title: Medical emergency

text: If the victim is not breathing, or if a heartbeat cannot be felt, artificial respiration and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) could be needed to keep a person's blood circulating long enough for medics to attempt revival. Emergency medical technicians, Outdoor Emergency Care technicians or paramedics can use airway management techniques to help a person who is not breathing.


title: Medical emergency

text: While in a hospital environment, staff members that are on duty are trained to deal with emergency situations. Emergency medical physicians are trained to deal with many medical emergencies, and have up-to-date cardiopulmonary resuscitation and advanced cardiac life support certificates. In major incidents, most hospitals have protocols to have staff that are not at work at the hospital to go on duty as fast as they can.


title: Medical emergency

text: Emergency departments follow basic advanced cardiac life support protocols, which include keeping a patient's blood pressure and blood saturation at acceptable levels. Possible exceptions include the clamping of arteries in severe haemorrhage.


title: Henry Cooper

text: Sir Henry Cooper OBE KSG KB (3 May 1934–1 May 2011) was an English heavyweight boxer known for the power of his left hook. People called it "Enry's 'Ammer" (Henry's hammer). He knocked down Muhammad Ali early in Ali's career. Cooper held the British, Commonwealth and European heavyweight titles several times. He unsuccessfully challenged Ali for the world heavyweight championship in 1966.


title: Henry Cooper

text: After he retired from boxing, Cooper was a television and radio personality. He was popular in Britain. He was the first (and is today one of just three people) to twice win the public vote for BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award. He is the only boxer to be awarded a knighthood. He is also named as one of the great Londoners in the "London Song" by Ray Davies on his 1998 album The Storyteller.


title: Pinto horse

text: A Pinto horse is a spotted horse. They are not a breed, but a coat color. In fact, any horse breed can be a Pinto as long as they have patches of white or another color. Pintos are often confused with Paints, a horse breed. They look very similar. The difference is that a Paint is a breed, and a Pinto is a coat color that can be on any breed, including Paints.


title: Pinto horse

text: Pintos are so old that they were found in tombs in Ancient Egypt dating back to 4 B.C. In the 16th century Cortez brought thousands to the New World. Some of them were set free, and Native Americans caught them. The Native Americans liked them for their toughness and their color. Their color blended in with the environment and made a natural camouflage. They were known to make great war horses. Their name came from the Spanish word "pintado", which means “painted”.


title: Pinto horse

text: Pintos have pink skin, blue eyes, and white or multicolored hooves. They can be either a white horse with colored patches, or a colored horse with white patches. It has been said that no two Pintos are exactly alike.


title: Practice

text: Practice or practise (a verb form in British English) is the act of repeating a behavior over and over, or doing an activity again and again.


title: Practice

text: It is a way to learn things faster, by repeating them. For example, sport teams practice to prepare for real games, or a musician practices for some hours every day, so he can play perfectly in his concert.


title: Task

text: In common language, a task is something you want to accomplish or finish, such as trying to complete a problem or an assignment.


title: Nazim

text: A Nazim is a person who is responsible for administration of cities, districts and the Union Councils of Pakistan. The job of a Nazim is similar to that of a mayor.


title: Slut

text: Slut is a broad word that usually means a woman who has sex with a lot of people. It is a bad word and is generally meant to be offensive to whomever it is describing. It is an insult, and some people would also call it a swear word. Originally it meant "A woman of dirty, slovenly or untidy appearance".


title: Junior Seau

text: Tiaina Baul "Junior" Seau, Jr. (January 19, 1969 – May 2, 2012) was an NFL football player. His jersey number was #55 and he was a linebacker. He was 43 years old. He was 6'3" in height and weighed 250 lb (pounds). He attended the University of Southern California. He played for the New England Patriots, Miami Dolphins and the San Diego Chargers. He had a foundation called the Junior Seau Foundation. He owned his own restaurant in San Diego. He played in the Pro Bowl 12 times. He was of Samoan origin. He received the nickname "Tazmanian Devil" from his teammates. He also has a dance called the "Lightning Bolt Dance" from his days with the Chargers. On May 2, 2012, Seau was found dead in his home by his girlfriend from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the chest.


title: Nintendo DSi XL

text: The Nintendo DSi XL (called Nintendo DSi LL in Japan) is a handheld game console made and manufactured by Nintendo. It is the fourth and final model in the Nintendo DS family. It is a bigger version of the Nintendo DSi and the biggest, heaviest, and brightest of the four models. It has bigger screens than the original DS, DS Lite, or regular DSi. It was first sold in Japan on 21 November 2009, in Europe on 5 March 2010, in North America on 28 March 2010, and in Australia on 15 April 2010. The DSi XL comes with several titles with the console including "Flipnote Studio", "Brain Age: Math", "Brain Age: Spelling and Arts", and "Photo Clock". Like the DSi, the Game Boy Advance slot is removed. It was discontinued in 2014.


title: Cow urine

text: Cow urine (गोमूत्र "Gomutra" in Hindi) is used as medicine mainly in India where cows are considered as holy by Hindus. In addition cow urine is consumed as a drink by people believing it to boost the immunity. Cow urine is one of the five contents of "Panchagavya" meaning five products obtained from a cow (urine, milk, ghee, curd and dung). Cow urine is also used in folk medicine in Myanmar, Nepal and Nigeria.


title: Cow urine

text: From ancient times it is used in Ayurveda medicine to treat leprosy, fever, peptic ulcers, liver diseases, kidney diseases, asthma, psoriasis and for weight loss in obesity.


title: Cow urine

text: In addition cow urine is used as a floor cleaner and to manufacture cosmetic products like skin creams, bathing liquids and soap.


title: Cow urine

text: Although many Hindus believe cow urine can cure cancer, it is not backed by scientific research with some scientists saying cow urine may not have any medicinal value at all. Some Hindus including political figures in India believe that cow urine contains gold which is also a myth.


title: Thalidomide scandal

text: Thalodomide is a drug that was developed in the 1950s. It was used as as a sedative, to treat sleeping problems, and anxiety. Its use in pregnant women in 46 countries resulted in the "biggest man‐made medical disaster ever": more than 10,000 children were born with severe deformities, as well as thousands of miscarriages. A common condition was that hands or feet were directly attached to the body, with all or part of the arm or leg missing. This condition is known as phocomelia.


title: Thalidomide scandal

text: Thalidomide was introduced in 1956. The German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal marketed it as a medication for anxiety, trouble sleeping, "tension", and morning sickness. When it was introduced, it had not been tested on pregnant women. At the start, people thought it was safe in pregnancy. The first concerns regarding birth defects were noted in 1961, and the drug was removed from the market in Europe that year.


title: Thalidomide scandal

text: Thalidomide was developed and first released by the German pharmaceutical company Chemie Grünenthal in 1953. The company had started as a soap maker after World War II to address the urgent market need for antibiotics. Chemist Heinrich Mückter, who was a known Nazi war criminal, was appointed to head the discovery programme based on his experience researching and producing an anti-typhus vaccine for Nazi Germany.


title: Thalidomide scandal

text: It is estimated than more than 10.000 people were affected by their mothers using thalidomide during their pregnancy; about forty percent of the children died at birth or shortly afterwards. Those who survived had limb, eye, urinary tract, and heart defects. Its initial entry into the US market was prevented by Frances Kelsey at the FDA. The birth defects of thalidomide led to the development of greater drug regulation and monitoring in many countries.


title: Thalidomide scandal

text: The severity and location of the deformities depended on how many days into the pregnancy the mother was before beginning treatment; thalidomide taken on the 20th day of pregnancy caused central brain damage, day 21 would damage the eyes, day 22 the ears and face, day 24 the arms, and leg damage would occur if taken up to day 28. Thalidomide did not damage the fetus if taken after 42 days' gestation.


title: Thalidomide scandal

text: Because there were many reports of malformations in babies, people were made aware of the side effects of the drug. The drug causes moderate to severe malformations. Most often, limbs are malformed, sometimes they are missing. Some side effects affect the formation of bones, the ear, the heart or other internal organs. The most common form of birth defects from thalidomide is shortened limbs, with the arms being more frequently affected. This syndrome is the presence of deformities of the long bones of the limbs resulting in shortening and other abnormalities.


title: Thalidomide scandal

text: In 1968, a large criminal trial began in Germany, charging several Grünenthal officials with negligent homicide and injury. After Grünenthal settled with the victims in April 1970, the trial ended in December 1970 with no finding of guilt. As part of the settlement, Grünenthal paid 100 million DM into a special foundation; the German government added 320 million DM. The foundation paid victims a one-time sum of 2,500–25,000 DM (depending on severity of disability) and a monthly stipend of 100–450 DM. The monthly stipends have since been raised substantially and are now paid entirely by the government (as the foundation had run out of money). Grünenthal paid another €50 million into the foundation in 2008.


title: Thalidomide scandal

text: On 31 August 2012, Grünenthal chief executive Harald F. Stock apologised for the first time for producing the drug and remaining silent about the birth defects. Stock was the Chief Executive Officer of Grünenthal GmbH from January 2009 to May 28, 2013; he was also a Member of Executive Board until 28 May 2013. At a ceremony, Stock unveiled a statue of a disabled child to symbolise those harmed by thalidomide and apologised for not trying to reach out to victims for over 50 years. At the time of the apology, there were 5,000 to 6,000 sufferers still alive. Victim advocates called the apology "insulting" and "too little, too late", and criticised the company for not compensating victims. They also criticised the company for their claim that no one could have known the harm the drug caused, arguing that there were plenty of red flags at the time.


title: Thalidomide scandal

text: The disaster prompted many countries to introduce tougher rules for the testing and licensing of drugs. In the United States, the new regulations strengthened the FDA, among other ways, by requiring applicants to prove efficacy and to disclose all side effects encountered in testing. The FDA subsequently initiated the Drug Efficacy Study Implementation to reclassify drugs already on the market.


title: British Rail Class 47

text: The British Rail Class 47 (Originally Brush Type 4) is a class of British railway diesel-electric locomotive that was developed in the 1960s by Brush Traction. A total of 512 Class 47s were built at Crewe Works and Brush's Falcon Works, Loughborough between 1962 and 1968, which made them the most numerous class of British mainline diesel locomotive.


title: British Rail Class 47

text: They were fitted with the Sulzer 12LDA28C twelve-cylinder diesel engine producing (later derated to 2580 bhp to improve reliability), and have been used on both passenger and freight trains on Britain's railways for over 40 years. Despite the introduction of more modern types of traction, as of 2008 a significant number are still in use, both on the mainline and on heritage railways. As of December 2008, 103 locomotives still exist, with 29 working on the mainline.


title: Orpheus and Eurydice

text: The ancient legend of Orpheus and Eurydice concerns the fateful love of Orpheus of Thrace, son of Apollo and the muse Calliope, for the beautiful Eurydice (from "Eurudike", "she whose justice extends widely").


title: Burn (song)

text: "Burn" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released from his album "Confessions" (2004). It was written by Usher and Jermaine Dupri, Bryan-Michael Cox. It was produced by Dupri and Cox. The song talks about a breakup in a relationship. Many music critics believed that it was Usher's "personal struggles". The song won the 2005 Kids Choice Award for Favorite Song.


title: Burn (song)

text: "Burn" was supposed to be the album's lead single. However, because many critics liked the song "Yeah!", it was released second. It was released in July 2004 as the second single. It reached a lot of music charts worldwide. It reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. At the time, "Yeah!" was still at number one. "Burn" replaced it. It stayed on the chart for eight weeks.


title: Burn (song)

text: "Burn" was certified platinum in Australia and gold in New Zealand and the United States. The song was given positive reviews. It won several awards. In 2009, it was named the 21st most successful song of the 2000s. It was included on the "Billboard" Hot 100 Songs of the Decade.


title: Sonja Ball

text: Sonja Ball, (born October 20, 1956), is a American voice actress and singer. Ball is well known for her voice-over work as the voice of Jane Read in Arthur, Martha Moppet in The Little Lulu Show, Huckle Cat in The Busy World of Richard Scarry, Polly in the English dub of Samurai Pizza Cats, Nicole in the Madeline TV specials, and Marina and Hedwig in the English dub of Saban's Adventures of the Little Mermaid. She also did the voice for 5-year-old Wimzie, a happy-go-lucky, half-bird, half-dragon in the PBS children's series Wimzie's House. Ball is also known for her talented singing voice for several theme songs such as Ovide and the Gang, Adventures of the Little Koala, Woofy, The Little Flying Bears, Yakari, Wimzie's House, and The Legend of North Wind as well as providing narration and vocalist for the National Film Board of Canada's 1998 short Ludovic: The Snow Gift.


title: Ronald Selmour

text: Ronald Selmour is a Canadian actor. He is well known for his role as Firecracker Man in ABC's "Kingdom Hospital", Sundown in the Discovery Channel's TV miniseries "Klondike" and The Butcher in the CW's "Arrow".


Swatch of No Ground Marine Protected Area is a protected wildlife sanctuary in the Bay of Bengal. It was established on 26 October 2014. The sanctuary covers an area of 163,600 hectares (429,000 acres). It is located at Swatch of No Ground, which is considered to be the deepest underwater trench in the Bay of Bengal.


title: Samsung Galaxy A22

text: Samsung Galaxy A22 is a smartphone made by Samsung. It has a screen that has a resolution of 2400 x 1080 pixels. It also has 48 MP main, 2 MP depth and 2 MP macro cameras. It has a 5000 mAh battery.


title: Ronald Selmour

text: Selmour has been involved in the performing Arts from the early years of his life. Though Profoundly religious, his father was very involved with local theatres taking him to see presentations throughout Port-au-Prince, Haiti. In the early 1980s the family made the difficult decision to let him go to Canada, stayed with his aunt while pursuing his studies. In Montreal, Quebec, there he made the acquaintance of several instrumental people in his life, teachers, professors and a mentor name Solly Levy who introduced him to the Comedia dell'arte. Ever since then, the love for the craft became the guiding light in his life.


title: Cool Cat Saves the Kids

text: Cool Cat Saves the Kids is a 2014 American family comedy-drama film, written, produced and directed by Derek Savage. It stars Savage, Jason Johnson, Vivica A. Fox and Erik Estrada. The film is an edited together combination of 3 previously filmed Cool Cat shorts named ""Cool Cat Stops Bullying"", ""Cool Cat in the Christmas Parade"" and ""Cool Cat Finds a Gun"". The film follows the titular character (portrayed by Jason Johnson) as he sets out on several loosely connected adventures involving vandalism, gun safety, cyberbullying, a story contest, and a trip to the Hollywood Parade. Since it's release, the film has gained a cult following as being a so-bad-it's-good movie, thanks in large part to the many continuity and filmmaking errors present in the film.


title: Cool Cat Saves the Kids

text: A re-edit of the film featuring newly shot scenes and fixed editing, entitled "Cool Cat: Kids Superhero", was released in 2018.


title: Phalanges

text: Phalanges are bones. There are 14 of them in each hand and foot. The phalanges (distal, middle and proximal) in the hand are the fingers and those in the feet are the toes. Human toe bones are usually shorter than the bones in the hand.


title: Better Call Saul

text: Better Call Saul is an American television series created by Vince Gilligan and Peter Gould. It is a spin-off another show, "Breaking Bad". "Better Call Saul" is set in 2002 and follows the story of a lawyer James "Jimmy" McGill (Bob Odenkirk), six years before he appeared on "Breaking Bad".


title: Better Call Saul

text: The first season consists of 10 episodes. The show's 10-episode second season premiered on February 15, 2016. On March 15, 2016, the series was renewed for a 10-episode third season.


title: Better Call Saul

text: Like the show that came before it, "Better Call Saul" has been praised by critics. It has been nominated for several awards, including four Primetime Emmy Awards, three Writers Guild of America Awards, two Critics' Choice Television Awards, a Screen Actors Guild Award and a Golden Globe Award. The first episode held the record for the highest-rated scripted series premiere in basic cable history.


title: Gopalkrishna Gandhi

text: Gopalkrishna Devdas Gandhi (born 22 April 1945) is an Indian politician. He was the 22nd Governor of West Bengal from 2004 to 2009. He is the grandson of Mahatma Gandhi. He was the United Progressive Alliance nominee for Vice President of India in the 2017 elections and lost with 244 votes against NDA candidate Venkaiah Naidu, who got 516 votes.


title: Studio 8H

text: Studio 8H is a television studio in New York City in the United States. The studio is a part of NBC Studios, where the NBC television network is, at 30 Rockefeller Plaza. It is known for having the live recording of "Saturday Night Live", which has been shown from the studio since the show's creation in 1975.


title: Studio 8H

text: Studio 8H was built in 1933. It was meant to be used for orchestras and radio variety programs with big studio audiences. When it was built, Studio 8H was the world's biggest radio studio. It was feet big, and it was three stories tall, which could fit a full orchestra. It was used for television in 1950, mostly for the live showing of "Kraft Television Theatre".


title: Studio 8H

text: Studio 8H is now best known for showing the NBC sketch comedy show "Saturday Night Live", which is recorded live. Two episodes of NBC sitcom "30 Rock", "Live Show" and "Live from Studio 6H" were also recorded live from the studio.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: The UEFA Euro 2012 was the 14th UEFA European Football Championship tournament. Its formal name was "2012 UEFA European Football Championship". It was held in 8 June to 1 July. All the European football teams could compete. In general the contet of match was more higher than FIFA World Cup. The defending champion was Spain. The tournament was hosted in Poland and Ukraine. 16 teams were qualified for the final group stage. The winner of competition qualifies for the FIFA Confederations Cup.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: 51 teams wanted to join the Euro 2012, so UEFA organized the teams into 9 groups. Qualification began on August 2010 and ended on November 2011. The following teams qualified:


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: There were 8 stadiums in 8 host cities. The host cities were Warsaw, Gdańsk, Wrocław, Poznań, Kyiv, Lviv, Donetsk and Kharkiv. The Euro 2012 allowed new stadiums to be built. Six of the eight stadiums are either completely new, or greatly improved. Below is a table that will show what stadiums are being used, and in which cities.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: "The Czech Republic became the first team to win a European Championship group with a negative goal difference"


title: Aladdin (2019 movie)

text: Aladdin is a 2019 American musical fantasy movie produced by Walt Disney Pictures. It was directed by Guy Ritchie. It is a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1992 animated movie of the same name.


title: Aladdin (2019 movie)

text: The movie stars Will Smith, Mena Massoud, Naomi Scott, Marwan Kenzari, Navid Negahban, Nasim Pedrad, Billy Magnussen, and Numan Acar, as well as the voices of Alan Tudyk and Frank Welker.


title: Aladdin (2019 movie)

text: "Aladdin" was theatrically released in the United States on May 24, 2019. It made $1 billion worldwide, becoming the eighth-highest-making movie of 2019. The movie had mixed reviews from critics.


title: Xia dynasty

text: Xia dynasty (Chinese: 夏朝; Pinyin: xià cháo; Wade–Giles: Hsia-ch'ao) was the first dynasty of China. It was founded in 2100 BC and ended in 1600 BC. Until archaeologists dug at Erlitou in Henan Province, many scientists were not sure if the Xia Dynasty was real or a myth. The last king was Jie who was said to be cruel and greedy. He was defeated by T'ang, the king of the Shang people from the east.


title: Lise Meitner

text: Lise Meitner (November 7, 1878, Vienna – October 27, 1968, Cambridge) was an Austrian-Swedish physicist. She had a very large role in discovering nuclear fission. She received her doctorate in physics from the University of Vienna in 1906. Her work with two other scientists influenced the discovery and creation of the atomic bomb.


title: Lise Meitner

text: Starting in 1907, Meitner worked with a man named Otto Hahn. She worked with Hahn throughout her entire career. Working together, they completed a lot of work in chemistry. Hahn won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, even though his work had been with her. The reason that she did not win the prize was that she was a woman. She did attend the ceremony though.


title: Lise Meitner

text: In 1914, Meitner volunteered as an X-ray technician in the Austrian army during World War I. Meitner was also the first female professor in Germany. She became a German professor in 1917. Throughout the 1920s, Meitner worked mostly on radiation. She won many prizes and awards. Around 1935, Meitner and Hahn worked together to learn more about uranium. The element Meitnerium is named after her. Later in Meitner’s life, she had many discoveries that led to the creation of the atomic bomb. She worked to make possible the atomic bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima but she did not agree the atomic bomb.


title: Lise Meitner

text: An encyclopedia editor asked Meitner to write an article about radioactivity. He had read a paper she wrote about the physical aspects of radioactivity. The letter that she got was addressed to “Herr Meitner” (Mr. Meitner). She explained that she was female and the offer was taken away. Meitner followed gender roles later in her career. British physicist Ernest Rutherford visited Berlin Laboratory. During this visit, Meitner spent the day shopping with Rutherford's wife. Meanwhile, the men talked about work. Meitner also had lots of accomplishments. After working with Hahn and investigating behavior of beta rays, she received an appointment in the radioactivity apartment and invited Meitner to join him. Soon after, Max Planck asked Meitner to be an assistant professor and lecture at the institute for theoretical physics. Meitner was the first woman in Germany to be in her position. Many news reporters were drawn to her opening lecture.


title: 56 (number)

text: Fifty-six is a number. It comes between fifty-five and fifty-seven, and is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 28, and 56.


title: Henry Hudson

text: Henry Hudson (1565 – disappeared 23 June 1611) was an English explorer and navigator in the 1600s. He was well known for discovering the Hudson River and the Hudson Bay.


title: Henry Hudson

text: Hudson was trying to find a northwest passage to Cathay (present day China). He tried twice before he found it. Hudson discovered the Hudson Bay and Hudson River in North America. He claimed the Hudson Bay for England along with other pieces of land. He was working for the Dutch when he found the Hudson River. He found it in 1609 when he was looking for a way to get from North America to Asia by water. This was named the Northwest Passage. On September 11, 1609, he found what is now New York City.


title: Scalable Vector Graphics

text: Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) are a type of two dimensional picture that work on vectors, rather than pixels. This means that they can be easily be made bigger or smaller without losing any quality or becoming blurry. SVG is based on XML and created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).


title: Brad Dourif

text: Bradford Claude Thomas Dourif (; born March 18, 1950) is an American character actor. He was nominated for an Oscar, and won a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award for his supporting role as Billy Bibbit in the film "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" (1975). He is also known for his roles as Charles Lee Ray and the voice of Chucky in the "Child's Play" franchise (1988–2017), and Gríma Wormtongue in "The Lord of the Rings" series (2002–2003).


title: Brad Dourif

text: Dourif's other film roles include "Wise Blood" (1979), "Dune" (1984), "Blue Velvet" (1986), "Mississippi Burning" (1988), "The Exorcist III" (1990) and "Alien Resurrection" (1997). He also appeared in many television series, notably "Deadwood" (2004–2006, ), for which he received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination.


title: Brad Dourif

text: Dourif has three children, two daughters: Kristina / Christina Dourif, born c. 1976, actress Fiona Dourif, born c. 1981, and one son: Thomas, born c. 1984 with his late wife Jonina Dourif,whose name sometimes appears in media as Janet.


title: Maniche

text: Maniche (born 11 November 1977) is a Portuguese football player. He plays for Köln and Portugal national team.


title: Internship

text: "Intern" is the job title given to people who work in an organization that has an internship program. It is similar to an apprenticeship but is the term more commonly used if the work takes place in office environments. The work in an internship is expected to be part of the desired learning experience for the intern. The specific requirements for being an intern vary widely.


title: Internship

text: Internship positions are posted online similarly to job postings but focus instead on engaging students in real-world projects before they have completed their studies. Internships are usually temporary positions, often lasting between one school term and one year. Interns are sometimes given longer-term job opportunities.


title: Chuck Lorre

text: Chuck Lorre (born Charles Michael Levine; October 18, 1952) is an American television writer, director, producer and composer. He was born in Bethpage, Long Island, New York. He has worked on many American sitcoms, including "Grace Under Fire", "Dharma & Greg", "Two and a Half Men", "The Big Bang Theory" and "Mike & Molly".


title: Manohar Parrikar

text: Manohar Gopalkrishna Prabhu Parrikar (13 December 1955 – 17 March 2019) was an Indian politician. He was the leader of Bharatiya Janata Party. He was the Chief Minister of Goa from 14 March 2017 to 17 March 2019. He was Chief Minister of Goa from 2000 to 2005 and from 2012 to 2014. He worked under Prime Minister Narendra Modi as Defence Minister of India from 2014 to 2017.


title: Manohar Parrikar

text: In October 2018, it was announced that Parrikar had pancreatic cancer. He died on 17 March 2019 from the disease at his home in Panaji, Goa at the age of 63.


title: Mathew Knowles

text: Mathew Knowles (born 1952) is an American record executive, talent manager, and businessman. He is best known for being the manager of Destiny's Child. He also managed his daughters Beyoncé and Solange Knowles. He is the ex-husband of Tina Knowles and father-in-law of Jay-Z. He was born in Gadsden, Alabama.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS). This makes it possible to identify different substances within a test sample. GC-MS has many uses include drug detection, fire investigation, environmental analysis and explosives investigation. It can also be used to identify unknown samples. GC-MS can also be used in airport security to detect substances in luggage or on human beings. Additionally, GC-MS can identify trace elements in deteriorated materials, even after the sample fell apart so much that other tests cannot work.


title: Helluva Boss

text: Helluva Boss is an American adult animated series created by Vivienne Medrano. It is based on the misadventures of the employees of I.M.P., a murder-for-hire company. The pilot was released on November 25, 2019 and the first season was released on October 31, 2020. On November 13, 2021, a second season was announced, which premiered on July 30, 2022.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: GC-MS is the best way for forensic experts to identify substances because it is a "specific test". A specific test positively identifies the actual presence of a particular substance in a given sample. A "non-specific test" only says that categories of substances are in the sample. Although a non-specific test could statistically suggest the identity of the substance, this could lead to false positive identification.


title: Helluva Boss

text: The story follows I.M.P. (Immediate Murder Professionals), a murder-for-hire company in Hell. The members are Blitzo (pronounced "Blitz"), the head of the company, Millie and Moxxie, a married imp couple, and Loona, a hellhound who is Blitzo's daughter. Blitzo also has a tricky relationship with Stolas, a demon prince. Stolas has a book called a grimoire, which I.M.P. needs to do their job, because it allows them to access the human world.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: The first research papers on gas-liquid chromatography were published in 1950. Chemists used different detectors to see that compounds were flowing out of the end of the chromatograph. Most of the detectors destroyed the compounds, because they burned them or ioned them. These detectors left chemists guessing the exact identity of each compound in the sample. In the 1950s, Roland Gohlke and Fred McLafferty developed a new combined machine. They used a mass spectrometer as the detector in gas chromatography. These early devices were big, fragile, and originally limited to laboratory settings.


title: Helluva Boss

text: The series takes place in the same universe as "Hazbin Hotel," but with different characters and stories.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: The design was complex. The time interval between different compounds flowing out of the chromatograph was hard to control. So, the mass spectrometer had to finish working on one compound before the next one flowed out of the chromatograph. In the early models, the measurements from the mass spectrometer was recorded on graph paper. Highly-trained chemists studied the patterns of peaks to identify each compound. By the 1970s, analog-to-digital converters were added to mass spectrometers. This allowed computers to store and to interpret the results. As computers grew faster and smaller, GC-MS became faster and spread from laboratories into every day life. Today, computerized GC-MS instruments are widely used in environmental monitoring of water, air, and soil. It is also used in the regulation of agriculture, food safety and in the discovery and production of medicine.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: The development of small computers has helped in the simplification of GC-MS machines. It also greatly reduced the amount of time it takes to analyze a sample. Electronic Associates, Inc. (EAI) was a leading U.S. supplier of analog computers. In 1964, EAI began development of a computer-controlled mass spectrometer under the direction of Robert E. Finnigan. By 1966, over 500 gas-analyzer instruments were sold. In 1967, the Finnigan Instrument Corporation (FIC) was formed. In early 1968, delivered the first prototype quadrapole GC-MS instruments to Stanford and Purdue University. FIC was eventually renamed Finnigan Corporation and went on to establish itself as the worldwide leader in GC-MS systems.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: GC-MS can find all of the compounds mixed together in a sample object. The operator dissolves the sample in a liquid. The operator then injects the liquid into a stream of gas. (Helium, Hydrogen or Nitrogen gas are used most often.) The gas flows through a tube with a special coating. Because each compound in the sample sticks to the coating in a different way, each compound comes out of the tube at a different time. So the coating is used to separate each compound that was mixed together in the sample. As each compound comes out at the end of the tube, it is ionized and gets an electric charge. Most compounds break apart when they are ionized. The different pieces fly under a magnet which separates the pieces based on their weight and charge. A computer then measures all of the pieces of each compound. By comparing the measurements against a computer library of known compounds, the computer makes a list of the names of all of the compounds in the sample. The computer can also tell how much of each compound was in the sample.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: The GC-MS is made up of two major building blocks: the gas chromatograph and the mass spectrometer. The gas chromatograph uses a capillary column which depends on the column's dimensions (length, diameter, film thickness) as well as the phase properties (e.g. 5% phenyl polysiloxane). The difference in the chemical properties between different molecules in a mixture will separate the molecules as the sample travels the length of the column. The molecules take different amounts of time (called the retention time) to come out of (elute from) the gas chromatograph. This allows the mass spectrometer downstream to capture, ionize, accelerate, deflect, and detect the ionized molecules separately. The mass spectrometer does this by breaking each molecule into ionized fragments and detecting these fragments using their mass to charge ratio.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: These two machines, used together, allow a much finer precision of substance identification than either unit used separately. It is not possible to make an accurate identification of a particular molecule by gas chromatography or mass spectrometry alone. The mass spectrometry process normally requires a very pure sample. In the past, gas chromatography use other detectors such as a Flame Ionization Detector. These detectors cannot separate different molecules that happen to take the same amount of time to travel through the column. (When two different molecules have the same retention time they are said to "co-elute".) The co-eluting molecules will confuse the computer programs that are reading a single mass spectrum for both molecules.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: Sometimes two different molecules can also have a similar pattern of ionized fragments in a mass spectrometer (mass spectrum). Combining the two processes reduces the possibility of error. It is extremely unlikely that two different molecules will behave in the same way in both a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer. Therefore, if a mass spectrum matches the analyte of interest, the retention time of that spectrum can be checked against a characteristic GC retention time to increased confidence that the analyte is in the sample.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: The most common type of MS associated with a GC is the quadrupole mass spectrometer. Hewlett-Packard (now Agilent) markets it under trade name "Mass Selective Detector" (MSD). Another relatively common detector is the ion trap mass spectrometer. Additionally one may find a magnetic sector mass spectrometer. However these particular instruments are expensive and bulky and not typically found in high-throughput service laboratories. Other detectors are used such as time of flight (TOF), tandem quadrupoles (MS-MS) (see below), or in the case of an ion trap MS. The n indicates the number mass spectrometry stages.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: A mass spectrometer is typically used in one of two ways: Full Scan or Selective Ion Monitoring (SIM). The typical GC-MS can work either way alone, or both at the same time.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: When collecting data in the full scan mode, a target range of mass fragments is selected and put into the instrument's method. An example of a typical broad range of mass fragments to monitor would be "m/z" 50 to "m/z" 400. The determination of what range to use is largely set by what one expects being in the sample while being aware of the solvent and other possible interferences. If an MS looks for mass fragments with a very low m/z, it may detect air or other possible interferring factors. Using a large scan range decreases the sensitivity of the instrument. The machine will perform fewer scans per second because each scan will take more time to detect a wider range of mass fragments.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: Full scan is useful in determining unknown compounds in a sample. It provides more information than SIM when it comes to confirming or resolving compounds in a sample. Most instruments are controlled by a computer which operates a computer program called an "instrument method." The instrument method controls the temperature in the GC, the MS scan rate and the range of fragment sizes being detected. When a chemist is developing an instrument method, the chemist sends test solutions through the GS-MS in full scan mode. This checks the GC retention time and the mass fragment fingerprint before moving to a SIM instrument method. Specialized GC-MS instruments, such as explosive detectors, have an instrument method pre-loaded at the factory.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: In selected ion monitoring (SIM), the instrument method focuses on certain ion fragments. Only those mass fragments are detected by the mass spectrometer. The advantages of SIM are that the detection limit is lower since the instrument is only looking at a small number of fragments (e.g. three fragments) during each scan. More scans can take place each second. Since only a few mass fragments of interest are being monitored, matrix interferences are typically lower. To improve the chances of reading a positive result correctly, the ion ratios of the various mass fragments are comparable to a known reference standard.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: After the molecules travel the length of the column, pass through the transfer line and enter into the mass spectrometer they are ionized by various methods. Typically only one ionization method being used at any given time. Once the sample is fragmented it will then be detected, usually by an electron multiplier diode. The diode treats the ionized mass fragment like an electrical signal that is then detected.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: The most common type of ionization is electron ionization (EI). The molecules enter into the MS (the source is a quadrupole or the ion trap itself in an ion trap MS) where they are hit with free electrons emitted from a filament. This is like the filament one would find in a standard incandescent light bulb. The electrons hit the molecules, causing the molecule to fragment in a characteristic way that can be repeated. This "hard ionization" technique results in the creation of more fragments of low mass to charge ratio (m/z). EI has few, if any, fragments having a mass that is near the mass of the original molecule. Chemists consider hard ionization to be shooting electrons into the sample molecules. In contrast, "soft ionization" is placing a charge on the sample molecule by hitting it with an introduced gas. The molecular fragmentation pattern depends on the electron energy applied to the system, typically 70 eV (electron Volts). The use of 70 eV helps to compare the spectra generated from the test sample against known library spectra. (The library spectra can come from manufacturer-supplied software or software developed by the National Institute of Standards (NIST-USA)). The software searches the library spectra using a matching algorithm such as Probability Based Matching or dot-product matching. Many method standardization agencies now control these algorithms and methods to assure their objectivity.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: In chemical ionization (CI), a reagent gas, typically methane or ammonia is put into the mass spectrometer. There are two types of CI: positive CI or negative CI. Either way, the reagent gas will interact with the electrons and analyte and cause a 'soft' ionization of the molecule of interest. A softer ionization fragments the molecule to a lower degree than the hard ionization of EI. Chemists prefer CI over EI. This is because CI produces at least one mass fragment with a weight, that is nearly the same as the molecular weight of the analyte of interest.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: In Positive Chemical Ionization (PCI) the reagent gas interacts with the target molecule, most often with a proton exchange. This produces the ion species in relatively high amounts.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: In Negative Chemical Ionization (NCI) the reagent gas decreases the impact of the free electrons on the target analyte. This decreased energy typically leaves the fragment in great supply. (The fragments do not break up further.)


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: The primary goal of instrument analysis is to measure an amount of substance. This is done by comparing the relative concentrations among the atomic masses in the generated mass spectrum. Two kinds of analysis are possible, comparative and original. Comparative analysis essentially compares the given spectrum to a spectrum library to see if its characteristics are present for some known sample in the library. This is best performed by a computer because there are many visual distortions that can take place due to variations in scale. Computers can also correlate more data (such as the retention times identified by the GC), to more accurately relate certain data.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: Another method of analysis measures the peaks in relation to one another. In this method, the tallest peak is set at 100%. The other peaks given a value equal to the ratio of the peak height to the tallest peak height. All values above 3% are assigned. The total mass of the unknown compound is normally indicated by the parent peak. The value of this parent peak can be used to fit with a chemical formula containing the various elements which are believed to be in the compound. The isotope pattern in the spectrum is unique for elements that have many isotopes. So, it can also be used to identify the various elements present. This tells the overall chemical formula of the unknown molecule. Because a molecule's structure and bonds break apart in characteristic ways, they can be identified from the difference in peak masses. The identified molecule structure must be consistent with the characteristics recorded by GC-MS. Typically, this identification is done automatically by computer programs which come with the instrument. Those programs match the spectra against a library of known compounds that have same list of elements which could be present in the sample.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: A “full spectrum” analysis considers all the “peaks” within a spectrum. But, selective ion monitoring (SIM) only monitors selected peaks associated with a specific substance. Chemists assume that at a given retention time, a set of ions is characteristic of a certain compound. SIM is a fast and efficient analysis. SIM works best when the analyst has previous information about a sample or is only looking for a few specific substances. When the amount of information collected about the ions in a given gas chromatographic peak decreases, the sensitivity of the analysis increases. So, SIM analysis allows for a smaller quantity of a compound to be detected and measured. But the degree of certainty about the identity of that compound is reduced.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: When a second phase of mass fragmentation is added, for example using a second quadrupole in a quadrupole instrument, it is called tandem MS (MS/MS). MS/MS are good at measuring low levels of target compounds in a sample with a matrix of background compounds that are not of interest.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: The first quadrupole (Q1) is connected with a collision cell (q2) and another quadrupole (Q3). Both quadrupoles can be used in scanning or static mode, depending on the type of MS/MS analysis used. Types of analysis include product ion scan, precursor ion scan, Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) and Neutral Loss Scan. For example: When Q1 is in static mode (looking at one mass only as in SIM), and Q3 is in scanning mode, one obtains a so-called product ion spectrum (also called "daughter spectrum"). From this spectrum, one can select a prominent product ion which can be the product ion for the chosen precursor ion. The pair is called a "transition" and forms the basis for SRM. SRM is highly specific and almost completely eliminates matrix background.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: Many chemists believe that GC-MS is the best tool for monitoring organic pollutants in the environment. The cost of GC-MS equipment has decreased a lot. The reliability of GC-MS has increased at the same time. Both improvements have increased use in environmental studies. Some compounds, such as certain pesticides and herbicides, cannot be identified by GS-MS. They are too similar to other related compounds. But for most organic analysis of environmental samples, including many major classes of pesticides, GC-MS is very sensitive and effective.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: GC-MS can analyze the particles from a human body in order to help link a criminal to a crime. The law accepts using GC-MS to analyze fire debris. In fact, the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) has a standard for fire debris analysis. GCMS/MS is especially useful here as samples often contain very complex matrices and results, used in court, need to be highly accurate.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: GC-MS is used for detection of illegal narcotics, and may eventually replace drug-sniffing dogs. It is also commonly used in forensic toxicology. It helps to find drugs and/or poisons in biological specimens taken from suspects, victims, or a dead body.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, explosive detection systems have become a part of all US airports. These systems run on a host of technologies, many of them based on GC-MS. There are only three manufacturers certified by the FAA to provide these systems. The first is Thermo Detection (formerly Thermedics), which produces the EGIS, a GC-MS-based line of explosives detectors. The second is Barringer Technologies, which is now owned by Smith's Detection Systems. The third is Ion Track Instruments (part of General Electric Infrastructure Security Systems).


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: Foods and beverages contain a lot of aromatic compounds, some naturally present in the raw materials and some forming during processing. GC-MS is extensively used for the analysis of these compounds which include esters, fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, terpenes, etc. It is also used to detect and measure contaminants from spoilage or adulteration which may be harmful. The contaminants are often controlled by governmental agencies, for example pesticides.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: Several GC-MS have left earth. Two went to Mars in the Viking program. Venera 11 and 12 and Pioneer Venus analysed the atmosphere of Venus with GC-MS. The Huygens probe of the Cassini-Huygens mission landed one GC-MS on Saturn's largest moon, Titan. The material in the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko will be analysed by the Rosetta mission with a chiral GC-MS in 2014.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: GC-MS are used in newborn screening tests. These tests can find dozens of congenital metabolic diseases (also known as Inborn error of metabolism). GC-MS can determine compounds in urine even in very small amounts. These compounds are normally not present but appear in individuals suffering with metabolic disorders. This is becoming a common way to diagnose IEM for earlier diagnosis and beginning of treatment. This eventually leads to a better outcome. It is now possible to test a newborn for over 100 genetic metabolic disorders by a urine test at birth based on GC-MS.


title: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

text: In combination with isotopic labeling of metabolic compounds, the GC-MS is used for determining metabolic activity. Most applications are based on the use of C as the labeling and the measurement of C-C ratios with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). A IRMS is an mass spectrometer with a detector designed to measure a few select ions and return values as ratios.


title: Alan Peter Cayetano

text: Alan Peter Schramm Cayetano (born October 28, 1970) is a Filipino politician and diplomat. He was the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 2019 to 2020.


title: Alan Peter Cayetano

text: He also was the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines from 2017 to 2018. From 2007 to 2017, he was a Senator of the Philippines.


title: Sachin Bansal

text: Sachin Bansal (born August 5, 1981) is an Indian technology entrepreneur and an ardent, amateur gamer. He is best known as the co-founder of Flipkart that was acquired by Walmart (77 per cent stakes) at $16 billion in 2018. During his career at Flipkart that spanned 11 years, Bansal held the position of chief executive officer and Executive chairman. In 2018, Bansal exited Flipkart along with the Walmart deal.


title: Sachin Bansal

text: In 2007, Sachin Bansal and Binny Bansal (not related) founded Flipkart whose valuation in 2018 was $20.8 billion. In 2018, Bansal held 5.5 per cent stake in Flipkart, which he sold off to Walmart and his net worth then was a little over $1 billion. In May 2018, Bansal announced that after stepping down as the Executive Chairman of Flipkart, he would be focusing on pending personal projects, gaming and brushing up his coding skills.


title: Sachin Bansal

text: Bansal was born in Chandigarh, India, on August 5, 1981. His father is a business man and mother is a homemaker. Bansal attended Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and graduated as a Computer Science engineer in 2005. During the course of his education, Bansal had considered giving up his engineering seat to pursue a career in gaming. Age of Empires and Quake III Arena are the games that he was playing in his early life. After graduation, Bansal worked at Techspan for a few months and later in 2006 he joined Amazon Web Services as a Senior Software Engineer. In 2007, Bansal quit Amazon to start his own venture.


title: Sachin Bansal

text: In October 2007, Bansal and his co-founder, Binny Bansal, started an online bookstore, Flipkart, with an initial capital of ₹400,000 (US$5,600). For about 18 months they received ₹10,000 every month as allowance from their parents. They first started operating out of an apartment in Koramangala, in Bangalore, India. In the first few months, according to Bansal's own claims, he oversaw all business details, from building the first version of their website to sourcing book to packing and delivering them. From inception until 2016, Bansal held the position of chief executive officer and from 2016 until 2018, he held the position of Executive Chairman. In 2018, Bansal signed a non-compete clause with Walmart and exited Flipkart. The non-compete clause restricted Bansal from starting any business that directly or indirectly competed with Flipkart for 18 months and in making any investments in businesses competing with Flipkart for 36 months from his departure.


title: Sachin Bansal

text: In December 2018, Bansal founded BAC Acquisitions Private Limited, a venture that focused on building and acquiring technology-driven businesses in diverse industry verticals. Since 2014, Bansal has made 18 investments in local, early-stage startups where the deal size was $1–2 million. In 2019, Bansal invested $100 million in Ola and received a stake holding of 0.37 per cent. In February 2019, he had investments in Ola, Grey Orange, Ather Energy, SigTuple, Inshorts, Unacademy and TeamIndus.


title: North Circular Road

text: The North Circular Road (officially the A406 and sometimes known as simply the North Circular) is a ring road around Central London in England. It runs from Chiswick in the west to Woolwich in the east via suburban North London. It connects lots of suburbs and other trunk roads in the region. Together with the South Circular Road, it forms a ring road around central London. This ring road does not make a full circuit of the city. Instead, it is C-shaped. This is because the crossing over the River Thames in the east is made on the Woolwich Ferry.


title: North Circular Road

text: The North Circular Road is the northern part of a ring-road around Central London. It has seen much more investment than the South Circular Road, and it runs on much wider roads. Existing houses were demolished for the North Circular Road. The route has other names at some points. However, it is mostly called the North Circular for route planning purposes. The route is mostly grade-separated dual carriageway from the A40 at Hanger Lane to the A13 in Beckton except for the Drury Way/Brentfield Road junction, the Golders Green Road/Brent Street junction, Henlys Corner and the section from Bounds Green to Green Lanes. In worse sections, the original names such as Gunnersbury Avenue and Bowes Road are used.


title: North Circular Road

text: The North Circular Road has a lots of different junctions that connect to other roads. Some are complex and grade-separated, like at Charlie Brown's Roundabout near Woodford. Some are at-grade junctions with traffic lights. The original road only had at-grade junctions. Many of these were improved and grade separated in the late 1970s and early 1980s.


title: Nury Martinez

text: Nury Martinez (born July 9, 1973) is an American Democratic politician. She has been a member of the Los Angeles City Council since 2013. In 2020, she became the council's president. She is the first Latina to become President of the council.


title: Nury Martinez

text: In October 2022, she resigned as city council president after making racist comments about African-Americans in Los Angeles.


title: Nury Martinez

text: Martinez was born in San Fernando Valley, California. She studied at California State University, Northridge.


title: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

text: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (born September 15, 1977) is an award-winning Nigerian writer. She comes from Abba in Anambra State, southeast Nigeria. Her book Half of a Yellow Sun won the 2007 Orange Prize for fiction.


title: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

text: In December 2013 Beyoncé released her fifth album "BEYONCÉ". The eleventh song on the album "Flawless" has a sample from Adichie's TED Talk "Why We Should All Be Feminists". Adichie's sample on the album caused her novel "Americanah" go up around 600 places in the Amazon chart.


title: Melancholia

text: Melancholia is a mental illness. A person with melancholia has intense or long-lasting feelings of sadness, for no clear reason. In the 20th century, the term "melancholia" was mostly replaced by "depression" (also called Major Depressive Disorder).


title: Melancholia

text: The first person to describe melancholia was Hippocrates, in the 4th century BC. In his "Aphorisms", Hippocrates wrote that all "fears and despondencies, if they last a long time", are symptoms of melancholia.


title: Melancholia

text: The name "melancholia" comes from the old medical belief that there are four basic liquids in the body (called humors). According to this belief, diseases happen when the humors are not balanced correctly in a person's body. Humors were also thought to determine personality types. According to Hippocrates, melancholia was caused by having too much black bile in the body. The name "melancholia" means 'black bile'. It comes from the Ancient Greek words μέλας (melas), meaning "dark, black", and χολή (kholé), meaning "bile".


title: Melancholia

text: Robert Burton, a16th century scholar, wrote in detail about the condition in "The Anatomy of Melancholy" (1621). It discussed melancholia from both literary and medical points of view. Burton wrote that music and dance were critical in treating mental illness, especially melancholia.


title: Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi

text: Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi is science fiction movie. It is the sixth film in the "Star Wars" film series. The movie was released in 1983. It also includes romance, action, adventure and drama.


text: The Empire constructs a new Death Star. Luke, Leia, and the droids rescue Han Solo from Jabba the Hutt, an evil slug-like gangster. Later, Luke learns that Leia is his sister and must confront his father (Darth Vader) and return him to the good side. The movie is also famous for introducing a group of little creatures called Ewoks who help fight the Empire's troopers.


title: Endoscopy

text: Endoscopy means to "look inside". This often means looking inside the body for medical reasons with an endoscope.


title: Endoscopy

text: An endoscope is a medical instrument that is made to see parts inside a patient's body. This has the advantage that observations and certain operations can be done without opening up the body. Whatever precautions are taken, an open body part is always at risk of infection.


title: Endoscopy

text: The endoscope has a long tube to enter the patient's body and a tiny camera or lens attached to the front of this tube. It is usually inserted into patient's nose, mouth, or anus, so surgeons can see what is going on. If necessary, various actions can be taken.


title: John Mayer

text: John Clayton Mayer (surname pronunciation: ) (born October 16, 1977) is an American guitarist and singer-songwriter. From Connecticut, he went to the Berklee College of Music, before moving to Atlanta, Georgia, in 1998. His first two albums, "Room for Squares" and "Heavier Things", were successful and were made multi-platinum by the RIAA. In 2003, he won a Grammy Award for his song "Your Body Is a Wonderland". In 2005 he started a band called The John Mayer Trio with bassist Pino Palladino and drummer Steve Jordan. In 2006, he released his most successful album, Continuum. In 2008 a live cover he did of Michael Jackson's "Beat It" with Fall Out Boy was released.


title: John Mayer

text: He released "Battle Studies" in 2009 and "Born and Raised" in 2012. After "Born and Raised," he had to have throat surgery to fix a growth that forced him to stop singing for a few months. When his throat healed, he recorded and released "Paradise Valley." A few years later, he joined a few surviving members of the Grateful Dead to form Dead and Company. Since 2013, he has released two albums, "The Search for Everything" and "Sob Rock."


title: Rob Halford

text: Robert John Arthur "Rob" Halford (born 25 August 1951) is an English singer-songwriter. He was born in Sutton Coldfield and raised in Walsall. He is best known as the lead vocalist for the Grammy Award-winning heavy metal band Judas Priest. He is nicknamed "Metal God". He is also credited as being the first openly gay mainstream heavy metal star when he came out as gay in 1998.


title: Rob Halford

text: Rob almost exclusively now works with producer Mike Exeter when creating new music having met him whilst working on the Redeemer of Souls album with Judas Priest.


title: Drew McIntyre

text: Drew Galloway (born 6 June 1985, in Ayr, Scotland), is a Scottish professional wrestler, better know by his ring name Drew McIntyre. He is currently signed to WWE signed to the raw brand. During his previous run in the WWE, he won the WWE Intercontinental Championship one time and the WWE Tag Team Championship one time with Dolph ziggler. He has also won the NXT championship . McIntyre married former WWE diva Taryn Terrell (known by the ring name Tiffany) in May 2011 but they divorced on 24 May 2011.


title: Drew McIntyre

text: In April 2017, he returned to WWE in their developmental territory NXT. He is the current NXT Champion. In 2020, he won the Royal Rumble.


title: Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans

text: Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (13 September 1676 – 23 December 1744) was a niece of Louis XIV and wife of Leopold, Duke of Lorraine. She was later regent of Lorraine. As a widow she was created Princess of Commercy. Among her children was Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, father of Marie Antoinette. She also had much input in the construction of the "Château de Lunéville". She also introduced the future architect "Germain Boffrand" to the royal courts in 1711.


title: Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans

text: Élisabeth Charlotte was born at the Château de Saint-Cloud the daughter of Philippe, Duke of Orléans and of his second wife, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. Her father was the only sibling of King Louis XIV of France.


title: Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans

text: She was entitled to have the style of "Her Royal Highness". At birth, she was given the honorary style "Mademoiselle de Chartres". After the marriage of her two older half-sisters, Marie Louise and Anne Marie born of the first marriage of their father to Henrietta of England, she was known as "Madame Royale", according to her status as the highest-ranking unmarried princess in France.


title: Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans

text: There were plans for her to marry Joseph Clemens of Bavaria (Élisabeth Charlotte herself refused), William III of England, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I, Joseph was suggested by Pope Innocent XII himself, as well as her widowed first cousin Louis, Grand Dauphin. Another was Louis Auguste de Bourbon, Duke of Maine, eldest son of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan.


title: Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans

text: Élisabeth Charlotte was finally married on 13 October 1698 at the Palace of Fontainebleau to Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, son of Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, and of the Archduchess Eleonora of Austria. The marriage was the result of the Treaty of Ryswick, one of its conditions being that the Duchy of Lorraine, which had been for many years in the possession of France, be restored to Leopold, a son of Charles V, Duke of Lorraine. Thus, Élisabeth Charlotte was but an instrument to cement the peace treaty. The House of Lorraine received a dowry of 900,000 Livres.


title: Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans

text: To everyone surprise, what had been expected to be an unhappy union turned out to be a marriage of love and happiness. With the birth of her children, Élisabeth Charlotte showed great maternal instinct and a naturally caring character. The marriage produced thirteen children, of which five survived into adulthood. Three of them died within a week in May 1711 due to a smallpox outbreak at the Château de Lunéville, the country seat of the Duke's of Lorraine.


title: Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans

text: Her husband died in 1729, leaving his wife Regent of Lorraine for their son, Francis Stephen of Lorraine. After being educated in Vienna, Francis Stephen returned to Lorraine in 1737, ending his mother's tenure as regent.


title: Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans

text: Élisabeth Charlotte tried to engage her youngest child Anne Charlotte to King Louis XV; this project failed due to the intrigues of Duke of Bourbon; Élisabeth Charlotte then tried to arrange the marriage of Anne Charlotte to her first cousin Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, who had been recently widowed; Louis d'Orléans refused.


title: Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans

text: Unable to prevent her son from giving up the duchy of Lorraine to Stanisław Leszczyński when he married the Habsburg heiress, Maria Theresa of Austria, Élisabeth Charlotte moved into the "Château d’Haroué" in nearby Commercy, which was turned into a sovereign principality for her to enjoy during her dowager years.


title: Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans

text: Élisabeth Charlotte died of a stroke, on 23 December 1744, one week after her daughter-in-law and grandchild, at the age of sixty-eight. She was the last of her siblings to die and had outlived ten of her thirteen children. Nine months after her death, her son Francis Stephen became Holy Roman Emperor.


title: Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans

text: She was buried in the funerary chapel of the Dukes of Lorraine in the "Saint-François-des-Cordeliers" church in Nancy.


title: Thigh

text: In human anatomy, the thigh is the area between the hip (pelvis) and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the human leg.


title: Thigh

text: The single bone in the thigh is called the femur. This bone is very thick and strong (due to the high proportion of bone tissue), and forms a ball and socket joint at the hip, and a modified hinge joint at the knee.


title: Dutch Republic

text: The Dutch Republic — officially known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, the Republic of the United Netherlands, or the Republic of the Seven United Provinces — was a republic in Europe. It was a confederacy of provinces,from 1581 to 1795. It came before the Batavian Republic, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the modern Netherlands (now a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces, Federated Belgic Provinces, and Belgic Federation.


title: Cadillac

text: Cadillac, officially the Cadillac Division of the General Motors Company, is a luxury car maker, owned by General Motors. During the 20th century, Cadillacs were so highly thought of that the phrase "the Cadillac of x" was coined, meaning that something of excellent quality and better than everything else in its category.


title: Cadillac

text: The company is one of the oldest car companies and was founded in 1902. By the 1950s and 1960s, it had become famous for making high-quality and luxurious cars, often setting the standard for automotive styling. Cadillac had largely declined by the 1980s and lost much of its market to other companies. Since the early 2000s, Cadillac has regained some of its lost reputation. However, it is not the same company it once was. Cadillac is based in Detroit, Michigan. Many of its cars are available as a V-model, which is a sports package.


title: War of the Fourth Coalition

text: The Fourth Coalition fought in a war against Napoleon's French Empire from 1806–1807. The coalition was defeated.


title: War of the Fourth Coalition

text: Countries in the Coalition included Prussia, Russia, Saxony, Sweden, and Great Britain. Several members of the coalition had previously been fighting France in the Third Coalition, and there wasn't any peace in between wars. On October 9, 1806, Prussia joined a new coalition, fearing that France was becoming more powerful after it defeated Austria and established the Confederation of the Rhine. Prussia and Russia prepared for a new campaign. Prussian troops moved to Saxony.


title: War of the Fourth Coalition

text: On 14 October 1806, the French defeated the Prussian army at the Battle of Jena-Auerstadt. Then French forces occupied Prussia and captured Berlin. Later they advanced towards Poland and Russia. On 7-8 February 1807, the French and Russian armies fought the Battle of Eylau. There was no clear winner. On 14 June 1807, the French defeated the Russians at the Battle of Friedland. In July 1807, France made peace with Russia, ending the war. This left Napoleon as ruler of most of western and central Europe. The exceptions were Spain, Portugal, Austria, and a few smaller states. These were able to remain independent.


title: War of the Fourth Coalition

text: Even though the Fourth Coalition came to an end, Britain remained at war with France. Later that year, the Peninsular War started.


title: Jonathan Pryce

text: Sir Jonathan Pryce, CBE (born John Price on 1 June 1947) is a Welsh movie, television, stage and voice actor. He has appeared in many movie, television programs, and plays during his 42 year career.


title: Jonathan Pryce

text: Pryce is mostly known for his roles as Elliot Carver in "Tomorrow Never Dies", Sam Lowry in "Brazil", King James I/VI of England in "The New World", Juan Perón in "Evita", Govenor Weatherby Swann in the "Pirates of the Caribbean" Movie Series, "U.S. President" in both "G.I. Joe the Rise of Cobra", and in "G.I. Joe Retaliation". In 2019, he played Pope Francis in the Netflix movie "The Two Popes", a role which earned him an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.


title: Jonathan Pryce

text: Pryce was born in Holywell, Flintshire, Wales on 1 June 1947. He studied at the Royal Academy of the Dramatic Arts. He was raised in London, England. Pryce is currently married to Kate Fahy since 1974.


title: Hexameter

text: Hexameter is a metrical line of verse. It is usually made of six parts, called feet. It is the standard verse form used in Ancient Greek and Latin literature. The Iliad and Aeneid use it, and so do Ovid's Metamorphoses. English poetry rarely uses hexameter.


title: Hexameter

text: The meter consists of lines made from six ("hex") feet. In strict dactylic hexameter, each of these feet would be a dactyl, but classical meter allows for the substitution of a spondee (two long syllables) in place of a dactyl in most positions. Specifically, the first four feet can either be dactyls or spondees more or less freely. The fifth foot is frequently a dactyl (around 95% of the time in Homer).


title: Hexameter

text: Because of the strong pause at the end of the line, it is traditionally regarded as a spondee. Thus the dactylic line most normally looks as follows:


title: Vanderbilt University

text: Vanderbilt University is a private university in Nashville, Tennessee, named after Cornelius Vanderbilt. The university has about 12,714 students. It was founded in 1873. The current chairman of the university, whose official title is "Chancellor", is Daniel Diermeier.


title: Vanderbilt University

text: The athletics teams of the university are called the Commodores. They have 16 varsity teams, almost all of which compete in the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Two Vanderbilt women's teams in sports that the SEC does not sponsor are housed elsewhere. The bowling team plays in the Southland Bowling League, a single-sport conference affiliated with the Southland Conference. The lacrosse team plays in the American Athletic Conference.


title: Razor

text: A razor is a tool, with one or more blades, most commonly used by men for shaving the hair from their face, and by women for shaving hair from their legs and underarms. The earliest razors known are from the Bronze Age. They were made of bronze and had an oval shape. There are different kinds of razors today, including straight razors, which are rarely used, and safety razors and electric razors.


title: Razor

text: A slightly different type of electric razor is used to trim and cut hair from the head, because hair can be cut much more quickly with electric haircutting razors than with scissors.


title: Razor

text: Before the 20th century, straight razors were widely used. A straight razor consists of a knife blade, which can be reused. Since this blade is usually very sharp, there is a high risk of cutting oneself with the razor while scraping off the hair. Today, such razors are rarely used any more, except by barbers.


title: Razor

text: In the late 18th century, French engineer Jean-Jacques Perret invented the safety razor. With this system, the skin is protected, from all but the edge of the blade. This makes cutting much harder. The first such razor was released in 1875 by the Campfe Brothers. In 1901, King Camp Gillette invented the first razor with disposable razor blades. The blades were thrown away after several uses. The number of times a disposable blade can be used depends on beard coarseness and shaving technique, but the average is about one week. The company, Gilette still makes such razors today. They sell the razor relatively cheaply, and make big profits on the razor blades.


title: Razor

text: The electric razor was the next big step. With electric razors, shaving cream, soap or water is no longer needed. Electric razors use electricity to either make blades rotate or oscillate. That is the blades are either moved in circles, or they are moved up and down (or left and right). The razor is usually powered by a rechargeable battery. Prof. Alexandre Horowitz invented the concept of rotating blades which is still marketed as "Philishave" by Philips.


title: Razor

text: A slightly different type of electric razor is used to trim and cut hair from the head. Haircutting electric razors have comb-like attachments which determine the length of the hair. Electric haircutting razors are widely used by military and prison barbers, because hair can be cut much more quickly with electric haircutting razors than with scissors.


title: Razor

text: Shaving using any of the shaving methods (straight razor, safety razor, or electric razor) can have side-effects, including cuts, abrasions, and irritated skin. "Razor bumps" can also occur from removing ingrown hairs. To reduce the likelihood of cuts, abrasions, and irritated skin, people can use a fresh razor blade and prepare their faces by washing in hot, soapy water and then applying a shaving cream lather. There is a razor called Bump Fighter that is designed to reduce razor bumps and other side effects, but it uses special cartridges that are more expensive than standard double-edge razor blades.


title: Minor (law)

text: In the law, a minor is someone who has not yet reached the age of majority. In most countries, a person becomes an adult at age 18, therefore, a minor is a person who is 17 years old or younger.


title: Minor (law)

text: "Minor" can also mean a person who is not old enough to do a particular activity, for example, while 18 is the age of majority in the United States, the minimum age to buy alcoholic beverages (such as beer, wine, and liquor) in the United States is 21 so in this context, a minor is a person who is 20 years old or younger.


title: Senate of Canada

text: The Senate of Canada is the upper house of the Parliament of Canada. There are 105 members of the Canadian senate. They are appointed by the Governor General of Canada with the advise of the Prime Minister of Canada.


title: Ruth Pfau

text: Sister Dr Ruth Katherina Martha Pfau (9 September 1929 – 10 August 2017) was a German-Pakistani physician and nun of the Society of Daughters of the Heart of Mary. She devoted nearly 50 years of her life to fighting leprosy in Pakistan. She was born in Leipzig, Germany. She founded the Marie Adelaide Leprosy Centre.


title: Senate of Canada

text: The number of senators from the different parts of Canada varies. Four regions have 24 senators each.


title: Ruth Pfau

text: In 2015, Pfau was awarded the Staufer Medal - the highest award of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.


title: Ruth Pfau

text: Pfau died at a hospital in Karachi, Pakistan on 10 August 2017 from complications of heart disease at the age of 87.


title: Cyworld

text: The name can be interpreted in two ways. The first meaning is simply short for "cyber world" and the second meaning is "사이(Korean word for relationship) world."


title: Cyworld

text: In Cyworld, making the raltionship as friends is called "being 1chon". 1chon means very very close relative like family in Korea.


title: Cyworld

text: The users can easily update pictures, videos clips, and blogs and share them with other users through what is called "minihompy." It is similar to that of Facebook or Myspace in U.S.


title: Cyworld

text: The statistics shows that there are about 22,000,000 users in South Korea, which is about the half of the population of South Korea. Although it is mainly used by Koreans, the SK communications has expanded the cyworld services into other countries, such as China, Japan, Vietnam, and U.S.A starting on 2005.


title: Mike Starr (musician)

text: Michael Christopher "Mike" Starr (April 4, 1966 – March 8, 2011) was an American musician. He is best known as the playing bass guitar in Alice in Chains.


title: Terrell Owens

text: Terrell Eldorado Owens (; born on December 7, 1973, nicknamed "T.O.") is an American football wide receiver for the Allen Wranglers of the Indoor Football League, of where he is also a co-owner. A six-time Pro Bowl selection, Owens holds or shares several National Football League records, and features in the all-time top-five in several receiving categories, including yards and touchdowns. Owens played college football for the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga.


title: Mike Starr (musician)

text: Starr was an original member of Alice in Chains since they were formed in 1987. Starr left Alice in Chains in 1993 which lead singer Layne Staley said to be "just a difference in priorities. We wanted to continue intense touring and press, Mike was ready to go home.".


title: Terrell Owens

text: Owens is also well known for the controversy he brings on and off the field. At one point, there were rumors that he attempted suicide, which Owens denied. Owens is now broke.


title: Mike Starr (musician)

text: Police found Starr dead on March 8, 2011. Dr. Drew said that Starr's death was caused from "a prescription-drug overdose."


title: Terrell Owens

text: Owens played college football for the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. He wore #80 to honor Jerry Rice, whom Owens loved to watch as a child. Owens caught 38 passes for 724 yards and eight touchdowns during his sophomore year, and 34 passes for 357 yards and three touchdowns during his junior year. Owens faced double coverage every week during his senior year, and so only had 43 receptions for 667 yards and one touchdown. He also played in the Senior Bowl.


title: Terrell Owens

text: In his NFL career (lasted from 1996 to 2010), Owens showed much talent on the five teams he played for. However, he sparked even more controversy (arguments). Owens was known for his trash-talking, over-the top touchdown celebrations (often more to rub it in on the opponent than to fire his own team up), and off-field drama, where he has help several shirtless workouts, hosts a reality show (The T.O. Show), and has modeled for clothing companies. Despite all the attention he got, Owens has never won a Super Bowl. Owens is the only player to have scored on all 32 teams in the league. (He has actuall scored on them all at least twice.)


title: Terrell Owens

text: Owens was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 3rd Round of the 1996 NFL Draft. This united Owens with Jerry Rice. Owens's first career score came on a 45-yard touchdown from Steve Young against the Cincinnati Bengals to tie the game in a win. Owens later emerged as the #1 threat in San Francisco.


title: Terrell Owens

text: In 2000, Owens mocked (teased) the Dallas Cowboys after scoring twice from quarterback Jeff Garcia. Since the Cowboys were at home, Owens stood in celebration on the Dallas star twice. It resulted in Cowboys runningback Emmitt Smith slamming his helmet into the turf to get even after he himself scored. Owens scored for a second time, and went back to the star. However, defensive back George Teague knocking Owens off. Owens was called for unsportsmanlike conduct and was suspended for a week by his head coach, while Teague was ejected by the officials.


title: Terrell Owens

text: Later moments with the 49ers included Owens grabbing pom-poms from 49ers cheerleaders and cheering with them, and taking a sharpie out of his sock to sign a touchdown ball.


title: Terrell Owens

text: After a spat with some 49ers front office members, Owens and the team decided to part ways after the 2003 season. Philadelphia quarterback Donovan McNabb wanted Owens to be an Eagle, as did many Eagles fans. Owens was actually traded to the Baltimore Ravens, but Owens challenged the 49ers' right to make the trade and made it clear he did not want to go to Baltimore. Owens eventually won the case, and was sent to the Philadelphia Eagles after the Ravens, 49ers, and Eagles agreed to a rare 3-team trade.


title: Terrell Owens

text: Owens had a great season in 2004 on the field (caught 14 TDs), despite a broken leg by Cowboys safety Roy Williams. Owens's main celebration was copying the dance of Ravens linebacker Ray Lewis in a win against the Ravens. T.O. helped the Philadelphia Eagles to an appearance in Super Bowl XXXIX. However, Owens's controversy was at its high point. He had several feuds with McNabb and the Eagles managament. He was suspended b Phili for most of the 2005 season. That was the last of Owens's time with the Eagles.


title: Terrell Owens

text: Owens signed a three year contract with the Dallas Cowboys in 2006. Owens (and star QB Tony Romo) enjoyed a good three years. Notable touchdown celebrations while with the Cowboys were sleeping on a ball and grabbing a fan's popcorn to dump down his facemask. The only other form of controversy while Owens was with the Cowboys was when he spit in the face of cornerback DeAngelo Hall, who had, according to Owens, been ""in his face all day." Owens was fined, but the two players made up with the help of Deion Sanders. Owens produced well through the rest of his time in Dallas, but was released after the 2008 season.


title: Terrell Owens

text: Owens signed with the Buffalo Bills in 2009. He played fairly well during his lone season in Buffalo. He also caught a 98-yard touchdown pass, a career long. Owens, however, did not produce as Buffalo hoped when the payed him, and so he was not resigned. However, Owens was credited for not complaining at all publicly, especially since it would have been very easy because the Bills were doing so poorly.


title: Terrell Owens

text: With the Cincinnati Bengals, Owens and friend Chad Ochocinco, who had the same kind of touchdown celebrations, were on the same team. Owens led the Bengals (including Ochocinco) with 983 receiving yards, but was injured and missed the last two games of the 2010 season. Owens was not cleared to play until October of 2011. No one wanted to sign him.


title: Terrell Owens

text: Owens signed with the Allen Wranglers of the Indoor Football League for their spring season of 2012. He was also their co-owner. Owens caught three touchdowns in his first game for the Wranglers. However, reports surfaced during this time that Owens was broke.


title: Terrell Owens

text: Terrell Owens was born to L.C. Russel and Marilyn Heard in Alexander City, Alabama. When Terrell was very young, he lived with his mother and grandmother. He grew up with three other siblings. He enjoyed watching football, especially his favorite player, Jerry Rice. However, Owens’ grandmother did not allow him to play sports until high school. (Owens attended Benjamin Russell High School, where he did very well in football, baseball, and basketball.)


title: Terrell Owens

text: Terrell Owens is married and is now a father to sons Terique, Atlin, plus daughters Kylee, and Dasha.


title: Queen Ratna of Nepal

text: Ratna Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah (born 19 August 1928) was Queen consort of Nepal from 1955 to 1972 and Queen Mother from 1972 to 2008 when the royal family were removed of all titles and privileges.


title: Queen Ratna of Nepal

text: She is the second wife of King Mahendra of Nepal (1920–1972). Queen Ratna belongs to the aristocratic Rana family. She is the daughter of late Honorary General Hari Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana and his wife, Megha Kumari Rajya Lakshmi.


title: Registered user

text: A registered user is a person who uses a program or a website and signs up to them by providing his or her identity information.


title: Registered user

text: Registered users may be different depending on the platform they are using, and could have some advantage over guest users in many aspects - however, criticism on the matter has been a big deal.


title: Liza Araneta Marcos

text: Louise "Liza" Cacho Araneta–Marcos (born 21 August 1959) is a Filipino lawyer and academic. She is known for being the wife of Bongbong Marcos. She became the First Lady of the Philippines in June 2022.


title: Liza Araneta Marcos

text: Araneta–Marcos taught law in various universities in the Philippines such as Mariano Marcos State University, Saint Louis University, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, Northwestern University, and Far Eastern University.


title: Liza Araneta Marcos

text: Araneta–Marcos married her husband in April 17, 1993. They have three children; including Congressman Sandro Marcos.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: Manhattan is a city in the state of Kansas in the United States. It is at the junction of the Kansas River and Big Blue River. It is the county seat of Riley County. The city extends into Pottawatomie County. In 2010, 52,281 people lived there. It is sometimes confused with Manhattan, New York.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: The city was created by settlers from the New England Emigrant Aid Company. They created it as a Free-State town in the 1850s. This was during the Bleeding Kansas era. It is nicknamed "The Little Apple" as a play on New York City's "Big Apple". Manhattan is best known as where Kansas State University is. It is a college town.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: Before settlement by European-Americans in the 1850s, Native American tribes lived in the area. From 1780 to 1830 it was where the Kaw people (also known as the Kansa) lived. The Kaw settlement was called Blue Earth Village (Manyinkatuhuudje). It was named after the river the tribe called the Great Blue Earth River. It is known as the Big Blue River. The river intersected with the Kansas River by their village. Blue Earth Village was the place of a large battle between the Kaw and the Pawnee in 1812.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: The Kaw tribe lost their land in a treaty signed at the Shawnee Methodist Mission on January 14, 1846.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: The Kansas–Nebraska Act opened the Kansas territory to settlement by U.S. citizens in 1854. In Fall 1854, George S. Park created the first white settlement where Manhattan is. Park named it Polistra (some refer to it as Poliska or Poleska).


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: In late 1854, Samuel D. Houston and three other people created Canton, a nearby community. It was near the mouth of the Big Blue River. Neither Canton nor Polistra ever grew beyond their original founders.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: In 2007, CNN and "Money" magazine said Manhattan was one of the ten best places in America to retire young. In 2011, "Forbes" said Manhattan was the best for "Best Small Communities for a Business and Career."


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: Manhattan is in Kansas' Flint Hills region. That region has rolling hills covered in tall grasses. However, the downtown area was built on a broad, flat floodplain at the junction of the Kansas and Big Blue rivers. Manhattan is the biggest town in the Flint Hills. The Flint Hills Discovery Center is in Manhattan.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: Tuttle Creek Reservoir is north of Manhattan. The lake was created when the Big Blue River was dammed to help stop floods in the 1960s. It is a state park that has many things to do. The Konza Prairie, a tallgrass prairie preserve owned by The Nature Conservancy and Kansas State University, is south of Manhattan.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: Manhattan has a humid continental climate (Köppen "Dfa"). It has hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters. The hottest temperature was on August 13, 1936. The coldest temperature was on February 12, 1899.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: The state of Kansas falls within an area sometimes called Tornado Alley. The worst tornado in Manhattan was at 10:30 pm on June 11, 2008. Thirty-one homes and some businesses were destroyed by the EF4 tornado. The tornado caused about $20 million in damage to Kansas State University's campus. Some university buildings got a lot of damage. The tornado's winds destroyed the Wind Erosion Laboratory's garage. No one was killed.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: Before that, the worst tornado to hit Manhattan was on June 8, 1966. The 1966 tornado caused $5 million in damage. It injured at least 65 people in Manhattan.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: The worst floods in Manhattan's history were the 1903 and 1908 floods, the Great Flood of 1951 and the Great Flood of 1993.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: Manhattan is the main city of the Manhattan metropolitan area. In 2014, there was am estimated 98,091 people living there. It is also the main city of the Manhattan-Junction City, Kansas Combined Statistical Area. In 2014, there was an estimated 134,804 people living there. That would make it the fourth biggest urban area in Kansas.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: Manhattan uses a council-manager system. It has a five-member City Commission. Elections are nonpartisan. They happen every other year, in odd-numbered years. Three City Commission positions are chosen in each election. The Mayor has the same voting rights as other Commissioners and does not have a veto.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: Manhattan is in Kansas's 1st congressional district. Republican Roger Marshall represents Manhattan in the United States House of Representatives.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: Manhattan's economy is based on the public sector. Kansas State University is the biggest employer in town. Its 24,000 students help support the retail and entertainment venues in Manhattan. The second-biggest employer in Manhattan is the city school district. Many civilians and military personnel are employed by Fort Riley. Many of them also live in Manhattan and support its economy, including more than 3,500 civilian Fort Riley employees.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: Kansas State University is the biggest employer and educational institution in the city of Manhattan. It has about 24,000 students. Kansas State University is the best among state universities in the United States in its total number of Rhodes, Marshall, Truman, Goldwater, and Udall scholars since 1986.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: Manhattan also has the Manhattan Christian College, Manhattan Area Technical College, the American Institute of Baking and The Flint Hills Job Corps Training Center, and the Kansas Building Science Institute.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: Manhattan is served by US$383 Manhattan-Ogden. It has one public high school with two campuses (Manhattan High School), two middle schools (Susan B. Anthony and Dwight D. Eisenhower), and eight elementary schools (Amanda Arnold, Frank V. Bergman, Bluemont, Lee, Marlatt, Northview, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson). Manhattan also has two private school systems: Flint Hills Christian School (Preschool – 12th grade) and the Manhattan Catholic Schools. Manhattan Catholic School has two buildings, the grade school building (K-5)and the Luckey Jr. High building (6–8), formerly called the Luckey high building dedicated to Monsignor Luckey. The school's mascot is "Luckey the Cardinal".


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: Manhattan Regional Airport (MHK) is west of Manhattan on K-18. It is the second busiest commercial airport in Kansas. American Airlines and subsidiary American Eagle use the airport. It has multiple flights daily to Chicago's O'Hare International Airport and the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. It also does general aviation and charter flights. The nearest big commercial airports are in Kansas City (MCI) and Wichita, Kansas (ICT).


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: Domestic passenger rail service to Manhattan started on August 20, 1866. The Kansas Pacific Railroad built the first railroad there. A railroad of the Union Pacific Railroad still goes through the city, but all passenger service to Manhattan stopped after the Amtrak took over passenger rail in 1971.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: The Rock Island Railroad also used to go to Manhattan as a stop on Rock Island's Kansas City–Colorado Springs Rocky Mountain Rocket service.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: In Manhattan, there is a small public transportation system. It is provided by Riley County's subsidized paratransit service, ATA Bus. ATA uses four small buses and a number of minivans.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: "The Manhattan Mercury" is Manhattan's main newspaper. It publishes six days per week. Other newspapers published in Manhattan include: the alternative weekly "The Hype Weekly" which focuses on events, arts, and culture in the area; the weekly "Manhattan Free Press"; the agriculture-focused "Grass & Grain"; and the K-State university newspaper, the "Kansas State Collegian". Manhattan has had at least one newspaper published for the town continuously since "The Kansas Express" published its first newspaper on May 21, 1859.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: Manhattan is a center of broadcast media for the surrounding area. One AM and ten FM radio stations are licensed to the city. Manhattan is in the Topeka, Kansas television market.


title: Manhattan, Kansas

text: The first television station in Kansas was W9XAK in Manhattan. It was licensed to broadcast by the Federal Radio Commission on March 9, 1932.


title: Lee McKenzie

text: Lee McKenzie (born 1 December 1977 in Ayr, Scotland) is a sports television reporter who currently reports from the pit lane in the BBCs coverage of Formula 1 races. She has also presented on Sky Sports.


title: Lee McKenzie

text: McKenzie is the daughter of Bob McKenzie, a fellow sport and motorsport journalist. She has been a reporter since she was 15. Lee has worked mostly in motorsport and rugby.


title: NBA TV

text: NBA TV is a television specialty channel. It is dedicated to showcasing the sport of basketball in the United States. The network is financially backed by the National Basketball Association (NBA), which also uses NBA TV as a way of advertising their out of market package NBA League Pass.


title: NBA TV

text: Started in 1999 as nba.com TV, the channel, which had its studios at NBA Entertainment in Secaucus, New Jersey, began a multi-year deal with American television companies Cox Communications, Cablevision, and Time Warner on June 28, 2003, allowing the network to expand to 45 million American homes, and 30 different countries. NBA TV replaced Time Warner's CNN/SI on many cable systems after that network shut down a year earlier.


title: NBA TV

text: NBA TV offers basketball news every day, as well as programming showcasing basketball players' individual lifestyles, life as a basketball team during an NBA season, famous games of the past, and live games typically four days a week during the NBA season. Live games on NBA TV are subject to local blackout restrictions, since NBA TV does not have exclusive broadcast rights to any of its games. Games carried by NBA TV are always also carried by each team's local rights holder.


title: NBA TV

text: The channel also shows international games, typically on Saturday evenings, with special emphasis on the Euroleague and the Maccabi Tel Aviv team from Israel. In April 2005, the channel televised the Chinese Basketball Association finals for the first time.


title: NBA TV

text: NBA TV carries at least 90 regular-season games per season, all broadcast in high definition, as well as some first-round playoff games. It also broadcasts WNBA games nationally (subject to local blackout).


title: NBA TV

text: The channel's flagship program is "NBA Gametime Live", a show in which a host and studio analysts go over the latest news, highlights, and look in at games in progress. The show is live six days a week, not airing on most Thursdays due to NBA's coverage of "The NBA on TNT". An edited one hour/thirty minute version of the broadcast is repeated throughout the late night/early morning hours.


title: NBA TV

text: On October 8, 2007, it was reported that Turner Sports, a division of Time Warner, was to take over the channel's operations, according to


title: NBA TV

text: "NBATV: Surprisingly there has been little said about the NBA's decision to sell off NBATV to one of its media partners. Talks had gone on for as ESPN/ABC and Turner both explored scenarios with the league. Ultimately it seems Turner has won out, and will take over operation of the league's flagship cable channel, that reaches some 12 million subscribers. The exact changeover date is not clear, but several months ago a Bloomberg report cited sources saying senior level producers were offered contract buyouts in September."


title: NBA TV

text: Turner Sports relaunched the channel on October 28, 2008, using analysts carried over from NBA on TNT.


title: NBA TV

text: In 2001, Raptors NBA TV begin airing in Canada. Although quite similar to NBA TV, there is a larger focus on the Toronto Raptors basketball team, due to Canadian content requirements and restrictions on foreign ownership (the channel is owned by Raptors parent company Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment, not the league).