title: Ventilator

text: Bag-valve masks (BMVs) have an oxygen mask which covers the nose and mouth of the patient, a one-way valve attached between the mask and the bag which filters the moving air and prevents the air to be breathed back into the bag, and an inflatable bag which holds the air in and is squeezed by hand. An operator squeezes the bag which forces air into the patient's lungs, and as the hand releases the bag is the patient breathes out into the outer environment and the bag refills itself with outside air. The bag is squeezed and released by hand repeatedly in order to keep the patient breathing.


title: Wilhelm Reich

text: Reich had founded "Orgonon" in Rangeley, Maine after immigrating to the US. It was his home, laboratory and research center, and also Reich's burial place. It is now open to the public as the Wilhelm Reich Museum.


title: Ventilator

text: Amnesia bags is another type of manual resuscitator in which the bag does not refill itself with air as the patient is breathing. Instead, the bag is filled with air or gas beforehand and the bag is either squeezed by hand or the patient can inhale the air or gas inside of bath if they can breathe on their own.


title: Ventilator

text: Mechanical ventilators work by themselves without manual operation and are usually controlled by computers, and can be powered by either electricity connected to a wall outlet or battery, or pneumatics without the use of electricity. The air can be moved in and out of the patient by attaching an oxygen mask on the patient or by connecting the ventilator to a breathing tube inserted into the nostrils, the larynx or the trachea. They are used to help the patient breathe for a long period of time.


title: Ventilator

text: Positive pressure ventilators work by blowing air from the outside or from an oxygen tank or air tank through a pneumatic reservoir which holds and compressing the air, or through a turbine which turns around and forces the air through a mask or breathing tube and into the patient. As the air is forced into the lungs, the patient would later breathe out through a "patient circuit" with a one-way valve.


title: Ventilator

text: On the other hand, a negative pressure ventilator, also known as an "iron lung" or a tank respirator, is a chamber which is enclosed around the patient's chest and lowers the pressure inside the chamber around the chest area to a point in which the pressure inside the chamber is less than the pressure outside allowing the patient to breathe in, and then the pressure inside heightens to a point in which the pressure inside the chamber is greater than the pressure outside allowing the patient to breathe out. This process occurs periodically. Negative pressure ventilators are now considered obsolete and instead positive pressure ventilators are used in its place.


title: Battle of Ðiện Biên Phủ

text: The battle of Ðiện Biên Phủ was a 1954 battle between Vietnamese and French forces. Vietnam won, which made the French give up in the First Indochina War. The independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was secured, and Vietnam was divided into into North Vietnam and South Vietnam.


title: Schaerbeek

text: Schaerbeek (in French) or Schaarbeek (in Dutch) is a municipality in the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium.


title: Red-crowned crane

text: The red-crowned crane ("Grus japonensis"), also called the Japanese crane or Manchurian crane, is a large crane. It is the second rarest crane in the world after the North American whooping crane. In East Asia, it is known as a symbol of luck and fidelity. At 55 inches high, the crane does not make easy prey, for all that it stands out in its natural habitat of marshes and swamps. When it matures, the red-crowned crane is snow white with a patch of red skin on its head.


title: Juan Sebastián Verón

text: Juan Sebastián Verón (born 9 March 1975) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Estudiantes La Plata and Argentina national team.


title: Ayaan Hirsi Ali

text: Ayaan Hirsi Ali (born 13 November 1969) is a Dutch-American activist who was born in Somalia. She is known for being critical of female genital mutilation and Islam. She is the daughter of Somali politician Hirsi Magan Isse. In 2005 Hirsi Ali was in "Time" magazine's list of the 100 most influential people in the world. Hirsi Ali became an American citizen in 2013. She is married to British historian and public commentator Niall Ferguson.


title: Gloria Gaynor

text: Gloria Gaynor (born Gloria Fowles, September 7, 1943 near Newark, New Jersey) is an American recording artist and musician. She performed disco in the 1970s. She is best known for her classic song "I Will Survive".


title: Robert Graves

text: Robert von Ranke Graves (also known as Robert Ranke Graves and most commonly Robert Graves; 24 July 1895 – 7 December 1985) was an English poet, novelist, critic and classicist. He wrote more than 140 works. He wrote poems about Greek myths and historical novels. Many of his novels were set in ancient Rome or were about stories from Greek myths. He also wrote about Greek myths and translated them into English.


title: Thomas Schelling

text: Thomas Crombie Schelling (14 April 1921 – 13 December 2016) was an American economist and professor of foreign affairs, national security, nuclear strategy, and arms control.


title: Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress

text: Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role is one of the Academy Awards of Merit. It is presented each year by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is to recognize an actress with an outstanding performance in a movie. Since the beginning, the award has commonly been called the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Andrea del Sarto

text: Andrea del Sarto (born 16 July 1486) was an Italian painter. He was considered an important artist during his lifetime.


title: Euroscepticism

text: Euroscepticism is the criticism of the European Union (EU). Some observers also say that the total rejection of the EU is euroscepticism. Euroscepticism should not be confused with Anti-Europeanism, which is the dislike or fear of European culture and/or people.


title: Battle of Ðiện Biên Phủ

text: With the launch of Operation Castor, French soldiers were dropped from the Red River Delta by air, deep into the northwestern hills of Vietnam, into Việt Minh territory. They established a well-fortified garrison at Ðiện Biên Phủ, alongside an airstrip to supply their troops. That was an attempt to lure the Vietnamese guerrilla fighters, commanded by General Võ Nguyên Giáp, into an all-out firefight to inflict devastating losses in which the French would use their heavy artillery and superior firepower.


title: Red-crowned crane

text: In the spring and summer, the red-crowned crane lives in Siberia, where their eggs hatch. Normally the crane lays two eggs, but usually only one chick survives. Later, in the autumn, it migrates in flocks to Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, and other countries in East Asia to spend the winter. All red-crowned cranes migrate, except for a flock that stays in Hokkaido, year long.


title: Ayaan Hirsi Ali

text: Hirsi Ali was born as Ayaan Hirsi Magan in 1969 in Mogadishu, Somalia. Her father Hirsi Magan Isse was put in prison when Hirsi Ali was a baby. She had female genital mutilation done to her when she was five years old. Hirsi Ali's family moved with her to Saudi Arabia then Ethiopia. In 1980 they moved again to Nairobi, Kenya. Hirsi Ali studied at a Muslim Girls' Secondary School.


title: Robert Graves

text: Graves was born in Wimbledon, now part of London. He was the third of five children. His father was Alfred Perceval Graves (1846–1931). He came from an Irish family. His mother was Amalie von Ranke (1857–1951). She came from a German family. Robert went to many schools when he was young. In 1909 he won a scholarship to Charterhouse, a famous boarding school in Surrey.When the First World War began in August 1914, Graves joined the army right away. He wrote many poems about the war. He became a good friend of another war poet, Siegfried Sassoon. Graves was very badly wounded in the Battle of the Somme. He nearly died and was sent back to a hospital in England. He also had mental problems called by shell shock from the bad experience of battle. His mental problems lasted for several years.


title: Thomas Schelling

text: After 1953, he left government to join the economics faculty at Yale University, and in 1958 he was appointed Professor of Economics at Harvard University. In 1969 he joined the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard.


text: Actresses are nominated for this award by Academy members who are actors and actresses themselves. Winners are selected by the academy membership as a whole.


title: Andrea del Sarto

text: Perhaps the best known painting by Andrea del Sarto is the "Madonna of the Harpies". The painting shows the Virgin Mary and child on a pedestal, with angels and two saints by her side.


title: Euroscepticism

text: Eurosceptics says that the European Union weakens the nation state. They also say that the European Union is too bureaucratic (meaning that important decisions are made by officials who aren't elected). In 2016, the countries with the most unfavourable view of the EU were Greece, France, Spain and the United Kingdom.


title: Battle of Ðiện Biên Phủ

text: However, the Việt Minh did not take the bait but brought Chinese-funded heavy artillery into this difficult area, much to French surprise. The Việt Minh also used its superior numbers in human wave tactics to overwhelm the French. Next, the Việt Minh dug deep trenches and used its artillery to shoot down any French air planes, destroy the French airstrip, and bombard the French troops into submission. The French surrendered the in May 1954, after two months of fighting. The number of French soldiers at the garrison had increased from 12,000 to over 15,000. After years of fighting and this defeat, the French no longer wanted to continue fighting.


title: Red-crowned crane

text: The crane eats small amphibians, aquatic invertebrates, insects, and plants that grow in marshes and swamps.


title: Ayaan Hirsi Ali

text: In 2002 she became an atheist. She became a member of the Dutch parliament in 2003. Hirsi Ali wrote the script for a short film directed by Theo Van Gogh called "Submission". It was released in 2004. Mohammed Bouyeri killed Van Gogh on 2 November 2004. He left a note on Gogh's body. The note was a death threat to Hirsi Ali. In 2006 Hirsi Ali's second book translated in English, "The Caged Virgin: An Emancipation Proclamation for Women and Islam", was published.


title: Robert Graves

text: In 1918 he married the artist Nancy Nicholson. He went to study at Oxford University in 1919. At Oxford his good friend was T. E. Lawrence. He later wrote a biography of Lawrence called "Lawrence and the Arabs". His marriage to Nancy Nicholson ended in the 1920s. He went to live with the poet Laura Riding in Spain They lived in Deià, a small village on the island of Majorca. Graves and Laura Riding lived in America during the Spanish Civil War. Their relationship broke down in 1938. Graves went back to England. He fell in love with Beryl Hodge (1915–2003). Graves wrote many beautiful love poems to Beryl. They moved to Spain in 1946 and lived in Deià with their children. They were married in 1950. Their house in Deià is now a museum. From 1961 to 1966 Graves was Professor of Poetry at Oxford.


title: Thomas Schelling

text: In 1993, Schelling received an award from the National Academy of Sciences. He also received an honorary doctorate from Yale University in 2009 as well as an honorary degree from the University of Manchester.


title: Euroscepticism

text: The rise of right-wing populist parties in Europe have been contributed to their Eurosceptic views. On 23 June 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union with 52% voting to leave.


title: Battle of Ðiện Biên Phủ

text: It was the first time an Asian colonial army defeated the army of a European power by military might. That was considered to be a surprise disaster for the French and a blow to the Western world. The French no longer wanted to maintain French Indochina and so they negotiated and later withdrew from Indochina. The Second Indochinese War later was fought between both Vietnams


title: Ayaan Hirsi Ali

text: In 2014 Brandeis University decided to give Hirsi Ali an honorary degree. Then she was not given the degree because of a campaign.


title: Robert Graves

text: Robert Graves died at his house in Deià on 7 December 1985. He was 90 years old. He was buried in a churchyard on a hill near his house. Graves had eight children—four with his first wife Nancy and four with his second wife Beryl.


title: Thomas Schelling

text: He was awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Economics (shared with Robert Aumann) for "having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis".


title: Euroscepticism

text: In November 2015, a poll showed that those with a positive image of the EU went down from 52% in 2007 to 37%. Distrust of the EU was highest in Greece (81%), Cyprus (72%), Austria (65%), France (65%) Germany (63%), the United Kingdom (63%) and the Czech Republic (63%).


title: Battle of Ðiện Biên Phủ

text: French colonies in Africa also revolted, most famously during the Algerian War. By 1967, most of the French colonial empire had been gone.


title: Thomas Schelling

text: Schelling was born on 14 April 1921 in Oakland, California. He studied at the University of California, Berkeley, at Harvard University, and at Yale University.


title: Thomas Schelling

text: Schelling married Corinne Tigay Saposs in 1947. They had four children. They divorced in 1991. Then, Schelling married Alice M. Coleman in 1991. They had four children.


title: Thomas Schelling

text: Schelling died on 13 December 2016 in Bethesda, Maryland from complications following a hip fracture, aged 95.


title: Thomas Schelling

text: Schelling's most famous work grew out of the post-war interest in game theory and the Cold War. The book covers an area known as strategic bargaining, about how the United States could deal with the Soviet Union after World War II. It is thought to be one of the hundred books that have been most influential in the West since 1945. Many studies at the RAND Corporation and Herman Kahn's Hudson Institute were along similar lines. All these people knew each other and gave advice and seminars at the Pentagon and other U.S. government departments.


title: Thomas Schelling

text: Schelling's theories about war were extended in "Arms and Influence". The blurb states that it "carries forward the analysis so brilliantly begun in his earlier "The Strategy of Conflict"... and makes a significant contribution to the growing literature on modern war and diplomacy".


title: Thomas Schelling

text: In 1969 and 1971, Schelling published widely cited articles dealing with what he called "a general theory of tipping". In these papers he showed that a preference that one's neighbors be of the same color, or even a preference for a mixture "up to some limit", could lead to total segregation. This explained the phenomenon of complete local separation of distinct groups.


title: Thomas Schelling

text: Schelling has been involved in the global warming debate since chairing a commission for President Jimmy Carter in 1980. He believes climate change poses a serious threat to developing nations, but that the threat to the United States has been exaggerated. Drawing on his experience with the Marshall Plan after World War II, he has argued that addressing global warming is a bargaining problem; if the world is able to reduce emissions, poor countries will receive most of the benefits but rich countries will bear most of the costs.


title: Bioethics

text: Bioethics is a field of ethics in philosophy that studies the ethical, legal and social issues in medicine and biology. It is often used to study how the new discoveries in science will affect humans, animals and nature.


title: Guillaume Dufay

text: Guillaume Dufay (pronounce ""GHEE-oam Doo-FYE"", sometimes spelt Du Fay) (born Beersel? 5 August 1397?; died Cambrai, 27 November 1474) was a Franco-Flemish composer and music theorist of the early Renaissance. He was the most important composer of his time. He belonged to the group of composers known as the Burgundian School. He had more influence on music in Europe than any other composer of the 15th century.


title: Styrene

text: Styrene is a certain organic chemical compound having the chemical formula CH. Its chemical structure is made up of a vinyl group bonded onto a benzene ring. This benzene ring makes styrene an aromatic compound. At room temperature and pressure, styrene is a clear, colorless liquid. Other names for styrene can be "styrol", "vinylbenzene", "phenylethene", or "phenylethylene".


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: Arthur Seyss-Inquart/Arthur Seyß-Inquart (born "Arthur Seyß-Inquart on" 22 July 1892–16 October 1946) was a prominent lawyer and later Nazi official in pre-Anschluß Austria, the Third Reich and in wartime Germany, Poland, and the Netherlands. Seyß-Inquart was executed at the Nuremberg Trials for crimes against humanity.


title: Waziristan

text: Waziristan (Pashto and , "land of the Wazir") is a mountainous region of northwest Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan and covering about . It is part of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, which is not part of any of the country's four provinces.


title: Tom Waits

text: Thomas Alan "Tom" Waits (born December 7, 1949) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and composer. He is known for his distinct voice, electric instrumentation, and occasionally surreal lyrics. His work often includes elements of the blues, jazz, and musical theatre.


title: Guillaume Dufay

text: From what it says in his will it seems likely that he was born in Beersel which is near Brussels in what, today, is Belgium. He was the illegitimate child of an unknown priest and a woman called Marie Du Fayt. When he was small, Dufay moved with his mother to Cambrai where they stayed with a relative who was a canon of the cathedral there. Dufay soon showed musical talent, and he was given a musical education at the cathedral. He sang in the choir there. When he was only 16 he was given a benefice as chaplain near Cambrai. He travelled to Konstanz for a meeting.


title: Styrene

text: Styrene is used in polymer chemistry as a monomer. This means many styrene molecules can bond together to make a larger molecule called polystyrene. Polystyrene is a kind of polymer often used as a plastic. This kind of chemical reaction is called polymerization.


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: Seyß-Inquart was born in 1892 in Stonařov ("Stannern"), Moravia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to school principal Emil Zajtich and his wife Auguste Hyrenbach. The family moved to Vienna in 1907, where they changed the Czech Slavic name of "Zajtich" to the German "Seyß-Inquart". Seyß-Inquart later studied law at the University of Vienna. At the beginning of World War I in August 1914, Seyß-Inquart enlisted in the Austrian Army and served in Russia, Romania and Italy. He was decorated for bravery on a number of occasions, and while recovering from wounds in 1917 he completed his final examinations for his degree.


title: Waziristan

text: Though declared by the rebels as a "state" or "emirate", there are questions whether the region being should be called such. Those who support that the region is a state point to the facts that the federal government has little to no power in the region and that the area is ruled mostly by tribal elders. The Taliban are reported to control most of the region with its own style of Sharia rule, which the Pakistan government has been unable to stop. Such bold show of autonomy has led one writer in the "Wall Street Journal" to remark that Waziristan was a "state within a state."


title: Guillaume Dufay

text: From November 1418 to 1420 he was a subdeacon at Cambrai Cathedral. In 1420 he left Cambrai again, and worked in Rimini in Italy at the house of a rich family. In 1424 he returned to Cambrai because the relative in whose house his mother was staying was ill. After the relative died he went back to Italy. He worked in Bologna for a cardinal. He became a deacon and then a priest.


title: Styrene

text: Styrene can also bond with other kinds of monomers to make other kinds of polymers called "copolymers". For one example, styrene has been mixed with another monomer called 1,3-butadiene to make a copolymer which is a kind of synthetic rubber. For another example, styrene is mixed with acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene to make a copolymer plastic called ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene).


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: In 1911, Seyß-Inquart met Gertrud Maschka. The couple married in 1916 and had three children: Ingeborg Caroline Auguste Seyß-Inquart (born 18 September 1917), Richard Seyß-Inquart (born 1921) and Dorothea Seyß-Inquart (born 1928).


title: Guillaume Dufay

text: When the Cardinal was made to leave Bologna in 1428 Dufay went to Rome to work for the pope. He became a member of the Papal Choir. In 1434 he was made "maistre de chappelle" in Savoy. He seems to have left Rome when the papal choir had money problems. Yet in 1435 he was again in the service of the papal chapel, but this time it was in Florence. In 1436 Dufay composed the festive motet "Nuper rosarum flores", one of his most famous compositions, which was sung at the dedication of Brunelleschi's dome of the cathedral in Florence.


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: He went into law after the war, and in 1921 set up his own practice. During the early years of the first Austrian republic, he was close to the Vaterländische Front.


title: Guillaume Dufay

text: During this period Dufay also began his long association with the d'Este family in Ferrara, some of the most important musical patrons of the Renaissance. He may have got to know them during his first stay in Italy. Rimini was not far from Ferrara, and he spent time in both towns where he got financial support.


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: He became a State Councillor in 1937 under Kurt Schuschnigg. He was not a member of the Austrian National Socialist party at first. But by 1938, Seyß-Inquart was the highest-ranking politician in the Austrian National Socialist Party.


title: Guillaume Dufay

text: At this time the arguments between the Pope and the Council of Basel continued. Dufay thought he might find himself without a job, so he went back to Cambrai. In order to be a canon at Cambrai, he needed a law degree, which he got in 1437; he may have studied at Turin University in 1436. One of the first documents mentioning him in Cambrai is dated December 27, 1440, when he was given 36 lots of wine for the feast of St. John the Evangelist. We do not know how long he took to drink it.


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: In February 1938, Seyß-Inquart was appointed Minister of the Interior by Schuschnigg, after Hitler had threatened Schuschnigg. On 11 March 1938, Schuschnigg resigned as Austrian Chancellor and Seyß-Inquart was appointed to the position by Austrian President Wilhelm Miklas. Hitler's plan was to have Seyß-Inquart send a telegram asking for German help to stop riots, but President Miklas did not make Seyß-Inquart chancellor until after Hitler's invasion of Austria. On 13 March 1938, Seyß-Inquart joined the National Socialist party.


title: Guillaume Dufay

text: Dufay stayed in Cambrai during the 1440s. At the same time he was also in the service of the Duke of Burgundy. While in Cambrai he worked with Nicolas Grenon on completely renewing the cathedral collection of music. This meant that he had to write a big collection of polyphonic music for services. He also worked in the administration of the cathedral. In 1444 his mother died, and was buried in the cathedral; and in 1445 Dufay moved into the house of the person who had been canon just before. He kept this home for the rest of his life, although he did spend six more years in Italy where he wrote many of his compositions. When he returned again to Cambrai he was made canon of the cathedral. He was the most famous composer in Europe by that time. He often composed music for the court of Burgundy, and he met many younger composers who were becoming famous, such as Busnois, Ockeghem, Tinctoris, and Loyset Compère. During this period Dufay probably wrote his mass based on the song "L'homme armé", as well as the chanson based on the same song. Maybe he wrote this when Philip the Good called for a new crusade against the Turks, who had recently captured Constantinople. He also wrote a Requiem mass around 1460, which is lost.


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: Hitler was going to leave Austria independent, but after the welcome the invading German troops got during the Anschluß he decided to make Austria a new part of the Third Reich, called "Ostmark" (or "eastern boundary") . Seyß-Inquart wrote the statute which made Austria a province of Germany, and signed it into law on 13 March.


title: Guillaume Dufay

text: After an illness of several weeks, Dufay died on November 27, 1474. He had asked for his motet "Ave regina celorum" to be sung for him as he died, with pleas for mercy to be read between some of the movements, but there was not enough time for this to be arranged, so it was sung at his funeral instead. Dufay was buried in the chapel of St. Etienne in the cathedral of Cambrai; his portrait was carved onto his tombstone. In later years the cathedral was destroyed, and the tombstone was lost, but it was found in 1859 (it was being used to cover a well), and is now in the Palais des Beaux Arts museum in Lille.


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: Seyß-Inquart became "Reichsstatthalter" or Governor of the so-called Ostmark. Ernst Kaltenbrunner was chief minister, and Burckel Commissioner for the Reunion of Austria (concerned with the "Jewish Question").


title: Guillaume Dufay

text: Dufay’s music was performed all over Europe. People who wanted to perform his music had to write it out by hand. There was no music printing in those days.


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: Seyß-Inquart was made an SS Gruppenführer, and in May 1939 Minister without portfolio in Hitler's government.


title: Guillaume Dufay

text: Dufay wrote church music including masses, motets, Magnificats, hymns, simple chant settings and antiphons. His secular (non-religious) music includes rondeaux, ballades, virelais and a few other kinds of chanson. His style of composition laid the foundation for the next generations of Renaissance composers. Some of his techniques were old-fashioned. He used isorhythms in his motets, which had been popular in medieval music. He used a way of harmonizing chants which became known as fauxbourdon. He was popular because he was skilled at writing melodies which were beautiful to sing.


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: After the invasion of Poland Seyß-Inquart became governor of Southern Poland, but before he started work there the General Government was created, and Seyß-Inquart became a deputy to Governor General Hans Frank.


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: After Germany invaded the Low Countries, Seyß-Inquart became Reichskommissar for occupied Netherlands in May 1940. His job was to organize civil administration, create close economic ties with Germany and defend the interests of the Reich.


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: He supported the Dutch National Socialist Party (NSB) and allowed it to create a paramilitary "Landwacht", as an auxiliary police force. Other political parties were banned in late 1941, and many former government officials imprisoned at Sint-Michielsgestel. The administration of the country was largely controlled by Seyß-Inquart himself.


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: He introduced measures to combat 'terror', and when a widespread strike took place in Amsterdam, Arnhem and Hilversum in May 1943 special summary court-martials were held and a collective fine of 18 million guilders was imposed. Seyß-Inquart authorized the execution of around 800 people before liberation. Some people say it was not merely 800 but over 1,500, including executions under the so-called "Hostage Law" involving (among others) political prisoners who were close to being liberated, the Putten incident, and the reprisal execution of 117 Dutchmen for the attack on SS and Police Leader" Hanns Albin Rauter. From July 1944 on, most of Seyß-Inquart's powers were transferred to the military commander in the Netherlands and the Gestapo, but he was still an important and powerful political figure.


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: There was also a "Jewish assembly camp" at Westerbork, in addition to a number of other camps controlled by the military, the police, the SS or Seyß-Inquart's administration. These included a "voluntary labor recruitment" camp at Ommen. A total of around 530,000 Dutch civilians worked for the Germans, of whom 250,000 were sent to factories in Germany.


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: Seyss-Inquart was an anti-Semite: within a few months of his arrival in the Netherlands, he sacked Jews from government, the press and leading positions in industry. Anti-Jewish measures escalated after 1941: approximately 140,000 Jews were registered, a ghetto was created in Amsterdam and a transit camp set up at Westerbork. In February 1941, 600 Jews were sent to the Buchenwald and Mauthausen concentration camps. Later, Dutch Jews were sent to Auschwitz. As Allied forces approached in September 1944 the remaining Jews at Westerbork were sent to Theresienstadt. Of 140,000 registered Dutch Jews, only 44,500 survived the war.


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: When Hitler committed suicide on 30 April 1945, Seyß-Inquart became the Foreign Minister in Admiral Karl Dönitz's new German government.


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: The Nazi regime had tried a 'scorched earth' policy, and also destroyed some docks and harbors. Seyß-Inquart agreed with Armaments Minister Albert Speer that destroying everything to keep valuable materials from Allied forces or a new government after the war was wrong. Seyß-Inquart also helped in the so-called 'hunger winter' of 1945 to distribute food, and allowed Allied airplanes to drop Swedish white bread for the hungry people of occupied northern Netherlands. He remained Reichskommissar until 8 May 1945, when, after a meeting with Karl Dönitz to confirm his blocking of the scorched-earth orders, he was captured in Hamburg.


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: At the Nuremberg Trials, Seyß-Inquart faced charges of conspiracy to commit crimes against peace; planning, starting and fighting wars of aggression; war crimes; and crimes against humanity.


title: Arthur Seyß-Inquart

text: His defence lawyer was Gustav Steinbauer. Seyß-Inquart was nonetheless found guilty of all charges except conspiracy. On hearing of his death sentence, Seyss-Inquart made it clear he accepted responsibility for excesses during the war, "Death by hanging...well, in view of the whole situation, I never expected anything different. It's all right". He was hanged on 16 October 1946, at the age of 54, together with nine other Nuremberg defendants. His last words were "I hope that this execution is the last act of the tragedy of the Second World War and that the lesson taken from this world war will be that peace and understanding should exist between peoples. I believe in Germany".


title: New Castle County, Delaware

text: New Castle County is a county in the state of Delaware in the United States. The county is in the north part of the state. The county seat is Wilmington. New Castle County had 500,265 people in 2000.


title: César Sampaio

text: César Sampaio (born 31 March 1968) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: John C. Breckinridge

text: John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821 – May 17, 1875) was a lawyer, U.S. representative, U.S. senator from Kentucky and the 14th vice president of the United States. He was from Kentucky. He served in the House from 1851 to 1855. He served as Vice-President from 1857 to 1861, under President James Buchanan. Breckinridge was the youngest vice president in U.S. history.


title: Tony Bennett

text: Tony Bennett (born Anthony Dominick Benedetto, August 3, 1926) is an American singer who is best known for his song "I Left My Heart in San Francisco". He was born at St John’s Hospital in Long Island, New York.


title: Vestal Virgin

text: The Vestals or Vestal Virgins were a group of priestesses of the Roman goddess Vesta, in Ancient Rome.


title: Kassaman

text: Kassaman or Qassaman (, ; "We Pledge") is the national anthem of Algeria. Mufdi Zakariah wrote the lyrics in 1956. He did this while in jail by the French. The composer of the music is Mohamed Fawzi, from Egypt. He wrote the lyrics on the walls of a French prison with his blood.


title: Funicular

text: A funicular is a railway that uses trains that are pulled by cables wound around a pulley. This makes them able to climb very steep slopes, like those on hills and mountains.


title: Adolfo Pérez Esquivel

text: Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (born November 26, 1931) is an Argentine activist, community organizer, art painter, writer and sculptor. He was the recipient of the 1980 Nobel Peace Prize for his criticism of the Argentina's last civil-military dictatorship (1976-1983). He was detained, tortured, and held without trial for 14 months; during that period he also received, among other distinctions, the Pope John XXIII Peace Memorial.


title: Edward Thorndike

text: Edward Lee "Ted" Thorndike (August 31, 1874 – August 9, 1949) was an American psychologist. He spent most of entire career at Teachers College, Columbia University. He worked on ethology and the learning process. This led to the theory of connectionism, and helped lay the scientific foundation for modern educational psychology.


The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an international treaty, that was signed on 9 May 1993 and entered into force on 21 March 1994. It wants to slow the speed at which the climate of the earth changes. It also wants to avert the risk of a climate change that is harmful to mankind. 154 countries signed the treaty in 1992 in New York. Today, 197 countries are member of the treaty. These countries meet once a year to agree on politics against global warming.


title: Udo Jürgens

text: Udo Jürgens (born Udo Jürgen Bockelmann, 30 September 1934 – 21 December 2014) was an Austrian composer and singer of popular music whose career spans over fifty years. He wrote more than 800 songs and sold over 100 million records. In 2007 he additionally obtained Swiss citizenship. He was known for his song "Reach for the Stars". and titular song called Vielen Dank für die Blumen the German language dub animated short series <nowiki>"</nowiki>Tom and Jerry<nowiki>"</nowiki>.


title: John C. Breckinridge

text: Breckinridge was also a Southern Democratic candidate for President in 1860. In the election of 1860, the Democratic Party split, with Southerners voting for Breckinridge and Northerners voting for Stephen Douglas. He carried most of the Southern states, but lost to Abraham Lincoln.


title: Tony Bennett

text: He has many awards including a Grammy Award. Bennett is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election. In 2014, Bennett made an album with Lady Gaga titled "Cheek to Cheek".


title: Vestal Virgin

text: The Vestals were a part of the College of Pontiffs ("Collegium Pontificum"). They were responsible for looking after the "sacred fire" of Vesta, which was not allowed to go out. Unlike most other women in Roman society, the Vestals did not marry or bear children, and took a vow of chastity when they joined the priesthood.


title: Edward Thorndike

text: Thorndike also worked on industrial problems, such as employee exams and testing. He was a member of the board of the Psychological Corporation, and served as president of the American Psychological Association in 1912.


title: Udo Jürgens

text: Jürgens died on 21 December 2014 in Münsterlingen, Switzerland from acute heart failure at the age of 80.


title: John C. Breckinridge

text: When the South seceded, Breckinridge was briefly a U.S. Senator from Kentucky, but was kicked out of the Senate. After that, he became active in the Confederacy. During the American Civil War, he was a general in the Confederate States Army. He fought in Tennessee and the Shenandoah Valley. He was the Confederate commander at the Battle of New Market. Breckinridge was the last Confederate Secretary of War. After the war, Breckinridge left the country for four years. He returned to Kentucky in 1869 and died in 1875.


title: Edward Thorndike

text: The law of effect basically states that “responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation”.


title: Edward Thorndike

text: Thorndike's textbooks were widely used in psychology courses for teacher training in the first part of the twentieth century.


title: IMAX

text: IMAX is a kind of movie projection system, which shows movies on a very large screen. It was first introduced in Japan in 1970.


title: Wind farm

text: A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same area. These turbines turn moving air into electricity. A large wind farm has several hundred wind turbines, and covers an area of hundreds of square miles. A wind farm may also be offshore.


title: Twin Peaks

text: Twin Peaks was an American television series that ran from 1990 to 1991. It told the story of an FBI agent who comes to the strange small town of Twin Peaks, Washington, to investigate the murder of a teenage girl. It was made by David Lynch. The show was successful around the world. In 1992, a Twin Peaks movie 'Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me' was released.


title: Electrical grid

text: An electrical grid is a connection network of power generation, power transmission, power distribution and power load. The grid connects all of those parts in power systems to deliver power from the generators at the power station to the customers or load center which will use the electricity.


title: Scarface (1983 movie)

text: Scarface is a 1983 American crime thriller movie. It was directed by Brian De Palma, written by Oliver Stone, produced by Martin Bregman and stars Al Pacino. The story is about Tony Montana, a Cuban criminal who moves to Miami, Florida and creates his own cocaine business. It is a loose remake of the 1932 movie "Scarface". The movie made $85 million.


title: Chow Chow

text: The Chow Chow is a breed of dog that originated in China and is believed to be one of the oldest dog breed. It has a large head, a curly tail and a blue tongue. It has a thick coat of fur and can be either rough or smooth. Most Chow Chows are a reddish brown or black color. It stands about 17–20 inches (43–51 cm) and weighs 45–70 pounds (20–32 kg).


title: Uster

text: It is the third-largest city in the canton of Zurich. About 30,000 people lived there in 2015. It is one of the twenty largest cities in Switzerland. It is located next to lake Greifensee.


title: Tripartite Pact

text: The Tripartite Pact, also called the Three-Power Pact, Axis Pact, Three-way Pact, or Tripartite Treaty was a pact signed in Berlin, Germany, on September 27, 1940, which set up the Axis Powers of World War II. On that date, it was signed by three countries: Germany, Italy, and Japan.


title: Ermont

text: Ermont is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Val-d'Oise department in north France. About 28,000 people lived in this commune.


title: Gandia

text: Gandia (; ) is a city in the Valencian Community, eastern Spain on the Mediterranean. Gandia is located on the Costa del Azahar, south of Valencia and north of Alicante.


title: Wind farm

text: Many of the biggest onshore wind farms are in the USA. The Roscoe Wind Farm is the largest onshore wind farm in the world, producing 781.5 MW of power, followed by the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center (735.5 MW). The Thanet Offshore Wind Project in United Kingdom is the largest offshore wind farm in the world at 300 MW, followed by Horns Rev II (209 MW) in Denmark.


title: Scarface (1983 movie)

text: Tony Montana is a prisoner from Cuba who is coming to the United States on a boat to escape the oppressive Communist government. Once there, he works for Frank Lopez, a Miami drug lord.


title: Uster

text: Kirchuster, Freudwil, Nänikon, Niederuster, Nossikon, Oberuster, Riedikon, Sulzbach, Wermatswil, Werrikon, Winikon-Gschwader and Uster


title: Tripartite Pact

text: The pact was later joined by Hungary (November 20, 1940), Romania (November 23, 1940), Slovakia (November 24, 1940), Bulgaria (March 1, 1941), Yugoslavia (March 25, 1941) and Croatia (April 10, 1941). Japan included some countries that were under its control.


title: Scarface (1983 movie)

text: Soon, Tony kills Frank and takes over his business. He also marries Elvira, Frank's girlfriend who at first refused to go out with Tony because of Frank. Soon, Tony becomes very rich and powerful because of his growing cocaine empire. He meets Alexander Sosa, a powerful Bolivian drug lord. Elvira later leaves Tony because she feels that despite all of their money and power, Tony's criminal lifestyle and drug problems make them losers.


title: Tripartite Pact

text: The countries that signed the pact agreed to give ten years of political, economic, and military help to one another. Also, if any country that signed the pact was attacked by another other country that had not joined the war, such as the United States or the Soviet Union, all of the other countries in the pact countries would declare war and help.


title: Scarface (1983 movie)

text: Tony is eventually arrested for not paying taxes and even though he would be able to bribe some of the judges, he will still have to go to jail for three years. Sosa offers to have one of his contacts in the Justice Department write off Tony's charges if Tony kills a journalist who is going to make a speech against Sosa to the United Nations. Tony plants a bomb on the target's car, but sees the journalist's family inside it, and does not make the bomb go off. Tony later visits his best friend, Manny, but when he sees his sister, Gina, with him, he kills him. Gina reveals that she and Manny got married a few days earlier and wanted to surprise Tony. Tony, feeling extreme guilt for killing his friend and ruining his sister's life, withdraws to his mansion and begins to snort large amounts of cocaine. Sosa gets angry and sends many men to Miami to kill Tony. When the men enter Tony's mansion, they kill Gina and most of his men. Angry and sad at the death of his sister, Tony singlehandedly kills many of Sosa's men in a major shootout. Tony is then shot in the back by an assassin with a shotgun, and falls into his fountain below, dead.


title: Tripartite Pact

text: In 1943, the pact began to fall. Many countries had ended the war or joined the Allies. Although the pact remained in effect until Japan's surrender in August 1945, Germany's surrender three months earlier had made the pact meaningless.


title: S/2003 J 12

text: It is the closest of the farther non-spherical retrograde moons of Jupiter, and does not seem to belong to any group.


title: Millwall F.C.

text: Millwall F.C. are a English Association football club in London. They play their home games at a stadium called The New Den which is in London. The club started in 1885 and their nickname is "The Lions".


title: Supergiant

text: Supergiants are some of the largest stars in the universe. They are larger than giant stars, and less luminous than hypergiants. They vary greatly in size. They tend to be situated towards the top of the Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram, which is a graph depicting star development. Some are only 50 million kilometers across, small enough to fit inside the orbit of Venus. Some are 2,700 million km across, as wide as the orbit of Neptune.


title: Youri Djorkaeff

text: Youri Djorkaeff (born 9 March 1968) is a French retired football player. He has played for France national team. He is the son of Jean Djorkaeff.


title: Thetis

text: In Greek mythology, Thetis () is a sea nymph. She is one of the fifty Nereids, the daughters of Nereus and Doris. Like other sea figures, Thetis bore the gift of prophecy as well as the ability to change her shape at will. She was married to the mortal hero Peleus. Their son is Achilles.


title: Second Life

text: Second Life is the biggest online virtual world. It was launched in 2003 by Linden Lab, a Californian software company founded by Philip Rosedale. It is made up of a large number of regions or islands, which can belong to continents. The users are called "residents", and technically they are "avatars". The piece of software used to log on to Second Life is called "viewer".


title: Hibernian F.C.

text: Hibernian Football Club is a professional football club based at Easter Road in Edinburgh, Scotland. Hibernian Football Club commonly known as Hibs. They play in the Scottish Premiership. Their city rivals are Hearts. It is one of three SPFL clubs in the city, the others being their Edinburgh derby rivals Hearts and Edinburgh City. Hibernian was founded in 1875 by Irish immigrants, but support for the club is now based on geography rather than ethnicity or religion. The Irish heritage of Hibernian is still reflected, however, in its name, colours and badge.


title: Neso (moon)

text: Neso also known as Neptune XIII, is the farthest non-spherical moon of Neptune. It was found by Matthew J. Holman, Brett J. Gladman, "et al." on August 14, 2002, though it went unnoticed until 2003.


title: Great hornbill

text: The great hornbill ("Buceros bicornis") also known as great Indian hornbill or great pied hornbill, is one of the larger members of the hornbill family.


title: Beren Saat

text: Saat went to Başkent University to study Business Administration. While at university, she was in the TV competition "Türkiye’nin Yıldızları " where she finished runner up.


title: Upper Palaeolithic

text: The Upper Palaeolithic (Upper Paleolithic or Late Stone Age) is the third and last part of the Palaeolithic period. It lasted from about 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. Humans used tools for hunting and fishing. They also developed cave paintings. In this period, the Neanderthal man completely disappeared, leaving Homo sapiens as the only surviving species in the human genus.


title: Happy Birthday to You

text: "Happy Birthday to You", more commonly known as simply "Happy Birthday", is a song that is traditionally sung to celebrate a birthday. According to the 1998 "Guinness World Records", "Happy Birthday to You" is the most recognized song in the English language. The song's base lyrics have been translated into at least 18 languages.


title: Millwall F.C.

text: The following is a list of important footballers who have played for Millwall. The list includes players who have been honoured in Millwall's Hall of Fame.


title: Second Life

text: Some people use this multi-user virtual environment (MUVE) for entertainment purposes, though it is not a game because it does not have any single goal that players must achieve. Other people use it to work or to study. Anyone is free to do anything they want, as long as they respect the Terms of Service. They are also free to create new things and add them to the virtual world. Players can make a lot of different things, including buildings, clothes, and landscapes. This is why Second Life is considered a platform, too.


title: Hibernian F.C.

text: In 1887 Hibernian defeated Preston North End in a match nicknamed the Association Football Championship of the World decider, because of the two teams’ achievements in their domestic cup trophies. Hibs enjoyed enormous success throughout the 1940s and 50s where they won the 1947/8, 1950/1 and 1951/2 League Competitions. Their not-so-secret weapon was the attacking formation known as ‘The Famous Five’ consisting of Bobby Johnstone, Willie Ormond, Lawrie Reilly, Gordon Smith and Eddie Turnbull.


title: Neso (moon)

text: Neso orbits Neptune at a distance of more than 48 million km, making it the farthest known moon of any planet.


title: Great hornbill

text: Great hornbills are found in the forests of Nepal, India, the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, Indonesia. Their impressive size and colour have made them important in many tribal cultures and rituals. The great hornbill is long-lived, living for nearly 50 years in captivity. They are predominantly frugivorous although they are opportunists and will prey on small mammals, reptiles and birds.


title: Beren Saat

text: After being in a series of candy commercials, Saat made her television debut in "Aşkımızda Ölüm Var". She played Ece Uslu's sister. In 2004, she acted in "Aşkımızda Ölüm Var" and in 2005, she had her first lead role in "Aşka Sürgün". Then she played Yasemin Ünsal in Tomris Giritlioğlu's " Hatırla Sevgili". This show gave her nationwide fame.


title: Upper Palaeolithic

text: The first "modern humans" found in Western Europe date back to about 36,000 years ago. Those fossils were found in the south-west of Romania. The founds were made in a stone cave called Peștera cu Oase.


title: Happy Birthday to You

text: The melody of "Happy Birthday to You" comes from the song "Good Morning to All", which has traditionally been attributed to American sisters Patty and Mildred J. Hill in 1893, although the claim that the sisters composed the tune is disputed.


title: Second Life

text: Many things that people can do in Second Life are about real life. For instance, some universities and companies use Second Life for education and training, including Stanford University, Indiana University and University of Western Australia.


title: Hibernian F.C.

text: Hibs became the first British team to enter European competition in 1955. They competed in the Champions Cup and gave a fantastic performance against the German club, Rot Weiss Essen, winning 4-1 and drawing 1-1 on the return match in Scotland.


title: Neso (moon)

text: It follows a very inclined and very eccentric orbit illustrated on the diagram in relation to other irregular satellites of Neptune.


title: Beren Saat

text: In 2008, she again worked with Giritlioğlu in the movie "Güz Sancısı" (Pains of Autumn). The same year Saat played Bihter Yöreoğlu (Samar) in an adaptation of Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil's classic novel "Aşk-ı Memnu" set in the modern day. She won consecutive Golden Butterfly Awards for Best Actress for her performance. Saat was the lead in director Serdar Akar's movie "Gecenin Kanatları" (Wings of the Night) released in December 2009. In 2010-2012, she acted in an adaptation of author Vedat Türkali's story "Fatmagülün suçu ne?"


title: Upper Palaeolithic

text: The Lascaux cave paintings are from this time period. They are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 1979 and are in France.


title: Happy Birthday to You

text: <score lang="lilypond">\relative c' { \key f \major \time 3/4 \partial 4 c8. c16 | d4 c f | e2 c8. c16 | d4 c g' | f2 c8. c16 | c'4 a f | e( d) bes'8. bes16 | a4 f g | f2 \bar "|." } \addlyrics { Hap -- py birth -- day to you, Hap -- py birth -- day to you, Hap -- py birth -- day dear [NAME], __ Hap -- py birth -- day to you. }</score>


title: Second Life

text: Second Life can also be used for foreign language teaching by language educators. English as a foreign language has gained a presence through several schools, such as the British Council. Two popular places where Second Life users meet to practice English are Virtlantis and Cypris Chat. A list of educational projects, which also include some language schools, can be found in the Second Life wiki.


title: Hibernian F.C.

text: Hibernian F.C. was in grave danger of being closed down at the beginning of the 1990s when Wallace Mercer of rivals, Hearts of Midlothian, decided he wanted just one main club in Edinburgh. However, the club was saved in 1991 by Sir Tom Farmer CBE.


title: Neso (moon)

text: Neso is about 60 km in diameter, and assuming the mean density of 1.5 g/cm. Its mass is estimated at 1.6 kg.


title: Upper Palaeolithic

text: Evidence for belief in the afterlife in the Upper Palaeolithic: appearance of burial rituals and ancestor worship.


title: Neso (moon)

text: Given the similarity of the orbit's parameters with Psamathe (S/2003 N 1), it was suggested that both non-spherical moons could have been a bigger moon that broke up.


title: Upper Palaeolithic

text: Possibly among the earliest traces of art are Venus figurines. These are "figurines" (very small statues) of women, mostly pregnant with visible breasts. The figurines were found in areas of Western Europe to Siberia. Most are between 20,000 and 30,000 years old. Two figurines have been found that are much older: the Venus of Tan-Tan, dated to 300,000 to 500,000 years ago was found in Morocco. The Venus of Berekhat Ram was found on the Golan Heights. It has been dated to 200,000 to 300,000 years ago. It may be the one of the earliest things that show the human form.


title: Neso (moon)

text: Neso is named after one of the Nereids. Before the announcement of its name on February 3, 2007 (IAUC 8802), Neso was known by its designation S/2002 N 4.


title: Upper Palaeolithic

text: Different kinds of stone, bones and ivory were used to make the figurines. Some are also made of clay which was then burned in a fire. This is one of the earliest known traces of the use of ceramics.


title: Upper Palaeolithic

text: Today it is not known what the figurines meant to the people who made them. There are two basic theories:


title: Upper Palaeolithic

text: Scientists have excluded that these figurines were linked to the fertility of fields, because agriculture had not been discovered at the time the figurines were made.


title: Upper Palaeolithic

text: The two figurines that are older may have mostly formed by natural processes. The Venus of Tan-Tan was covered with a substance that could have been some kind of paint. The substance contained traces of iron and manganese. The figurine of Berekhat Ram shows traces that someone worked on it with a tool. A study done in 1997 states that these traces could not have been left by nature alone.


title: Upper Palaeolithic

text: Cave paintings are paintings that were made on the walls or roofs of caves. Many cave paintings belong to the Palaeolothic Age, and date from about 15,000 to 30,000 years ago. Among the most famous are those in the caves of Altamira in Spain and Lascaux in France. There are about 350 caves in Europe where cave paintings have been found. Usually, animals have been painted, like aurochs, bisons or horses. Why these paintings were done is not known. They are not simply decorations of places where people lived. The caves they were found in usually do not show signs that someone lived in them.


title: Upper Palaeolithic

text: One of the oldest caves is that of Chauvet in France. Paintings in the cave fall into two groups. One has been dated to around 30,000 to 33,000 years ago, the other to 26,000 or 27,000 years ago. The oldest known cave paintings, based on radiocarbon dating of "black from drawings, from torch marks and from the floors". As of 1999, the dates of 31 samples from the cave have been reported. The oldest paintings have been dated from 32,900±490 years ago.


title: Upper Palaeolithic

text: Some archaeologists have questioned the dating. Züchner believe the two groups date from 23,000–24,000, and 10,000–18,000 years ago. Pettitt and Bahn believe the dating is inconsistent. They say the people at that periods of time painted things differently. They also do not know where the charcoal used to paint some things is from, and how big the painted area is.


title: Upper Palaeolithic

text: People from the Palaeolithic era drew well. They knew about perspective, and they knew of different ways to draw things. They also were able to observe the behaviour of animals they painted. Some of the paintings show how the painted animals behaved. The paintings may have been important for rituals.


title: Djalminha

text: Djalminha (born December 9, 1970) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazilian national team.


title: Ribeirão Preto

text: Ribeirão Preto is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population, in 2005, was 551,312 inhabitants and its area is 652.2 km². Its name means Black Creek in Portuguese.


title: Joe Satriani

text: Joseph Satriani (born July 15, 1956 in Westbury, New York) is an American musician. He can play different instruments. He is most well known for his work as a rock guitarist.


title: Stocking

text: A stocking is a piece of women's clothing, worn like socks. They are made of stretchy materials. They are often worn instead of tights or socks.


title: Jin Mao Tower

text: Jin Mao Tower is a skyscraper in Shanghai, China. It is tall. It has 88 floors. It was built between 1994 and 1999 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.


title: Ovule

text: Ovules produce the female reproductive cells which get fertilized during sexual reproduction in seed plants. The word literally means "small egg."


title: Luigi Cherubini

text: Luigi Cherubini (pronounce: "ke-roo-BEE-nee"), (born Florence, 8 or 14 Sep 1760; died Paris, 15 March 1842) was an Italian-born composer who spent most of his working life in France. He is famous for his operas as well as for his religious music. Beethoven thought that Cherubini was the greatest composer who was living at that time.


title: Antihero

text: An antihero is a main character in a story who does not act like a traditional hero. The antihero does not show idealism, courage, and morality.


title: Fakir

text: A fakir or faqir, is a Sufi who performs feats of endurance or magic. The word comes from "faqr" (), meaning "poverty".


title: Epic Games

text: Epic Games is a video game company based in North Carolina, USA. They are famous for making the Fortnite, Unreal Tournament, and Gears of War series' of video games.


title: Sunglasses

text: Sunglasses are tinted eyeglasses. They are often worn to protect the eyes from sunlight or as a fashion accessory. Some of the most popular brands include:


title: Mulatu Teshome

text: Mulatu Teshome Wirtu (born 1957) is an Ethiopian politician and was President of Ethiopia from 2013 to 2018.


title: −1 (number)

text: In mathematics, −1 (negative one or minus one) is the additive inverse of 1. That is, if it is added to 1, the result is 0. It is the negative integer greater than negative two (−2) and less than 0.


title: Gennady Zyuganov

text: Gennady Andreyevich Zyuganov (born 1944 in Mymrino) is a Russian politician. He has led the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) since 1993. He has campaigned for the Russian presidency four times. He has finished second each time.


title: Welsh Wikipedia

text: The Welsh Wikipedia ("Welsh": Wicipedia Cymraeg or just Wicipedia) is the Welsh-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition started in July 2003. As of August 2021, it has 133,349 articles.


title: Joseph Kony

text: Joseph Kony (pronounced ; born 1961) is a Ugandan guerrilla group leader. He is the head of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). While he had a lot of support from the public, the LRA turned against its supporters. They said that they did this to "purify" the Acholi people and turn Uganda into a theocracy ruled by the Ten Commandments.


title: Haloalkane

text: Haloalkanes are alkanes that contain one or more halogens. A variety of different reactions can form these organic compounds. They cannot quickly be reacted, making them reasonably stable.


title: High tech

text: High technology (or high tech for short) is the best technology available at the moment. High technology can be defined as the most complex or the newest technology on the market. The opposite of high technology is low technology (or low tech for short). This is simple and cheap technology.


title: Joe Satriani

text: Early in his career, Satriani worked as a guitar teacher. Some of his former students have become famous with their guitar skills. These include Steve Vai, Larry LaLonde, Kirk Hammett, Charlie Hunter, Kevin Cadogan and Alex Skolnick.


title: Ovule

text: The megagametophyte (also called the "embryo sac" in flowering plants) is inside the ovule. The megagametophyte produces the egg cell.


title: Luigi Cherubini

text: Cherubini was born in Florence. The exact date of his birth is not known. He was only six years old when his father taught him to play the harpsichord. He was a child prodigy. By the time he was thirteen, he had composed several religious works. In 1780, he was given a scholarship by the Grand Duke of Tuscany to study music in Bologna and Milan.


title: Antihero

text: The antihero became prominent in early 20th century existentialist works such as Franz Kafka's "The Metamorphosis" (1915), Jean-Paul Sartre's "La Nausée" (1938), and Albert Camus' "L'Étranger" (1942) (). The protagonist in these works is an indecisive central character who drifts through his life and is marked by ennui, angst, and alienation.


title: Fakir

text: In English, the word is often for Hindu ascetics (e.g., sadhus, gurus, swamis and yogis) as well as Sufi mystics. It can also be used to for a common street beggar who chants holy names, scriptures or verses. It has become a common Urdu and Hindi word for "beggar".


title: Sunglasses

text: Tint intensities. The darkness of a lens tint is usually categorized in percentage or a category of four system.


title: Mulatu Teshome

text: He went to school in China at Peking University where he received a bachelor's degree in philosophy of political economy and doctorate in international law.


title: −1 (number)

text: In computer science, −1 is a common initial value for integers. It is also used to show that a variable has no useful information.


title: Joseph Kony

text: The LRA is known for the very bad things it does to civilians. Two of these things are murder and rape.


title: Haloalkane

text: There are many kinds of haloalkanes, used for many purposes. Haloalkanes can be primary, secondary, or tertiary and could contain more than one type of halogen. Some haloalkanes contain no hydrogen atoms.


title: Joe Satriani

text: Satriani has been important in the music made by other musicians. He was a founder of the ever-changing touring trio, G3, as well as performing in various positions with other musicians.


title: Luigi Cherubini

text: At first, Cherubini composed operas about serious stories (opera seria). He composed in the style of Italian composers of that time. Soon he felt he wanted to travel to learn other ways of composing. He went to London in 1785 and then to Paris where he met many important people including Marie Antoinette. He spent the rest of his life in France.


title: Antihero

text: Examples of antiheroes from modern pop culture are Marvel Comics The Punisher & Deadpool, Sega's "Shadow The Hedgehog", DC's Batman, Catwoman of Batman, Sweeney Todd, Light Yagami from the "Death Note" manga / anime series, Robin Hood, V from "V for Vendetta", and Kratos from the "God of War" video-game franchise.


title: Fakir

text: Many stereotypes of the great fakir exist, including a near-naked man easily walking barefoot on burning coals, sitting or sleeping on a bed of sharp nails, floating in the air while meditating, or "living on air" (refusing all food).


title: Mulatu Teshome

text: He served as the Deputy Minister of Economic Development and Cooperation under Girma Birru, and was the Minister of Agriculture in 2001. He also served as the Speaker of the House of Federation from 2002 to 2005 and was Ethiopia's Ambassador to China, Japan, and Turkey.


title: −1 (number)

text: Multiplying a number by −1 is the same as changing the sign on the number. This can be proved using the distributive law and the axiom at 1 is the multiplicative identity, that is, a number multiplied by 1 is the number itself. So, for x real, we have


title: Joseph Kony

text: The LRA has become known for what it does against the people of several countries. Some of these countries are northern Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan, and Sudan. It has stolen and forced about 66,000 children to fight for them.


title: Haloalkane

text: Whether the haloalkane is primary, secondary, or tertiary depends on where the halogen is placed in the molecule. Halogens placed on carbon that is attached to one other carbon atom makes the haloalkane a primary alkane. Halogens placed on carbon that is attached to two other carbon atoms makes the haloalkane a secondary alkane. Halogens placed on carbon that is attached to two other carbon atoms makes the haloalkane a secondary alkane. Halogens placed on carbon that is attached to three other carbon atoms makes the haloalkane a tertiary alkane.


title: Luigi Cherubini

text: His opera "Démophon" was performed at the Grand Opéra in 1788. It helped to make him famous. He soon became director of the Théâtre de Monsieur in the Tuileries, and three years later he went to the Théâtre Feydeau. He started to try out many new ideas in his music. His opera "Lodoïska" (1791) was very popular for the way he showed heroism. His best-known work is "Médée" (1797). "Les deux journées" (1800) was also highly successful for a while.


title: Antihero

text: From English literature the classic example is Prince Hamlet from "Hamlet" by William Shakespeare, and from children's literature Discord from "".


title: −1 (number)

text: where we used the fact that 0 multiplied by any real number x equals 0, shown by cancellation from the equation


title: Joseph Kony

text: In 2005, Kony was accused of war crimes by the International Criminal Court in The Hague, Netherlands. He has not yet been captured.


title: Luigi Cherubini

text: The French Revolution affected Cherubini’s life. He tried not to show that he had been friendly with aristocrats before the revolution. Hoping to get government jobs, he wrote several patriotic works in order to please the revolutionary leaders. Later he was made Napoléon's director of music in Vienna (1805-1806), and he conducted some of his music there.


title: Antihero

text: Most of the time it means a character in fiction, television, or movies. Sometimes it is used to mean a real person. Sometimes the antihero is linked to the author's social critique or message to the reader: for example, the unnamed protagonist in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's "Notes from Underground".


title: −1 (number)

text: The square of −1, i.e. −1 multiplied by −1, equals 1. So, a square of negative real numbers is positive.


title: Joseph Kony

text: Kony was born in 1961 in Odek. Odek is a village which is east of Gulu in northern Uganda. He is a member of the Acholi people. His father was called Luizi Obol. He was a farmer. His mother was called Nora. Kony had a good relationship with his siblings, but if they had arguments, he would quickly fight back. Also, when challenged he would often use physical violence. Kony was an altar boy for several years. However, he stopped going to church around the age of 15 and also dropped out of school.


title: Luigi Cherubini

text: After he had written his opera "Les deux journées", audiences in Paris started to tire of Cherubini’s music. They wanted to hear younger composers such as Adrien Boieldieu. Cherubini found it difficult to get his stage works performed. Instead, he wrote church music. When France became a monarchy again he was appointed "surintendant de la musique du roi" (director of the king’s music). He kept this title until 1830 when there was another revolution.


title: Antihero

text: The whole concept was the subject of a book by Colin Wilson called "The Outsider". There the author imagines he is in the position of many of his favourite characters in fiction, such as Dostoevsky's Raskolnikov.


title: −1 (number)

text: The first equality follows from the above result. The second follows from the definition of −1 as additive inverse of 1, that is, when added to 1, it gives 0. Now, using the distributive law, we see that


title: Joseph Kony

text: As a teenager, Kony was being trained to be the village witch doctor by Jamie Brow, his older brother. When Jamie died, Kony took over the position.


title: Luigi Cherubini

text: In 1815 he briefly went again to London. There he was asked to compose a symphony, an overture and a work for chorus and orchestra. This helped to make him more famous outside France.


title: −1 (number)

text: The second equality follows from the fact that 1 is a multiplicative identity, that is : formula_7. But now adding 1 to both sides of this last equation means


title: Joseph Kony

text: On October 6, 2005, the International Criminal Court (ICC) said that the arrest had been given for five members of the Lord's Resistance Army. These were for crimes against humanity. On the next day Ugandan defence minister Amama Mbabazi said that the warrants include Kony, his deputy Vincent Otti, and LRA commanders Raska Lukwiya, Okot Odiambo, and Dominic Ongwen. The Ugandan military says that the Ugandan army killed Lukwiya on August 12, 2006. The BBC heard that Otti had been killed on October 2, 2007, at Kony's home. In November 2022, Al Jazera reported that the International Criminal Court (ICC) was trying to reopen their court case against Kony.


title: Luigi Cherubini

text: Cherubini's "Requiem in C-minor" (1816), which marked the anniversary of the execution of King Louis XVI of France, was a great success. Beethoven, Schumann and Brahms all liked it very much. In 1836, Cherubini wrote a "Requiem in D Minor", which he meant to be performed at his own funeral. It uses a male choir only, because the religious authorities had criticised the fact that he had written for ladies’ voices in his C-minor Requiem.


title: −1 (number)

text: The above arguments hold in any ring. Ring is a concept of abstract algebra generalizing integers and real numbers.


title: Luigi Cherubini

text: Cherubini produced some chamber music, including several string quartets and a quintet for two violins, viola and two cellos. He also wrote some piano sonatas.


title: −1 (number)

text: The complex number "i" satisfies "i" = −1. So it is a square root of −1. The only other complex number "x" for which the equation "x" = −1 holds is −"i". In the algebra of quaternions, which has the complex plane, the equation "x" = −1 has an infinity of solutions.


title: Luigi Cherubini

text: In 1822, Cherubini became director of the Conservatoire. In 1835 he wrote a book called "Cours de contrepoint et de fugue".


title: −1 (number)

text: A non-zero real number can have a negative number as its power. We define that "x" = 1/"x". This means a number raised to a power of −1 is equal to the reciprocal of that number. The exponential law "x""x" = "x" for a,b non-zero real numbers is true even if a or b is negative.


title: Luigi Cherubini

text: There are several stories told by people who lived at that time, showing that Cherubini often became angry. Hector Berlioz tells an amusing story in his autobiography about how Cherubini, in a bad temper, chased him round and round the library.


title: −1 (number)

text: There are many ways that −1 (and negative numbers in general) can be represented in computer systems. The most common is as two's complement of their positive form. In standard binary representation, this can also represent a positive integer.


title: Luigi Cherubini

text: But he also had many friends, including Rossini, Chopin and, especially, the painter Ingres. The two men had the same interests: Cherubini was a keen amateur painter and Ingres enjoyed practising the violin. In 1841, Ingres painted a well-known portrait of Cherubini.


title: Luigi Cherubini

text: During his life, Cherubini received the highest official honours, including "Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur" (1814) and "Membre de l'Académie des Beaux-Arts" (1815). In 1841, he was made "Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur," the first time a musician had been given that title.


title: Luigi Cherubini

text: Cherubini died in Paris at age of 81 and is buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery, just four metres from his friend Chopin.


title: Luigi Cherubini

text: During the first ten years of his life in Paris Cherubini concentrated on writing dramatic stage works. After 1800 things became more difficult for him in this field. Napoleon was ruling in France, and the two men did not like one another much. The audiences expected an Italian composer to write beautiful melodies rather than anything dramatic. The Feydeau Theatre, where he had enjoyed several triumphs, did not exist any more. Cherubini concentrated on his teaching at the Paris Conservatoire. Even after Napoleon had lost his power Cherubini left it to younger people, such as Rossini and Giacomo Meyerbeer, to compose operas. He preferred to write religious pieces.


title: Luigi Cherubini

text: By the end of the 19th century Cherubini’s music was almost forgotten, and he was only really remembered for his theoretical writing. During the late 20th century people became interested in his music again, and his religious compositions are sometimes performed. However, his operas do not belong to any popular tradition and are hardly ever staged now, although they contain much excellent music.


title: Víctor Jara

text: He was born into a family of very poor peasants but through a lot of hard work and effort was able to enter the University of Chile - something very unusual in a poor country like Chile. In this manner he was able to escape the poverty of his parents.


title: David I of Scotland

text: David I of Scotland (1084 – May 24, 1153) was the son of Malcolm III of Scotland and Saint Margaret of Scotland.


title: Crop rotation

text: Crop rotation is a practice used in farming. It involves the planting of different seeds on the same land in different years or seasons, using a set pattern. This technique helps replace the nutrients in the soil for the plants. It also reduces plant-specific pests on the land.


title: Quba Mosque

text: Quba Mosque is a mosque in Medina. It is the oldest mosque in the world. When Muhammad and his friends were coming to Medina, they stopped over in Kuba. Muhammad started to build the mosque after his friend helped him. Umar II added a minaret and enlarged the mosque. Suleiman the Magnificent destroyed the mosque and rebuilt it.


title: Asana

text: Asana is a body position in Yoga. It can mean where a person sits, and the way that they sit. It helps to balance the mind and body. It is meant to be firm, yet comfortable.


title: Whitesnake

text: Whitesnake are an English hard rock band formed in Middlesbrough, Cleveland in 1978. The members of the group are David Coverdale, the singer, Doug Aldrich, who plays the guitar, Reb Beach, who plays the guitar, Timothy Drury, who plays the keyboard and Brian Tichy, who plays the drums.


title: Tamaraw

text: The tamaraw ("Bubalus mindorensis"), also known as the Mindoro dwarf buffalo, is a small, hoofed mammal. It is found only on the island of Mindoro in the Philippines. The tamaraw was originally more widely spread. Because of human habitation, hunting, and logging, it is present in only a few remote grassy plains and is now an endangered species.


title: Heat exchanger

text: A heat exchanger is a device used to efficiently transfer heat from one fluid to another. The fluids may be separated to avoid direct contact or mixing.


title: Boshin War

text: The , sometimes known as the Japanese Revolution, was a civil war in Japan, fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking the Meiji Restoration of political power to the Imperial Court.


title: Batam

text: Batam (also called Batam City) is an industrial city in the province of Riau Islands, Indonesia. Over 1 million people live in it. It is the biggest city in Riau Islands, and the third biggest city in Sumatra. It is part of the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand and Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore free-trade zone.


title: Haliastur indus

text: The Brahminy kite ("Haliastur indus"), is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors, such as eagles, buzzards, and harriers. They are found in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Australasia. They are found mainly on the coast and in inland wetlands, where they feed on dead fish and other prey. Adults have a reddish-brown body plumage contrasting with their white head and breast which make them easy to distinguish from other birds of prey. The Indian Air Force is its symbol.


title: Pomak

text: The Pomak is a Bulgarian language with Turkish loanwords dialect speaking group, who adopted Islam at the time of the Ottoman empire. Pomak Men are circumcised , mostly in a big mass sünnet ceremony ,


title: Keiko Fujimori

text: Keiko Sofía Fujimori Higuchi (; ; born 25 May 1975) (also known by the pseudoyms Señora K (Mrs. K), Ruth and "La chica") is a Peruvian politician. She is the daughter of former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori.


title: Mystic River (movie)

text: Mystic River is a 2003 American neo-noir mystery drama movie directed and scored by Clint Eastwood. It stars Sean Penn, Tim Robbins, Kevin Bacon, Laurence Fishburne, Marcia Gay Harden, and Laura Linney. The screenplay, written by Brian Helgeland, was based on the 2001 novel of the same name by Dennis Lehane.


title: Víctor Jara

text: At University he studied dramatic arts or acting; he taught and directed theatre productions. During this time he met and married Joan Turner, a British ballet dancer and choreographer who worked in Chile.


title: Asana

text: All the many different body positions in Yoga are "Asana"s: they all have their own names and every name ends with "asana", such as sav"asana" (correct lying). Many have names of animals, such as bujang"asana" (cobra). Others have names that describe the position, such as shirsh"asana" (head).


title: Batam

text: The city administrative covers an area of 3 big islands with some small islands surround them. The 3 big islands are Batam, Rempang, and Galang. The islands are conected by bridges called Barelang Bridges () that is a short name for Batam-Rempang-Galang Bridges.


title: Haliastur indus

text: Known as elang bondol in Indonesia, the brahminy kite is the official mascot of Jakarta. In Hinduism, it is considered as the contemporary representation of Garuda, the sacred bird of Vishnu. In Malaysia, the island of Langkawi is named after the bird ("kawi" denoting an ochre-like stone used to decorate pottery, and a reference to the bird's primary plumage colour).


title: Pomak

text: They live in the Rhodope Mountains at the Smolyan Province, in their own villages with Tobacco farms. They hold on a strictly Endogamy Arranged marriage. Mostly Pomaks are tall, have blond hair and blue eyes.


title: Keiko Fujimori

text: After the divorce of her parents, she was First Lady from 1994 to 2000, becoming the youngest First Lady in the history of the Americas.


title: Mystic River (movie)

text: The movie was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor for Penn, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Supporting Actress for Harden, and Best Supporting Actor for Robbins.


title: Víctor Jara

text: Later Víctor Jara started to write and sing songs. He began to sing songs about the life of humble and poor people in his country: peasants, factory workers, miners, abandoned children, poor women. He also dedicated music albums to people who live in the shanty towns.


title: Haliastur indus

text: For the Ibans of the Upper Rajang, Sarawak, Borneo, a brahminy kite is believed to be the manifestation of Singalang Burung when he comes down to earth. Singalang Burung is the ultimate deity of incomparable qualities and superior abilities in every dimension. He is also known as the god of war.


title: Keiko Fujimori

text: In 2006, she was elected to the Congress of Peru. Fujimori leads the right-wing party Fuerza Popular and was their presidential candidate in the 2011 election runoff, the 2016 election runoff and the 2021, losing each times. In 2021 she lost to educator Pedro Castillo by 60,000 votes.


title: Víctor Jara

text: Víctor Jara tried to use his music to bring awareness about the inequality between the richest and the poorest people in society. How poor folk have a hard time acquiring the most basic things, such as food, health care, education, and housing. He also supported politicians who called for a fairer distribution of wealth to end poverty.


title: Keiko Fujimori

text: Fujimori was said to be involved in the Odebrecht scandal and was arrested in Peru on 10 October 2018.


title: Víctor Jara

text: In 1973 Víctor Jara was killed by a military dictatorship led by General Augusto Pinochet for singing songs about social problems and social injustice. The U.S. government of Richard Nixon supported the military regime.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Nuclear fuel is a material that can be consumed to take over nuclear energy, by analogy to chemical fuel that is burned for energy. Nuclear fuels are the most dense sources of energy available.


title: MINIX

text: MINIX is a Unix-like computer operating system based on a microkernel architecture. Andrew S. Tanenbaum wrote the operating system so it could be used for educational purposes; MINIX also helped Linus Torvalds design the Linux kernel. Its name comes from the words "minimal" and "Unix".


title: Audacity

text: Audacity is a digital audio editor (a computer program used to change sounds) and recording program. Audacity is cross-platform and can be used with Windows, OS X, Linux, and BSD. It is free software. Audacity was first released on May 28, 2000.


title: Urawa Red Diamonds

text: In 2007, the Urawa Reds were the first Japanese team to reach the finals of the Asian Champions League.


title: The Fighter

text: The Fighter is a 2010 biographical, sports and drama movie. This movie is about professional boxing. Amy Adams plays Charlene. Melissa Leo plays Alice.


title: Kinmen

text: Kinmen (or Quemoy) is a small group of islands close to the coast of China. It is governed by the Republic of China (Taiwan). It forms a county, Kinmen County (), of Fujian Province. The capital is Jincheng Township.


title: Treaty of Amiens

text: The Treaty of Amiens (French: "paix d'Amiens") temporarily ended hostilities between France and the United Kingdom during the French Revolutionary Wars. It was signed in the city of Amiens on 25 March 1802 (4 Germinal X in the French Republican Calendar) by Joseph Bonaparte and Marquess Cornwallis as a "Definitive Treaty of Peace". The consequent peace lasted for only one year (18 May 1803) and was the only period of general peace in Europe between 1793 and 1814.


title: Lexington, Massachusetts

text: Lexington is a city in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. Its population in the 2010 census was 31,394. It is famous for being the place where the American Revolutionary War began, with the Battle of Lexington on April 19, 1775.


title: X-Men: First Class

text: X-Men: First Class is a 2011 superhero action thriller epic fantasy movie. It is based on the fictional Marvel Comics group named X-Men.


title: Alcoholics Anonymous

text: Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an international mutual aid fellowship. Its purpose is to help alcoholics quit drinking and help people stay sober. AA gives men and women a place to come together and share their experiences, recover from alcoholism and maintain sobriety. Its concept revolves around that premise that alcoholism is an illness that can be managed, but not controlled.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Most nuclear fuels contain heavy "fissile" elements which to undergo a nuclear fission chain reaction in a nuclear reactor. The most common nuclear fuels are uranium and plutonium but not all nuclear fuels are used in reactors. Some of them power radioisotope thermoelectric generators.


title: MINIX

text: MINIX 3 was announced to the public on 24 October 2005 by Andrew Tanenbaum during his speech on top of the ACM Symposium Operating System Principles conference. MINIX 3 currently supports only IA-32 architecture PC systems. It has a Live CD format that lets it be used on a computer without installing it.


title: Urawa Red Diamonds

text: In 2009, Edmilson (Edmilson Dos Santos Silva) made three goals in one game (hat-trick) against Jubilo Iwata.


title: Kinmen

text: The county is claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) as part of its own Fujian Province. It is very close to Xiamen, no more than 2 kilometres.


title: Treaty of Amiens

text: Under the treaty, Britain recognised the French Republic. Together with the Treaty of Lunéville (1801), the Treaty of Amiens marked the end of the Second Coalition, which had waged war against Revolutionary France since 1798.


title: X-Men: First Class

text: The movie is the fifth installment of the X-Men Cinematic Universe and is the first movie of the "X-Men: Beginnings" series.


title: Alcoholics Anonymous

text: AA was founded by Bill Wilson and his physician, Doctor Bob Smith in 1935 and eventually grew to include two more groups by 1939. That same year, Wilson published Alcoholics Anonymous, a text which explained its philosophy and methods. We know it today as the 12 Steps of recovery. Over the years, the 12 Steps have been adapted by other self-help and addiction recovery groups, such as Gamblers Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous, to those struggling with other forms of addiction. Additionally, many groups have changed the explicitly Christian overtones of the original 12 Steps to reflect more secular or agnostic philosophies.


title: MINIX

text: Version 3.1.2 was released 8 May 2006. It contains X11, emacs, vi, cc, gcc, perl, python, ash, bash, zsh, ftp, ssh, telnet, pine, and over 400 other common UNIX programs. With the addition of X11, this version starts the change from a Text-Only System.


title: MINIX

text: The design principles Tanenbaum applied to MINIX had influenced the design decisions Linus Torvalds applied in the creation of the Linux kernel. Torvalds used and appreciated MINIX, but his design was different from the MINIX architecture in significant ways, most notably by employing a monolithic kernel instead of a microkernel. This was famously disapproved by Tanenbaum in the Tanenbaum-Torvalds debate. (Tanenbaum explained again his rationale for using a microkernel in May 2006.)


title: MINIX

text: In May 2004 Kenneth Brown of the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution raised the accusation that major parts of the Linux kernel had been copied from MINIX, in a book called "Samizdat".


title: MINIX

text: These accusations were refused by almost everyone - in particular by Andrew Tanenbaum, who strongly felt that Kenneth Brown was very wrong and published a long rebuttal on his own personal website.


title: MINIX

text: Its licensing fee was very small ($69) compared to the ones of other operating systems. Although Tanenbaum wished for MINIX to be as easily available to students, his publisher would not allow it.


title: MINIX

text: When free/open source Unix-like operating systems such as Linux became available in the early 1990s, many volunteer software developers stopped using MINIX for Linux. In April 2000, MINIX became free/open source software under a permissive free software licence, but by this time other operating systems were much better, and it was mostly used as an operating system for students and hobbyists.


title: Sense and Sensibility

text: Sense and Sensibility is a novel by Jane Austen. It was her first novel, and was published in 1811. The novel is mostly about two sisters, Elinor and Marianne Dashwood, and their life and loves. The story takes place in southern England in the 1790s.


title: 1940 Winter Olympics

text: The games were planned to be in Sapporo, Japan, but the Japanese organisers withdrew in 1938 because of the Second Sino-Japanese War.


title: Eddie Vedder

text: Eddie Vedder (born Edward Louis Severson III; December 23, 1964) is an American musician, singer and songwriter. He is best known for being the lead singer and one of three guitarists of the alternative rock band Pearl Jam. He is commonly seen as an icon of alternative rock.


title: Russian roulette

text: Russian roulette is a deadly game played with a revolver. In the game, there is only one bullet in one of the six cylinder slots of the revolver. The person then closes the cylinder, spins it, places it against their head or sometimes inside their mouth and pulls the trigger, in hopes that the loaded cylinder slot hasn't aligned with the barrel and will therefore fire. The person therefore has a one-in-six chance of killing themselves.


title: Demonology

text: Demonology is the study of demons or beliefs about demons. It is the branch of theology relating to superhuman beings or spirits who are not gods.


title: Ogden, Utah

text: Ogden, Utah is a city in Weber County, Utah, USA with a population of 82,865 from 2008 estimates. The mayor of Ogden is Mike Caldwell. Ogden was originally named Fort Buenaventura. Fort Buenaventura was the first permanent settlement by people whose families came from Europe in the area now known as Utah. A trapper named Miles Goodyear established it in 1846 a mile west of present downtown Ogden. Then a year later, the fort was bought by Mormon settlers for about $2,000. Brownsville is another name that was once used for the settlement. When the area was renamed, it was named after Peter Skene Ogden, a Hudson Bay Company leader who trapped animals for fur in the Weber Valley.


title: University of Arizona

text: The University of Arizona (also known as UA, or Arizona) is a public research university in Tucson, Arizona.


title: Ilyushin Il-76

text: Ilyushin Il-76 (Russian: Ильюшин Ил-76; NATO reporting name: Candid) is a Soviet strategic lifter and cargo aircraft.


title: Foreign reserve

text: A foreign reserve is the currency from another nation that is held by a nation's treasury. They are another set of assets in a country. Formerly, only gold and silver were used as reserves, but now the currency of other countries is used. There is a benefit to having a foreign reserve. When a nation has one, it can change the exchange rate to make it best for the country. But sometimes the exchange rate drops and the foreign reserve becomes worthless.


title: Sex hormone

text: Sex hormones, also called sex steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with androgen or estrogen receptors.


title: Telugu Wikipedia

text: The Telugu Wikipedia is the Telugu-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in December 2003. As of July 2013, it has over 52,000 articles.


title: Eleanor of Castile

text: Eleanor of Castile (1241 – 28 November 1290) was the queen of Edward I of England. She was also Countess of Ponthieu from 1279 until her death in 1290.


title: Liberation of Paris

text: The Liberation of Paris () was a military battle that took place during World War II from 19 August 1944 until the Germans surrendered the French capital on 25 August 1944.


title: Sense and Sensibility

text: Austen paid to have the book published. The publisher got a commission on sales. She made a profit of £140 (almost £5,000 in 2008 currency) on the first edition, which sold all 750 printed copies by July 1813. A second edition was advertised in October 1813.


title: 1940 Winter Olympics

text: The IOC decided to give the Winter Olympics to St. Moritz, Switzerland. There were some problems between the Swiss organisers and the IOC so the Games were cancelled again. The IOC then gave the 1940 Winter Olympics to Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Garmisch-Partenkirchen had hosted the 1936 Winter Olympics. The Games were to be held from February 2 - 11 1940.


title: Russian roulette

text: It is done either for bravado, boredom, suicide or other reasons. It sometimes used in fiction as part of interrogations, where the interrogator asks the suspect if he wants to play a game of Russian roulette and palms the bullet.


title: Ogden, Utah

text: Ogden is the county seat of Weber County. It lies to the east of the Great Salt Lake, the west of the Wasatch Front mountain range, and is basically north of Salt Lake City.


title: University of Arizona

text: The school began in 1885. It was the first university in the Arizona Territory. The school also includes the Banner – University Medical Center Tucson. This is a four-year M.D. college in downtown Phoenix.


title: Sex hormone

text: The non-steroid luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone are usually not regarded as sex hormones, although they play major sex-related roles.


title: Eleanor of Castile

text: Edward and Eleanor married at the monastery of Las Huelgas, Burgos on 1 November 1254. Several of her relatives came to England soon after her marriage. Henry III of England spent much money on her relatives. This made the people not like her, even though she could not stop it.


title: Liberation of Paris

text: Paris had been ruled by Nazi Germany since the signing of the Second Compiègne Armistice on 22 June 1940, after which the "Wehrmacht" occupied northern and western France.


title: Ogden, Utah

text: Weber State University is located in Ogden. Damian Lillard, an NBA player on the Portland Trailblazers, played basketball in college for the Weber State Wildcats.


title: University of Arizona

text: The mission of the University of Arizona is, "To improve the prospects and enrich the lives of the people of Arizona and the world through education, research, creative expression, and community and business partnerships."


title: Sex hormone

text: Natural sex steroids are made by the gonads (ovaries or testes), by adrenal glands, or by conversion from other sex steroids in tissues such as liver or fat.


title: Eleanor of Castile

text: In the 1260s, the Second Barons' War started between Henry III and his barons. This divided the kingdom. Eleanor supported Edward. Edward was captured at Lewes and imprisoned. Eleanor was honourably kept at Westminster Palace.


title: University of Arizona

text: Arizona is one of the elected members of the Association of American Universities (an organization for research institutions). It is the only school from Arizona in the group.


title: Eleanor of Castile

text: In 1270 Edward and Eleanor left to join his uncle Louis IX of France on the Eighth Crusade. Louis died at Carthage. They spent the winter in Sicily. Then the couple went on to Acre in Palestine.


title: University of Arizona

text: The sports teams are nicknamed the "Arizona Wildcats" (often shortened to "Cats"). They got the name from a 1914 football game with the California champions at the time, Occidental College. The Los Angeles Times said that, "the Arizona men showed the fight of wildcats." Sports are a big part of campus life at the school and they get a large amount of money to operate the programs.


title: Eleanor of Castile

text: They left Palestine in September 1272. In Sicily that December they learned of Henry III's death. Edward and Eleanor returned to England and were crowned together on 19 August 1274.


title: University of Arizona

text: They are members of the Pacific-12 Conference in the NCAA, which they joined in 1978. The Wildcats have won national titles in several sports, most notably men's basketball, baseball, and softball. The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are UA Red and Arizona Blue.


title: Eleanor of Castile

text: Eleanor of Castile was born to the Castilian King, Ferdinand III and his wife, Queen Joan of Ponthieu in the early 1240s. When her father died, her step brother, Alfonso X, ascended to the throne where he and King Henry III arranged her marriage. In Spain, at age 10-12 she was married to King Henry’s son, Edward, who was only 15 at the time in 1254. She went with her husband, Lord Edward of England, who was leading an important crusade in 1270. As a gift to celebrate their wedding, her step brother gave Edward the region of Gascony. Edward also gained the lands of Montreuil and Ponthieu through Eleanor. When Eleanor first moved to England, King Henry III “Ordered that her apartments be furnished "in Castilian fashion" to make her feel more comfortable.” In 1264 she was moved to France for her safety when war broke out and did not return until about a year later. In 1270 she went on the 8th crusade with Edward to the Holy Land and returned in August 19, 1274 to be crowned. Since Eleanor was foreign, many of her subjects did not like her. On November 28, 1290, Eleanor died of a fever, leaving Edward to write, "I loved her dearly during her lifetime . . . . I shall not cease to love her now that she is dead."


title: Nürburgring

text: The Nürburgring, known as simply "the Ring" by enthusiasts, is the name of a famous motorsport race track in Nürburg, Germany, built in the 1920s around the village and medieval castle of Nürburg in the Eifel, which is about 70 kilometres south of Cologne, 100 kilometres northwest of Mainz, and 120 kilometres northwest of Frankfurt.


title: Phil Neville

text: Phil Neville (born 21 January 1977) is an English football manager and former professional footballer player. He currently manages Inter Miami. His brother Gary Neville is also a former professional footballer.


title: Oceanic crust

text: Oceanic crust is primarily composed of mafic rocks, or sima which is named for its magnesium silicate minerals. It is thinner than continental crust, and is about 7-10 kilometers thick, however it is more dense, having a mean density of about 3.3 g/cm.


title: Josh Holloway

text: Josh Holloway (born July 20, 1969 in San Jose, California) is an American actor most known for his role as James "Sawyer" Ford on ABC's Emmy award-winning show "Lost".


title: Monmouthshire

text: Monmouthshire is a county in Wales in the west of Great Britain. From the end of the Middle Ages until the year 1974 Monmouthshire was a part of England for some things and a part of Wales for other things. Then in 1972 Parliament decided that it was going to be in Wales from 1974 onwards.


title: Public finance

text: Public finance is the study of how the government raises funds and spends its money, and their economic effect.


title: Heather Locklear

text: Heather Locklear (born September 25, 1961) is an American actress. She has been in many movies and television series. Her most notable performance was starring as Amanda in "Melrose Place". She also played Sammy in "Dynasty" and Caitlin in the sitcom "Spin City". Locklear was born in Los Angeles.