title: Big Rip

text: In physical cosmology, the Big Rip is a theory which describes the ultimate fate of the universe. According to this theory, everything in the universe, even spacetime itself will be torn apart by the expansion of the universe until distances between particles will become infinite. According to the standard model of cosmology the scale factor of the universe is known to be accelerating and, in the future era it will increase more rapidly. However, this expansion is similar for every moment of time (hence the exponential law – the expansion of a local volume is the same number of times over the same time interval), and is identified by an unchanging, small Hubble constant which is ignored by any bound material structures. Similarly in the Big Rip scenario the Hubble constant increases to infinity in a finite time.


title: Abduction (logic)

text: Abduction is logical inference which goes from an observation to a theory which accounts for the observation. It makes the simplest and most likely explanation. In abductive reasoning, unlike in deductive reasoning, the premises do not guarantee the conclusion. Abductive reasoning is "inference to the best explanation".


title: Big Rip

text: The possibility of sudden rip singularity occurs only for hypothetical matter (phantom energy) but it is unlikely to occur in physical properties.


title: Big Rip

text: The truth of the hypothesis relies on the type of dark energy present in our universe. The type that could prove this hypothesis is a constantly increasing form of dark energy, known as phantom energy. If the dark energy in the universe increases without limit, it could destroy all forces that hold the universe together. The key value is the equation of state parameter "w", the ratio between the dark energy pressure and its energy density. If -1 < "w" < 0, the expansion of the universe continues to increase, but the dark energy tends to stop over time. So the Big Rip does not happen. Phantom energy has "w" < −1, which means that its density increases as the universe expands.


title: Big Rip

text: A universe with more phantom energy is an accelerating universe, expanding at an ever-increasing rate. However, this implies that the size of the observable universe and the particle horizon is continually getting smaller — the distance at which objects are moving away at the speed of light from an observer becomes ever closer, and the distance over which interactions can propagate becomes ever shorter. When the size of the particle horizon becomes smaller than any particular structure, no interaction by any of the fundamental forces can occur between the farthest parts of the structure, and the structure is "ripped apart". The progression of time itself will stop. The model says that after a finite time there will be a final singularity, called the "Big Rip", in which the observable universe will reach zero size and all distances will reach into infinite value.


title: Big Rip

text: The authors of this hypothesis, led by Robert R. Caldwell of Dartmouth College, calculate the time from the present to the Big Rip to be


title: Big Rip

text: where "w" is defined above, "H" is Hubble's constant and "Ω" is the present value of the density of all the matter in the universe.


title: Big Rip

text: However, observations of the galaxy cluster speeds by the Chandra X-ray Observatory seem to tell that the value of "w" is approximately −0.991, meaning the Big Rip will not happen


title: Big Rip

text: In their paper, the authors consider a hypothetical example with "w" = −1.5, "H" = 70 km/s/Mpc, and "Ω" = 0.3, in which case the Big Rip would happen approximately 22 billion years from the present. In this scenario, galaxies would first be separated from each other about 200 million years before the Big Rip. About 60 million years before the Big Rip, galaxies would begin to break up as small parts as gravity becomes too weak to hold them together. Planetary systems like the Solar System would become gravitationally unbound and all planets will be separated from their orbit in about three months before the Big Rip. Planets would fly off into the rapidly expanding universe. In the last minutes, stars and planets would be torn apart, and the now dispersed atoms would be destroyed about 10 seconds before the end. At the time the Big Rip occurs, even spacetime itself would be ripped apart and the scale factor would be infinity.


title: Big Rip

text: Evidence indicates "w" to be very close to −1 in our universe, which makes "w" the dominating term in the equation. The closer that "w" is to −1, the closer the denominator is to zero and the further the Big Rip is in the future. If "w" were exactly equal to −1, the Big Rip could not happen, regardless of the values of "H" or "Ω".


title: Big Rip

text: According to the latest cosmological data available, it is still unsure which one is correct, "w" < −1, "w" = −1, and "w" > −1.


title: Gefreiter

text: Gefreiter is a German, Swiss and Austrian military rank. The rank of "Gefreiter" is usually the second rank or grade to which an enlisted soldier, airman or sailor could be promoted. As a military rank it has existed since the 16th century. From the 1920s on, "Gefreiter" has expanded into several additional ranks, those being "Obergefreiter", "Hauptgefreiter", "Stabsgefreiter" and "Oberstabsgefreiter".


title: Nate Dogg

text: Nathaniel Dwayne Hale (August 19, 1969 – March 15, 2011), known professionally as Nate Dogg, was an American singer, songwriter and rapper. He has worked with a wide range of singers and rappers including Snoop Dogg, Eminem, Mariah Carey and Warren G.


title: Gefreiter

text: A similar military rank also exists in Russia ("Ефрейтор"; yefreytor, efreitor), Ukraine ("Єфрейтор"; yefreytor, efreitor), Belarus and in the former Soviet Union.


title: Korat

text: The Korat is a natural breed of cat. It is also one of the oldest cat breeds. It first lived in Thailand. It is named after a province named "Korat" by the local people. The Korat is known as one of the "good luck cats".


title: Jim Nabors

text: James Thurston "Jim" Nabors (June 12, 1930 – November 30, 2017) was an American singer, television, and movie actor. He was best known for his role as Gomer Pyle on the TV programs "The Andy Griffith Show" and "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C." Nabors was the host of two programs. They were "The Jim Nabors Hour" and "The Jim Nabors Show".


title: Iridescent shark

text: The iridescent shark is a shark catfish that is a native to the rivers across Southeast Asia. They are not really sharks. They do, however, look very similar to small sharks. They are found over Mekong Basin and the Chao Phraya River areas and used for food there. The fish are marketed as swai in the United States. They are very similar to the US catfish.


title: Korat

text: The Korat is a blue-gray colour with a small to medium stocky or "cobby" body. It can be surprisingly heavy for its size. It is intelligent, active, playful and likes to be with people. It has a heart-shaped head and large green eyes.


title: Jim Nabors

text: Nabors was also a guest star in "The Steve Allen Show", "The Danny Kaye Show", "The Muppet Show" and "The Carol Burnett Show". He won a Golden Raspberry Award for his role as Lugs Harvey in the movie "Stroker Ace".


title: Korat

text: The Korat's colour is actually a silver blue that looks like it is shimmering. The people of Thailand call the colour "rain-cloud gray," and the shimmer "sea foam." This cat has one coat of fur that is short. The roots of the fur are a lighter silver blue. The colour along the fur increases to deeper blue and the tips are silver, especially on the muzzle and toes. This is the only colour allowed for a Korat. The eyes are large and peridot green in an adult cat. Kittens have amber or golden-green eyes which gradually change as they become adults, at two to four years.


title: Jim Nabors

text: Nabors was born in Sylacauga, Alabama on June 12, 1930. Nabors was educated at the University of Alabama.


title: Korat

text: Korats may rarely have some white markings or spots, or even pale gray stripes. Sometimes these spots increase in size as the cat gets older. These are flaws in the colour, and these cats are not allowed in cat shows. Even though the colour is wrong, they are still healthy cats.


title: Jim Nabors

text: There was a rumor that Nabors was married to Rock Hudson, the rumor was later denied. Nabors only said that he and Hudson were only "special friends."


title: Korat

text: The first time the Korat breed was written about in books was in a poem written in Thailand, between 1350 and 1767 AD. The book is now in the national library in Bangkok. But the drawing of the Korat in this book did not have enough detail to positively say it is this breed. In more recent years, the Korat was pictured on a postage stamp in Thailand.


title: Jim Nabors

text: Since 1975, Nabors lived with his partner Stan Cadwallader in Honolulu, Hawaii. A month after same-sex marriage became legal, Nabors married Cadwallader on January 29, 2013. In the early morning of November 30, 2017, Nabors died peacefully at his home in Honolulu. He was 87 years old.


title: Korat

text: A Korat cat first appeared in Britain with the name "Blue Siamese" in 1889 and 1896. But these solid blue cats did not meet the cat show standards for a Siamese cat, so they disappeared by 1901.


title: Korat

text: In the United States, a Korat first appeared in the 1950s. In 1959, Cedar Glen cattery was the first to import a pair of Korats to the U.S. for breeding. They were a male named Nara and a female named Darra. In 1966, the Korat was first allowed to be shown for championship status, by a breeder from Maryland.


title: Kansas (band)

text: Kansas is an American rock band. They formed in Topeka, Kansas in 1970. They are best known for songs including "Carry on Wayward Son" and "Dust in The Wind".


The 1980 United States presidential election happened on November 4, 1980. Ronald Reagan, the Republican candidate and former Governor of California, won the election. He defeated the incumbent president, Jimmy Carter, who was a Democrat, and John B. Anderson, a notable third party candidate who was an Independent.


title: Sirhan Sirhan

text: Sirhan Bishara Sirhan (born March 19, 1944) is a Palestinian with Jordanian citizenship. He was born in Jerusalem. He shot and killed U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy on June 6, 1968. He is serving his life sentence in Pleasant Valley State Prison in Coalinga, California.


title: 1980 United States presidential election

text: The country had a lot of problems during the election. The economy was bad (it was in a recession). Inflation was very high. There was an energy crisis. Iran, after the Iranian Revolution was holding 52 Americans hostage.


text: Reagan campaigned for to cut income taxes and to reduce government spending overall while increasing defense spending to challenge the Soviet Union in the Cold War. Carter campaigned for more government programs and mentioned the importance of human rights and preventing nuclear war.


text: Ronald Reagan won the election by a landslide, meaning that he had a lot more votes than his opponent.


title: Ugly Betty

text: Ugly Betty is a Golden Globe- and Peabody Award-winning American comedy-drama television series. It stars America Ferrera, Vanessa Williams, and Eric Mabius. It premiered on September 28, 2006, on ABC in the United States. The series follows the life of Betty Suarez (Ferrera), and her incongruous job at the ultra-chic New York City fashion magazine ""Mode"". Betty's status as a "fish out of water" drives much of the plot. Ugly Betty ended on April 14, 2010 after low ratings during season 4.


title: Ugly Betty

text: Since the show's debut, the main characters have become the latest fixures in the lexicon of pop media culture. They have already had parodies, news media stories and art-imitating-life situations, as well as recognition from the United States Congress itself.


title: Cayenne pepper

text: The cayenne pepper is a type of chili pepper. It is very hot and is used as a spice. Cayenne pepper is the basis for the hot sauce known as Tabasco, as well as being an ingredient in many other commercially made hot sauces, such as Frank's Red Hot and Cholula. It can also be used in a dried powder form.


title: Victorian architecture

text: During the industrial revolution, the Victorian era was well known for its thousands of terraced buildings designed for workers living in the vicinity of industrial areas, particularly in the North and Midlands. Various larger buildings have also been built for the houses of rich members society. A Victorian property has several distinguishable characteristics such as brickwork, high ceilings, bay windows, brick porches, and ornate gable trim among others. The term Victorian architecture can refer to one of a number of architectural styles that were employed in the Victorian era. This kind of architecture is named after Queen Victoria. Built-in the late 1800s and early 1900s (during the reign of Queen Victoria), this architecture is a style of its own. Gracious, modestly ornate, solidly built and practical, these homes have stood the test of time. These architectural styles include:


title: Favism

text: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (sometimes also called G6PD deficiency, or favism) is a hereditary disease. This means it is passed on through the genes from a parent to the child. It leads to a form of anaemia. There are some means to treat it, though the focus of the doctors now lies on prevention (avoiding parents passing it on to their child). As it is linked to the X chromosome, most people who suffer from it are male.


title: Favism

text: Sufferers can not make the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. This will mean the circulation of sugar in their body is different. More red blood cells will be destroyed because of it. About 400 million people suffer from this condition. Very often, it can be found in regions where there is also malaria. This is because the red blood cells found in people with favism are not targeted by malaria.


title: Favism

text: This condition may result from an allergy to alkaloids in Vicia faba (Faba Bean, Broad bean, Windsor bean).


title: Sans serif

text: In typography, a sans serif typeface is one that does not have the tiny feet called "serifs" at the end of strokes.


title: Bioinorganic chemistry

text: Bioinorganic chemistry studies the role of metals in biology. It also studies natural phenomena such as the behaviour of metalloproteins and artificially introduced metals in medicine and toxicology. Many biological processes such as respiration depend on some inorganic molecules. Bioinorganic chemistry also includes the study of inorganic models or mimics that imitate the way metalloproteins work.


title: IPhone 13 Pro

text: iPhone 13 Pro and iPhone 13 Pro Max are professional versions of iPhone 13, the 15th generation of iPhone. It was announced at a Apple Worldwide Developers Conference on September 14, 2021, together with the iPhone 13. Apple announced that the iPhone 13 Pro and iPhone 13 Pro Max will be released on September 24, 2021.


title: Sans serif

text: The term comes from the French word "sans", meaning "without" and "serif" from the Dutch word "schreef" meaning "line".


title: Bioinorganic chemistry

text: It is a mix of biochemistry and inorganic chemistry. Bioinorganic chemistry studies the implications for biology of electron-transfer proteins, substrate bindings and activation, atom and group chemistry as well as metal properties.


title: Sans serif

text: Sans serif typefaces have been used since the 18th century, but became most used in the twentieth century as the modern art movement developed. Most designers of typefaces were artists. Some were outstanding in other artistic fields, and were part of the wider artistic culture of their times.


title: Bioinorganic chemistry

text: Paul Ehrlich used organoarsenic (“arsenicals”) for the treatment of syphilis. This demonstrated the relevance of metals, or at least metalloids, to medicine. Then Rosenberg discovered the anti-cancer activity of cisplatin (cis-PtCl(NH)). The first protein ever crystallized was urease. This has nickel at its active site. Vitamin B, the cure for pernicious anemia, was shown by crystallography by Dorothy Hodgkin to have a cobalt atom in a corrin macrocycle. The Watson-Crick structure for DNA demonstrated the key structural role played by phosphate-containing polymers.


title: Sans serif

text: The apostle of sans serif was Jan Tschichold (2 April 1902 Leipzig, Germany – 11 August 1974 Locarno, Switzerland), a German-Swiss graphic designer.


title: Sans serif

text: Tschichold not only designed typefaces, he showed how they could be used in the design of book printing. He was a chief designer for Penguin Books after the Second World War.


title: Sans serif

text: Sans serif faces are most used for display signs, advertising and for headings in books. Although they seem to work well for the text in books, they are much less used for that purpose.


title: Hydrogen telluride

text: Hydrogen telluride, also known as hydrotelluric acid, tellane, or tellurium hydride, is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HTe. It contains hydrogen and telluride ions.


title: Hydrogen telluride

text: Hydrogen telluride is a toxic reactive gas. It easily decomposes to hydrogen and tellurium. It also burns in air to make tellurium dioxide and water. It has a very bad smell of decayed garlic. It is almost as acidic as phosphoric acid. It reacts with some metals and metal oxides to make tellurides.


title: False prophet

text: A false prophet is a person who claims to be a true prophet but really is not. A false prophet is also someone who uses prophecy to do evil.


title: False prophet

text: The term is also used outside religion to describe someone who fervently promotes a theory which the speaker thinks is false.


title: False prophet

text: In Christianity, false prophets are thought of as being inspired by Satan, or the Devil. False prophets are the opposite of prophets. False prophets try to deceive people and bring them away from god. They use false information to lead people away from god. There are many false prophets in the Bible.


title: United States metropolitan area

text: Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) are large metropolitan areas of the United States as defined by the Office of Management and Budget. These areas are urban areas with a lot of people. An earlier version of the MSA was the "Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area" (SMSA). MSAs are used for official purposes.


title: United States metropolitan area

text: MSAs are made up of counties and for some county equivalents. In New England, because of the greater importance of towns over counties, similar areas are based on town units. These are called New England City and Town Areas (NECTAs).


title: United States metropolitan area

text: MSAs are created around a central urban area —an areawhere there are a lot of people. The counties with the urbanized area are known as the central counties of the MSA. Other nearby counties (known as outlying counties) can be a part of the MSA if these counties have strong social and economic connections to the central counties. Some areas within these outlying counties may actually be rural areas.


title: United States metropolitan area

text: The population estimates for some metro areas are not always agreed upon. In some cases, different sources give numbers of people which differ by millions. The definitions used for the last U.S. Census differed from those for previous censuses. This makes it hard to compare official information from different dates. MSA boundaries do not stretch into Canada or Mexico. This can affect the number of people in several cities. For example, Detroit, Buffalo, El Paso and San Diego are often much larger than their MSA figures.


title: United States metropolitan area

text: As of June 2003, there is now an additional classification, “Metropolitan Division.” The term metropolitan division is used for a county or group of counties that are a distinct employment area within a metropolitan statistical area that has at least 2.5 million people. A metropolitan division is a part of a larger metropolitan statistical area but it is often a distinct social, economic, and cultural area within the larger region.


title: United States metropolitan area

text: The following is a list of the 25 most populated metropolitan statistical areas and metropolitan divisions in the United States, according to the July 1, 2007 U.S. Census Bureau estimates:


title: Language reform

text: Language reform is a type of language planning. Language reforms make big changes to a language. These changes are usually done to make a language simpler to understand or to write. Sometimes changes are done to make the language purer; that is, to get rid of foreign parts of the language, or to get rid of parts of the language that are not grammatical.


title: Language reform

text: Simplification makes the language easier to use. It tries to regularise spelling, vocabulary, and grammar. Purification makes the language similar to a version of the language that people think is more pure.


title: Language reform

text: Sometimes language reforms were done to unite the people speaking the language. For this reason, many language reforms happened in 19th century Europe when there was a rise of nationalist movements.


title: Language reform

text: The most common form of language reform involves changing the orthography of words. This is known as spelling reform. The grammar of a language also may be changed to simplify inflection, syntax, vocabulary and word formation. English for example uses many different prefixes that mean "the opposite of", like "un-", "in-/im-", "a(n)-", "de-". A language reform might suggest using only one prefix to mean "the opposite of", for example "un-". On top of this, there are words such as "good" and "bad" that roughly mean the opposite of each other, but would be better (in terms of simplicity) portrayed as "good" and "ungood", so the word "bad" is not part of the language anymore.


title: Language reform

text: Another good example of what language simplification can do is the word "flammable". Flammable means that something can catch fire easily. Originally the word was "inflammable", from Latin "inflammare" - put something on fire. "In-" is also a prefix that can mean "the opposite of", like with "transparent", "intransparent". Today most instructions use "flammable" rather than "inflammable", in order not to confuse people that the "in-" in this case does not mean the opposite of.


title: Language reform

text: Several major world languages have been subject to big spelling reforms: French (in the 16th, 18th, 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries), Spanish (in the 18th century), Portuguese (in 1910, in Portugal, and in 1946 and 1972, in Brazil), German (in 1901/02 and 1996/98) and Russian (in 1728 and 1919).


title: Language reform

text: Some people feel that it is bad to change a language. They want to keep a language the way it is now, or they want to take back changes to the language that have been done earlier. Sometimes, purism can make a language more complex, because people add false etymologies:


title: Super Bowl XLVIII

text: Super Bowl XLVIII (meaning Super Bowl 48 in Roman numerals) was an American football game in which the Seattle Seahawks, winners of the National Football Conference (NFC) for the 2013 season, beat the Denver Broncos, winners of the American Football Conference (AFC), 43–8 to become winners of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2013 season. It was the first time the Seattle Seahawks had won a Super Bowl. It was played at the MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey on February 2, 2014.


title: Nomenclature

text: Nomenclature may mean a set or system of names or terms used by one person or by a community. This community will often be used in one or more areas of science (scientific nomenclature) or art.


title: Salisbury Plain

text: Salisbury Plain is in the central southern England covering . It largely lies within the county of Wiltshire, with a little in Hampshire.


title: Salisbury Plain

text: The Plain is famous for its rich archaeology, including Avebury and Stonehenge, which are a joint World Heritage Site. The Plain is sparsely populated and is the largest remaining area of calcareous grassland in north-west Europe. The Plain also has arable land, and a few small areas of beech trees and coniferous woodland.


title: Salisbury Plain

text: On the Plain is the British Army's largest training ground in England. It is suitable terrain for tank manoeuvres; buildings such as Imber are used for urban warfare training.


title: Salisbury Plain

text: The boundaries of Salisbury Plain have never been defined, and there is some difference of opinion as to its exact area. The river valleys surrounding it, and other downs and plains beyond them loosely define its boundaries. To the north the scarp of the downs overlooks the Vale of Pewsey, and to the north west the Avon. The River Wylye runs along the south west, and the River Bourne runs to the east.


title: Jon English

text: Jonathan James "Jon" English (26 March 1949 – 9 March 2016) was an English-born Australian singer, songwriter, musician and actor. He was an early member of the band Sebastian Hardie. He played the role of Judas Iscariot in the Australian production of the stage musical "Jesus Christ Superstar" in 1972. He also performed in Gilbert and Sullivan's operettas "The Pirates of Penzance", "The Mikado" and "H.M.S. Pinafore" from 1984. He also acted in a number of television series. As a solo singer, his best known songs were "Turn the Page", "Hollywood Seven", "Words are Not Enough", "Six Ribbons" and "Hot Town".


title: Jon English

text: English was born in Hampstead, London. He moved to Sydney as a child in 1961. He had four children. He was a fan of the Parramatta Eels.


title: Jon English

text: English died from an aortic aneurysm caused by surgery problems on 9 March 2016 in Newcastle, New South Wales. He was 66.


title: Crich Tramway Village

text: Crich Tramway Village is an open-air museum of trams and tramways, in Crich, (), Derbyshire, England. It is the home of the National Tramway Museum. It is set up as an Edwardian village and has a street with shops which include a sweet shop, café and gift shop. Other buildings in the open-air museum are the Red Lion Pub from Stoke-on-Trent, Derby Assembly Rooms, Burnley Tramways Offices and the tram sheds and displays. There are tram lines which go out for about from the village. There is also a collection of old street furniture from around the United Kingdom.


title: Crich Tramway Village

text: The trams that are in the museum used to run on tramlines along the streets of different towns and cities. Most of the trams at Crich were used in the United Kingdom before the 1960s. Some are from other countries. Many were saved and restored after the tram services in the cities stopped.


title: Crich Tramway Village

text: Before World War II, tramways were an important type of public transport in many cities in the United Kingdom. (Trams pulled by horses began to be built in the late 19th century.) After World War II, they began to close. Many people thought that the trams and tramways got in the way of motor cars and buses and that fuel for buses was costing less than the cost of making electricity. Most tram networks in the United Kingdom had closed by 1962. Only one remained in use, the Blackpool tramway which still runs today.


title: Crich Tramway Village

text: In 1948, a group of tramway enthusiasts decided to buy an open top tram that they had been on during the last tram ride of Southampton Tramways. For just £10, they bought Southampton No. 45, Although there were trams and locomotives in British museums, there were no working museums or heritage railways in Britain at this time, so at first the idea of amateurs running a tramway or railway seemed impossible. In 1955 the Tramway Museum Society was started and in 1959, the Society chose a place for the museum after a very long search. The site was found by the Talyllyn Railway Preservation Society when they were taking apart the old track from George Stephenson's railway for a project in Wales.


title: Crich Tramway Village

text: In the 1840s, when Stephenson was building the North Midland Railway from Derby to Rotherham and Leeds, he found coal buried under the ground on the way to Clay Cross. He decided to mine it and make some money. Crich already had a limestone quarry when he started. Stephenson saw that he could use this limestone and coal to make burnt lime for agricultural use and then use his railway to move it. To link the quarry at Crich to the limekilns at Ambergate, a new metre gauge railway was built, which is said to be the first in the world. The museum is built on part of the old Cliff Quarry, which Stephenson's company bought.


title: Crich Tramway Village

text: After the Tramway Museum Society's members visited the quarry, they bought part of the site and buildings. Since buying them, the society has gotten many trams, as well as getting track and power for the trams. Many of the tramcars were also repaired. In 1967, the society decided that they would start a village around the tramway, as trams did not run in limestone quarries. This was the start of Crich Tramway Village. The museum got lots of street furniture, and even some entire buildings. Many of these buildings have been changed to hold the museum's collections of books, pictures, and archives.


title: Crich Tramway Village

text: In 1962 the Tramway Museum Society became a company and a year later it was listed as an educational charity. Since then, the society has grown with the help of people all over the world. The Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport said that the museum has a very good collection. It was one of the first 26 museums that was told this in 1995.


title: Crich Tramway Village

text: Since the start of the 2000s, the work of the museum's volunteers and the income earned by visitors has been added to by grants from the Heritage Lottery Fund The museum is still an independent charity; this means that the government does not pay for it.


title: Crich Tramway Village

text: In the early 1990s, the government of the United Kingdom decided that trams were a way of stopping the traffic problems in the UK. New light rail systems, or "second generation tramways", opened in cities like Manchester, Sheffield and Nottingham. Twenty years later more systems are being built, like the one in Edinburgh.


title: Crich Tramway Village

text: The museum has over 60 tramcars from places such as Berlin, Blackpool, Chesterfield, Den Haag, Derby, Douglas, Dundee, Edinburgh, Gateshead, Glasgow, Grimsby, Halle, Howth, Johannesburg, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, London, New York, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Oporto, Paisley, Prague, Sheffield, Southampton and Sydney.


title: Crich Tramway Village

text: The museum has about fifteen fully working tramcars. Every day that the museum is open, one to four of those trams are in service on the mile long line. There is also a 1969 Berlin tram that has been changed into an ""Access Tram"".


title: Crich Tramway Village

text: Many of the trams can be seen at the museum. Some, such as Blackpool Dreadnought 59 and Blackpool OMO 5, are stored in the Museum's depot at Clay Cross.


title: Crich Tramway Village

text: The museum has trams using four different types of operation – horse, steam, diesel and electricity. Electricity is used for most of the service trams and works cars, but for one weekend each year a horse tram runs. The museum has five horse trams, Leamington & Warwick 1, Chesterfield 8, Oporto 9, Sheffield 15 and Cardiff 21, but only Sheffield 15 is used. The rest are on display. The museum also has a steam tram engine on display.


title: Crich Tramway Village

text: Most systems have their overhead wire system built to operate with just one form of current collector (the part that gives the tram electricity). The museum has been built to use any of them, including trolley poles, bow collectors and pantographs. Conduit current collection is another form of current collection. Blackpool 4 uses this, and it was also used in London.


title: Agamy

text: Agamy is a relational model consisting of the non-pair formation, where there is no partner. It's the status of not engaging in relationships or marriages, sometimes not even in sexual reproduction.


title: Binary neural network

text: Binary neural network is an artificial neural network, where commonly used floating-point weights are replaced with binary ones.


title: Binary neural network

text: It saves storage and computation, and serves as a technique for deep models on resource-limited devices. Using binary values can bring up to 58 times speedup. Accuracy and information capacity of binary neural network can be manually controlled. Binary neural networks do not achieve the same accuracy as their full-precision counterparts, but improvements are being made to close this gap.


title: Flag of Switzerland

text: Switzerland’s national flag was adopted on December 12, 1889, which is one of the world’s oldest flags. The Flag of Switzerland is a red field, a white cross whose arms are one-sixth longer than their width. The relationship between the span of the cross and the width of the flag has not been established, but in practice the ratio is about 2:3 or 7:10.


title: Flag of Switzerland

text: The Swiss cross on a red field ultimately derives from a similar banner of the Holy Roman Empire, and thus has strong Christian connotations. The Swiss flag traditionally stands for freedom, honour and fidelity. The motto ""Honor et Fidelitas"" was inscribed on the cross of several Swiss mercenary flags of the 18th century. In modern times, through association with consistent Swiss policy, the flag has also come to mean neutrality, democracy, peace and refuge.


title: Ice giant

text: An ice giant is a huge planet made mostly of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. There are two known ice giants in the Solar System, Uranus and Neptune.


title: Ice giant

text: In astrophysics and planetary science the term "ice" refers to volatile chemical compounds with freezing points above about , such as water, ammonia, or methane, with freezing points of , respectively.


title: Ice giant

text: In the 1990s, it was realized that Uranus and Neptune are a distinct class of giant planet, different from the other giant planets, Jupiter and Saturn. They have become known as "ice giants". They were solids when the planets were stuck together during their formation. Today, little of the water in Uranus and Neptune is in the form of ice. Instead, the water is a supercritical fluid at the temperatures and pressures inside them.


title: Ice giant

text: Ice giants consist of only about 20% hydrogen and helium in mass, as opposed to the Solar System's gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, which are both more than 90% hydrogen and helium in mass.


title: Inland taipan

text: The inland taipan ("Oxyuranus microlepidotus"), also called the fierce snake or western taipan, is a snake in Australia. It is the most venomous snake on Earth. It belongs to the Elapidae family. Although it is venomous, the snake is rather shy, and prefers to escape from trouble.


title: Inland taipan

text: A bite from the inland taipan is fatal to most creatures. One bite from the snake contains enough venom to kill about 100 people at once, and it can kill someone in just 30 to 45 minutes.


title: Electrical resistance and conductance

text: Resistance, measured in ohms (symbolized by the Greek letter omega - Ω), is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit.


title: Electrical resistance and conductance

text: When an electron moves through a conductor like a meatal wire, is when an electric current would flow. Colliding of different moving ions in the metal makes it harder for current to flow which is what causes resistance.


title: Electrical resistance and conductance

text: The longer a wire is, the more resistance there is because of the amount of collisions within being more as they pass; this means that the relationship between the two are proportional.


title: Electrical resistance and conductance

text: On the other hand, the thinner a wire is, the more resistance. This is because of the space of the passing ions being less meaning the collisions increase. That makes them inversely proportional.


title: Electrical resistance and conductance

text: Resistance can be calculated by measuring current via an ammeter and potential difference via a voltmeter and using Ohm’s law.


title: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

text: Adopted on March 30, 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution granted African-American men the right to vote. It was one of the Reconstruction Amendments.


text: Nowhere in the original Constitution or the Bill of Rights were Americans given the right to vote. The Fifteenth Amendment gave African-American men the right to vote. But not until the 1960s did judicial interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment conclude the right to vote was a fundamental right of all citizens.


text: The reasons behind the omissions of voting rights in the Bill of Rights and Constitution is that including them would have been too controversial at the time. Each state had different rules for who could vote. Some allowed free blacks the right to vote. Others allowed women the right to vote. A few states required ownership of property in order to vote.


text: In the Election of 1868, Republican Party candidate, Ulysses S. Grant, won the presidency by only a narrow majority of the popular vote. He received support from free black voters in the South. Without that support, he probably would have lost the election. At the time blacks could not vote in the Northern states. The Republican party needed help to stay in power and thought that black votes would help. At the time Republicans controlled both the Senate and House. The proposed amendment was passed by Congress in 1869 and sent to the states for ratification. It was quickly ratified by three-quarters of the states in early 1870. Part of the reason why is that Republicans also controlled the state governments in the South. Southern Democrats were not able to block the measure.


text: After passage, the Fifteenth Amendment did not have much of any impact on black voting in the South for nearly a century. Southerners used various methods including terrorism, poll taxes and grandfather clauses to prevent blacks from voting. Congress and the Supreme Court repeatedly struck down voting restrictions. For example, in a landmark decision in "Smith v. Allwright" (1944), The Court decision made it unconstitutional to keep African-Americans from voting in a Democratic Party primary in Texas. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 which stated that all Americans had the right to vote, including African-Americans. But overcoming these problems on a case-by-case basis was proving to be unsuccessful. As soon as one form of discrimination was stopped, a new one appeared in its place. The Voting Rights Act of 1965, removed further barriers to minorities voting. It was amended five times by Congress to extend its protections as needed.


title: Minute Maid Park

text: Minute Maid Park is a baseball park in Houston, Texas. It is the home field of the Major League Baseball team called the Houston Astros.


title: Minute Maid Park

text: It was originally called Enron Field. After Enron dropped its naming rights, the ballpark was temporarily renamed Astros Field. The park was renamed again when Minute Maid bought the naming rights. Because the ballpark is small and cozy, it is sometimes called "The Juice Box".


title: Minute Maid Park

text: The stadium has a special roof which can be opened during nice weather and closed during rain. It also has a train above the outfield wall that moves on its track when the Astros get a home run.


title: Glaucous

text: Glaucous is a colour that is bluish-green or bluish-grey. In botany it refers to a pale bluish waxy or powdery layer on a surface such as a leaf or a fruit. In birds it refers to a pale bluish grey colour of the feathers, legs or some other part of the bird.


title: Glaucous

text: "Glaucous" appears in the name of some plants and birds. For example, - Glaucous Gull, "(Larus glaucescens)" or Glaucous Macaw, "(Anodorhynchus glaucus)". In botany there is the Glaucous Sedge, "(Carex flacca)" and the Glaucous Michelmas Daisy, "(Symphyotrichum laeve)".


title: Glaucous

text: Often grapes, plums and other fruit have a glaucous waxy or powdery layer on the surface of their skin. That layer protects the fruit from water. It can be easily rubbed off.


title: Troy Aikman

text: Troy Kenneth Aikman (born November 21, 1966 in West Covina, California) is a former American football quarterback for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League, and is now a television sportscaster for the Fox television network. He is also a shared owner of the NASCAR Nextel Cup racing team, Hall of Fame Racing, along with fellow former Cowboys quarterback, Roger Staubach. He was chosen for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006.


title: Matt Lucas

text: Matthew Richard Lucas (born 5 March 1974) is a British actor, comedian, and writer. He is best known for "Little Britain", a comedy sketch programme he and David Walliams wrote and performed.


title: Andrei Gusev

text: Andrei Gusev was born in former Soviet Union, in Moscow. His father Evgeny Gusev and mother Rosalind Maltseva were engineers. His father was born in Ukraine, his mother in Moscow.


title: Andrei Gusev

text: Andrei Gusev graduated the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute in 1975. He worked as a medical physicist more than ten years. Also he received a medical education. He is the author of 10 inventions, 23 published scientific works.


title: Andrei Gusev

text: In 1990 Andrei Gusev became a correspondent of the daily "Moskovskij Komsomolets". Later he worked as the special correspondent of the All-Russia "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" and an editor-in-chief deputy of the youth newspaper "Stupeni".


title: Andrei Gusev

text: Since 1993 Andrei Gusev serves as editor-in-chief of "The New Medical Gazette" (published in Russian).


title: Andrei Gusev

text: The first book of Andrei Gusev is "Presentation" (1993). Then he published "Mister Novelist" (1994), "With Chronos’ Permit" (1995), "The Russian Story" (1996) and also the story collection "On the Edge of Magellanic Clouds" (1998). He published his novels "The Painter & Eros" and "Role Plays" in 2003 and "The World According to Novikoff" in 2006.


title: Andrei Gusev

text: In his prose in 2010s Andrei Gusev developed the themes of BDSM subculture in Russia. Themes include female domination, bondage, erotic spanking and BDSM fiction.


title: Andrei Gusev

text: Andrei Gusev lives in Moscow. He was married twice and divorced twice. The first wife – Nina Guseva (nee Odnoletko), worked as a nurse; the second wife – Ivetta Sarkisyan, philologist by education. He has two daughters.


title: Qingdao

text: Qingdao is a Chinese city. It is an important seaport. The Tsingtao Brewery is the country's second largest brewery.


title: Terry Fox

text: Terrance Stanley Fox (July 28, 1958 – June 28, 1981) was a Canadian athlete and activist. He is best known for his run, called The Marathon of Hope, which started on April 12, 1980 in St. John's, Newfoundland. The purpose of it was to run across Canada (with the help of an artificial leg) to get people to give money to help cancer research. He lost one of his legs due to bone cancer when he was 18. He wanted to run until he got to Vancouver Island, which was on the other side of Canada from where he started. The goal of the run was to raise 1 million Canadian dollars for cancer research. It was later to raise one dollar for every person in Canada.


title: Terry Fox

text: Fox moved to Surrey, British Columbia in 1966 and to Port Coquitlam, British Columbia in 1968. He played basketball and did running for his high school. After he had to get his leg removed when he was 18, he kept running with a fake leg. Fox also played wheelchair basketball after he got his leg removed.


title: Terry Fox

text: Many people supported and helped him during his run. He ran about the distance of a marathon every day. On August 31, 1980 near the town of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Fox's cancer spread to his lungs. He had to stop running. Fox died on , in New Westminster, British Columbia. He died a month before his 23rd birthday.


title: Terry Fox

text: In Canada, he is considered a hero. Every year, there is the Terry Fox Run. It is a run that gives money to cancer research. As of September 2022, the run has given over 850 million Canadian dollars to cancer research.


title: Terry Fox

text: Shortly before his death, he was made a Companion in the Order of Canada. He is the youngest person in the country to be a Companion. There is a statue of him in Ottawa (Canada's capital city), near Parliament Hill. Several schools are named after him, such as the high school he went to. He has been put on the Canadian $1 coin.


title: Terry Fox

text: Terry Fox was born on July 28, 1958, in Winnipeg, Manitoba. His father worked for the Canadian National Railway. Fox had three siblings: an older brother named Fred, a younger brother named Darrell, and a younger sister named Judith. In 1966, they moved to Surrey, British Columbia. In 1968, they moved again to Port Coquitlam. The family stayed in Port Coquitlam.


title: Terry Fox

text: Fox did not like losing. He would keep doing something until he won. Fox wanted to join his school's basketball team, but had trouble because he was short. His coach told him to do cross-country running. Fox started running, and practiced playing basketball. He got better at basketball, and won an award for it when he was in high school. Fox went to Simon Fraser University after high school. He studied how the human body moves, because he wanted to teach physical education. Fox was on a basketball team for the university.


title: Terry Fox

text: On November 12, 1976, Fox was driving to Port Coquitlam when he crashed his car into a truck. He hurt his knee in the crash, but did not do anything about it until he stopped playing basketball in March. His knee started hurting more, so he went to a hospital. The doctors told him he had bone cancer in his knee. Fox thought that he got cancer because he hurt his knee in the crash. His doctors told him this was not true. He he had to have his leg cut off. He also needed chemotherapy. Fox got a metal leg so he could still walk. He was able to walk three weeks after his leg was removed, and had to do chemotherapy for sixteen months.


title: Terry Fox

text: In 1977, Rick Hansen asked Fox to join his wheelchair basketball team. Less than two months after learning how to play the sport, Fox played at the national championship for it. He won three national titles playing wheelchair basketball.


title: Terry Fox

text: The day before he got cancer surgery, Fox read about a man named Dick Traum. Dick Traum was the first amputee to finish the New York City Marathon. The story inspired Fox, and he practiced running for fourteen months. He told his family he wanted to run a marathon, but he actually wanted to run much longer. Fox was mad because cancer research did not get very much money. He wanted to run across Canada to get people to give money to cancer research. The only person he told this was his friend, Douglas Alward.


title: Terry Fox

text: Fox had to run in a special way because of his leg. He had to do small jumps on his real leg for each step so his fake leg would keep working. Practicing running was painful because Fox had to run this way. He noticed that after 20 minutes of running, he would get used to the pain and the running would hurt less.


title: Terry Fox

text: On September 2, 1979, Fox ran in a 17-mile (27 km) road race in Prince George, British Columbia. He was the last one to finish the race, but many people cheered for him when he finished. After the race, he told his family he wanted to run across Canada. His mother told him not to, and he got mad. She later supported Fox's run. Fox first wanted to get $1 million for cancer research. Later, he wanted to get $10 million, and then a dollar for every person who lived in Canada (24 million people).


title: Terry Fox

text: In October 1979, Fox wrote a letter to the Canadian Cancer Society. He told them about what he wanted to do, and asked them for money so he could start the run. He told them that he was going to finish the run, even if he had to "crawl every last mile". The Cancer Society did not know if he was going to finish the run, but they supported him once a doctor said that he was able to run. The left ventricle of Fox's heart was larger than normal. Doctors told Fox about the risks of the run, but did not think his heart was a problem. They supported his run when he told them he would stop running if he had heart problems.


title: Terry Fox

text: Fox wrote to many companies for money so he could do the run. He also wrote letters asking for money for a running leg. The Ford Motor Company gave him a camper van, and Imperial Oil gave him fuel for it. Adidas also gave him running shoes. Fox did not take money from companies that wanted him to advertise what they sold. He did not want anything except cancer research to get money from his run.


title: Terry Fox

text: The Marathon of Hope started on April 12, 1980. Fox started it when he put his fake leg into the Atlantic Ocean, on the coast of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. He also filled two bottles with water from the ocean. He wanted to keep one to remember the run, and pour the other into the Pacific Ocean when he finished in Victoria, British Columbia. Fox's friend, Douglas Alward, helped him by giving him food and driving the van.


title: Terry Fox

text: When he started the Marathon of Hope, Fox had to run through very bad weather. He ran through strong wind, rain, and snow before he got to Channel-Port aux Basques. The 10,000 people in the town cheered for him, and gave him $10,000. During the run, Fox got angry at people he thought were stopping him from running. He also got mad at Alward for other reasons. Fox's brother, Darrell, joined them when they got to Nova Scotia. This was so Fox would not get mad at Alward as much.When he ran through Quebec, Fox had many problems because he could not speak French. Many people driving cars also tried to get him off of the road. Fox got to Montreal on June 22. By the time he was in Montreal, people had given $200,000 to cancer research. The creator of Four Seasons Hotel and Resorts, Isadore Sharp, let Fox's group stay at his hotel and get food. He also said he would donate $2 for every mile Fox ran, and got almost 1,000 others to do this as well. This was because Sharp's son died of cancer, so he wanted Fox to finish his run. The Canadian Cancer Society told Fox that more people would donate to cancer research if he got to Ottawa on Canada Day (July 1). He stayed in Montreal for a few more days to do this.


title: Terry Fox

text: Fox came into Ontario on June 28. Many people were on the roads to cheer for him, and the Ontario Provincial Police protected him with police cars while he ran. Even though it was very hot, he still ran 26 miles (42 km) every day. When he got to Ottawa, he met Pierre Trudeau, the Prime Minister of Canada. He was also honored at many sports games in the city. He did a kickoff (kicking the ball from the middle of the field to start the game) at a Canadian Football League game. Fox was excited that he was being honored.


title: Terry Fox

text: On July 11, Fox ran to Toronto. 10,000 people were cheering for Fox when he came into the city. Darryl Sittler, a National Hockey League player, gave him one of his hockey jerseys while he was running. The Cancer Society got about $100,000 on July 11. He threw the first pitch at a baseball game between the Toronto Blue Jays and Cleveland Indians. He kept running through Ontario after leaving the city. Bobby Orr, a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame, met Fox and gave him $25,000 for cancer research. Fox thought meeting Orr was the best part of the run.


title: Terry Fox

text: Fox was getting more popular. The Cancer Society asked him to go to more events, and speak to more people. Fox tried to do as much as he could to raise money, even if it made him run more than he needed to. Newspapers like the "Toronto Star" started writing news about his personal life, which he did not like. Some newspapers wrote negative news about Fox, such as "The Globe and Mail" saying he was only running because a doctor did not give him the right diagnosis. Fox said this news was "trash".


title: Terry Fox

text: Fox did not stop running during the Marathon of Hope, except for when he took the break in Montreal. He even ran on his 22nd birthday. He often had pain in his lower legs, and got cysts on the end of his right leg. He also got dizzy many times. At one point, his ankle hurt for a long time. Fox thought that he fractured it, but he ran for three days until he went to a doctor. The doctor told him it was tendonitis (an injury in the tendon), and it could get better with painkillers. In late August, Fox said he was tired before he even started running each day. On September 1, outside Thunder Bay, Ontario, Fox stopped because he had pain in his chest. He kept running because people cheered him on. After running a few more miles, he still had chest pain, and had problems breathing. He asked Alward to drive him to a hospital. The next day, Fox told reporters that his cancer came back, and spread into his lungs. He ended the run early, after 143 days and 5,373 kilometres (3,339 mi). People wanted to run the rest of the marathon for Fox, but he told them not to. This was because he wanted to do it himself.


title: Terry Fox

text: People gave $1.7 million (equal to $5.7 million in 2022) to cancer research by the time he stopped running. A week after the run ended, CTV did a telethon (a television fundraiser) for Fox and the Canadian Cancer Society. It ended after five hours, and it got $10.5 million (equal to $35.5 million in 2022). The governments of British Columbia and Ontario gave $1 million to the fundraiser to help cancer research. People kept giving money during the winter. By April, people had given $23 million (equal to $77.9 million in 2022).


title: Terry Fox

text: In September 1980, Fox became a Companion of the Order of Canada. He is the youngest person to ever be a Companion. The Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia made him a member of the Order of the Dogwood. Fox won the Lou Marsh Award, which is an award given to Canada's best athlete every year.


title: Terry Fox

text: Fox did chemotherapy many times, but his cancer kept growing. Pope John Paul II sent a letter to Fox. It said that he was praying for him. Doctors started doing new types of treatment to try and find something that would stop the cancer. He went back to the hospital on June 19, 1981 because he had pneumonia.


title: Terry Fox

text: Fox went into a coma while he was in the hospital, and died on June 28, 1981. The Canadian government made all flags go to half-mast. This is done to honor somebody important who has died. 240 people went to his funeral in Port Coquitlam. The funeral was broadcasted on television. After he died, many Canadians gave more money to the Cancer Society.


title: Terry Fox

text: While Fox was running, Isadore Sharp told him that he should make a run that people can do to give money to cancer. Fox liked the idea, but said that the run should not be a competition. The Cancer Society did not want there to be a run, because they thought that a fundraiser in autumn would mean people were going to give less money to other cancer fundraisers. Sharp and the Fox family did the fundraiser anyways. The first Terry Fox Run was on September 13, 1981. There is one every year.


title: Terry Fox

text: Over 300,000 people went to the first Terry Fox Run. The first run made over $3.5 million, which was given to cancer research. People started doing the Terry Fox Runs in other countries. In 1999, 60 different countries had Terry Fox Runs. They raised $15 million in 1999. The Terry Fox Run is the world's largest one-day fundraiser for cancer research. As of May 2022, over $850 million has been given to cancer research because of the Terry Fox Run.


title: Terry Fox

text: Fox did not call himself disabled. He told a radio station that life was more "rewarding" since he lost his leg. His run helped change how Canadians look at disabled people. Fox's run also showed disability in a positive way.


title: Terry Fox

text: People have said that Fox's run has made the media focus on people with disabilities doing very large things, instead of looking at them do normal things. Others have also said the way the media showed Fox made it seem as if a disability was only a problem for the person with it, instead of it also being a problem based on how others look at people with disabilities.


title: David Caruso

text: David Stephen Caruso (born January 7, 1956) is an American movie and television actor, who is especially known by his acting in "NYPD Blue". He also performed in the 1995 movies "Kiss of Death" and "Jade". From 2002 to 2012, he starred on the TV series "" in the role of "Lieutenant Horatio Caine".


title: David Caruso

text: Caruso's parents were Italian-Irish. His mother Joan, was a librarian. His father, Charles Caruso, was an editor. His father left the family when he was two years old. He went to Our Lady Queen of Martyrs Catholic School in Forest Hills and afterward to Archbishop Molloy High School. He graduated in 1974.


title: David Caruso

text: He worked as an usher in cinemas. His role models were Humphrey Bogart, James Cagney and Edward G. Robinson.


title: David Caruso

text: His first film appearance was in the film "Getting Wasted" in the role of "Danny". Afterwards, he was in supporting roles like "First Blood", "An Officer and a Gentleman", "Blue City", "Thief of Hearts", "China Girl" and "Twins".


title: David Caruso

text: His first main role was on the TV series "NYPD Blue" as Detective "John Kelly" in 1993. He received a Golden Globe Award for this role.


title: David Caruso

text: Caruso was married three times and has three children. His first wife was Cheri Maugans. He was married from 1979 to 1984 with her. He married the American actress Rachel Ticotin in 1984. They got a daughter Greta, who was born on June 1, 1984. They separated in 1991. His third wife was Magaret Buckley. They was a pair from 1996 to 2004. He has two more children with his former ex-girlfriend Liza Marquez. His son Marquez Antonio was born on September 15, 2005 and his daughter Paloma was born on October 16, 2007.


title: First they came...

text: The poem First they came... was written by Martin Niemöller. It is a criticism of the way people in Nazi Germany did not stop the Nazi Party from treating other people poorly.


title: Scale model

text: A scale model is a copy of an object that is bigger or smaller than the real size of the object. Very often the scale model is smaller than the real object and used as a guide to making the object in full size. Scale models are made or collected for many reasons. You can also use it with math.


title: Newtonian telescope

text: A Newtonian telescope is a type of telescope that was invented by the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton. The telescope sends an image to the back of the tube and then reflects it off an angled mirror back up the tube. The image then goes into an eyepiece and into the person's eye. The eyepiece uses one or more lenses that are used to make the image larger.


title: Newtonian telescope

text: Early Newtonian telescopes were made for real science work. Now, "newtonians" are mostly used by amateur astronomers. The most popular type is the Dobsonian telescope, which is on a simple rockerbox mount. People like them because they are cheap to make and easy to use.


title: Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani

text: Muhammad b. al-Haj Nuh b. Nijati b. Adam al-Ishqudri al-Albani al-Arnauti (), also known as Albani (16 August 1914 – October 2, 1999), was a famous Islamic scholar. He was born in Shkodra, the old capital of Albania, in 1914 and moved as a child with his family to Damascus where he completed his early education and received rigorous tutelage in Arabic and Islamic studies by prominent scholars of that time. Meanwhile, he worked as a clock and watch repairer to help support his family. He was got King Faisal International Prize for Islamic Studies in 1999.


title: Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani

text: Shaikh Al-Albani started to specialize in Hadith and related subjects in the 1930s and by the age of 20; he transcribed and commented on Al-Hafez al-Iraqi’s monumental text “Al-Mughnee ‘an hamlil-Asfar,” followed by a series of other books, lectures and influential articles in Al-Manar magazine. It was not long before he surpassed all of his contemporaries to become the world’s leading authority in Hadith sciences. He wrote or edited more than 300 books and manuscripts, many of which became major references for Hadith scholars.


title: Deshret

text: Deshret was the name for the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. When joined with the Hedjet, the White Crown of Upper Egypt, it forms the Pschent. This double crown was called the "sekhemti" in ancient Egyptian. Deshret was also the name for the desert Red Land on either side of the Nile river.


title: Deshret

text: The Red Crown in Egyptian language hieroglyphs became the vertical letter "n" . The old "n" hieroglyph from the Predynastic Period, and the Old Kingdom was a sign showing ripples in water.


title: Deshret

text: In mythology, the earth god Geb, the first ruler of Egypt, gave Horus the power to rule over Lower Egypt. The Egyptian pharaohs, who saw themselves as successors of Horus, wore the deshret to show their authority over Lower Egypt. Other gods wore the "deshret" too, such as the protective serpent goddess Wadjet and the creator-goddess of Sais, Neith, who often is shown wearing the Red Crown.


title: Deshret

text: The Red Crown would later be joined with the White Crown of Upper Egypt to form the Double Crown. This was a symbol to show their rule over the whole country, which they called "The Two Lands".


title: Deshret

text: The Red Land, the deserts and foreign lands around Egypt, was ruled by Seth. The Egyptians saw it as a dangerous confusing place, without laws or any order.


title: Deshret

text: None of the red crowns have survived. It is not known how the crown was made or what materials were used. It could have been made from copper, reeds, cloth, or even leather.


title: Deshret

text: The Red Crown is often shown in texts, wall carvings and statues. An early example shows a victorious pharaoh wearing the "deshret" on the Narmer Palette. A text from the reign of Djer records a royal visit to the shrine of the Deshret which may have been at Buto in the Nile delta.


title: Deshret

text: No crown has ever been found buried with any of the pharaohs, even in tombs that have not been robbed. This suggests that the deshret was passed from one king to the next, much as in present day monarchies.


title: M42 motorway

text: The M42 is a motorway in the Midlands of England. It runs northeast from the M5 near Bromsgrove, Worcestershire to near Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire. It runs south of the West Midlands conurbation, going through Solihull and Birmingham Airport. Here, it crosses the M6 motorway. It then goes past Coleshill and then past Tamworth, before ending. At the end of the motorway, just south of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, it becomes the A42.


title: M42 motorway

text: The road was first built in the 1970s, and was built to make a motorway between the East and West Midlands. It is now also used as part of a ring road around Birmingham nicknamed the "Birmingham Box". It is made up of parts of the M5, M6, and M42 motorways.


title: Mailman

text: A mailman or mail carrier or postman is a person who brings people their postal mail. Normally he works for the post office of the respective country. Of course, there are also women doing this job. They are called mailwomen. For a layman, this occupation is called "letter carriers".


title: Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex

text: The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (or BMAC, also known as the Oxus civilization) is the modern archaeological name for a Bronze Age culture of Central Asia, dated to ca. 2300–1700 BCE. It was in present-day Turkmenistan, northern Afghanistan and northeastern Iran, southern Uzbekistan and western Tajikistan. Its sites were discovered and named by the Soviet archaeologist Viktor Sarianidi (1976). "Bactria" was the Greek name for the area of "Bactra" (modern Balkh), in what is now northern Afghanistan. "Margiana" was the Greek name for the Persian satrapy of Margu, in today's Turkmenistan.


title: Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex

text: Sarianidi's excavations from the late 1970s onward many buildings in many sites. Reports on the BMAC were mostly in Soviet journals, until the last years of the Soviet Union. The findings were unknown to the West until Sarianidi's work was translated in the 1990s.


title: Anthony Blunt

text: Anthony Frederick Blunt (26 September 1907 – 26 March 1983), styled Sir Anthony Blunt KCVO from 1956 to 1979, was a British art historian and spy. In 1964, he confessed to having been a spy for the Soviet Union and was part of the spy group the Cambridge Five.


title: Anthony Blunt

text: Blunt was the "fourth man" of the Cambridge Five, a group of Cambridge-educated spies working for the Soviet Union from some time in the 1930s to at least the early 1950s.


title: Anthony Blunt

text: The height of his spying was during World War II, when he passed intelligence to the Soviet Union. His confession was a closely guarded secret for years. It was revealed by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in November 1979. He was stripped of his knighthood immediately.


title: Anthony Blunt

text: Blunt was professor of art history at the University of London, director of the Courtauld Institute of Art, and Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures.


title: Stepanakert

text: Stepanakert () or Khankendi () is a city in Nagorno-Karabakh, legally in Azerbaijan, but militarily controlled by the Armenian forces as the capital city of the unrecognised Republic of Artsakh (also known as Nagorno-Karabakh Republic). The city has about 40,000 Armenians. The entire Azerbaijani population left the city during the Nagorno-Karabakh War and it is currently populated fully by Armenians.


title: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

text: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is the seventh and last book in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series. The book was released worldwide on 21 July 2007. It became the fastest-selling book ever, with 8.3 million copies sold in the United States during the first 24 hours.


title: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

text: This book is about Harry Potter, the main character of the book series, going on a journey to destroy horcruxes made by the villain of the series, Voldemort.


title: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

text: The movie was to be released in 2010, but on 8 March 2008, it was announced that the movie will be split into two parts; part one was released on 19 November 2010 and part two was released on 15 July 2011.


title: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

text: In Harry potter and the Deathly hallows, Harry and Hermione visit Lily and James Potter's graves. Ron has left Harry and Hermione for a while. At the end Voldemort is finally dead once and for all. Nineteen years later Harry marries Ginny Weasley and Hermione marries Ron Weasley. They all live happily, knowing nothing can harm them now.


title: Megabat

text: Megabats are also called Old World fruit bats. They are the suborder Megachiroptera, family Pteropodidae of the order Chiroptera (bats).


title: Megabat

text: These fruit bats are flying mammals that live in dense forests in Africa, Europe, Australia, and Asia. There are about 166 species of fruit bats. Fruit bats are sometimes known as flying foxes. These bats live in huge colonies, known as "camps." These nocturnal (most active at night) animals rest during the day while hanging upside down from their feet.


title: Megabat

text: As fruit bats fly from plant to plant getting food, they also pollinate the plants they visit. In addition, they disperse the plants' seeds as they eat. Many plants, including some avocados, dates, mangos, and peaches, are dependent on these bats for either pollination or seed dispersal.


title: Megabat

text: Fruit bats mostly eat fruit juice and flower nectar. They chew the fruit, then spit out the seeds, peel, and pulp. Fruit bats, like other Megachiropteran bats, use the sense of smell to find their food, fruit and/or nectar. Although they have large eyes and can see well, fruit bats do not use sight as their primary sense. Fruit bats eat other things too.


title: Megabat

text: The first recorded human outbreak of Ebola virus was in 1976, but the source of the virus is still unknown. Recent tests have shown that some species of fruit bats collected during Ebola outbreaks show the bats have the virus, but do not show any signs of it. Further studies also show that Ebola can reproduce in fruit bats and other bats in the 'Tadarida' genus. This could mean that the bats are the source of the virus. The Marburg virus, which is related to Ebola, has also been found in fruit bats in Uganda.


title: Megabat

text: Another explanation is that fruit bats could be an intermediate host because of the uncertainty that fruit bats are the index case for Ebola. It is also important to note that certain species of fruit bats in Africa are immune to the Ebola virus and that their DNA or RNA are similar to the Zaire Ebola virus. This could explain the spread to humans since people in that region tend to eat fruit bats.


title: Megabat

text: Flying foxes in Australia are known to carry two infections which can pose a serious risk to human health - Australian bat lyssavirus and hendra virus ("Henipavirus"). These bat-borne diseases, unique to Queensland, are among the deadliest viruses in the Western world. Although rare, these illnesses continue to mystify medical professionals. These bat-borne diseases are almost always fatal. Human infections with these viruses are fortunately very rare.


title: Megabat

text: Hendra virus is a virus that mainly infects megabats (large fruit bats, or ‘flying foxes’) which can be passed on to horses. Like ebola and marburg, hendra is a haemorrhagic fever with high to very high mortality (50-90%). Both ebola and marburg virus have been associated with megabats as infectious vectors.


title: Megabat

text: It is thought that horses contract the Hendra virus by ingesting food or water contaminated with infected megabat body fluids and excretions. The virus can be deadly to both humans and horses. When there is no handling or direct physical contact with flying foxes, there is negligible public health risk.


title: Megabat

text: So far more than half of all people who have contracted Hendra virus died within six weeks, however there have been no survivors of a second Queensland bat-borne disease. In 1994 lyssavirus - a close relative of rabies virus - was first discovered in a flying fox showing symptoms near Ballina, NSW (which lies on the border with Queensland). Lyssavirus has killed the only three people to have ever contracted it.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a book written by Mark Twain, published in 1876. There is also a sequel, the "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn".


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: It is the story about the boy Tom Sawyer who lives in America in the first half of the 19th century, and his everyday life has awsome adventures.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: Tom Sawyer is 12 years old and lives with his Aunt Polly, his half-brother Sid and his cousin Mary in St.Petersburg, a small town along the Mississippi River.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: Because Tom went to school and made his clothes dirty in a fight, he gets punished and he had to whitewash the fence. Because he does not want to do this, he tells some boys what a “pleasure” it is to do the work. His plan works and the boys even pay him for this.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: As the story goes on, Tom falls in love with Becky Thatcher, the Judge’s daughter. He convinces her to get “engaged” to him but when she finds out that she is not the first girl he is engaged to, she breaks up with him.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: One night, Tom goes with Huckleberry Finn, the town drunk’s son, to the graveyard to try out a “cure” for warts. When they arrive there at midnight, they see Injun Joe murdering Dr. Robinson. The murderer blames his drunken companion Muff Potter for committing the crime and in addition to that, Injun Joe’s accomplice gets arrested the next day. Because Tom and Huck are afraid of him, they swear not to tell anybody about what they have seen.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: Some days later, Tom, Huck and their friend Joe Harper run away to an uninhabited island on the Mississippi. They want to become pirates there. The boys are having a great time there and do not care about their families and friends. After some days, their families search their bodies in the river because they think the boys are drowned. Because Tom wants more information, he returns home without being seen and overhears his aunt and some other people from town talk about the boys’ funeral. Afterwards he goes back to the island to tell his friends about his idea to return home at their funeral. Huck and Joe are convinced that this will be a big surprise and agree. As they expect, everybody is surprised and happy that they are back. After their return all classmates admire them.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: After this incident, Becky is interested in Tom again and they continue where their relationship first ended.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: Then the trial of Cheyenne Frazier started. At this moment, Tom feels guilty for not telling the truth. So he tells that Injun Joe is the real murderer but he does not mention that Huck also saw the crime. After this, Muff Potter comes free and Injun Joe flees through a window. Now, Tom is afraid that Injun Joe could kill him.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: Sometime later, Tom and Huck see Injun Joe and his companion when they find a box full of gold coins in the “haunted house”. The boys follow him to see where they hide the treasure but it does not work. When they find out that Injun Joe hangs out in a room in the “Temperance Tavern”, Huck shadows the murderer each night.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: One night, Tom and Becky go on a picnic with their classmates to McDougal’s cave. Both told their families that they spend the night at a friend’s house because they want to stay the night together. Later that night, they separate from the others and get lost in the cave. Nobody notices that they are gone, so their families miss them just the next morning.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: The same night, Huck follows Injun Joe who hides the box of gold. Huck hears him and his companion talking that they want to kill the widow Douglas. Afterwards, he goes to the Welshman who helps to chase the criminals away.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: In the meantime, Tom sees a person in the cave and first thinks of help, but it turns out that it is Injun Joe. He does not tell Becky about that and after a long time Tom finds a small hole where they can escape.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: After some days, Tom wants to visit Becky and her father tells him that the hole has been closed. The boy tells the Judge that he saw Injun Joe inside the cave. So the townspeople go to the cave where they find the dead body of Injun Joe.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: Tom shows Huck the hole where he got out of the cave and both search and finally really find the treasure inside.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: In the end, the Widow Douglas adopts Huck Finn. First Huck does not like it but Tom tells him that he can just join his robber band if he stays. Finally, Huck agrees.


title: Mast

text: The mast of a sailing ship is a tall vertical pole which supports the sails. Larger ships have several masts, with the size depending on the style of ship.


title: Mast

text: Until the 20th century, a ship's masts would be wooden spars, originally constructed from a single straight tree trunk. As ship sizes increased, taller masts were constructed by lashing up to three spars together.


title: Little Big

text: Little Big is a Russian rave/pop punk musical group. It exists since 2013 and was created by musician and videoblogger Ilya "Ilyich" Prusikin and music producer Alina Pyasok. As of 2020, there are four members in the musical group: vocalists Ilya Prusikin, Sofya Tayurskaya, and Anton Lissov, and backup vocalist, DJ and arranger Sergey Makarov.


title: Little Big

text: Little Big is known for its provocative and grotesque musical videos, in which the band are often making fun of national stereotypes about Russia. Almost all of videos were very successful by numbers of views at YouTube, the most known among them are ”Skibidi” and ”Faradenza” (both 2018), which as of March 2020 have been viewed 532 million times and 321 million times, respectively.


title: Little Big

text: They are sometimes called ‘Russia's Die Antwoord’. Together with a very few bands, such as t.A.T.u, Pussy Riot and maybe some other lesser-known examples, Little Big are among those bands from Russia which enjoy success around the world.


title: Little Big

text: They should have represented Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 in the Dutch city of Rotterdam with the song ”Uno”, but the contest was cancelled because of COVID-19.


title: Josep Borrell

text: Josep Borrell i Fontelles (born 24 April 1947 in La Pobla de Segur, Lleida) is a Spanish politician. He was President of the European Parliament from 20 July 2004 until 16 January 2007.


title: Parallel postulate

text: In geometry the parallel postulate is one of the axioms of Euclidean geometry. Sometimes it is also called Euclid's fifth postulate, because it is the fifth postulate in Euclid's Elements.


title: Parallel postulate

text: "If you cut a line segment with two lines, and the two interior angles the lines form add up to less than 180°, then the two lines will eventually meet if you extend them long enough."


title: Parallel postulate

text: The field of geometry which follows all of Euclid's axioms is called Euclidean geometry. Geometries which do not follow all of Euclid's axioms are called non-Euclidean geometry.


title: Parallel postulate

text: Some mathematicians thought that Euclid's fifth postulate was much longer and more complicated than the other four postulates.


title: Parallel postulate

text: Many of them thought that it could be proven from the other simpler axioms. Those who tried to do it included Omar Khayyám, and later Giovanni Gerolamo Saccheri, John Wallis, Lambert, and Legendre. Some mathematicians announced that they had proven the proposition from the simpler propositions, but they all turned out to be mistaken.


title: Parallel postulate

text: Another more recent proposition known as "Playfair's axiom" is similar to Euclid's fifth postulate. It says that:


title: Parallel postulate

text: "Given a straight line and a point not on this line, you can only draw one straight line through this point that will not meet the other straight line."


title: Parallel postulate

text: In fact, mathematicians found out that this axiom is not only similar to Euclid's fifth postulate, but has exactly the same implications. Mathematically, the two propositions are called 'equivalent' propositions. Today Playfair's axiom is used more often by mathematicians than Euclid's original parallel postulate.


title: Parallel postulate

text: Eventually some mathematicians tried to build new geometries without using the axiom. One kind of Non-Euclidean geometry is called elliptic geometry. In elliptic geometry the parallel postulate is replaced by an axiom that states that:


title: Parallel postulate

text: "Given a straight line and a point not on this line, you cannot draw a straight line through this point that will not eventually cross the other straight line."


title: Parallel postulate

text: Mathematicians found that when they replaced Euclid's fifth postulate with this axiom, they were still able to prove many of Euclid's other theorems. One way to imagine elliptic geometry is by thinking of the surface of a globe. On a globe, lines of longitude appear to be parallel at the equator, but they all meet at the poles. Late in the 19th century, elliptic geometry was shown to be consistent. This proved that Euclid's fifth postulate was not independent of the other postulates. After this, mathematicians mostly stopped trying to prove the fifth postulate from the other four postulates. Instead, many mathematicians began studying other geometries that do not follow Euclid's fifth postulate.


title: Parallel postulate

text: "Given a straight line and a point not on this line, you can draw at least two straight lines through this point that will not eventually cross the other straight line."


title: Parallel postulate

text: Another geometry simply removes Euclid's fifth postulate and does not replace it with anything. This is called "neutral geometry" or "absolute geometry".


title: Jacob Rees-Mogg

text: Jacob William Rees-Mogg (born 24 May 1969) is a British politician who was Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy in the government of Liz Truss from 6 September to 25 October 2022. He was Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council in the government of Boris Johnson from 24 July 2019 to 8 February 2022. He is a Member of Parliament (MP) for North East Somerset since 2010. He is a member of the Conservative Party. He has been seen as socially conservative. In 2022, he became the Minister of State for Brexit Opportunities and Government Efficiency in the Boris Johnson government.


title: BMW Z4

text: The BMW Z4 is a rear-wheel drive sports car by the German car maker BMW. It is part of a line of past BMW roadsters such as the BMW Z1, BMW 507, BMW Z8, and the BMW Z3. The Z4 replaces the Z3. First generation production started in 2002 to replace the BMW Z3 introduced in 1995, at a plant in Greer, South Carolina, of BMW US. Both roadster and coupe versions of the car were made.


title: BMW Z4

text: The Z4’s body dimensions were larger and its wheelbase was longer and wider. The suspension was also upgraded to be stiffer and the car was equipped with a sport package which firmed up the steering.


title: BMW Z4

text: When it came out, it won "Automobile" magazine's "Design of the Year Award". With the 2009 model year, BMW started making the second-generation Z4 at BMW's Regensburg, Germany plant as a retractable hardtop roadster. In 2009, the BMW Z4 II won the Red Dot Design Award.


title: Irish dance

text: Irish dancing is an "ancient" art of dancing from Ireland. There are two main forms of dancing, the social dances where everyone can join in, and the dances performed for an audience. There are five main types of steps in Irish dancing. These are reels, jigs, slip jigs, hornpipes, and treble jigs. Irish dancing is a fun art and sport. There are two versions of dances; hardshoe and softshoe.


title: Irish dance

text: Irish dancing, popularized in 1994 by the world famous show Riverdance, is notable for its rapid leg and foot movements, arms stationary at the dancers' sides.


title: Leap year starting on Monday

text: This article describes any leap year starting on Monday. Examples include 1912, 1940, 1968, 1996, 2024, 2052, and 2080 in the Gregorian calendar, which is used in most of the world.


title: Leap year starting on Monday

text: This leap year is one of three leap years that have two Friday the 13ths, the other two being Leap year starting on Wednesday and Leap year starting on Thursday. The Friday the 13ths in this leap year are in September and December. This characteristic is shared with a Common year starting on Tuesday.


title: Leap year starting on Monday

text: In this leap year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on its earliest possible date, January 15, Valentine’s Day is on a Wednesday, Presidents Day is on February 19, the leap day, February 29, is on a Thursday, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Sunday, Mother’s Day is on May 12, Memorial Day is on May 27, Father’s Day is on June 16, Independence Day is on a Thursday, Labor Day is on September 2, Columbus Day is on its latest possible date, October 14, Halloween is on a Thursday, Veterans Day is on a Monday, Thanksgiving is on its latest possible date, November 28, and Christmas is on a Wednesday.


title: P. J. Kennedy

text: Patrick Joseph "P. J." Kennedy (January 14, 1858 – May 18, 1929) was an American businessman and politician. Kennedy was a major figure in the Democratic Party in Boston. He was the father of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. (1888-1969) and the grandfather of President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963).


title: P. J. Kennedy

text: The son of Irish immigrants, he was the only surviving male in the family after two outbreaks of Cholera. He started work at fourteen as a stevedore in the docks. Kennedy owned three saloons and a whisky import house, and eventually had major interests in coal and banking. He moved successfully into politics, as a sociable man able to mix comfortably with both the Irish and the Protestant elite, and he sat in the Massachusetts House of Representatives and in the Massachusetts Senate. His particular talent was for the behind-the-scenes machinations for which Boston politics became so notorious.


title: P. J. Kennedy

text: P. J. was the youngest of five children born to Irish Catholic immigrants Patrick Kennedy (1823–1858) and Bridget Murphy (1821–1888), who were both from New Ross, County Wexford, and married in Boston on September 26, 1849. The couple's elder son, John, had died of cholera in infancy two years before P. J. was born. Ten months after P. J.'s birth, his father Patrick also succumbed to the infectious cholera epidemic that infested the family's East Boston neighborhood. As the only surviving male, P. J. was the first Kennedy to receive a formal education. His mother Bridget had purchased an East Boston stationery and notions store where she had worked. The business took off and expanded into a grocery and liquor store.


title: P. J. Kennedy

text: At the age of fourteen, P. J. left school to work with his mother and three older sisters, Mary, Joanna, and Margaret, as a stevedore on the Boston Docks. In the 1880s, with money he had saved from his modest earnings, he launched a business career by buying a saloon in Haymarket Square downtown. In time, he bought a second establishment by the East Boston docks. Next, to capitalize on the social drinking of upperclass Boston, Kennedy purchased a third bar in an upscale East Boston hotel, the Maverick House. Before he was thirty, his growing prosperity allowed him to buy a whiskey-importing business. By the time he died in 1929, Kennedy held an interest in a coal company and a substantial amount ofstock in a bank, the Columbia Trust Company. His wealth afforded his family of one son and two daughters an attractive home on Jeffries Point in East Boston.


title: P. J. Kennedy

text: Kennedy was "always ready to help less fortunate fellow Irishmen with a little cash and some sensible advice." He enjoyed the approval and respect of most folks in East Boston, living on the hill of a mixed Boston neighborhood of upscale Irish and Protestant elite. Beginning in 1884, he converted his popularity into five consecutive one-year terms in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, followed by three two-year terms in the Massachusetts Senate. Establishing himself as one of Boston's principal Democratic leaders, he was invited to give one of the seconding speeches for Grover Cleveland at the party's 1888 national convention in St. Louis. However, he found campaigning, speech making, and legislative maneuvering, to be less appealing than the behind-the-scenes machinations that characterized so much of Boston politics in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. After leaving the Senate in 1895, Kennedy spent his political career as an appointed elections commissioner, an appointed fire commissioner, as the backroom boss of Boston's Ward Two, and as a member of his party's unofficial Board of Strategy.


title: P. J. Kennedy

text: On November 23, 1887, he married Mary Augusta Hickey (1857-1923), daughter of James Hickey and Margaret Martha Field. P. J. and Mary had four children:


title: Mons Meg

text: Mons Meg is a mediaeval bombard made in 1449. It is now at Edinburgh Castle, Scotland. In contrast to modern shells, which are explosive, these older cannons fired solid balls. Mons Meg fired balls of iron.


title: P. A. Sangma

text: Purno Agitok (P. A.) Sangma (1 September 1947 – 4 March 2016) was an Indian politician. He was born in Assam, India. He served as the Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 1996 to 1998 and Chief Minister of Meghalaya from 1988 to 1990.


title: Mons Meg

text: It seems, from the accounts of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, that it was made to his order around 1449 and sent as a gift eight years later to King James II of Scotland, with other artillery supplies. Mons Meg weighs , is in length, and has a calibre of . The final cost of the gun was £1,536. 2s.


title: Mons Meg

text: The bombard was made from long bars of iron, hooped with rings and fused into one mass. The Duke's artillery maker constructed it, and it was tested at Mons, Wallonia, in June 1449. The Duke did not take delivery until 1453. The Duke decided to help the Scots against the English, and sent it to James II. James imported a lot of artillery from continental Europe during his reign. He used it against his enemies in Scotland, such as the Earl of Douglas. James died as a result of an exploding cannon used in the siege of Roxburgh Castle in 1460.


title: Mons Meg

text: Another story suggests Mons Meg was made in order to help James II in the 1452 siege of Threave Castle in Kirkcudbright, when the Clan MacLellan used it to batter the castle. This version has little support.


title: Mons Meg

text: The calibre cannon accepted balls that weighed about . It could only be fired 8-10 times a day due to the tremendous heat generated by the huge powder charge. In early years the gun, like the other royal cannon, was painted with red-lead to keep it from rusting. This cost 30 shillings in June 1539.


title: Mons Meg

text: From the 1540s Meg was retired from active service and was fired only on ceremonial occasions from Edinburgh Castle, from where shot could be found up to two miles away. When Mons was fired on 3 July 1558, workmen were paid to find and retrieve the shot from Wardie Mure, near the River Forth. The salute marked the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to the French Dauphin.


title: Mons Meg

text: The gun was fired in 1680 to celebrate the arrival of James, Duke of Albany and York, later King James II of England and VII of Scotland. The barrel burst. An English cannoneer had loaded the charge and many Scots believed that the damage was done on purpose, since the English had no cannon as big as this. The incident was also seen as a bad omen for the future King.


title: Mons Meg

text: The cannon was left outside Foog's Gate at Edinburgh Castle. It was next taken, with other disused ordnance, to the Tower of London in 1754, but was returned to the Castle in 1829, after a campaign by the author Sir Walter Scott. It was restored, and now sits outside St. Margaret's Chapel.


title: Michigan International Speedway

text: The Michigan International Speedway (or MIS) is a two-mile (3.22 km) long racetrack. It contains more than 1,400 acres, near Brooklyn, Michigan. The track is used mostly for NASCAR events. It is sometimes known as the "sister track" of Texas World Speedway. Construction for the track began on September 28, 1967, and opened October 13, 1968 with budget of around $4–6 million.


title: Rete testis

text: Rete testis is a network of small tubules found in the part of the testicle that carries sperm. They can sometimes get cysts.


title: Michigan International Speedway

text: Michigan is now one of the fastest tracks in NASCAR due to its wide, sweeping corners and long straightaways. It normal speeds of more than 190 mph, but corner entry speeds easily pass 200 mph (~320 Km/h).


title: Rete testis

text: The rete testis have concentrated sperm and fluid in them, and they help the epididymis to absorb this fluid. If the fluid is not absorbed, the person can be infertile.


title: Pakdam Pakdai

text: Pakdam Pakdai (), also known as Rat-A-Tat (for the English-language release), is an Indian Flash-animated comedy television series, formerly on Nickelodeon India and currently airing on Sonic Nickelodeon. The series is an adaptation of a 1998 french animated series, "Oggy and the Cockroaches" by Jean-Yves Raimbaud and Xilam, likely due to licensing issues and the show's immense popularity in India.


title: Pakdam Pakdai

text: The show began airing on 27 May 2013 to present. It now telecasts 585 episodes on Sonic Nickelodeon. Some aspects of the series are based on several Indian dubs of "Oggy and the Cockroaches", which added dialogue parodying Bollywood actors and filmmakers including a narrator (unlike the French series' German dub) based on Nana Patekar, some of which even localized character names. "Pakdam Pakdai" is narrated by Nana, the eponymous narrator. Worldwide releases of the show, however, omit these in favor of silent comedy.


title: Pakdam Pakdai

text: The main cast are inspired by "Oggy"s notable characters, for the first three seasons. They later introduce Betty, who is Olivia's counterpart. The character's names were changed to be more American-sounding for international versions.


title: Michelle Von Emster case

text: Michelle von Emster (died 1994) was a 25-year-old woman who was fatally attacked by an unknown person. She died off the coast of San Diego, California at night. Soon after, two surfers found her body. Her right leg was missing from her mid thigh, and there were tear marks all over her body, suggesting to investigators that she had been attacked by a great white shark. In addition, she had sand in her stomach and other organs, and her neck was broken.


title: Michelle Von Emster case

text: In addition, when experts were later shown the body, some claimed the injuries did not match the measurements of a great white shark.


title: Palestine Liberation Organization

text: The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is a group that works to create a state for Palestinians. The group was created in 1964. It represents Palestinians in diplomatic relations to other countries. It has held observer status at the United Nations since 1974.


title: Palestine Liberation Organization

text: The PLO has used violence to try to obtain their goals, namely reclaiming land from the Israelis that they lost in the Arab-Israeli War in 1948. The PLO wants the right of return for Palestinian refugees. There were many cases of fighting between the PLO and the Israeli army.


title: Palestine Liberation Organization

text: There are two factions in the organization: Fatah and Hamas. From 1993 to 1998, the PLO made agreements with Israel that created the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). The PNA is in charge of governing Gaza and the West Bank. The leader of the PLO at the time was Yasser Arafat. He signed a series of peace treaties called the Oslo Accords with Yitzhak Rabin who was the Prime Minister of Israel at the time. Many politicians in the PLO and Israel did not agree with the Accords. Far right Israeli Yigal Amir who disagreed very much with the agreements killed Israeli prime minister Rabin.


title: Palestine Liberation Organization

text: Mahmoud Abbas has been leading the PLO as successor of Arafat since 29 October 2004 (acting until 11 November 2004).


title: Amputation

text: Amputation is the act of cutting off a part of the human body, sometimes because of medical reasons. In some countries, amputation of the hands, feet or other body parts was used as a form of punishment for people who committed crimes. A person who has had an arm or leg removed is known as an amputee.


title: Projectile

text: A projectile is something that is sent flying through the air, usually as a weapon. Any solid object that is thrown or fired out of something is a projectile. For example, an arrow fired from a bow, a bullet, or even a rock from a slingshot are all projectiles.


title: Projectile

text: Projectile weapons have been used for a long time. Bows and slingshots are very old weapons that were used hundreds of years ago. Now most countries use projectile weapons instead of melee weapons like swords. This is because modern projectile weapons such as guns, rocket launchers, and artillery cannons can shoot at long ranges and are usually more deadly than melee weapons.


title: Orion (spacecraft)

text: Orion is a spacecraft built by Lockheed Martin for NASA. Each Orion spacecraft will be able to carry up to six astronauts. The Orion vehicle will be launched on the Space Launch System. The first launch (Exploration Flight Test-1) was on the Delta IV Heavy.


title: Orion (spacecraft)

text: Orion will launch from Launch Complex 39B at Kennedy Space Center, the same launch site used by the Space Shuttle and the Saturn V. Orion is meant to take humans to the Moon and Mars.


title: Orion (spacecraft)

text: Orion was first made for the Constellation program in 2004, as the Orion CEV (Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle). It was meant to be launched on the Ares I rocket. Then it would be able to go to the International Space Station. It was also planned to go to a spacecraft launched in pieces on different Ares V rockets, and the spacecraft with the Orion would go to the Moon, Mars, or another place.