title: Atmospheric chemistry

text: Studying the atmosphere includes studying the interactions between the atmosphere and living organisms. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere changes as result of natural processes such as volcano emissions, lightning and bombardment by solar particles from the Sun's corona. It has also been changed by human activity. Some of these changes are harmful to human health, crops and ecosystems. Examples of problems include acid rain, ozone depletion, photochemical smog, greenhouse gases and global warming. Atmospheric chemists study the causes of these problems. Atmospheric chemists offer theories about these problems, then test the theories and possible solutions. Atmospheric chemists also note the effects of changes in government policy.


title: Insider trading

text: stock. A stock could be worth more or less than the public knows, depending on how well a company is doing in making money, new innovations, sales and demand.


title: Bhumika Chawla

text: Her notable performances include appearances in films such as Kushi (2001), Okkadu (2003), Tere Naam (2003), Missamma (2003), Sillunu Oru Kaadhal (2006), Gandhi, My Father (2007), Anasuya (2007), Buddy (2013), M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story (2016 ), MCA (2017), and U Turn (2018). She has won four Nandi Awards, one Filmfare Awards South, one SIIMA award, one Zee Cine award, and one Zee Apsara award.


title: Atmospheric chemistry

text: Notes: the concentration of CO and CH vary by season and location. The mean molecular mass of air is 28.97 g/mol.


title: Bhumika Chawla

text: Chawla was born in a Punjabi family in New Delhi, India and completed her schooling there. Her father is a retired Army officer. Bhumika has two siblings, an elder brother and sister.


title: Atmospheric chemistry

text: The ancient Greeks regarded air as one of the four elements. The first scientific studies of atmospheric composition began in the 18th century. Chemists such as Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier and Henry Cavendish made the first measurements of the composition of the atmosphere.


title: Bhumika Chawla

text: She moved to Mumbai in 1997 and started her career with Ad films and Hindi music video albums. She appeared in the Zee TV series Hip Hip Hurray and Star Best Sellers - Fursat Mein.


title: Atmospheric chemistry

text: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries interest shifted towards trace constituents with very small concentrations. One important discovery for atmospheric chemistry was the discovery of ozone by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1840.


title: Bhumika Chawla

text: Chawla married her long-time boyfriend and yoga teacher Bharat Thakur on 21 October 2007 at Devlali, Nashik in a Gurdwara. She went regularly to Thakur's courses and is said to have dated him for four years before marrying him. The couple has a son born in February 2014.


title: Atmospheric chemistry

text: The concentrations of trace gases in the atmosphere have changed over time and so have the chemical processes which make and destroy compounds in the air. Two important examples of this were the explanation by Sydney Chapman and Gordon Dobson of how the ozone layer is created and maintained, and the explanation of photochemical smog by Arie Jan Haagen-Smit. Further studies on ozone issues led to the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry award shared between Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina and Frank Sherwood Rowland.


title: Atmospheric chemistry

text: In the 21st century the focus is now shifting again. Atmospheric chemistry is increasingly studied as one part of the Earth system. Before, scientists focused on atmospheric chemistry in isolation. Now, scientists study atmospheric chemistry as one part of a single system with the rest of the atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere. A reason for this is the links between chemistry and climate. For example, changing climate and the recovery of the ozone hole affect each other. Also, the composition of the atmosphere interact with the oceans and terrestrial ecosystems.


title: Atmospheric chemistry

text: Observations, lab measurements and modeling are the three central elements in atmospheric chemistry. All three methods are used together. For example, observations may tell that more of a chemical compound exists than previously thought possible. This will stimulate new modelling and laboratory studies which will increase scientific understanding to a point where the observations can be explained.


title: Atmospheric chemistry

text: Observations of atmospheric chemistry are important. Scientist record data about the chemical composition of air over time to watch for any changes. One example of this is the Keeling Curve - a series of measurements from 1958 to today which show a steady rise in of the concentration of carbon dioxide. Observations of atmospheric chemistry are made in observatories such as that on Mauna Loa and on mobile platforms such as aircraft, ships and balloons. Observations of atmospheric composition are increasingly made by satellites giving a global picture of air pollution and chemistry. Surface observations have the advantage that they provide long term records at high time resolution but provide data from a limited vertical and horizontal space. Some surface based instruments such as LIDAR can provide concentration profiles of chemical compounds and aerosol but are still restricted in the horizontal region they cover. Many observations are shared on-line.


title: Atmospheric chemistry

text: Measurements made in the laboratory are essential to our understanding of the sources and sinks of pollutants and compounds found in nature. Lab studies tell which gases react with each other and how fast they react. Scientists measure reactions in the gas phase, on surfaces and in water. Scientists also study photochemistry which quantifies how quickly molecules are split apart by sunlight and what the products are. Scientists also study thermodynamic data such as Henry's law coefficients.


title: Barrel organ

text: A barrel organ plays music by using turning a barrel, with notes decided by an arrangement of pins. It is very similar to a simple music box where the pins pluck a metal harp. With a barrel organ, the pins in the barrel lift "keys" that open valves that let air from the bellows to play the pipes.


title: Hydrofoil

text: A hydrofoil is a type of boat that can lift its hull out of the water with a pair of special wings underwater. These wings are like the wings of an airplane.


title: Virudhunagar district

text: Virudhunagar district is one of the 32 districts of Tamil Nadu in southern India. Virudhunagar is the district headquarters. Virudhunagar district was formed by the separation of Ramanathapuram District on 1987 into Ramanathapuram District, Sivagangai District and the west part as Virudhunagar District. Virudhunagar district was formerly called Karmavirar Kamarajar District. As of 2011, Virudhunagar district had a population of 1,942,288 with a sex-ratio of 1,007 females for every 1,000 males. up from 1,751,301 in 2001,


title: Agkistrodon contortrix

text: Agkistrodon contortrix is a species of venomous snake. The common name for this species is the eastern copperhead. It lives mainly on the eastern coast of North America and in the Mississippi drainage. They're common. Compared to others they're more likely to bite if they feel threatened. They're medium sized. One of the longest ones ever recorded measuring a little more than four feet long. The copperhead is venomous, but its venom is rarely fatal to humans.


title: Ski resort

text: A ski resort is a place where people go skiing or to do other winter sports. Usually, these places are towns or villages in the mountains. This is because a lot of snow is needed for these sports. Ski lifts and slopes down the mountain are also needed. The lifts are usually cable cars, gondola lifts and chairlifts. Ski resorts also have hotels and restaurants for tourists.


title: Popular sovereignty

text: Popular sovereignty is the idea that the power of a state and its government are created and sustained by the permission of its people. They give their permission through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who is the source of all political power. It is very similar to a social contract, with philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.


title: Barrel organ

text: The barrel organ is sometimes wrongly called a hurdy gurdy, which is a string instrument. Barrel organs come in many different sizes from hand carried ones to large sizes carried on a wagon or trailer. Usually each barrel had a number of tunes on it, and the tune could be changed to different selection by lifting an indexing pin and sliding the barrel to the next index position. Even a small hand carried organ could play six or eight tunes. Stationary barrel organs, built into large houses or churches, were larger pipe organs, and could play longer, and more serious music. Some had different barrels or revolving barrel changers, which meant they did not need an organist to play them, and had a larger selection of music. Organs built in a church, allowed people to sing, accompanied by organ. Some of the only organ music composed by Mozart, was supposedly written for a barrel organ built into a clock.


title: Hydrofoil

text: When a hydrofoil moves quickly, its wings allow it to fly. When this happens the boat is said to be in "foilborne". The result of flying means less of the boat is touching the water and can make the boat have less drag which allows it to move faster (drag slows a boat down).


title: Virudhunagar district

text: Virudhunagar district is one of the leading producer of match sticks, fireworks and printing in the country, mostly concentrated in and around Sivakasi. Sivakasi is called as Small Japan for being one of the largest fireworks producer in the world. Virudhunagar is also the main market for Sesame oil, chicory, coffee seeds, dry chillies and pulses.


title: Agkistrodon contortrix

text: Copperhead snakes have reddish-brown bodies with a crossband pattern consisting of tan and copper. The average length adult copperheads is 76 cm in length. and are normally described as heavy-bodied snakes. Copperheads are sexually dimorphic. The head has a solid, rich brown color. Copperhead venom is usually not fatal to healthy adult humans. They can live up to 18 years.


title: Ski resort

text: There are many ski resorts around the world. The Alps in Europe have a lot, and so do the United States and Canada. There are very few in Africa because it does not snow a lot there.


title: Popular sovereignty

text: Americans created their Revolution and government on popular sovereignty. In the 1850s Popular sovereignty in the United States meant a very controversial way to deal with slavery in the territories. This was pushed by senator Stephen A. Douglas. It meant that people living in a territory would be the ones to decide if slavery would be allowed. It led to fighting in Bleeding Kansas. This was because abolitionists (people who didn't want slavery) and pro-slavery people came to the Kansas territory in order to decide the elections.


title: Agkistrodon contortrix

text: It is found in North America. In the United States, it is found in Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Northern Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and West Virginia. In Mexico, it is found in Chihuahua and Coahuila.


title: Agkistrodon contortrix

text: It lives in many different types of habitats. In most of North America, it likes deciduous forest and mixed woodlands. During the winter, it hibernates in caves or in cracks in limestone. It is also found in coniferous forest. It is also found in the Chihuahuan Desert of West Texas and northern Mexico.


title: Agkistrodon contortrix

text: The copperhead eats mainly rodents, especially mice. Sometimes it eats birds, other reptiles, even snakes, and amphibians. They also feed on some insects, a lot of times cicadas, because of their size that'll fill a copperhead up. They eat other animals, but they're not the apex predator around their habitat, Their natural predators include kingsnakes, water moccasins (also known as cottonmouths), bullfrogs, large birds of prey, coyotes, alligators, and a other predators.


title: Agkistrodon contortrix

text: The copperhead snake is active from March or April to early November in the northern part of its range. During the winter, they have been seen to basking on warm days in December and January. Even though copperheads have been seen hibernating by themselves they usually hibernate together.


title: Agkistrodon contortrix

text: Copperheads are mainly active during the day in the spring and autumn. In the summer months, they become nocturnal to hunt during the evening.


title: Agkistrodon contortrix

text: The copperhead snake breeds in late summer, but not every year. They give birth to their young ones alive. They usually give birth to four to seven young ones. The young ones are lighter in color, and with a yellowish-green-marked tip to the tail, which is used to lure lizards and frogs.


title: Agkistrodon contortrix

text: Even though copperhead snakes are venomous, bites are almost never fatal. The symptoms of a bite from a copperhead snake is extreme pain, tingling, throbbing, swelling, and severe nausea.


title: Agkistrodon contortrix

text: The venom of the southern copperhead has been found to hold a protein called "contortrostatin" It stops the growth of cancer cells in mice and also stops the tumors from moving to other places in the body. However, further testing is needed to make sure that it is safe and efficient in humans.


title: Agkistrodon contortrix

text: The antivenom CroFab is used to treat copperhead bites that show symptoms. It is not given when there is no symptoms.


title: Girl group

text: The term "girl group" is also used in a narrower sense in English-speaking countries. It suggests the American female pop singing groups of the late 1950s and early 1960s. They were hugely successful for a time, between the decline of early rock and roll and the British Invasion. Many of them were influenced by doo-wop style.


title: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

text: Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg (September 25, 1915June 19, 1953) and Julius Rosenberg (May 12, 1918June 19, 1953) were Americans accused of being spies for the Soviet Union. They were convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage during a time of war. They were both executed. Their crime was related to giving information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. At that time and even later, many people in many countries thought they were innocent and had tried to convince the U.S. authorities not to kill them. After the fall of the Soviet Union, evidence came out that showed that Julius Rosenberg had been a spy but that his wife had not.


title: Barclays Center

text: Barclays Center is an indoor arena in Brooklyn, New York. It is about east of downtown New York City. The arena is the home court for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the arena for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL). The arena was opened on September 21, 2012. The arena cost more than US$1 billion to build.


title: Node of Ranvier

text: Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath of a nerve cell's axon. They have multiple ion channels, allowing ions to move in or out of the axon at those points.


title: Girl group

text: In the 1950s and 60s, the groups were mostly self-organised, girls who knew each other and often grew up together. The Chantels, for example, were four girl choristers from a Catholic high school in the Bronx, 1957. The Ronettes were two sisters and a cousin. The Supremes were girls from a public housing estate in Detroit, Michigan. They were, and still are, America's most successful vocal group of all time. These groups had managers, of course, because they needed someone to deal with the music industry. But the managers did not set up the groups; they came after the groups were formed.


title: Barclays Center

text: The first basketball game that was played there was an NBA preseason game between the Nets and the Washington Wizards on October 15, 2012.


title: Node of Ranvier

text: This means the gaps are not insulated from the spaces which surround them (the intracellular space). When impulses move along an axon, they will seem to "jump" from one node to the next along the axon. This is known as saltatory conduction (Latin "saltare" "to hop or leap").


title: Girl group

text: Later, almost all groups were created by public relations professionals to meet a market need. The Spice Girls were a good example of this. They were put together in the mid-1990s by a family management team. Their managers' idea was to create a girl group to compete with popular boy bands that dominated the pop music scene in the mid- to late-1990s. The Spice Girls sold most albums, and had the best-selling album of all time.


title: Barclays Center

text: On October 24, 2012, the New York Islanders announced that they signed a 25-year deal with the arena and would be moving to the Barclays Center in 2015 after their lease of the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum ends. They played their first preseason game against the New Jersey Devils in a 3–0 loss. The first regular season NHL game was played on October 9, 2015 against the 2015 Stanley Cup champion Chicago Blackhawks. The Islanders lost 3–2 in overtime.


title: Girl group

text: One obvious difference between the earlier groups and the later ones was in their social backgrounds. Earlier American groups, having grown up together, were all of the same social origin and colour. What is more, they had usually sung together, and socialised together, before they formed up as a group. This is also true of most of the earlier British boy groups. The later groups, on the other hand, were deliberately chosen for variety. This was done so that all sections of the audience would have at least one member they could identify with. They had not sung together, or maybe met each other, until their PR manager introduced them.


title: Barclays Center

text: The arena was host to the WWE's pay-per-view event in 2012. In 2015, it hosted and SummerSlam. On September 28, 2015, WWE announced that their SummerSlam event would return to the Barclays Center in 2016 and 2017.


title: Girl group

text: With the changing times, the marketing of popular music changed greatly, so that direct comparison of sales is not simple. but in many parts of the world digital sales are now the most important.


title: Joe Montana

text: Joseph Clifford Montana, Jr. (born June 11, 1956) is a retired American Hall of Fame football player. He played as a quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers and the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League. With the San Francisco 49ers, he won four Super Bowls. He was named the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player (MVP) three times. Montana began his career playing for the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. He broke many records while playing for San Francisco. His main receiver was Jerry Rice, who is also in the Hall of Fame.


title: Puerto Plata Province

text: The Puerto Plata Province is one of the northern provinces of the Dominican Republic. The province is a popular tourist attraction since the late 1990s because there are many fine beaches.


title: Bloody Mary (folklore)

text: Bloody Mary is a kind of ghost of a dead woman in Western folklore. This ghost is said to appear in a mirror after calling its name three times or more, depending on the version of the story. Like the Ouija board, this game is played by adolescents in parties or small meetings just to have fun. The ghost's name can vary according to the tales said by the people. Some similar names are: "Mary Worth", "Mary Worthington" and "Hell Mary", among others.


title: Kimbra

text: Kimbra Lee Johnson (born 27 March 1990), known as Kimbra, is a New Zealand singer, musician, and singer-songwriter who lives in Melbourne, Australia. Kimbra's musical style is inspired from many different styles- electropop, R&B, jazz and soul. Her first collection of songs, "Vows",was released in Australia in 2011.


title: Image sensor

text: An image sensor is an electronic device that can record an image. Usually, image sensors work by detecting the level, and intensity of light. Most sensors work on visible light and infrared light. There are special sensors which can detect X-Rays and Gamma Radiation. There are different ways in which to build such sensors: In 2020, the most common sensor technologies were CCD and CMOS.


title: Nanna (Norse deity)

text: Nanna is also the Norse goddess of the Moon. She dies of a broken heart after Baldur is killed because of Loki convincing Höðr to kill him.


title: Puerto Plata Province

text: When Christopher Columbus visited the northern coast of the Hispaniola island for the first time, on 11 January 1493, he saw a mountain with clouds on its top and he gave it the name of "Monte de Plata" ("Mountain of Silver"). The town that was founded on the foot of that mountain was called "Puerto de Plata" ("Port of Silver"); the name was changed later to just "Puerto Plata".


title: Kimbra

text: On 10 February 2013, she and Gotye won two awards at the 2013 Grammy Awards for "Somebody That I Used To Know".


title: Puerto Plata Province

text: The first European town, La Isabela, was founded by Columbus in January 1493 by Columbus near the city of Puerto Plata; the city of Puerto Plata was founded in 1502.


title: Puerto Plata Province

text: In 1605, the towns of Puerto Plata along with Monte Cristi, Bayajá and La Yaguana were destroyed by the governor, Antonio de Osorio. All the people living in those towns had to move to places closer to the capital due to the amount of illegal trade happening in these towns. These towns formed what are now Monte Plata and Bayaguana.


title: Puerto Plata Province

text: It was created as a Maritime District (a special administrative category similar to a province and that has been abandoned) in 1865. It was part of the Santiago province before being elevated to the category of province. The 1907 Dominican Constitution changed its status to province with the municipalities of Puerto Plata, Altamira, Blanco and Bajabonico.


title: Puerto Plata Province

text: In 1959, Puerto Plata was confirmed as a province with the municipalities of Puerto Plata, Altamira, Imbert and Luperón, and the municipal district of Sosúa; its capital was San Felipe de Puerto Plata.


title: Puerto Plata Province

text: In 1978, Sosúa and Los Hidalgos were made municipalities of the province. In 1989, Villa Isabela became a municipality, Guananico in 1992 and Villa Montellano in 2006.


title: Puerto Plata Province

text: La Isabela and Estero Hondo became municipal districts in 1998; Belloso, Cabarete and Sabaneta de Yásica in 2002; La Jaiba in 2003; Yásica Arriba in 2005; Maimón, Río Grande and Estrecho de Luperón - Omar Bross in 2006; and Gualete in 2007.


title: Puerto Plata Province

text: The Puerto Plata province is along the northern coast of the island. To the north, it has the Atlantic Ocean; to the east, the Espaillat province; to the south, the Santiago and Valverde provinces; and to the west, the Monte Cristi province.


title: Puerto Plata Province

text: In (last national census), there were people living in the Puerto Plata province, and 187,767 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km².


title: Puerto Plata Province

text: Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 6th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.


title: Puerto Plata Province

text: The largest city of the province is San Felipe de Puerto Plata, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 118,496 inhabitants.


title: Puerto Plata Province

text: The Puerto Plata province has a total area of . It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 10th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.


title: Puerto Plata Province

text: The "Cordillera Septentrional" ("Northern mountain range") runs along the southern half of the province. Another mountain range is "Sierra Atravesada" that goes from the Cordillera Septentrional to the coast. The mountain "Isabel de Torres" (the "Monte de Plata" of Columbus) is close to the city of San Felipe de Puerto Plata.


title: Puerto Plata Province

text: Because the Cordillera Septentrional is close to the coast, rivers in this province are short. The most important rivers are Bajabonico, Yásica and Camú del Norte.


title: Puerto Plata Province

text: There are several important economic activities in the province, like tourism along the coast, farming and industry (like food products and rum).


title: Methyl isocyanate

text: Methyl isocyanate is an organic compound with the molecular formula CHNCO. It has been used in the production of rubbers and adhesives.


title: Emergency medical services

text: Emergency medical services (EMS), also known as ambulance services or paramedic services, are agencies that deal with medical emergencies, mostly by sending ambulances to help people who are severely ill or injured. Their job is to treat those people at the scene and to take them to a hospital if needed. The staff of the ambulances are known most often as paramedics. Some ambulances have staff with more basic training, known as "emergency medical technicians", while others have doctors with advanced training.


title: Cardiac muscle

text: A cardiac muscle (heart muscle) is one of the three main types of muscle in vertebrates. It is involuntary: a person cannot control it consciously. Also, it is a in the walls of the heart. It makes up the tissue called the myocardium.


title: Greensleeves

text: Greensleeves is a song from the 1500s. People say King Henry VIII wrote it about Anne Boleyn, but that is probably not true. Greensleeves is in minor key. Its verses have a (CESH) pattern, and it has a major key chorus. Ending traditionally Tierce de Picardie.


title: Methyl isocyanate

text: Methyl isocyanate is extremely toxic by inhalation, ingestion and contact in quantities as low as 0.4 ppm.


title: Emergency medical services

text: The exact role of the emergency medical services varies by country. In some countries like the US and UK, their job is seen as bringing the patients to treatment. Until the 1970s, their ambulances carried patients to hospital and gave them little medical care. Since then, paramedics have been trained to give some medical care before they get to hospital. Other countries like France and Germany run them in a different way, where their job is seen as bringing treatment to the patients. In those countries, doctors work on ambulances and they try to treat patients at the scene rather than take them to hospital.


title: Cardiac muscle

text: The other types of muscle are the skeletal and smooth muscle. The cells that make up cardiac muscle have one (74%) or two (24.5%) nuclei. The myocardium forms a thick middle layer between the outer epicardium layer and the inner endocardium layer.


title: Greensleeves

text: The Christmas song "What Child Is This?" is sung to the same music as "Greensleeves" but the words are different.


title: Emergency medical services

text: The type of organization that provides emergency medical services also varies by country. This may be:


title: Cardiac muscle

text: Coordinated contractions of cardiac muscle cells in the heart force blood out of the atria and ventricles to the blood vessels of the left/body/systemic and right/lungs/pulmonary circulatory systems. This mechanism illustrates systole (contraction) of the heart.


title: Cardiac muscle

text: Cardiac muscle cells, unlike most other tissues in the body, rely on the coronary arteries to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products directly. There is no time for them to diffuse.


title: Cardiac muscle

text: The heart muscle can become sick and weak. For example, if a person has very high blood pressure (hypertension), part of the heart muscle can get overworked. The heart muscle becomes bigger and cannot do its job as well. This is called hypertrophy.


title: Cardiac muscle

text: If a person has a problem with the system that controls the heart, the heart muscle may not beat the way it needs to. It may beat too slowly to get blood out to the body (this is called bradycardia). Or it may beat so fast that the heart does not have time to fill with blood and then squeeze the blood out to the body. This is called tachycardia (there are many kinds).


title: Cardiac muscle

text: The heart gets blood through the coronary arteries. These are special blood vessels that carry blood only to the heart. In order to do its job, the heart muscle needs a constant supply of blood and oxygen from the coronary arteries. If these coronary arteries get blocked, blood flow to the heart muscle can stop. Without blood flow, the heart muscle gets no oxygen. If this lasts long enough, the part of the heart muscle which is not getting enough oxygen dies. This is called a myocardial infarction, or a heart attack.


title: Hare Krishna

text: Hare Krishna is a mantra. It is also known as Maha Mantra. The mantra was made well known even outside Hinduism by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness. The mantra can be found in many Hinduist traditions in India. Those who believe in it think that when the mantra is heard, spoken, used for meditation or sung this can lead to a higher state of consciousness. According to Gaudiya Vaishnava theology, this higher consciousness takes the form of pure love of God (Krishna). The mantra is contained in the texts of Hinduism known as the Upanishads, which are considered by some scholars to have roots in the Vedic past.


title: Sibylline Books

text: The Sibylline Books were a collection of prophecies in rhyme written in Greek. The legendary king of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus bought them from a Sibyl (a kind of prophetess), and the prophecies used to be consulted in times when great danger happened in the history of the Roman Empire.


title: Microarchitecture

text: In computer engineering, microarchitecture (sometimes abbreviated to µarch or uarch) is a description of the electrical circuitry of a computer, central processing unit, or digital signal processor that is sufficient for completely describing the operation of the hardware.


title: San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)

text: San Juan is a Dominican province, in the western part of the country. Its capital city is San Juan de la Maguana.


title: Leon Russell

text: Leon Russell (born Claude Russell Bridges; April 2, 1942 – November 13, 2016) was an American musician and songwriter. He recorded as a session musician and sideman. He had a solo career. He had 31 albums to his credit and recorded about 430 songs.


title: Terrestrial television

text: Terrestrial television is a type of television broadcasting where the television signal is sent by radio waves from a transmitter on the land. In North America, it is usually called over-the-air television (OTA). This type of TV is different to newer types such as satellite, cable, and IPTV.


title: Sibylline Books

text: The books were also known to the Greeks. They were kept in the Temple of Apollo at Gergis on Mount Ida (near Troy in Asia Minor) in the 7th century BC, and said to be written by the Hellespontine Sibyl. From there, it passed to Erythrae (in eastern Asia Minor) and was called the work of the Erythraean Sibyl. It seems that this collection travelled from there to Cumae, Italy and from there to Rome.


title: Microarchitecture

text: Scholars use the term "computer organization" while people in the computer industry more often say, "microarchitecture". Microarchitecture and instruction set architecture (ISA), together, constitute the field of computer architecture.


title: San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)

text: The province is named after its capital city, San Juan de la Maguana. San Juan is short for San Juan Bautista ("Saint John the Baptist").


title: Leon Russell

text: He wrote the song "Delta Lady", recorded by Joe Cocker. He also organized Cocker's "Mad Dogs and Englishmen" tour in 1970. More than 100 artists have recorded his "A Song for You" (1970).


title: Terrestrial television

text: TV is broadcast between 52 and 600 MHz in the VHF and UHF radio bands. This can be sent in digital or the older analog format. Many countries switched (or are switching) to digital and turned off the analog signals.


title: Sibylline Books

text: According to Virgil in the Aeneid, Aeneas had consulted the Cumaean Sibyl before he travelled to the lower world. The story of how king Tarquinius bought them from the Cumaean Sibyl was a famous legend. She offered to sell Tarquin a collection of nine books of prophecy, but he refused the price, so she burnt three. After that she offered to sell the six remaining books for the same price. He refused again and she burnt another three. Finally he bought these three remaining books for this price so they would not be destroyed, and put them in the temple of Jupiter in Rome.


title: Microarchitecture

text: Computers have been using microprogramming of control logic since the 1950s. The CPU decodes the instructions and sends signals down appropriate paths by means of transistor switches. The bits inside the microprogram words controlled the processor at the level of electrical signals.


title: San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)

text: Since colonial times, the territory was part of Azua province until the dictator, Rafael Trujillo, made this province in 1938 with the name Benefactor with the municipalities of Las Matas de Farfán y El Cercado. Bohechío was made a municipality in 1974, Vallejuelo in 1978 and Juan de Herrera in 1992.


title: Leon Russell

text: Russell produced and played in recording sessions for Bob Dylan, Frank Sinatra, Ike & Tina Turner, the Rolling Stones, and others. He wrote and recorded the hits "Tight Rope" and "Lady Blue". In 2011 he was added into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and introduced by longtime friend Elton John.


title: Sibylline Books

text: The books were given to the trust of two Roman patricians (nobles). Beginning in 367 BC, ten keepers - five from the patricians and five from the common citizens - were appointed for them. After this (possibly the time of Sulla, 88-78 BC), the number of keepers was increased to fifteen. The job of these keepers was to consult the books on what was the right action or ceremony to escape from threats. Even so, they would not reveal the prophecies themselves, but only tell the action or ceremony needed.


title: Microarchitecture

text: The term: microarchitecture was used to describe the units that were controlled by the microprogram words, in contrast to the term: "architecture" that was visible and documented for programmers. While architecture usually had to be compatible between hardware generations, the underlying microarchitecture could be easily changed.


title: San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)

text: In 1998, Matayaya became a municipal district; Pedro Corto in 2000; Sabaneta, Arroyo Cano and Yaque in 2004; Carrera de Yeguas, Sabana Alta, El Rosario, Hato del Padre, Guanito, La Jagua, Derrumbadero and Batista in 2005; Las Maguanas-Hato Nuevo, Las Charcas de María Nova, Jinova and Jorjillo in 2006; and Las Zanjas in 2007.


title: Leon Russell

text: Russell died in his sleep at his home in Nashville, Tennessee, on November 13, 2016 from heart failure while recovering from heart surgery, at the age of 74.


title: Sibylline Books

text: The influence of the books brought eastern gods such as Apollo, the "Great Mother" Cybele, and Ceres, as well as Greek pagan beliefs, into the Roman pagan religion.


title: Microarchitecture

text: The microarchitecture is related to, but not the same as, the instruction set architecture. The instruction set architecture is near to the programming model of a processor as seen by an assembly language programmer or compiler writer, which includes the execution model, processor registers, memory address modes, address and data formats, etc. The microarchitecture (or computer organization) is mainly a lower level structure and therefore manage a large number of details that are hidden in the programming model. It describes the inside parts of the processor and how they work together in order to implement the architectural specification.


title: San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)

text: The San Juan province has Santiago Rodríguez and Santiago provinces to the north, Azua province (and a short part of La Vega) to the east, Baoruco province to the south and Elías Piña province to the west.


title: Sibylline Books

text: Because the verses were written in Greek, the keepers would always be helped by two Greek translators. The books were destroyed when the Temple of Jupiter burned down in 83 BC. Because of this, the Roman Senate sent messengers in 76 BC to find similar prophecies and replace them. The prophecies were gathered especially from Troy, Erythrae, Samos island, 'Africa' (that is, modern Tunisia), and from Sicily and Tibur in Italy. After they brought the new collection to Rome, Roman priests separated what they thought was true, but threw others out of the collection.


title: Microarchitecture

text: Microarchitectual elements may be everything from single logic gates, to registers, lookup tables, multiplexers, counters, etc., to complete ALUs, FPUs and even larger elements. The electronic circuitry level can, in turn, be subdivided into transistor-level details, such as which basic gate-building structures are used and what logic implementation types (static/dynamic, number of phases, etc.) are chosen, in addition to the actual logic design used built them.


title: San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)

text: In (last national census), there were people living in the San Juan province, and 139,620 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km².


title: Sibylline Books

text: The Roman Emperor Augustus in 12 BC moved them to the Temple of Apollo, when they were studied and a new copy was made. They stayed there until 405 AD. It is said that at that time, Stilicho, who fought for the teachings of Arianism, burnt them.


title: Microarchitecture

text: A very simplified high level description — common in marketing — may show only fairly basic characteristics, such as bus-widths, along with various types of execution units and other large systems, such as branch prediction and cache memories, pictured as simple blocks — perhaps with some important attributes or characteristics noted. Some details regarding pipeline structure (like fetch, decode, assign, execute, write-back) may sometimes also be included.


title: San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)

text: Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 11th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.


title: Sibylline Books

text: Modern scholars believe these books are not the same as the "Sibylline Oracles" that were often quoted by early Christian writers from the 2nd century through the 5th century AD. It is certain that when one Christian writer, Athenagoras of Athens, wrote "A Plea for the Christians" to Emperor Marcus Aurelius in around 176 AD, at a time when Christians were being punished by the pagan Roman Empire, he quoted word-for-word from these "Oracles" that are known today. Quoting them along with writings by Homer and Hesiod, he wrote many times that "these books are all known to Caesar" (the Emperor). The Sibylline Books were still to be found in the Temple of Apollo at Rome at this time, so it is thought possible that at least some of these "Sibylline Oracles" were partly the same.


title: Microarchitecture

text: The pipelined datapath is the most commonly used datapath design in microarchitecture today. This technique is used in most modern microprocessors, microcontrollers, and DSPs. The pipelined architecture allows multiple instructions to overlap in execution, much like an assembly line. The pipeline includes several different stages which are fundamental in microarchitecture designs. Some of these stages include instruction fetch, instruction decode, execute, and write back. Some architectures include other stages such as memory access. The design of pipelines is one of the central microarchitectural tasks.


title: San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)

text: The largest city of the province is San Juan de la Maguana, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 71,494 inhabitants.


title: Sibylline Books

text: 70 lines agreed to be from the real "Sibylline Books" were quoted in the 2nd century "Book of Marvels" by Phlegon of Trales. This quote speaks about the birth of a hermaphrodite, and ceremonies for sacrificing to idols.


title: Microarchitecture

text: Execution units are also essential to microarchitecture. Execution units include arithmetic logic units (ALU), floating point units (FPU), load/store units, and branch prediction. These units perform the operations or calculations of the processor. The choice of the number of execution units, their latency and throughput are important microarchitectural design tasks. The size, latency, throughput and connectivity of memories within the system are also microarchitectural decisions.


title: San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)

text: The San Juan province has a total area of . It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 1st (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.


title: Microarchitecture

text: System-level design decisions such as whether or not to include peripherals, such as memory controllers, can be considered part of the microarchitectural design process. This includes decisions on the performance-level and connectivity of these peripherals.


title: San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)

text: The "Cordillera Central" ("Central mountain chain") is in the northern part of the province, and the "Sierra de Neiba" runs across the southern half. The area between those two mountain ranges is the San Juan valley, which the Taínos call "Maguana", meaning "small valley".


title: Microarchitecture

text: Unlike architectural design, where a specific performance level is the main goal, microarchitectural design pays closer attention to other constraints. Attention must be paid to such issues as:


title: San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)

text: The highest mountain in the province is "Pico Duarte", with 3,087 m. It is the highest mountain in the West Indies and is on the border with Santiago province.


title: Microarchitecture

text: In general, all CPUs, single-chip microprocessors or multi-chip implementations run programs by performing the following steps:


title: San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)

text: The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year, but it is cooler in the mountains.


title: Microarchitecture

text: Complicating this simple-looking series of steps is the fact that the memory hierarchy, which includes caching, main memory and non-volatile storage like hard disks, (where the program instructions and data are) has always been slower than the processor itself. Step (2) often introduces a delay (in CPU terms often called a "stall") while the data arrives over the computer bus. A big amount of research has been put into designs that avoid these delays as much as possible. Over the years, a central design goal was to execute more instructions in parallel, thus increasing the effective execution speed of a program. These efforts introduced complicated logic and circuit structures.


title: San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)

text: The main economic activity of the province is farming; the main products are rice, maize, peanut, sorghum and beans.


title: Microarchitecture

text: In the past such techniques could only be implemented on expensive mainframes or supercomputers due to the amount of circuitry needed for these techniques. As semiconductor manufacturing progressed, more and more of these techniques could be implemented on a single semiconductor chip.


title: Microarchitecture

text: The choice of which Instruction Set Architecture to use greatly affects the complexity of implementing high performance devices. Over the years, computer designers did their best to simplify instruction sets, in order to enable higher performance implementations by saving designers effort and time for features which improve performance rather than wasting them on the complexity of instruction set.


title: Microarchitecture

text: Instruction set design has progressed from CISC, RISC, VLIW, EPIC types. Architectures that are dealing with data parallelism include SIMD and Vectors.


title: Microarchitecture

text: One of the first, and most powerful, techniques to improve performance is the use of the instruction pipeline. Early processor designs performed all of the steps above on one instruction before moving onto the next. Large portions of the processor circuitry were left idle at any one step; for instance, the instruction decoding circuitry would be idle during execution and so on.


title: Microarchitecture

text: Pipelines improve performance by allowing a number of instructions to work their way through the processor at the same time. In the same basic example, the processor would start to decode (step 1) a new instruction while the last one was waiting for results. This would allow up to four instructions to be "in flight" at one time, making the processor look four times as fast. Although any one instruction takes just as long to complete (there are still four steps) the CPU as a whole "retires" instructions much faster and can be run at a much higher clock speed.


title: Microarchitecture

text: Improvements in chip manufacturing allowed more circuitry to be placed on the same chip, and designers started looking for ways to use it. One of the most common ways was to add an ever-increasing amount of cache memory on-chip. Cache is a very fast memory, memory that can be accessed in a few cycles as compared to what is needed to talk to main memory. The CPU includes a cache controller which automates reading and writing from the cache, if the data is already in the cache it simply "appears," whereas if it is not the processor is "stalled" while the cache controller reads it in.


title: Microarchitecture

text: RISC designs started adding cache in the mid-to-late 1980s, often only 4 KB in total. This number grew over time, and typical CPUs now have about 512 KB, while more powerful CPUs come with 1 or 2 or even 4, 6, 8 or 12 MB, organized in multiple levels of a memory hierarchy. Generally speaking, more cache means more speed.


title: Microarchitecture

text: Caches and pipelines were a perfect match for each other. Previously, it didn't make much sense to build a pipeline that could run faster than the access latency of off-chip cash memory. Using on-chip cache memory instead, meant that a pipeline could run at the speed of the cache access latency, a much smaller length of time. This allowed the operating frequencies of processors to increase at a much faster rate than that of off-chip memory.


title: Microarchitecture

text: Pipeline stalls and flushes due to branches are the two main things preventing achieving higher performance through instruction level parallelism. The from time that the processor's instruction decoder has found that it has encountered a conditional branch instruction to the time that the deciding jumping register value can be read out, the pipeline might be stalled for several cycles. On average, every fifth instruction executed is a branch, so that's a high amount of stalling. If the branch is taken, its even worse, as then all of the subsequent instructions which were in the pipeline needs to be flushed.


title: Microarchitecture

text: Techniques such as branch prediction and speculative execution are used to reduce these branch penalties. Branch prediction is where the hardware makes educated guesses on whether a particular branch will be taken. The guess allows the hardware to prefetch instructions without waiting for the register read. Speculative execution is a further enhancement in which the code along the predicted path is executed before it is known whether the branch should be taken or not.


title: Microarchitecture

text: The addition of caches reduces the frequency or duration of stalls due to waiting for data to be fetched from the main memory hierarchy, but does not get rid of these stalls entirely. In early designs a "cache miss" would force the cache controller to stall the processor and wait. Of course there may be some other instruction in the program whose data "is" available in the cache at that point. Out-of-order execution allows that ready instruction to be processed while an older instruction waits on the cache, then re-orders the results to make it appear that everything happened in the programmed order.


title: Microarchitecture

text: Even with all of the added complexity and gates needed to support the concepts outlined above, improvements in semiconductor manufacturing soon allowed even more logic gates to be used.


title: Microarchitecture

text: In the outline above the processor processes parts of a single instruction at a time. Computer programs could be executed faster if multiple instructions were processed simultaneously. This is what superscalar processors achieve, by replicating functional units such as ALUs. The replication of functional units was only made possible when the integrated circuit (some times called "die") area of a single-issue processor no longer stretched the limits of what could be reliably manufactured. By the late 1980s, superscalar designs started to enter the market place.


title: Microarchitecture

text: In modern designs it is common to find two load units, one store (many instructions have no results to store), two or more integer math units, two or more floating point units, and often a SIMD unit of some sort. The instruction issue logic grows in complexity by reading in a huge list of instructions from memory and handing them off to the different execution units that are idle at that point. The results are then collected and re-ordered at the end.


title: Microarchitecture

text: Register renaming refers to a technique used to avoid unnecessary serialized execution of program instructions because of the reuse of the same registers by those instructions. Suppose we have to groups of instruction that will use the same register, one set of instruction is executed first to leave the register to the other set, but if the other set is assigned to a different similar register both sets of instructions can be executed in parallel.


title: Microarchitecture

text: Due to the growing gap between CPU operating frequencies and DRAM access times, none of the techniques that enhance instruction-level parallelism (ILP) within one program could overcome the long stalls (delays) that occurred when data had to be fetched from main memory. Additionally, the large transistor counts and high operating frequencies needed for the more advanced ILP techniques required power dissipation levels that could no longer be cheaply cooled. For these reasons, newer generations of computers have started to utilize higher levels of parallelism that exist outside of a single program or program thread.


title: Microarchitecture

text: This trend is sometimes known as "throughput computing". This idea originated in the mainframe market where online transaction processing emphasized not just the execution speed of one transaction, but the capacity to deal with big numbers of transactions at the same time. With transaction-based applications such as network routing and web-site serving greatly increasing in the last decade, the computer industry has re-emphasized capacity and throughput issues.


title: Microarchitecture

text: One technique of how this parallelism is achieved is through multiprocessing systems, computer systems with multiple CPUs. In the past this was reserved for high-end mainframes but now small scale (2-8) multiprocessors servers have become commonplace for the small business market. For large corporations, large scale (16-256) multiprocessors are common. Even personal computers with multiple CPUs have appeared since the 1990s.


title: Microarchitecture

text: Advances in semiconductor technology reduced transistor size; multicore CPUs have appeared where multiple CPUs are implemented on the same silicon chip. Initially used in-chips targeting embedded markets, where simpler and smaller CPUs would allow multiple instantiations to fit on one piece of silicon. By 2005, semiconductor technology allowed dual high-end desktop CPUs "CMP" chips to be manufactured in volume. Some designs, such as UltraSPARC T1 used a simpler (scalar, in-order) designs in order to fit more processors on one piece of silicon.


title: Microarchitecture

text: Recently, another technique that has become more popular is multithreading. In multithreading, when the processor has to fetch data from slow system memory, instead of stalling for the data to arrive, the processor switches to another program or program thread which is ready to execute. Though this does not speed up a particular program/thread, it increases the overall system throughput by reducing the time the CPU is idle.


title: Microarchitecture

text: Conceptually, multithreading is equivalent to a context switch at the operating system level. The difference is that a multithreaded CPU can do a thread switch in one CPU cycle instead of the hundreds or thousands of CPU cycles a context switch normally requires. This is achieved by replicating the state hardware (such as the register file and program counter) for each active thread.


title: Microarchitecture

text: A further enhancement is simultaneous multithreading. This technique allows superscalar CPUs to execute instructions from different programs/threads simultaneously in the same cycle.


title: Jarrow

text: Romans had set up a fort near Jarrow in the 1st century. Later in the 5th century, Anglo-Saxons occupied the location. It is not well known when Jarrow was first built. The name of "Jarrow" has been used from 750. The monastery of St Paul is the sister monastery of Monkwearmouth in Sunderland.


title: Augst

text: Augst (Swiss German: "Augscht") is a municipality of the district Liestal in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland. It was known as Augusta Raurica in Roman times.


title: Baburnama

text: The Bāburnāma (Chagatai/Persian: بابر نامہ;´, literally: "History of Babur" or "Letters of Babur"; alternatively known as "Tuzk-e Babri") is the memoirs of Ẓahīr-ud-Dīn Muhammad Bābur (1483–1530), founder of the Mughal Empire and a great-great-great-grandson of Timur. It is written in the Chagatai language, known to Babur as ""Turki"" (meaning Turkic), the spoken language of the Andijan-Timurids. During Emperor Akbar's reign, the work was completely translated to Persian, the usual literary language of the Mughal court, by a Mughal courtier, Abdul Rahīm, in AH 998 (1589–90).[1] Translations into many other languages followed, mostly from the 19th century onwards.


title: Lorenz attractor

text: The Lorenz attractor (also called Lorenz system) is a system of equations. Edward N. Lorenz formulated the equations as a simplified mathematical model for atmospheric convection. The equations are ordinary differential equations, called Lorenz equations. They are notable for having chaotic solutions for certain parameter values and starting conditions. In particular, the Lorenz attractor is a set of chaotic solutions of the Lorenz system which, when plotted, resemble a butterfly or figure eight.


title: Aortic dissection

text: Aortic dissection occurs when a tear in the inside of the aorta causes blood to flow between the layers of the wall of the aorta, forcing the layers apart. In most cases this is associated with a sudden onset of severe chest or back pain, often described as "tearing" in character.


title: Jacksepticeye

text: Seán McLoughlin (born 7 February 1990), better known as Jacksepticeye, is an Irish YouTuber. He is best known for his vlogs and comedic Let's Play series. He is the most-subscribed Irish channel. He is also known for his charity streams in which he raises money for good causes. "Business Insider" has called McLoughlin "one of YouTube's most [well known] philanthropists".


title: Suzanne Somers

text: Suzanne Somers (born October 16, 1946) is an American actress, singer and business woman. She was born in San Bruno, California.


title: Lorenz attractor

text: The notion of butterfly effect is coupled with that of the Lorenz attractor. Lorenz first used the phrase in a speech he gave in 1972.


title: Aortic dissection

text: Also, vomiting, sweating, and lightheadedness may occur. Other symptoms may result from decreased blood supply to other organs such as stroke or mesenteric ischemia. Aortic dissection can quickly lead to death as a result of not enough blood flow to the heart or rupture of the aorta.


title: Jacksepticeye

text: In October 2018, McLoughlin posted a video announcing Cloak, a clothing brand aimed at gamers which he created with Markiplier. In June 2020, Cloak welcomed the Twitch streamer Pokimane as a third partner and creative director for the brand.


title: Suzanne Somers

text: She is notable for starring in many television series. Somers is best known for playing the part of Chrissy Snow on the first five seasons of "Three's Company", she left due to a contract dispute with ABC. She later made her comeback with the shows "She's the Sheriff" (which was syndicated) and "Step by Step" (which aired on ABC). She has written many bestselling books.


title: Aortic dissection

text: Aortic dissection is more common in those with a history of high blood pressure, a number of connective tissue diseases that affect blood vessel wall strength such as Marfan syndrome, a bicuspid aortic valve, and previous heart surgery.


title: Jacksepticeye

text: As well as YouTubers, McLoughlin's channel has had celebrities, including interviews with Jack Black, Karen Gillan, Tom Holland, Dwayne Johnson, Kevin Hart, Brad Pitt, Chris Hemsworth and Margot Robbie.


title: Suzanne Somers

text: Somers was diagnosed with stage 1 breast cancer in 2000. She had a lumpectomy and has recovered. She been criticized for her strong views about medical subjects. Her promotions of alternative cancer treatments have been subject to criticism from American Cancer Society.


title: Jacksepticeye

text: Each of his videos begins with an intro in which he gives a high five to the camera and says "Top of the morning to ya, laddies".


title: Zinc hydroxide

text: Zinc hydroxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Zn(OH). It contains zinc and hydroxide ions.


title: The Cars

text: The Cars are an American rock band from Boston. The band was formed in 1976. Their music is driven by rhythm guitar and features keyboards.


title: Daniel Tosh

text: Tosh was born in Germany but grew up in Titusville, Florida. His father was a preacher. He had one brother and two sisters. After graduating from Astronaut High School in 1993 and later the University of Central Florida with a degree in marketing, Tosh moved to Los Angeles where he lives with his dog.


title: Kelis

text: Kelis Rogers (born August 21, 1979), better known as Kelis, is an American singer and songwriter. Her most well-known song is "Milkshake". It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Urban/Alternative Performance. Kelis released her sixth album "Food" in 2014.


title: Zinc hydroxide

text: Zinc hydroxide is a white solid. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with acids to make zinc salts. It dissolves in concentrated bases. It dissolves in ammonia to make a colorless solution. It can be heated to make zinc oxide.


title: Daniel Tosh

text: Tosh's first big career break came in 2001 with his performance on the "Late Show with David Letterman". His first attempt to appear on the show was cut short, though, due to time limits caused by the star guest, Eric Kraff, overlapping with his segment. He followed with appearances on programs such as "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" and Comedy Central's "Premium Blend". In 2003, he performed in his own thirty-minue special on "Comedy Central Presents". On June 17, 2007, Comedy Central aired a stand-up special featuring Tosh, "Daniel Tosh: Completely Serious". He also hosted an episode of Comedy Central's "Live at Gotham". Tosh is also a regular guest on "The Bob & Tom Show". He had a small part in the feature film "In the Army Now" starring Pauly Shore and Andy Dick. He also had a bit part in "The Love Guru",


title: Kelis

text: Kelis was born and raised in Harlem, Manhattan. Her father was an African American jazz musician. Her mother is Puerto Rican and Chinese. She went to a private school called Manhattan Country School. When she was sixteen Kelis left home.


title: Zinc hydroxide

text: Zinc hydroxide can be made by reacting zinc chloride or zinc sulfate with sodium hydroxide. A dilute solution of sodium hydroxide was used so the zinc hydroxide didn't dissolve.


title: Daniel Tosh

text: Currently, Tosh hosts "Tosh.0", a show showcasing internet video clips on Comedy Central. Daniel Tosh also had another stand-up special called "Daniel Tosh: Happy Thoughts".


title: Kelis

text: Kelis released her first album "Kaleidoscope" on December 7, 1999. Her second album "Wonderland" was released in October 2001. Kelis released her most successful album so far, "Tasty", in December 2003. The first single from the album, "Milkshake", reached number three in the "Billboard" Hot 100. In 2006 "Kelis Was Here" was released. "Flesh Tone" was released in 2010.


title: Daniel Tosh

text: Tosh has released two albums, "True Stories I Made Up", which was released on November 8, 2005 by Comedy Central and "Daniel Tosh: Completely Serious", which was released on June 17, 2007 by Comedy Central. His Comedy Central TV show "Tosh.0" premiered on June 4, 2009.


title: Human science

text: Human science is the science of humans: what makes them different from animals, and their limits, which tend to be the same as those of other animals. Because human bodies are animal bodies, human science is part of biology which leads to Life Science. However human behaviour includes the use of words, measures, numbers, knowing time and having memory, and such habits as trade - thus economics and psychology are considered to be part of human science. A general human science is anthropology which studies only the differences between humans and near relatives.


title: They Might Be Giants

text: They Might Be Giants are an alternative rock band that live in Brooklyn, New York. The five original band members, John Flansburgh, John Linnell, Dan Miller, Danny Weinkauf and Brian Doherty, officially formed the band in 1982.


title: TrES-4b

text: TrES-4 is an exoplanet. It orbits around the star GSC 02620-00648. The planet is 4.5 million miles from its sun. Being this close to its sun, the year on TrES-4 about three days long. This makes the temperature on the planet very hot. In fact, the temperature on TrES-4 is about 2,300 degrees Fahrenheit (1,260 degrees Celsius).


title: Coroner

text: A coroner is a government official. It is their job to confirm the death of any person in any area of a country. The coroner also gives a certificate to say that a person has died in some place, on some date, due to some reason.


title: Human science

text: One important debate in human science is whether the exchange of culture (or in economics instructional capital), is only among humans or if it also goes on among our Great Ape near relatives. If so, then culture is part of primatology and there is no clear line between human science and life sciences.


title: They Might Be Giants

text: The band has been given two Grammy Awards, one for the children's album "Here Comes the 123s" and the other for the theme song of "Malcolm in the Middle".


title: TrES-4b

text: TrES-4 is a gas giant that is 70 percent bigger than Jupiter. However, the planet is only as dense as cork. At the time of its discovery, TrES-4b was the largest known planet in the universe.


title: Human science

text: Another name for human science is Social Science, since the most complex thing about humans is how they relate to each other in society. The most general social science is ethics, or economics, depending on your point of view.


title: TrES-4b

text: The planet was found by Georgi Mandushev at the Lowell Observatory in Arizona. Mandushev discovered the planet as a part of the Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey project.


title: Human science

text: However, life science also deals with humans as objects of study (notably in medicine), while hard science such as chemistry deals with humans as the observer who "does" the study - sets the scale at which observation can happen, incurs observer effects - as studied in philosophy of science.


title: TrES-4b

text: TrES-4 was discovered using the transit method. When an exoplanet passes between its sun and the Earth, astronomers can see a change in light from the star.


title: Human science

text: Often sciences have different names based on whether they study humans or not. For instance economics is the study of how humans make a living, while ecology is the study of how non-humans make a living. Medicine is normally restricted to humans while veterinary medicine refers to the same techniques made on other species. One relies more on ethics and less on economics when dealing with humans, at least according to any ethical tradition.


title: Human science

text: The living, social, and sensory observing aspects of humans are probably all part of the human sciences to the degree they affect how humans view themselves.


title: Human science

text: Specific human sciences are (in addition to anthropology and ethics and economics) include psychology, sociology and linguistics. There is debate as to whether mathematics is something human or if it is universal - see philosophy of mathematics on this.


title: Brithenig

text: Brithenig is constructed language that was made up by Andrew Smith from New Zealand in 1996. The idea behind it is the question what the Welsh language would have looked like if it had been a Romance instead of a Celtic language: a sister language to French, Spanish and Italian, but one that looks much like Welsh. It plays a key-role in the made-up world of Ill Bethisad, where Latin took the place of Old Celtic as the spoken language of the people in Great Britain, thus giving way to the development of Brithenig.


title: Sentence (law)

text: In criminal law, a sentence forms the final act of a judge-ruled criminal procedure. The sentence generally involves a decree of imprisonment, a fine and/or other punishments against a defendant convicted (found guilty) of a crime. For example, a man could be given a life sentence for murder.


title: Shooting of Michael Brown

text: The shooting of Michael Brown took place on August 9, 2014 in Ferguson, Missouri, United States. Brown was an 18-year-old African American male who died after he was shot several times by Darren Wilson, a 28-year-old white police officer. Several witnesses corroborate the officer’s account of the Michael Brown shooting. Brown did not have weapons or a criminal record.


title: Brithenig

text: Brithenig is the best known example of the so-called group of "alternative languages", languages that could have existed if history had been different. Another well-known example is Wenedyk, which does the same with Polish as Brithenig does with Welsh.


title: Shooting of Michael Brown

text: There were protests and riots in Ferguson after the shooting. There was a lot of media coverage in the United States. People have been talking about how Brown being killed relates to racism in the United States. They have pointed out that most of the police in Ferguson are white, while most of the people who live in Ferguson are African-American. They have also accused the media of being biased against Brown and the people protesting his killing.


title: Brithenig

text: The following list of 30 words shows what Brithenig looks like compared to a few other Romance languages:


title: Shooting of Michael Brown

text: The Federal Bureau of Investigation, also known as the FBI, opened a civil rights investigation into the shooting. President Obama, Rand Paul, Hillary Clinton, Al Sharpton and Bernie Sanders released statements about Brown's death.


title: Shooting of Michael Brown

text: A petition asking for a law named after Michael Brown that would require all police to wear a camera has had over 132,000 signatures.


title: Shooting of Michael Brown

text: Darren Wilson, the police officer who shot Brown, went on administrative leave. A jury chose not to legally accuse Wilson of the killing. He resigned on November 29, 2014.


title: Shooting of Michael Brown

text: Brown's funeral happened at the Friendly Temple Baptist Church on August 25. At the MTV Video Music Awards, Common asked the audience to have a moment of silence "for Mike Brown and for peace in this country and in the world".


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The Fiat Ducato is a series of vans and minibuses made by Fiat. There have been three generations since 1981. It is built in cooperation with Citroën and Peugeot.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: In 1986, Alfa Romeo, Peugeot, Citroën, Fiat, Talbot and Zastava all made the same vehicle but with different names, The names were: Alfa Romeo AR6, Peugeot J5, Citroën C25, Fiat Talento, Talbot Express and Zastava Ducato.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: Between 1985 and 1990, the model was improved at the front and back, It had a new grille and different headlamps.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: In 1993, Citroen and Peugeot made the same vehicle but with different names, The names were: Citroën Jumper, Citroën Relay and the Peugeot Boxer.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: In February 2002, the model was improved at the front and back, It had a new grille, new bonnet, new bumper and different headlamps and breaklights.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: In 2006, Citroen, Peugeot and Ram Trucks made the same vehicle but with different names, The names were: Citroën Jumper, Citroën Relay, Peugeot Boxer and Ram ProMaster


title: Fiat Ducato

text: In 2014, the model was improved at the front and back, It had a new grille, new bonnet, new bumper and different headlamps and breaklights.


title: United States Army Corps of Engineers

text: The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE, also sometimes shortened to CoE) is a U.S. federal agency under the Department of Defense. It is a major Army command made up of some 36,500 civilian and military personnel. Although generally associated with dams, canals and Flood control in the United States, USACE is involved in a wide range of public works throughout the world. The Corps of Engineers provides outdoor recreation opportunities to the public, and provides 24% of U.S. hydropower capacity.


title: United States Army Corps of Engineers

text: The Corps' mission is to "Deliver vital public and military engineering services; partnering in peace and war to strengthen our Nation’s security, energize the economy and reduce risks from disasters".


title: United States Army Corps of Engineers

text: The Corps' vision is "Engineering solutions for our Nation’s toughest challenges". During the American Civil War, the functions of the Corps of Topographical Engineers were merged into the Army Corps of Engineers.


title: Interstate 8

text: Interstate 8 or I-8 is an Interstate Highway that runs from Interstate 10 near Casa Grande, Arizona to San Diego, California. The route is long.


title: Motif

text: In art, a motif is a repeated pattern, image, or theme. Paisley designs are called motifs. Many designs in mosques in Islamic culture are motifs. Two major Roman motifs are egg and tongue, and ball and reel.


title: Flag football

text: Flag football is a version of American or Canadian football. The rules are not very different to those of the regular game. Instead of tackling players to the ground, the other team must pull a flag or flag belt off of the player carrying the ball. Flag football is a game played with no padding. Full contact is not allowed. The first game of flag football was played in the 1930s. It was later played on military bases in the 1940s as a game for the military.


title: Sherman Hemsley

text: Hemsley was born on February 1, 1938 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to and was raised in South Philadelphia by his mother, who was a factory worker. He left school to join the Air Force, where he served in for four years. Later he returned to Philadelphia where he worked in a post office during the day and at night he went to acting classes. Later he moved to New York still working for the post office during the day and at night he went to acting classes.


title: Flag football

text: Flag football games are 36 minutes long. They are divided into two 18-minute halves. The only time the clock is stopped is in the last two minutes.


title: Sherman Hemsley

text: Hemsley's career began when he starred in a 1970 Broadway play in "Purlie" as Gitlow. Hemsley's television career began in 1970 in the television series "All in the Family". And his first movie was in the 1979 movie "Love at First Bite". Hemsley is mostly known as for his role as George Jefferson on the CBS in television series "The Jeffersons", and as Deacon Ernest Frye on the NBC series "Amen". He also played Earl Sinclair's horrifying boss, and a Triceratops in Jim Henson's sitcom "Dinosaurs".


title: Flag football

text: To score a touchdown, a player must cross the ball over the goal line. This is worth 6 points. There are 1 options for an extra point. The scoring team can try to run the ball into the endzone from either the 3 yard line or the 10 yard line. The 3 yd line is worth 1 point and the 10 yd line is worth 2. If the flag of the player who has the ball is pulled while that person is in their own end zone, it is called a safety. The other team gets two points for this.


title: Sherman Hemsley

text: Hemsley was a smoker and never married. Hemsley lived in El Paso, Texas and died there after he was found in his home on July 24, 2012. The cause of his death was a lung tumor caused by Superior Vena Cava Syndrome, aged 74. Hemsley was cremated.


title: Clapping

text: Clapping is when you hit your hands together which makes a sound. The harder you hit, the louder the sound, the softer you hit, less the sound.


title: File hosting service

text: A file hosting service is an Internet service that stores files for its users. It allows users to upload files that could then be accessed over the internet from a different computer, tablet, smart phone or other networked device, after a password is provided. The files can possibly also be accessed by other users, depending on the service or what the user prefers.


title: Clapping

text: If hitting by means of hand to hand contact it will make a different sound than if you were to clap against another object, say, your leg.


title: File hosting service

text: A variation of this is one-click hosting, which allows users to easily upload one or more files from their hard drives (or from a remote location) on to the one-click host's server. Many web services provide free one-click hosting for image files. This gives the file an accessible URL that can be used to identify it on the internet.


title: Aluminium arsenide

text: Aluminium arsenide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AlAs. It has aluminium and arsenide ions in it.


title: LGBT rights in Thailand

text: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Thailand may face legal challenges that non-LGBT residents don't have to. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in Thailand. Same-sex couples and families headed by same-sex couples cannot get the same legal protections that opposite-sex couples can.


title: Singapore Airlines Flight 006

text: On October 31, 2000 Singapore Airlines Flight 006 crashed after taking off on the wrong runway at Chiang Kai-shek International Airport in Taiwan, caused by pilot error in bad weather. The aircraft was a Boeing 747-400 with 179 people on-board. 83 people were killed in the crash while 96 survived.


title: Bronchopneumonia

text: Bronchopneumonia or bronchial pneumonia or Bronchogenic pneumonia is the acute inflammation of the walls of the bronchioles. It is a type of pneumonia which affects one or more pulmonary lobules. It is one of two types of bacterial pneumonia, the other being "lobar pneumonia".


title: Advocacy

text: Advocacy can be defined as "public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy". It is a political process by an individual or group which aims to influence decisions within political, economic, and social systems and institutions.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Austria

text: Austrian car number plates are required vehicle registration plates in Austria. The plate have the registration mark() of motor vehicles in Austria. They are used to show that cars are legal to be used on the streets. The plates are also proof of a liability insurance and are used to identify the vehicle.


title: Aluminium arsenide

text: Aluminium arsenide is an orange solid. It is toxic because it has arsenic in it. It is a semiconductor. It reacts with acids to make arsine. It is made by reacting aluminium and arsenic.


title: LGBT rights in Thailand

text: Thai LGBT people "still [in 2014,] face discrimination affecting their social rights and job opportunities"; they also "face difficulty gaining acceptance for non-traditional sexuality, even though the tourism authority has been promoting Thailand as a gay-friendly country".


title: Singapore Airlines Flight 006

text: 79 passengers and four crew members died in the crash. 24 Americans, 26 Taiwanese, 11 Indians, 12 Singaporeans, 4 Malaysians, 2 Koreans, 2 British, 1 Vietnamese, 1 Chinese, 1 Hong Konger, 1 Indonesian, 1 Japanese, 1 Dutch, 1 Macaoan, 1 Kazakhstani, and 1 Filipino were among the dead.


title: Advocacy

text: Advocacy can include many activities that a person or organization undertakes. These can include media campaigns, public speaking, commissioning and publishing research. It can include conducting exit polls or the filing of an amicus brief. Lobbying (often by lobby groups) is a form of advocacy. This is where a direct approach is made to legislators on an issue in modern politics. Professional lobbyists are employed by advocacy groups also called special interest groups.


title: LGBT rights in Thailand

text: In May 2009, the Thai Red Cross reaffirmed its ban of men who have sex with males (MSM) becoming blood donors, despite campaigns to change this policy. Gender-Reassignment Operations have been performed in Thailand since 1975, and Thailand is among the most popular destinations globally for patients seeking Gender-Reassignment Operations.


title: Advocacy

text: There are any number of corporations, religious groups, citizen groups, think tanks and foundations who want to make sure their interests are heard by lawmakers. This is both in the United States and the European Union. Advocacy groups also use their influence in the election and appointing of judges.


title: Jay

text: The jays are several species of medium-sized, usually colorful and noisy birds in the crow family Corvidae.


title: Telus

text: Telus (TSX: T, T.A; NYSE: TU) is a Canadian company that provides phone, internet, television, and cellular phone service. They are a very large company, one of the largest telecommunication companies in Canada. Telus logo is stylized as TELUS. Telus' head office is in Burnaby, British Columbia.


title: Shortstop

text: Shortstop (abbreviated as "SS") is a fielding position played in baseball. Shortstop is between second and third base.


title: Bushfire

text: A bushfire is a wildfire that happens mostly in the Australian bush. Bush is the word for scrub, woodland or grassland of Australia and New Zealand. In south east and south west of Australia, bushfires are most common in the summer and early autumn. In the north of Australia, bushfires usually happen during winter which is the dry season. Many Australian plants burn easily. Eucalyptus trees have a high oil content which makes them burn. Over the last 40 years, Australian bushfires have cost around 2.5 billion Australian dollars. In the same period, Australian bushfires caused the death of around 250 people and the destruction of 4,554 homes.But these figures do not include the 173 people who died and the 2000 homes destroyed in the 2009 Victorian bushfires. They can also kill wildlife including rare koalas.


title: Philippe, Chevalier de Lorraine

text: Philippe of Lorraine (1643 – 8 December 1702), known as the Chevalier de Lorraine, was a French nobleman and member of the House of Guise, cadet of the Ducal House of Lorraine. He was the renowned lover of Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans, Monsieur, only brother of Louis XIV. Even though he never married, he is said to have had illegitimate children.


title: Gacha game

text: A gacha game is a video game that has a mechanic of getting items or characters by spending in-game currency. The items or character players receive is random. The rewards are usually graded by rarity. Players can purchase in-game currency with real-world money.


title: Telus

text: Telus was made from a merger of BCTel, the main phone company in British Columbia and Alberta Government Telephones, better known as AGT. AGT was owned by the government of Alberta. AGT wanted to separate from the government and formed a company called Telus in 1990. After that, they combined with BCTel to form the current Telus company in 1999. That remaining Telus company purchased Clearnet Communications, a cell phone company. Clearnet gave them the current style of their advertising, including the slogan «The future is friendly». Telus uses colorful animals to advertise their services. In 2019, Telus announced acquisition of ADT Inc.


title: Gacha game

text: Some gacha games have a "pity system", where after a certain amount of draws without getting anything rare, the system guarantees the player a rare item.


title: Telus

text: Telus has cell phone, internet, phone and telephone services. They have a CDMA network for most of their cell phones, but on November 5th, 2009, they started up a new HSPA network, similar to Rogers cell phone network. They have started this with Bell. It allows a very large selection of cell phones.


title: Telus

text: They have television and internet service based on ADSL service. Telus is the major landline telephone service provider for British Columbia and Alberta.


title: Polar low

text: A polar low is a small sized and short-lived atmospheric low pressure system that is found over the ocean areas pole ward of the main polar front in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The systems usually have a horizontal length scale of less than 1,000 km and live for less than a couple of days. They are part of the larger class of mesoscale weather systems. Polar lows can be difficult to detect using standard weather reports and are a problem to high-latitude operations, such as shipping and gas and oil platforms.


title: Tenure

text: Tenure is normally used for jobs, usually academic high-ranking jobs like professors. It is to protect professors who are teaching something that their employer, the university, might not agree with. Tenure means that these people cannot be fired without a very good reason- the job is for life. The reason for tenure is to help professors be bold about what they teach and research, so that new ideas will be developed. Or a teacher can also have a tenure. It depends how long their term has to be.


title: Windscale fire

text: The Windscale fire was a fire in Britain's first nuclear reactor at Windscale (now Sellafield) on 10 October 1957. The fire spread radioactive fallout over hundreds of miles. Some of the most dangerous contamination was kept secret, and its effects only came to light years later. At the back of the reactor, ruptured fuel cartridges containing uranium are still jammed in the fire damaged core, awaiting safe removal. Official estimates are that about a hundred people died from the contamination. The cleanup cost over a hundred million pounds. The Windscale fire was the first fire in any nuclear facility.


title: Anaphrodisiac

text: An anaphrodisiac is something that makes the one who uses it less aroused. This can be a medicine, a food or a procedure. It is sometimes used to treat hypersexuals. It is also used for an animal that is in heat. Pills that lower the libido are sometimes called "antaphrodisiacs".


title: Txillardegi

text: José Luis Álvarez Enparantza (27 September 1929 – 14 January 2012) was a Basque linguist, politician and writer. When writing he used the pseudonym Txillardegi. He was born in Donostia, which is called "San Sebastian" in Spanish. Even though he did not learn the Basque language until he was 17, he came to be seen as one of the most influential figures in Basque nationalism and culture in the second half of the 20th century.


title: Velarized alveolar lateral approximant

text: The velarised alveolar lateral approximant is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English but is not phonemic. It is the ll in full.


title: Polar low

text: Polar lows have been also known as by using many other terms, such as "comma cloud", "mesocyclone", "polar mesoscale vortex", "Arctic hurricane", "Arctic low", and "cold air depression". Today the term is usually set aside for the more-energetic systems that have near-surface winds of at least gale force (17 m/s).


title: Tenure

text: Sometimes judges also get tenure. This is so that they can make decisions based on the evidence, even if this means saying that the government, which is their employer, is wrong.


title: Txillardegi

text: Together with some friends he started ETA in 1959, and became responsible for their social and cultural activities. He also was a founding member of Herri Batasuna, the Basque nationalist party. As a linguist, he helped shape the structure and orthography of Standard Basque.


title: Polar low

text: Rasmussen,E.A. and Turner,J.(2003). Polar Lows: Mesoscale Weather Systems in the Polar Regions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 612.


title: Currying

text: Currying is a technique used in mathematics and computer science that consists of changing a function that takes several arguments into a number of functions that each take one argument. Mathematicians Moses Schönfinkel and Gottlob Frege laid the groundwork for this technique, which is named after Haskell Brooks Curry. Currying is used in Lambda calculus. Some programming languages, such as ML and Haskell say that functions can only have one argument.


title: Dhaka topi

text: The Dhaka topi ( ), or Nepali topi, is a hat which is popular in Nepal. It is a part of Nepalese national dress, worn by men on celebrations.


title: 1964 United Kingdom general election

text: The 1964 United Kingdom general election happened on 15 October 1964. This was five years after the previous election. It resulted in the Conservatives, led by the current Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home losing. The Labour Party won the election. This meant Harold Wilson would become the new Prime Minister. Labour got a overall majority of four seats.


title: Shyamala Gopalan

text: Shyamala Gopalan (December 7, 1938 – February 11, 2009) was an India-born Tamil American civil rights activist and cancer researcher. She is the mother of Kamala Harris. Gopalan conducted research in the Cancer Research Lab in UC Berkeley's Department of Zoology. Her research led to advancements in the knowledge of breast cancer hormones. Her work changed the progress on the research of the hormone-responsiveness of breast tissue.


title: Dhaka topi

text: "Dhaka ko Topi" in Nepali means a "hat made of Dhaka cloth". Dhaka cloth is fine cotton cloth that used to be imported from Dhaka, the current capital of Bangladesh.


title: 1964 United Kingdom general election

text: The Labour Party got a lot more votes in Scotland than before. This was the start of them winning most seats in Scotland. They did this until Scottish National Party won more at the 2015 general election.


title: Dhaka topi

text: The Dhaka topi was a part of the Nepalese national dress, and a symbol of Nepalese nationality. It became popular during King Mahendra's rule between 1955 and 1972. Back then people needed to wear Dhaka topi for official photographs for passports and documents. It was also worn by government officials as a part of the national dress. In the times of king Mahendra, Dhaka topis were available for rent near the Singha Durbar in Kathmandu. The badge of kukri cross is worn on the cap mostly by officials in Kathmandu or when a Nepalese visit the Palace. It is not worn by the lay Nepali.


title: Dhaka topi

text: Dhaka clothing is no longer a part of Nepalese fashion, but it is still an important part of society and Nepalese identity. They are also given away as gifts during Dashain and Tihar festivals. These days many Nepalis rarely wear a cap unless they are attending some cultural programme. However, many older men and women still wear clothes made from Dhaka. People wearing Dhaka topi are still commonly seen on the streets of Kathmandu. Dhaka cloth still plays a role in rituals, such as weddings and funerals of many ethnic groups living in the Kathmandu valley. Even though there are many places producing these hats, they still have a hard time producing enough for all the buyers.


title: Dhaka topi

text: International Nepali Dhoti and Topi Day is celebrated by Nepali people around the world on 1 January. In this day people wear Dhaka topi as their pride to promote the culture. Nepali people from Madhesi and Tharu community wear Dhoti, while other wear Dhaka and Bhadgaunle topis on that day. There are more people wearing topi than dhoti in this day. Madhesi people use this day as an opportunity to promote their culture. Madhesis and Sikhs in Nepal are often discriminated against because of they usually don't wear Dhaka topi.


title: Dhaka topi

text: "Dhaka" is one of the most popular cotton textile in Nepal. They usually have various coloured patterns in them. Coloured cotton is imported from India and weaved into detailed patterns using only a few colours. This fabric is also used for a type of blouse called "Dhaka ko cholo", meaning a "blouse made of dhaka cloth", and shawls for women. Some farmers and weavers have tried making silk Dhaka topi cloth with little success.


title: Dhaka topi

text: There are different myths about the origin of Dhaka fabric. One story tells that a minister returned from Dhaka, Bangladesh with the idea of such a topi. It then ended up replacing the old black cap in popularity. Another story tells that name is so because at first cloths and threads for Dhaka topi used to come from Dhaka, similar to Dhakai muslin (fine cotton of Dhaka). It is also possible that Hindu weavers started living in Nepal to run away from the Muslim invasion of Bengal. The method of pattern weaving used around Dhaka is called "Jamdani". It is very different from what is currently used by Nepalese weavers. A few fragments of Dhaka fabric in the collection of the National Museum of Nepal are thought to be from the early 20th century.


title: Dhaka topi

text: The most popular legend comes from the introduction of Dhaka weaving to Ganesh Man Maharjan, who worked in an Jamdani factory in 1950s. He was inspired to learn it when he noticed Dambar Kumari, Junga Bahadur Rana's daughter, wearing Dhaka clothes she brought back from Benares. Upon returning to his home Palpa his wife and he started a factory to produce Dhaka cloth in 1957. They had one spool and one hand-operated Charkha spinning wheel bought from Kathmandu and local weavers trained by Mahajan. His business did well because of the high price of better quality imports. As the Shah dynasty government showed a liking for Dhaka cloth and topis made out of it, other weavers started following Maharajan. By early 1970, his own factory Swadeshi Vastrakala Palpali Dhaka Udhyog had grown to employ around 350 workers. At that time Jaishanker Textile Industry, Khanal Textile Industry, and Nabin Textile Industry were the major producers of cotton yarn used to make Dhaka cloth.


title: Dhaka topi

text: Even though the business was good and the government was supportive, most weavers were poor. An expert weaver worked 12–16 hours a day for a month to produce 4–5 metres of Dhaka cloth. But, their wage was just 10-30 Nepalese rupees, one egg and 250 grams of Jeri. In the 1970s, the Dhaka weaving industry in Palpa changed a lot as it was introduced to Jacquard loom and easily available shiny acrylic fiber. Jacquard looms made it possible to produce several metres a day, instead of around 9-inches on a hand-loom. Many weavers lost their jobs because of this. Dhaka caps lost some of the qualities in its patterns, and the cloth started being produced in other places.


title: Dhaka topi

text: Now weavers in the capital Kathmandu, Palpa District in the middle mountains area, and Tehrathum District in the East are the main producers of Dhaka cloth. Limbus and Rais from the middle mountains are famous for the Dhaka cloth they produce. Tansen, the most popular source of Dhaka topis, is town with Magar, Brahmin, Chhetris with Newars who came in the 19th century looking for wealth. Apart from the famous Dhaka clothes, Tensen is also known for its metal craft including Karuwa mugs, jars and other items. It is a custom to buy Palpali Dhaka clothes as souvenir while visiting the area. This includes shawls and thailo purses that has two pairs of strings that can be drawn to open and close the purse. A Dhaka topi industry has been established in Darjeeling by Indian Gorkhas.


title: Dhaka topi

text: The traditional outfit of Nepali men includes "Daura-Suruwal" (Nepalese shirt and trouser suit), "Patuka" (cloth worn around the waist instead of a belt), "ista coat" (the Nepalese half-jacket without sleeves) and a topi. For woman it's "Gunyou Cholo" (a dress like "ghagra"-"kurta") with no topi. Many communities wear their own traditional dresses. Like the Tamang women wear a different round hat. Some Buddhist Tamang women wear "Bakhus" which are ethnic to the Tibetan people.


title: Dhaka topi

text: Topis for Nepali man can be either black (called "bhaad-gaaule" or "kalo topi") or multicoloured (called "Dhaka" or "Nepali topi"). "Bhaad-gaaule topis" are similar to Dhaka topi but they are black in colour because they are not made from Dhaka. Before the Nepali government started promoting Dhaka topis, Bhaad-gaaule topis that were largely made in Bhaktapur were popular. They were commonly worn by Newaris. These kalo topis (blacks caps) were once popular among upper class people of Rana dynasty. These black caps are now becoming popular again, mainly among the youth. Milliners of Bhaktapur almost had to close their business once because of the popularity of Dhaka topi. However, now their business is doing well as they were making around 600 kalo topis a week by 2015. Other than Dhaka and kalo topis there are many other topis made and worn in Nepal including "chuclie topi", "birke topi", "karchupe topi" and "cap topi".


title: Cave diving

text: Cave diving is scuba diving which is done in underwater caves. Cave divers dive for adventure but also to find fossils and gather data (dirt samples, water temperature, etc.) that helps scientists better understand the earth and the environment.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: Fearne Kimberley Cotton (born 3 September 1981) is an English television and radio presenter. She is known for presenting a number of popular TV programmes such as "Top of the Pops" and the "Red Nose Day" "telethon". Cotton joined BBC Radio 1 in September 2005. In 2007, she became the first regular female presenter of BBC Radio 1's "Chart Show". She now presents BBC Radio 1's weekday mid-morning programme. In 2008 Cotton moved to the United States to present "The Guinness Book of Records - Live". In 2015, Cotton returned to children’s television by voicing a Voice Trumpet in the 2015 reboot of Teletubbies.


title: Deaths in October 2022

text: The following is a list of deaths that happened in October 2022. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting.


title: Deaths in October 2022

text: Each listing of death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, where they came from, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known), and a source.


title: Sahara pump theory

text: The Sahara Pump Theory attempts to explain how plants and animals from Africa moved into the Middle East and then Europe and Asia.


title: Punk blues

text: Punk blues is a genre of music which mixes elements of Punk rock with Blues-rock. It is considered a type of Underground Music as it has not yet achieved mainstream popularity on radio and television and through sales of music. It is most popular in the United States. An example of a Punk blues band is the Imortal Lee County Killers and the Gun Club. One artist who may be considered to have been a big influence on this genre is Captain Beefheart.


title: Betty Boothroyd

text: Betty Boothroyd, Baroness Boothroyd (born 8 October 1929) is a British politician. She served as a Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for West Bromwich and West Bromwich West from 1973 to 1992.


title: Sahara pump theory

text: At the time, Africa was rainier than it is today, and the Sahara was wetter, with bigger lakes and more rivers.


title: Betty Boothroyd

text: From 1992 to 2000, she served as Speaker of the House of Commons. She was the first, and to date only, female Speaker of the House of Commons. She sits, by tradition, as a Crossbench peer in the House of Lords.


title: Sahara pump theory

text: African rainy periods are associated with a "wet Sahara" phase, during which larger lakes and more rivers exist. This causes changes in the type of animals found in the area.