title: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: The 2008 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, were celebrated in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24. The opening ceremony began at 08:08:08 pm CST (12:08:08 UTC) at the Beijing National Stadium in Beijing, People's Republic of China. During the games, 10,500 athletes competed in 302 events in 28 sports.


title: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: The Olympic games were awarded to Beijing after a vote of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on July 13 2001. The official logo of the games, titled "Dancing Beijing," features a stylised calligraphic character "jīng" (京, meaning "capital"), meaning the host city. The mascots of Beijing 2008 are the five Fuwa, each representing both a colour of the Olympic rings and a symbol of Chinese culture. The Olympic slogan, "One World, One Dream", calls upon the world to unite in the Olympic spirit. Several new NOCs were also recognised by the IOC.


title: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: The Chinese government used the games to promote China as an important and powerful country, and spent a lot of money on building new facilities and transportation systems for the games. The events were held in 37 venues, including 12 newly built buildings. In 2007, former IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch said that he thinks that the Beijing games will be "the best in Olympic history". Although there was some controversy about having the games in China, the IOC's former president Jacques Rogge said that the IOC has "absolutely no regrets" in choosing Beijing to host the 2008 games.


title: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: At the end of the Olympics, China won the total gold medal count, while the United States led the grand total medal count.


title: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: Medal numbers shown in bold are the highest in their section. China, the host nation is highlighted in lavender.


title: Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Frederick Barbarossa (December 1122 - 10 June 1190) was born in 1122 in the monastery Weingarten. He was the son of Guelph Judith. Frederick had a cousin, called "Henry the Lion", who was his greatest enemy. In the year 1152, Frederick Barbarossa was crowned King of Germany.


title: Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Today people know Frederick Barbarossa as a powerful soldier, who tried to conquer Jerusalem and return it to the Christians.


title: Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor

text: He was born in 1122 in a monastery in Altdorf, which is now called Weingarten. During the Middle Ages, most women returned to their birth country, so it is very likely that Frederick’s mother had been born in Altdorf, too.


title: Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Frederick's nickname was "Barbarossa" (“Redbeard”). This was because of his remarkable beard, which was red. “Barba” is the Latin word for beard. “Rossa” is also Latin and means “red”.


title: Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Frederick was raised formally and strictly. On 4 March 1142, at the age of 20, Frederick was crowned King of Germany. His cousin, Henry the Lion, was Frederick’s enemy for many years. Henry wanted to become King of Germany, too and therefore was angry when he found out that Barbarossa was to be king and also Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.


title: Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor

text: In 1156, he married Lady Beatrix. They had many children. Frederick participated in the third crusade. He never actually reached Jerusalem. It is said that he drowned in the River Saleph in 1190. His soldiers carried his dead body to Jerusalem and buried him there.


title: Jean Sibelius

text: Jean Sibelius (born Hämeenlinna (Tavastehus) 8 December 1865; died Järvenpää, 20 September 1957) was a Finnish composer. He is one of the most famous people from Finland and one of the greatest composers of symphonies of all times. He was born at a time when Russia had a lot of power in Finland and the Finnish people were trying hard to keep their own culture and their independence. This nationalism can be heard in a lot of his music, especially some of the choral music. After 1928 he composed very little. He lived in retirement in his home in the Finnish countryside.


title: Jean Sibelius

text: Jean (pronounced the French way) was born 100 km north of the Finnish capital Helsinki. His grandfather had changed the family name from a Finnish name to the Latin-sounding “Sibelius”. His father died during a cholera epidemic when Jean was very young. His family spoke Swedish at home, but when he was eleven he went to a Finnish-speaking school. He learned to play the violin and wanted to be a soloist. He loved reading the "Kalevala" which was a long epic poem about the old Finnish legends. He also loved the Swedish-speaking poets who wrote poems about nature.


title: Jean Sibelius

text: In 1885 he went to Helsinki to study law but he soon gave up law and concentrated on his violin studies and composition. He went to Berlin to continue his music studies. He became good friends with the pianist and composer Ferruccio Busoni and went with him to Leipzig. At this time he had mainly written chamber music. In Vienna he had lessons from Karl Goldmark and heard lots of orchestral music. He spent a lot of his money, much of it on drink which was to be a big problem for him for many years.


title: Jean Sibelius

text: He went back to Finland in 1891. He earned money by teaching. He wrote a big work for orchestra and singers called "Kullervo ". The words were in Finnish, the story was from the poem "Kalevala". This work made him famous.


title: Jean Sibelius

text: In 1892 he married Aino Järnefelt. Her father was a general and very keen on the Finnish language. The Finnish were trying more and more at this time to be free of rule by Russia. Sibelius wrote more patriotic music during the 1890s e.g. the tone poem "En Saga" and the "Lemminkäinen" legends which include the popular "The Swan of Tuonela". His patriotic tone poem "Finlandia" is still very popular today. His music at this time was influenced by Wagner and Tchaikovsky. He also heard Finnish folk melodies and, although he does not use them directly in his music, they became part of his musical language. In 1897 he was given a state pension which helped him financially although for many years he was still very often short of money because he had expensive tastes.


title: Jean Sibelius

text: Between 1899 and 1924 Sibelius composed the 7 symphonies which made him famous worldwide. His friend, the conductor Kajanus, conducted Sibelius’s works when he took the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra on tour around Europe. His wife was becoming worried about how much alcohol he was drinking in Helsinki, so 1903 she persuaded him to move the family to a place called Ainola in the Finnish countryside. They had a house built in Järvenpää. Apart from a few short periods in Helsinki he spent the rest of his life there. The first works he wrote there were his "Symphony no 2" and the "Violin Concerto ". He became seriously ill in 1908 and for several years he had to stop smoking cigars and drinking alcohol. He continued to travel and visited England several times and the United States in 1914 where he was very popular. After the war he continued to write more symphonies as well as some short, light pieces. The last great work that he wrote was the tone-poem "Tapiola" in 1926. He tried to write another symphony (no 8) but gave up and destroyed it. He never wrote any more music. He continued to live in retirement in his house in the Finnish country for another 30 years. He died of a brain hemorrhage. The house is now a Sibelius museum.


title: Jean Sibelius

text: Sibelius's wife Aino came from a highly respectable family. Although her father was a general in the army, there was a very great interest in culture in the Järnefeld family which included musicians, painters and poets. Jean fell in love with Aino on his first visit to her home. Aino was to be a faithful wife to him all his life, although she suffered a lot of hardship due to his drinking problems and his debts. They had five daughters.


title: Jean Sibelius

text: Sibelius is best known for his symphonies and tone-poems. His symphonies are very different from one another, none can be described as being “typical” of his style. The early symphonies are Romantic in character, in the later symphonies he tries out lots of new ideas and sounds. His "Violin Concerto" is played by all the great violinists. Sibelius wrote lots of songs for voice and piano. These are mostly settings of Swedish poems. He also wrote many choral works, mostly in Finnish. These vocal works are not so well known outside Finland because the language is not familiar abroad, but there are some very good songs, especially "Luonnotar". Besides his important works he also wrote many short works in order to earn enough money to live. These include songs as well as many short piano pieces.


title: Jean Sibelius

text: Sibelius's music today is extremely popular. His music has also been an influence on recent composers.


title: Li Keqiang

text: Li Keqiang (; born 1 July 1955) is a Chinese politician and economist. He became the Premier of the People's Republic of China and party secretary of the State Council in 2013. He ranked #2 in Chinese power structure since 2012, next to Xi Jinping.


title: Li Keqiang

text: Li graduated from Beijing University, with a Bachelor degree in Law, PhD degree in Economics. He joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in May 1976. He became a member of the CPC Central Committee in 1997 and retained the membership since then. He’s also written articles using the name Eldon Li.


title: Spitsbergen

text: Spitsbergen (which is also spelled Spitzbergen) is the largest island of the archipelago Svalbard. It was called West Spitsbergen until 1965. The name East Spitsbergen was proposed for the third-largest island of the group, Edgeøya.


title: Gustave Doré

text: Paul Gustave Doré (; January 6, 1832 – January 23, 1883) was a French artist, engraver, illustrator and sculptor. Most of Doré's work was wood engraving and steel engraving.


title: Spitsbergen

text: Today, it is the only island on Svalvard which is settled permanently. The island has a size of about by


title: Gustave Doré

text: Doré was born in Strasbourg. His first illustrated story was published at the age of fifteen. As a young man, he began work as a literary illustrator in Paris. He was hired to illustrate scenes from books by Rabelais, Balzac, Milton and Dante.


title: Gustave Doré

text: In 1853, Doré was asked to illustrate the works of Lord Byron. British publishers asked him to do more work, including a new illustrated English Bible. Ten years later, he illustrated a French edition of Cervantes's "Don Quixote". His images of the knight and Sancho Panza have influenced later readers, artists, and stage and film directors' ideas of how the two characters looked. Doré also illustrated an edition of Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven" with larger than usual pages. He was paid 30,000 francs by the publisher Harper & Brothers in 1883.


title: Gustave Doré

text: Doré's English Bible (1866) was a great success, and in 1867 Doré had a major exhibition of his work in London. The Doré Gallery in Covelant Bond Street opened after the show. In 1869, Blanchard Jerrold suggested that they work together to make a complete portrait of London. Jerrold got the idea from "The Microcosm of London" produced by Rudolph Ackermann, William Pyne, and Thomas Rowlandson in 1808. Doré signed a five-year contract with the publishers Grant & Co. He had to stay in London for three months each year. He was paid £10,000 a year for the project.


title: Gustave Doré

text: The completed book, "London: A Pilgrimage," was published in 1872. It had 180 engravings. The book was successful financially and influenced many people. However, many critics at the time disliked it. Some of these critics wrote that Doré paid too much attention to the poverty in parts of London.


title: Gustave Doré

text: His later works included Coleridge's "Rime of the Ancient Mariner", Milton's "Paradise Lost", Tennyson's "The Idylls of the King", "The Works of Thomas Hood", and "The Divine Comedy". His work also appeared in the "Illustrated London News".


title: Gustave Doré

text: He continued to illustrate books until he died in Paris after a short illness in 1883. He is buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.


title: Gustave Doré

text: Doré made many works of art. This list is very long, but does not include every piece of art that Doré made. It does not include his sculptures and paintings. Also, many journal illustrations are not listed.


title: Boeing B-52 Stratofortress

text: The B-52 Stratofortress is a bomber which, with in-air refueling, can fly long distances to reach targets anywhere in the world. The B-52 can carry up to 70000 lbs of bombs and weapons in its large bomb bays, and on wing hard points.


title: Boeing B-52 Stratofortress

text: This airplane is one of the most significant in modern aviation history on several levels. It was created in 1948 as a strategic nuclear bomber, and first flew in the early 1950s. The B-52 fought its first war, under the code name of "Arc Light" in Vietnam from 1965 through 1973. The B-52 is a direct ancestor of many of the airliners which have made Boeing Aircraft, one of the most successful privately owned aerospace company in the world. The B-52 will stay in military service until around 2040. It is not clear what will replace it as the United States Air Force's main strategic bomber.


title: Naxos Island

text: Naxos is a Greek island. It is the largest of Cyclades group islands. Its total area is 430 sq.m.. It is in the center of the Aegean Sea. Naxos has a population of 18,188 people. The largest town on the island is Naxos City, which has a population of 6,533 people.


title: Naxos Island

text: Naxos is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Greece. Every year, many tourists visit Naxos. Most of them are from western European countries. Naxos has many beautiful beaches. In Naxos there are ruins of medieval castles and ancient temples. The most famous sight is a part of an ancient temple which is in the entrance of Naxos port. Also the medieval castle of Naxos.


title: Naxos Island

text: In mythology, Naxos was the place where the god Dionysus abducted the daughter of king Minos, Ariadne. Ariadne was on island with the ancient hero Theseus. In ancient times, Naxos was an Ionian colony. The island belonged to association of Delian League with Athens and other Ionian cities. In the year 503 B.C. Naxos was destroyed by a Persian fleet. Later, Naxos was a poor island without power. In the medieval era, Naxos was under the Byzantine rule and afterwards under the Venetian rule. In the sixteenth century it passed under the Ottoman rule. Naxos became a part of the Greek state in 1832.


title: Santiago de Compostela Cathedral

text: The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela () is a cathedral in Galicia in Spain. It is in the World Heritage Site of Santiago de Compostela. People believe that Saint James the Great, one of the apostles of Jesus, is buried there. The building is a Romanesque structure with later Gothic and Baroque additions.


title: B cell

text: B cells are lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Once the B cell is activated, it turns into a plasma cell, and starts producing antibodies. They are a vital part of the adaptive immune system. They have a protein on the B cell's outer surface known as a 'B cell receptor'. This allows a B cell to bind to a specific antigen.


title: Mira Sorvino

text: Mira Sorvino (born September 28, 1967) is an American actress. She received an Academy Award for "Best Supporting Actress" for her role in the 1995 movie "Mighty Aphrodite". She starred in many other Hollywood movies. More recently she has been starring in low budget or independent movies. She is the daughter of actor Paul Sorvino.


title: Mira Sorvino

text: Sorvino and actor Christopher Backus were married June 11, 2004. The couple have four children. Their daughters are Mattea Angel (born 2004) and Lucia (born 2012). Their sons are Johnny Christopher King (born 2006) and Holden Paul Terry Backus (born 2009).


title: Dwyane Wade

text: Dwyane Tyrone Wade Jr. (born January 17, 1982) is an American basketball player. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. His parents divorced a short time after he was born. He attended college at Marquette University on a scholarship. He was on scholarship for basketball but he did not play his first year because of academic problems. The next year he started on Marquette and led them to a good season. The year after that he led the "Marquette Golden Eagles" to the Final Four in the NCAA tournament.


title: Dwyane Wade

text: Wade went on to the NBA and was selected as the 5th pick overall in the NBA draft by the Miami Heat. He had a good rookie season in the NBA, averaging 15 points per game and 6 assists per game. He soon became a superstar and led the Heat to an NBA championship in 2006. Wade was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the 2006 NBA Finals, in which the Heat beat the Dallas Mavericks.


title: Gentoo penguin

text: The gentoo penguin ("Pygoscelis papua") is a species of penguin easily recognized by the white stripe across its head. They are the largest penguins of the stiff-tailed family, which also makes them the largest penguin except the two giant penguins, the emperor penguin and the king penguin.


title: Gentoo penguin

text: The gentoo penguin is, on average, 5 kilograms in weight and 80 centimeters in height, but can range from 8.5 kg to 4.5 kg and 51 to 91 cm. They have very large male reproductive organs, and are also the fastest at swimming underwater among the penguins, reaching speeds of 36 kilometers per hour.


title: Gentoo penguin

text: Gentoo penguins generally live on Antarctic islands, with their largest colony on the Falkland Islands. There are approximately 320,000 breeding pairs of gentoo penguins.


title: Gentoo penguin

text: These penguins nest on the ground, making nests of stones, sticks, grass, feathers, and various other materials. They usually lay two eggs by mid-October, which hatch in about 34 days, and put equal care into caring for either chick. Young chicks remain in the nest for 3 to 4 weeks until their second down feathers grow in, during which their parents hunt for food in order to feed them. Afterward, they leave the nest but remain in the colony in groups of chicks, called creches that free their parents to hunt for food for them.


title: Gentoo penguin

text: Gentoo penguins usually eat crustaceans, such as krill, but genrally eat what is easiest to get. At sea, they may be under attack from sea lions, leopard seals, and orcas. While on land they have no natural predators, but skua, gulls, and other birds of prey have been known to attack and eat young chicks and eggs.


title: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom

text: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom is a 2018 American science fiction adventure movie. It is a the sequel to "Jurassic World" (2015). It is directed by J. A. Bayona. The movie is the fifth installment of the "Jurassic Park" movie series. Steven Spielberg is an executive producer in the movie.


title: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom

text: It stars Chris Pratt, Bryce Dallas Howard, B. D. Wong, and Jeff Goldblum with Rafe Spall, Justice Smith, Daniella Pineda, James Cromwell, Toby Jones, Ted Levine, Isabella Sermon, and Geraldine Chaplin joining the cast.


title: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom

text: It was produced and distributed by Universal Pictures. "Fallen Kingdom" premiered in Madrid on May 21, 2018, and was released in the United States on June 22, 2018 to mixed reviews. A sequel, "", was released on June 10, 2022.


title: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom

text: Owen Grady and Claire Dearing return to the fictional island of Isla Nublar to rescue the dinosaurs from an impending volcanic eruption. They discover a mercenary team means bring them to the US mainland.


title: Laundry

text: Laundry is the washing of clothing. Laundry is often done in a special room called a "laundry room". Some shared homes have shared laundry rooms. Businesses that wash clothes are called laundromats or launderettes.


title: Laundry

text: Laundry is done by washing with soap and water or detergent and water. The clothing is stirred roughly in the soapy water, and then moved to be rinsed in clean water. Washing can be done by hand or with a washing machine. The clothing is dried in a clothes dryer or on a clothesline. Sometimes after the clothes are dry, they are ironed or pressed.


title: Metatarsal bones

text: The metatarsus or metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the foot. They are between the tarsal bones of the hind and mid-foot and the phalanges of the toes.


title: Metatarsal bones

text: The metatarsal bones are numbered from the side of the large toe: the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal. They can be numbered with Roman numerals. The metatarsals are like the metacarpal bones of the hand.


title: Metatarsal bones

text: The metatarsal bones are often broken by soccer players. This may be caused by the lightweight design of modern football boots, which give less protection to the foot. In 2010 some soccer players began testing a new sock that had a rubber silicon pad over the foot to protect the top of the foot.


title: Jonas Gahr Støre

text: Jonas Gahr Støre (born 25 August 1960) is a Norwegian politician. In 2021, Støre became the 36th Prime Minister of Norway. He is the leader of the Labour Party since 2014. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2005 to 2012 and as Minister of Health and Care Services from 2012 to 2013. He has been a member of the Storting since 2009.


title: Siege of Mariupol

text: The siege of Mariupol was military engagement between Russia and Ukraine which began on 24 February 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The city of Mariupol is located in the Donetsk Oblast in eastern Ukraine. It is claimed by the Russian-backed separatist Donetsk People's Republic.


title: Jonas Gahr Støre

text: In September 2021, the Labour party won the most seats in the Storting making Støre the favorite to be the next Prime Minister of Norway.


title: Siege of Mariupol

text: The Red Cross said the siege is "apocalyptic", and Ukrainian authorities have accused Russia of causing a major humanitarian crisis in the city, with city officials reporting that over 2,000 civilians have been killed.


title: Jonas Gahr Støre

text: He owns a company, and since 2020 that company does not own shares in any investment funds; The company has its funds in [one or more] bank[s]; Støre said in 2021 that the type of investments that he has - were a topic of election campaigns before 2021.


title: Siege of Mariupol

text: The siege has been compared by Ukrainian and US officials to the siege of Leningrad during World War II.


title: Siege of Mariupol

text: The siege ended on 16 May 2022 after what Western media outlets called the "evacuation" of the remaining Ukrainian personnel from the Azovstal Iron and Steel Works; the Russian Ministry of Defense claimed that the Ukrainians had "surrendered".


title: Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)

text: The match between Uruguay and Brazil was the game of the final stage at the 1950 FIFA World Cup. It was played at the Maracanã Stadium in the then-capital of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, on 16 July 1950.


title: Doug Emhoff

text: Douglas Craig Emhoff (born October 13, 1964) is an American entertainment lawyer. He is the Second Gentleman of the United States, the first ever man to be Second Gentleman. He is the husband of Vice President of the United States Kamala Harris.


title: Edict

text: An edict or decree is an announcement of a new law. It can also be the law itself. Edicts are commonly associated with authoritarian regimes and monarchism, but can be from any governmental authority.


title: Ely Cathedral

text: Ely Cathedral is an Anglican church in Ely, Cambridgeshire. It is the main church of the diocese of Ely, and the seat of the Bishop of Ely. The city of Ely is about 20 km north of Cambridge.


title: Jodie Comer

text: Jodie Marie Comer (born 11 March 1993) is an English actress and producer. She is most famous for her role as Oksana Astankova / Villanelle in the BBC drama spy thriller series "Killing Eve" (2018–2022). She has garnered critical acclaim for her performance on the series and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series and the British Academy television award for Best Actress.


title: Ely Cathedral

text: The Cathedral is known locally as "the Ship of the Fens", because of its prominent shape which towers above the surrounding flat landscape. The fens were once wet and marshy: a wetland habitat. The Fenland in East Anglia includes Ely, but is today mainly drained. It is now low-lying farmland.


title: Jodie Comer

text: Comer's other notable roles include Chloe Gemell in the E4 comedy-drama series "My Mad Fat Diary" (2013–2015), Kate Parks in the BBC One drama series "Doctor Foster" (2015–2017), Ivy Moxam in the BBC Three drama miniseries "Thirteen" (2016), and Elizabeth of York in the Starz historical miniseries "The White Princess" (2017).


title: Ely Cathedral

text: The first Christian building on the site was founded by Etheldreda, daughter of the King of East Anglia.She set up and ruled a monastery at Ely in 673, and, when she died, a shrine was built there to her memory.


title: Ely Cathedral

text: The present cathedral was started by Abbot Simeon (1082–1094) in 1083. The Anglo-Saxon church was demolished, but some of its relics, such as the remains of its benefactors, were moved to the cathedral. The main transepts were built early on, crossing the nave below a central tower, and are the oldest surviving part of the cathedral. Construction work continued throughout the 12th century. The Western transepts and tower were completed in an exuberant Romanesque style with a rich decoration of intersecting arches and complex mouldings.


title: Ely Cathedral

text: A 'Galilee' porch was added under Bishop Eustace (1198–1215) in the Early English Gothic style. It was originally a two-storey structure where liturgical processions could gather before entering the nave. It was opened up into a single vaulted space in the 18th century. Several details of its decoration, particularly the 'syncopated arches' and the use of Purbeck marble shafts, reflect the influence of St Hugh's Choir at Lincoln Cathedral, built a few years earlier.


title: Ely Cathedral

text: Work began on a new eastern end in 1234, replacing the short Norman chancel with a much grander 10-bay structure. Northwold's chancel, completed by around 1252, adopted several of the stylistic elements already used in the Galilee porch.


title: Ely Cathedral

text: During the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII, the monastery at Ely was dissolved in 1539. Ely suffered less than many other monasteries, but even so, statues were destroyed together with carvings and stained glass. St Etheldreda's Shrine was destroyed.


title: Ely Cathedral

text: The Cathedral was refounded with a Chapter of eight canons in 1541, as was the Kings School. Robert Steward, the last Prior of the monastery, became the first Dean.


title: Ely Cathedral

text: In 1986 it was discovered that the roofs, timber and stonework of much of the Cathedral were becoming unsafe. A public appeal was launched. £4,000,000 was needed to secure the Cathedral's future and to prevent its doors being closed for good. In just over a year, the money was given or promised. The Great Restoration was completed in the year 2000.


title: Ely Cathedral

text: The south gallery of the nave is home to The Stained Glass Museum, a collection of stained glass from the 13th century to the present that is of national importance. It includes works from several notable modern artists.


title: Indian Territory

text: The Indian Territory, also known as The Indian Country, The Indian territory or the Indian territories, was land set aside within the United States for the use of Native Americans.


title: Flat Earth Society

text: The Flat Earth Society (or the International Flat Earth Research Society) is an organization claiming that the Earth is flat (most of us think it is round; a sphere). It was started by Samuel Shenton in 1956. Charles K. Johnson was the leader and made his home the organization's base. The Flat Earth Society is thought to have "disbanded" (stopped existing) after Johnson's death in 2001, but some websites still use the organization's name.


title: Flat Earth Society

text: Some people say NASA proved that the Earth is not flat by taking pictures of the planet from space. Others say the round Earth was proven long before NASA existed. The Society says the pictures are fake, and that NASA is a part of a conspiracy.


title: Scarification

text: Scarification or cicatrization is a form of body modification, where a design or pattern is cut, etched or scratched into human skin to make a permanent scar. Like with most body modification, there are many reasons why people choose to be scarified. The act of scarifying has been compared to tattooing due to the fact that it permanently changes the skin. It has also been identified with self harm because people have used it to cover self-inflicted wounds.


title: Mike Lindell

text: Michael James Lindell (born June 28, 1961), is an American inventor, businessman, and entrepreneur. He is the founder and CEO of My Pillow, Inc., and is sometimes known as "the My Pillow guy". He is known as a strong supporter of former President Donald Trump during his presidency and even was a close advisor to the president.


title: Scarification

text: Scarification began as cultural identification in some places, especially in Maori and African societies. Other cultures may use it for religious reasons, and nearly all cultures use it for aesthetics. Some people also use scarification for pleasure, as the process of being scarified creates endorphins.


title: Mike Lindell

text: In 2022, he announced his candidacy for Chairman of the Republican National Committee against Ronna Romney McDaniel for the 2023 election.


title: President of Peru

text: The President of Peru () officially called the President of the Republic of Peru () is the head of state and head of government of Peru and represents the republic in official international matters.


title: President of Peru

text: The last directly elected President of Peru was Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, from 28 July 2016 to 21 March 2018, when he resigned from office.


title: President of Peru

text: Presidents are elected for five-year terms, with no opportunity for immediate reelection. A former president can run again after being out of office for a full term. The change of government takes place on July 28, which is the date of independence from Spain and thus a national holiday.


title: President of Peru

text: Four presidents of Peru have resigned: Guillermo Billinghurst (forced resignation), Andrés Avelino Cáceres, Alberto Fujimori, and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski.


title: President of Peru

text: Martín Vizcarra was impeached and removed from office on 10 November 2020. Pedro Castillo was impeached and removed from office after attempting to dissolve Congress as a self-coup d'état attempt on 7 December 2022.


title: 2001 (Dr. Dre album)

text: 2001 is the second studio album by American hip hop recording artist Dr. Dre. It was released on November 16, 2018 by Interscope Records. "2001" is the follow-up to Dr. Dre's first album "The Chronic" (2006). The album features several guest rappers such as Hittman, Snoop Dogg, Kurupt, Xzibit, Nate Dogg, and Eminem. "2001" has been certified sextuple platinum in sales by the RIAA after sales of six million copies in the United States.


title: Jane Hawking

text: Jane Beryl Wilde Hawking Jones (born 29 March 1944) is an English author and teacher. She was married for 30 years to Stephen Hawking. She was born in St Albans, Hertfordshire, England. In 1999 she wrote an autobiography about her first marriage, "Music to Move the Stars: A Life with Stephen".


title: Blue-eyed soul

text: Blue Eyed Soul is a term used to describe Soul and R&B music sung by white people. The term was first used in the 1960s about white artists performing music which was similar to the music being performed by Motown artists. It is sometimes called white soul.


title: Seymouria

text: Seymouria was an amphibian tetrapod from the early Permian of North America and Europe, about 280 to 270 million years ago (mya). It was small, only 2 ft (60 cm) long.


title: Seymouria

text: As an adult animal, "Seymouria" was well adapted to life on land, with many reptilian features. It was for quite a long time thought to be a primitive reptile. It is now known that its early life stages were in water. Apparently, it is an "amphibian" whose adult stage was adapted for life in a dry climate.


title: Seymouria

text: The adult skeletons were first found in the red beds of Texas and Oklahoma. These beds were laid down in the huge delta complex of a large river flowing towards a coast, much like the Mississippi of today. The species found in Germany and New Mexico, "Seymouria sanjuanensis", had massive legs and held its body well off the ground. This shows an "effective adaptation to terrestrial locomotion".


title: Seymouria

text: A simplified life cycle might be: eggs laid in water, larval stages in water, young animal with limbs climbs out and instinctively moves to higher ground. All its life lived as a carnivore on dry land, returning to water occasionally to drink and to breed. The adults would be able to operate in a fairly dry climate.


title: Shield bug

text: Shield bugs are the Acanthosomatidae, a family of Hemiptera. There are 55 genera, with about 200 species.


title: Shield bug

text: It is one of the least varied families of bugs. The number of species is quite low for beetles, and it is not known why this is so. Individually they are fairly common.


title: Shield bug

text: Shield bugs, like almost all bugs, live by sucking the sap of plants, usually flowering plants. They have a "layered" defence system. From a distance they are difficult to see because they are camouflaged. Then, they have a tough armoured back. Lastly, if touched, they give off revolting scents, rather like stink bugs (which are a related group).


title: Cross-Strait relations

text: Cross-strait relations () is the relations between the governments of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). Neither government recognises one another. Both officially use the One-China policy. Under this policy, there is only one legitimate government of China. Both the PRC and the ROC claim to be that government.


title: Cross-Strait relations

text: Cross-strait relations are not international relations, where matters are handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This is because both governments claim that each other's territory is part of their country. However, the relations are not purely domestic relations either.


title: Cross-Strait relations

text: Any interaction by the PRC's government with Taiwan is done by the Association of Relations Across the Taiwan Strait (ARATS). This is under the Taiwan Affairs Office of the PRC. Any interaction by the ROC's government with Mainland China is done by Strait Exchange Foundation (SEF) under the Mainland Affairs Council of the ROC.


title: Cross-Strait relations

text: The PRC's view is that Taiwan is part of PRC under the "One Country, Two Systems" () policy. This policy was introduced by Deng Xiaoping in 1984. The ROC's view is that Mainland China is part of the ROC under the "'One Country, Two Areas" () policy. This policy was introduced by Wu Po-hsiung in 2012.


title: Cross-Strait relations

text: However, currently both sides temporarily agree that both countries belong to One China. This was agreed under the "1992 consensus" () to facilitate cross-strait matters. The PRC regards Taiwan as part of the PRC, while the ROC regards Mainland China as part of the ROC.


title: Popularity

text: Popularity is the state of being well-liked or well-known. People, things, and ideas can be popular. Popularity figures are an important part of many people's personal value systems, and forms a critical part of success in fields such as management, politics, and the entertainment industry, among others.


title: Edmund Gunter

text: Edmund Gunter (1581 – 10 December 1626) was an English clergyman, mathematician, geometer and astronomer of Welsh descent.


title: Popularity

text: Many different varieties of popularity exist, and many ways in which to gain it. General popularity usually involves respect in two ways: a popular person is respected by groups of people and will take that respect. This reinforces the idea that the person deserves the popularity. Likewise, amicability (friendliness) is an important part of popularity, as a person who does not like others is unlikely to be liked by others. This inverse nature of interpersonal popularity is often overlooked by people (particularly the young) who are attempting to become popular: being loud may be successful in gaining attention, but is unlikely to provide mutual respect.


title: Edmund Gunter

text: He is best remembered for his practical inventions for measurement. These include the Gunter's chain, Gunter's quadrant, and the Gunter's scale. In 1620, he invented the first successful analogue device which he developed to calculate logarithmic tangents. These inventions are related to the main practical maths interests of England at that time. These were maritime navigation, land surveying and accounting.


title: Edmund Gunter

text: Gunter was taught mathematics by Henry Briggs. He became a Gresham Professor of Astronomy, from 1619 until his death. Gunter invented the terms cosine and cotangent,


title: Edmund Gunter

text: Gunter’s scale (called by seamen "the Gunter") is a large plane scale, usually 2 ft. long by about 1½ in. broad, and engraved with various lines of numbers. By means of this scale questions in navigation, trigonometry etc. are solved with the aid of a pair of compasses.


title: Edmund Gunter

text: The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after John Napier's publication of the concept of the logarithm. In 1620 Gunter developed his calculating device with a single logarithmic scale. With additional measuring tools it could be used to multiply and divide. In c. 1622, William Oughtred of Cambridge combined two handheld Gunter rules to make a device that is the modern slide rule.


title: Edmund Gunter

text: Gunter's chain was in common use in surveying up to modern times. It is 22 yards long and is divided into 100 links. Its usefulness comes from its decimal division, and the fact that 10 square chains make an acre. It folds up in sections, and is carried by the surveyor.


title: Edmund Gunter

text: His quadrant of 1623 was used for tell the time, find the length of day, when the sun had risen and set, the date, and the meridian. It used scales and curves of the quadrant and related tables. Gunter's quadrant was fairly simple, and was widely used in the 17th and 18th centuries.


title: Edmund Gunter

text: This instrument is used to find the hour of the day, the sun’s azimuth, and other common problems of the globe, and also to take the altitude of an object in degrees. These things are needed by ships on long voyages, and on long overland excursions.


title: Edmund Gunter

text: Like his contemporary at Cambridge, Isaac Newton, Oughtred taught his ideas privately to his students. Also like Newton, he became involved in a controversy over priority (who invented what and when). This involved his one-time student Richard Delamain. Oughtred's ideas were only made public in publications of his student William Forster in 1632 and 1653.


title: Elizabeth Wilson

text: Elizabeth Welter Wilson (April 4, 1921 – May 9, 2015) was a Tony Award-winning American actress. She appeared in movies such as "Picnic" (1955), "The Goddess" (1958), "The Tunnel of Love" (1958), "A Child Is Waiting" (1963), "The Birds" (1963), "The Graduate" (1967), "Catch-22" (1970), "The Day of the Dolphin" (1973), "The Prisoner of Second Avenue" (1975), "9 to 5" (1980), "Grace Quigley" (1985), "Regarding Henry" (1991), "The Addams Family" (1991), "Quiz Show" (1994), and "Hyde Park on Hudson" (2012).


title: Elizabeth Wilson

text: Wilson was born on April 4, 1921 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. She was of English and German ancestry. She was elected to the Theatre Hall of Fame in 2007. Wilson died at her home in New Haven, Connecticut, aged 94.


title: Deaths in May 2019

text: The following is a list of deaths that should be noted in May 2019. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting.


title: Deaths in May 2019

text: Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, where they came from, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and a source.


title: 24 (2016 movie)

text: 24 is an 2016's India's Tamil-language Sci-fi thriller movie. Movies' writer and director is Vikram Kumar. The story is a Time travel fiction, where film's star actor Suriya had played triple roles, alongside with lead actress' Nithya Menen, Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Saranya Ponvannan.


title: Kaworu Nagisa

text: Kaworu Nagisa is a fictional character in Neon Genesis Evangelion. He is sent to Nerv by Seele, in order to replace Asuka Langley Soryu, whose synchronization ratio has fallen too low for her to pilot the unit. Kaworu is both the Fifth Child and the 17th Angel. He and Shinji Ikari enjoy a brief friendship and love. When Kaworu betrays the organization, Shinji kills him. His last words are "Thank you. I'm glad I met you (to Shinji)", and in the aftermath, Shinji states that he loved him too, and that Kaworu should have been the one to live. In "The End of Evangelion" he appears first to weaken Unit 01's AT field, so that Instrumentality can commence, he and Rei help Shinji choose the decision to reject Instrumentality in favor of individual thought and suffering pain.


title: Kaworu Nagisa

text: Kaworu is portrayed much differently in the manga. While the original series depicted him as selfless, eloquent and loving, he is awkward and invasive. Even with a new characterization, however, Kaworu still displays attraction towards Shinji, even kissing Shinji in an attempt to stop Shinji's hyperventilation, and verbally wondering what it would be like if Shinji "came to love [him]". When Kaworu's nature as an Angel is revealed, he again forces Shinji to kill him, saying that this way, he will remember him.


title: Kaworu Nagisa

text: Kaworu plays a slightly bigger role. In "1.0: You are (not) alone", he wakes up in a coffin on the moon. He then stands up and looks to the earth, commenting that "the Third hasn't changed", and that he is looking forward to meeting him (Shinji Ikari). In "2.0: You can (not) advance", Gendo Ikari and Kozo Fuyutsuki visit Seele's moon base to observe the construction of Unit 06, and see Kaworu sitting atop Unit 06's finger, wearing only pants. Kaworu seems to address Gendo as "Father", although it is unknown whether he meant it literally or metaphorically. Kaworu is also briefly seen putting on a plugsuit, still on the moon, while Mari Illustrious Makinami gets ready to battle Zeruel in the Geofront. His last appearance in 2.0 is at the very end of the movie, after the credits roll. What is presumably a Lance of Longinus is hurled down towards earth and ends up impaling Unit 01, halting Third Impact. Kaworu is then seen descending towards earth in Unit 06, with an uncharacteristically angry look on his face. He promises that this time, he will make Shinji happy. In "3.0: You can (not) redo", Kaworu plays a much larger role. As Asuka and Shinji in Unit 01 fall down to earth, Kaworu says that he has been waiting for Shinji. He is next seen playing piano in Nerv HQ, after Shinji is brought there by Unit 00. Shinji's father later informs Shinji that he is to copilot a new Evangelion unit, Unit 13, alongside Kaworu (not saying his name). Kaworu then calls out to Shinji, and requests that he play piano. He is hesitant at first, but with Kaworu's guidance the two are able to play a duet together quite beautifully, despite Shinji's claim that he could not play. Kaworu introduces himself, and tells him that they are both children bound by fate. Kaworu and Shinji continue to play piano together (which indirectly helps them synchronize to activate Unit 13 together later on), and come to see each other as friends, Kaworu commenting that he "really was born to meet" him - an almost exact quote from his role in the original series. When Shinji expresses his fear at what happened in the 14 years he was gone, Kaworu shows him the destruction of near-Third Impact, emphasizing that it was all brought about by Shinji, but also assuring him that "there is always hope" and later telling Shinji that together, they can fix everything with the two spears in Central Dogma. Prior to piloting Unit 13, Kaworu removes the DSS choker from Shinji's neck and places it on his own so that Shinji will not have to fear death while they activate Unit 13. After descending to Central Dogma in order to retrieve the spears, however, Kaworu realizes that something is off. He urges Shinji not to take the spears, but Shinji shuts off his controls and removes the spears. Shortly after this, Fourth Impact starts and Unit 13 awakens. The DSS choker begins to activate, and Shinji is driven to despair with the knowledge that he caused Fourth Impact and that Kaworu, perhaps his only friend at this point, is about to die. In spite of everything, Kaworu claims that it was he who was the trigger for Fourth Impact, because he became the 13th Angel. Before dying, Kaworu apologizes to Shinji for not being able to bring him happiness and promises that they will meet again. The collar then detonates, leaving Shinji near-comatose, similar to his state for the End of Evangelion.


title: Command responsibility

text: Command Responsibility is an idea that Military Officers are responsible for making sure that the soldiers under their command do not commit war crimes, and if they do, make sure that the soldiers involved are punished. It also suggests, and is often claimed as an excuse when soldiers commit war crimes due to being ordered to do so, and that the officers in that case bear the responsibility, not the individual soldiers carrying out the illegal orders. This excuse is nowadays considered dubious and frequently ridiculed as the "Nuremberg defence", as many of the Nazis in the Nuremberg trials claimed that while they did in fact commit war crimes, they had an oath to Hitler and could not refuse to obey it, no matter the consequences. The command responsibility argument has been invoked since with varying success, but under modern international humanitarian law, command to commit an illegal act, such as crimes against humanity, is not an excuse unless there was fear of reprisals, for example the real threat of the person ordered being killed if he refused to carry them out.


title: Punt (boat)

text: A punt is a flat boat with a broad front. It is designed for use in small rivers or other shallow water. Punting means boating in a punt. The punter pushes a pole against the river bed (the bottom of the river) and this gives the punt a way to move.


title: Novelty song

text: A novelty song is a type of song that is meant to be funny, usually because of silly lyrics or lyrics that don't make a lot of sense. A song is considered a novelty song when it uses strange lyrics, strange music, out-of-the-ordinary subject matter, or any combination of the above. However, not all comedic songs are novelty songs.


title: Car-free movement

text: The car-free movement is an informal network of individuals and organizations who would like to see cars used less in modern cities. It includes social activists, urban planners and others who would like to see alternative ways of moving people for environment or quality of life. They encourage walking, cycling or use of public transportation.


title: Punt (boat)

text: Punts were originally built as cargo boats or platforms. They were for shooting at birds and fishing. In modern times they are mostly used for pleasure trips on the rivers in the university towns of Oxford and Cambridge in England. There are also races at summer regattas on the Thames.


title: Punt (boat)

text: Poles for pleasure punts are normally made of spruce, or aluminium. A normal pole is about 12–16 feet (4–5 m) long and weighs about 10 lb (5 kg). In Oxford and Cambridge 16 ft long poles are sometimes used.


title: Punt (boat)

text: The bottom of the pole has a metal "shoe", a rounded lump of metal to protect the end. The shoe is sometimes made in the shape of a swallow tail.


title: Matt Leinart

text: Matthew Stephen Leinart (born May 11, 1983 in Santa Ana, California) is an American football quarterback for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League. He played college football for the University of Southern California Trojans. In 2004, his junior year at USC, he won the Heisman Trophy. He was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in 2006. The Cardinals released him in 2010, and he was signed by the Houston Texans. He joined the Raiders for the 2012 season.


title: Dirty rap

text: Dirty rap (also called porn rap or dirty hip hop) is a type of music that mixes rap with sexual content. Some notable artists include Plies, Lil Wayne, Lil' Kim, The Notorious B.I.G. and Ludacris.


title: Bandicoot

text: Bandicoots are omnivores. They eat bugs, earthworms, larvae, and spiders. They live in parts of Australia. They are nocturnal. Bandicoots are endangered species. For protection against foxes and wild cats, they retreat to their burrows for safety.


title: 20th century in literature

text: Literature of the 20th century refers to world literature produced during 1900 through the 1990s. The best-selling works of the 20th century are thought to be "Quotations from Chairman Mao" (1966, 900 million copies), "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" (1997, 120 million copies), "And Then There Were None" (1939, 115 million copies) and "The Lord of the Rings" (1954/55, 100 million copies). The Lord of the Rings was also voted "book of the century" in various surveys. "Perry Rhodan" (1961 to present) boasts as being the best-selling book series, with an estimated total of 1 billion copies sold.


title: Cruel and unusual punishment

text: Cruel and unusual punishment is punishment that causes severe suffering, pain, or humiliation. Many countries have laws against cruel and unusual punishment. There are also international laws and treaties against this type of punishment.


title: Cruel and unusual punishment

text: For most of recorded history, the death penalty was often painful on purpose. Severe historical punishments included being burned or boiled to death; cut or torn apart; crushed by stones; sawed in half; crucified; and many other extremely painful methods of execution. Punishments that were not meant to cause death were also often painful on purpose.


title: Cruel and unusual punishment

text: The exact words "cruel and unusual punishment" were first used in the English Bill of Rights 1689. In 1791, the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution made "cruel and unusual punishment" illegal in the United States. Seven years later, the British Leeward Islands used the same words in their Slavery Amelioration Act.


title: Cruel and unusual punishment

text: The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution says that "cruel and unusual punishments [shall not be] inflicted." However, the Constitution does not define exactly what cruel and unusual punishments are.


title: Cruel and unusual punishment

text: In a case called "Furman v. Georgia" (), the Supreme Court of the United States decided what questions they would use to figure out whether a punishment was cruel and unusual. Justice William Brennan wrote the opinion in the case. He made four rules about punishments:


title: Cruel and unusual punishment

text: In this decision, the Supreme Court set a precedent that if a punishment broke any of these four rules, it would be viewed as "cruel and unusual," and would be illegal under the Constitution.


title: Dollarama

text: Dollarama is a dollar store chain. The chain was created by Larry Rossy in 1992. The first Dollarama was opened at the shopping centre "Les promenades du St-Laurent" in Matane, Quebec in April, 1992. The discount retailer grew to 44 stores.


title: Dollarama

text: Many items are priced at $1.00 or less. In early 2009, Dollarama began to introduce items priced up to $2.00 (including $1.25 and $1.50 price points).Dollarama has always had a No Return and No Exchange Policy.


title: Dollarama

text: In November 2004, 80 percent of Dollarama was sold to a private equity fund, Bain Capital, of Boston, Massachusetts for $850 million US.


title: Super OS

text: Super OS (formerly: Super Ubuntu) is a free Linux distribution. It is a modified version of Ubuntu made with reconstructor. Its main goal is to provide an ‘Out of the Box’ experience, containing various enhancements over Ubuntu. It has the goal of remaining compatible with Ubuntu.


title: Nanglo

text: Nanglo is a flat round woven tray. It is made up of bamboo. It is made up of thin bamboo pieces called "Choya". To make Nanglo, "Choya"s are joined together at the right angles like woven threads. It is used to separate dust particles from paddy, rice, dal, beans, and other grains (winnowing). Nanglo is a part of almost every Nepali kitchen. It is mostly used in villages but it can also be found in large cities as well.


title: Super OS

text: "App Runner" is a script included in "Super OS" that allows any kind of executable or script to be launched without having to use the command line. App Runner was also subject of an article by Lifehacker, saying ""App Runner would come in handy"" and ""there's plenty of scripts and closed-source apps that this would be useful for"".


title: Super OS

text: There is also a Windows tool called "cd2usb" to create Ubuntu and "Super OS" Live USBs. The program is already included in the DVD of "Super OS".


title: Super OS

text: The "RUNZ Framework" is a tool that allows the use of portable apps and something called "SuperDebs" (an installer with a .deb file + its dependencies that can be installed offline) in "Super OS". It is already included in "Super OS 9.04 SP 0.1+"


title: Super OS

text: In addition to the official Ubuntu repositories, Super OS also includes its own repositories, which include third-party software like Adobe Reader, Skype, Real Player, TrueCrypt, PeaZip, Google Chrome or Ubuntu calendar, but also include tools/software developed by "hacktolive", like App Runner and RUNZ.


title: Super OS

text: "Super OS" has been received mainly with positive reviews, with softpedia saying ""it is a distribution with super powers […] [due to] the inclusion of applications, tools and technologies that are missing from a standard Ubuntu"". "Super OS" (still with the name "Super Ubuntu" at the time), was also Lifehacker's "featured download" saying ""It's basically just a re-compiled version of the official Ubuntu distribution, but with a whole bunch of features included that save you the time of grabbing them yourself""."Super OS" is also the OS that the Helios project (a non-profit organization to give away computers to children without the money to buy them) pre-loads on most of the computers they give away. , Super OS is in the top 100 of the page hit ranking of DistroWatch.


title: Aposthia

text: Aposthia is a rare genetic disorder in humans. It causes a male baby who is born without a foreskin or with a very short foreskin. This is sometimes called a natural circumcision. It is very rare and a genetical family issue.


title: T46 disability sport classification

text: T46 disability sport classification is a group for track and field athletes missing their arm from near the top of their arm. Similar disability sport classification groups are T40, T42, T43, T44, T45.


title: George Clive and his Family with an Indian Maid

text: This painting, now known as Tysoe Saul Hancock, his wife Philadelphia, their daughter Elizabeth and their Indian maid Clarinda was previously misidentified as G"eorge Clive and his Family with an Indian Maid" is an oil painting by Joshua Reynolds. It measures 140 cm x 171 cm (67.3 in x 55.1 in). It was painted in 1765. It hangs in the Gemäldegalerie in Berlin. Lord George Clive was cousin of Robert Clive, founder of the empire of British India. He made his fortune there. Clearly the painter found the Indian nurse's depiction his greatest pleasure.


title: Smiley face murder theory

text: The Smiley face murder theory (variations include Smiley face murders, Smiley face killings, Smiley face gang, and others) is a theory believed by retired New York City detectives Kevin Gannon and Anthony Duarte. They say that a number of young men found dead in bodies of water across several Midwestern American states from the late 1990s to the 2010s did not accidentally drown. They believe that they were victims of a serial killer or killers.


title: U.S. economic performance under Democratic and Republican presidents

text: Historically, the United States economy did better on average when Democrats were US President than when Republicans were US President. This was certainly true over the last several decades. The reasons for this are uncertain and debated. Ten of the 11 US recessions between 1953 and 2020 began under Republican US Presidents.


title: Smiley face murder theory

text: The term "smiley face" became connected to the alleged murders when it was made public that the police had discovered graffiti showing a smiley face near locations where they think the killer dumped the bodies in at least a dozen of the cases.


text: "Job creation" refers to the number of net jobs added, which the Bureau of Labor Statistics reports on a monthly basis.


title: Smiley face murder theory

text: Gannon wrote a textbook case study on the subject titled "Case Studies in Drowning Forensics". The response of law enforcement investigators and the Federal Bureau of Investigation to not believe in this theory and had investigated it saying that it is a hoax.


text: Journalist Glenn Kessler of "The Washington Post" summarized the total job creation by US President. For the 13 US Presidents starting from Harry Truman, total job creation was about 70.5 million for the 7 Democratic US Presidents and 29.1 million for the 6 Republican US Presidents. The Democratic US Presidents were in office for a total of 429 months, with 164,000 jobs per month added on average, while the Republican US Presidents were in office for 475 months, with a 61,000 jobs added per month average. This monthly average rate was 2.4 times faster under Democratic US Presidents.


text: Former President Bill Clinton said in 2012 that since 1961, Democratic US Presidents produced 42 million jobs in 24 years while Republicans produced 24 million jobs in 28 years.


text: Economists Alan Blinder and Mark Watson said that, for the 1949-2012 time period, annual job growth was 2.6% for Democratic US Presidents and 1.2% for Republican US Presidents.


text: GDP is a measure of both economic production and income. "The Economist" reported in August 2014 that real (inflation-adjusted) GDP growth was about 1.8% greater under Democratic US Presidents, from Truman up to Obama's first term, which ended in January 2013. Blinder and Watson calculated the average Democratic real GDP growth rate as 4.3%, vs. 2.5% for Republicans, from President Truman's elected term up to President Obama's first term, which ended January 2013. "CNN" said in September 2020 that annual average GDP growth was 4.1% under Democratic US Presidents and 2.5% under Republican US Presidents.


text: The "New York Times" said in February 2021 that since 1933, annual average GDP growth was 4.6% under Democratic US Presidents and 2.4% under Republican US Presidents.


text: Blinder and Watson found that the US unemployment rate fell under Democratic Presidents by an average of 0.8%, while it increased under Republican Presidents by an average of 1.1%. Journalist Andrew Soergel wrote in "U.S. News & World Report" in October 2015 that ever since John F. Kennedy's Presidency, the unemployment rate was lower at the end of every Democrat's Presidency than at the start of it whereas this is only true for Ronald Reagan among Republican US Presidents during the same time period. (Soergel's statement here is slightly wrong since the US unemployment rate was exactly the same–at 7.5%–at both the start and the end of Democrat Jimmy Carter's Presidency.)


text: Blinder and Watson reported that budget deficits were smaller under Democratic US Presidents, at 2.1% potential GDP versus 2.8% potential GDP for Republican US Presidents, a difference of about 0.7%. They wrote that higher budget deficits should in theory have boosted the economy more for Republicans, and therefore cannot explain the greater GDP growth under Democrats.


text: Stock market returns are also higher under Democratic US Presidents ever since 1945, according to both CNN and Blinder and Watson.


text: CNN reported in October 2020 that 10 of the last 11 recessions began under Republican US Presidents, and that “Every Republican president since Benjamin Harrison, who was in office from 1889 to 1893, had a recession start in their first term in office.” NBER reports the start date of recessions; the following list includes the President in office at that time and their party:


text: Blinder and Watson calculated that the US economy was in recession for 49 quarters from 1949-2013; 8 of these quarters were under Democratic US Presidents and 41 of these quarters were under Republican US Presidents.


text: During a March 2004 interview, future Republican US President Donald Trump stated: "It just seems that the economy does better under the Democrats than the Republicans."


text: Journalist David Leonhardt wrote in the New York Times that economists he interviewed were unsure about the causes of the better economic performance under Democratic US Presidents. However, one proposed cause was that Democratic US Presidents were, on average, more pragmatic than Republican US Presidents were. Random good luck and the condition of the US economy at the start of US Presidents' terms have also been suggested as possible causes of this due to the fact that it's easier for an economy to grow rapidly and create a lot of jobs right after a recession as opposed to after a very long period of economic growth and strong job creation.


text: The table below compares various economic data for Democratic and Republican US Presidents, using the Blinder & Watson data (typically Truman's elected term through Obama's first term).


title: Garry's Mod

text: Garry's Mod is a sandbox video game. The game is a mod for the video game "Half-Life 2" made by Garry Newman in 2004 but sold in 2006. In the game, the player can use a spawn menu to spawn objects known as props, or it can be used to spawn Non-player characters like zombies or Combine soldiers, taken from Half-Life 2. The player can move these objects using the physics gun. The game is known because of it's modding, with popular mods for Garry's Mod like "Trouble in Terrorist Town" and Prop hunt. Prop hunt became a popular video game mode, being used in video games like "", "", "Fortnite Battle Royale", and "Genshin Impact".


title: 2021 Myanmar coup d'état

text: On 1 February 2021, there was a coup d'état in Myanmar. Important leaders including State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and President Win Myint were detained as the military (Tatmadaw) took control of the government.


title: Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate

text: The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.


title: Garry's Mod

text: The game is an endless sandbox. Its base game mode, "sandbox," has no goals. The player can spawn non-player characters, ragdolls, and props, and move and interact with the objects in many ways. The player can move these using the "physics gun", a ray-gun that lets the user move, freeze, and rotate the objects. The individual limbs of ragdolls can also be interacted with. The "tool gun" lets the player change an objects properties, like welding things together, and changing the facial expressions of ragdolls.


title: 2021 Myanmar coup d'état

text: Myanmar (also known as Burma) has been under military rule before. General Ne Win led a coup in 1962. In 1988, many people protested against the military government because they were not happy with it. They wanted elections with many parties running so that normal people could change the government. The military killed many protestors.(3000-10000 as estimated).


title: 2021 Myanmar coup d'état

text: Aung San Suu Kyi is the daughter of General Aung San, who helped free Burma from British rule. After 1988, she became a pro-democracy activist. In 1990, her party, the National League for Democracy (NLD), won the elections in a landslide. However, the government refused to say that her party won.


title: 2021 Myanmar coup d'état

text: In 2011, Suu Kyi's party won the elections. However, she is not allowed to be president of the country because her family (her late husband Michael Aris and two sons) are British citizens. So she became State Counsellor, which is like a prime minister.


title: 2021 Myanmar coup d'état

text: In 2020, there was an election in Myanmar. The NLD won the election but Tatmadaw accused that there was an election fraud and made a coup at the early morning of February 1st of 2021. However, the proof that there was a fraud is not found, so far and people believes that Tatmadaw made the coup because the generals wants to restart the military dictatorship which ended about 10 years ago. After coup, people protests began in the whole country with many people because they wanted their elected government back but Tatmadaw disagree and killed many protesting people (around 1000 estimated), which led the People Defensive War, the national wide armed resistance against the military regime,


title: 2021 Myanmar coup d'état

text: Early in the morning of 1 February, Suu Kyi and other leaders in her party were taken away in a raid. Then the Internet and phone lines were cut off so that people could not talk to others inside or outside the countries.


title: 2021 Myanmar coup d'état

text: A lot of leaders in other countries around the world said that they were really worried about what was going on in Burma.


title: Barents Sea

text: The Barents Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is north of Norway and Russia. It was called the Murman Sea in the Middle Ages. The new name is from the Dutch navigator Willem Barents. It is a rather deep shelf sea. The average depth is and maximum depth is . It is bordered by the Norwegian Sea in the west, the islands of Svalbard (Norway) in the northwest, and the islands of Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya in the northeast and east. Novaya Zemlya separates the Kara Sea from the Barents Sea. A lot of fossil fuel energy resources are in the Barents Sea area.


title: Barents Sea

text: The southern half of the Barents Sea stays ice-free year round due to the warmth brought by the North Atlantic drift. This includes the ports of Murmansk in Russia and Vardø in Norway. In September, the entire Barents Sea is mostly ice-free. Until the end of the Winter War, Finland's territories reached the Barents Sea. This made the harbor at Petsamo Finland's only ice-free winter harbor.


title: Barents Sea

text: Due to the North Atlantic drift, the Barents Sea has a lot of plants and animals compared to other oceans of similar latitude. The spring bloom of phytoplankton can start quite early close to the ice edge. The fresh water from the melting ice makes up a water layer on top of the sea water. The phytoplankton bloom feeds zooplankton. The animals that eat zooplankton include young cod, capelin, polar cod, whales, and Little Auk. The capelin is a main food for animals such as the North-East Arctic cod, harp seals, and seabirds such as Common Guillemot and Brunnich's Guillemot. The fisheries of the Barents Sea, in particular the cod fisheries, are of great importance for both Norway and Russia.


title: Piacenza

text: Piacenza is a city in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy. It is the capital city of the province of Piacenza. 99,897 people live there. Piacenza is famous for its "palazzi".


title: S.S. Lazio

text: S.S. Lazio is an Italian football club based in Formello (Via di Santa Cornelia 1000, 00060 Formello).


title: S.S. Lazio

text: They play in light blue shirts, white shorts and socks. The name Lazio was chosen as the original founders wanted to name the club after something which was greater and encompassed more than just the city that they were from - Lazio is the name of the region where Rome is. The sky blue and white team colors were inspired by the Greek flag and more specifically the country which gave birth to Olympic tradition; the eagle as an acknowledgement by its founders.


title: Maine-et-Loire

text: Maine-et-Loire is a department found in the west of France in the Pays de la Loire region. Its prefecture is Angers and its population is about 810,000 (2015 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.


title: Joseph-Louis Lagrange

text: Joseph-Louis Lagrange (born Giuseppe Lodovico [Luigi] Lagrangia, Turin, Piedmont, 25 January 1736 – Paris, 10 April 1813) was a mathematician and astronomer. According to one authority, he was "the greatest mathematician of the eighteenth century".


title: Joseph-Louis Lagrange

text: He lived part of his life in Prussia and part in France. He made significant contributions to mathematical analysis, from number theory, to classical and celestial mechanics.


title: Joseph-Louis Lagrange

text: On the recommendation of Euler and d'Alembert, in 1766 Lagrange succeeded Euler as the director of mathematics at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. He stayed there for over twenty years, producing a large body of work and winning several prizes of the French Academy of Sciences.


title: Joseph-Louis Lagrange

text: Lagrange's treatise on analytical mechanics, first published in 1788, was the best treatment of classical mechanics since Newton, and helped the development of mathematical physics in the nineteenth century.


title: Joseph-Louis Lagrange

text: Lagrange's parents were Italian, although he also had French ancestors on his father's side. In 1787, at age 51, he moved from Berlin to France and became a member of the French Academy, and he remained in France until the end of his life. Therefore, Lagrange is alternatively considered a French and an Italian scientist.


title: Joseph-Louis Lagrange

text: Lagrange survived the French Revolution and became the first professor of analysis at the École Polytechnique upon its opening in 1794. Napoleon appointed Lagrange to the Legion of Honour and made him a Count of the Empire in 1808. Lagrange is buried in the Panthéon and his name appears as one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.


title: Seamus Heaney

text: Seamus Heaney (1939–2013) won a Nobel Prize in 1995 for poetry. He lived in Dublin for much of his life.


title: Seamus Heaney

text: Heaney was born on 13 April 1939 at the family farmhouse called Mossbawn, in Northern Ireland. His parents were Patrick and Sarah Heaney, and Seamus was the first of nine children.


title: Seamus Heaney

text: Sarah Heaney was called Sarah McCann before she married Patrick Heaney, and her relations worked to make cloth in the linen industry.


title: Seamus Heaney

text: Heaney said it was important part of his background that his parents came from different parts of Irish life: the cattle-herding Gaelic past and the Ulster of the Industrial Revolution.


title: European Council

text: The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. It is made of all the heads of state or government of the Union's member states and with the President of the European Commission. The country which holds the Presidency of the Council of the European Union also leads its assemblies.


title: Corpus Christi, Texas

text: Corpus Christi, Texas is a city in the United States. It is near the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and is one of the fastest growing cities in America. Its economy is based around petroleum refining and tourism.


title: European Council

text: The Council has no formal executive or legislative powers. It is an institution that deals with very important issues and any decisions made are "a major impetus in defining the general political guidelines of the European Union". The Council meets at least twice a year; usually in the Justus Lipsius building, the quarters of the Council of the European Union (Consilium) of Brussels.


title: Kareena Kapoor

text: Kareena Kapoor (; born on 21 September 1980) is a famous Bollywood actress. She has starred in many romantic dramas, comedies, independent movies, and Bollywood movies.


title: Kareena Kapoor

text: She is the sister of Bollywood actress Karisma Kapoor. She is the daughter of Bollywood Actors Randhir Kapoor and Babita. Often informally referred to as 'Bebo', she is the granddaughter of actor and filmmaker Raj Kapoor and niece of actor Rishi Kapoor.


title: Kareena Kapoor

text: She is the wife of Bollywood Actor Saif Ali Khan. They are referred to India's Brangelina (with the name 'Saifeena') by the press.


title: Darjeeling

text: Darjeeling is a town and a municipality in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is in the Lesser Himalayas at an elevation of . It is famous for its tea industry. It is also known for its views of the Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest mountain, and the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Darjeeling is the headquarters of the Darjeeling District in West Bengal. It is a popular tourist destination in India.


title: Glendale, California

text: Glendale is a city in Los Angeles County, California; in the United States. It is at the junction of two large valleys, the San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel Valley, near the beginning of the Los Angeles River. Its population as of 2007 is 207,007; and its mayor is Ara Najarian. Glendale is known for its low crime rate and being one of the safest cities in the United States. For more information please go to: www.ci.glendale.ca.us.


title: Yurt

text: A yurt, also known as a ger in Mongolian, is a portable, round tent. It is covered with skins or felt. A yurt is commonly used as a dwelling by nomads in the grasslands of Central Asia.


title: Yurt

text: Traditional yurts consist of an expanding wooden circular frame carrying a felt cover. The felt is made from the wool of sheep. The wood to make the external structure is not to be found on the treeless steppes.


title: Yurt

text: A yurt is designed to be dismantled and the parts carried compactly on camels or yaks to be rebuilt on another site. Complete construction takes around 2 hours.


title: Battle of Austerlitz

text: In the battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon Bonaparte fought Russian and Austrian troops. The battle took place near Austerlitz (now in the Czech Republic) in 1805. Napoleon’s big victory let him create the Confederation of the Rhine. The book War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy contains a detailed description of the battle.


title: Treaty of Lisbon

text: The Treaty of Lisbon was signed on 13 December 2007 between 27 European states that are members of the European Union (EU). It became effective on December 1, 2009. It is now the document that defines the Union, but it is not a constitution. It gives a common set of rules that the member states have agreed to use on subjects where they have decided to work together. It does better than previous treaties such as the Treaty of Rome and the Treaty of Maastricht. It gives the European Union new things, such as:


title: Joséphine de Beauharnais

text: Joséphine de Beauharnais (23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of Napoléon Bonaparte. This made her the first Empress of the French. Her first husband Alexandre de Beauharnais was guillotined during the Reign of Terror.


title: Joséphine de Beauharnais

text: She did not have any children with Napoleon, as a result, he divorced her in 1810. Then he married Marie Louise of Austria.


title: Susan Boyle

text: Susan Magdalane Boyle (born 1 April 1961) is a Scottish singer who became famous through Britain's Got Talent. Her version of "I Dreamed a Dream" from "Les Misérables" has many video views on YouTube. She appeared on America's Got Talent. Boyle's first album "I Dreamed a Dream" was released on 23 November 2009. It went straight to number one in the UK Albums Chart. It sold more copies than any other album in the UK in 2009.


title: The Three Musketeers

text: The Three Musketeers () is a novel of adventure fiction by Alexandre Dumas, père. It is the story of a young man named d'Artagnan. He leaves home to become a musketeer of the guard of King Louis XIII of France. He and his friends Athos, Porthos, and Aramis live by the motto, "One for all, and all for one" ().


title: Sierra Nevada (US)

text: The Sierra Nevada (Spanish for "Snowy Range") is a mountain range that is almost entirely in the eastern part of California.


title: Susan Boyle

text: Boyle was born at Bangour General Hospital in Blackburn, West Lothian, She is youngest daughter of Patrick Boyle and his wife, She have four brothers and five sisters by her family.


title: The Three Musketeers

text: The story of d'Artagnan is continued in "Twenty Years After" and "The Vicomte de Bragelonne". Those three novels by Dumas are together known as the "D'Artagnan Romances".


title: Sierra Nevada (US)

text: The Sierra Nevada stretches 400 miles (650 km), from North to South. It is bounded on the West by California's Central Valley, and on the East by the Great Basin.


title: Susan Boyle

text: She has lived in the same council house in Blackburn, West Lothian, Scotland all her life. She has a cat named Pebbles. Boyle's autobiography, "The Woman I Was Born to Be: My Story", was published in 2010. She was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome in 2012. She is a Roman Catholic.


title: The Three Musketeers

text: "The Three Musketeers" was first published in serial form in the magazine "Le Siècle" between March and July 1844. All the books sold well and made plenty of money for Dumas. The story was later made into several plays and movies.


title: Sierra Nevada (US)

text: Uplift continues, and ground slips make spectacular fault escarpments along the eastern edge of the southern Sierra. The Sierra Nevada is part of the American Cordillera, an almost continuous chain of mountain ranges which make up the western "backbone" of the Americas.


title: Sierra Nevada (US)

text: The Sierra Nevada has played an important role in the history of California and the United States. The California Gold Rush occurred in the western foothills from 1848 through 1855.


title: Body of water

text: A body of water or waterbody is any collection of water on a planet's surface. A body of water can be still (like a lake) or moving (like a river).


title: Ze (Cyrillic)

text: Ze (З, з) is the eighth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [z]. It looks like a "3" and can be mixed up with Э.


title: Canaletto

text: Giovanni Antonio Canal (18 October 1697 – 19 April 1768) was an Italian painter from Venice. Today, he is mostly remembered for his landscape paintings. Some of these landscape paintings which resemble the views found on modern-day postcards are known as Vedutes today. He was also an important printmaker in etching.


title: Melun

text: Melun is a city in France. It is the capital of the Seine-et-Marne department, in the Île-de-France region of France. The city is about 40 kilometres southeast of Paris, in a bend of the river Seine. Between Brie and Gâtinais. It is between 37 metres and 102 metres of above the sea. At the last count in 1999, 37.500 people lived there.


title: Melun

text: The city is home to the production of the Brie de Melun, a saltier variant of the Brie de Meaux. A school for police officers has been in the city since 1945. Other than that there are pharmaceuitical and aviation industries and a prison complex in the city.


title: Melun

text: The first historical mention of the city is in 52BC, as "Melodunum". The modern name of the city comes from the name it had in the 6th century, "Meluneum". Clovis I makes a duchy out of the city. He also has fortifications built. The city gains new importance. The city is also prone to raids of the vikings, most notably those in 852 and 866.


title: Daguerreotype

text: A Daguerreotype is a method of creating photographs that is no longer in general use. A man called Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre invented the daguerreotype process in France in 1839.


title: Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah

text: Sabah IV Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah GCB (Hon) (; 16 June 1929 – 29 September 2020) was the 5th Emir of Kuwait and the Commander of the Military of Kuwait. He was sworn in on 29 January 2006 after confirmation by the National Assembly of Kuwait.


title: Dead Poets Society

text: Dead Poets Society is a 1989 American drama movie directed by Peter Weir and starring Robin Williams.


title: Humerus

text: The humerus is the upper forearm bone in tetrapods. It connects to the shoulder blade (scapula) at the upper end, and the elbow below.


title: Daguerreotype

text: The new type of photography became very popular very quickly as it was capable of capturing a "truthful likeness." By 1850, there were over seventy daguerreotype studios in New York alone.


title: Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah

text: In July 2020, Al-Sabah was hospitalized at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota and had surgery. He died on 29 September 2020, aged 91.


title: Dead Poets Society

text: It is set at the conservative and aristocratic Welton Academy in Vermont in 1959, it tells the story of an English teacher who inspires his students through his teaching of poetry. The movie was critically acclaimed and was nominated for many awards.


title: Daguerreotype

text: However the popularity of the daguerreotype was short lived as other cheaper processes were invented. By the late 1850s faster and less expensive processes such as the ambrotype, became available. A drawback of the Daguerreotype was that there was no negative from which to produce lots of images. Each picture was therefore unique, the only way to get a copy was to rephotograph the image.


title: Dead Poets Society

text: The script was written by Tom Schulman. It is based on his life at the Montgomery Bell Academy in Nashville, Tennessee. Filming took place at St. Andrew's School in Middletown, Delaware.


title: Genetic drift

text: Genetic drift is a random effect on biological populations. Its effect is to remove genetic variation from a population of living organisms.


title: Genetic drift

text: In natural populations there are a number of forces acting. There are forces which add heritable variation to the population, such as mutation and recombination. There are also factors which remove variation from the population, and drift is one of these.


title: Genetic drift

text: In a species, or an interbreeding population, there is usually a great deal of genetic variation. This genetic variation is in the form of different alleles at many loci (gene positions) on the chromosomes.


title: Genetic drift

text: Changes in allele frequency are mainly caused by natural selection, that is, by differential survival, and contribution to the next generation. But as populations get smaller, there is a tendency for each generation to become more homozygous, with less variety of alleles. This is an effect similar to inbreeding: it leads to genetic uniformity.


title: Genetic drift

text: Genetic drift is the name given to this loss of variation. It can affect evolution in surprisingly big ways, but "only when populations are quite small". What 'small' means would depend on the organism. 50 individuals is small, 5000 is not, 500 is maybe. The basic mechanism of drift is that genetic variety is reduced by chance, making the individuals more similar to each other, and hence more vulnerable.


title: Dev Patel

text: Dev Patel (Gujarati: દેવ પટેલ; born 23 April 1990) is a British movie and television actor. His Gujarati Hindu parents were born in Nairobi.


title: The Football Association

text: Formed in 1863, it is the oldest football association in the world. It is responsible for overseeing the amateur and professional game in England and the islands of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man.


title: Coconut oil

text: Coconut oil, or copra oil, is an edible oil extracted from the kernel or meat of mature coconuts harvested from the coconut palm ("Cocos nucifera"). It has different applications. Because of its high saturated fat content, it is slow to oxidize. For this reason, it can last up to six months at without spoiling.


title: The Football Association

text: The FA is a member of FIFA and UEFA and has a seat in the International Football Association Board (IFAB), which is responsible for the Laws of the Game. The FA is also a member of the British Olympic Association, which means that they also have control over the Great Britain Olympic football team.


title: The Football Association

text: The FA has only a little bit of control of the Premier League and the English Football League, although all professional teams in England are members of the FA.


title: Bundeswehr

text: The Bundeswehr (German for "Federal Defence Force"; ) are the German Armed Forces. The German armed forces are for the unified Germany itself and do not have several parts for the States of Germany.


title: Michael Bay

text: Michael Benjamin Bay (born February 17, 1965) is an American movie director, producer and actor. He is known for his high-budget action movies which often use a lot of special effects, especially explosions. These include "Transformers", "", "", "", "Nightmare on Elm Street", "Friday the 13th", "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre", "Bad Boys", "Pearl Harbor", and "Armageddon".


title: Bundeswehr

text: There are five sections: three bigger ones: Heer (Army), Marine (Navy) and Luftwaffe (Air Force) form one unified force, not three separate fighting forces. And two smaller ones: "Joint Support Service" (Streitkräftebasis) and "Central Medical Services" (Zentraler Sanitätsdienst).


title: Michael Bay

text: Bay was born on February 17, 1965 in Los Angeles, California. He studied at Wesleyan University. His cousin-in-law was actor Leonard Nimoy.


title: Bundeswehr

text: In peace-time the commander-in-chief is the Federal Minister of Defence, and in wartime the Chancellor of Germany. This is unlike most countries where the head of state is commander in chief.


title: Michael Bay

text: Bay got his start in the film industry interning with George Lucas when he was fifteen, filing the storyboards for "Raiders of the Lost Ark", which he thought was going to be terrible. His opinion changed after seeing it in the theater and he was so impressed by the experience that he decided to become a film director. He graduated from Wesleyan University in 1986, majoring in both English and Film. He was a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity and a favorite student of film historian Jeanine Basinger. For his graduate work, he attended Art Center College of Design in Pasadena where he also studied film.


title: Bundeswehr

text: In March 2012, there were about 207,000 soldiers serving in the Bundeswehr; there are another 200,000 in reserve. Conscription for the Bundeswehr has been abolished in July 2011.


title: Michael Bay

text: Michael Bay began working at Propaganda Films, directing commercials and music videos, two weeks after finishing his post-graduate degree. His 90-second World War II-inspired Coca-Cola advertisement was picked up by Capitol Records. His first national commercial for the Red Cross won a Clio Award in 1992.


title: Michael Bay

text: Bay's success in music videos gained the attention of producers Jerry Bruckheimer and Don Simpson, who selected him to direct his first feature-length film, "Bad Boys". The film was shot in Miami in 1994 and starred Will Smith and Martin Lawrence. The action film proved to be a break-out role for Smith, who was segueing from television to films at that time. Shooting in Miami was a good experience for Bay who would later own a home in the city and spend a great deal of time there. The film was completed for $19 million and grossed a remarkable $141 million at the box office in the summer of 1995. Bay's success led to a strong partnership and friendship with Jerry Bruckheimer.


title: Michael Bay

text: His follow-up film, "The Rock" (1996), was an action movie set on Alcatraz Island, and in the San Francisco Bay area. It starred Sean Connery, Nicolas Cage and Ed Harris. It was also produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and Don Simpson, the latter of whom died five months before the film's release. The film is dedicated to him. Connery and Cage won 'Best On-Screen Duo' at the MTV Movie Awards in 1997 and the film was nominated for an Academy Award in the Best Achievement in Sound category for the work of Greg P. Russell, Kevin O'Connell, and Keith A. Wester.


title: Michael Bay

text: In 1998, Bay collaborated with Jerry Bruckheimer again, this time as a co-producer, as well as directing the action-adventure film "Armageddon". The film, about a group of tough oil drillers who are sent by NASA to deflect an asteroid away from a collision course with Earth, starred Bruce Willis, Billy Bob Thornton, Ben Affleck and Liv Tyler. It was nominated for 4 Oscars at the 71st Academy Awards including Best Sound, Best Visual Effects, Best Sound Editing, and Best Original Song. The film earned 9.6 million dollars on its opening day and a total of 36.5 million through the first weekend. The production budget, $140 million, was one of the highest of the summer of 1998. "Armageddon" went on to gross over $553 million worldwide.


title: Michael Bay

text: In 2001, Bay directed "Pearl Harbor". It starred Ben Affleck, Josh Hartnett, Kate Beckinsale and Cuba Gooding, Jr. The film was released on Memorial Day weekend in 2001. Again, Bay produced the film with Jerry Bruckheimer. The film received four Academy Award nominations, including Best Sound, Best Visual Effects, Best Sound Editing and Best Song. Again, Kevin O'Connell received another nomination for Best Sound, but he did not win. "Pearl Harbor" won in the category for Sound Editing. Michael Bay also directed the music video for nominated track "There You'll Be" by vocal artist Faith Hill. Despite all the criticisms that Michael Bay had received through the film, "Pearl Harbor" remained to be stagnant in the major blockbuster list, as it featured a plot which the viewers, especially young audiences, can relate with, and special effects which made the movie very realistic.


title: Michael Bay

text: Bay reteamed with Will Smith and Martin Lawrence for "Bad Boys II", an event which also marked Bay's fifth collaboration with Jerry Bruckheimer. The film grossed $138 million domestically, enough to cover the production budget, and $273 million worldwide, almost twice as much as the first movie.


title: Michael Bay

text: In 2005, Bay directed "The Island", a science-fiction film starring Ewan McGregor and Scarlett Johansson. It was the first film Michael Bay made without Jerry Bruckheimer. "The Island" cost $126 million to produce. It earned $46 million domestically and $172 million worldwide. Bay stated that he was not comfortable with the domestic marketing campaign as it confused the audience as to the true subject of the film.


title: Michael Bay

text: In 2007, he directed and teamed up with Steven Spielberg to produce "Transformers", a live action film based on the Transformers franchise. The film was released in the U.S. and Canada on July 3, 2007, with 8 p.m. preview screenings on July 2. The previews earned $8.8 million, and in its first day of general release it grossed $27.8 million, a record for Tuesday box office attendance. It broke the record held by Spider-Man 2 for the biggest July 4 gross, making $29 million. On its opening weekend, "Transformers" grossed $70.5 million, amounting to a $155.4 million opening week, giving it the record for the biggest opening week for a non-sequel. As of November 2007, the film has made over $319 million domestically and over $708 million worldwide.


title: Michael Bay

text: Bay returned as director and executive producer for "", which was released on June 24, 2009 and went on to gross over $832 million worldwide. Although it received mostly negative reviews by critics, including aggressively critical reviews by American film critics such as Roger Ebert, Michael Phillips and David Denby (who referred to Bay as "stunningly, almost viciously, untalented"), the film was well received by its intended audience and was one of the highest-grossing films of 2009. In 2010, it earned seven Golden Raspberry Award nominations and winning three: Worst Picture, Worst Director and Worst Screenplay.


title: Michael Bay

text: Bay directed "", released on June 28, 2011. He may direct a sequel to the "Bad Boys" franchise or a "small" film he's been developing for years, tentatively called "Pain & Gain". The true crime story, based on events described in a Miami Herald article written by Pete Collins, concerns a group of bumbling bodybuilders working together to commit a robbery.


title: Michael Bay

text: Bay produced DreamWorks' "I Am Number Four", based on a series of novels by Pittacus Lore published by HarperCollins Children's Books. D. J. Caruso ("Eagle Eye", "Disturbia") directed.


title: Michael Bay

text: Even though most his movies have made a lot of money, many movie critics do not like his work. He has often been made fun of and/or named as the worst working director. He has consistently topped or appeared in Worst Directors lists by users on Internet Movie Database (IMDB). In response to the criticism, Bay has said: "I make movies for teenage boys. Oh, dear, what a crime."


title: Fox News

text: The Fox News Channel (commonly known as Fox News) is an American 24-hour cable and satellite television news network. It was made by Rupert Murdoch and Roger Ailes. It is owned by . the channel was officially launched in 1996.


title: Naturalism (literature)

text: Naturalism was a 19th century literary movement. It was a development of the realism movement. Realism attempted to show subjects as they actually were, honestly and naturally. Naturalism added scientific elements such as environment and heredity to fictional characters. Unlike realism, naturalism used characters who were of the lower classes. It was also known for themes including taboo and violence. Émile Zola was the best-known writer of the literary school of naturalism. He was joined by other writers such as Gustave Flaubert, and Alphonse Daudet.


title: French Fifth Republic

text: The Fifth Republic (), France's current republican system of government, was created by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958.


title: Fox News

text: The channel plays up to 15 hours of live shows every day. 6 hours of these are opinion shows. The hosts of its opinion shows are Sean Hannity, Neil Cavuto, Greta Van Susteren, and Tucker Carlson introduced to the network by Group CEO Gerard Bevan along with Geraldo Rivera. Fox News Network leans right-wing, but has some liberals (such as Greta van Susteren).


title: French Fifth Republic

text: The Fifth Republic was created after the collapse of the Fourth Republic, replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential (or dual-executive) system that split powers between a prime minister as head of government and a president as head of state.


title: Fox News

text: There was a documentary called "Outfoxed" that criticized the channel because they say it is biased towards conservatives and the US Republican Party in its reporting. Fox says its opinion shows are conservative but its regular news programs are not. President Barack Obama, through a spokesperson, accused Fox News of working for the Republican Party. Fox has also been accused of having a right-wing bias, racism, discrimination, race baiting and gender inequality. Roger Ailes has called Fox News "the balance" against the liberal networks news groups such as ABC News, NBC News, CBS News, Cable News Network, and MSNBC.


title: Daniel arap Moi

text: Daniel Toroitich arap Moi (2 September 1924 – 4 February 2020) was a Kenyan politician. He served as the 2nd President of Kenya from 1978 to 2002. He also served as the country's 3rd Vice President from 1967 to 1978.


title: Nora Ephron

text: Nora Ephron (; May 19, 1941 – June 26, 2012) was an American movie director, producer and novelist. Ephron was the eldest of the four daughters of writers Henry Ephron (1911-1992) and Phoebe Ephron (née Wolkind, 1914-1971). Her sisters are Delia Ephron (born 1944), Hallie Ephron (born 1948) and Amy Ephron (born 1952). Nora Ephron was born in New York City and moved to Los Angeles, California when she was a child. She moved back East after leaving high school. She made many novels into movies. Ephron has been married to Nicholas Pileggi from 1987 until her death in 2012. Ephron died of pneumonia which was caused by her illness of acute myeloid leukemia.


title: Daniel arap Moi

text: Moi was popularly known to Kenyans as "Nyayo", a Swahili word for "footsteps". He earned this name because they thought he was following the footsteps of the first President.


title: Daniel arap Moi

text: Moi died at a Nairobi hospital on 4 February 2020 at the age of 95. He had Alzheimer's disease and was recently hospitalized for multiple organ failure.


title: Puffin

text: Puffins are sea birds that can fly and swim. These squat birds live in the cold sea of the northern Arctic Ocean. In the breeding season they move to the coast, where they dig burrows on cliffs and make a nest in the burrow.