title: Poisson's ratio

text: Poisson's ratio (letter "v") is a measure of the contraction that happens when an object is stretched. It is named after Siméon Denis Poisson. This contraction is perpendicular to the stretching force. It can also expand as the object is compressed in a perpendicular direction.


title: King's College, Cambridge

text: King's College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is a very famous college because it is very old and it has a world-famous choir.


title: Sachet d'épices

text: A sachet d'épices is a small cheesecloth sack containing herbs and spices. It is used to add flavor to stocks, soups and sauces. It means "small bag of spices" in French.


title: The Emperor's New School

text: The Emperor's New School is an animated television series based on the Disney animated movie "The Emperor's New Groove". It focuses on Kuzco studying for school. It ran from 2006 to 2008 on Disney Channel.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: For example, if a block is being stretched as shown in the image to the right, the equation for the poisson's ratio will be:


title: King's College, Cambridge

text: The college was founded in 1441. Its full name is "The King's College of Our Lady and St. Nicholas in Cambridge". The students at the university usually just call it "King's".


title: Sachet d'épices

text: It is often simply called a "sachet". It is used like a "bouquet garni", but a sachet's ingredients are inside a cheesecloth while a "bouquet garni" is not. This means that spices such as whole peppercorns and dried herbs, which cannot be used in a "bouquet garni", can go in a sachet.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: Poisson's ratio ranges from 0.0-0.5 for common materials, though for materials with certain structures, can be as low as -1. A material with a Poisson's ratio close to 0 (like cork) can be stretched a lot in the axial direction without changing much at all in the transverse, where as pulling on a material with a high Poisson's ratio (like rubber) will cause it to become much more narrow. A material with a negative Poisson's ratio will expand in all directions as it is stretched.


title: King's College, Cambridge

text: King's was founded in 1441 by King Henry VI. At first the college was going to be quite small, but by 1445 the college was going to be a magnificent building to show how important the king was. The king gave the college a lot of money for several feudal privileges.


title: King's College, Cambridge

text: King Henry VI had admired what William of Wykeham had done when founding the twin colleges of New College, Oxford and Winchester College in 1379. He copied a lot of Wykeham's ideas when building King's and Eton College. These colleges still have the same tie as part of their uniform.


title: King's College, Cambridge

text: Originally, the college was just for boys from Eton College. It was not until 1865 that other people could study there. King's does not have any strong connection now with Eton, although there is still a scholarship for a student from Eton to study at King's.


title: King's College, Cambridge

text: Although building began in 1441, the project was interrupted by wars and it was not until 1544 that the inside was finished.


title: King's College, Cambridge

text: Henry VI is still remembered at the College: each year, on the Saturday after the end of Autumn Term (which in Cambridge is called the "Michaelmas term"), is Founder's Day. It begins with a service in the chapel: the "Founder's Eucharist". This is followed by a Founder's Breakfast with ale and finally a big dinner called "Founder's Feast" to which all members of College in their last year of studies are invited.


title: King's College, Cambridge

text: The College Chapel is built in the style of late Gothic architecture. It was built over a period of a hundred years (1446–1531) in three stages. The Chapel has the world's largest fan vault, stained glass windows, and the painting ""The Adoration of the Magi"" by Rubens.


title: King's College, Cambridge

text: Many concerts and college events take place here. The world-famous Chapel choir consists of choral scholars (male students from the college) and choristers (boys educated at the nearby King's College School). The choir sings services on most days in term-time, and also performs concerts and makes recordings and broadcasts. Every Christmas it sings the service called Nine Lessons and Carols which is shown on BBC television as well as heard on the radio.


title: King's College, Cambridge

text: The Chapel is so famous that it is seen as a symbol of Cambridge, and appears on the logo of the city council.


title: King's College, Cambridge

text: Nearly all subjects that can be studied at Cambridge can be studied at King's. There is a big library which includes some rare books and manuscripts.


title: King's College, Cambridge

text: Traditionally students have come from independent schools (so-called "public schools"), but today the college has gradually started to include many students from state schools.


title: King's College, Cambridge

text: As with all Cambridge colleges King's has its own student unions both for undergraduates and for graduates.


title: King's College, Cambridge

text: The student union has a long record of activism. In the 1980s a long strike against the college's investment in apartheid South Africa was organised.


title: King's College, Cambridge

text: The Cellar Bar is a small room in the basement of the college, which is used for music. The main bar at King's is far older. The bar has been traditionally painted a socialist red, including a picture of a hammer and sickle. In 2004 it was redecorated, with the walls painted yellow and the overall décor lightened. A hammer and sickle survives in a frame on the wall. There is a lot of argument about this. King's also has a Coffee Shop next to the bar. A Vacation Bar, or "vac bar", also is sometimes open during the summer vacation, run by (and mainly for) the graduate students who stay in College throughout the year.


title: King's College, Cambridge

text: Most Cambridge colleges celebrate May Week with a May Ball (which actually falls in June), but since the early 1980s King's has instead held a June Event (a more informal version of a May Ball) which they call King's Affair. The reason they have a different event from other colleges is because many students who were not invited used to forced their way into the party (so-called "gatecrashing"). A ticket usually costs around £60 which is cheap compared to the May Ball tickets for other colleges which can cost up to £200.


title: King's College, Cambridge

text: Once someone has been admitted to the College, they become a member for life. For this reason, King's alumni (people who used to go there) are referred to as 'Non Resident Members'.


title: Vera Bergkamp

text: Vera Alida Bergkamp (born 1 June 1971) is a Dutch politician. She is a member of Democrats 66 (D66) and has been president of the House of Representatives since April 2021.


title: Vera Bergkamp

text: Bergkamp studied human resource management at the Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences and public administration and political science at the Free University Amsterdam.


title: Vera Bergkamp

text: She had several jobs in the field of organization and management, among other things as a human resource manager at the Social Insurance Bank. Besides, she was chairwoman of LGBT rights organization COC Netherlands.


title: Vera Bergkamp

text: On 20 September 2012, she was sworn in into the House of Representatives. As an MP she is engaged in long-term care, COVID-19, regulation of hemp cultivation, and family law, especially LGBT rights.


title: Vera Bergkamp

text: On 7 April 2021, she was elected president of the House of Representatives, defeating incumbent president Khadija Arib (Labour Party) and challenger Martin Bosma (Party for Freedom).


title: Vera Bergkamp

text: Vera Bergkamp is from paternal side of Moroccan origin and was born and is still living in Amsterdam. She is a lesbian and married to a woman; together they two daughters.


title: Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig

text: Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig (born in Edinburgh, Scotland on 19 June 1861, died in London on 29 January 1928) was a British Army general in World War I.


title: Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig

text: He was the senior commander of the British forces in France from 1915 until the end of the war. Most notably, he led them during the Battle of the Somme, the Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele), the Spring Offensive and the final Hundred Days Offensive.


title: Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig

text: Historians have often argued over whether Haig was a good general. In the years after the war, he was popular. After his death, some historians and politicians wrote books criticising Haig. They argued he made mistakes that led to a lot of casualties among British troops, especially at the Somme and Passchendaele; he has been nicknamed 'Butcher Haig' or 'the Butcher of the Somme'. David Lloyd George, the Prime Minister during the later years of the war, also did not agree with Haig. One of the best known books criticising Haig was Alan Clark's book "The Donkeys" (1961). This is known as the 'lions led by donkeys' view: the idea that Britain had great soldiers but bad generals.


title: Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig

text: All the same, some veterans, and academic historians have argued that Haig was a great general. For example, John Bourne notes that Haig helped the army use new weapons and technology. John Terraine argues that while the British Army lost a lot of men, this is not surprising given the size of the fighting, and other countries lost far more. Likewise, Gordon Corrigan argues that as a percentage of the population, Britain lost half as many people in the war as France and Germany.


title: Transistor–transistor logic

text: Transistor–Transistor Logic (TTL) is a class of digital circuits built from transistors and resistors. It is called "transistor–transistor logic" because the logic function (e.g., AND) and amplification is performed by transistors. Many integrated circuits have TTL technology. They are used in applications such as computers, industrial controls, test equipment and instrumentation, synthesizers, etc.


title: Steve Smith (cricketer)

text: Steven Peter Devereux Smith (born 2 June 1989) is an Australian international cricketer and former captain of the Australian national team.


title: The Gabba

text: The Brisbane Cricket Ground, commonly known as the Gabba, is a major sports stadium in Brisbane, the capital of Queensland, Australia. It has hosted many different sports including athletics, Australian rules football, baseball, concerts, cricket, cycling, rugby league, rugby union, soccer and pony and greyhound racing. From October to March, the stadium hosts cricket matches. The Queensland cricket team and the Brisbane Heat play home matches at the stadium. It is also the home ground of the Brisbane Lions during the Australian Football League (AFL) season.


title: Steve Smith (cricketer)

text: , Smith is the top-ranked Test batsman in the world, according to the ICC Player Rankings. On 30 December 2017 he reached a Test batting rating of 947, the second-highest of all time only behind Don Bradman's 961. He is regarded as one of the best batsmen in the world. He plays for New South Wales and Sydney Sixers in domestic cricket.


title: Steve Smith (cricketer)

text: Although he was initially selected for Australia as a right-arm leg spinner, Smith now plays primarily as a batsman. After a few tests in 2010 and 2011, he has been a regular player in the Australian team since 2013, and took over captaincy from Michael Clarke in late 2015. Since then he has primarily batted at number 4.


title: Steve Smith (cricketer)

text: Awards he has won include the Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy (ICC Cricketer of the Year) in 2015; ICC Test Player of the Year in 2015, 2017; the Allan Border Medal for the best player in Australian Cricket in 2015, 2018; Australian Test Player of the Year: 2015, 2018 and Australian One Day International Player of the Year: 2015. He was named by "Wisden" as one of their Cricketers of the Year for 2015. In 2014, Martin Crowe described Smith as one of the young "Fab Four" of Test Cricket along with Joe Root, Kane Williamson and Virat Kohli.


title: Steve Smith (cricketer)

text: In March 2018, Smith was widely criticised for overseeing ball tampering in the third Test against South Africa. Following an investigation by Cricket Australia, Smith was banned from all international and domestic cricket for one year, and will not be considered for a leadership role for another year after that.


title: Steve Smith (cricketer)

text: Smith was born in Sydney to an Australian father, Peter, who has a degree in chemistry and works with pigments and waxes, and an English mother, Gillian.


title: Steve Smith (cricketer)

text: In March 2018, Smith was widely criticised for overseeing ball tampering in the third Test against South Africa.


title: Steve Smith (cricketer)

text: Following an investigation by Cricket Australia, Smith was banned from international cricket for 12 months, and will not be considered for a leadership role for 12 months after that.


title: Darya Dugina

text: Darya Aleksandrovna Dugina (; 15 December 1992 – 20 August 2022), also known as Daria Platonova (), was a Russian journalist and political activist. She was the daughter of Aleksandr Dugin, a far-right political philosopher. She was known for being a strong supporter of Vladimir Putin she shared.


title: Darya Dugina

text: Dugina was also a supporter of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. She believed that the war crimes against Ukrainian civilians by the Russian army during the invasion were staged, resulting her assassination on August 20, 2022.


title: Darya Dugina

text: Dugina was assassinated on 20 August 2022, when her Toyota Land Cruiser car exploded on Mozhayskoye Shosse in the settlement of Bolshiye Vyazyomy outside Moscow around 9:45 p.m. local time. She was 29 years old.


title: Transhumanism

text: Transhumanism is a cultural movement that thinks that humans could benefit from technology (mostly the biological type) that improves the condition of life. It seeks to find a solution to aging, disease, and death (especially of the natural variety) by making use of such technology.


title: Orly Airport

text: Orly Airport is a large airport in France. It is in the outskirts of Paris. In 2017, it handled 32,042,475 passengers.


title: PlayStation Network

text: The PlayStation Network is where you can sign up for free to play games. At one time hackers shut down the network, but later PlayStation Network returned online.


title: C-pop

text: C-pop is short for Chinese popular music (). Most of today's C-pop artists are from Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China, as well as from other countries where Mandarin or Cantonese languages are used, such as Singapore and Malaysia. However, Taiwanese music has some origins from the Japanese enka so Taiwanese pop is sometimes said to be a different genre from C-Pop.


title: C-pop

text: Cantonese pop, or colloquially known as Cantopop, is a subgenre of C-pop, sung in Cantonese language. Most Hong Kong-born singers start off as Cantonese pop singers before starting a career as a Mandarin pop singer. Cantonese pop artists include:


title: C-pop

text: In the early 1990s, many major Cantonese pop stars (such as Alan Tam, Leslie Cheung, Samuel Hui, Priscilla Chan and Joseph Koo) decided to retire because of the protests in China in 1989. Cantonese pop needed new talent to fill the gaps left by these retired stars, this led to the beginning of "the Four Heavenly Kings" or "四大天王" ("lit." Four Great Kings of Heaven): Jacky Jeung, Andy Lau, Aaron Kwok and Leon Lai. They were dominating the media in all forms, from magazines, TV, cinema to music.


title: C-pop

text: Mandarin pop () is a subgenre of C-pop. Also known as Mandopop and Mandapop, Mandarin pop songs are performed in Mandarin. Most Cantonese pop stars also expand their music career into the Mandarin pop scene.


title: Vaquita

text: Vaquita ("Phocoena sinus") is a rare type of porpoise. It lives only in the Gulf of California. It is the world's smallest cetacean and most endangered marine mammal. The Vaquita is listed as Critically Endangered by the International Union of Conservation of Nature. Forty years ago, the Vaquita population was estimated to have 1000 living individuals. Current research has shown that from 1990 to now (2021), the population has dropped from close to 500 individuals down to 20 or less. The species is most under threat from illegal fishing activities that are taking place in the Gulf; ongoing bycatch in gillnets used to catch shrimp and to poach the endangered totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi). This species requires a 9-month maternal care period for newborns after birth. Without their mothers, newborns will not be able to survive. Therefore, the loss of a female mother vaquita results in an additional loss of their newborn.


title: Vaquita

text: Vaquita have a dark coloring around the eyes and mouth. The upper side of the body is medium to dark gray. The underside is off-white to light gray. It has a rather large fin on its back for its size.


title: Vaquita

text: The Vaquita is the smallest type of porpoise in the world, growing up to 5 feet long and weighing up to 120 pounds.


title: Vaquita

text: They live alone or in small groups, usually of about three, but sometimes they live in groups of up to ten.


title: Vaquita

text: Rodríguez-Félix. (2021). Viability of the vaquita, Phocoena sinus (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) population, threatened by poaching of Totoaba macdonaldi (Perciformes: Sciaenidae). Revista de Biología Tropical., 69(2), 588–600. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v69i2.45475</nowiki>


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Kim Dotcom (born Kim Schmitz; 21 January 1974), also known as Kimble and Kim Tim Jim Vestor, is a German-Finnish Internet entrepreneur and political activist. He lives in Queenstown, New Zealand. Dotcom is the founder of the former file hosting service Megaupload (2005–2012). In 2012, the United States Department of Justice seized Megaupload and pressed charges against Dotcom. The charges included criminal copyright infringement, money laundering, racketeering and wire fraud. His house was raided and New Zealand police arrested him. Dotcom posted bail, and is now going through long legal issues to stop himself from being extradited to the United States. He started another service, Mega, in 2013. He left Mega in 2015.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Dotcom started and funded the New Zealand political party, the Internet Party in 2014. The party's registration was cancelled in 2018.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Dotcom was born in Kiel, West Germany. His mother was Finnish, and his father was German. He changed his surname from "Schmitz" to "Dotcom" in 2005. He has been married twice, and has five children.


title: Best Buy

text: Best Buy is an American multinational consumer electronics retailer with its headquarters in Richfield, Minnesota. It is the largest consumer electronics retailer in the United States.


title: Battle of Puebla

text: The Battle of Puebla took place on 5 May 1862, near Puebla City in Mexico. It was part of  the "Second French intervention in Mexico". The Mexican Army won over the occupying French soldiers.


title: Battle of Puebla

text: The French eventually overran the Mexicans in other battles. However, the Mexican victory at Puebla against a much better equipped and larger French army gave a morale boost to the Mexican army. It  also slowed the French army's advance towards Mexico City.


title: Battle of Puebla

text: The 1858–60 Mexican civil war (known as the "Reform War") caused major distress in Mexico's economy. When he was elected president in 1861, Benito Juárez was forced to stop payments of interest on foreign debts for two years.


title: Battle of Puebla

text: At the end of October 1861 diplomats from Spain, France, and Britain met in London to form the Tripartite Alliance. The main purpose of this alliance was to launch an allied invasion of Mexico, to take control of Veracruz, its major port. The idea was to force the Mexican government to negotiate terms for repaying its debts and for reparations for harm to foreign citizens in Mexico. In December 1861, Spanish troops landed in Veracruz; British and French followed in early January.


title: Battle of Puebla

text: The allied forces occupied Veracruz and advanced to Orizaba. The Tripartite Alliance fell apart by early April 1862, when it became clear the French wanted to impose harsh demands on the Juarez government and provoke a war. The British and Spanish withdrew, leaving the French to march alone on Mexico City. Napoleon III wanted to set up a puppet Mexican regime.


title: Ukrainian Americans

text: A Ukrainian American is a citizen of the United States with ancestors from Ukraine. There have been Ukrainian people living in North America since the early 1600s. There are about one million Ukrainian Americans and many live in the North East and the West of the United States, in states like New York, Pennsylvania, California, New Jersey, Illinois and Washington.


title: Ukrainian Americans

text: The number of Ukrainians in the United States is 354,832. There are 408,504 people who identify as Ukrainian. Many of them were born in the United States. Only about 20% are actual immigrants. About a third of people of Ukrainian origin speak Ukrainian. Almost 143 thousand (15%) use it in everyday life.


title: Mohammed Burhanuddin

text: Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin () (Abul-Qaid Johar Mohammed Burhanuddin) (6 March 1915 – 17 January 2014) was an Indian Islamic religious leader. He is the 52nd Dai of the Dawoodi Bohras. The Dawoodi Bohras are a sub group within the Mustaali, Ismaili Shia branch of Islam.


title: Nasrollah Radesh

text: Radesh held his first sculpture exhibition at Aliha Gallery and second sculpture exhibition at Lilit Gallery called Sooratak, and expressed his interest in sculpture last few years, which he influenced his acting.


title: Michael Howe (bushranger)

text: Michael Howe (1787 – 21 October 1818) was a famous bushranger in Tasmania, Australia. He called himself the "Lieutenant Governor of the Woods". He kept a written record of his thoughts in a book he called "The Journal of Dreams".


title: Michael Howe (bushranger)

text: Howe was born in Pontefract, Yorkshire, in 1787. He joined the merchant navy at Hull. After a short while he ran away and joined the Royal Navy. He deserted (left without permission) the navy after two years. He had his own small boat and carried coal. In 1811 Howe was arrested at York and charged with highway robbery. He was sentenced to seven years in Van Diemen's Land.


title: Michael Howe (bushranger)

text: Howe arrived in Hobart on October on the convict ship "Indefatigable". He was sent to work for John Ingle, who had once been the Supervisor of Convicts. He was now a farmer and merchant. Howe soon escaped and went into the bush. He joined up with a large group of escaped convicts who had become bushrangers (robbers). The gang of 28 was led by John Whitehead. It included two soldiers (who had deserted) and two aboriginal women.


title: Michael Howe (bushranger)

text: The bushrangers robbed a lot of houses and farms around New Norfolk. On April 25, 1815, the gang went to the house of a Mr.Carlisle. Carlisle and his friends went out to stop the gang from stealing a boat. Carlisle was shot dead, and his neighbour, Mr.O'Birne, was badly wounded. O'Birne died a few days later. The gang returned to New Norfolk in May 1815, to rob more houses. They met a group of soldiers and John Whitehead was shot and killed. To claim a reward for killing a bushranger, the body had to be identified. To stop people from claiming a reward for their capture, Howe and Whitehead had made a promise to each other. This would be to cut the head off whoever was killed first so no one would know who it was. As soon as Whitehead was shot, his head was cut off by Howe and hidden in the bush.


title: Michael Howe (bushranger)

text: After Whitehead's death, Howe became leader of the gang of bushrangers. He set up the gang as if they were on board a ship. Gang members could be punished if they broke the gang's rules. Punishment included having to cut and carry firewood, and even included being lashed (whipped). Howe would read to them from the Bible. He wrote letters to Governor Davey. In 1816 he signed the letters as "Lieutentant Governor of the Woods." In 1817 he began calling himself the "Governor of the Ranges." He was living with an aboriginal woman, called "Black Mary." Members of the gang were known to be James Garry, Peter Septon, George Jones, Richard Colier, John Chapman, Thomas Coyne, James Parker, Mathew Kegan, John Brown and Nenis Curry. The gang continued to rob people at Green Point, Coal River, and Bagdad.


title: Michael Howe (bushranger)

text: In 1817, Howe wrote to Governor William Sorell and offered to give himself up in return for a free pardon (not be put in gaol for any crimes). He offered to tell the government where all the gang members could be found. He was put into Hobart gaol while he was being questioned about the gang. He escaped while being taken for a walk through Hobart to get fresh air. He went back and rejoined the gang. Governor Lachlan Macquarie in Sydney stopped the pardon, and told Sorell to put more effort in to capture Howe. Sorell offered money, a free pardon and a return to England for anyone that captured Howe.


title: Michael Howe (bushranger)

text: The hunt for the bushrangers became more organized. John Chapman and a man called Elliot were shot dead by the soldiers in 1817. A gang member called Hillier cut Peter Septon's head off to claim a reward. He also tried to cut off Richard Colier's head. Both men were hurt in the struggle. Hillier was taken to Sydney where he was executed by hanging. Colier was executed in Hobart on March 26, 1818. In April, 1818, a group of convicts tried to steal a government boat. They were going to rescue Howe and take him to America. John Brown, James Parker, Thomas Coyne and Mathew Kegan gave themselves up to the military. They were all taken to Newcastle, New South Wales where they were given the lash (whipped) and sent to gaol.


title: Michael Howe (bushranger)

text: In September 1818, a group came from Sydney to join in the hunt for Howe. They wanted the reward. One member of the group was the famous aboriginal tracker, Mosquito. They nearly caught him. They did get his guns and his knapsack (a backpack). In the knapsack they found his ""Journal of Dreams"". It was a book made from kangaroo skin and Howe had written in it using kangaroo blood as ink. In it Howe wrote about his fear of being killed by the aborigines, his dreams of his sister, and lists of vegetables and flowers he would grow in a house in the forest. As he escaped, Howe thought Black Mary was slowing him down, so he tried to shoot her.


title: Michael Howe (bushranger)

text: On October 10, Howe was captured by two people he knew and trusted, Watts and Drewe. He managed to untie himself and stabbed Watts and shot Drewe dead. Watts died later from the injuries. On October 21, 1818, Black Mary led another two men, a convict, Thomas Worrall, and a soldier, William Pugh, to where Howe was hiding near the Shannon River. Worrall had been a sailor who had been sent to Van Diemen's Land for his part in the naval mutiny at the Nore (mouth of the Thames) in 1797. He wanted the reward so he could be free and return to England. All the men shot at each other, but after a fierce fight, Pugh and Worrall bashed Howe to death with their muskets (guns).


title: Michael Howe (bushranger)

text: Howe was buried by the river, but his head was taken back to Hobart where it was put on public display.


title: Michael Howe (bushranger)

text: Much of the information comes from a book by Governor Sorell's secretary, Thomas Wells. The book was called "Michael Howe, the Last and Worst of the Bushrangers of Van Diemen's Land" and printed in 1818 in Hobart. This was the first work of general literature printed in Australia.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (; January 23, 1898 – February 11, 1948) was a Soviet Russian movie director and movie theorist. He was known mostly for his silent movies "Strike", "The Battleship Potemkin" and "". He was also known for his historical epics "Alexander Nevsky" and "Ivan the Terrible". His work had a major impact on early movie directors because of his creative use of and writings about montage.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: Eisenstein was born in Riga, Latvia but his family moved a lot in his early years. Eisenstein continued to move often during his life. Eisenstein's father Mikhail Osipovich Eisenstein was of German-Jewish and Swedish descent and his mother, Julia Ivanovna Konetskaya, was from a Russian Orthodox family. He was born into a middle-class family. His father was an architect and his mother was the daughter of a wealthy merchant. Julia left Riga the year of the 1905 Revolution. She brought Sergei with her to St. Petersburg. Sergei would return at times to see his father. His father would later move to join them around 1910. His mother soon divorced his father and moved to France away from the family.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: At the Petrograd Institute of Civil Engineering, Sergei studied architecture and engineering, the job of his father. At school with his fellow students however, Sergei would join the military to serve the revolution. His father did not support his joining the army. In 1918 Sergei joined the Red Army with his father, Mikhail, supporting the opposite side. This brought his father to Germany after defeat, and Sergei to Petrograd, Vologda, and Dvinsk. In 1920, Sergei was transferred to a command position in Minsk, after success providing propaganda for the October Revolution. At this time, Sergei studied Japanese. He learned some three hundred kanji characters which he cited as an influence on his pictorial development. This also allowed him to see Kabuki theatre. Because of his studies, he traveled to Japan.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: In 1920 Eisenstein moved to Moscow, and began his career in theatre working for Proletkult. His productions there were named "Gas Masks," "Listen Moscow," and "Wiseman". Eisenstein would then work as a designer for Vsevolod Meyerhold. In 1923 Eisenstein began his career as a theorist, by writing "The Montage of Attractions" for LEF. Eisenstein's first movie, "Glumov's Diary", was also made in that same year. Dziga Vertov hired at first as an "instructor" for the film The movie formed part of his theatre production "Wiseman".


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: "Strike" (1925) was Eisenstein's first full-length movie. "The Battleship Potemkin" (1925) was well liked by critics throughout the world. Because he was known throughout the world, Eisenstein was able to direct "" (also known as "Ten Days That Shook The World"). The movie was part of the tenth anniversary celebration of the October Revolution of 1917. He then directed "The General Line" (also known as "Old and New"). People in the outside world praised the movies. However, in the Soviet Union, Eisenstein's focus on structural issues such as camera angles, crowd movements and montage, was not liked by the much of the Soviet movie community.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: In the autumn of 1928, Eisenstein left the Soviet Union for a tour of Europe. He was joined by Grigori Aleksandrov and cinematographer Eduard Tisse. The trip was supposed to allow Eisenstein and others to learn about sound motion pictures. It would also show the famous Soviet artists to the capitalist West. For Eisenstein, however, it was also an opportunity to see landscapes and cultures outside those found within the Soviet Union. He spent the next two years touring and lecturing in Berlin, Zurich, London, and Paris. In 1929, in Switzerland, Eisenstein supervised an educational documentary about abortion directed by Edouard Tissé entitled "Frauennot - Frauenglück".


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: In late April 1930, Jesse L. Lasky, working for Paramount Pictures, offered Eisenstein the chance to make a movie in the United States. He accepted a short-term contract for $100,000 and arrived in Hollywood in May 1930. However, this agreement failed. Eisenstein's approach to filmmaking did not work with the style and way movies were made in American movie studios.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: Eisenstein proposed a biography of munitions invester Sir Basil Zaharoff and a movie version of "Arms and the Man" by George Bernard Shaw. He also made plans for a movie of "Sutter's Gold" by Jack London. But the studio's producers did not like the plan. Paramount then proposed a movie version of Theodore Dreiser's "An American Tragedy". This excited Eisenstein, who had read and liked the work, and had met Dreiser at one time in Moscow. Eisenstein completed a script by the start of October 1930. Paramount disliked it completely. They also found themselves intimidated by Major Frank Pease, president of the "Hollywood Technical Director's Institute". Pease, an anti-communist, started a public campaign against Eisenstein. On October 23, 1930, Paramount and Eisenstein declared their contract canceled. Eisenstein and his movie partners were given return tickets to Moscow, at Paramount's expense.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: Eisenstein was faced with returning home as a failure. The Soviet movie industry was solving the sound-movie issue without him and his movies. His methods and ideas were becoming increasingly attacked as 'ideological failures'. They were called examples of formalism. Many of his theoretical articles from this period, such as "Eisenstein on Disney", have been found decades later as important scholarly texts. These are used in movie schools around the world.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: Eisenstein spent a large amount of time with Charlie Chaplin. Chaplin recommended that Eisenstein meet American socialist author Upton Sinclair who Chaplin thought might help Eisenstein. Sinclair's works had been accepted by and were widely read in the Soviet Union, and were known to Eisenstein. The two liked each other's work. Between the end of October 1930, and Thanksgiving of that year, Sinclair had gotten an extension of Eisenstein's leave from the Soviet Union. He also received permission for Eisenstein to travel to Mexico to make a movie to be produced by Sinclair and his wife, Mary Craig Kimbrough Sinclair. They joined with three other investors to make the Mexican Film Trust.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: On November 24, Eisenstein signed a contract with the Trust. The deal was "upon the basis of Eisenstein's desire to be free to direct the making of a picture according to his own ideas of what a Mexican picture should be, and in full faith in Eisenstein's artistic integrity." The contract also said that the movie would be "non-political." The money first came from Mrs. Sinclair and would be "not less than Twenty-Five Thousand Dollars." The schedule for making the movie would be "a period of from three to four months,". The contract also said that "Eisenstein...agrees that all pictures made or directed by him in Mexico, all negative film and positive prints, and all story and ideas embodied in said Mexican picture, will be the property of Mrs. Sinclair..." An addition to the contract, dated December 1, allowed that the "Soviet Government may have the [finished] movie free for showing inside the U.S.S.R." Reportedly, it was verbally decided that the movie was expected to be an hour long.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: By December 4, 1930, Eisenstein was on his way to Mexico by train. He was joined by Alexandrov and Tisse. Later he came up with a short summary of the six-part movie which would come. This would be the final plan Eisenstein would settle on for his project. The title for the project, "¡Que viva México!", was decided on some time later. While in Mexico, Eisenstein mixed socially with Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera. Eisenstein liked these artists and Mexican culture in general. They inspired Eisenstein to call his movies, "moving frescoes."


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: After a long time away from the Soviet Union, Stalin sent a telegram saying he was worried that Eisenstein had become a deserter. Eisenstein blamed Mary Sinclair's younger brother, Hunter Kimbrough, for the film's problems. Kimbrough had been sent along to act as a line producer on the movie. Eisenstein hoped to pressure the Sinclairs to stop Stalin, so Eisenstein could finish the movie in his own way.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: The upset Sinclair shut down production. He ordered Kimbrough to return to the United States with the remaining movie footage. The three Soviets came as well to see what they could do with the movie already shot. For the unfinished filming of the "novel" of Soldadera, Eisenstein had gotten 500 soldiers, 10,000 guns, and 50 cannons from the Mexican Army. This was lost due to Sinclair's canceling of production.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: When Eisenstein arrived at the American border, a customs search of his trunk revealed sketches and drawings of Jesus along with other material of a pornographic nature. Eisenstein's re-entry visa had expired, and Sinclair's contacts in Washington were unable to secure him an additional extension. Eisenstein, Alexandrov and Tisse were, after a month's stay at the U.S.-Mexico border outside Laredo, Texas, allowed a 30-day "pass" to get from Texas to New York. From there, they would be allowed to leave for Moscow. Kimbrough returned to Los Angeles with the remaining movie.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: Eisenstein toured the American South, on his way to New York. In mid-1932, the Sinclairs were able to get the services of Sol Lesser. Lesser had just opened his own distribution office in New York, Principal Distributing Corp.. Lesser agreed to supervise post-production work on the miles of negative — at the Sinclairs' expense — and distribute any finished product. Two short movies and a short subject — "Thunder Over Mexico" based on the "Maguey" footage, "Eisenstein in Mexico", and "Death Day" respectively — were completed and released in the United States between the autumn of 1933 and early 1934.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: Eisenstein never saw any of the Sinclair-Lesser movies, nor a later effort by his first biographer, Marie Seton, called "Time In The Sun." He would publicly say that he had lost all interest in the project.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: Eisenstein's trip to the west made the Soviet movie business look at him with a suspicion that would never completely go away. He apparently spent some time in a mental hospital in Kislovodsk in July 1933. This was possibly a result of depression because he realized that he would never be allowed to edit the Mexican footage which was turned over by Sinclair to Hollywood editors.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: He was then given a teaching job with the movie school GIK (now Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography) where he had taught before. In 1933 and 1934 he was in charge of writing the education plan. Eisenstein married filmmaker and writer Pera Atasheva (1900–65) in 1934. They remained married until his death in 1948. There is some question about his sexuality.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: In 1935, he began another project, "Bezhin Meadow". It appears the movie had many of the same problems as "Que Viva Mexico". Eisenstein decided to movie two versions of the plot. One was for adult viewers and one was for children. He failed to set a clear shooting schedule. He also used a lot of film which meant a lot of costs and missed deadlines. The movie ran into problems because it was not fully supported by its American financers.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: The thing that may have saved Eisenstein's career at this point was that Stalin ended up saying that the "Bezhin Meadow" problems, along with several other problems facing the business, had less to do with Eisenstein's approach to filmmaking as with the executives who were supposed to have been watching him. In the end, this made Boris Shumyatsky, "executive producer" of Soviet movies since 1932 to blame. In early 1938, he was denounced, arrested, tried and convicted as a traitor, and shot. (The production executive at movie studio Mosfilm, where Meadow was being made, was also replaced, but without more executions).


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: Eisenstein was then able to impress Stalin again for "one more chance", and he chose, from two offerings, the job of a movie of "Alexander Nevsky," with music composed by Sergei Prokofiev. This time, however, he was also given a co-writer, Pyotr Pavlenko, to bring in a completed script. He had professional actors to play the roles. He also had an assistant director, Dmitri Vasilyev, to make the filming faster.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: The result was a movie critically received by both the Soviets and in the West. He won the Order of Lenin and the Stalin Prize. It was an obvious allegory and hard warning against the growing forces of Nazi Germany. This was started, completed, and put in theatres all within 1938. It was Eisenstein's first movie in nearly a decade. It also his first movie with sound.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: But, within months of its release, Stalin entered into his agreement with Hitler. "Nevsky" was quickly pulled from distribution. Eisenstein returned to teaching. He was assigned to direct Richard Wagner's "Die Walküre" at the Bolshoi Theatre. Eisenstein had to wait until Hitler's sent German troops across the Soviet border in a fatal first strike, to see "Nevsky" receive wide distribution and real international success.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: With the war coming to Moscow, Eisenstein was one of many filmmakers evacuated to Alma-Ata. There is where he first considered the idea of making a movie about Czar Ivan IV. Eisenstein wrote letters to Prokofiev from Alma-Ata. Prokofiev joined him there in 1942. Prokofiev composed the score for Eisenstein's movie. Eisenstein designed sets for an opera version of "War and Peace" that Prokofiev was creating.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: Eisenstein's movie, "Ivan The Terrible, Part I", showing Ivan IV of Russia as a national hero, was liked by Joseph Stalin (and it won a Stalin Prize). The sequel, "Ivan The Terrible, Part II", was not approved of by the government. All the film from the not-finished "" was taken away, and most of it was destroyed (though several filmed scenes still exist today).


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: Eisenstein's health was also failing. He had a heart attack during the making of this movie. He died soon after of another heart attack at the age of 50. He is buried at Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: Eisenstein was one of the first to use montage, a specific form of movie editing. He and Lev Kuleshov, two of the first movie theorists, said that montage was the basis of movies. His articles and books — especially "Film Form" and "The Film Sense" — explain the need for montage in detail.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: His writings and movies have continued to have a major impact on later filmmakers. Eisenstein believed that editing could be used for more than just explaining a scene or moment through a "linkage" of related images. Eisenstein felt the "collision" of shots could be used to control the feelings of the audience and create movie metaphors. He believed that an idea should be concluded from comparing two different shots. This is what made a collage or montage within movie. He developed what he called "methods of montage":


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: Eisenstein taught movie making during his career at GIK. He also wrote the lessons for the directors' course there. His classroom illustrations are reproduced in Vladimir Nizhniĭ's "Lessons with Eisenstein." Exercises and examples for students were based on literature such as Honoré de Balzac's "Le Père Goriot." Another situation students had to produce was the staging of the Haitian struggle for independence as depicted in Anatolii Vinogradov's "The Black Consul,". Eisenstein also taught the specifics of directing, photography, and editing. He encouraged his students' development of individuality, expressiveness, and creativity. Eisenstein's teaching, like his movies, were politically charged and contained quotes from Vladimir Lenin.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

text: In his first movies, Eisenstein did not use professional actors. His narratives did not focus on individual characters. Instead, they addressed broad social issues, especially class conflict. He used basic characters, and the roles were filled with untrained people from the matching classes. He avoided using stars. Eisenstein's vision of communism brought him into conflict with officials in the ruling system of Joseph Stalin. Like many Bolshevik artists, Eisenstein pictured a new society which would pay for artists totally. This would free them from bosses and budgets. It would leave them free to create. But budgets and producers were as important to the Soviet movie business as the rest of the world. The isolated, post-revolution, new nation did not have the resources to nationalize its movie business at first. When it did, limited resources — both monetary and equipment — required production controls as big as in the capitalist world.


title: Buster Keaton

text: Joseph Frank "Buster" Keaton VI (October 4, 1895 – February 1, 1966) was an American actor, comedian and filmmaker. He is most famous for his silent films which showed his skill at physical comedy.


title: Buster Keaton

text: The magazine "Entertainment Weekly" listed Keaton at number seven on their list of ""The Greatest Directors of All Time."" And in 1999 the American Film Institute placed Keaton at 21 on their list of ""The Greatest Male Actors of All Time.""


title: Buster Keaton

text: Famous movie critic Roger Ebert wrote that Keaton's ""extraordinary period from 1920 to 1929, he worked without interruption on a series of movies that make him, arguably, the greatest actor-director in the history of the movies.""


title: Buster Keaton

text: In a 2002 worldwide poll by ""Sight & Sound"" Keaton's 1927 movie titled ""The General"" was number 15 on their ""Best movies of All Time"" list. Three other Keaton movies were also added to the magazine's survey.


title: Limnology

text: Limnology is the study of waters that are not part of the oceans or seas. This includes rivers, lakes, swamps, streams, wetlands, water under the ground, and even bodies of water made by people. Scientists who study this are called "limnologists". Their work includes biology, chemistry, physics, geology, and hydrology.


title: Limnology

text: The "International Society of Limnology" promotes limnology to scientists throughout the world. There are many centres for such research throughout the world.


title: Limnology

text: Limnology helps to explain why some lakes have lots of plants and animals and some have very few. The Freshwater Biological Association which is based next to Windermere in England did a lot of the early work. Limnologists there worked out why deep lakes have cold water at the bottom in summer-time but not in Winter. The reason was that winds in Autumn mix the waters up.


title: American History X

text: American History X is a 1998 American crime drama movie directed by Tony Kaye. It was released on October 23, 1998 in North America and received positive reviews, with an 83% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 62/100 from Metacritic. Edward Norton was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. The movie was named by Empire magazine as the 311th Greatest Movie of All Time. It is about a man who joins a neo-nazi gang, after his firefighter father is killed by black drug dealers in Venice, Los Angeles. While staying in prison for three years, his younger brother ends up facing the wrong path.


title: Gaizka Mendieta

text: Gaizka Mendieta (born 27 March 1974) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Blue cheese

text: Blue cheese is a type of cheese with a fungus called "Penicillium" added to it. The mold makes patches or veins of it look blue. The cheese can be made from cow's milk, sheep's milk, or goat's milk. Types of it include Roquefort cheese, Stilton cheese, and Gorgonzola cheese. These names should only be used for cheeses that are made in certain areas and are protected by the European Union.


title: 1931 China floods

text: The 1931 China floods or the 1931 Yellow River Floods were a series of floods that occurred in China in the year 1931. It is the most deadly natural disaster by death toll. About 1,000,000-3.7 million people were said to be dead in this series of floods.


title: 1931 China floods

text: In the period of 1928-30 China faced a severe drought. Due to some abnormal weather conditions heavy snowstorms and heavy rainfall occurred in parts of central China. The water levels increased in the rivers. The rain grew heavier in July and August in 1931. China faced nine cyclones in July 1931 alone.


title: 1931 China floods

text: Chinese sources say 1,000,000 died due to the overflow of the Yangtze River. Western sources say a death toll of 3.7 million-4 million people. In July alone, four weather stations along the Yangtze River reported rain totaling over for the month.


title: 1931 China floods

text: The Yangtze and Huai River floods soon reached Nanjing, the capital of China at the time. The city, located on an island in a massive flood zone, suffered catastrophic damage. Millions died of drowning while some died due to starvation, from waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhus. The high-water mark was reached on 19 August at Hankou town in Wuhan, with the water level exceeding above normal. On the evening of 25 August 1931, the water rushing through the Grand Canal washed away dikes near Gaoyou Lake. Some 200,000 people drowned in their sleep in the resulting deluge.


title: Oldham Athletic A.F.C.

text: Oldham Athletic Football Club is a football that plays in Football League One. The club plays its games at Boundary Park in Oldham, England.


title: Oldham Athletic A.F.C.

text: The club has never won any major trophies through their history, though have made several appearances in the late rounds of the FA Cup and Football League Cup.


title: Oldham Athletic A.F.C.

text: The club was created as Pine Villa Football Club in 1895, but changed to the current name in 1899. Almost immediately, Oldham became a professional team before joining the Football League in 1907. After struggling between the First World War and the Second World War, they became more stable in 1969—when legendary manager Jimmy Frizzell took over. Under Frizzell, the club won 200 of their 544 competitive games and were promoted to higher levels twice.


title: Oldham Athletic A.F.C.

text: After leaving in the summer of 1982, Joe Royle took over as the club's manager during which time Oldham again had a successful period. Under Royle, the club won 225 games of 608—a slightly higher winning percentage than under Frizzell. In the early 1990s, under Royle, Oldham reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup and the final of the Football League Cup, losing every time. However, in the 1990–91 season, the club won the Football League Second Division and were promoted to the First Division for the first time in over 70 years. In the 1992–93 season, Oldham was a group of 24 teams that were the founding members of the Premier League—England's top division of football. After Royle's departure to Everton F.C., Oldham struggled and were relegated twice in four seasons.


title: Oldham Athletic A.F.C.

text: In the early 2000s, Oldham Athletic almost went bankrupt. Businessman Chris Moore decided to purchase the club, promising to return to the Premier League within five years. However, later that season, he left the club, which also left behind much debt and a weak team. However, another businessman purchased the club in 2004, saving them from liquidation. In the 2006–07, under current manager John Sheridan, Oldham almost were promoted to the Football Championship, but lost in the semi-final of the play-offs.


title: Marcia Wallace

text: Marcia Karen Wallace (November 1, 1942 – October 25, 2013) was an American actress and comedian. She usually performed in television sitcoms. She played receptionist Carol Kester in the 1970s sitcom "The Bob Newhart Show". She also performed the voice of Edna Krabappel in "The Simpsons", "The Powerpuff Girls".


title: Marcia Wallace

text: Wallace was born in Creston, Iowa on November 1 1942. She studied at Parsons College. Wallace was married to Dennis Hawley from 1986 until his death in 1992. They adopted one son, Michael Hawley. She battled breast cancer until her death. Wallace died on 25 October 2013 in Los Angeles, California from pneumonia, aged 70.


title: Leaf vegetable

text: Leaf vegetables, also called leafy greens, salad greens, pot herbs, vegetable greens, or simply greens, are plant leaves eaten as a vegetable. They come from many different plants, but are similar in many way. They have similar nutrition and cooking methods.


title: Leaf vegetable

text: Almost one thousand species of plants with edible leaves are known. Most leaf vegetables come from short-lived herbaceous plants, such as lettuce and spinach. Woody plants of some species also provide leaves that can be eaten.


title: Leaf vegetable

text: Leaf vegetables are low in calories and fat, and high in protein, dietary fiber, vitamin C, vitamin A, folate, manganese and vitamin K. Leaf vegetables are very high in vitamin K.


title: Leaf vegetable

text: If leaves are cooked for food, they may be called boiled greens. Leaf vegetables may be stir-fried, stewed, steamed, or eaten raw. Leaf vegetables cooked with pork is a traditional dish in soul food. They are also commonly eaten in a variety of South Asian dishes such as saag. Many green leafy vegetables, such as lettuce or spinach, can also be eaten raw, for example in sandwiches or salads.


title: Bajram Begaj

text: Bajram Begaj (born 20 March 1967) is an Albanian former military officer and politician. He is the 9th President of Albania since 24 July 2022.


title: Bajram Begaj

text: He is an independent, but was nominated to the presidency by the Socialist Party as the candidate to the fourth round of the 2022 presidential election. Begaj is the fifth president in the history of Albania to have a military background.


title: Northern Ireland Assembly

text: The Northern Ireland Legislative Assembly was set up after the Belfast Agreement to allow the people of Northern Ireland to run their own government and pass some laws. The United Kingdom parliament can still abolish the assembly, because Northern Ireland is not an independent country, but a part of the United Kingdom. The assembly comes together in the city of Belfast. Speaker is Alex Maskey.


title: Northern Ireland Assembly

text: The assembly is elected using a form of proportional representation voting. The seats of each party after the 2022 election is shown in this table:


title: Medicare (United States)

text: Medicare is a national health insurance program in the United States. It began in 1965 under the Social Security Administration (SSA) by Lyndon B. Johnson and now administered by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). It gives health care insurance for Americans aged 65 and older, people with End-Stage Renal Disease and also for some younger people with disability. Medicare consists of three parts:


title: Medicare (United States)

text: Medicare Part A (Hospital Insurance): Covers inpatient hospital care, skilled nursing facility care, hospice, and some home health care.


title: Medicare (United States)

text: Medicare Part B (Medical Insurance): Covers doctor office visits and services, outpatient care, medical supplies, and preventative care and services.


title: Medicare (United States)

text: Medicare Part D (prescription drug coverage): Covers the cost of prescription drugs, flu shots, and vaccines.


title: Medicare (United States)

text: Medicare Advantage is part of the Medicare program offered to older people and disabled adults who qualify. Also referred to as Part C plans, Medicare Advantage (MA) plans are provided by private insurance companies instead of the federal government. They include the same Part A hospital and Part B medical coverage that Original Medicare provides but not hospice care. Most MA plans also include Part D prescription drug coverage. Anyone who joins an MA plan still has Medicare.


title: Medicare (United States)

text: The average monthly premium for a Medicare Advantage plan in 2021 is expected to drop 11% to about $21 from an average of $23.63 in 2020. Private companies receive a fixed amount each month for Medicare Advantage plan care. In turn, these companies can charge out-of-pocket costs to policyholders and are able to establish their own rules for service such as the need for referrals or provider networks for both non-urgent care and emergency services.


title: Medicare (United States)

text: Regional preferred provider organizations (PPOs) were established to provide rural beneficiaries greater access to Medicare Advantage plans and cover entire statewide or multi-state regions. Regional PPOs accounted for 5% of all Medicare Advantage enrollees in 2020. About 24 million people, or 36% of those receiving Medicare benefits, were enrolled in a Medicare Advantage plan in 2020. That number is expected to climb to more than 26 million in 2021.


title: Medicare (United States)

text: Medicare Parts A and B include coverage for addiction treatment, including alcohol rehab. According to Medicare Interactive, a website that provides information on Medicare plans, Medicare Part A can help pay for hospitalization for substance abuse treatment, while Part B can help cover treatment for partial hospitalization or outpatient addiction treatment services.


title: Medicare (United States)

text: In addition, Medicare Part D provides coverage for medications used in treating alcohol addiction, such as naltrexone, as long as these drugs are considered medically necessary for the policyholder.


title: Pam Ferris

text: Pamela E. "Pam" Ferris (born 11 May 1948) is a British actress. She was born in Hanover to Welsh parents. She starred on television as Ma Larkin in "The Darling Buds of May", and as Laura Thyme in "Rosemary & Thyme".


title: Ben Schwartz

text: Benjamin Schwartz (born September 15, 1981) is an American actor, comedian, director, producer and writer. He portrayed the role of Jean-Ralphio Saperstein on the NBC sitcom "Parks and Recreation".


title: Pam Ferris

text: On movies, she is known for her roles as Miss Trunchbull in "Matilda" and as Aunt Marge in "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban".


title: Participant observation

text: Participant observation is a way of getting information about a group of people. A person doing participant observation will live with a group of people in their normal environment. They do this so they can learn about that groups way of life. One of the uses of participant observation is to understand the world from the point of view of a person from that group. This is done by watching the things they do every day. The product of participant observation is normally a piece of writing about what the researcher has seen. It is called ethnography. Participant observers can live with the group for months or many years. The longer the researcher is with the group, the better the information they learn will be.


title: Participant observation

text: In the first half of the 20th century, anthropologists Bronislaw Malinowski, Margaret Mead and Edward Evans-Prichard started using participant observation. It is now the main way research is done by cultural anthropologists.


title: Participant observation

text: In Covert participation observation, the researcher lives with a group but does not tell the group that they are studying them. The research is done in secret. This method is good because the people will not act differently than they normally do if they do not known they are being studied. One problem with covert participation observation is that it can be unethical. The subject cannot give the researcher their consent because they do not know they are being studied.


title: Participant observation

text: In overt participation observation, the researcher tells the group of people that they are being studied. A problem with this method is that people may change the way they act if they know they are being studied. Overt Participation Observation does not have the ethical problems of covert observation and lets the researcher watch the people lying about what they are doing.


title: Dentition

text: Dentition is the development of teeth and where the teeth are in the mouth. Almost all mammals have up to four different types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Animals that have different types of teeth are called "heterodont". If they do not, they are called "homodont".


title: Dentition

text: In mammals, the young have a set of primary teeth (milk teeth) that fall out after a few years. When they fall out, adult teeth grow in. Animals that have milk teeth and adult teeth are called diphyodont.


title: Dentition

text: Dentition is important in archaeology. Dentition is used to study human migration. Tooth enamel contains trace elements which show where they grew.


title: Cabaret (musical)

text: Cabaret is a musical. The book was written by Joe Masteroff. The lyrics were written by Fred Ebb. The music was written by John Kander. The musical was based on the 1939 novel, "Goodbye to Berlin" by Christopher Isherwood, and the 1951 play, "I Am a Camera" by John Van Druten. The musical won the 1967 Tony Award for Best Musical.


title: Cabaret (musical)

text: "Cabaret" premiered on 20 November 1966 at the Broadhurst Theatre on Broadway. It ran for 1,165 performances. It opened in the West End on 28 February 1968 at the Palace Theatre. It had 336 performances. A movie adaptation was released in 1972 starring Liza Minelli, Michael York, and Joel Grey.


title: Cabaret (musical)

text: The musical is set in Berlin during the Nazi rise to power, and follows the life and loves of cabaret singer, Sally Bowles. A subplot involves a romance between a German woman and a Jewish man.


title: Sriti Jha

text: Jha has worked on television shows including "Jyoti", "Jiya Jale", "Dil Se Di Dua... Saubhagyavati Bhava?", and "Balika Vadhu". She is currently playing a lead role of Pragya Abhishek Mehra in Zee TV's Kumkum Bhagya.


title: Pen y Fan

text: Pen y Fan () is the highest peak in South Wales, in the Brecon Beacons National Park. At above sea-level, it is also the highest British peak south of Cadair Idris in Snowdonia. The twin summits of Pen y Fan and Corn Du at were formerly referred to as Cadair Arthur or 'Arthur's Seat'.


title: Pen y Fan

text: The mountain and surrounding area are owned by the National Trust whose work parties attempt to combat the erosion caused by the passage of thousands of feet up and down this most popular of South Wales' peaks. The mountain is used by the military as part of the selection process of the UK's Special Forces personnel. Three soldiers who died after collapsing in the field in July 2013 were believed to have been climbing the mountain (see "Fan Dance") while undergoing Special Air Service selection.


title: Blossom (TV series)

text: Blossom was an American television situation comedy that aired on NBC from January 1991 to May 1995. The main stars were Mayim Bialik and Joey Lawrence. Bialik played Blossom Russo, a teenage girl living with her father and two brothers after her mother left to pursue her own career.


title: Olamide

text: Olamide Gbenga Adedeji (born 15 March 1989), known professionally as Olamide (and also Olamide Baddo BaddoSneh or simply Baddo) is a Nigerian hip hop recording artist. He records in Yoruba and English language. In 2011, he released his debut studio album "Rapsodi" while signed to Coded Tunes. "YBNL", his follow-up album, was released under his label imprint YBNL Nation. The album was supported by the singles "First of All", "Voice of the Street", "Stupid Love", and "Ilefo Illuminati". On 7 November 2013, he released his third studio album "Baddest Guy Ever Liveth". The album's singles include "Durosoke" and "Yemi My Lover". On 17 July 2013, Olamide became the first Nigerian to sign an endorsement deal with Cîroc.


title: Brain injury

text: Brain injury means that the brain has been hurt in some way. Many different things can hurt the brain. For example, brain injuries can happen before a baby is even born. These are called congenital brain injuries.


title: Brain injury

text: A physical injury (trauma) can also hurt the brain (for example, if a person hits their head in a car accident). These types of brain injuries are called traumatic brain injuries.


title: Brain injury

text: Many medical problems can also injure the brain. For example, the brain can get injured if it does not get enough oxygen (for example, during a stroke).


title: Brain injury

text: All brain injuries are different. Some are mild (not very bad); some are severe (very bad). Some are temporary (they get better); some get better slowly over time; and some never get better. Also, since the brain controls every part of the body, the symptoms of brain injury can be very different for different people. This depends partly on what part of the brain was injured, and how badly.


title: Brain injury

text: Congenital brain injuries are caused by something that damages a fetus's brain during a woman's pregnancy.


title: Brain injury

text: Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are caused by a physical injury to the brain. They can happen when the head suddenly hits an object very hard, like in a car accident. They can also happen when something - like a bullet or knife - goes through the head and into the brain.


title: Brain injury

text: Traumatic brain injury is one of the most common causes of disability everywhere in the world. It is more common in developing countries. All over the world, about 10 million people are affected by TBI every year.


title: Brain injury

text: War and violence are often much more common causes of TBI in certain parts of the world. In the past, these places have included Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East.


title: Brain injury

text: Traumatic brain injury has become one of the most common types of injuries in soldiers serving in Iraq and Afghanistan. The United States Department of Defense says that 22% of all injuries from these wars are traumatic brain injuries.


title: Brain injury

text: Some traumatic brain injuries are mild and can get better with time, like a concussion. Others are more serious, especially if they cause bleeding or swelling in the brain.


title: Brain injury

text: Another major type of brain injury is a hypoxic brain injury. This happens when the brain does not get enough oxygen. This can happen for many reasons, like:


title: Brain injury

text: A "diffuse" injury hurts the entire brain. For example, if a person is drowning, and cannot breathe, no part of their brain will get oxygen. If this lasts long enough, the entire brain will be injured by not having enough oxygen.


title: Brain injury

text: A "focal" injury hurts just part of the brain. For example, in some strokes, a person has a blood clot that blocks the blood flow to just part of their brain. If the person gets good medical treatment, just that part of their brain may be injured.


title: Brain injury

text: This is important because different parts of the brain control different things. When a person has a focal brain injury, their symptoms will depend on what part of the brain was injured. For example, if a part of the brain that controls speech was injured, the person may have trouble speaking.


title: Brain injury

text: For example, brain injuries can cause changes or problems in a person's thinking, senses, feelings, or ability to move. However, some people might have mild problems in these areas, while other people might have more serious problems:


title: Rob Burrow

text: Robert Geoffrey Burrow (born 26 September 1982) is an English former professional rugby league footballer. He spent 16 years playing for the Leeds Rhinos in the Super League, before retiring in 2017.


title: Rob Burrow

text: He also played for England and Great Britain. Burrow was known for many years as "the smallest player in Super League". He won a total of 8 Super League championships, two Challenge Cups, been named to the Super League Dream Team on three occasions and won the Harry Sunderland Trophy twice.


title: Guillermo Rodriguez (comedian)

text: Guillermo Díaz Rodriguez (born January 27, 1971), widely known as Guillermo, is a talk show personality who rose to fame while working as a parking lot security guard at the Hollywood Blvd studios for "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", with Jimmy Kimmel.


title: Nyanzapithecus alesi

text: Nyanzapithecus alesi was an ape that lived thirteen million years ago in Africa. A complete skull of an infant was recovered and reported in 2017.


title: Meitei architecture

text: "Meitei architecture" or "Manipuri architecture" is the architecture, produced by the Meitei ethnicity in Ancient Manipur from the middle of the fifteenth century BC.


title: Meitei architecture

text: The major architectural designs and styles include traditional Meitei Yumjao (lit. Large House), Sanglen (lit. Public House) and others.


title: Killing of Percy Lapid

text: On October 3, 2022, Percy Lapid, a radio journalist and radio broadcaster, was shot dead while on his way home in Las Piñas, Metro Manila, Philippines.


title: Killing of Percy Lapid

text: On October 3, 2022, Percy Lapid is a radio broadcaster and radio journalist, was found with a gunshot wound in head on his home in Las Piñas, Metro Manila, Philippines.


title: Killing of Percy Lapid

text: Percival Carag Mabasa (March 14, 1959 – October 3, 2022), also known as Percy Lapid is a professionally Filipino journalists and radio journalists, He is on set in the radio program Lapid Fire at DWBL.


title: Killing of Percy Lapid

text: Lapid was killed on 3, October 2022 at around 8:30 pm (UTC+8) while he was returning home while he was returning home, The two motorcycle riders got off near Lapid's car and they shot him inside the car.


title: Rupert Penry-Jones

text: Rupert William Penry-Jones (born 22 September 1970) is a British actor. He is known for his roles as Adam Carter in "Spooks", Clive Reader in "Silk", Joseph Chandler in "Whitechapel", and Mr Quinlan in the American horror series "The Strain". He played Mayor Don Mitchell in the 2022 DC Comics movie "The Batman".


title: Russian cruiser Moskva

text: Moskva (), formerly Slava (), was a guided missile cruiser of the Russian Navy. She was named after the city of Moscow. She was the flagship of the Russian Black Sea Fleet and had led Russia's naval assault on Ukraine. It had a crew of 510.


title: Russian cruiser Moskva

text: On 13 April 2022, two Ukrainian officials said that "Moskva" had been hit by Ukrainian anti-ship missiles and exploded. The Russian Ministry of Defense said the ship was seriously damaged after a fire caused a munitions explosion. The next day, the ship had sunk.


title: Greta Garbo

text: Greta Garbo (born Greta Lovisa Gustafsson; 18 September 1905 – 15 April 1990) was a Swedish-American actress.


title: Greta Garbo

text: Greta Gustafson was born in Stockholm, she studied at the Royal School of Dramatic Art in her native city, while working as a fashion model. She became a star in Sweden when Mauritz Stiller cast her in the 1924 silent movie "The Atonement of Gösta Berling".


title: Greta Garbo

text: Soon after, she came to the attention of Louis B. Mayer and went to Hollywood in 1925. Soon, she established herself as one of the world's most popular movie stars.


title: Greta Garbo

text: Some of her most notable movies include; "Mata Hari" (1931), "Queen Christina" (1933), "Camille" (1936), "Conquest" (1937) and "Ninotchka" (1939).


title: Greta Garbo

text: She retired from movies in 1941 and became an American citizen on 9 February 1951. In 1984 she had breast cancer. She lived as a semi-recluse in New York City until her death (April 15; 1990) there from renal failure and pneumonia.


title: Leviathan

text: Leviathan (, "twisted, coiled"), is a monster mentioned in the Bible. In Satanism Leviathan is believed to be one of the princes of Hell. The word has become synonymous with any large sea monster or creature. In classical literature (such as the novel "Moby-Dick") it refers to great whales, and in Modern Hebrew, it means simply "whale."


title: Carlo Gesualdo

text: Carlo Gesualdo, known as Gesualdo da Venosa (born probably 8 March 1566; died 8 September 1613), Prince of Venosa and Count of Conza, was an Italian music composer, lutenist and murderer. He lived in the late part of the Renaissance period. He is famous for his beautifully expressive madrigals which are written in a very chromatic style (using lots of sharps and flats). He is also remembered for committing a horrible murder.


title: Carlo Gesualdo

text: Gesualdo came from an aristocratic family. He was probably born at Venosa, but we know hardly anything about his early life. We know that he was extremely interested in music when he was small and showed very little interest in anything else. He played the lute, harpsichord and guitar.


title: Carlo Gesualdo

text: In 1586 Gesualdo married his first cousin, Donna Maria d'Avalos, the daughter of the Marquis of Pescara. Two years later she began to have a love affair with Fabrizio Carafa, the Duke of Andria. For two years her husband knew nothing about her love affair. Then one day he returned unexpectedly to his palace (he may have suspected that something was happening) and found them making love. He murdered them both in their bed. He then left their bodies in front of the palace for everyone to see. In those days in Italy a nobleman could not be arrested and punished. However, someone might have wanted to kill him in revenge, so he ran away to the town of Gesualdo where he had a castle.


title: Carlo Gesualdo

text: A lot of people heard about the murders. Famous poets such as Tasso wrote poems about it. Nothing was done to arrest Gesualdo, however. Some people at the time said that he also murdered one of Maria’s babies because he thought he might not have been the father. Other people even said that he murdered his father-in-law when he came wanting to kill him in revenge, but we do not know whether this was true.


title: Carlo Gesualdo

text: In 1594 Gesualdo went to the town of Ferrara which was famous for music which was being composed by modern composers experimenting with new ideas. He spent two years there and composed his first book of madrigals. There he married another woman who was a niece of Duke Alfonso II d’Este. The couple moved back to Gesualdo in 1597.


title: Carlo Gesualdo

text: After returning to his castle at Gesualdo from Ferrara in 1597, he tried to make the town famous for music. He invited some of Italy’s most famous musicians to come and work for him. Since he was very rich he could afford to do this. However, the music making only took place in his castle (printing with Giovanni Giacomo Carlino). Gesualdo spent the last years of his life doing nothing except music. He hardly ever left his castle.


title: Carlo Gesualdo

text: Gesualdo’s new marriage was not a happy one. His wife said he was cruel and she tried to divorce him. She spent a lot of time away from the castle and wrote him angry letters.


title: Carlo Gesualdo

text: Late in life he suffered from depression and madness. We do not know whether this was because he felt bad about being a murderer, but he probably did feel guilty. He often made his servants hit him. He also wrote very strange letters to a cardinal asking him to send him some of his dead uncle’s skeleton because he thought these remains would make him better.


title: Carlo Gesualdo

text: Gesualdo died alone at his castle. The chapel where he was buried was destroyed by an earthquake in 1688. There is still a burial plaque in the rebuilt church.


title: Carlo Gesualdo

text: We think it is likely that Gesualdo felt terribly guilt all his life about the murders he had committed, and these guilty feelings can be heard in his music. The words of his madrigals are often very emotional: they are about "love", "pain", "death", "ecstasy", "agony". Of course, other madrigal composers used such words, but Gesualdo’s music is really extreme. It is often wildly chromatic. Other composers did not copy his style.


title: Carlo Gesualdo

text: He wrote both sacred (religious) and secular (non-religious) songs, and some music for instruments. His most famous compositions are his six published books of madrigals (between 1594 and 1611), as well as his "Tenebrae Responsories", which are very much like madrigals, except that they use texts from the Passion story about Christ’s death on the cross.


title: Cars 3

text: Cars 3 is a 2017 American movie. It was made by Pixar, directed by Brian Fee, and produced by Kevin Reher. It is the third movie in the "Cars" movie series. The movie was released by Walt Disney Pictures on June 10, 2017. In the "Cars" trilogy, "Cars 3" is the next movie after "Cars 2", which is a sequel to the original "Cars" movie.


title: Cars 3

text: Lightning McQueen faces Jackson Storm, his high-tech rival who uses technology to win. He then makes friends with Cruz Ramirez, who needs training in racing, and the two learn many tricks from Smokey, who once trained Doc Hudson (Lightning's trainer in the original "Cars" movie). Lightning and Cruz then go to Florida to use what they learned to beat Storm, and in the end, both of them win.


title: Logarithmic spiral

text: A logarithmic spiral, equiangular spiral or growth spiral is a special kind of spiral curve which often appears in nature. The logarithmic spiral was first described by Descartes and later extensively investigated by Jakob Bernoulli, who called it "Spira mirabilis", "the marvelous spiral".


title: Logarithmic spiral

text: The spiral has the property that the angle ɸ between the tangent and radial line at the point ("r",θ) is constant. This property can be expressed in differential geometric terms as


title: Logarithmic spiral

text: The derivative r'(θ) is proportional to the parameter "b". In other words, it controls how "tightly" and in which direction the spiral spirals. In the extreme case that "b" = 0 ("ɸ" = π/2) the spiral becomes a circle of radius "a". Conversely, in the limit that "b" approaches infinity ("ɸ" → 0) the spiral tends toward a straight line. The complement of ɸ is called the "pitch".


title: Logarithmic spiral

text: Spira mirabilis, Latin for "miraculous spiral", is another name for the logarithmic spiral. While this curve had already been named by other mathematicians, the name "miraculous" or "marvelous" spiral was given to this curve by Jakob Bernoulli, because he was fascinated by one of its unique mathematical properties: the size of the spiral increases, but the shape stays the same with each added curve. Maybe because of this property, the spira mirabilis has evolved in nature, seen in some living beings, such as nautilus shells and sunflower heads. Jakob Bernoulli wanted the shape on his headstone, but, by error, an Archimedean spiral was placed there instead.


title: Logarithmic spiral

text: The logarithmic spiral can be distinguished from the Archimedean spiral by the fact that the distances between the turnings of a logarithmic spiral increase in geometric progression, while in an Archimedean spiral these distances are constant.


title: Logarithmic spiral

text: Logarithmic spirals are self-similar in that they are self-congruent under all similarity transformations (scaling them gives the same result as rotating them). Scaling by a factor formula_6 gives the same as the original, without rotation. They are also congruent to their own involutes, evolutes, and the pedal curves based on their centers.


title: Logarithmic spiral

text: Starting at a point "P" and moving inwards along the spiral, one has to circle the origin infinitely often before reaching it; yet, the total distance covered on this path is finite. This was first realized by Evangelista Torricelli even before calculus had been invented. The total distance covered is "r"/cos(α), where "r" is the straight-line distance from "P" to the origin.


title: Logarithmic spiral

text: One can construct approximate logarithmic spirals with pitch about 17.03239 degrees using Fibonacci numbers or the golden ratio as is explained in those articles. Similarly, the exponential function exactly maps all lines not parallel with the real or imaginary axis in the complex plane, to all logarithmic spirals in the complex plane with centre at 0. (Up to adding integer multiples of 2π"i" to the lines, the mapping of all lines to all logarithmic spirals is onto.) The pitch angle of the logarithmic spiral is the angle between the line and the imaginary axis.


title: Logarithmic spiral

text: In several natural phenomena one may find curves that are close to being logarithmic spirals. Here follows some examples and reasons:


title: Tone

text: A musical tone is a repeating sound. Musical tones are different in duration, loudness, and timbre. The notes used in music can have many complex forms, such as short bursts, changes in pitch, and shifts in noise.


title: Tone

text: A simple tone, or pure tone, has a steady noise. A complex tone is a musical tone that is not steady. Simple tones are added together to make complex tones.


title: Hyundai Sonata

text: The Hyundai Sonata is a car produced by Hyundai since 1985. It is currently in its Fourth generation. It will be successed by the i45 in 2010.


title: Magi (manga)

text: Alibaba Saluja is the main character of "Magi." He is a “King Vessel”, a special human that was chosen by a Magi. He is a young man that wants to capture the dungeon in Qishan. After finding his life changing friend Aladdin, he uses this opportunity after watching Aladdin’s genie in action to go together and capture the dungeon.


title: Magi (manga)

text: Aladdin is a main character of "Magi." He is a “Magi”, a special magician who chooses kings. He is a strange boy who is a traveler and has a flute that has a djinn, or a genie that can be summoned upon blowing on it, along with a magical carpet which he can use to fly.


title: Magi (manga)

text: Morgiana is the heroine of "Magi." She is a part of Alibaba’s household, gaining some powers from the djinn Amon, which Alibaba has captured. She is a former slave that was tortured, but saved by Alibaba and Aladdin.


title: Magi (manga)

text: Sinbad is the main character of the spin off series "Adventure of Sinbad" and a special man. He is a first class singularity that captured seven dungeons meaning he has seven djinns.


title: Loyumba Shinyen

text: The Loyumba Shinyen (), also termed as the Loyamba Sinyen (), is an 11th-12th century written constitution, regulated in the Manipur kingdom during the regime of King Loyumba (1074 AD-1112 AD). A promulgation of the proto-constitution in 429 AD by King Naophangba was reduced to a final format in 1100 AD. Historically, it is the first written constitution, and one of the well recorded antique manuscripts of the kingdom. Its Constitutionalism was replaced by the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947, that was functional until Manipur was merged into India on October 15, 1949.


title: Loyumba Shinyen

text: It includes the accounts of the distribution of the duties to the subjects of the king. Its rules and regulations remains to be an authoritative work in the Meitei social system till the present day Manipur.


title: Loyumba Shinyen

text: The following is the list of Meitei families who were given the duties of serving particular pantheons of gods and goddesses of the ancient Meitei religion.


title: Today (American TV program)

text: The Today Show is a morning talk/news show. It airs on National Broadcasting Company. As of 2016, the anchors were Savannah Guthrie. Natalie Morales reads the news and Al Roker forecasts the weather. Carson Daly contributes to the program on a regular basis as well.


title: Today (American TV program)

text: During the week, the flagship hours of Today (7:00 a.m. - 9:00 a.m.) are co-anchored by Savannah Guthrie (2012–present) alongside co-hosts Al Roker (weather anchor; 1996–present), Carson Daly (social media anchor/Orange Room anchor; 2013–present), Jenna Bush Hager (correspondent; 2009–present), and Natalie Morales (West Coast anchor/correspondent; 2011–present).


title: Today (American TV program)

text: The show also has a third and fourth hour. The third hour is hosted by Morales, Roker, Tamron Hall, and Willie Geist. The fourth hour is anchored by Kathie Lee Gifford.


title: Today (American TV program)

text: Craig Melvin & Willie Geist anchored the final edition of Today with with Savannah Guthrie and Hoda Kotb on August 30, 2019. That day's broadcast ended with one of Kotb's favorite pieces of music instead of the traditional theme music.


title: Today (American TV program)

text: Beginning on September 2, 2019, the broadcast was introduced simply as Today Show and it remained that way until January 2020.


title: Liège

text: Liège ( , , ; ; ; ; ) is a city in Belgium. It is the cultural centre of the Walloon region of Belgium and the capital of the province of Liège. Liège is also seat of a Roman Catholic bishop. In 2007, 188,907 people lived there.


title: Liège

text: The first written trace of the city was found in 558 as "Leodicum" or "Vicus Leodicus". From 717, Liege was made the seat of a bishopric and became a cultural centre in the Middle Ages. These bishops ruled the city as Prince-Bishops until the 1790s. In the French Revolution, the cathedral was damaged, partially burned down and then completely detroyed. In the 19th century, the city lived on coal-mining, steel industry and trade. The region was the second biggest economic center in Europe after the UK in the 19th century.


title: Liège

text: Today Liege is a major educational hub, with a university and many high schools. It is a crossing point in Europe, Liège has the second biggest inner harbour and the 8th biggest cargo airport in Europe (Liège Airport). The city, that had a lot of problems since the 1970s because of the end of the steel industry and coal-mining, is now having a good economy thanks to the logistics and high tech industry (biotechnology, space industry, IT).


title: Primorsky Krai

text: Primorsky Krai () is one of the 85 federal subjects (a krai) of Russia. It is in the Far East region of the country and is a part of the Far Eastern Federal District. The administrative center of the krai is the city of Vladivostok. As of the 2010 Census, 1,956,497 people lived there.


title: Seine-Maritime

text: Seine-Maritime is a department found in the northwest of France in the Normandy region. Its prefecture is Rouen. Its population is about 1,245,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.


title: Ille-et-Vilaine

text: Ille-et-Vilaine is a department found in the west of France in the Brittany region. Its prefecture is Rennes and its population is about 908,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.


title: Letter (paper)

text: A letter is a message in writing that is sent to others, often by post (mail). The sender addresses it to the intended reader. For example:


title: Peter Dinklage

text: Peter Hayden Dinklage (born June 11, 1969) is an American actor who starred in the Home Box Office television series "Game of Thrones". He also starred in other movies, including "Elf" (2003), "Penelope" (2006), "Death at a Funeral" (2010), and "" (2012). Dinklage was born in Morristown, New Jersey. He was born with achondroplasia, a form of dwarfism. He studied at Bennington College. In 2005, he married Erica Schmidt. They have one daughter. He is a Catholic. He is a vegetarian and a supporter of animal rights.


title: Lev Yashin

text: Lev Yashin (22 October 1929 – 20 March 1990) was a former Russian football player. He had played for Dynamo Moscow and Soviet Union national team. He is regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time, while some even considering him to be the greatest.


title: Sovereign Military Order of Malta

text: The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta (), also known as Order of Malta is a sovereign country in Rome, that has no territory. It was founded around 1048 in Jerusalem with the goal of giving medical care to anyone in need, regardless of religion or race.


title: Pope Alexander III

text: Pope Alexander III (; c. 1100 – 30 August 1181), born Orlando Bandinelli, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the 171st Pope. He was Pope from 1159 to 1181.


title: Sovereign Military Order of Malta

text: They originated in Jerusalem, and after being exiled from the city they moved to the Rhodes. After that to Malta, and then lastly the went to Rome and the Pope Paschal II declared them as an independent nation though they had no territory.


title: Pope Alexander III

text: Cardinal Bandinelli was elected pope on September 7, 1159; and he chose the name Alexander III. His papacy was disputed by Antipope Victor IV, Antipope Paschal III, Antipope Calixtus III and Antipope Innocent III.


title: Pope Alexander III

text: Alexander's support for Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, did not resolve conflicts with the Henry II of England. After Becket was murdered, Alexander canonized him.


title: Oligocene

text: The Oligocene is the last geological epoch in the Palaeogene. It lasted for about 11 million years, from 34 million years ago to 23 million years ago. It was preceded by the Eocene and followed by the Miocene. During the Oligocene, the world continued to get cooler from its peak in the mid-Eocene. The world was still largely forested, but grasslands began to spread. Ice formed in Antarctica. The period is seen as one of "transition", both in climate and in the biota.


title: Ghor Province

text: Ghōr (, (), also spelled Ghowr or Ghur, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in central Afghanistan, towards the northwest. The capital of Ghor is Chaghcharan.


title: Plauen

text: Plauen is the biggest city of the Vogtlandkreis in the southwest of Saxony. It is the fifth-largest city in the state. Only Leipzig, Dresden, Chemnitz and Zwickau are larger.


title: Annette Bening

text: Annette Bening (born May 29, 1958) is an American movie actress. She was born in Topeka, Kansas. She has been nominated four times for an Academy Award.


title: Plauen

text: Plauen was a "Kreisfreie stadt" until July 2008. Since 1. August 2008 Plauen ist Part of the Vogtlandkreis.


title: Annette Bening

text: Bening is a four-time Oscar nominee for her roles in "The Grifters", "American Beauty", "Being Julia", and "The Kids Are All Right", winning Golden Globe Awards for the latter two films. She won a BAFTA and a SAG award for her performance in "American Beauty".


title: Plauen

text: Plauen was already settled in the Bronze Age, but the first written record of the city was in 1122, when the oldest church (named "Johanniskirche") was build. About 1224 Plauen has get the Town privileges. 1632 a big part of the city was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War. Since about 1830 Plauen grow because of the textile-industry. In the Second World Warabout three quarters of the city was destroyed by the United States Army Air Force and the Royal Air Force.


title: Annette Bening

text: In 1995, Bening appeared in "The American President", playing Sydney Wade, a PR (public relations) consultant who dates the President, played by Michael Douglas.


title: Plauen

text: 1989 Plauen was the first city in the German Democratic Republic were happens a big demonstration against the Government. This leads to the Wende.


title: Annette Bening

text: From 1984 to 1991, Annette was married to J. Steven White. On March 3, 1992, she married Warren Beatty. They have four children.


title: Plauen

text: Plauen became a large city in 1904 when the population reached 100.000. In 1912 it reached its biggest ever population with 128.000.


title: Plauen

text: After the Second World War Germany was divided. Plauen was in the border area. Laws about living in the border areas of East Germany meant the population fell greatly.


title: Plauen

text: According to the statistics office of the Free State of Saxony, on 31 December 2009 Plauen's population was 66,412.


title: Royal Observatory, Greenwich

text: The Royal Observatory, Greenwich (Royal Greenwich Observatory or 'RGO') was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II.


title: Royal Observatory, Greenwich

text: At this time the king also created the position of Astronomer Royal, for John Flamsteed, to beas the director of the observatory.


title: Royal Observatory, Greenwich

text: He was to "apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying of the tables of the motions of the heavens, and the places of the fixed stars, so as to find out the so much desired longitude of places for the perfecting of the art of navigation".


title: Royal Observatory, Greenwich

text: The Greenwich Meridian runs through the site of the Observatory. It is the line at which the longitude is defined as 0°.


title: Karolinska Institutet

text: Karolinska Institutet (in English Karolinska Institute), and before 1968, the Royal Caroline Institute is one of Europe's biggest medical universities.


title: Karolinska Institutet

text: It was started in 1810 on Kungsholmen island on the west side of Stockholm. It later moved to Solna, just outside Stockholm, and a second campus has been built in Flemingsberg/Huddinge, south of Stockholm.


title: Karolinska Institutet

text: The Karolinska University Hospital, in Solna and Huddinge, is the university's research and teaching hospital. It is one of Sweden's largest centres for training and research, with 30 percent of the medical training and 40 percent of the medical academic research. While most of the medical programs are taught in Swedish, most of the Ph.D. programs are taught in English.


title: Karolinska Institutet

text: The institute is a member of the League of European Research Universities. In the 2009 Academic Ranking of World Universities, the institute is the best university for medicine and pharmacy in Europe, 8th in the world. It is listed as the best university in Sweden.


title: Karolinska Institutet

text: Karolinska Institutet was started between 1810 and 1811 to teach army surgeons. It was called the 'Medico-Chirurgiska Institutet'.


title: Karolinska Institutet

text: In 1817 the name 'Karolinska' was added as a reference to 'Karoliner' which was the name of soldiers under the Swedish king Karl XII. The full name became 'Kongl. Carolinska Medico Chirurgiska Institutet'.


title: Bonnie Tyler

text: Bonnie Tyler (born Gaynor Hopkins; 8 June 1951) is a Welsh singer, songwriter, and philanthropist. She has had several major hit songs such as "Holding Out for a Hero". Three songs "Lost in France," "It's a Heartache" and "Total Eclipse of the Heart" became major hits in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Tyler represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö.


title: Julio-Claudian dynasty

text: The Roman society was a class society, and almost all ruling figures were from the Patrician class. Therefore, for the next 100 years the dynasty had many other influential members who were descended from the female members of the dynasty such as Julia the Younger, eldest granddaughter of Augustus. She was also related to Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero.


title: Itzhak Perlman

text: Perlman was born in Tel Aviv which, three years later, became part of the state of Israel. When he was small he listened to the violin on the radio and decided he wanted to play it. He studied at the Academy of Music in Tel Aviv. Then he moved to the United States to study at the Juilliard School with Ivan Galamian and Dorothy DeLay. He made his first public performance at Carnegie Hall in 1963. In 1964 he won the Leventritt Competition. Soon afterward he began to tour widely. He also appeared on American television in shows including "Sesame Street". He was invited to play at the White House.


title: President of Finland

text: The President of the Republic of Finland (, ) is the nation's head of state. The president is elected directly by the people of Finland for a term of six years. Since 1991, no president may be elected for more than two consecutive terms. The president must be a native-born Finnish citizen. The office was created by the Constitution Act of 1919.


title: Itzhak Perlman

text: Perlman had been ill with polio at the age of four. He got better, and managed to learn to walk again with the use of crutches. Today, he still walks with crutches and plays the violin sitting down.


title: President of Finland

text: Officially the head of state is known as the President of the Republic of Finland (; ) or, more often, the President of the Republic (', ').


title: Itzhak Perlman

text: In 1987, he joined the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra for their concerts in Warsaw and Budapest, as well as other Eastern bloc countries. He toured with the IPO in the spring of 1990 for their first-ever performance in the USSR, with concerts in Moscow and Leningrad, and toured with the IPO again in 1994, performing in China and India.


title: Itzhak Perlman

text: Perlman usually plays solos, but he also plays chamber music with other musicians, including Yo-Yo Ma, Jessye Norman and, especially, with Pinchas Zukerman.


title: Itzhak Perlman

text: Perlman usually plays classical music but sometimes he plays jazz. He made an album made with jazz pianist Oscar Peterson, and klezmer. Perlman has been a soloist for a number of movie scores, including the score of the 1993 film "Schindler's List" by John Williams.


title: Itzhak Perlman

text: Perlman plays on a special Stradivarius violin called the "Soil Stradivarius", made in 1714. He also plays on a Guarneri del Gesu made about 1743.


title: Itzhak Perlman

text: In recent years, Perlman has also begun to conduct, taking the post of principal guest conductor at the Detroit Symphony Orchestra.