heartless (monsters who steal people's hearts). Sora wields a Keyblade, teams up Donald Duck and Goofy, and travel around the universe for each worlds, including "Alice in Wonderland", "The Little Mermaid" and "The Nightmare Before Christmas". Sora learns that Riku is possessed by Ansem, the creator of Heartless, who unsuccessfully kidnap seven Princesses of Heart (including Kairi), in order to reveal the Keyhole. While Kairi stays at Destiny Islands, Riku and Mickey Mouse are trapped in the Realm of Darkness, and Sora seals the door to prevent Ansem from using it. "Kingdom Hearts Final Mix" is a reissue of the game that was released only in Japan on December 26, 2002. It has more features than the original, including a battle with Roxas.


title: Kingdom Hearts

text: "" is the second game in the series for Game Boy Advance. It was released in Japan on November 11, 2004 and in North America on December 7, 2004. In the game, Sora arrives at Castle Oblivion and visits each recreations of aforementioned worlds. Each are on different floors, and the old memory is replaced by a new ons. When Sora forgets Kairi, she is replaced by Naminé. Sora meets Organization XIII, the enemy group attempting to erase his memory. Naminé puts Sora to sleep, in order for him to restore all memories for the next year. While following the same path like Sora, Riku attempts to control his ego under Ansem's influence. "" is a reissue of the game made for PlayStation 2. It has additional cutscenes and battles. It was released together with "Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix +" in Japan on March 29, 2007, and was released as a standalone title in North America on December 2, 2008.


title: Kingdom Hearts

text: "Kingdom Hearts II" is the third game of the series for PlayStation 2. It was released in Japan on December 22, 2005, in North America on March 28, 2006 and in Europe on September 29, 2006. The game begins with Roxas, Hayner, Pence and Olette, living in Twilight Town and planning a summer vacation. As Roxas confronts Axel, Naminé and DiZ, Roxas realizes that the memory will change so he can become whole. Before disappearing, Roxas finds Sora in suspended animation. Sora, Donald and Goofy wake up, and resume their mission on finding Mickey and Riku. They meet the remaining members of Organization XIII and learn that they are beings called Nobodies. When a Heartless steals someone's heart, that person also becomes a Heartless, but if their heart is strong, it becomes a Nobody. Nobodies have no emotions, but want to have hearts again. Xemnas, the leader of Organization XIII, attempts to summon Kingdom Hearts, by defeating the Heartless to release the hearts they hold and allow the Nobodies to retrieve them. This is the reason the Organization wanted Sora to join them. It is later revealed that Roxas and Naminé are the Nobodies of Sora and Kairi, when they lost each hearts from the beginning. Xemnas is the Nobody of Xehanort and Ansem is Xehanort's Heartless. After defeating Xemnas, Sora and his friends return to Destiny Islands. "Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix +" is a reissue of the game released only in Japan on March 29, 2007. It has more features, including new areas, battles and a secret ending.


title: Kingdom Hearts

text: "Kingdom Hearts coded" is the fourth game of the series for mobile phones. It was released in episodes with the first being released only in Japan on November 18, 2008. The game follows Mickey, Donald, Goofy and Jiminy Cricket, discovering a mysterious sentence in the journal and digitizing the contents to find the one responsible. "" is a reissue of the game made for Nintendo DS. It was released in Japan on October 7, 2010, January 11, 2011 in North America, and on January 14, 2011 in Europe. It has additional scenes and a secret ending.


title: Kingdom Hearts

text: "Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days" is a fifth game for the Nintendo DS. It was released in Japan on May 30, 2009, and in North America on September 29, 2009. The game begins with Roxas and Organization XIII. Xion, a Nobody created by the Organization and from Sora. Roxas abandons the organization and defeats Xion. The game uses wi-fi for other players to battle each other. Each of them can choose characters for battles.


title: Kingdom Hearts

text: "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep" is the sixth game of the series for PlayStation Portable. It was released in Japan on January 9, 2010, and in North America on September 7, 2010. The game is set ten years before Sora begins his journey. It follows a shared path between Terra, Ventus and Aqua, the apprentices of Eraqus and Xehanort. They set out to stop Vanitas, the creator of Unversed. "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Final Mix" is a reissue of the game was released only in Japan on January 20, 2011. It has content from the English version and new features, such as a playable Secret Episode and a hint at a possible "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep -Volume Two-


title: Kingdom Hearts

text: "Kingdom Hearts III" is the seventh game of the series for PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in 2019. It was originally planned to be released on PlayStation 3 but still cancelled.


title: Kingdom Hearts

text: "" is an upcoming games (exceptly eight game of the series) for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It was planned to be released on Q3 2020.


title: S.A. (corporation)

text: S.A or SA designates a type of limited company in certain countries, most of which have a Romance language as their official language and employ civil law.


title: S.A. (corporation)

text: As with bearer bonds, anonymous unregistered share ownership and dividend collection enabled money laundering, tax evasion, and concealed business transactions in general, so governments passed laws to audit the practice. Nowadays, shareholders of S.A.s are not anonymous, though shares can still be held by a holding company in order to obscure the beneficiary.


title: Plymouth Fury

text: The Plymouth Fury is an American car produced by Plymouth of Chrysler from the 1959 to 1978 model years.


title: Plymouth Fury

text: It is a full-size from 1959 to 1961, mid-size from 1962 to 1964, again full-size from 1965 to 1974 and again mid-size from 1975 to 1978.


title: Covfefe

text: Covfefe is a word that was spelt wrong by then-President of the US Donald Trump in a viral internet meme. It was sent in a tweet that said "Despite the constant negative press covfefe". It was widely suggested by the media that Donald Trump meant to write "coverage". However, White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer said that it was not a misspelling, with him saying "I think the president and a small group of people know exactly what he meant."


title: Covfefe

text: The tweet would remain used in internet culture and by the media for much time afterwards. When writing for "The Atlantic", journalist Adrienne LaFrance said that "Covfefe remains the tweet that best illustrates Trump's most preternatural gift: He knows how to captivate people, how to command, and divert the attention of the masses." This media story suggested that Donald Trump was very good at getting attention and fascinate people.


title: Covfefe

text: The Urban Dictionary would soon add a page on "covfefe", with the page saying that: "It literally means covfefe."


title: Covfefe

text: Dictionary.com would also say that "covfefe" was at the top of their list of 'unmatched queries' in October 2017 and would continue to have the largest amount of user searches for words without a page.


title: Covfefe

text: U.S. Representative Mike Quigley started H.R.2884, "The Communications Over Various Feeds Electronically for Engagement Act (COVFEFE Act)" on June 12, 2017. The act suggested that national archives should need to store social media posts by the President of the United States. The bill went to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform on the same day but saw no further congressional action. Despite this, Donald Trump's tweets and other posts were stored as said in the Presidential and Federal Records Act Amendments of 2014.


title: December 2001 riots in Argentina

text: The 2001 crisis in Argentina is sometimes known as the Argentinazo. () It was a political, economic, social, and institutional crisis. It was fueled by a revolt under the slogan "All of them must go!" (). This led to the resignation of the president of Argentina, Fernando de la Rúa, giving rise to a period of political instability during which five officials exercised the National Executive Power in a few months.


title: December 2001 riots in Argentina

text: This happened within a larger crisis that lasted between 1998 and 2002. It was caused by a long recession that made a humanitarian, social, economic, financial and political crisis. During the crisis, 39 people were killed by state and private security agents.


title: December 2001 riots in Argentina

text: The trigger for the crisis was the imposition of the "Corralito" on December 2, 2001. It was a government provision that restricted the withdrawal of cash from banks. This was designed by the then Minister of Economy Domingo Cavallo. This had a major impact on the lower class, mostly unbanked, and the middle class, which was strongly restricted in their economic movements.


title: December 2001 riots in Argentina

text: On December 13, the workers' unions declared a general strike, and violent outbreaks began to take place in some cities in the country and in Greater Buenos Aires. They were mainly looting by unemployed and indigent sectors of the population, theft of trucks in the routes, common robberies and street cuts in the cities.


title: December 2001 riots in Argentina

text: The revolt led to a social outburst on the night of December 19, 2001, soon after Fernando de la Rúa announced the establishment of a state of siege. Many people took to the streets throughout the country to express their discontent with the government and political representatives. This lasted all night and the next day, when the order was given to repress the demonstrators, 39 of whom were killed. Most of the people win the protests were self-convened and did not respond to any political party, union or structured social organization.


title: December 2001 riots in Argentina

text: During the following twelve days there was a high level instability that also led to the resignation of successor president Adolfo Rodríguez Saa.


title: December 2001 riots in Argentina

text: The social and economic instability, as well as the ignorance of the legitimacy of political representatives, extended in the following years.


title: London Underground rolling stock

text: A wide variety of trains have been used on the London Underground. In the early days steam locomotive and carriages were used. Nowadays electric multiple units are used.


title: Chef salad

text: Chef salad (sometimes called chef's salad) is a type of salad. It usually includes a bed of leaf vegetables or lettuce, which can be served with hard boiled eggs, strips of meat (such as ham, roast beef, or turkey), cheese, cucumbers, croutons, and tomatoes. Chef salad is usually topped with Thousand Island dressing, but can be served with any type of dressing.


title: Ivy Bethune

text: Ivy Bethune (1 June 1918 – 19 July 2019) was an American actress. She played Duana in the "" first season episode "When The Bough Breaks." Bethune also played Ma Peabody in the 1985 movie "Back to the Future".


title: Ivy Bethune

text: At the time of her death, Bethune was the second-oldest living female "Star Trek" performer, after Marsha Hunt. She was the third oldest overall "Star Trek" performer after Hunt and Norman Lloyd. She was the sixth "Star Trek" performer to reach the age of 100.


title: Côtes-d'Armor

text: Côtes-d'Armor is a department found in the west of France. Its prefecture is Saint-Brieuc and its population is about 561,000 (). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.


title: Shochiku

text: The Shochiku Company, Limited (松竹株式会社, "Shōchiku Kabushiki gaisha") is a Japanese movie studio, cinema chain, and production company for kabuki. It also produces and distributes anime films.


title: Shochiku

text: The company was founded in 1895 as a kabuki production company and later began producing films in 1920. Shochiku is considered the oldest company in Japan involved in present-day film production, but Nikkatsu began earlier as a pure film studio in 1912. Founded by the brothers Takejirō Ōtani (大谷竹次郎) and Matsujirō Shirai (白井松次郎), it was named “Matsutake” in 1902 after the combined "kunyomi" reading of the "kanji" "take" (bamboo) and "matsu" (pine) from their names, reflecting the traditional three symbols of happiness: bamboo, pine, and plum. The "onyomi" reading of Shōchiku first appeared in 1920 with the founding of the film production subsidiary "Shōchiku Kinema Gōmei-sha".


title: Shochiku

text: Shochiku grew quickly in the early years, expanding its business to many other Japanese live theatrical styles, including "Noh" and "Bunraku", and established a near monopoly due to its ownership of theaters, as well as "kabuki" and "shimpa" drama troupes.


title: Shochiku

text: The company began making films in 1920, about a decade after its main rival Nikkatsu. The company sought to break away from the prevailing pattern of "jidai-geki" and to emulate Hollywood standards. It was the first film studio to abandon the use of female impersonators and brought new ideas, including the star system and the sound stage to Japan. It built its main studio at Kamata, between Tokyo and Yokohama, and hired Henry Kotani, a Japanese who had worked in Hollywood as an actor and cameraman to direct its first film, "Island Woman" ("Shima no Onna", 1920). It also hired the prominent theater director Kaoru Osanai to head a school at the studio, which produced the film "Souls on the Road" (1921), a film directed by Minoru Murata which is considered "the first landmark film in Japanese history".


title: Shochiku

text: However, Shochiku's early history was difficult, as audiences preferred the more action-packed "jidai-geki" historical swashbucklers over the shinpa melodramas, and its Kamata studios were destroyed by the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, forcing a temporary relocation to Kyoto.


title: Shochiku

text: With the reopening of its Kamata studios, Shochiku also introduced the "shomin-geki" genre, with stories reflecting the lives of the lower-middle urban classes. These dramas proved immensely popular, and marked the start of the careers of many prominent directors (including Ozu, Naruse, and Hiroshi Shimizu) and actors (including Kinuyo Tanaka).


title: Shochiku

text: In 1931, Shochiku released the first “talkie” made in Japan: "The Neighbor's Wife and Mine" "(Madamu to nyōbō", 1930). Filming became increasing difficult at the Kamata studios during the 1930s with the rapid industrialization of the surrounding area with munitions factories and metal foundries, and Shochiku decided to close the studio and relocate to Ofuna, near Kamakura in 1936. The following year, Shochiku Kinema was merged with its parent company, Shochiku Entertainment, and adopted the new name of Shochiku Corporation.


title: Shochiku

text: During the World War II, Shochiku's President, Shiro Kido, helped establish the Dai Nippon Eiga Kyokai (Greater Japan Film Association), whose purpose was to coordinate the industry's efforts with Japanese government policy. From the mid-1930s until 1945, the films produced by Shochiku and other Japanese movie companies were propagandistic. After the surrender of Japan, Kido and Shochiku's co-founder Otani were arrested and charged with Class-A war crimes by the Allied occupation authorities.


title: Shochiku

text: In 1953, after the end of the occupation, Kido returned to Shochiku and revived the melodramatic style of films which had been a Shochiku trademark in the pre-war era. Directors associated with Shochiku in this era included Ozu, Keisuke Kinoshita, and Noboru Nakamura. Many of the films during the 1950s were aimed primarily at female audiences. In particular, Hideo Oba's three-part "What is Your Name?" ("Kimi no na wa?") in 1953 was the most commercially successful film of the period. Ozu's "Tokyo Story", made in 1953, later earned considerable accolades, being selected in the 2012 Sight & Sound international critics poll as the third best film of all time.


title: Shochiku

text: By the start of the 1960s, Shochiku's films were criticized as “old-fashioned” with the popularity of rival Nikkatsu’s "Taiyo-zoku" youth-orientated movies. The studio responded by launching the Japanese New Wave ("Nuberu bagu") which also launched the career of Nagisa Oshima among others, though Oshima soon went independent; the films of Oshima and other film makers were not financially successful and the company changed its policies.


title: Shochiku

text: However, the growing threat from television led to the bankruptcy of Shochiku’s competitors, Shintoho in 1961 and Daiei in 1971, whereas Nikkatsu and Toei turned to movies and soft pornography to maintain attendance. Shochiku continued to maintain its family-orientated audience largely due to the phenomenal success of the "Otoko wa Tsurai yo" series directed by Yoji Yamada from 1969 through 1997. However, with the death of its star Kiyoshi Atsumi, the series came to an end, and the company faced increasing financial difficulties.


title: Shochiku

text: The Ofuna studio was briefly transformed into a theme park, Kamakura Cinema World, but this was closed in 1998 and the site was sold off in 2000 to Kamakura Women's College. Since that time, Shochiku has relied on its film studio and backlot in Kyoto. Yamada’s “The Twilight Samurai” ("Tasogare Seibei", 2002) was nominated for an Oscar as Best Foreign Language Picture.


title: The Doors

text: The Doors were an American rock band. They were one of the most popular rock groups of all time. Led by singer Jim Morrison, along with Ray Manzarek (keyboards), Robby Krieger (guitar) and John Densmore (drums), the group is thought of today as a major influence on rock music, and they are still just as popular as they ever were, if not more popular.


title: The Doors

text: The group was widely known for its lead singer, Jim Morrison, who was famous for his love of alcohol and illegal drugs. Morrison often sang at concerts after using alcohol and drugs, sometimes so drunk that he could not remember the words to his own songs. Once, Morrison was said to have shown his private parts to the audience, and he was charged with a crime.


title: The Doors

text: Morrison died in Paris, France, on July 3, 1971. His death is thought to have been caused by a heart attack brought on by a drug overdose.


title: The Doors

text: There is a 1991 movie about them, also called "The Doors". It was directed by Oliver Stone and starred Val Kilmer as Jim Morrison.


title: Drenthe

text: Drenthe (pronounce: "DREN-te") is a province in the northeast of the Netherlands. The capital city is Assen. South of it is Overijssel, west of it is Friesland and north of it is Groningen. East of it is Lower Saxony, that is a part of Germany. About 495,000 people are living in Drenthe (2021).


title: Drenthe

text: Thousands of years ago, there were already people in Drenthe. Around 3500 BC people made dolmens ("hunebedden"), piles of big stones. 53 of the 54 dolmens in the Netherlands are in Drenthe. Most of them are in the northeast of the province.


title: Drenthe

text: The oldest paper with the name Drenthe on it is from 820. It was called "Pago Treanth" (district Drenthe). Papers from 1024 and 1025 show that is was a county at that time.


title: Drenthe

text: From 1046 until 1528, the bishops of Utrecht ruled over Drenthe. From 1581 until 1795 it was part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, but Drenthe itself was not a province. In 1796, under the Batavian Republic, Drenthe was a province for the first time.


title: Drenthe

text: In the Second World War, the nazis build a concentration camp near Westerbork. From there, they put Dutch Jews on the train to other camps in Germany and Poland. In the last train from Westerbork was also Anne Frank. She was a Jewish girl and she wrote a diary. She died in the concentration camp Bergen-Belsen in Germany. After the war her diary became world famous.


title: Drenthe

text: The most important cities are Assen (the capital), Emmen, Meppel and Hoogeveen. In Drenthe there is many heathland.


title: Drenthe

text: In Drenthe many people speak Low Saxon dialects. The dialects in Drenthe are called "Drents". These dialects are different in each town or village.


title: Pertussis

text: Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a disease that affects about 300,000 people in the US every year, out of 30–50 million cases per year. There is a vaccine that can prevent it, so most cases of it are in places where people cannot afford, cannot get, or refuse to get the vaccine. However, this vaccine does not work forever. The disease lasts about 6 weeks, and symptoms include vomiting, violent coughing, and other flu-like symptoms. It is called whooping cough for the sound an infected person makes when they cough.


title: Ferrara

text: Ferrara is a city in Emilia-Romagna in Northern Italy. About 130,000 people live in Ferrara. The city was owned by the Este family during medieval times. The current mayor is Tiziano Tagliani.


title: Pichilemu

text: The beach of Pichilemu is called one of the best beaches in the world for surfing. The most famous beach in Pichilemu is Punta de Lobos, where competitions are often held. The city has become a beach resort.


title: Pichilemu

text: José Toribio Medina did his first archeological investigations in Pichilemu, and he published in 1908 "Los Restos Indígenas de Pichilemu". He said there that Pedro de Valdivia gave land in what is now central Chile to Juan Gómez de Almagro on February 24, 1544. Pichilemu was between the areas of the Palloquierbico, Topocalma, and Gulaquien.


title: Pichilemu

text: Some of the first land owners of Pichilemu were the Ortúzar family. Daniel Ortúzar is known as one of the founders of the original village of Pichilemu. The family of Ortúzar Cuevas, from the San Antonio de Petrel Hacienda, made a mid-century maritime dock which was as a fishing port for some years. They also built homes along the dock on what is now Ortúzar Avenue. More recently, other large land owners are Pedro Pavez Polanco and the Hacienda of San Antonio de Petrel. In 1891, during the Chilean Civil War, Daniel Ortúzar and the priest of Alcones were taken prisoners from Pichilemu through the dock. During the war, the dock was burned down. After the civil war, Pichilemu got its formal name and status. President Jorge Montt and his Minister, Manuel José Irarrázabal, the city was officially established on December 22, 1891.


title: Pichilemu

text: Pichilemu has become the historic capital of the province called Cardenal Caro which is named for the first Chilean Catholic Church Cardinal. His father was the first mayor in the city.


title: Pichilemu

text: Ross was very rich and based on his European background, he bought a 300-hectare piece of land and named it ""La Posada"" (), or Petren Fund, in 1885. Ross designed an urban place of high environmental value and landscape, turning ""La Posada"" into a hotel ("Great Hotel Pichilemu", later "Hotel Ross", or "Ross Hotel"), and building a casino, embankments, stone walls, a balcony facing the beach. Additionally, he built a park and a forest of more than 10 hectares. Agustín Ross turned Pichilemu into a summer resort town for the people from Santiago. Some of his buildings were named National Monuments.