title: LGBT rights in India

text: What people think about LGBT rights in India is difficult to answer. According to a 2016 poll by the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, 35% of Indian people wanted to make same-sex marriage legal. 35% id not want same-sex marriage to be legal. A survey by the Varkey Foundation found that 18-21 year olds supported same-sex marriage more than others.


title: LGBT rights in India

text: According to a 2017 poll carried out by ILGA, 58% of Indians agreed that gay, lesbian and bisexual people should have the same rights as straight people. 30% Indians disagreed. Additionally, 59% agreed that they should be protected from unfair treatment at the workplace. But 39% of Indians said that people who are in same-sex relationships should be considered criminals (44% people disagreed with this). 66% people agreed that transgender people should have the same rights as others, 62% believed they should be protected from unfair treatment at work and 60% believed they should be allowed to change their gender before law.


title: LGBT rights in India

text: Top government institutes, such as IITs, accept LGBT people more. According to a poll conducted at IIT Delhi in 2015, 72% of respondents agreed that "being homosexual is normal as being heterosexual". Many IITs have their own LGBT clubs, like "Saathi" (English: Friend) at IIT Bombay, "" at IIT Delhi, "Ambar" at IIT Kharagpur, "Unmukt" at IIT Kanpur and more.


title: LGBT rights in India

text: According to a 2019 survey, the Indian states/union territories which accepted the LGBT community most were Uttar Pradesh (36%), followed by Tamil Nadu (30%) and Delhi (30%). The states which showed accepted same-sex relationships least were Mizoram (87%), followed by Nagaland (63%), Jammu and Kashmir (63%) and Kerala (58%). The states with the most undecided respondents were West Bengal (60%), followed by Assam (40%), Punjab (39%) and Tripura (37%). The Hindu community accepted same-sex relationships the most. Christian respondents opposed same sex-relationships most(70%), followed by Muslims (50%) and both Hindus and Sikhs at 40%.


title: Honey Bunny as Super Team X

text: Honey Bunny as Super Team X is a 2018 superhero comedy action movie based on Honey Bunny Ka Jholmaal. It was released on November 5, 2018. Two sequels to the movie titled "Super Team X Reloaded" and "Super Team X End of the World" were released in 2019 and 2020. The movie is also one of the first superhero movies of the Honey Bunny Ka Jholmaal film series.


title: Honey Bunny as Super Team X

text: As part of the covert Team X, Honey, Bunny, Zordaar and Popat face various dangers when they set out to capture the elusive and tech-savvy thief, Flamingo.


title: Cookie Monster

text: Cookie Monster is a Muppet that appears in Sesame Street. He is a blue monster that is known for eating lots of food, especially cookies. He is also known for some of his famous eating phrases. His favorite food is cookies, as his name implies. He especially enjoys chocolate chip cookies. Throughout the years of his presence, he has gained increasing awareness of children's food habits. In 2007, Cookie Monster had told his philosophy (way of thinking) that "Cookies are a sometimes food."


title: Home economics

text: Home economics is the study of the economics and management of the home and community. It is about managing a home and family, and cooking.


title: Bit-level parallelism

text: Bit-level parallelism is a form of parallel computing based on increasing processor word size, depending on very-large-scale integration (VLSI) technology. Enhancements in computers designs were done by increasing bit-level parallelism


title: Bit-level parallelism

text: Increasing the word size reduces the number of instructions the processor must execute in order to perform an operation on variables whose sizes are greater than the length of the word. (For example, consider a case where an 8-bit processor must add two 16-bit integers. The processor must first add the 8 lower-order bits from each integer, then add the 8 higher-order bits, requiring two instructions to complete a single operation. A 16-bit processor would be able to complete the operation with single instruction)


title: Bit-level parallelism

text: Historically, 4-bit microprocessors were replaced with 8-bit, then 16-bit, then 32-bit microprocessors, then 64-bit microprocessors. 32-bit processors has been a standard in general purpose computing for about 20 years, but now 64-bit processors are taking the lead.


title: Yoasobi

text: Yoasobi is a Japanese Music band Composed of Vocaloid (Voice Synthesizer software) with Producer Ayase and Singer-Songwriter ikura, The group has released songs that based on short stories and Posted on Monogatary website, a website that operated by Sony Music Entertainment of Japan


title: Yoasobi

text: The band Started with Single 'You ni Kakeru" in December 2019, it became a successful and Top music in Japan, Continuously for three weeks and End of 2020 on Billboard, Their Release extended playing Yoasobi EP (The Book) was Released in 2021 and Reached number two on both Japanese music industry standard albums popularity chart Oricon Albums and Billboard Japan Hot Albums.


title: Yoasobi

text: The Name "Yoasobi" Comes from the Japanese word "夜遊び" Meaning "NightLife", Ayasi who is a producer of the group mentions that he named it as a wish that he could take on numerous playful challenges.


title: Yoasobi

text: Both members of Yoasobi had active music careers before Establishing the group, Before Ayasi has gained a following on the video hosting niconico since his first upload on December 24th of 2018 on 23th November of 2019, he released an Extended play Ghost city tokyo (幽霊東京,Yūrei Tōkyō) the song was reached third on ITunes Album chart. Lilas ikuta (Japanese:Lilas Ikuta (幾田りら, Ikuta Rira), who performs under the name Ikura, had already released two extended plays; Rerise in 2017 and Jukebox in 2019


title: Yoasobi

text: Following the success of their First release, they released their second single "Ano Yume o nazotte" on 18th January of 2020 on April 20, they released short Music for their Third single, "Halzion" it was the firs time that Yoasobi collaborated with a Professional Novelist, and the song was released on 11th May. in the second half of the year, Yoasobi released their fourth single "Tabun", on 20th July Their fifth single "Gunjo" was released on 1st September. the song collaborated with a Blue Period manga on 18th of December, they released their sith single "Haruka" based on Osamu suzuki's Novel


title: Yoasobi

text: December 31th of 2020, they stopped Releasing, and started in and performed "Yoru ni Kakeru" that was their first live performance


title: Yoasobi

text: on 6th January of 2021, Yoasobi Released their First Physical Release The book, that included six previous Singles and three new songs which Resulted coming at number two on both Oricon Albums chart and Billboard Japan and Top of Oricon Digital Albums chart continuously for five weeks That Received Gold Certification


title: Yoasobi

text: Yoasobi Released their seventh Single, "Kaibutsu" on the same day with song "The Book". on 20th January they opened their fan club website named Club Yoasobi (Japanese: CLUB 夜遊) and released the anime's ending theme song and their eighth single," Yasashii Suisei", Their First concert was held on 14th February at the inside of the building under construction at the former area of Shinjuku Milano for an online audience of 40 thousand People


title: Yoasobi

text: On 24th of Marth "Kaibutsu" and "Yasashii Suisei" were combined and released as a Double-CD Single. which Ranked number two on Oricon Singles chart


title: Yoasobi

text: On 10th May they released the ninth Single for Fuji Tv's Morning Show which titled "Mo sukoshi Dake" "Sangenshoku" the tenth single for NTT Docomo's Mobile Service, A stand-alone single Version The English Version of "Sangenshoku", that titled "RGB" was Released on 16th July


title: Yoasobi

text: On 9th August, theyReleased eleventh single that collaborated with Tokyo FM's Radio Show that owned by Japan Post Service, on Sunday's post, it was titled "Loveletter" that based on Natsumi's Novel Tashi Romance, which won Yoasobi Contest Vol.2


title: Yoasobi

text: On 1st December Yoasobi Scheduled to released their second EP, that titled "The Book 2" included the singles Released in 2021 and the new songs for the stage "Moshi mo inochi ga kaketara" with the song of the same name Also NHK's New Children Program Series which titled "Tsubame" Featured five elementary school student Special Group called Midories


title: Canal Once (Mexico)

text: Once (Eleven; formerly Once TV México and Canal Once) is a Mexican educational broadcast television network owned by National Polytechnic Institute. The network's flagship station is XEIPN-TDT channel 11 in Mexico City. It broadcasts across Mexico through nearly 40 TV transmitters. It is a required carriage on all Mexican cable and satellite providers. The network also operates an international feed which is available in the United States via satellite from DirecTV, via online from VEMOX and also on various cable outlets, on "Latino" or "Spanish" tiers. Most of its programs are also webcast through the Internet, though its programming is not the same as the actual broadcasters or satellite signal.


title: Alice and Bob

text: Alice and Bob are placeholder names which are commonly used to talk about problems. It is used in cryptography, game theory and physics. Instead of “A sends B a message” people say “Alice sends Bob a message”. Ron Rivest seems to have used these names first, in publications about the RSA algorithm. This was 1977 and 1978.


title: Alice and Bob

text: The most used names are Alice and Bob. Eve, Mallory, and Trent are used often too, and they have pretty well-defined uses.


title: Patti Clare

text: Patti Clare (born 3 March 1976) is an English actress. She is best known for playing Mary Taylor in the long-running ITV soap opera "Coronation Street" from 2008 onwards. She is a three-time winner of the British Soap Award for Best Comedy Performance (2011, 2013 and 2016).


title: International Mathematical Olympiad

text: The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is a six-question two-day math competition for students that have not yet gone to college and are under 20 years old. Any country may take part in it by sending a team of six students to compete.


title: International Mathematical Olympiad

text: The IMO has been held every year since 1959. It takes place in a different country (which is called the "host country") from year to year. However, it is often seen that this competition is dominated by the US and China.


title: Mexicans

text: There is a large Mexican diaspora in the United States. More than 38.5 million Mexican Americans and Mexican-born immigrants live in the United States.


title: Mexicans

text: Mexicans of European descent, including those who immigrated during the 20th century, are concentrated in Mexico City, and in the West. Mexicans of European descent and other lighter-skinned Mexicans dominate the wealthiest echelons of Mexican society. Most white Mexicans are of Spanish ancestry.


title: Mexicans

text: Mexico has the largest indigenous population in Latin America. 1.38 million Mexicans are Afro-Mexicans. The majority of Afro-Mexicans live in Veracruz and the Costa Chica region. Afro-Mexicans were brought to Mexico as slaves from Africa during the Spanish colonial era.


title: Mexicans

text: Mexican culture is mainly influenced by Spanish and Amerindian cultures. Mexico is famous for it’s Mexican cuisine. Mexican cuisine is influenced by Spanish cuisine and indigenous cuisine. The indigenous people of Mexico have introduced vanilla, corn, chocolate, avocado and other important crops to the world. Mexico is also known for its tequila. Day of the Dead is a holiday observed by Mexicans. The most practiced religion by Mexicans is Christianity.


title: Adygea

text: The Republic of Adygea (; ; , "Adygæ Respublik"), is a federal subject of Russia in the North Caucasus region of North Asia. It is the fifth-smallest federal subject in Russia. Adygea is one of Russia's republics and home to the Circassian people. The official languages of Adygea are Russian and Adyghe. The capital and largest city of Adygea is Maykop, which houses one-third of the republic's population.


title: Mont Blanc

text: Mont Blanc ("Monte Bianco" in Italian) is a mountain in the Alps. Its height is 4810.90 metres. When Mount Elbrus (5,642 m) in the Caucasus is left out, Mont Blanc is often considered the highest point in Europe.


title: Ligurian Sea

text: The Ligurian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea. It is between the Italian Riviera (Liguria and Tuscany) and the island of Corsica. The sea is probably named after the ancient Ligures people.


title: Ligurian Sea

text: The sea borders the countries Italy, France, and Monaco. In the east the sea borders the Tyrrhenian Sea, while in the west it borders the Mediterranean Sea proper. Genoa is the most prominent city in the area.


title: Ligurian Sea

text: The Gulf of Genoa is its northernmost part. The sea receives the Arno River from the east. The ports of Genoa, La Spezia, and Livorno are on its rocky coast. It reaches a maximum depth of more than 9,300 feet (2,850 m) northwest of Corsica.


title: Ligurian Sea

text: In order to provide protection for the many cetacean (whales and dolphins; porpoises are not found in this part of the Mediterranean Sea) species in the Ligurian Sea the bordering countries made the sea a SPAMI in 1999. The International Ligurian Sea Cetacean Sanctuary now covers 84,000 km². This covers territorial waters as well as high sea.


title: Paul Dirac

text: Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM (August 8, 1902 in Bristol – October 20, 1984 in Tallahassee) was an English physicist.


title: Paul Dirac

text: Dirac worked out a formulation of quantum mechanics, which includes Erwin Schrödinger's wave mechanics and Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics in 1926. In 1928 he found the Dirac equation and he found out that spin in quantum mechanics is an effect of relativity. The Dirac equation allowed Dirac to predict the existence of antimatter, which is the opposite of matter.


title: Paul Dirac

text: Dirac was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics chair at Cambridge University from 1932 until his retirement in 1969. He was Professor of Physics at Florida State University from 1972 until his death in 1984.


title: Arkhangelsk

text: Arkhangelsk () is a city in Russia. It is the capital and largest city of Arkhangelsk Oblast in European Russia. As of 2012, the city has 350,258 people.


title: Arkhangelsk

text: Arkhangelsk was founded in 1584 as the fortified monastery of Micheal, a Russian archangel, it was the first port of the Russian Empire to trade with England and later with other countries. The port of Arkhangelsk reached the height of its prosperity in the 17th century but subsequently declined with the foundation of Saint Petersburg in 1703 and the high customs dues introduced by Peter I the Great to trade to Arkhangelsk. Arkhangelsk later revived with the building of a railway from Moscow in 1898. At that time, Arkhangelsk is now the largest timber-exporting port of Russia. It has big timber-processing industries, including sawmilling, pulp making and papermaking. Shipbuilding and repair are important in Arkhangelsk. Arkhangelsk is home for a fishing fleet and the western terminus of the Russian Northern Sea Route. There are thousands of medicines, planting, managing, caring for forests, taigas, and a teachers college.


title: Arkhangelsk

text: Arkhangelsk is located in the northern part of Arkhangelsk Oblast. It is also the capital and largest city of the Arkhangelsk Oblast. It borders the Arctic Ocean on the north. It is 1,242 kilometers north of Moscow, 1,109 kilometers northeast of Saint Petersburg, and 1,271 kilometers north of Nizhny Novgorod.


title: Arkhangelsk

text: Important industries (or parts of the economy) are timber trade, paper industry, ship building, machinery, and industry related to microbiology. Arkhangelsk has a large commercial and fishing port.


title: Liquorice

text: Liquorice (UK) or licorice (US) (see spelling differences) (, or ) is the root of "Glycyrrhiza glabra", from which a sweet flavour can be extracted. The liquorice plant is a legume (related to beans and peas) and native to southern Europe and parts of Asia. It is an herbaceous perennial, growing to 1 m in height, with pinnate leaves about 7–15 centimetres (3–6 inches) long, with 9–17 leaflets. The flowers are 0.8–1.2 cm (1/3 to 1/2 inch) long, purple to pale whitish blue, produced in a loose inflorescence. The fruit is an oblong pod, 2–3 centimetres (about 1 inch) long, containing several seeds.


title: Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović

text: Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović (; born 29 April 1968) is a Croatian politician and diplomat. She was the 4th President of Croatia from 2015 to 2020. She is the first woman to be elected to the office. At 46 years of age, she also became the youngest person to assume the presidency.


title: Puducherry (union territory)

text: Puducherry, which used to be called Pondicherry is a Union territory of India. Pondicherry is divided into four separate parts: Puducherry district, Karaikal district, Yanam district , and Mahe district. These four areas are under one name because they were all once ruled by the French. Chandranagore, the fifth former French colony 30 kilometers north of Kolkata, in West Bengal, India, is now outside this unconnected territory.


title: Puducherry (union territory)

text: When India took control of them, they took them in as one territory. Pondicherry is going through a name change to Puducherry, which means "new village" in the local language. It covers an area of 183 mi² or 474 km²; it is bigger than Andorra but smaller than Saint Lucia.


title: Puducherry (union territory)

text: Its a very nice tourist attraction. Its has many heritage buildings with old French architecture. The Boulevard is ellipse-shaped with two clock towers of the Small Market and the Big Market. The area of boulevards close to the Beach is called White Town. This was the area where initial French settlements were made. That's why it is called White town area.


title: 1908 Summer Olympics

text: The 1908 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the IV Olympiad, were held in London, United Kingdom.


title: Achillea millefolium

text: Achillea millefolium or Yarrow is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to the Northern Hemisphere.


title: Shirin Ebadi

text: Shirin Ebadi ( "Širin Ebādi"; born 21 June 1947) is an Iranian lawyer, a former judge and human rights activist. She is the founder of Defenders of Human Rights Center in Iran. On 10 October 2003, Ebadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her "significant and pioneering efforts for democracy and human rights, especially women's, children's, and refugee rights". She was the first ever Iranian to receive the prize.


title: 1908 Summer Olympics

text: The Olympics were originally scheduled to be held in Rome; however, Mount Vesuvius erupted on 7 April 1906. The natural disaster caused a financial strain on the Italian government. Then the venue was changed to London. The costs of the games were covered by donations.


title: Achillea millefolium

text: Other common names for this species include gordaldo, nosebleed plant, old man's pepper, devil's nettle, sanguinary, milfoil, soldier's woundwort, thousand-leaf, and thousand-seal.


title: Achillea millefolium

text: The plant commonly flowers from May through June. It is often found in the mildly disturbed soil of grasslands and open forests. The plant has a strong, sweet scent, similar to chrysanthemums.


title: Baltic languages

text: The Baltic languages are part of the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. Baltic languages are mostly spoken in the Baltics, around the Baltic sea.


title: Medan

text: Medan (; : ) is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of North Sumatra. It is one of the four main central cities of Indonesia, alongside Jakarta, Surabaya, and Makassar.


title: Cherkasy

text: Cherkasy (, transliterated: "Čerkasy") is a city in central Ukraine. It is the capital of the Cherkasy Oblast (province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Cherkasky Raion (district) within the oblast.


title: Ronald Ross

text: Ronald Ross (13 May 1857 – 16 September 1932) was an English doctor. He won the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for work on malaria transmitting by "anopheles" mosquitos.


title: Cherkasy

text: The city is cultural, educational and industrial center of Cherkasy Oblast and Central Economical Region of Ukraine. Cherkasy is famous since 13th century and played a great role in history of Ukraine. Cherkasy was the center of Cossacks, citizens took part in Khmelnychchyna and Koliyivschyna (cossacks and peasants rebellions).


title: Cherkasy

text: The city is on the right bank of Dnieper River (specifically at the Kremenchuk Reservoir), about south of the nation's capital, Kyiv. The city is divided into 2 parts (raions) - Sosnivskiy (with Orshanets village) and Pridniprovskiy. The current population of Cherkasy is 285,526 (as of 2010).


title: Queen of Sheba

text: The Queen of Sheba ruled over the ancient kingdom of Sheba, and is mentioned in the Bible and the Qur'an.


title: Queen of Sheba

text: The Queen of Sheba appears in the Bible to King Solomon, because of the fame of his riches and wealth and wisdom. She comes, "with a very great caravan - with camels carrying spices, large quantities of gold, and precious stones - she came to Solomon and talked with him about all that she had on her mind" (1 Kings 10:2).


title: Queen of Sheba

text: Solomon answered all the questions she asked; returned her quizzes and riddles with wit and correct wisdom; and was kind to her. Awed and astonished by all these things, she rewarded his achievements with "120 talents of gold, large quantities of spices, and precious stones. Never again were so many spices brought in as those the queen of Sheba gave to King Solomon" (1 Kings 10:10), and Solomon returned it by giving "all she desired and asked for, besides what he had given her out of his royal bounty" (1 Kings 10:13).


title: Valence, Drôme

text: Valence is a city in the south of France, along the Rhône river. It is in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Drôme department in France.


title: Scots pine

text: Scots pine ("Pinus sylvestris") is a species of pine native to Europe and Asia. It ranges from Scotland, Ireland and Portugal in the west, east to eastern Siberia, south to the Caucasus Mountains, and as far north as well inside the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia.


title: Scots pine

text: In the north of its range, it occurs from sea level to 1,000 m, while in the south of its range it is a high altitude mountain tree, growing at 1,200–2,600 m altitude.


title: Lodi

text: Lodi (; Lombard: "Lòd") is a city in northern Italy. Lodi is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 43,488 people (as of 2008). The people who live in Lodi are called Lodigiani. Lodi is famous for a cake called Tortionata.


title: Lodi

text: Lodi was built after the destruction of the ancient roman city of Laus Pompeia during the war with Milan.


title: Kim Basinger

text: Kim Basinger (born 8 December 1953) is an American actress and model. She has been in many movies from the 1970s onwards. Basinger was born in Athens, Georgia. She is of English, Scottish, Swedish, Irish and Native American ancestry. Her roles include: "Never Say Never Again", "The Natural", "9 1/2 Weeks", "My Stepmother Is an Alien", "Batman", "The War of the Roses", "L.A. Confidential", "8 Mile" and "Cellular".


title: Kim Basinger

text: Before she was famous, Basinger dated model Tim Saunders, photographer Dale Robinette and football player Joe Namath. She would not have another public attachment until 2014, when she began dating Mitch Stone. Like Snyder and Peters before him, Stone met Basinger while doing her hair on a movie set. The couple wear matching gold bands and have since moved in together.


title: Abdus Salam

text: Mohammad Abdus Salam (29 January 1926; Santokdas, Sahiwal Punjab – 21 November 1996; Oxford, England) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist. He was awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics.


title: Constipation

text: Constipation is when it is very hard to pass stool (defecate): that is, get rid of digested food waste (feces). Constipation can be caused by many things. One is eating or drinking too much dairy products that use cow milk. To solve this problem many people use a laxative or eat defecation-inducing foods such as plums. Another possible cause could be an obstruction somewhere along the digestive tract (the path that food travels inside the body). A person suffers from constipation if he or she passes stool three times in a week or more seldom. People suffering from constipation may defecate only once or twice in a week, and their stool is very solid and tough. Normally people defecate daily.


title: Abdus Salam

text: He was initially educated at the Government College Lahore and the University of the Punjab, Lahore. For a time also worked at the Government College as a lecturer, adding considerably to its intellectual life. Later he went to Cambridge University, England for PhD studies. In 1951 he returned to Pakistan, but he found that he was cut off from the rest of the scientific world there. In 1953, he again went to England where he started to teach and research, having interest in the Grand Unified Theory.


title: Constipation

text: When a person is constipated their lower stomach and intestinal area will be blocked. People can usually conquer constipation by eating natural laxatives such a fruits, fruit juice and dietary supplements. Liquid will help get rid of constipation. Constipation can occur by eating hard food such as cheese or meat.


title: Abdus Salam

text: He believed that if the Creator of the universe was one then the origin of all the forces had to be single also. He then set off to unify the electromagnetic and the weak nuclear force.


title: Constipation

text: Papaya and guava is very rich in fiber and potassium should be consume after meal everydayGet rid of constipation .


title: Abdus Salam

text: According to another scientist, Peter Higgs, a field existed i.e. the Higgs field. Salam successfully showed that weak nuclear forces are not really different from electromagnetic forces, and two could inter-convert. Salam provided a theory that shows the unification of two fundamental forces of nature, weak nuclear forces and the electromagnetic forces, one into another.


title: Constipation

text: Types 1 and 2 indicate constipation, with 3 and 4 being the "ideal stools", especially the latter, as they are the easiest to defecate, and 5–7 tending towards diarrhoea.


title: Jan van Eyck

text: Jan van Eyck or Johannes de Eyck () (before c. 1395 – before 9 July 1441) was an early Dutch painter active in Bruges. He is thought to be one of the best Northern European painters of the 15th century. He was interested in art since he was a child and was encouraged in this career by his older brother, Hubert.


title: Port Said

text: Port Said has fishing and industries, like chemicals, processed food, and cigarettes. Port Said is also an important harbour both for exports of Egyptian products like cotton and rice, but also a fuelling station for ships that pass through the Suez Canal.


title: Czestochowa

text: Częstochowa is a city in south Poland on the Warta River. It has 248,894 residents. It has been in the Silesian Voivodeship (administrative division) since 1999, and was once the capital of Częstochowa Voivodship (1975-1998).


title: Czestochowa

text: The town is known for the famous monastery of Jasna Góra Monastery, which is the home of the Black Madonna painting, a shrine of the Virgin Mary. Every year, thousands of people from all over the world come to Częstochowa to see it.


title: Czestochowa

text: The name Częstochowa means Częstoch's place, and comes from the name of a person, Częstoch. It is mentioned in medieval documents also as Częstobor and Częstomir. Częstochowa is also known as Czestochowa, Czenstochov, and Chenstochov.


title: Czestochowa

text: Currently, the city is one of the main tourist attractions in the area. It attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors every year.


title: Châlons-en-Champagne

text: Châlons-en-Champagne is a "commune" in the Marne department in the Grand Est region in northeastern France. It is the "préfecture" (capital) of the department.


title: Jeremy Bentham

text: Jeremy Bentham (15 February 1748 – 6 June 1832) was an English, jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He is best known as one of the first people to be for utilitarianism, animal rights and gay rights.


title: Ushuaia

text: Ushuaia is the capital city of the Argentine province of Tierra del Fuego. The climate is cool and wet. About 64,000 people live there. Ushuaia is the southernmost city in the world.


title: Châlons-en-Champagne

text: Even if Châlons-en-Champagne is the capital of the department, it is only the second largest city in population after Reims. It should not be confused with Chalon-sur-Saône, a city in the Saône-et-Loire department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.


title: Jeremy Bentham

text: Bentham was one of the most influential (classical) liberals, partially through his writings but particularly through his students all around the world, including John Stuart Mill and several political leaders (and Robert Owen, who later started the idea of socialism). He is believed to be the innovator of classical liberalism, a term first coined in the 19th century. After he died, his body was preserved and is on public display at University College London to this day.


title: Châlons-en-Champagne

text: Formerly called Châlons-sur-Marne, the name of the city was changed to Châlons-en-Champagne in 1995 but it was rejected in 1997. But, finally, this change was accepted in 1998.


title: Châlons-en-Champagne

text: Châlons-en-Champagne is in the centre of the Marne department. The Marne river flows through the western part of the city.


title: Châlons-en-Champagne

text: The "commune" of Châlons-en-Champagne is surrounded by the "communes" L'Épine, Saint-Memmie, Sarry, Compertrix, Fagnières and Saint-Martin-sur-le-Pré.


title: Châlons-en-Champagne

text: The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Châlons-en-Champagne is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype "Cfb".


title: Châlons-en-Champagne

text: The average temperature for the year in Châlons-en-Champagne is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month, on average is January, with an average temperature of .


title: Châlons-en-Champagne

text: The average amount of precipitation for the year in Châlons-en-Champagne is . The month with the most precipitation on average is July with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .


title: Châlons-en-Champagne

text: The inhabitants of Châlons-en-Champagne are known, in French, as "Châlonnais" (women: "Châlonnaises ").


title: Châlons-en-Champagne

text: Châlons-en-Champagne forms, with other 4 "communes", the urban area of Châlons-en-Champagne with a population of 57,571 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Châlons-en-Champagne, formed by 66 "communes", with a population of 81,486 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .


title: Châlons-en-Champagne

text: Châlons-en-Champagne is a prefecture of the Marne department since 1800. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Châlons-en-Champagne and the administrative centre () of three cantons:


title: Liège (province)

text: Liège (, , , , , , ) is the easternmost province of the Walloon Region, in Belgium. Its capital is the city of Liège.


title: Flag of Indonesia

text: The Flag of Indonesia is a bicolour flag with two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white (bottom) with an overall ratio of 2:3.


title: Paul Krugman

text: Paul Robin Krugman (born February 28, 1953) is an American economist and 2008 winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics.


title: Accipitriformes

text: Accipitriformes is an order which includes most of the diurnal birds of prey: hawks, eagles, vultures, and many others, about 225 species in all.


title: Liège (province)

text: It is an area of French and German ethnic groups. Most of its inhabitants speak French and a minority of them speaks German.


title: Flag of Indonesia

text: The flag of Indonesia is graphically identical to the Flag of Monaco, with a slight difference only in the ratio of its dimensions.


title: Paul Krugman

text: From 1982 to 1983, he spent a year working at the Reagan White House as a staff member of the Council of Economic Advisers.


title: Accipitriformes

text: For a long time, the majority view was to include them with the falcons in the Falconiformes. However, a recent DNA study has shown that falcons are not closely related to the Accipitriformes. Instead, they are related to parrots and passerines.


title: Liège (province)

text: The present province comes from a department created by the French government in the late eighteenth century, the Department of Ourte. In 1815, after the defeat of Napoleon, the eastern part (Eupen, Malmedy, Saint-Vith and four other German municipalities) was given to the Prussian empire.


title: Flag of Indonesia

text: The flag is described in Article 35, Chapter XV, of the Constitution of Indonesia; Government Regulation No. 24/2009; and Government Regulation No. 40/1958.


title: Paul Krugman

text: Krugman taught at Yale, MIT, University of California, and Stanford University. He is still teaching at the City University of New York, the London School of Economics, and Princeton University. He is also a columnist for "The New York Times".


title: Accipitriformes

text: Since then putting the falcons next to the parrots in taxonomic order has been adopted by most ornithologists. The DNA-based proposal includes the New World vultures in the Accipitriformes, but the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU) classifies the New World vultures as a separate order, the Cathartiformes.


title: Liège (province)

text: While maintaining the French administrative borders, King William I of the Netherlands gave back the more traditional names of the provinces instead of the names used by the French. He named the province as Liège, remembering the old principality of Liège, although the region did not correspond much to the old principality.


title: Flag of Indonesia

text: The raising of the flag should be conducted in the time between sunrise until sunset, but in certain circumstances, it can be done at night. In daily use, the flag should be flown at every commemoration such as the Indonesian Independence Day on 17 August every year, by the citizens who have a right to use it at house, building or office, schools, colleges, public and private transport and the representative office of Indonesia in overseas. The flag can be flown in maritime-based activity as well.


title: Paul Krugman

text: In a summary based on writings by and about Santayana, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 470+ works in 1,500+ publications in 24 languages and 44,600+ library holdings.


title: Liège (province)

text: In 1919, after the Prussian defeat, the cantons Eupen, Malmedy and Saint-Vith were again part of the province of Liège.


title: Flag of Indonesia

text: It can be used as the cover of the coffin of a President or former Presidents, Vice President or former Vice Presidents, Members of Cabinet, Speaker of People's Representative Council, and Head of Government, members of the Indonesian Armed Forces, and persons who are members of the Indonesian National Police who died in service, or an Indonesian citizen who made contributions to their nation as a badge of honor.


title: Liège (province)

text: The province of Liège is in southeastern Belgium and borders on (clockwise from the North) the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and in Belgium the provinces of Luxembourg, Namur, Walloon Brabant (Wallonia), and those of Flemish Brabant and Limburg (Flanders).


title: Liège (province)

text: The province has an area of and a population of about 1,111,000 in 2022. The province is divided into four arrondissements ("arrondissementen" in Dutch) with 84 municipalities, 75 French-speaking municipalities and 9 German-speaking municipalities.


title: Liège (province)

text: With , the Signal de Botrange is the highest point of the province and of Belgium. It is in Waimes, Verviers district.


title: Liège (province)

text: The main river is the "Meuse" (Dutch: "Maas") river; its source is in France, in Champagne-Ardenne and then flows through Belgium by the provinces of Namur and Liège. After , it flows into the North Sea.


title: Liège (province)

text: The province of Liège is divided into 4 "arrondissements" (Huy, Liège, Verviers and Waremme) and a total of 84 municipalities.


title: M. C. Escher

text: Maurits Cornelis Escher (17 June 1898 – 27 March 1972), usually referred to as M. C. Escher, was a Dutch graphic artist born in Leeuwarden, Netherlands. He is known for his often mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs and mezzotints. These feature impossible constructions, explorations of infinity, architecture and tessellations (tilings).


title: Sun bear

text: The sun bear is the smallest bear. It has short black fur, and a yellow spot on its chest. Its ears are small and round. It has big feet with naked soles and long claws, which help the sun bear climbing. It can climb very well. It cannot see very well, but its sense of smell is very good.


title: Toronto Raptors

text: The Toronto Raptors are a Canadian professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They are based in Toronto. They were started in 1995. They play their home games at Scotiabank Arena. They are the only NBA team currently playing in Canada.


title: Holy Land

text: The Holy Land is an area in the Levant that is holy to Abrahamic religions (Christianity, Islam and Judaism). The name roughly refers to the region of Palestine. Jews say God gave the Holy Land to them. This is where Jesus was born, crucified and resurrected. James, along with the others named "brothers" of Jesus, are said by others to have been Jesus' cousins. Several Crusades were fought there.


title: M. C. Escher

text: During his life, Escher made 448 lithographs, woodcuts and wood engravings. He did over 2000 drawings and sketches. He also illustrated books, designed tapestries, postage stamps and murals. Escher was interested in different ways of making art, he used tile-like repeated patterns in many of his paintings. Early in his career he drew inspirations of nature: he studied art, landscapes and insects. Some of Escher’s most famous drawings include: "Drawing hands", "Relativity" and "Flying Fish". Most of his works were related to mathematics.


title: Sun bear

text: Sun bears mostly live in tropic rainforests. They are mostly active at night, and they stay in trees a lot of the time.


title: Toronto Raptors

text: For the 2019 season, the Raptors won the Eastern Conference Dinals for the first time in the team's history. Because of this, they also got the chance to play in the NBA Finals for the first time in their history. They won the NBA Finals against the two-time defending champion Golden State Warriors in six games and became the first Canadian team to win an NBA Final. Kawhi Leonard was named the Finals MVP for the second time in his career.


title: Sun bear

text: It eats a lot of different things: fruit and other plants, eggs, honey and insects. They also eat small vertebrate animals, like reptiles, birds and mammals.


title: Sun bear

text: After a pregnancy of 96 days the female gives birth to 1-2 babies. Young sun bears become mature when they are 3-4 years old. sun bears can become up to 28 years old when in captivity (held by humans, e.g. in zoos).


title: Dunedin

text: Dunedin is a city in New Zealand, Ōtepoti in Maori, is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the main city of the region of Otago. The city stands on the hills and valleys surrounding the head of Otago Harbour. The harbour and hills are the remnants of an extinct volcano. It is the home of the University of Otago.


title: Deuterostome

text: Deuterostomes are a nephrozoan superphylum of bilaterian animals, a taxon above the level of phylum. It is not part of the usual system of classification.


title: 65 (number)

text: Sixty-five is a number. It comes between sixty-four and sixty-six, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 1, 5, 13, and 65.


title: Karst

text: Karst is a geological system of rocks where water has eroded (dissolved) the bedrock. If it is very extensive, karst can be a geographical or topographical feature. It is classed as a badland if it difficult to travel through the environment, which it often is.


title: Eugène Ionesco

text: Eugène Ionesco (26 November 1909 – 28 March 1994) was a Romanian playwright. He wrote in French. He was born in Slatina, Romania. He was one of the most important people in French avant-garde theatre. His best-known play is "La Cantatrice Chauve" ("The Bald Soprano"). It has often been acted on stage and has been on TV.


title: Deuterostome

text: They are bilateral animals, and are contrasted with the protostomes. Deuterostomes are distingued by their embryo: in deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes it becomes the mouth.


title: Karst

text: Almost always, karst is formed in carbonate rocks, such as limestone or dolomite. Since carbonate sedimentary rocks are very common, karst areas occur all over the world.


title: Eugène Ionesco

text: On April 30, 1973, Ionesco received the Jerusalem Prize, In 1974 he was given an honorary doctorate degree by the University of Warwick in Coventry, England. A year later he received a second honorary doctorate from the University of Tel Aviv. He died at age 84 on 28 March 1994. He is buried in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris.


title: Karst

text: Many karst regions display distinctive surface features, with sinkholes being the most common. However, karst surface features may be absent where the soluble rock is "mantled" (covered), such as by a non-soluble rock strata on top of the carbonate strata. Some karst regions include thousands of caves, and the water is generally underground.


title: Karst

text: The world's largest karst area is the Nullarbor Plain, part of the area of flat, almost treeless, dry country of southern Australia. It is on the Great Australian Bight coast with the Great Victoria Desert to its north. It is the world's largest single exposure of limestone bedrock, and occupies an area of about . At its widest point, it stretches about from east to west across the border region between South Australia and Western Australia.


title: Karst

text: Many parts of the world suffer from sinkholes which form when karsts are underground. Beneath the flat surface of the land in Florida, Guatemala City and elsewhere are vast systems of limestone. Water running through the limestone is dissolving the limestone away, leaving huge caverns. Without warning, huge holes appear in the surface, causing great damage. Practically the whole of Florida is sitting on a gigantic karst system, as are several countries in Central America. The area round Tampa is especially at risk, and there is a huge karst system under Mexico City. According to a senior geochemist, there are as many as 15,000 sinkholes in Illinois.


title: Karst

text: The Qattara Depression in Egypt is part of the Libyan Desert. It is roughly 50 miles (80km) by 75 miles (121km) in surface area. It is the world's largest natural sinkhole. It lies below sea level and is covered with salt pans, sand dunes and salt marshes.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Barbara Stanwyck (July 16, 1907 – January 20, 1990) was an American actress of movie, stage, and television.


title: Zugspitze

text: The Zugspitze (Bavarian: "Zugspitz") is located in Bavaria, Germany. It is the highest mountain in Germany. It is above sea level. It attracts thousands of visitors every year.


title: Gastroenterology

text: Gastroenterology is a special type of medicine. It is about the digestive system. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are the focus. The tract includes the organs from mouth to anus.


title: Schaan

text: Schaan () is the largest city of Liechtenstein by population and area. It is located to the north of Vaduz, the capital, in the central part of the country. As of 2005 it has a population of 5,806. This makes it the largest district in Liechtenstein, and covers an area of 26.8 km², including mountains and forest.


title: Turk Telekom Arena

text: Ali Sami Yen Spor Kompleksi - Türk Telekom Arena is a new multi-purpose stadium in the Şişli district of Istanbul, Turkey. It became the new home ground for Galatasaray S.K. in 2011, replacing the old Ali Sami Yen Stadium. The stadium has an all seated capacity of 52,652.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: In 1999, the American Film Institute named her among the Greatest Female Stars of All Time, ranking at No. 11.


title: The Adventures of Pinocchio

text: The Adventures of Pinocchio () is a story by Carlo Collodi. It was first published as a serial in a children's magazine between 1881-1883. The serial ended tragically with the death of Pinocchio. It was published as a book in 1883 with black and white illustrations by Enrico Mazzanti. "Pinocchio" tells the story of a puppet named "Pinocchio" who wants to become a real boy. The book has been adapted to movies.


title: The Adventures of Pinocchio

text: n a forest Geppetto, a young boy, Italian woodcarver Geppetto carves a heart into a pine tree, expressing his secret love for a woman named Leona. When he leaves, lightning strikes the tree, imbuing the heart with magic. Years later, an older Geppetto finds the remains of the tree and carves a marionette out of it, naming him Pinocchio. Due to the heart's magic, Pinocchio comes to life, referring to Geppetto as his father. Pinocchio chases a pigeon outside, meeting Leona, and then a pair of thieves, Volpe and Felinet, who work for Lorenzini, a sinister theater director and puppet master, informing him of Pinocchio's existence and sentience. Lorenzini tries to purchase Pinocchio, but Geppetto refuses to sell his son.


title: Paterson, New Jersey

text: Paterson is a city in and the county seat of Passaic County, New Jersey, United States. It is located in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Alexander Hamilton and several other men started the town in 1791 to build watermills. As of the 2010 United States Census, its population was 146,199. Former New Jersey Senator Frank Lautenberg and U.S Representative Bill Pascrell were born there.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: The Kingdom of Aragon (, , , ) was one of the Hispanic kingdoms of the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. It arose in the central Pyrenean region in 1035 after the union of the Carolingian counties of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza. Subsequently it expanded southward, as it took over Muslim territories, until it came to occupy the area corresponding to the current autonomous community of Aragon.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: Not to be confused with the Crown of Aragon, a group of territories over which the King of Aragon was sovereign. At first it consisted of the Kingdom of Aragon itself plus the possessions of the Count of Barcelona, and later the Kingdom of Mallorca, the Kingdom of Valencia, and several territories in the Mediterranean were added by conquest. Although it was never considered a kingdom, Catalonia was one of the territories that made up the Crown, and since it had a large population and military weight, it was considered one of the "kingdoms" of the Crown of Aragon.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: From the end of the 15th century, after the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs, the dynastic union of the Crowns of Aragon and Castile took place. However, unlike the Crown of Castile, the Crown of Aragon continued to function as a composite and pacitist monarchy, in which the territories shared the same monarch but maintained different laws, institutions and ways of relating to the king. Thus, the Kingdom of Aragon, like the other territories of the Crown of Aragon, maintained its own laws and institutions until 1707, in the context of the War of the Spanish Succession, King Philip V, first king of the House of Bourbon, abolished its laws, abolished the Council of Aragon and the rest of its own institutions, such as the Justice, the Provincial Council or the Courts of Aragon, imposing the laws and institutions of the Crown of Castile, through the Decrees of Nueva Planta.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: Aragon would continue to be considered a territorial division of Spain until 1833, when Javier de Burgos established the territorial division by provinces, ending the division by kingdoms. The other territories of the former crown of Aragon also saw their institutions and laws abolished after the various Nueva Planta Decrees: the courts of the principality of Catalonia, the kingdom of Valencia and the kingdom of Mallorca, like those of Aragon, were from then on convened jointly with the Cortes of Castile.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: The marriage of Andregoto, daughter of Count Galindo II of Aragon, to King Garcia Sanchez I of Navarre, led to the union of both political entities. The County of Aragon continued to retain a certain personality that had been reinforced by the revival of monastic life and the organization of a diocese coinciding with the county boundaries.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: In 1035 Ramiro, natural son of Sancho III of Navarre and baiulus of the county of Aragon, incorporated the counties of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza, which had been under the rule of his brother Gonzalo, into the county. After Sancho's death, the county split from the kingdom of Navarre and was constituted as a separate kingdom, although under the tutelage of the Navarrese kingdom governed by his brother García Sánchez III. Limited to the Pyrenean valleys and neighboring the more powerful kingdom of Navarre and the important Taifa of Saragossa, the increase in population and the thirst for land for its inhabitants impelled it to expand, despite its initial military weakness.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: The legitimacy of the new dynasty was achieved by the kings Sancho Ramírez and Pedro I by placing the kingdom under the protection of the Holy See. Thus the Kingdom of Aragon became part of the western states. The donation of the kingdom to the pope was made by Sancho Ramirez in 1068, in an attempt to strengthen his position against his hostile neighbors, sometimes allied against him.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: Ramiro I's projection for the reconquest of the plain land was far surpassed by his immediate successors.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: The king of Navarre Sancho Garcés IV was assassinated by his own brother in 1076. The Navarrese, not wanting to be governed by the fratricide, elected Sancho Ramirez of Aragon -cousin of the deceased- as their king, who incorporated the crown of Pamplona to that of Aragon. The kingdom of Navarre was divided between León-Castile and Aragon; the latter received the main territories, including the capital of Navarre, and tripled its extension, although in exchange for admitting the theoretical supremacy of Castile-León. To celebrate the expansion, Sancho founded the city of Jaca, where he took up residence and to which he transferred the Mozarabic bishopric (of Hispano-Visigothic liturgical tradition under Muslim rule) of Huesca in 1077. As he controlled the highlands bordering the Ebro to the north, he was able to undertake various raids, mainly against the Zaragozan taifa, and try to expand into the plain, mainly along the valleys of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza. To compensate for the lack of soldiers needed for territorial expansion, he tried to bring them from the south of France. Expansion, however, was slow and was carried out especially through the conquest of strategic points, such as Graus in 1083 and Ayerbe, around the same time. The advances towards the south were accelerated at the end of the century, both by the lack of support of Alfonso to the Zaragozans and by the march of the Cid to the Levant, who until then had fought with them. In 1089, the Aragonese seized Monzón, which hindered communications between Lérida and Huesca, and in 1091 they built the castle of El Castellar, between Zaragoza and Tudela. Sancho undertook the siege of the important city of Huesca -much larger than Jaca and Pamplona and probably than any peninsular city in Christian hands, except Barcelona and Toledo- in 1094, but died of an arrow shot. He was immediately succeeded by his son Pedro, already associated with power and who soon resumed the siege.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: King Pedro I of Aragon (1070-1104) conquered Huesca on November 27, 1096, after defeating King Al-Musta'in II of Taifa of Zaragoza in the battle of Alcoraz, which was fought on November 18 of that year. In 1101 he took Barbastro and Sariñena, and took Tamarite de Litera in 1104. In this reign the Fuero de Infanzones was regulated.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: During the reign of Alfonso I the Battler (1104-1134), in the course of a few years, with the valuable collaboration of the feudal nobility of southern France, the urban centers and regions of Tudela, Tarazona, Calatayud, Daroca and Zaragoza were conquered, and after the death of his brother Pedro I of Aragon, he decided to act on the Cinco Villas and in 1105 he conquered Ejea de los Caballeros.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: The king of Saragossa, Al-Musta'in II decided to carry out a plundering expedition against the neighboring Christians in the year 1110 and ended up fighting with the border knights in the battle of Valtierra where he was defeated and killed. The capture of Saragossa in 1118 meant the fall of the entire Moorish kingdom, thus radically changing the social structures and spiritual horizons of the small kingdom of highlanders that until then had been Aragon.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: In 1120 the Aragonese monarch conquered Calatayud, Daroca, granted a charter to Soria and that same year the Aragonese army won a very important victory over the Muslims in the battle of Cutanda. 1125 saw the organization of the great military expedition of Alfonso I of Aragon through Andalusia, demonstrating the weakness of Almoravid power in Levante and Andalusia.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: King Battallador, who had failed in his marriage to the Leonese queen Urraca, had no descendants. In his singular will, he made the military orders heirs to his kingdoms, but nobody thought of fulfilling this will and the Aragonese nobles, gathered in Jaca, recognized his brother Ramiro as king. For their part, the Navarrese elected García Ramírez, which determined the separation of the Kingdom of Navarre. At that time Ramiro was bishop of Roda-Barbastro, but he had to occupy the throne.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: Ramiro II of Aragon (1086-1157) reigned for only three years, from 1134 to 1137, and was married to Inés de Poitou, daughter of Duke William IX of Aquitaine, who was crowned in Saragossa in 1134.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: In 1137 Ramiro II the Monk arranged the betrothal of Petronila of Aragon to Ramón Berenguer IV of Barcelona. Their son, Alfonso II, was the first king to inherit the titles of King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: At its greatest territorial extension, the Kingdom of Aragon was made up of the territories that today form the Autonomous Community of Aragon, plus a large part of the current province of Lérida, most of the Ebro valley up to the sea, with Tortosa as the main coastal city, and the north of the current province of Castellón. This expansion was articulated through the creation of the Marquisates of Lérida and Tortosa, although they were later ceded by James I of Aragon to the Principality of Catalonia.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: Ferdinand II (1479-1516) married Isabella I of Castile. Their grandson, Charles I, inherited both crowns, but each maintained its own laws and customs.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: In 1700, with the death of Charles II, Philip of Anjou was proclaimed king of Castile and Aragon, which provoked the War of the Spanish Succession. The Crown of Aragon sided with Archduke Charles, the other pretender. When the war ended, Philip V promulgated the decrees of Nueva Planta, which abolished the foral institutions of the Crown of Aragon, which was integrated into a modern and centralized state in most of its territory, except in the Basque Provinces and Navarre, which continued to maintain their fueros. In 1711 the Captaincy General of Aragon was created.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: Fueros is a term that can have several meanings. They were a pact between the king and the inhabitants of a place, which could be a city or an entire kingdom. The fueros of Aragon were the set of laws in force in the Kingdom of Aragon, compiled in 1247.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: They replaced the local charters that existed previously, such as the charter of Jaca, granted by King Sancho el Mayor, who granted good charters to encourage the settlement in the city of Christians from the other side of the Pyrenees. These charters, or charters derived from them, were later granted to other cities and towns in Aragon and were also the basis for charters granted to towns in other kingdoms.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: The Justice of Aragon began as a judge of the Court, and in 1265 was established as a judge of lawsuits between the nobles and the king and as president of the Cortes of the kingdom. At first he was appointed by the king from among the nobles, but ended up being a dignity sometimes for life and hereditary, his prerogatives being cut in 1592 as a result of the Alterations of Aragon.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: In 1283, after King Peter III was excommunicated by Pope Martin IV for having occupied Sicily, a feudatory kingdom of the Holy See, the Aragonese oligarchy confederated to limit royal power and extract new privileges. The king was forced to grant the General Privilege in what would be known as the revolt of the Union in 1283. His son James II is forced to grant the Privilege of the Union. During the reign of James I, various assemblies, more or less crowded, had met to settle lawsuits. The Privilege of the Union requires the annual convocation of a court of nobles and citizens, which will end up including four arms: the rich men, the infanzones and knights, the ecclesiastical authorities and the universities. At that time, the cities, towns and communities of the kingdom were called universities. The Courts of Aragon were not convened with the required regularity, but eventually took control of the kingdom's taxation, granting funds to the king in exchange for the maintenance and extension of the privileges of the estates represented in them.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: The General Delegation of the Kingdom was created in 1363 as the body delegated by the Cortes to collect and administer taxes and tariffs, and to deliver the agreed funds to the king. The four branches of the Cortes are represented in it, with two deputies for each branch. Over time its attributions will grow as it will be in charge of the administration of the funds necessary to preserve the peace and welfare of the kingdom.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: Ferdinand the Catholic instituted the figure of the Viceroy, who would exercise the royal powers when the king was absent from the kingdom, something that would frequently happen with the monarchs of the House of Austria. The Viceroy was responsible for the Governor, who was in charge of maintaining order and social peace, and the Royal Audience, a court that would impart justice in serious or very important cases, or those that affected individuals with privileges. He also established the authority of the Inquisition in the kingdom, a body that later kings abused to circumvent the provisions of the Aragonese fueros, which did not prevail over the Inquisition, as occurred in the Alterations of Aragon.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: The oldest administrative system of the kingdom was based on the distribution of towns and lands to the nobles who participated in the conquest. The nobles could receive these honors in property or in tenancy, when the king reserved the property but ceded its administration to the noble. The nobles could receive castles in tenancy, being in charge of keeping them garrisoned in exchange for populating and obtaining rents from the lands they controlled.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: The king also granted the administration of lands and towns to the ecclesiastical hierarchy. Bishoprics, archpriestships, abbeys and military orders administered and collected rents from the honors granted to them.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: Over time, the king will begin to create a network of officials to control the lands and towns directly dependent on him, called realengo. The merino was an executive, judicial and military agent of the monarch that is already documented in the Fuero de Jaca. The bailes began with similar competencies, but ended up specializing in the management of the royal patrimony. The king granted to cities and villas of royalty privileges that specified the privileges of their neighbors. The regions of Daroca, Teruel, Calatayud, Albarracín and others were organized into communities that sent their own representatives to the Cortes. In the 15th century, the territory of the kingdom was divided into eleven overcollides for tax purposes, which were converted into paths, with some modifications, in the 17th century.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: Before the Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the population in what would later become Aragon was a mixture of Iberian and Celtiberian substratum with Roman colonizers and Visigoth invaders, with Vascones occupying the Pyrenean valleys. There was also a Jewish minority, the result of the 1st century diaspora. This minority, tolerated by the Romans, was being persecuted by the Visigoths in the period prior to the Muslim invasion.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: The Muslim invaders were not very numerous, being mainly Berbers, but also, in later waves, Arabs and Syrians. Those established in the Ebro valley were mostly Arabs, divided between Qaysids and Kalbis, Arabs from the north and south. The majority of the Muslim population in the area at the time of the reconquest were Muladis, Christians converted to Islam. Those Christians who did not convert, called Mozarabs, were tolerated by the Muslim rulers in exchange for the payment of special taxes.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: The first counts of the Marca Hispanica were Franks, but in time they were replaced by local elites, Vasconas and Hispano-Visigoths. The kings of Pamplona and later of Aragon promoted the immigration of Franks and Occitanians to their kingdoms, as well as Mozarabs. With the invasion of the Almohad fundamentalists, Jewish communities from al-Andalus also migrated to the Christian kingdoms. After the conquest of the Ebro valley, a considerable number of Muslims became subjects of the king of Aragon. These Muslims, called Mudejars, formed an important part of the artisan and agricultural class of the kingdom, as reflected in the widespread Aragonese Mudejar architecture.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: The 13th century was the golden age of the Jews of Aragon. The Jewish minority was eminently urban, engaging in all kinds of occupations, but excelling in medicine, administration, tax collection and lending. The Jews were considered property of the crown, and the king provided them with protection in exchange for special contributions. The same century saw the arrival of Cathar refugees from Occitania, fleeing religious persecution. The situation of the Jews worsened at the end of the century due to pressure from the Catholic hierarchy, and they were forbidden to hold public office. Many Aragonese Jews converted to Christianity, with greater or lesser conviction, to avoid high taxes and persecution. These converts were integrated into the Christian population, even mixing with noble families. This could explain the significant frequency of Jewish haplotypes in the contemporary Aragonese population.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: The internal conflicts, the war with Castile and above all the Black Death and other epidemics in the 14th century produced an important decrease in the population of the kingdom. In 1492 the Catholic Monarchs decreed the conversion or expulsion of the Jews. In 1495 a census was taken, the fogaje of 1495, which revealed a total of 51 540 fires in the kingdom, or about 200 000 inhabitants. Muslims then made up 11% of the total population. The most populated city, Zaragoza, had less than 20,000 inhabitants.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: In 1525 Charles I also decreed the conversion or expulsion of the Mudejars, being baptized most of the Muslims of Aragon in 1526. During the 16th century the total population grew by 50%, especially on the banks of the Ebro and its tributaries on the right bank. Part of the growth was due to immigration from north of the Pyrenees. In the 17th century, population growth slowed down. In 1610 some 65,000 Moriscos were expelled, about 20% of the population. Other significant factors in the slower population growth were the loss of agricultural production due to the expulsion of the Moors and periods of drought, a plague that devastated the kingdom from 1647 to 1654, the increase in taxation and the uprising in Catalonia.


title: Kingdom of Aragon

text: Already in the 18th century, the War of the Spanish Succession led to a decrease of about 10% in population, including the emigration of many of the residents of French origin after Archduke Charles decreed their expulsion.


title: Attica

text: Attica is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Attica contains Athens, the capital of Greece. In ancient period was the area of ancient Athenian state. Attica today is the prefecture with the largest number of people in Greece being the area where Athens, the capital of Greece, is. There are about 3,500,000 people.


title: Weser

text: The Weser is a river of north-western Germany. Formed at Hannoversch Münden by the confluence of the Fulda and Werra rivers, it flows through Bremen to the North Sea, and has a length of 440 km. Together with the Werra, its length is 730 km.


title: Volterra

text: Volterra is a town in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is in the province of Pisa. Volterra was once one of the 12 cities in Etruria. In the middle ages it was an independent city until it was conquered by the Florentines and then the Medicis. It has its own cathedral, and is built on top of an ancient volcanic hill.


title: Beeswax

text: Beeswax is a wax used by honeybees for building their hive. It is also used in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. Large amounts of beeswax are used to make candles. It only has a minor role in the chemical industry, to make ski wax, for example. Sweets which are made of gelatin sometimes use beeswax as a covering. In medicine and physical therapy, beeswax is sometimes used to treat a cough and common cold, as well as muscle pain.


title: Merano

text: Merano (, ) is a city in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol in northern Italy. In 2019, 41,172 people lived there.


title: Attica

text: Attica is in the south of Greece. It is a peninsula between Peloponnese and Euboea. Its the southest point is the cape Sounion. Attica has five mountains with an elevation over 1000 meters, Parnitha (the highest of all), Penteli, Hymettus, Pateras mountain and Kithairon. Attica has borders with Boeotia prefecture to the north and Corinthia prefecture to the west. Attica is surrounded by the sea of Saronic gulf to the west and South Euboean golf to the east. These seas are a part of Aegean sea.


title: Volterra

text: The city was a Neolithic settlement and an important Etruscan center. It became a "municipium" (a type of Roman city) in the Roman Age. Volterra was attacked and controlled by Florence many times. When the Florentian Republic fell in 1530, Volterra came under the control of the Medici family. It later became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.


title: Volterra

text: The original Etruscan city walls remain in parts, and the remains of the Roman baths, aqueduct and amphitheatre (arena). Visitors to Volterra have to leave their cars outside the town walls, in car parks.


title: Volterra

text: The Medici Villa di Spedaletto is located outside the city in direction of Lajatico. Also near the city, in the Valle Bona area, are excavations of Etruscan tombs.


title: Waterford

text: Waterford City is a city in Ireland. The population in 2006 was nearly 50,000 people. It is the county town of County Waterford. Waterford is the fifth largest city in Ireland. It is also the oldest city in Ireland.


title: Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

text: He was a bishop and worked successfully for Louis XVI. He changed sides and served the French Revolution and Napoleon I. When Napoleon started losing his wars, Talleyrand changed sides again and served Louis XVIII. He represented France at the Congress of Vienna. He changed sides once more and served Louis Philippe I. Since the beginning of the 19th century he was known simply as "Talleyrand". He is widely seen as one of the most pragmatic and influential diplomats in European history. He was known to accept bribes from other European powers, especially while he served under Napoleon.


title: Albert Speer

text: Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer (19 March 1905 in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg Germany – 1 September 1981 in London, England) was a leading German architect in the Third Reich. Speer was born on 19 March 1905 in Mannheim, Baden, Germany. He was Adolf Hitler's chief architect before he became the minister for munitions and armaments in 1942, replacing Fritz Todt in the Cabinet. After World War II he was convicted of slavery and spent 20 years in prison.


title: Waterford

text: Waterford is home to the Waterford Crystal glass factory, which exports crystal all around the world. This glass factory has made many famous pieces, including the New Years Eve glass ball used in Times Square in New York. The factory closed in 2009 leading to over 1,500 job losses. The factory reopened again in the city centre in June 2010 and is now a popular tour. Tourists also come to Waterford to visit the Waterford Viking Triangle.


title: Waterford

text: The city was founded in 914 by the Vikings. The Norman King Henry II of England landed at Waterford in 1171. Waterford and then Dublin were made royal cities and in the Middle Ages, Waterford was Ireland's second city after Dublin. As a result, King Henry VII gave the city its motto: "Urbs Intacta Manet Waterfordia (Waterford remains the untaken city)".


title: Waterford

text: After the Protestant Reformation, Waterford remained a Catholic city and participated in an independent Catholic government from 1642 to 1649. This was ended by Oliver Cromwell, who brought the country back under English rule; his son-in-law Henry Ireton finally took Waterford in 1650 after a battle.


title: Waterford

text: The 18th century was a period of wealth for Waterford. Most of the city's best buildings came during this time. A permanent military base was established in the city with the Waterford Barracks at the end of the 18th century.


title: Waterford

text: Reginald's Tower is the oldest urban civic building in Ireland, and the oldest monument to retain its Viking name. It is Waterford's most recognisable landmark. It is believed to be the first building in Ireland to use mortar. Reginald's Tower is in the Viking Triangle, a favourite visiting area for tourists which contains three museums and the Waterford Crystal factory and showroom.


title: Waterford

text: The River Suir, which flows through Waterford City, has provided a basis for the city's long maritime history. The place downriver from Waterford where the River Nore and the River Barrow join the River Suir is known in the Irish language as "Cumar na dTrí Uisce" ("The confluence of the three waters"). Waterford Port has been one of Ireland's major ports for over 1000 years. In the 19th century, shipbuilding was a major industry. The owners of the Neptune Shipyard, the Malcomson family, built and operated the largest fleet of iron steamers in the world between the mid-1850s and the late 1860s, including five trans-Atlantic passenger liners.


title: Waterford

text: Waterford Airport is a regional airport. Waterford is also known for where of one of the biggest European airlines, Ryanair started from. The first flight was a 14-seat Bandeirante aircraft, flying between Waterford and Gatwick Airport.


title: Themisto (moon)

text: Themisto or , is a small prograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found in 1975, lost, and then refound in 2000.


title: Matt LeBlanc

text: Matthew Steven LeBlanc Kember (; born July 25, 1967) is an American actor. He has been nominated for an Emmy and a Golden Globe Award. He is famous for his role as Joey Tribbiani on the television sitcoms "Friends" (1994-2004) and on its spin-off series "Joey". In 2000, he won "Editor's Choice" in TV Guide Awards (as "Friends"). In 2002, he won "TV - Choice Actor - Comedy" at the Teen Choice Awards (as "Friends"). In 2005, he won "Favorite Male Television Star" at the People's Choice Awards. He stars in "Episodes" as a fictional version of himself. He has hosted "Top Gear" since 2016.


title: Patanjali

text: Patañjali (fl. 150 BC or 2nd century BC) lived in the 2nd century. He was an Indian. He wrote the first grammar of Sanskrit language. He also wrote books about yoga.


title: Capetian dynasty

text: The Capetian Dynasty includes any of the direct descendants of Hugh Capet of France. King Felipe VI of Spain and the grand duke of Luxembourg are members of this family, both through the Bourbon branch of the dynasty.


title: Freckle

text: Freckles are clusters of concentrated melanin that are most often visible with a fair skin complexion. Freckles are predominantly found on the face, although they may appear on any skin exposed to the sun, such as the lips, neck, arms, neck, shoulders, back and chest.


title: Themisto (moon)

text: Themisto was first found by Charles T. Kowal and Elizabeth Roemer on September 30, 1975, reported on October 3, 1975 and designated . However, not enough observations were made to establish an orbit and it was subsequently lost.


title: Patanjali

text: He is also the author of the Mahabhyasa, a commentary on Katyayana's varttikas on Panini's Astadhyayi as well as an unspecified work of medicine (Ayurveda).


title: Capetian dynasty

text: The "direct Capetians" ruled France from the years 987-1328. After that the junior House of Valois ruled France until 1589, and the House of Bourbon ruled until the revolution of 1792.


title: Freckle

text: They are an inherited trait, caused by variation in the MC1R gene that is involved in the determination of red hair, fair skin, and freckles. Freckle formation is triggered through exposure to sunlight.


title: Themisto (moon)

text: Themisto appeared as a footnote in astronomy textbooks into the 1980s. Then, in 2000, a seemingly new moon was found by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Yanga R. Fernández and Eugene A. Magnier, and was designated . It was soon confirmed that this was the same as the 1975 object. The Sheppard et al. announcement was immediately correlated with an August 6 2000 observation by the team of Brett J. Gladman, John J. Kavelaars, Jean-Marc Petit, Hans Scholl, Matthew J. Holman, Brian G. Marsden, Philip D. Nicholson and Joseph A. Burns — an observation that was reported to the Minor Planet Center but not published as an IAU Circular (IAUC).


title: Freckle

text: Two types of melanin, the red pheomelanin and the black eumelanin, are present in human skin. Eumelanin protects against sunlight. People with red hair have mostly pheomelanin in their hair and skin and/or a reduced ability to produce eumelanin. This may explain why they fail to tan and are at risk from the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.


title: Themisto (moon)

text: In October 2002 it was officially named after Themisto, daughter of the river god Inachus by Zeus (Jupiter) in Greek mythology.


title: Freckle

text: About 1.5 billion people in the world have freckles. About 75 per cent of Filipino people have freckles.


title: Themisto (moon)

text: Themisto's orbit is unusual. Unlike most of Jupiter's moons, which orbit in groups, Themisto orbits alone, midway between the Galilean moons and the first group of prograde irregulars.


title: Thracians

text: The ancient Thracians were a group of Indo-European tribes who spoke the Thracian language - a rare branch of the Indo-European language family. Those peoples lived in Thrace: the eastern, central and southern part of the Balkan peninsula, and the adjacent parts of Eastern Europe. The Pomak claimed to be descendants of this old Trachians. Today People from Thrace, no matter if they are Turks, Bulgarians, Greeks, Pomak or Xoraxane Roma, said simple we are Thracians.


title: Mahinda Rajapaksa

text: Mahinda Rajapaksa (born 18 November 1945) is a Sri Lankan politician. He was the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka from 21 November 2019 until 9 May 2022. Before, he was the disputed Prime Minister from 26 October to 15 December 2018. He was also the 6th President of Sri Lanka. He was president from 19 November 2005 to 9 January 2015.


title: Miranda Kerr

text: Miranda Kerr (born 20 April 1983) is an Australian writer and model. She became famous in 2007 as one of the Victoria's Secret angels.


title: Mahinda Rajapaksa

text: On 3 May 2022, opposition leaders declared a motion of no confidence aimed at Rajapaksa and his cabinet. He resigned six days later on 9 May 2022 following massive protests against his government.


title: Hermann Minkowski

text: Hermann Minkowski (22 June 1864 in Kaunas – 12 January 1909 in Göttingen) was a German mathematician of Jewish descent. He was one of Albert Einstein's teachers.


title: Zircon

text: Zircon is a silicate mineral. It is found in many different places in almost all kinds of rock. The chemical it is made up of is called "zirconium silicate": ZrSiO. Clear zircon may look like diamond and has been used as a cheaper replacement for diamond. It is not the same as cubic zirconia, which is man-made zirconium dioxide. In the United States, zircon is considered to be the birth stone for the month of December.


title: Pancho Villa

text: José Doroteo Arango Arámbula (5 June 1878 – 20 July 1923), better known by his nickname Pancho Villa, was a Mexican revolutionary leader who advocated for the poor and wanted agrarian reform. Though he was a killer, a bandit, and a revolutionary leader, many remember him as a folk hero. Pancho Villa was also responsible for a raid on Columbus, New Mexico in 1916, which was the first attack on U.S. soil since 1812. "Pancho" was a revolutionary advocate for the less fortunate.


title: Hermann Minkowski

text: Minkowski is perhaps best known for his work in relativity, in which he showed in 1907 that his former student Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity (1905), could be understood geometrically as a theory of four-dimensional space-time, since known as the "Minkowski spacetime".


title: Zircon

text: Zircons from the Jack Hills in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, have yielded U–Pb (uranium–lead radioactive dating) ages up to 4.404 billion years. This is judged to be the age of crystallization, making them the oldest minerals so far dated on Earth. In addition, the oxygen isotopic compositions of some of these zircons indicate that more than 4.4 billion years ago there was already water on the surface of the Earth. This interpretation is supported by additional trace element data, but is also the subject of debate.


title: Olivier Messiaen

text: Olivier Messiaen (born Avignon, 10 December 1908; died Clichy, near Paris, 27 April 1992) was a French composer and organist. He is the most famous French composer of the mid-20th century and one of the most important and original composers of his time. He was a brilliant organist and played the organ at the church of La Trinité in Paris for over 60 years. He wrote music for orchestra, piano and organ, most of which is very difficult to play. He was also a great music teacher who taught several young students who became well-known composers e.g. Pierre Boulez, Yvonne Loriod (who became his second wife), Karlheinz Stockhausen, George Benjamin and Iannis Xenakis.


title: Heinrich Schliemann

text: Heinrich Schliemann (January 6, 1822, in Neubukowin, Germany - December 26, 1890, in Naples) was a German archaeologist. He is famous for his work in discovering the ancient city of Troy.


title: Olivier Messiaen

text: Messiaen started to compose when he was seven years old. When he was given the score of Debussy’s opera "Pelléas et Mélisande" he could imagine the music in his head and he knew he wanted to be a composer. He went to the Paris Conservatoire when he was 11. His teachers included some famous composers such as Paul Dukas, Maurice Emmanuel, Charles-Marie Widor and Marcel Dupré. He was appointed organist at the church of La Trinité in Paris in 1930, a post he held until his death.


title: Heinrich Schliemann

text: Heinrich Schliemann was born in Neubukowin, Germany. His father, Ernst Schliemann, was a minister. His mother, Luise Therese Sophie Schliemann, died in 1831 when Heinrich was 9 years old. When his mother died, Heinrich lived with his uncle in Neustrelitz. He went to a grammar school in the town for about a year. His father paid the school fees. Heinrich was very interested in history and was encouraged by his father to read history books. After he left school, he worked in a shop in Fürstenberg for about five years. He worked hard as an apprentice, but he continued to read in his spare time.


title: Olivier Messiaen

text: When World War II broke out Messiaen was made a prisoner of war in 1940. While he was held in a Silesian camp he composed a work which was to become a very famous piece of chamber music: the "Quatour pour la fin du temps" ("Quartet for the end of time") for piano, violin, cello, and clarinet. He composed for these instruments because they were the instruments available. The piece was first performed by Messiaen and fellow prisoners to an audience of 5000 inmates and prison guards.


title: Heinrich Schliemann

text: He was not able to work as an archaeologist at this time, so he moved to a company which imported and exported products. In this job, he visited many different countries around the world, and learnt to speak English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish, Italian, Greek, Latin, Russian, Arabic, and Turkish. His ability to speak languages was very important in his job. He later studied Latin and Ancient Greek in Paris.


title: Olivier Messiaen

text: When he was free again in 1941 Messiaen became professor of harmony at the Paris Conservatoire. He composed 20 pieces for piano which are called "Vingt regards sur l’enfant Jésus" ("Twenty visions of the child Jesus"). He wrote a book about the way he composed, called "Technique de mon langage musical" ("The Technique of my musical language").


title: Heinrich Schliemann

text: In 1850, Heinrich's brother, Ludwig Schliemann, died, having got rich in the California Gold Rush. He moved to Sacramento, where he opened a bank, just like his brother. The new bank bought gold dust and sold it on to make money. In six months, the bank bought and sold millions of dollars' worth of gold dust.


title: Olivier Messiaen

text: Messiaen soon became famous for his teaching and was invited to teach in other countries such as Germany, Hungary and the United States. He became interested in the rhythms of Greek and Hindu music.


title: Heinrich Schliemann

text: Heinrich married his wife, Ekaterina, in 1852, but the marriage was troubled. Ekaterina kept encouraging her husband to make more money, but Heinrich felt that they were rich enough.


title: Olivier Messiaen

text: His first wife died in 1959 and he remarried in 1961. He also became very interested in birdsong and spent a lot of time with his wife in the country with a tape recorder recording birdsong. He imitated the birdsong in his music, especially in piano pieces called "Oiseaux exotiques" ("Exotic birds") and the "Catalogue d’oiseaux" ("Catalogue of birds").


title: Heinrich Schliemann

text: Nobody knows how Heinrich became an archaeologist, but he continued to travel to see famous historical icons around the world. He even disguised himself to get into Mecca, the holy Muslim city. He became very interested in Troy, which was involved in a big dispute at the time. He was inspired by many people in the city, especially Ferdinand Fouqué and Frank Calvert, who he met in 1868.


title: Olivier Messiaen

text: Messiaen wrote a lot of organ music which he performed himself. One very popular work is called "Transports de joie" ("Outburst of joy"). It is one of four pieces called "L'Ascension" (The Ascension). A much longer work, consisting of nine movements, is the "La Nativité du Seigneur" ("The Birth of our Lord"). The last movement of this piece is a toccata called "Dieu parmi nous" ("God among us"). It has become a favourite piece for organists to play at recitals or after Christmas carol services.


title: Olivier Messiaen

text: Messiaen wrote a long piece for orchestra called the " Turangalîla " Symphony. It was first performed in Boston in 1949 with Bernstein conducting. The French government commissioned a piece called "Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum" ("And we expect the rising of the dead") which was dedicated to people who had died in the two world wars. It was performed in the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris and then in Chartres Cathedral in 1965 in the presence of General Charles de Gaulle. In 1966 Messiaen became professor of composition at the Paris Conservatoire.


title: Olivier Messiaen

text: His visit to the Grand Canyon inspired him to write a ten-movement orchestral piece called "Des Canyons aux étoiles" ("From the canyons to the stars"), which was first performed in 1974 in New York.


title: Olivier Messiaen

text: Messiaen had been asked in 1971 to write an opera for the Paris Opéra. At first he did not want to start such a large work, but in 1975 he was persuaded to accept the commission and began work on his "Saint-François d'Assise". It took him several years to compose. It was performed in 1983. Messiaen said that he preferred to call it a “spectacle” instead of an “opera”.


title: Olivier Messiaen

text: Messiaen retired from teaching at the Conservatoire in 1978. In 1987 he was given the highest rank: the Grand-Croix" of the "Légion d'honneur".


title: Olivier Messiaen

text: Messiaen was in a lot of pain near the end of his life. He needed operations on his back. He still managed to finish a piece called "Éclairs sur l'au delà", which was first performed by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra six months after the composer's death. Messiaen had also been composing a concerto for four musicians he felt particularly grateful to: his wife Loriod, the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, the oboist Heinz Holliger and the flautist Catherine Cantin. This was nearly finished when Messiaen died, and Yvonne Loriod orchestrated the last movement with advice from George Benjamin.


title: Olivier Messiaen

text: Messiaen said of himself that he was a “composer and rhythmician”. He meant by this that rhythm was very important in his music. He taught himself all about Greek metres although he did not speak the Greek language. He liked rhythms which use odd numbers. Very often a bar of his music may have one extra semiquaver so that there might be 17 semiquavers in a bar. He studied Hindu rhythms and found ways of changing the rhythms during the music. He was very influenced by the rhythms in Stravinsky’s famous piece "The Rite of Spring".


title: Olivier Messiaen

text: Messiaen’s harmonies are very individual. He was fascinated by scales which can only be transposed in two or three different ways. He called these scales “modes of limited transposition”.


title: Olivier Messiaen

text: Messiaen’s music is full of different sounds. He wrote extremely well for large orchestras and for the organ, using different instruments or organ sounds in very original ways, e.g. in "Chronochromie" (1960) for large orchestra and "Méditations sur le mystère de la Sainte Trinité".(1969), a work which uses styles from his earlier period together with birdsong. Messiaen had synesthesia which meant that music often made him think of particular colours. In his orchestra Messiaen often used an instrument called the ondes Martenot which was a kind of electronic keyboard instrument. His sister-in-law Jeanne Loriod was a famous player of the ondes Martenot. Messiaen was also influenced by Indonesian gamelan music. For a short time he experimented with total serialism.


title: Olivier Messiaen

text: In some of his later works such as the "La Transfiguration de notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ", for choir of 100 voices, seven instrumental soloists and large orchestra, composed in the late 1960s, he used a simpler musical language which has helped it to become very popular.


title: Olivier Messiaen

text: Messiaen was a devout Roman Catholic all his life. His religion was a very important influence on his life and music.


title: Necklace

text: A necklace is a jewellery item worn round the neck. It is of ancient origin: all civilisations have worn them. They usually figure precious metals and jewels, but may be made of colourful beads.


title: Ben Jonson

text: Ben Jonson (11 June 1572 – 6 August 1637) was a major poet and playwright in English Renaissance drama. Many critics consider Jonson to be among the best playwrights of his time, a time when William Shakespeare also lived.


title: John Cusack

text: John Paul Cusack (born June 28, 1966) is an American actor, movie producer, and screenwriter. He was born in Evanston, Illinois. He is the fourth of five children of actor Dick Cusack (1925-2003) and Nancy (née Carolan). His siblings Ann (born 1961), Joan (born 1962), Bill (born 1964) and Susie (born 1971) are actors.


title: Saint Matthias

text: Matthias was the apostle who replaced Judas Iscariot. This was stated in the Acts of the Apostles. Unlike the other apostles, his appointment was not made personally by Jesus.


title: Hindi Wikipedia

text: The Hindi Wikipedia is the Hindi-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition started in July 2003. As of June 2018, it had over 125,000 articles. It is only Indian language Wikipedia with over 100,000 articles.


title: Necklace

text: The emeralds threaded onto the necklace were mined in Colombia. The diamonds were mined in India. The necklace's gemstones are believed to have been cut in India in the 17th century, but the early history of the necklace itself is unknown. The first recorded owner of the piece was Tukoji Rao III, Maharaja of Indore (a Princely State in India) in the early 20th century. On his abdication, the necklace was passed to his son, Yashvantrao II, who took up his father's throne. The necklace is sometimes called, though with no reason, the Spanish Inquisition necklace.


title: Ben Jonson

text: Jonson was classically educated. He was a well-read and cultured man of the English Renaissance with an appetite for controversy of all kinds.


title: John Cusack

text: His movies include: "The Sure Thing", "Better Off Dead", "One Crazy Summer", "Say Anything...", "Bullets Over Broadway", "City Hall", "Grosse Pointe Blank", "Con Air", "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil", "The Thin Red Line", "Pushing Tin", "Being John Malkovich", "High Fidelity", "America's Sweethearts", "Serendipity", "Identity", "Runaway Jury", "Must Love Dogs", "The Ice Harvest", "1408", "2012", "Hot Tub Time Machine", "The Raven", and in "The Butler".


title: Saint Matthias

text: After the betrayal of Judas, the disciples of Jesus needed to choose a new apostle. To do this they nominated 2 men - Joseph Barsabbas and Matthias.


title: Ben Jonson

text: He is best known for satirical plays "Every Man in His Humour" (1598), "Volpone, or The Fox" (c. 1606), "The Alchemist" (1610) and "Bartholomew Fair" (1614); also his lyric and epigrammatic poetry'


title: Blur (band)

text: Blur are an English alternative rock band. Formed in London in 1988 originally under the name Seymour, the group's members are singer Damon Albarn, guitarist Graham Coxon, bassist Alex James and drummer Dave Rowntree. Blur's first album "Leisure" (1991) contained the sounds of Madchester and shoegazing. After a change in sound started by English guitar pop groups such as the Kinks, the Beatles and XTC, Blur released "Modern Life Is Rubbish" (1993), "Parklife" (1994) and "The Great Escape" (1995). As a result, the band helped the Britpop genre become popular and became popular in the UK, which was helped by a rivalry with Oasis in 1995 called "The Battle of Britpop".


title: Walter Matthau

text: Walter Matthau (October 1, 1920–July 1, 2000) was an American actor. He starred with Jack Lemmon in "The Odd Couple" and its sequel "The Odd Couple II". He won the Academy Award for "The Fortune Cookie".


title: The Mummy (1999 movie)

text: The Mummy is a 1999 American fantasy adventure horror movie. It is set in Egypt in 1926. Stephen Sommers wrote and directed it. The movie stars Brendan Fraser (acting as Rick O'Connell, who is a person who tries to find treasure so he can sell it), and Rachel Weisz (acting as Evelyn 'Evie' Carnahan, who is a person who learns about the history of Egypt) and Arnold Vosloo, acting as the Mummy. The movie has a lot of talking in the old Egyptian language, which was spoken with the help of a group of people who study it for a job. The movie was first going to be to be part of a few low-budget movies but was later given the money it needed to be made into a big Hollywood movie.


title: Synecdoche

text: Synecdoche is a figure of speech. It uses a part for the whole thing, or the whole for one of its parts. Examples:


title: Caroline Herschel

text: Caroline Herschel (16 March 1750 – 9 January 1848) was a German astronomer who spent most of her life in England. She was the first female astronomer that we know of.


title: The Mummy (1999 movie)

text: "The Mummy" was seen by people for the first time on May 7, 1999. It earned $43 million from being seen in 3,210 places that weekend. It went on to earn $415 million from being seen in total. Other movies were then made. The first was made in 2001. It is called "The Mummy Returns". A TV programme was made called "". A third movie was then first seen by people on August 1, 2008 and is called "".


title: Synecdoche

text: These three examples, and most other cases, use the part for the whole. But an expression like "The West" might just mean the U.S.A. It depends on context.


title: Caroline Herschel

text: She was the first woman to receive a salary as a scientist. She was the first woman in England to hold a government position. She was the first woman to be awarded a Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1828), and to be named an Honorary Member of the Royal Astronomical Society (1835, with Mary Somerville). She was also named an honorary member of the Royal Irish Academy (1838). The King of Prussia presented her with a Gold Medal for Science on the occasion of her 96th birthday (1846).


title: Synecdoche

text: Synecdoche is a type of metonymy, because it refers to its target by using a related term. It is similar to metaphor in its use in prose.


title: Caroline Herschel

text: Caroline was born on March 16, 1750 in Hanover, Germany. She was encouraged by her father to get an education. She learnt geometry on her own. She had a hard life because people that she loved died. After her father's death, her brother William Herschel suggested she join him in England. She left Hanover for England on August 16, 1772, with her brother.


title: Caroline Herschel

text: In England, Caroline's neighbour taught her how to cook, market, and to speak English. This expanded her horizons. William encouraged her to be independent. She signed up to learn how to sing and to play the harpsichord. This led her to being a part of William’s musical shows in small gatherings. She and William discussed astronomy in their free time. This caused her interest to grow. Caroline began including English society in her everyday life. She eventually decided to devote her time to astronomy. This helped William: he needed Caroline’s talents in copying papers.


title: Caroline Herschel

text: When they were in England, Caroline helped her brother in his scientific work. She helped him to discover Uranus with a six-foot telescope. William was credited with the discovery of Uranus. He was knighted because of his discovery, and she was his assistant. She recorded and completed tasks for him. Her calculations and record keeping were always accurate. They saved her brother a lot of time. Caroline often worked on discoveries of her own. She independently discovered the second companion of the Andromeda Galaxy (Messier 110; NGC 205) and another, new, nebula. She also discovered eight comets in 17861795.


title: Caroline Herschel

text: She reworked Flamsteed's "Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars". The result was published by the Royal Society in 1798 and contained an index of every observation of every star made by Flamsteed, a list of errata, and a list of more than 560 stars that had not been included. In 1825, Caroline donated the works of Flamsteed to the Royal Academy of Göttingen.


title: Caroline Herschel

text: She was the first woman to discover a comet. She discovered seven more comets between 1789 and 1797. The comet 35P/Herschel-Rigollet is named in her honor, as well as the lunar crater C. Herschel, and the planetoid (281) Lucretia. She also is famous for her work with her brother. She aided him in his studies. She reorganized John Flamsteed's "British Catalogue", which listed nearly 3,000 stars.