title: Lila Downs

text: She later returned to Mexico where she learned to weave. Later, she began singing in the club scenes of Oaxaca and Philadelphia along with Paul Cohen, an American-born saxophonist. They began collaborating on songs that would slowly evolve into Downs' subsequent recordings. Cohen became both Downs' husband and her artistic director.


title: Lila Downs

text: In recent years, Downs and her band have toured widely in Mexico, South America, the US and Europe. She was also heard in the soundtrack to the movie "Frida" in a song, "Burn it Blue", that was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song and that she performed at the 75th Academy Awards. Other songs that she performed on the soundtrack are "Benediction and Dream", "Estrella Oscura", and "La Llorona". Other movies in which her songs are featured include Maria Ripoll's 2001 "Tortilla Soup", Patricia Cardoso's 2002 "Real Women Have Curves" and Carlos Saura's 2007 "Fados". She was also invited to the Twelve Girls Band's concert in Shanghai, where she sang in French and English. Downs is currently based in Coyoacán, a borough of Mexico City.


title: Lila Downs

text: On September 2, 2008, Lila Downs released "Shake Away", her latest album of new material as well as featuring a few cover songs, including "I Envy The Wind" by Lucinda Williams and "I Would Never" by The Blue Nile. Downs also collaborated with artists like La Mari from Chambao and Enrique Bunbury from Héroes del Silencio. In 2010 she appeared on The Chieftains' album "San Patricio".


title: Lila Downs

text: "Sins and Miracles" is the most recent album by Lila Downs. It was released in 2011. It reached the top of the charts in Mexico, Germany, Argentina, Colombia, Spain and the United States. It also reached the top ten in other major markets. Downs did a tour for the album called the "Pecados y Milagros World Tour". The singles on "Sins and Miracles" are: "Palomo del Comalito", "Zapata se Queda" and "Mezcalito". The album and its singles received one Grammy Award. The main music genres which make up the album are pop, folk and ska. She has a contralto vocal range.


title: Makhachkala

text: Makhachkala (; Lak: Гьанжи; Avar: МахӀачхъала; Lezgian: Магьачкъала; Rutul: МахаӀчкала) is the capital city of the Republic of Dagestan, southwestern Russia. As of the 2010 census, the city had 572,076 people living there.


title: Salamanca

text: The city has a very important university started in 1218. It has two cathedrals and a famous Plaza Mayor (Main Square) built in the 18th century.


title: Salamanca

text: Frogs are a mascot of Salamanca. Souvenirs of frogs can be found in almost every shop in the Plaza Mayor.


title: Louse

text: Lice (singular: louse), are wingless insects that live in hair. They are all external parasites on every species of bird and most mammalian orders. They are not found on Monotremes and a few eutherian orders, namely bats (Chiroptera), whales, dolphins and porpoises (Cetacea) and pangolins (Pholidota). There are more than 3,000 different species; three are classified as human lice.


title: Louse

text: Lice spend their whole life on the host. They are adapted to keep close contact with the host. These adaptations are reflected in their size (0.5–8 mm), stout legs, and claws which are adapted to clinging tightly to hair, fur and feathers. They are also wingless and flattened.


title: Louse

text: Lice feed on skin (epidermal) debris, feather parts, sebaceous secretions and blood. A louse's color varies from pale beige to dark grey; however, if feeding on blood, it may become considerably darker.


title: Louse

text: A louse's egg is commonly called a "nit". Lice attach their eggs to their host's hair with specialized saliva which results in a bond that is very difficult to separate without specialized products. Living lice eggs tend to be pale white. Dead lice eggs are more yellow. Lice are very annoying and are difficult to remove, but not impossible. The process is called "nit-picking", and is often done with a close-toothed metal comb. For humans, anti-insect shampoos are available.


title: Louse

text: The order has traditionally been divided into two suborders; the "sucking lice" (Anoplura) and "chewing lice" (Mallophaga). Four suborders are now recognised:


title: Louse

text: It has been suggested that the order is contained by the Troctomorpha suborder of Psocoptera. What this means is that lice may have evolved from free-living species of that group.


title: Louse

text: Humans are unique in that they host three different species of lice: head lice, body lice (which live mainly in clothing), and pubic lice. The DNA differences between head lice and body lice provide corroborating evidence that humans started wearing clothes at approximately 70,000 BCE.


title: Louse

text: Recent DNA evidence suggests that pubic lice spread to the ancestors of humans approximately 3.3 million years ago from the ancestors of gorillas by sharing the same bed or other communal areas with them, and are more closely related to lice endemic to gorillas than to other lice species infesting humans.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: Mato Grosso do Sul is one of the states of Brazil. It shares borders with the states of Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná. It also borders the countries of Paraguay and Bolivia to the west. Campo Grande is the capital of the state


title: Mustelid

text: Mustelids are a family of carnivorous mammals. They are the family Mustelidae, in the order Carnivora.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: Mato Grosso do Sul means "Southern Thick Forest". The name comes from its northern neighbour state of Mato Grosso. Mato Grosso do Sul was a part of Mato Grosso until they were split in the 1970s. Many people wrongly refer to Mato Grosso do Sul as simply "Mato Grosso". This has caused the government to consider changing its name to "Pantanal", the world's largest wetlands which is in the state.


title: Mustelid

text: They are the largest family of mammals. They are diverse, from weasels who eat mice to wolverines that can kill prey much larger than themselves. Mustelids live in many habitats: otters for example, live mostly in the water, while one species of weasel lives in the Arctic.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: Mato Grosso do Sul's economy is based mainly on farm products. Cattle-raising is the most important product of the state. Other products include sugarcane, wheat, soybeans, manioc, rice and cotton.


title: Mustelid

text: One kind of mustelid, the ferret, has been tamed and used for hunting for a long time. These days it is mostly kept as a pet. Because the ferret looks a bit like a rat that has been stretched out in the middle, it is sometimes called a tube rat.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: In 1977 the state was created by dividing the state of Mato Grosso. It officially became a state two years later on January 1, 1979.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: Mato Grosso do Sul's flag was made by Mauro Michael Munhoz. White is for hope, green is for the state's plantlife, blue is for the sky and the yellow star adds balance, force and serenity.


title: Lagoon

text: A lagoon is a body of salt water partly separated from the sea. There is usually some sort of barrier which separates and protects the lagoon. This may be a pebble or shingle beach, sand bank, or perhaps a coral reef surrounding an atoll. An atoll is an oceanic island formed by a volcano.


title: Henri Bergson

text: Bergson convinced many thinkers that the processes of immediate experience and intuition are more significant than abstract rationalism and science for understanding reality.


title: Lagoon

text: "Lagoon" refers both to coastal lagoons, and the lagoons in atolls, formed by the growth of coral reefs on slowly eroding central islands.


title: Henri Bergson

text: He was born on the Rue Lamartine in Paris, France. His mother, Katherine Levison, was of English and Irish Jewish descent. His father, the pianist Michał Bergson, was of Polish Jewish descent.


title: Henri Bergson

text: His early childhood was spent mostly in London after his birth. He learned the English language from his mother. He returned to Paris when he was nine years old, and became a naturalized French citizen.


title: Henri Bergson

text: He attended the "Lycée Fontanes" in Paris from 1868 to 1878. There he was given the 1877 prize for school mathematics, for the solution of a mathematical problem. When he was nineteen, he studied at École Normale Supérieure (ENS). He read many philosophy books, especially Herbert Spencer.


title: Hepatitis A

text: Hepatitis A is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. Unlike the other common forms of hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), it does not cause chronic (long-term) liver disease.


title: Hooded crow

text: The hooded crow ("Corvus cornix") (also called hoodie) is a type of crow found in north, east and south Europe, it is also found in the Middle East.


title: Hepatitis A

text: When a person has hepatitis A, the virus stays in their feces. Hepatitis A is usually spread by eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated with infected feces. For example, hepatitis A can be spread by:


title: Hooded crow

text: This crow's conservation status is least concern, this means that this bird is safe and not in any danger.


title: Hepatitis A

text: There is no medication that can cure hepatitis A. In most cases, the infection resolves on its own. In most cases, symptoms last less than 2 months, although some people are sick for as long as six months.


title: Modena

text: Modena is a city in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy. About 190,000 people live in Modena. It is the city of engines since the factories of the famous Italian sports car makers Ferrari, De Tomaso, Lamborghini, Pagani, and Maserati.


title: Low German language

text: Low German or Low Saxon (, or "Platt") is a variant of the Germanic languages. It is spoken mainly in northern Germany and the northeast part of the Netherlands.


title: Constanța

text: Constanţa is the largest Romanian seaport on the Black Sea. It is the largest city in Dobruja. It is also the capital of Constanţa County and one of the biggest cities in Romania.


title: Aguascalientes

text: Aguascalientes is a state in Mexico that is in the center of the country. Its state capital is the city of Aguascalientes. The state's name means "hot waters" in Spanish. People gave it this name because there are many hot springs in the area. The adjective for Aguascalientes is "hidrocálido", because "hidro" means water and "cálido" means hot.


title: Oran

text: Oran (Arabic: وهران - Wahrān, Berber: ⵡⴰⵀⵔⴻⵏ - Wahren) is a city in western Algeria, situated at the coast. In 2010, about 853,000 people were living there.


title: Oran

text: Oran is the second biggest city in Algeria after Algiers. It is well-known because of its business activities and culture.


title: Duran Duran

text: Duran Duran are a British pop group. They formed in Birmingham, England in 1978 and were very popular in the 1980s.


title: 24 (number)

text: Twenty-four is a number. It comes between twenty-three and twenty-five, and is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24.


title: Pope Clement I

text: Pope Clement was the fourth Pope of the Catholic Church, (the official title is Bishop of Rome). He served the early Catholic Church from 8897 C.E. He was born in Velletri, Latium and came from a very important family. He was the son of a Roman senator, Faustinus, and the cousin of Roman consul Tiberius Flavius Clemens.


title: Pope Clement I

text: He was recognized as a great historian and recorded many important events in his time such as the martyrdom of his predecessors and the settling of disputes among Christians. During a time of trouble within the Christian community, Clement wrote to the church in Corinth, asking them to end their dispute with their fellow Christians, which they did. This established the precedent of Popes being the final person to decide the rules within the Church. He either established, or continued the practice of recording the laws and customs of the Church.


title: Pope Clement I

text: Clement's persecution began with Emperor Trajan who sent him to do hard labor in a mine. He used that time to teach his fellow Christians and it was said that during that time he even taughted some pagans in Christianity. He is also credited with performing a miracle during that time. He is know as the "Pope of Convicts".


title: Pope Clement I

text: His relics and the anchor were retrieved and preserved in a church that was submerged in the Black Sea. During part of the year, it can still be seen and entered into today.


title: Pope Clement I

text: This pope has been very highly regarded through the centuries and is still honored today by the Russian Orthodox Catholics in Ukraine and by all Catholics in their ceremonial liturgy. He is considered a Saint of the church and his feast day is November 23.


title: Narcissus (genus)

text: Narcissus (Narcissi) (often called a daffodil) is the botanic name for a genus of mainly hardy, mostly spring-flowering, bulbs in the "Amaryllidaceae" family. They are native to Europe, North Africa, and Asia.


title: Narcissus (genus)

text: It has pale yellow perianths with a darker central trumpet (paracorolla or "corona"). The long, narrow leaves are slightly greyish in colour and rise from the base of the stem.


title: Narcissus (genus)

text: During the winter, the flowering part of narcissi dies away, and the plant lives on underground in a bulb. A bulb is an onionlike structure, filled with food. The plant lives off this food during the winter, protected from the cold by the soil above.


title: Prato

text: Prato is also a centre of the slow food movement, with many other local specialities, including cantucci, a type of biscotti.


title: Val-de-Marne

text: Val-de-Marne is a department in the center of France in the Île-de-France region. Its prefecture is Créteil. About 1,279,000 people live there (2006 estimation).


title: Prato

text: Since the late 1950s, the city has had a big amount of immigration, first from southern Italy, then other countries. Since the late 1980s a large Han community has settled in the city. With a population of more than 180,000 people, Prato is Tuscany's second largest city. It is the third largest in Central Italy, after Rome and Florence.


title: Prato

text: In 1512, the city was attacked by the Spanish troops sent by Pope Julius II to capture the nearby city of Florence for the Medici family. The attack caused much damage to Prato. It led to the surrender of the Florentine Republic and control by the Medici family. The army killed 50,600 citizens of Prato in the streets.


title: Prato

text: Prato is home to many museums and other cultural monuments. These include the Filippo Lippi frescoes in the Cathedral of Santo Stefano which has been restored in 2006. The Cathedral has an external pulpit by Donatello.


title: Prato

text: "Palazzo Pretorio", the old town hall, was built at the end of the 13th century in red bricks. Sections in white brick were added later. In the 16th century an outside staircase and a clock were added. Also notable is the "Palazzo Datini", the home of the merchant Francesco Datini built from 1383. It has decorations by Florentine artists like Agnolo Gaddi and Niccolò Gerini. In 1409, it housed Pope Alexander V and Louis of Anjou. The "Palazzo degli Alberti" (12th century) is home to an artgallery with works by Filippo Lippi ("Prato Madonna"), Giovanni Bellini ("Crucifix with Jew Cemetery") and Caravaggio ("The Crowning with Thorns").


title: Prato

text: Another major attraction of the city is the Centro per l'arte contemporanea Luigi Pecci, a museum and education centre concerned with contemporary arts.


title: Minaret

text: A minaret is a tower. Many mosques have minarets. Muezzins to call Muslims to prayers from minarets five times a day.


title: Nièvre

text: Nièvre is a department in the centre of France, in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It is named after the Nièvre river, a tributary of the Loire. Its prefecture and largest city is Nevers.


title: Donald Tusk

text: Donald Franciszek Tusk (, born 22 April 1957) was the President of the European Council. Before that he was the Prime Minister of Poland from 2007 to 2014. He was the leader of the biggest Polish political party, Platforma Obywatelska (Civic Platform). In August 2014, Tusk was elected to become the next President of the European Council.


title: Nièvre

text: Nièvre is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Nevers as its capital. It was formed from part of the old province of "Nivernais" and its name was written at first as Nyèvre.


title: Nièvre

text: It was divided in nine districts: Nevers, Saint-Pierre-le-Moutier, Decize, Moulins-Engilbert, Château-Chinon, Corbigny, Clamecy, Cosne and La Charité.


title: Nièvre

text: In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the nine districts were changed into four "arrondissements": Nevers, Château-Chinon, Clamecy and Cosne.


title: Nièvre

text: On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Cosne was eliminated but in 1943 it became again an "arrondissement" of the department.


title: Nièvre

text: Nièvre is part of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It has an area of . The highest point of the department is Mont Préneley (), high; it is in the "commune" Glux-en-Glenne.


title: Nièvre

text: The main rivers in the department are the Loire, that makes most of the western border, with its tributaries Allier and Aron; and the Yonne, with its tributary Cure.


title: Nièvre

text: The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Nevers is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype "Cfb".


title: Nièvre

text: It rains in all seasons but precipitations are more important in the eastern zone, in the Morvan, and weaker in the Loire valley.


title: Nièvre

text: Nièvre is managed by the "Departmental Council of Nièvre" in Nevers. The department is part of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.


title: Nièvre

text: There are 4 "arrondissements" (districts), 17 "cantons" and 309 "communes" (municipalities) in Nièvre.


title: Nièvre

text: The following is a list of the 17 cantons of the Nièvre department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:


title: Nièvre

text: Nièvre had a population, in 2014, of 213,569, for a population density of inhabitants/km. The "arrondissement" of Nevers, with 118,087 inhabitants, is the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants.


title: Portuguese Wikipedia

text: The Portuguese Wikipedia (In Portuguese: "Wikipédia em Português") is the Portuguese-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in June 2001.


title: Muslim Brotherhood

text: The "Al Ikhwan el Muslimeen", the Society of the Muslim Brothers, often called the Muslim Brotherhood, or The Brotherhood, is an Islamist movement. Today, it exists in many states and often is one of the largest political opposition groups. The group is the world's oldest and largest Islamic political group, and the "world's most influential Islamist movement". Hassan al-Banna founded the group in Egypt in 1928.


title: Pumpuang Duangjan

text: Pumpuang Duangjan () (-) was a superstars singers from Thailand. She born in the poor farmers, Pumpuang had only two years of primary education before her family's plight forced her to take to the fields as a sugar cane cutter. Although illiterate, she was adept at memorising lyrics and participated in many local singing competitions. At age 15, she came to the notice of a visiting band, and from the late 1970s onwards her fame skyrocketed.


title: University of Vienna

text: The University of Vienna (German: Universität Wien) is a public university in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is the oldest university in the German-speaking world. It is the largest university in Austria and one of the largest in Europe.


title: Muslim Brotherhood

text: The Brotherhood's stated goal is to instill the Qur'an and Sunnah as the "sole reference point for ... ordering the life of the Muslim family, individual, community ... and state". Since it was created, in 1928 the movement has officially opposed violent means to achieve its goals, with some exceptions such as in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict or to overthrow secular Ba'athist rule in Syria (see Hama massacre). This position has been questioned, particularly by the Egyptian government, which accused the group of a campaign of killings in Egypt after World War II.


title: Muslim Brotherhood

text: The Muslim Brotherhood is banned in Egypt. People have been arrested because they participated in the group. To circumvent this ban, supporters of the group often run for office as independent candidates.


title: Muslim Brotherhood

text: Outside Egypt, the group's political activity is more traditional and conservative. Inside Egypt, the group is modernist and wants reforms to happen.


title: Muslim Brotherhood

text: In Kuwait,for example, the Muslim Brotherhood says that women should not have a right to vote in elections. The Brotherhood condemned terrorism and the 9/11 attacks. Whether the group has ties to terrorist organisations is disputed.


title: Muslim Brotherhood

text: The question whether and how to use violence has also led to disputes inside the movement. At times, those in favour of using violence split from the main group and created their own groups. Examples of such groups are Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (The Islamic Group) and Al Takfir Wal Hijra (Excommunication and Migration).


title: Muslim Brotherhood

text: Among the Brotherhood's more influential members was Sayyid Qutb. Qutb was the author of one of Islamism's most important books, "Milestones". The book called for the restoration of Islam by re-establishing the Sharia and by using "physical power and Jihad for abolishing the organizations and authorities of the Jahili system. Qutb believed these included the entire Muslim world. The book also reveals that Qutb no longer held the Brotherhood's ideas and that he was closer to the ideas of Hizb ut-Tahrir, which is concluded in the introduction and dedication of the book" While studying at university, Osama bin Laden claimed to have been influenced by the religious and political ideas of several professors with strong ties to the Muslim Brotherhood including both Sayyid Qutb and his brother Muhammad Qutb. However, once Al Qaeda was fully organized, they denounced the Muslim Brotherhood's reform through nonviolence and accused them of "betraying the cause of Islam and abandoning their 'jihad' in favour of forming political parties and supporting modern state institutions".


title: Muslim Brotherhood

text: The Brotherhood is financed by contributions from its members, who are required to allocate a part of their income to the movement. Some of these contributions are from members who live in oil-rich countries.


title: Gulf of California

text: The Gulf of California (also called Sea of Cortez or Sea of Cortés; and nearby is known in the Spanish language as Mar de Cortés or Mar Bermejo or Golfo de California) is an area of water that is in between the Baja California Peninsula and Mexican mainland. It is surrounded by the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, and Sinaloa. The name "Gulf of California" is on most maps in English today. The name "Sea of Cortés" is the one preferred by local people. Francisco de Ulloa named it for Hernán Cortés, who sent him to explore the coast.


title: Marc Chagall

text: Marc Chagall (6 July 1887 28 March 1985) was a Jewish Russian-French artist. He is famous for his fauvist, cubist and expressionist paintings.


title: Phenol

text: Phenol is the organic compound with formula CHOH. It is a white solid. It has an OH group (hydroxyl group) bonded to a benzene ring. It is an alcohol. Because the aromatic group attracts electrons, it is quite acidic. topolin is produced from petroleum. It is an important molecule because it can be used to make many other products. It is also used in detergents and herbicides.


title: Lucretius

text: Titus Lucretius Carus (ca. 98 BC – ca. 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher. He is known for "De rerum natura" (in English:"On the Nature of the Universe"). It is an epic philosophical work about the beliefs of Epicureanism.


title: Gulf of California

text: The Gulf was made 5.3 million years ago, changing the flow of the Colorado River. Other rivers which also flow into the Gulf of California are the Fuerte, Mayo, Sinaloa, Sonora, and the Yaqui. Its area is about 160,000 km² (62,000 square miles).


title: Phenol

text: Phenol has a pKa of about 10. For normal alcohols this number is usually around 15. However, phenol is less acidic than compounds like carboxylic acids. The reason for this high acidity is the resonance stabilization of the molecule when it becomes an anion.


title: Lucretius

text: There are not any details about his life. Saint Jerome tells of how he became insane because of a love potion and wrote his poetry in between fits of insanity. Modern scholarship thinks this was just used to explain how he behaved. The "De rerum natura" had a large affect on the Augustan poets, including Virgil and Horace. The work were lost for a time. It was later found in a monastery in Germany. This work played an important part both in the development of atomism and in the efforts of many people of the Enlightenment era to build a new Christian humanism.


title: Gulf of California

text: The Gulf of California was made as parts of the planets surface moved the Baja California Peninsula off of the North American Plate. As part of this process, the East Pacific Rise formed along the middle of the Gulf along the bottom of the sea. The Gulf would go as far as Indio, California if there wasn't a large river delta made by the Colorado River. This delta blocks the sea from flooding the Mexicali and Imperial Valleys. Volcanoes can be found along the East Pacific Rise. The island of Isla Tortuga is one example of the volcanoes found.


title: Phenol

text: Phenol can do electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions very well. This is because the lone pair on the oxygen atom can give electrons through the benzene ring to an electrophile. Because the lone pair is so high in energy however, sometimes phenol reacts too many times.


title: Gulf of California

text: The Gulf of California has two large islands, the Isla Ángel de la Guarda and Tiburón Island. It also has several smaller ones, including Isla Espiritu Santo and Isla Partida which is joined to it by a small bit of land.


title: Phenol

text: Phenol was first discovered in 1834. It was found as a product of burning coal. One of its first uses was to kill germs in surgery. It is still used today in some analgesics. During the Second World War, phenol was also used by the Nazis. They used it in concentration camps to quickly kill small groups of people.


title: Numismatics

text: Numismatics is the study and collecting of coins and the history behind the coins. A Numismatist is either a collector of coins or a scholar who studies the history of coins.


title: Black swan

text: The black swan ("Cygnus atratus") is a large waterbird that mostly breeds in the southeast and southwest areas of Australia. It is different from other swans because it is mostly black, though its flight feathers are white.


title: William Shockley

text: William Bradford Shockley Jr. (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was an American physicist and inventor. He was the manager of a research group at Bell Labs. He won the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics.


title: Numismatics

text: The term comes from a word meaning "of coins." The original word is French (numismatique), which itself is from a Latin origin (numismatis).


title: William Shockley

text: While a professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University, Shockley became a supporter of eugenics. He is known as a controversial Nobel winner.


title: Numismatics

text: Coin collectors may have existed in ancient times. Caesar Augustus may have been an example. The first known book about coin collecting was in 1514, "De Asse et Partibus", by Guillaume Budé. However, only royalty really enjoyed coin collecting until the 19th century. That's when professional organizations started to sprout, like the American Numismatic Society in 1858.


title: William Shockley

text: Shockley died of prostate cancer on August 12 1989 at the age of 79. He did not have a good relationship with his family when he died. His children learned of his death by reading his obituary in the newspaper.


title: Numismatics

text: Modern numismatics is a sub-field that focuses on when coins started being stamped by machines (around 17th century on). Because of its focus, modern numismatics is more popular with collectors than with historians. Other subfields/variants include exonumia (focus on coin-like objects), notaphily (focus on paper money instead of coins), and scripophily (focus on stocks and bonds instead of coins).


title: Rhee Syng-man

text: Syngman Rhee or Lee Seungman (, March 26, 1875 – July 19, 1965) was a Korean independence activist and politician. He was the first president of South Korea. His presidency, from August 1948 to April 1960, remains controversial, affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean peninsula and elsewhere. Rhee was a strong anti-Communist, and led South Korea through the Korean War. His presidency ended in resignation following popular protests against a disputed election. He died in exile in Hawaii.


title: Rhee Syng-man

text: Rhee was born in Whanghai Province to Rhee Kyong-sun, a member of the aristocratic Yangban family. Rhee was descended from Prince Hyo-nyong, the second son of King Taejong of Joseon. He soon became active in Korea's struggle against Japanese control. He was arrested in 1897 for demonstrating against the monarchy.


title: Rhee Syng-man

text: After he was released in 1904 he went to the United States. He obtained several degrees, including a Ph.D. from Princeton University. He began writing his name in the Western manner, with the personal name before the family name. When President Theodore Roosevelt was helping negotiations for the Treaty of Portsmouth, Rhee asked him to put freedom for Korea in the treaty. This did not happen.


title: Rhee Syng-man

text: In 1910, he went back to Korea under Japanese rule. His political actions got him into trouble with the Japanese army, so he left for China in 1912. In 1919, all of the major pro-independence groups formed the provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai. Rhee was elected the president, a post he held until 1925 when he was removed by the Provisional Assembly for the misuse of his authority.


title: Rhee Syng-man

text: At the end of World War 2, Rhee returned to Seoul. This was before the other independence leaders, since he was the only one well known to the Allies. In 1945, he was chosen as head of a provisional (short term) government. With the unspoken agreement of the occupation authorities, Rhee conducted a number of actions to "remove Communism". This was actually a hidden plan to remove all possible opposition to him.


title: Rhee Syng-man

text: Rhee was elected the first president of South Korea on 10 May, 1948 by a parliamentary vote. He defeated Kim Koo, the last president of the Provisional Government by 180 votes to 16. All the left-wing parties refused to take part in the election. On 15 August 1948, he formally took over from the US military and became the legal power over the Korean people.


title: Rhee Syng-man

text: As president, Rhee took on dictatorial powers even before the Korean War started in 1950. He allowed the internal security force (headed by his right-hand man, Kim Chang-ryong) to put people in prison and torture them if they were thought to be Communists or North Korean agents. His government also directed several massacres, the most famous being on the island of Jeju. This was after an uprising by left-wing groups. While massacres did occur under governments that came after Rhee, there were not as many and less widespread.


title: Rhee Syng-man

text: Rhee made himself unpopular by telling the people in Seoul to stay in the city when the Korean War started. He had already left. His decision to cut the bridges on the Han River stopped thousands of people from escaping from the Communists. The UN and South Korean forces fought back and drove the North Koreans north towards the Yalu River. After a Chinese counterattack the UN and South Korean were pushed back to the current DMZ. Rhee became unpopular with the US and the UN for refusing to agree to a number of peace plans that would have left Korea divided. He wanted to become the leader of a united Korea with UN assistance. He tried to stop any peace plan that would not remove the northern government completely. He also argued for stronger military action to be used against China. He was annoyed because the US would not bomb China.


title: Rhee Syng-man

text: On January 18, 1952, Rhee declared South Korean rule over the waters around the Korean peninsula. This was an idea the same as today's exclusive economic zones. The new border, which Rhee called the "Peace Line", included Tsushima Island and the uninhabited islands named Dokdo. This led to protests from the Japanese government. They claimed that the islands were Japanese territory. Minor clashes followed, but the islands have been under South Korean administration since then.


title: Rhee Syng-man

text: Throughout his rule, Rhee took extra steps to keep his control over the government. In May 1952 Rhee pushed through constitutional changes which made the presidency a directly-elected position. To get this passed by parliament he declared martial law. He jailed the members of parliament he thought would vote against it. Rhee was soon elected by a big majority. He regained control of parliament in the 1954 elections. He pushed through an amendment to exempt himself from the eight-year limit on presidents.


title: Rhee Syng-man

text: Rhee's chances for reelection during the presidential campaign of 1956 seemed small. People did not think he should be allowed to be President three times. The main opposition candidate Shin Ik-hee drew large crowds during his campaign. Shin's sudden death during the campaign, however, allowed Rhee to win the presidency with ease. The runner-up of that election, Cho Bong-am of the Progressive Party, was later charged with spying and executed in 1959.


title: Rhee Syng-man

text: By 1960, Rhee had already served three terms in office. His next victory was certain after the main opposition candidate, Cho Byeong-ok, died shortly before the March 15 elections. Rhee won with 90% of the vote. The real contest was in the race for vice president. This was held separately under the law of the time. Yi Gi-bung, who Rhee thought should take over after him, was declared the winner of an election that the opposition claimed was rigged. This created anger among groups of the Korean people. A student-led April 19 Movement forced Rhee to resign on April 26.


title: Rhee Syng-man

text: On April 28, a DC-4 belonging to the CIA operated Civil Air Transport took Rhee out of South Korea. This was to rescue him from the angry crowds. Kim Yong Kap, Rhee's Deputy Minister of Finance, revealed that President Rhee had taken $20 million in government money for himself. Rhee, his Austrian-born wife, Francisca Donner, and adopted son lived in exile in Honolulu, Hawaii. On July 19, 1965, Rhee died of a stroke. His body was returned to Seoul and buried in the National Cemetery on July 27, 1965.


title: Rhee Syng-man

text: Rhee's legacy has been in considerable dispute. In general, conservative circles regard Rhee as the patriarch of the nation, while liberals tend to be critical of him.


title: Rhee Syng-man

text: Rhee's former residence in Seoul, Ihwajang, is currently used for the presidential memorial museum, and Woo-Nam Presidential Preservation Foundation has been set up to honour his legacy.


title: Greifswald

text: Greifswald () is officially known as "Universitäts- und Hansestadt Greifswald", which means "University and Hanseatic Town of Greifswald" (from German "Greif", "griffin", and "Wald", "forest"). It is a town in northeastern Germany.


title: Perciformes

text: "Perciformes" means "perch-like". They belong to the class of ray-finned fish and have over 7,000 species in almost all aquatic environments.


title: Jeff Bridges

text: Jeffrey Leon Bridges (born December 4, 1949) is an American actor. he was born in Los Angeles, California to actor Lloyd Bridges (1913-1998) and actress Dorothy Bridges (née Simpson, 1915-2009). His brother Beau Bridges (born 1941) is also an actor.


title: Greifswald

text: The town is on the Baltic Sea, about to the north of Berlin in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. The population is roughly 55,000, including about 11,500 students and some 5,000 employees of the University of Greifswald.


title: Perciformes

text: They have the widest range of sizes of any order of vertebrates, ranging from the 7 mm "Schindleria brevipinguis" to the 5 metre "Makaira" species. They first appeared and diversified in the Upper Cretaceous.


title: Jeff Bridges

text: Bridges has starred in many movies, including: "Starman", "The Fisher King", "The Vanishing", "The Big Lebowski", "Arlington Road", "The Contender", "K-PAX", "Seabiscuit", "The Door in the Floor", "Iron Man", "Crazy Heart" and "True Grit".


title: Greifswald

text: The city council is elected for five year terms. Since the last election in 2014, the 43 city council seats are allocated as follows:


title: Perciformes

text: Some well-known members of this group are angelfish, barracuda, bass, blenny, cichlids, damselfish, filefish, goby, grouper, remora, swordfish, mackerel, pufferfish, tilefish, tuna, whiting, and of course perch.


title: Jeff Bridges

text: On October 19, 2020, Bridges announced that he had been diagnosed with lymphoma and has gone through chemotherapy. Bridges also announced he contracted COVID-19 while in treatment and noted it was a difficult experience which he said made cancer "look like a piece of cake." He said he is now fully vaccinated against COVID-19.


title: Perciformes

text: The dorsal and anal fins are divided into front spiny and back soft-rayed portions, which may be partially or completely separated.


title: Perciformes

text: The pelvic fins usually have one spine and up to five soft rays, positioned unusually far forward under the chin or under the belly. Scales are usually ctenoid (rough-edged).


title: Perciformes

text: They are grouped as in the text "Fishes of the World". The order is probably polyphyletic, and changes may occur in this and other teleost orders.


title: Perciformes

text: Recent morphological and DNA sequence analysis has shown that several of the higher-level groupings of teleosts are evolutionary grades rather than clades. Examples of demonstrably paraphyletic groups include the Perciformes.


title: Clipperton Island

text: Clipperton Island is an uninhabited atoll in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Central America. It is about in size, and is an overseas territory of France. In Spanish, it is known as "Isla de la Pasión. It is about" from Acapulco. The nearest French settlements is Papeete, away. Paris is away. Clipperton Island is about south-east of Socorro Island in the Revillagigedo Archipelago, which is the nearest land.


title: Emilio Estevez

text: Emilio Estevez (born May 12, 1962) is an actor, director and producer. He was originally part of the Brat Pack in the 1980s. His most notable movies include "The Breakfast Club", "Repo Man" and "Men at Work". Estevez' father is actor Martin Sheen. His brother is actor Charlie Sheen.


title: Prison Break

text: Prison Break is an American television serial crime drama series. Created by Paul Scheuring, the series is shown on Fox. The first run of the show had four seasons, with 81 episodes from August 29, 2005 to May 15, 2009. A fifth season which aired nine episodes from April 4 to May 30, 2017. As of March 2019, a sixth season is being made, but was not shown.


title: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

text: The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936-1991) was one of the republics of the Soviet Union from 1936 to 1991 in northern Central Asia. It was created on 5 December 1936 from the Kazakh ASSR, an autonomous republic of the Russian RSFR.


title: Prison Break

text: The series is about two brothers, Lincoln Burrows (Dominic Purcell) and Michael Scofield (Wentworth Miller). Burrows has been sentenced to death for a crime he did not commit, and Scofield creates a detailed plan to help his brother escape prison and clear his name. Robin Tunney, Robert Knepper, Amaury Nolasco, Sarah Wayne Callies, Peter Stormare, Marshall Allman, Wade Williams, Paul Adelstein and Rockmond Dunbar also star, along with many others.


title: Howard Carter

text: Howard Carter (May 9, 1874 – March 2, 1939) was an English archaeologist. His mother was Martha Carter and his father was Samuel Carter. As a young man he worked for the Egyptian Antiquities Service. Later, he was the man who found King Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922.


title: Second Epistle of John

text: The Second Epistle of John is the sixty-third book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-fourth in the New Testament. This book is believed to a short letter from John. In number of verses, it is the shortest book in the bible.


title: Howard Carter

text: The discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb was an accident. Howard Carter's waterboy stumbled across some steps leading under the desert surface. Lord Carnarvon, a sponsor of Carter's work, was impatient of the slow progress at this point, and if the discovery had not been made, then it likely would not have been discovered at all.


title: Second Epistle of John

text: There is some disagreement over whether the John who wrote the letters of John, the John who wrote The Gospel of John, and the John who wrote the Book of Revelation are the same person.


title: Second Epistle of John

text: The letter is sent to "the elect lady and her children" (some bibles translate this phrase as "elder lady and her children"), and closes with the words, "The children of your chosen sister greet you."


title: Second Epistle of John

text: The lady has often been seen as a picture of the church, the church being the body of Christians as a whole and as local congregations. It is also possible the letter was sent to a real lady who John knew, and the children are real children, not members of the church.


title: Second Epistle of John

text: What this letter says is similar to the Third Epistle of John. The traditional view is that all the letters are by the hand of John the Apostle, and the language and words used and arguments made all seem to support this idea.


title: Second Epistle of John

text: The letter also warns against people who say that Jesus was not a flesh-and-blood figure: "For many deceivers are entered into the world, who say that Jesus Christ has not come in the flesh." This shows that, from the time the epistle was first written, there were those who had docetic ideas about Jesus, believing that the human person of Jesus was really a pure spirit or did not come at all. John says that these people are deceivers and even calls them Antichrist that is against Christ. He says Christians should not receive such people.


title: Josephus

text: Titus Flavius Josephus (; 37 – 100), born Yosef ben Matityahu ( "Yōsef ben Matiṯyāhu"; "Iṓsēpos Matthíou paîs"), was a Jewish writer and historian who wrote a book about in the First Jewish–Roman War and destruction of Jerusalem in 70 . According to some historians, he wrote briefly about Jesus, some decades after Jesus died.


title: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

text: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) was a German physicist who worked in the Netherlands. He became known for the precise instruments he made. The degree Fahrenheit is named after him. He was the first to be able to determine the temperature with precision. His thermometers used Ethyl alcohol at first. When he read an article by Guillaume Amontons about using mercury in barometers, he got the idea of using that substance for his thermometers. He calibrated his mercury thermometers to a cold temperature he could produce easily, the freezing point of salt water.


title: Rigoberta Menchú

text: Rigoberta Menchú Tum (; born 9 January 1959) is a Guatemalan political and human rights activist. Menchú is known for her life to publicizing the rights of Guatemala's indigenous feminists during and after the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996), and to promoting indigenous rights in the country.


title: Kaja Kallas

text: Kaja Kallas (born 18 June 1977) is an Estonian politician. She is the Prime Minister of Estonia since 26 January 2021. She is the first woman to be Prime Minister of Estonia. She has been the leader of the Reform Party since 2018. She has been a Member of the Riigikogu from 2011 to 2014 and since 2019.


title: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

text: In 1724 he discovered that water can be supercooled below its freezing point without turning into ice.


title: Rigoberta Menchú

text: She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1992 and the Prince of Asturias Award in 1998. Menchú is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador. She has also become a figure in indigenous political parties and ran for President of Guatemala in 2007 and 2011.


title: Umbriel (moon)

text: Umbriel is a moon of Uranus found on October 24, 1851 by William Lassell. It was found at the same time as Ariel.


title: Alec Guinness

text: Sir Alec Guinness (2 April 1914 - 5 August 2000) was an Academy Award winning English actor. He was born in London. He is well known for the role of Obi-Wan Kenobi, a "Jedi master", in the Star Wars movie series (Episodes IV, V, and VI), a role that he was embarrassed with. He won an Academy Award for "Best Actor in a Leading Role". He got this award for acting in the movie "The Bridge on the River Kwai" (1957). Guinness also received a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award for that movie. He has also received a Tony Award. In 1989 he received a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. Guinness died from liver cancer in Midhurst, West Sussex, in 2000.


title: Umbriel (moon)

text: The name "Umbriel" and the names of all four moons of Uranus then known were suggested by John Herschel in 1852 at the request of Lassell. Lassell had earlier supported Herschel's 1847 naming scheme for the seven then-known moons of Saturn and had named his newly-found eighth moon Hyperion in accordance with Herschel's naming scheme in 1848. Umbriel is the 'dusky melancholy sprite' in Alexander Pope's "The Rape of the Lock", and the name suggests the Latin "umbra", shadow. The adjectival form of the name is "Umbrielian".


title: Umbriel (moon)

text: So far the only close-up images of Umbriel are from the "Voyager 2" probe, which made observations of the moon during its Uranus flyby in January, 1986. During the flyby the southern hemisphere of the moon was pointed towards the Sun so only it was studied.


title: Umbriel (moon)

text: Umbriel's surface is the darkest of the Uranian moons, and reflects only about half as much light as Ariel, Uranus' brightest moon. It has far more and bigger craters than do Ariel and Titania and is also the least geologically active. It is mostly made of water ice, with the balance made up of silicate rock, and other ices such as methane. Methane can break down and form reddish-black organic compounds such as tholins when bombarded by high-energy particles. Near-IR spectra of Ariel and Umbriel clearly show that water ice dominates the spectra of these objects.


title: Lemon balm

text: Lemon balm ("Melissa officinalis") is a perennial herb in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region. It grows to 70–150 cm tall. The leaves have a gentle lemon scent, related to mint. At the end of the summer, little white flowers full of nectar appear and attract bees. Its flavour comes from the terpenes citronellal, citronellol, citral, and geraniol.


title: Pope Innocent IV

text: Pope Innocent IV (; c. 1195 – December 7, 1254), born Sinibaldo Fieschi, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 181st Pope from June 25, 1243 until his death in 1254.


title: Nelspruit

text: Nelspruit also known as Mbombela is a city in northeastern South Africa. It is also the capital of Mpumalanga Province.


title: Pope Innocent IV

text: Cardinal Fieschi was elected pope on June 25, 1243. He chose the name Innocent IV. Ottobuono Fieschi was the pope's cardinal-nephew during this reign.


title: Nelspruit

text: Nelspruit is home to the Kruger national park which is one of the biggest animal park in South Africa. It is also home to the Mbombela Stadium.


title: Pope Innocent IV

text: Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes. The central problem of his papacy was a conflict with Frederick II, who was the Holy Roman Emperor.


title: Pope Innocent IV

text: Innocent granted the use of the red hat to the cardinals in 1245. The red had was a symbol of the cardinal's readiness to shed their blood in the cause of the church.


title: Alexis de Tocqueville

text: Alexis Charles-Henri-Maurice Clérel, Viscount de Tocqueville (; ; 29 July 180516 April 1859) was a French diplomat, political scientist and historian. He was best known for his works "Democracy in America" (appearing in two volumes, 1835 and 1840) and "The Old Regime and the Revolution" (1856).


title: Plano, Texas

text: Plano is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the ninth largest city in the state. Over 280,000 people live there. It has a humid subtropical climate ("Cfa" in the Koeppen climate classification).


title: Gneiss

text: Gneiss is a type of metamorphic rock. The minerals in gneiss may come from rocks which were originally either igneous or sedimentary. They were heated and squeezed, and the minerals recrystallized.


title: 93 (number)

text: Ninety-three is a number. It comes between ninety-two and ninety-four, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 1, 3, 31, and 93.


title: Gneiss

text: Orthogneiss is gneiss got from igneous rock (such as granite). Paragneiss is gneiss got from sedimentary rock (such as sandstone).


title: Gneiss

text: In gneisses, minerals tend to be foliated: layered and segregated into bands. Thus there are seams of quartz and of mica in a mica schist, very thin, but consisting essentially of one mineral.


title: Gneiss

text: The Lewisian complex or Lewisian Gneiss is a suite of Precambrian metamorphic rocks that outcrop in the northwestern part of Scotland, forming part of the Hebridean Terrane. These rocks are of Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic age, ranging from 3.0–1.7 Ga.


title: The X-Files

text: The X-Files is an American science fiction television series set in Maryland. It ran from its creation in 1993 until 2002, lasting for nine seasons. On January 24, 2016, a new season began airing. The series is about two FBI agents, Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) and Fox Mulder (David Duchovny). Together, they work to find answers to strange cases. Many of these cases have to do with aliens and the paranormal.


title: Eva Longoria

text: Eva Jacqueline Longoria (born March 15, 1975) is a Golden Globe Award-nominated American movie and television actress. She is best known for her role as Gabrielle Solis in the ABC television series "Desperate Housewives". She has also become an internationally recognized model after appearing in several high-profile advertising campaigns and numerous men's magazines.


title: Binomial expansion

text: Binomial expansion uses an expression to make a series. It uses a bracket expression like formula_1. There are three binomial expansions.


title: Steven Chu

text: Steven Chu (born February 28, 1948) is an American physicist. He was the 12th United States Secretary of Energy from 2009 to 2013. Chu is known for his research at Bell Labs in cooling and trapping of atoms with laser light, which won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997, along with his scientific colleagues Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips.


title: Parasite (2019 movie)

text: Parasite () is a 2019 South Korean black comedy thriller movie directed by Bong Joon-ho, who also wrote the movie's story. The movie stars Song Kang-ho, Lee Sun-kyun, Cho Yeo-jeong, Choi Woo-shik, and Park So-dam.


title: Forest Whitaker

text: Forest Steven Whitaker (born July 15, 1961) is an American actor, producer, and director. He has been known to study characters for movies like "Bird" and "", and for playing Jon Kavanaugh on "The Shield". Whitaker won an Academy Award for playing Ugandan dictator Idi Amin in the 2006 film "The Last King of Scotland". Whitaker has also won a Golden Globe and a BAFTA.


title: The X-Files

text: "The X-Files" was a very popular show; it is the second longest running science fiction show behind "Stargate SG-1". It also won awards like the Emmy Awards and the Golden Globe Awards.


title: Eva Longoria

text: Longoria announced her engagement to French NBA guard Tony Parker on November 30, 2006. Following French law, the couple married first in a civil ceremony on July 6, 2007 before they could exchange vows in a religious ceremony on July 7, 2007 at the Église Saint-Germain-l’Auxerrois in Paris. A reception was then held in Maincy, France at the Vaux-le-Vicomte castle. She got divorced in 2011. Longoria is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.


title: Steven Chu

text: Chu is the first Nobel Prize winner and the second Chinese American to hold a post in the United States Cabinet. Before becoming the United States Secretary of Energy, he was a professor of physics and molecular and cellular biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He was also the director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.


title: Parasite (2019 movie)

text: "Parasite" had its world premiere at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival on 21 May 2019, where it became the first Korean movie to win the Palme d'Or. It received positive reviews from critics. It also made $131 million worldwide, becoming the third highest-grossing movie in South Korea.


title: The X-Files

text: The plot of the show has to do with finding the answer to mysteries, or X-Files. Mulder believes that the answers to many of these mysteries have to do with aliens and the paranormal, while Scully believes that the answer can be found using science. Sometimes, there are monsters that are introduced into the show. Episodes with monsters in them are called "Monster-of-the-week" episodes.


title: Steven Chu

text: Before teaching at Berkeley, he was a professor of physics at Stanford University. He has argued for more research into alternative energy and nuclear power. He thinks the world should shift away from fossil fuels to help with climate change. For example, he discusses a global "glucose economy". This is a form of a low-carbon economy, in which glucose from tropical plants is shipped around like oil is today.


title: Parasite (2019 movie)

text: At the 92nd Academy Awards, the movie earned six nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best International Feature Film, winning all three categories. At the 77th Golden Globe Awards, the movie won the award for Best Foreign Language Film.


title: The X-Files

text: There is a plot in the show about Mulder's sister, Samantha Mulder. She was taken by aliens when she was little. Mulder spends a lot of time looking for her. In season seven, Mulder finds out that both the aliens and the government took his sister for experiments. They wanted to make an alien-human hybrid and used Samantha as a test subject.


title: Steven Chu

text: Chu was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He has ancestry from Taicang, Jiangsu. He attended and graduated from Garden City High School. He received both a B.A. in mathematics and a B.S. in physics in 1970 from the University of Rochester. He went on to earn his Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1976.


title: The X-Files

text: Mulder and Scully believe that there is a part of the government that is helping the aliens. They find out this is true. The part of the government that helps the aliens is called "The Syndicate." The Syndicate helps the aliens to take over Earth.


title: Steven Chu

text: He wrote a paper on gravitational redshift published in "Nature" (463, 926–929) in Feb 2010 and a second one co-authored in July 2010.


title: The X-Files

text: Eventually, Mulder is taken by the aliens and is replaced in the series by John Doggett, another FBI agent. Doggett and Scully then work together in season eight. In season nine, Scully is replaced by Monica Reyes.


title: Steven Chu

text: Under his leadership in 2010 the Department of Energy updated the water usage regulations on toilets and showers.


title: The X-Files

text: In 1998, a movie called "" was made. In the plot of the series, it is between seasons five and six. It is mainly about government conspiracy involving aliens. It was directed by Rob Bowman.


title: Steven Chu

text: His nomination to be Secretary of Energy was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate on January 20, 2009. On January 21, 2009, Chu was sworn in as Secretary of Energy in the Barack Obama administration.


title: The X-Files

text: Another movie, called "", was made in 2008, six years after the season ended. The movie is more like a horror story than a story about aliens. It was directed by Chris Carter. It earned $20,982,478 in the US, earned $47,386,956 in countries outside the US, and in total earned $68,369,434.


title: Steven Chu

text: In March 2011 Chu said that federal regulators should not delay approving licenses for construction for planned U.S. nuclear power plants because of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. "I think those things can proceed", Chu told reporters on Capital Hill, referring to construction license applications pending at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.


title: Steven Chu

text: In August 2011, Chu praised an advisory panel’s report on curbing the environmental risks of natural-gas development. Chu responded to the panel’s report on hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic fracturing breaks up rock to get more oil and gas out of the ground. The report recommendations include: greater data collection of air and water data, “rigorous” air pollution standards and mandatory disclosure of chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing process. “The report ... recommends a range of tools for implementing these measures, including regulation, continuous improvement in best practices by industry, and ongoing research and development,” Chu said in a statement. “I will be working closely with my colleagues in the Administration to review the recommendations and to chart a path for continued development of this vital energy resource in a safe manner,” he added.


title: Steven Chu

text: Republicans in Congress have accused Chu for changing a US$535 million federal loan to Solyndra, an energy company. When the company went bankrupt in 2011, the government lost the money. A House Energy and Commerce subcommittee asked Chu in 2011 about the loan.


title: Nemanja Vidić

text: Nemanja Vidić (born 21 October 1981) is a Serbian football player. He plays for Manchester United and Serbia national team.


title: Douglas Engelbart

text: Douglas Carl "Doug" Engelbart (January 30, 1925 – July 2, 2013) was an American inventor. Engelbart was known for inventing the computer mouse in 1964.


title: Douglas Engelbart

text: Engelbart was born on January 30, 1925 in Portland, Oregon. He studied at Oregon State College and at the University of California, Berkeley. Engelbart was married to Ballard Engelbart from 1950 until her death in 1997. They had four children. Engelbart died on July 2, 2013 from kidney failure in Atherton, California, aged 88.


title: Norwich City F.C.

text: Norwich City F.C. is an English football club based in Norwich, Norfolk. The club was started in 1902. They were relegated from the Premier League in the 2021-22 season. The manager is Dean Smith.


title: Prosper Mérimée

text: Prosper Mérimée (September 28, 1803 – September 23, 1870) was a French writer. He was also a historian and an archaeologist. He is probably best known for writing the short story "Carmen". "Carmen" became the basis for the opera "Carmen" by Georges Bizet.


title: Old World monkey

text: The Old World monkeys or Cercopithecidae are a group of primates which are native to Africa and Asia today.


title: Old World monkey

text: The Old World monkeys live in a range of environments from tropical rain forest to savanna, shrubland and mountainous terrain. They are also known from Europe in the fossil record. A (possibly introduced) free-roaming group of monkeys still survives in Gibraltar (Europe) to this day. Old World monkeys include many of the most familiar species of nonhuman primates, such as baboons and macaques.


title: Old World monkey

text: Old World monkeys are medium to large in size, and range from arboreal forms, such as the Colobus, to fully terrestrial forms, such as the baboons. The smallest is the talapoin, with a head and body 34–37 cm in length, and weighing between 0.7 and 1.3 kilograms, while the largest is the male mandrill at around 70 cm in length, and weighing up to 50 kilograms (the females are much smaller).


title: Old World monkey

text: By appearance, Old World monkeys are unlike apes in that most have tails (the family name means "tailed ape"), and unlike the New World monkeys in that their tails are never prehensile (used for holding on).


title: Old World monkey

text: In most species, daughters remain with their mothers for life, so that the basic social group among Old World monkeys is a matrilineal troop (led by the dominant female). Males leave the group on reaching adolescence, and find a new troop to join. In many species, only a single adult male lives with each group, driving off all rivals, but others are more tolerant, establishing relationships between dominant and subordinate males. Group sizes are highly variable, even within species, depending on the availability of food and other resources.


title: George Town, Cayman Islands

text: George Town, Grand Cayman, is the capital of the Cayman Islands, in the British West Indies. The town has a population of 20,626 (1999 estimates).


title: Alexandria, Virginia

text: Alexandria is a city in Virginia in the United States. It has a population of 159,200 in 2020. It is 6 miles south of Washington, D.C. It is by the Potomac River. The temperature is between 80°F to 100°F in the summer, and 20°F to 40°F in the winter.


title: Hertha BSC

text: Hertha BSC is a German football club based in Berlin. They started in 1892. Hertha Berlin was one of the founding clubs of the DFB (Deutscher Fußball Bund or German Football Association) in Leipzig in 1900.


title: Mohamed ElBaradei

text: Mohamed ElBaradei (born June 17, 1942) is an Egyptian scientist, administrator, politician, diplomat and 2005 recipient of the Nobel Prize for Peace.


title: The Prestige

text: The Prestige is a 2006 period movie directed by Christopher Nolan. The story follows Robert Angier and Alfred Borden, enemy stage magicians in fin de siècle London. Obsessed with creating the best stage Magic, they take part in a competition with tragic results.


title: Brassica rapa

text: Brassica rapa L. (syn. Brassica campestris L.), commonly known as turnip, turnip rape, fast plants, field mustard, or turnip mustard, is a plant widely cultivated as a leaf vegetable (see mizuna and napa cabbage), a root vegetable (see turnip), and an oilseed (but not normally rapeseed oil, from a different "Brassica" species).


title: Brigade

text: A brigade is a military unit in an army. Currently in most armies, a brigade is made up of several battalions. Up to World War II, a brigade had several regiments.


title: Hertha BSC

text: "BFC Hertha 92" (Berlin Foortbal Club Hertha 92) was formed in 1892. Its name and team colours were taken from a steamship with a blue and white funnel. One of the men who founded the club had taken a day trip on this ship with his father. Hertha is a variation on the name Nerthus, a Germanic fertility goddess.


title: Mohamed ElBaradei

text: ElBaradei is best known as the former Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) "(1997-2009)". The IAEA is an inter-governmental organization related to the United Nations. It is based in Vienna and tries to bring about the peaceful use of nuclear energy. ElBaradei and the IAEA were both awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005. They won the prize for their efforts in Iraq, finding that there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq.


title: Brassica rapa

text: The oilseeds known as canola are sometimes particular varieties of "Brassica rapa" (termed Polish Canola) but mostly the related species "Brassica napus" and "Brassica juncea".


title: Hertha BSC

text: Hertha always played well, but were not financially successful. They won the first Berlin championship final in 1905. Because of money troubles in 1920 Hertha merged with the richer "Berliner Sport-Club" to form "Hertha Berliner Sport Club". The new team was still successful, but never the best. Hertha BSC was in the German championship final every year from 1926 to 1930, but were only able to win in 1930. Hertha and BSC split in 1930, and Hertha won the championship again in 1931.


title: Hertha BSC

text: German football was re-organized under the Third Reich in 1933 into sixteen top-flight divisions, which saw "Hertha" playing in the Gauliga Berlin-Brandenburg. The club continued to be successful in their division, regularly finishing in the upper half of the table and capturing the divisional title in 1935, 1937, and 1944. However, they did not do well nationally, and never got past the early rounds of the national championshipships.


title: Hertha BSC

text: After World War II, occupying Allied authorities banned most organisations in Germany, including sports and football clubs. "Hertha" restarted at the end of 1945 as "SG Gesundbrunnen" (named after a district of northern Berlin) and resumed play in the Oberliga Berlin - Gruppe C. The thirty-six teams of the first season of the postwar Oberliga Berlin were reduced to just 12 the next year and the club found itself out of first division football and playing in the Amateurliga Berlin. By the end of 1949, they had become "Hertha BSC Berlin" again.


title: Hertha BSC

text: In the 1949/50 season the Soviets would not allow "Hertha" to play against East German teams, because they had signed some players and a coach who had left the Dresden club "SG Friedrichstadt" for West Berlin. A number of sides from the eastern half of the city were forced from the Oberliga Berlin to the newly established DDR-Liga beginning with the 1950-51 season.


title: Hertha BSC

text: Throughout the 1950's there was a rivalry with "Tennis Borussia Berlin", but the idea of the two merger between the two clubs in 1958 was rejected.


title: Hertha BSC

text: Hertha was a founder of the Bundesliga in 1963 and was Berlin's reigning champion. But Hertha was demoted after the 1964-65 season because the club had tried to bribe players to play in the city after the Berlin Wall had been built, and players did not want to move to the city. To keep a Berlin team in the Bundesliga, "Tasmania 1900 Berlin", were promoted instead. Tasmania were the worst side ever in the Bundesliga history. "Hertha" returned to the Bundesliga in 1968-69 and became Berlin's favourite side.


title: Hertha BSC

text: "Hertha" had to sell the team's former home ground in 1974 when investigations about the match fixing scandal of 1971 showed that the club was 6 million DM (€3 million) in debt.


title: Hertha BSC

text: The team continued to enjoy a fair measure of success during the 70s but gradually slipped down into the third tier Amateur Oberliga Berlin where they spent two seasons (1986-87 and 1987-88).


title: Hertha BSC

text: After two turns in the Bundesliga (1982-83 and 1990-91) Hertha was immediately relegated after poor performances. "Hertha"'s amateur side was more successful, getting to the final of the German Cup in 1993 where they lost 0:1 to Bundesliga side "Bayer Leverkusen".


title: Hertha BSC

text: By 1994 Hertha BSC was 10 million DM (€5 million) in debt. More land had to be sold and a new sponsor and management team were found. By 1997 "Hertha" got back into the Bundesliga. The y were the first Berlin club in 10 years to be in the top division. Since then they have generally finished in the top third of the Bundesliga.


title: Hertha BSC

text: Most recently, bright spots for the side have been a continuous string of appearances in international play in the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Champions League beginning in the 1999 season, and the signing of players such as Sebastian Deisler and Brazilian international Marcelinho, named the Bundesliga's player of the year in May of 2005. Hertha has also invested heavily in its own youth football academy, which has produced several players with Bundesliga potential.


title: Hertha BSC

text: The team was close to relegation in the 2003-04 season, but managed to finished 4th the following season. Hertha only missed out on the Champions League after they were held to a draw on the final day by Hannover 96, which saw Werder Bremen over take them for the spot on the final day. As a thank-you gesture, Werder sent the Hannover squad ninety-six bottles of champagne. In 2005-06 the "Herthaner" finished 6th, and qualified for the UEFA Cup by defeating FK Moskva in the Intertoto Cup.


title: Hertha BSC

text: "Hertha BSC" plays its matches in Berlin's Olympiastadion. It is biggest stadium in Germany except for "Borussia Dortmund"'s Westfalenstadion.


title: Hertha BSC

text: The Olympiastadion hosts the annual German Cup final and was the site for six matches of the 2006 FIFA World Cup as well as the tournament final.


title: Hertha BSC

text: From 1904 to 1963, "Hertha"'s home ground was the Plumpe in Wedding's Gesundbrunnen district. A new stadium was built there in 1923. "BSC" left that site when it joined the Bundesliga in 1963. It was the sale of the Plumpe site in 1974 helped the club avoid bankruptcy


title: Justine Henin

text: Justine Henin (born June 1, 1982 in Liège) is a Belgian former professional tennis player and a World Number 1. She won seven Grand Slam singles titles, including four (and three in a row) at the French Open. She is two-time runner up at Wimbledon but never won the title. Her mental toughness and her one-handed backhand are recognized by great tennis players. One of the greatest tennis player of all time, Billie Jean King has said that Justine is the best player of her generation. She was known as "Justine Henin-Hardenne" for a while, until she separated from her husband in 2007 and went back to her maiden name of Justine Henin. She retired in 2008 but announced her comeback on 22 September after seeing the success of her compatriot Kim Clijsters.


title: Delta Air Lines

text: Delta Air Lines, Inc. is a large airline from the United States. They are headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Their largest hub is also in Atlanta. Delta's first flight was in 1929. In 1972, Delta merged with Northeast Airlines. In 1987, Delta merged with Western Airlines. In 2009, they merged with Northwest Airlines. Until 2013, Delta was the world's largest airline. As of 2016, the airline goes to 334 cities and has 819 planes.


title: Black-footed cat

text: The black-footed cat ("Felis nigripes") is the smallest African cat. It is endemic to the southwestern dry zone of Southern Africa. It is listed as 'vulnerable' on the IUCN Red List.


title: Themistocles

text: Themistocles (?524 BC-?460 BC) was an Ancient Greek Athenian politician and general. He fought against the Persians at the Battle of Marathon as a young man. He later persuaded Athens to build a navy which he commanded in the defeat of the Persians at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC.


title: Bernard of Clairvaux

text: Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) was a French theologian. He is a Roman Catholic saint. He was an abbot in the Cistercian order. He was also the patron of the Knights Templar.


title: Ombudsman

text: An ombudsman (, , ) is an official who is usually hired by the government or by parliament. In some countries, an inspector general, citizen activist or other official may have duties similar to those of a national ombudsman. An ombudsman may be appointed by a state, local, or city government.


title: Black-footed cat

text: Males when measured from head-to-body are 36.7 to 43.3 cm (14.4 to 17.0 in) with 16.4 to 19.8 cm (6.5 in to 7.8 in) tails. Females at head-to-body measure max 36.9 cm (14.5 in) and tails measure 12.6 to 17.0 cm (5.0 to 6.7 in).


title: Leda (moon)

text: Leda or , is a moon of Jupiter. Unlike many moons, it is not a sphere. Charles T. Kowal found it working at the Mount Palomar Observatory on September 14, 1974. He took photographs for three nights September 11 through 13. Leda is in all of the photographs. The moon'S name come from Leda in Greek mythology. She was one of Zeus's lovers. Zeus is the Greek equivalent of Jupiter. Zeus came to Leda in the shape of a swan. Kowal suggested the name and the IAU supported it in 1975.


title: Tennessee River

text: The Tennessee River is a tributary, or a river that flows into, the Ohio River. Its path makes a crescent. It starts in eastern Tennessee before entering Alabama. After entering Alabama it goes north and for a few miles, forms the boundary between Alabama and Mississippi. Then it flows through Tennessee and Kentucky, where it joins with the Ohio River at the city of Paducah. The watershed for the Tennessee River includes parts of the states of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi.


title: No Country for Old Men (movie)

text: No Country for Old Men is a 2007 movie made by the Coen Brothers. It won "Best Picture", "Best Director", and "Best Adapted Screenplay" at the 2007 Academy Awards.


title: Crane (machine)

text: A crane is a lifting machine that has hoists, wire ropes and sheaves on it. It can be used both to raise and lower things or to move them left and right. Cranes are often used in the construction industry (building houses or buildings) and in creating or moving heavy things.


title: Ballistics

text: Ballistics is a science about the motion of projectiles (flying objects), mainly about bullets which are fired from guns or cannon. This science shows us the path and behavior of projectiles. Gun ballistics may be divided into the following four categories.


title: Logar Province

text: Logar (, ) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the eastern part of the country. Most of the people are Pashtun.


title: Leda (moon)

text: Leda belongs to the Himalia group. They are five moons orbiting between 11,000,000 and 13,000,000 km from Jupiter at an inclination of about 27.5°. The orbital elements given here are as of January 2000, but they are changing a lot because gravity effects from the sun and planets.


title: Meter (poetry)

text: The units of poetic meter, like rhyme, vary from language to language and between poetic traditions. They can involve arrangements of syllables into repeated patterns called "feet" within a line. English meter is founded on the patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. In Latin and Greek verse, on the other hand, while the metrical units are similar, not syllable stresses but syllable lengths are the component parts of meter.


title: Mieszko I of Poland

text: Mieszko I (c. 935 – May 25, 992) was a duke of the Polans and the first christian ruler of Poland. He was father of Boleslaw I, first polish king. His politican masterpiece called ,The Baptism of Poland" caused, that germans,bohemians and vielets didn't anymore attacked Poland, beacause he got a baptism from the bishop from the Bohemia, which was a german Fiefdom.


title: Basil II

text: Basil II (958 – December 15, 1025), was a Byzantine emperor from the Macedonian dynasty from January 10, 976 to December 15, 1025. Under his reign, the Byzantine Empire reached its greatest height since Justinian the Great. Under his reign, the First Bulgarian Empire was completely taken by him, a land that would be part of his empire for 150 years. Because of this, the northern part of the Roman Empire touched the Danube river for the first time in several hundred years. He also took land towards the east.


title: Bithynia

text: Bithynia was an old kingdom of a Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor. It was at the coast of the Black Sea. It was named after the Bithyni, a tribe that moved there from Thrace. It was an important territory for the Roman empire. Bithynia was also the site of early Christian activities in the first and second centuries AD.


title: Irving, Texas

text: Irving is a city in Dallas County, Texas. As of 2010, the population was 225,427. It is the thirteenth largest city in Texas. The arrest of Ahmed Mohamed in September 2015 resulted in claims of Islamophobia against some officials in the city.


title: Mieszko I of Poland

text: He was a son of the Siemomysł, the ruler of Polans, and grandson of the Lestek, she was also a father of: Boleslaw I of Poland, the first king of Poland, Mieszko Mieszkowic, Świętosława, the queen of the Vikings and the Granfather of Cnut the Great, the king of the vikings, Mieszko Mieszkowic, Lambert Mieszkowic and Vladivoj - the Duke of Bohemia


title: Mieszko I of Poland

text: Mieszko was a great politican, an example of his politician and strategist genius was the fact, that he adopted christianity from the Bishop from Bohemia, which was a german fiefdom, and he stopped most of the attacks of Vielets, Bohemians and Germans. He was also a big friend of the Holy Roman Empire's Emperor. He conquered almost all of the terrains of today's Poland and he United all of the Polish tribes in one country, with the capital in Gniezno.


title: Mieszko I of Poland

text: Gallus Anonymus writes that Mieszko was blind until his 7th birthday. That information was used by later chroniclers, but it's probably just an allegory.


title: Mieszko I of Poland

text: Mieszko was the first catholic ruler in Poland, he married Dobrawa of Bohemia and after that got baptised.


title: Waterloo, Belgium

text: Waterloo () (in Walloon: "Waterlô") is a Walloon municipality in the province of Walloon Brabant, Belgium. On January 1, 2006, Waterloo had a total population of 29,315. The total area is 21.03 km².


title: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

text: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788), usually called Buffon, was a French naturalist. He was also a mathematician, cosmologist and encyclopedic author.


title: Fluorite

text: Fluorite is the mineral form of calcium fluoride. It has a chemical formula of CaF where Ca stands for calcium, and F stands for Fluorine.


title: Air Canada

text: Air Canada is Canada's largest airline. It flies from Canada to the United States, Europe, Asia, Australia, and some Caribbean countries. Air Canada began on September 1, 1937. It was first called "Trans-Canada Air Lines". The first flight was from Vancouver to Seattle. The airline's name changed to "Air Canada" in 1964. Air Canada was privatized in 1989. A large strike was launched by Air Canada pilots in September 1998. Air Canada bought Canadian Airlines in 2000. Since the early 2000s Air Canada has had many financial problems.


title: Liestal

text: Liestal is a town in Switzerland. It is the capital of the Swiss canton of Basel-Landschaft. It is south of Basel. As of December 2012, 13,771 people lived there.


title: Vevey

text: Vevey is a town in Switzerland. Vevey is the site of the world headquarters of Nestlé, founded in 1867. Milk chocolate was invented in Vevey by Daniel Peter in 1857.


title: David Copperfield (illusionist)

text: David Seth Kotkin (September 16, 1956), known professionally as David Copperfield, is an American illusionist. He is described by "Forbes" as the most commercially successful magician in history. Copperfield's career of over 40 years has earned him 11 Guinness World Records. Copperfield has won a total of 21 Emmy Awards. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Copperfield was knighted by the French government. He has also been named a Living Legend by the US Library of Congress. Copperfield was born in Metuchen, New Jersey, United States. His parents were immigrants from the USSR which is now present-day Ukraine.


title: Jihlava

text: Jihlava () is a city in the Czech Republic. It is the capital of the Vysočina Region. In 2020, 51,216 people lived there.


title: Waterloo, Belgium

text: In the Battle of Waterloo (Sunday 18 June 1815[5] near Waterloo, Belgium) the French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte defeated by the Prussian army and the Anglo-Allied army. The defeat at Waterloo put an end to Napoleon's rule as the French emperor. After the Battle


title: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

text: His collected information influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck and Georges Cuvier.


title: Fluorite

text: Fluorite is the main source of fluorine and fluorides. It naturally fluoridates drinking water in places where it is found. It has a hardness of 5. It barely dissolves in water. Geologists have found about 9000 deposits of fluorite found on the Earth. It is mainly mined in China, Mexico and Russia.


title: Air Canada

text: Air Canada has ordered the Boeing 737 MAX airplanes for the future. It is still receiving more Embraers and Boeing 787s. In the past, Air Canada had Airbus A340s, Boeing 727s, Boeing 737s, Boeing 747s, Douglas DC-8s, Douglas DC-9s and Embraer 170s.


title: Jihlava

text: The city is on the Jihlava river () on the historical border between Moravia and Bohemia. It is the oldest mining town in the country.


title: Waterloo, Belgium

text: The battlefield is in present-day Belgium, about eight miles (12 km) SSE of Brussels, and about a mile (1.6 km) from the town of Waterloo.


title: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

text: Buffon published 35 volumes of his "Histoire naturelle" during his lifetime, and nine more were published after his death, for a total of 44 volumes. "Truly, Buffon was the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the 18th century".


title: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

text: Buffon held the position of Intendant (Director) of the "Jardin du Roi", now called the "Jardin des Plantes"; it is the French equivalent of Kew Gardens. The "Lycée Buffon" in Paris is named after him.


title: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

text: Buffon is best remembered for his "Histoire naturelle". "Written in a brilliant style, this work was read ... by every educated person in Europe". It was translated into many different languages, making him one of the most widely read authors of the day, a rival to Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Voltaire.


title: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

text: In the opening volumes of the "Histoire naturelle" Buffon questioned the usefulness of mathematics, criticized Carl Linnaeus's taxonomical approach to natural history, outlined a history of the Earth with little relation to the Biblical account, and proposed a theory of reproduction which ran counter to existing ideas.


title: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

text: The early volumes were condemned by the Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne. Buffon published a retraction, but he continued publishing the offending volumes without any change.


title: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

text: Buffon noted that despite similar environments, different regions of the world have distinct plants and animals. This observation, later known as Buffon's Law, may be the first principle of biogeography.


title: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

text: Buffon understood the idea of common descent, and discussed it a number of times. This does not mean he believed in it. Probably he did not, but he discussed it fairly openly on a number of occasions. Interpreting his ideas is not simple, for he returned to topics many times in the course of his work.


title: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

text: In volume 14 he argued that all the world's quadrupeds had developed from an original set of just thirty-eight quadrupeds. On this basis, he is sometimes considered a "transformist" and a precursor of Darwin.


title: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

text: In "Les époques de la nature" (1778) Buffon discussed the origins of the solar system, speculating that the planets had been created by a comet's collision with the sun.


title: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

text: He also suggested that the earth originated much earlier than the 4004 BC of Archbishop James Ussher. Basing his figures on the cooling rate of iron tested at his Laboratory le Petit Fontenet at Montbard, he calculated that the age of the earth was 75,000 years. Once again, his ideas were condemned by the Sorbonne, and again he issued a retraction to avoid further problems.


title: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

text: Charles Darwin wrote in his preliminary historical sketch added to the third edition of "On the Origin of Species": "Passing over... Buffon, with whose writings I am not familiar." Then, from the fourth edition onwards, he amended this to say that "the first author who in modern times has treated it [evolution] in a scientific spirit was Buffon. But as his opinions fluctuated greatly at different periods, and as he does not enter on the causes or means of the transformation of species, I need not here enter on details."


title: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

text: He was not an evolutionist, yet he was the father of evolutionism. He was the first person to discuss a large number of evolutionary problems, problems that before Buffon had not been raised by anybody... he brought them to the attention of the scientific world.


title: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

text: Except for Aristotle and Darwin, no other student of organisms [whole animals and plants] has had as far-reaching an influence.


title: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

text: More than anyone else, he was responsible for the acceptance of a long-time scale for the history of the earth.


title: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

text: And yet, he hindered evolution by his frequent endorsement of the immutability of species. He provided a criterion of species, fertility among members of a species, that was thought impregnable.


title: Oxnard, California

text: Oxnard is the largest city in Ventura County, California. Over 200,000 people live there. Founded in 1903. It is at the western edge of the fertile Oxnard Plain, and is one of the world's most important agricultural places, that has the strawberry and lima bean capital.


title: Pechenegs

text: The Pechenegs or Patzinaks (, , or , /in Hungarian diplomas) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic language family.


title: Ceiling

text: A ceiling is the surface that covers the upper limit of a room. It is not generally considered a structural element, as it does not hold anything up. It simply conceals the underside of the floor or roof above it.


title: Gulf of Naples

text: The Gulf of Naples (Italian: "Golfo di Napoli") is on the south-western coast of Italy. Also called the Bay of Naples, it is a c. gulf in the province of Naples, Campania region.


title: Turing Award

text: The ACM A.M. Turing Award is an annual prize given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) to "an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community". It is named after Alan Turing and is given each year in New York City. It is the highest award that could be given to a computer scientist. and the "Nobel Prize of computing".


title: Zingiberales

text: Zingiberales is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely recognised by the taxonomists, at least for the past few decades. This order includes many familiar plants like ginger, cardamom, turmeric, galangal and myoga of the Zingiberaceae or ginger family, and bananas and plantains of the Musaceae or banana family, along with arrowroot of the Marantaceae or arrowroot family.


title: Jayapura

text: Jayapura is the fourth largest city by economy in Eastern Indonesia—after Makassar, Denpasar, and Manado—with a 2016 GDP at Rp19.48 trillion.


title: Ceiling

text: There are many different types of ceilings in architecture. In religious buildings, the ceilings are often decorated with frescos, mosaic tiles and other surface treatments. Perhaps the most famous example is the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo.


title: Gulf of Naples

text: The bay opens to the west into the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered on the north by Naples and Pozzuoli, on the east by Mount Vesuvius, and on the south by Sorrento and the Sorrentine Peninsula. The Peninsula separates the Gulf of Naples from the Gulf of Salerno, which includes the Amalfi coast.


title: Turing Award

text: The first Turing Award was given in 1966 to Alan Perlis, a teacher at Carnegie Mellon University. It has been given every year since.


title: Gulf of Naples

text: The islands of Capri, Ischia and Procida are in the Gulf of Naples. The area is a tourist destination, with the seaside Roman ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum at the foot of Mount Vesuvius. These towns were covered with volcanic ash in the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius.


title: Turing Award

text: The first recipient, in 1966, was Alan Perlis, of Carnegie Mellon University. Frances E. Allen of IBM, in 2006, was the first female recipient in the award's forty-year history.


title: Pterygota

text: Pterygota is a subclass of insects that includes the winged insects. It also includes insect orders that are secondarily wingless. That means insect groups whose ancestors once had wings but that have lost them later in evolution.


title: Mortality rate

text: It is often reported as a number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year. For example, a mortality rate of 9 in a population of 1,000 would mean 9 deaths per year in that entire population.


title: Staphylococcus

text: Staphylococcus is a genus of gram-positive bacteria. The name comes from the ("staphylē") which means "bunch of grapes" and κόκκος ("kókkos") which means "granule". Under a microscope they appear round, because they are cocci. They form in grape-like clusters.


title: Pterygota

text: The Pterygota today includes almost all insects. That is because flying led to a great radiation of insect types. The groups without flight are in the Apterygota.


title: Staphylococcus

text: The "Staphylococcus" genus includes at least forty species. Of these, nine have two subspecies and one has three subspecies. Most are harmless and live normally on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other organisms. Found worldwide, they are a small component of soil microbial flora.


title: Pterygota

text: In the Pterygota, are the Palaeoptera and the Neoptera. The Palaeoptera is paraphyletic, and its classification is being discussed. Likewise the Exopterygota. There are no agreed alternatives at present, so the taxonomy is left in its traditional form.


title: Pterygota

text: The Endopterygota is made up of all the insects which have complete metamorphosis. It is agreed to be a good monophyletic clade, even though some of the details may need to be adjusted.


title: David Fincher

text: Fincher was born in Denver, Colorado. When he was two, he moved to San Anselmo, California. When he was in his teens, he moved to Ashland, Oregon.


title: David Fincher

text: He directed "Alien 3", "Seven", "The Game", "Fight Club", "Panic Room", "Zodiac", "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button", "The Social Network" , "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and Gone Girl". He won a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award for directing The Social Network. He also directed the first 2 episodes for the TV show "house of cards"


title: David Fincher

text: He has also directed music videos, including Love Is Strong by The Rolling Stones, which won a Grammy Award.


title: Hayden Panettiere

text: Hayden Lesley Panettiere (born August 21, 1989) is an American actress, singer and a Grammy Award nominee.


title: Kingston, Ontario

text: Kingston, Ontario is a Canadian city at the eastern end of Lake Ontario. Here the lake runs into the St. Lawrence River and the Thousand Islands begin.


title: Dizzy Gillespie

text: John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie (October 21, 1917 – January 6, 1993) was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, singer and composer.


title: Yaroslav the Wise

text: Yaroslav I, Grand Prince of Rus<nowiki>'</nowiki>, known as Yaroslav the Wise (c. 978 – February 20, 1054) was Grand Prince of Novgorod and Kyiv. He brought together the two principalities for a time under his rule.


title: Notre-Dame fire

text: A fire broke out at Notre Dame de Paris at around 18:50 local time on 15 April 2019. Notre Dame is the Roman-Catholic cathedral of Paris. It is in the center of the city. The fire made the roof and main spire fall. The building's vaulted stone ceiling contained the burning roof as it collapsed, preventing worse damage to the interior.


title: Hayden Panettiere

text: She first appeared on TV as a baby in commercials, and had her first role at the age of four in the TV show "One Life To Live". She is also well known for her work in trying to stop whaling. In January 2008, Panettiere spoke at an anti-whaling meeting in Washington D.C., and later spoke to representatives from Norway, Iceland and Japan.


title: Kingston, Ontario

text: Kingston is nicknamed the ""Limestone City"" because of the many old and important buildings built from the local limestone.


title: Dizzy Gillespie

text: As an instrumentalist, bandleader, singer, and composer, Gillespie was the youngest of nine children. His father was a local bandleader, so instruments were made available to him at an early age. He started to play the piano at the age of 9.


title: Yaroslav the Wise

text: A son of the Varangian (Viking) Grand Prince Vladimir the Great, he was vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father’s death in 1015. His oldest surviving brother, Svyatopolk the Accursed, killed three of his other brothers and took power in Kyiv. Yaroslav, with the support of the Novgorodians and the help of Varangian mercenaries, defeated Svyatopolk. He became the Grand Prince of Kyiv in 1019. Yaroslav started to write down the legal customs. This served as the basis for a law code called the Russkaya Pravda ("Russian Justice"). During his long reign, Rus' reached the height of its cultural flowering and military power.


title: Notre-Dame fire

text: Around 23:00 local time, the spokesperson of the Paris firefighters said that the structure would probably be saved. This includes the north tower; at times, it was feared that the north tower would also be affected.


title: Kingston, Ontario

text: The city sits besides Fort Henry and the Rideau Canal which was registered in 2007 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


title: Dizzy Gillespie

text: Nicknamed Dizzy because of how he acts during performances, Gillespie set new standards for trumpet players with his innovative rhythmic and harmonic explorations. This definitive change moved American jazz from swing to 'bebop'. Together with Charlie Parker, he was a major figure in the development of modern jazz.


title: Notre-Dame fire

text: Over 400 people helped fight the fire. They used 18 specially built fire hoses to put water on the flames. Two police officers were injured, and one firefighter was critically wounded, who was treated in a nearby hospital.


title: Kingston, Ontario

text: Kingston is a very old and historic city. It has been the site of battles between Canada and the United States. It was also the Capital of Canada at one time.


title: Dizzy Gillespie

text: Gillespie died on January 6, 1993 at age 75 from pancreatic cancer. At the time of his death Gillespie had two funerals. One was a Bahá´í funeral at his request, at which his closest friends and colleagues attended. The second was at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City open to the public where everyone can attend.


title: Notre-Dame fire

text: At the time the fire was being fought, its cause was not known, but it was being treated as an accident. The investigation most strongly suspected a case of "accidental destruction by fire", but had not ruled anything out, saying it was too early to know the cause of the fire. It is not yet known if renovation work contributed to the fire. There have been other cases where renovation-related fires smoulder for hours unseen before breaking out. The firm Le Bras Frères that was carrying out the renovations stated they had followed procedure, and would co-operate fully with the investigation. They also stated that none of their personnel were on site at the time the fire broke out.


title: A Clockwork Orange (movie)

text: A Clockwork Orange is a 1971 British-American crime drama thriller movie. It was written, directed and produced by Stanley Kubrick. It is based on Anthony Burgess' 1962 short novel "A Clockwork Orange". It includes disturbing, violent images. Its social commentary touches on psychiatry, youth gangs, and other social, political, and economic subjects in a dystopian vision of a not-too-future Britain.


title: Midnight sun

text: Midnight sun is a phenomenon that exists north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle. It means that the sun, on parts of the year, is visible the whole night long. The sun above the horizon at midnight in the arctic or Antarctic summer.


title: Al-Qassim Region

text: Al-Qassim Region (, Minṭaqat al-Qaṣīm [ælqɑˈsˤiːm]) is one of the thirteen administrative regions of Saudi Arabia. It has a population of 1,370,727. It has an area of . It is known to be the "alimental basket" of the country, for its agricultural assets. Al-Qassim is the richest region per capita in Saudi Arabia. It is the seventh most populated region in the country after Jizan. It is the fifth most densely populated region. Its capital city is Buraydah.