title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: At 23:17 PM ICT (local time, 4:17Z PM), nine minutes after the first warning, while climbing past 24,500 feet, the left engine thrust reverser activated, the reverser plume causing asymmetrical lift that took away 25 percent of the original lift away from the left wing. Almost immediately, the aircraft assumed a hard left yaw, bank, and descent, with a value that peaked at -28 degrees per second. Immediately after reverser activation, the first officer noticed the discrepancy, shouting, "Shit, reverser deployed". The Captain disconnected the autopilot and inputted maximum right rudder and aileron, soon after shutting down the left engine. The airplane experienced massive negative G-forces during the descent. Contrary to existing procedures, the flight crew proceeded to pull back on their flight controls before regaining a wings level attitude. This put massive stress on the airframe as it accelerated past its maximum operating speed (Vmo), to which parts of the tail began to disintegrate. Parts of the rudder and massive areas of the right elevator began to disintegrate from the aircraft, followed by the complete separation of the right tailplane, and the breaking of the aircraft's skin.


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: The aircraft's tail section broke completely free of the main assembly, causing the rest of the aircraft to assume a near vertical nose down position, as the aircraft exceeded 660 knots (Mach 1). The wings then broke free of the aircraft, and the remaining fuel inside the fuel tanks ignited into a massive fireball, and the aircraft crashed into wooded terrain in the Dan Chang District of Thailand. All 223 passengers and crew died. Shortly after the accident, local villagers began to loot the crash site, uncontrolled by the local police.


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: Josef Thurner, the copilot, once flew as a co-pilot with Niki Lauda on a Lauda Boeing 767 service to Bangkok, a flight that was the subject of a "Reader's Digest" article in January 1990 that depicted the airline positively. Macarthur Job stated that Thurner was the better known of the crew members. Thomas J. Welch, the captain, lived in Vienna, but originated from Seattle, Washington.


title: Western Victorian Volcanic Plains

text: The Western Victorian Volcanic Plains in Victoria, Australia, also known as the Newer Volcanic Province, are the third largest volcanic plains in world. The biggest is the Deccan Plateau in India and the Snake River Plateau in the USA. The Western Victorian Volcanic Plains cover an area of 2.3 million hectares, more than 10% of the state. The basalt plains were formed by volcanoes over the last 6 million years with the most recent eruption being at Mount Napier 7,200 years ago. There are only a few rivers which flow across the plains, these are the Barwon, Hopkins, Leigh, Maribyrnong, Wannon and Werribee Rivers and the Mount Emu Creek. More than 90% of the plains have been cleared for farming.


title: Western Victorian Volcanic Plains

text: Over 400 volcano sites have been found on the plains. Near Ballarat the volcanoes are quite close together. The plains have built up over time with many small lava flows. The average depth of the lava is about 60 metres. Many of the features are stand out on the flat plains.


title: Western Victorian Volcanic Plains

text: The Indigenous Australians must have seen some of the eruptions as they told stories about rocks and fires coming from some mountains. Stone tools have been found buried in volcanic ash near Warrnambool. Major Thomas Mitchell was the first European to describe the Western Volcanic Plains. He climbed Mount Napier in 1836 and wrote that it looked as if the volcano had been active not that long ago. Early settlers liked the plains as they could easily grow crops in the rich, fertile soil. They used the volcanic stones to build dry stone walls around their farms.


title: Western Victorian Volcanic Plains

text: The Western Victorian Volcanic Plains have been quiet for thousands of years. There have been no earthquakes, no hot springs or other signs of activity. It is not known why the volcanos stopped, and some scientists believe that the volcanos on the plains are not extinct, but dormant.


title: Norma Major

text: Dame Norma Christina Elizabeth Major, (' Wagstaff, formerly Johnson; born 12 February 1942) is an English philanthropist. She is the wife of Sir John Major.


title: Oort cloud

text: The Oort cloud, or Öpik–Oort cloud, is a cloud of comets and other objects. Astronomers believe it is way beyond the orbits of Pluto and the Kuiper belt. The Oort cloud is believed to be the source of long-period comets in the Solar System.


title: Oort cloud

text: The Oort cloud may lie about 50,000 AU, or nearly a light-year, from the Sun. This means the cloud is nearly a quarter of the way to Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Sun.


title: Oort cloud

text: The Kuiper belt and scattered disc, the other two reservoirs of trans-Neptunian objects, are less than one thousandth of the Oort cloud's distance. The outer limit of the Oort cloud defines the boundary of the Solar System and the region of the Sun's gravitational dominance.


title: Oort cloud

text: The Dutch astronomer Jan Hendrik Oort published the Oort cloud idea in 1950. The Oort cloud was named after him, as were the Oort comet, and Oort constants.


title: Oort cloud

text: The Oort cloud takes up a lot of space and is thought to have trillions of comets about tens of millions of kilometers apart.


title: Oort cloud

text: The Oort cloud is made up of an inner Oort cloud and an outer Oort cloud. The outer cloud is weakly bound to the Sun; long-term comets are thought to come from there. The Inner cloud is also called the Hills cloud and may be the maker of comets.


title: Oort cloud

text: The objects in the Oort cloud are believed to consist of much ice. Since the object 1996 PW was found to be a rocky body in an orbit typical of long-period comets, it is believed that rocky objects might be in the Oort cloud.


title: Oort cloud

text: The Oort cloud is thought to be the remains of a disk made out of gas which surrounded the Sun long ago.


title: Osaka

text: Because it is by the sea, it is good for transportation. That is why an ancient emperor made Osaka the capital city. In the early part of the 8th century Naniwa was one of capitals of Japan. In the middle of the 16th century Toyotomi Hideyoshi founded Osaka castle and governed Japan in Osaka. The basis of development of Osaka was prepared in those times. Osaka castle was destroyed once by Tokugawa Ieyasu but Ieyasu choose Osaka as one of the political centers in the Western Japan. He made Osaka a direct dominion of the shogun. During the Edo period Osaka was a center of commerce, finance, pharmacy and other products. It was a center for literature and theater. Kabuki in Osaka is as famous as Kabuki in Edo and Kyoto. It is also known for bunraku (a traditional puppet theater) and manzai (a kind of stand-up comedy).


title: Osaka

text: Traditional Osaka food dishes include "okonomiyaki" (pan-fried batter cake) and "takoyaki" (octopus dumplings).


title: Osaka

text: After the Meiji restoration Osaka was modernized and industrialized. It was a center of Japanese industry. After the World War II its economical importance was relatively less because Tokyo grew as an international city and many companies moved their headquarters to Tokyo. But Osaka is still a large, important city.


title: Jason Statham

text: Statham is known for his roles in "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels" (1998), "Snatch" (2000), "The One" (2001), "The Transporter" trilogy (2002–08), "The Italian Job", (2003), "Death Race", "Crank" (2006), "War" (2007), "The Bank Job" (2008), "The Expendables" (2010), "The Expendables 2" (2012), "Expendables 3" (2014) and "The Expendables 4" (2022). Many of these roles are as antihero in action movies. He does most of his own stunts.


title: Jason Statham

text: Statham was born on 26 July 1967 in Shirebrook, Derbyshire, England. He was raised in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. Statham has been partners with Kelly Brook from 1997 until they separated in 2004. He began dating model Rosie Huntington-Whiteley in April 2010 and they got engaged in 2016. He and Rosie welcomed a son named Jack in June 2017.


title: Axl Rose

text: Axl Rose (born February 6, 1962) is an American hard rock singer and songwriter. He was born William Bruce Bailey in Lafayette, Indiana, and grew up under the name William 'Bill' Bailey. He is best known as the lead singer for the rock band Guns N' Roses.


title: Axl Rose

text: Rose started dating Erin Everly in early 1986. He wrote "Sweet Child o' Mine" for her and she was in the song's video.


title: Axl Rose

text: He married Everly on April 28, 1990 in Las Vegas. Everly later said that Rose came to her house the day before their wedding with a gun and told her he would kill himself if she didn't marry him.


title: Statutory rape

text: The term statutory rape means sexual activity with a minor that is not forced. It usually refers to when adults engage in sex with someone below the age of consent. In 95% of cases, the victim is female. Very few jurisdictions actually use the term "statutory rape". They use terms like "unlawful sex with a minor" or "unlawful carnal knowledge".


title: Chickenpox

text: Chickenpox, also known as chicken pox, is a disease. Usually, it is children who get the disease, but adults can also get it. People who have it get blisters or spots, mostly on the body and in the face. Those blisters are filled with a liquid. At some point, the blisters will drain, and the person will want to scratch them. Burst blisters usually become healthy without leaving scars, unless they become infected. The symptoms come in two or three waves, and they usually include fever. If there are no complications, the disease will last between three and five days in children. Chickenpox is very common and by the age 14, more than 90% of children will have had the disease.


title: Chickenpox

text: Chickenpox is caused by a virus of the herpes family. People who had chickenpox in the past can also get a related disease called shingles later. Shingles are caused by the same virus but usually is only one part of the body.


title: Chickenpox

text: There is a vaccine against chickenpox. Usually, the vaccine is given to children if they did not have the disease before the start of puberty, that is aged 9–13 years old. Sometimes to help your child not to scratch when they have chicken pox, you can get a special cream for it such as e45.


title: Sealed lead acid battery

text: A sealed lead acid battery or gel cell is a lead acid battery that has the sulfuric acid electrolyte coagulated (thickened) so it cannot spill out. They are partially sealed, but have vents in case gases are accidentally released for example by overcharging. They can be used for smaller applications where they are turned up side down. They are more expensive than normal lead acid batteries, but they are also safer.


title: Arthur's Big Hit

text: "Arthur's Big Hit" is the first episode in season 4 of Arthur. It first aired on October 4, 1999. In this episode, Arthur punches D.W.


title: Arthur's Big Hit

text: It starts off with Arthur showing flashbacks when he got very mad at D.W. Next, Arthur is trying to build his toy airplane and tells D.W. to not touch or mess with it. He is walking around in the living room until he hears his airplane fall to the ground.


title: Arthur's Big Hit

text: Later, D.W. says his airplane can’t fly at all. Then, Arthur goes outside with D.W. only to found out his plane broke. Later, Arthur furiously says to D.W. "I told you NOT TO TOUCH IT!" and angrily punches her in the arm. A few seconds after she falls to the ground, D.W. cries and goes to Jane Read. She says to Arthur: "Arthur Timothy Read, come here!". Arthur then says, "Uh-oh. Middle name." After that, his mother carries Arthur and tells him, “Apologize to your sister now!" but Arthur says no. In the living room, his dad tells Arthur: "Arthur, this means no TV for a week."


title: Arthur's Big Hit

text: Arthur tells his parents it is not fair. Later at school, Arthur tells all his friends. Eventually, the tough customers tell Binky to punch Arthur in the arm the next time he sees him.


title: Arthur's Big Hit

text: Binky does not want to, so he comes up with a plan not to look at Arthur ever again. However, while walking with his friends, Binky sees Arthur at the playground and they tell him to punch him. Then, he gives into the peer pressure and punches Arthur in the arm and Arthur runs home. Later, he apologizes to D.W. and their relationship goes back to normal.


title: Sevastopol

text: Sevastopol (, formerly called Sebastopol) is a large seaport and city. It is on the Crimean Peninsula, on the north side of the Black Sea. 380,000 people live in the city. It was started in 1783. The port was shared by naval forces of Ukraine and Russia until 2014 when Russia took control.


title: KwaZulu-Natal

text: KwaZulu-Natal (, also called KZN or Natal) is a province in South Africa. Before 1994, KwaZulu-Natal was made up of the province of Natal and the KwaZulu homeland.


title: KwaZulu-Natal

text: In the 1830s, the northern part of KwaZulu-Natal was part of the Zulu Kingdom. The southern part of KwaZulu-Natal was a Boer republic called Natalia (1839-1843). In 1843, Natalia became a British colony. Zululand remained independent until 1879.


title: KwaZulu-Natal

text: Today KwaZulu-Natal is the traditional home of the Zulu nation. It is called the "garden province." Two natural areas, the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park, have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites.


title: KwaZulu-Natal

text: KwaZulu-Natal is located to the east of South Africa. It borders the Indian Ocean as well as three other provinces, and the countries of Mozambique, Eswatini, and Lesotho. Its capital is Pietermaritzburg and its largest city is Durban.


title: KwaZulu-Natal

text: KwaZulu-Natal is about in area, making it about the same size as Portugal. The province has three different geographic areas. The lowland region lies along the Indian Ocean coast. It is very narrow in the south and widens in the northern part of the province. The central region is called the Natal Midlands. The midlands are hilly plateaus that rise toward the west.


title: KwaZulu-Natal

text: The third region is mountainous. The two mountain ranges are the Drakensberg Mountains in the west and the Lebombo Mountains in the north. The Drakensberg mountains are basalt cliffs that rise near Lesotho. The Lebombo Mountains are ancient granite mountains that run south from Swaziland. The Tugela River flows west to east across the center of the province and is the region's largest river.


title: KwaZulu-Natal

text: The coastal areas have dense stands of subtropical trees and shrubs and deep ravines. Afromontane Forest grows on the steep sides of the ravines. The midlands have moist (wet) grasslands and small pockets of Afromontane Forest. The north is mostly wet savanna. The Drakensberg region is alpine grassland.


title: KwaZulu-Natal

text: One of the biggest problems in the province is HIV infection. South Africa has more HIV-positive citizens than any other country in the world. KwaZulu-Natal has the highest rate of HIV infection of all of the provinces. According to UNAIDS in 2009, the infection rate is 39%.


title: KwaZulu-Natal

text: Many people die from complications from AIDS. Infected people in KwaZulu-Natal do not have the health care, medicine, and proper food they need to stay healthy. HIV/AIDS has slowed economic growth by destroying human capital, the ability of people to make money in society.


title: Movable Ink

text: Movable Ink is a technology company that allows marketers to change emails after they have been sent out. The technology can change emails based on the moment of engagement, the user's current location, social cues, fast-moving inventory, and it works across all email clients. Movable Ink has been called "The Harry Potter of Email" because it includes parts of code into an email's HTML that makes the content come to life and update in real-time.


title: Movable Ink

text: Movable Ink's technology allows email marketers to pull real-time content from their websites and embed that information into emails. When recipients open the emails, they contain the most up-to-date information as well as contextual data based on a person’s location, time of day, or the device they’re viewing the email on. The company also offers advanced email tracking reports and real-time metrics. Companies using Movable Ink include Nordstrom, Bloomingdale's, American Eagle Outfitters and Verizon,


title: Movable Ink

text: In October 2011, Movable Ink received $1.3 million dollars in funding, led by Contour Ventures, Metamorphic Ventures, ff Ventures, and Kima Ventures, as well as angels Joshua Baer, Bob Pittman, Andy Russell, and Alan Laifer. In May 2013, Movable Ink received $11 million in funding led by Intel Capital, with participation from its previous investors.


title: The Highwaymen (country supergroup)

text: The Highwaymen were a Country music supergroup. It included four of the biggest stars at the time. All were well known for their ing influence on the outlaw country genre. These included Johnny Cash, Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, and Kris Kristofferson. The group was active between 1985 and 1995. All four had worked together before in various combinations. Their first single, "Highwayman," went to number one on the country charts. The album of the same name on Columbia Records also hit number one on the country album charts.


title: The Highwaymen (country supergroup)

text: Between the years of 1997 and 1999, Nelson, Kristofferson, Cash, and Jennings also provided the voice and dramatization for the "Louis L'Amour Collection". This was a four CD box set of seven Louis L'Amour stories published by the HighBridge Company. But the four were not credited as "The Highwaymen" in this work. Only one other recording artist ever appeared on a Highwaymen recording: Johnny Rodriguez. He provided a Spanish vocal on 'Deportee', a Woody Guthrie song, from "Highwayman".


title: Joseph Joestar

text: Joseph Joestar (ジョセフ・ジョースター, Josefu Jōsutā, born 27 September 1920) is a main character from the manga and anime "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure". First introduced in "Battle Tendency" with his friend, Caesar Zeppeli, he appears in the later parts "Stardust Crusaders" and "Diamond is Unbreakable". After "Stardust Crusaders", Joseph's grandson, Jotaro Kujo, is the JoJo with the most major appearances in the series. From his birth he can use a special power called the "Ripple" (Hamon in the original Japanese), which is based on life energy. In Jojo's Bizarre adventure people also can have special powers that are called a "Stand". Joseph has a stand which is called Hermit Purple. It is called that because it represents the 9th tarot card: The Hermit. This stand can take spirit photos, be used as a grappling hook, and conduct the Ripple like an electric current. It appears as a lot of purple vines covered in thorns.


title: Maya Angelou

text: Maya Angelou (; born Marguerite Annie Johnson; April 4, 1928 – May 28, 2014) was an American poet, author, writer, memoirist, and civil rights activist. She published seven autobiographies, three books of essays, several books of poetry, and was credited with a list of plays, films, and television shows spanning over 50 years. She received dozens of awards and more than 50 honorary degrees. Angelou was best known for her series of seven autobiographies, which focus on her childhood and early adult experiences. The first, "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings" (1969), tells of her life up to the age of 17 and brought her international recognition and acclaim.


title: Maya Angelou

text: Angelou was born Marguerite Annie Johnson in St. Louis, Missouri on April 4, 1928, the second child of Bailey Johnson, a doorman and navy dietitian, and Vivian (Baxter) Johnson, a nurse and card dealer. Angelou's older brother Bailey, Jr., nicknamed Marguerite "Maya," derived from "My" or "Mya Sister." When Angelou was three and her brother four, their parents' "calamitous marriage" ended, and their father sent them to Stamps, Arkansas, alone by train, to live with their paternal grandmother Annie Henderson. In "an astonishing exception" to the harsh economics of African Americans of the time, Angelou's grandmother prospered financially during the Great Depression and World War II because the general store she owned sold needed basic commodities and because she "made wise and honest investments".


title: Maya Angelou

text: Four years later, the children's father "came to Stamps without warning" and returned them to their mother's care in St. Louis. At the age of eight, while living with her mother, Angelou was sexually abused and raped by her mother's boyfriend, a man named Freeman. She told her brother, who told the rest of their family. Freeman was found guilty but was jailed for only one day. Four days after his release, he was murdered, probably by Angelou's uncles. Angelou became mute for almost five years, believing, as she stated, "I thought, my voice killed him; I killed that man, because I told his name. And then I thought I would never speak again, because my voice would kill anyone..." According to Marcia Ann Gillespie and her colleagues, who wrote a biography about Angelou, it was during this period of silence when Angelou developed her extraordinary memory, her love for books and literature, and her ability to listen and observe the world around her.


title: Maya Angelou

text: Shortly after Freeman's murder, Angelou and her brother were sent back to their grandmother. Angelou credits a teacher and friend of her family, Mrs. Bertha Flowers, with helping her speak again. Flowers introduced her to authors such as Charles Dickens, William Shakespeare, Edgar Allan Poe, Douglas Johnson, and James Weldon Johnson, authors who would affect her life and career, as well as black female artists like Frances Harper, Anne Spencer, and Jessie Fauset.


title: Maya Angelou

text: When Angelou was 14, she and her brother moved in with their mother once again, who had since moved to Oakland, California. During World War II, Angelou attended the California Labor School. Before graduating, she worked as the first black female streetcar conductor in San Francisco. Three weeks after completing school, at the age of 17, she gave birth to her son, Clyde (who later changed his name to Guy Johnson).


title: Maya Angelou

text: Angelou became a poet and writer after a series of jobs as a young adult, including fry cook, sex worker, nightclub dancer and performer, cast member of "Porgy and Bess", coordinator for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and journalist in Egypt and Ghana during the decolonization of Africa. She was an actress, director, producer of plays, movies, and public television programs, and writer. In 1982, she earned the first lifetime Reynolds Professorship of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Angelou was active in the Civil Rights Movement and worked with Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X. Beginning in the 1990s, Angelou made around 80 appearances a year on the lecture circuit, something she continued into her eighties. In 1993, Angelou recited her poem "On the Pulse of Morning" (1993) at Bill Clinton's inauguration, making her the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at John F. Kennedy's inauguration in 1961.


title: Maya Angelou

text: With the publication of "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings", she publicly discussed aspects of her personal life. She was respected as a spokesperson for black people and women, and her works have been considered a defense of black culture. Her works are widely used in schools and universities worldwide though attempts have been made to ban her books from some U.S. libraries. Angelou's most celebrated works have been labeled as autobiographical fiction, but many critics consider them to be autobiographies. She made a deliberate attempt to challenge the common structure of the autobiography by critiquing, changing and expanding the genre. Her books center on themes such as racism, identity, family and travel.


title: Maya Angelou

text: On May 28, 2014, Angelou died in her home in Winston-Salem, North Carolina of natural causes at the age of 86.


title: Maya Angelou

text: In 2021, the United States Mint announced that Angelou would be among the first women shown on the reverse of the quarter as a part of the American Women quarters series. The coins were released in January 2022. She is the first Black woman to be seen on a quarter.


title: Intergenerational conflict

text: An intergenerational conflict is either a conflict situation between teenagers and adults or a more abstract conflict between two generations, which often involves prejudices against another generation.


title: Intergenerational conflict

text: Furthermore, intergenerational conflict describes cultural, social or economic discrepancies between generations. These can be caused by value shift or conflict of interest between younger and older generations. An example are changes to an intergenerational contract that may be necessary to reflect a change in demographics.


title: Intergenerational conflict

text: For examples of intergenerational conflict," Dreaming in Cuban, "by Cristina Garcia is a good novel to take a look at.


title: Kaká

text: Ricardo Izecson dos Santos Leite (born 22 April, 1982), better known as Kaká, is a Brazilian former football player.


title: Egg (food)

text: Most eggs that are eaten by humans have a eggshell. there are multiple parts to the egg: the egg white, the egg yolk and various thin membranes, Every part of the egg is edible, although the eggshell is usually thrown away. Eggs are a good source of protein.


title: Egg (food)

text: Roe and caviar are edible eggs produced by fish. They do not have a eggshell, since they hatch underwater. They also are much smaller and do not have a white or yolk.


title: Egg (food)

text: Birds' eggs are a common food source. The most commonly used bird eggs are those from the chicken, the duck, and the goose. Smaller eggs such as quail eggs are sometimes used as a fancy ingredient, as are the largest bird eggs, from ostriches.


title: Egg (food)

text: Most of the chicken eggs sold for human consumption are unfertilized. The hens are kept without any roosters. Fertile eggs can be bought and eaten as well. There is no difference in the food value of fertilised and unfertilised eggs. Fertile eggs for eating do not have a baby bird inside. This is because eggs have to be kept cool before they are sold, and the cold stops the young inside from starting to grow.


title: Egg (food)

text: Chicken eggs are widely used in many types of cooking. Recipes that use eggs include sweet and savoury dishes. Eggs can be used and cooked in many different ways. They can be hard-boiled, soft-boiled, scrambled, fried, combined with flour in cakes or eaten raw. Roasted eggs are used at the Jewish holiday of Passover. Pickled eggs are hard-boiled and then put in vinegar. They are often sold in UK fish and chip shops.


title: Egg (food)

text: Eating raw eggs is not recommended for some people. This is because the egg may be contaminated with bacteria (like salmonella) that could cause illness. This could be serious for the elderly, the infirm, or pregnant women.


title: Egg (food)

text: There is no difference in taste or food value between white or brown eggs. The color of a chicken's egg depends on the breed.


title: Egg (food)

text: In most of the United States, eggs are generally white; while in the northeast of that country and in the United Kingdom, eggs are generally light-brown. People in Brazil and Poland prefer brown or reddish eggs, because white eggs are thought of as "industrial", that is, for use in commercial bakeries. The reason some people prefer one colour of egg and other people prefer a different colour is probably because of what the colours are linked with in their minds. For example white is linked with purity, and brown-shelled eggs with greater wholesomeness.


title: Activism

text: Activism is an action to make a change, or stop a change, in society. It can be trying to make a government change its laws, or trying to make people change what they do. There are many forms of activism. Activism is most associated with protests.


title: Activism

text: Activist demonstrative forms of activism includes rallies, street marches, strikes, sit-ins, or hunger strikes. When activism is linked to art, the action, in street art is called artivism.


title: Shilling

text: The shilling is a unit of currency used in some current and former British Commonwealth countries. The word "shilling" comes from "scilling", an accounting term that dates back to Anglo-Saxon times where it was said to be the value of a cow in Kent or a sheep elsewhere. The word is thought to derive from the base "skell-", "to ring/resound" and the diminutive suffix "-ling". The slang term for a shilling as a currency unit was a "bob".


title: Shilling

text: The abbreviation for shilling is s, from the Latin "solidus", the name of a Roman coin. Often it was informally represented by a slash, standing for a long s: "e.g.," "1/6" would be 1 shilling and sixpence, often pronounced "one and six" (and equivalent to 18d; the shilling itself was valued at 12d). A price with no pence would be written with a slash and a dash, "e.g.," "11/-". Quite often a triangle or (serif) apostrophe would be used to give a neater appearance, "e.g.," "1'6" and "11'-". In Africa it is often abbreviated sh.


title: Shilling

text: During the Great Recoinage of 1816, the mint was instructed to coin one troy pound (weighing 5760 grains) of standard (0.925 fine) silver into 66 shillings, or its equivalent in other denominations. This effectively set the weight of the shilling, and its subsequent decimal replacement 5 new pence coin, at 87.2727 grains or 5.655 grams from 1816 to 1990, when a new smaller 5p coin was introduced.


title: Austronesian languages

text: The Austronesian languages are a language family. They were originally spoken in Southeast Asia and on islands in the Pacific Ocean.


title: Sif

text: Sif has hair made of gold. It grows just like normal hair. Her original hair's color looked like wheat. Loki cut off Sif's hair as a prank. When Thor found out he made Loki have golden hair made for her by the Dwarves.


title: Sif

text: It is believed that Sif was a goddess of the home, of field and of the crop. It is also said that she had some control of destiny.


title: Sif

text: Thrud is the only daughter of Thor and Sif. Ull is her son with another man. Thor also has two sons with a giantess. In two different poems in Poetic Edda, Sif is said to have a mysterious lover, but no one knows who he is.


title: Sif

text: A volcano on the planet Venus is named after Sif. Sif is also a character in the comic book The Mighty Thor from Marvel Comics.


title: Winter solstice

text: The winter solstice is the time when the sun has the biggest distance to the Tropic of Cancer. After this, the sun is going to move to back in the direction of the equator.


title: Winter solstice

text: The Earth revolves around the Sun. The sunlight reaches the Earth at an angle. On each day of the year, the sun will be perpendicular at a given latitude. At the start of spring and at the start of autumn it passes over the equator. On the June Solstice it is over the Tropic of Cancer, at 23.5 degrees north. In the Northern Hemisphere this is the longest day of the year, which has the shortest night and is called the Summer Solstice. In the Southern Hemisphere this is the shortest day of the year, which has the longest night and is called the Winter Solstice. On the December Solstice it is over the Tropic of Capricorn, at 23.5 degrees south. In the Southern Hemisphere this is the longest day of the year, which has the shortest night and is called the Summer Solstice. In the Northern Hemisphere this is the shortest day of the year, which has the longest night and is called the Winter Solstice.


title: Winter solstice

text: For the northern hemisphere, the Winter solstice is around 21 December. This means that the sun is at the southern tropic. For the southern Hemisphere, the winter solstice is around 21 June. This means that the sun is at the northern tropic.


title: Winter solstice

text: The word solstice comes from Latin "Sol" (sun) and "sistere" (to not move), winter solstice meaning Sun standstill in winter.


title: Winter solstice

text: The earth prone and moves in an elliptic way around the sun. Because of this, the point from where the sun is shining moves between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer.


title: Winter solstice

text: The winter solstice is celebrated around 21 December since 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar.


title: Sexual abuse

text: Sexual abuse (also called sexual molestation) is when one person forces another person to unwillingly commit any sexual act, harassment or any sexual assault. A person who commits sexual abuse is called a molester, abuser, or sexual abuser. When a victim of sexual abuse is under the age of consent, it is known as child sexual abuse.


title: Sexual abuse

text: Sexual abuse can lead to many psychological problems, including low self-esteem, clinical depression, psychological trauma and other mental disorders, especially if the victim is a child and/or the abuse is severe.


title: Sexual abuse

text: Some groups of people are more likely to be sexually abused than others. It is common knowledge that girls and women are sexually abused more often than boys and men, and that abusers are usually men. Disabled people, especially disabled girls, are much more likely than non-disabled people to be sexually abused. They are often abused by authority figures in their lives, such as carers. Disabled people are more vulnerable to sexual assault for a number of reasons. People of different races have different rates of being sexually abused. African American girls and women 12 years old and older experience higher rates of sexual abuse.


title: Ignosticism

text: Ignosticism is the belief that people should avoid taking a position on "the existence of God" until a concept of God has been defined.


title: Ignosticism

text: Ignostics claim that the sound or row of alphabet letters "God" (with a capital "G") is meaningless because they lack belief that any coherent definition has been presented. They claim ignorance of any meaningful definition for "God" that has been given.


title: Ignosticism

text: Ignostics claim that "God is what caused everything to exist that exists except God" is not only circular, allegedly defining "God" in terms of "God", but also gives no description for "God" since "what something did" is not "what something is".


title: Liam Neeson

text: William John "Liam" Neeson, OBE (born 7 June 1952) is an Irish actor and comedian, nominated for many awards including the Oscar. He is well known for his role as Oskar Schindler in the 1993 movie "Schindler's List", and after that he has appeared in several popular movie series, including the "Star Wars" prequel trilogy, "The Chronicles of Narnia" and "Batman Begins". He has also continued to play real-life characters, including Michael Collins and Alfred Kinsey.


title: Jonathan Nolan

text: Jonathan Nolan (born 6 June 1976) is a British-American author and screenwriter. He is the brother of movie director Christopher Nolan. Jonathan Nolan's story "Memento Mori" was made into a critically acclaimed movie "Memento". He has also co-written screenplays for "The Prestige" and "The Dark Knight Trilogy", with his brother. In movie credits, his name has appeared as Jonah.


title: Jonathan Nolan

text: He was born in London, England, to an English father and American mother. He was raised in the Chicago area. Nolan attended Loyola Academy in Illinois. He graduated from there in 1994, and then graduated from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., in 1999. In this university, he studied English and was a staff writer for "The Hoya".


title: Jonathan Nolan

text: His brother, Christopher, speaks with a British English accent, but Jonathan speaks with an American English accent.


title: Jonathan Nolan

text: Nolan tells about successful work relationship with his brother in the production notes of "The Prestige": "I’ve always suspected that it has something to do with the fact that he’s left-handed and I’m right-handed, because he’s somehow able to look at my ideas and flip them around in a way that’s just a little bit more twisted and interesting. It’s great to be able to work with him like that."


title: Jonathan Nolan

text: On March 23, 2007, it was announced he would pen "Interstellar", a science fiction film. It is based on the theories of Kip Thorne, a theoretical physicist who is known for his theories in gravitation physics and astrophysics and for having trained a generation of scientists. The film was first reported to be directed by Steven Spielberg and eventually settled with Christopher Nolan as director and is released in 2014.


title: Jonathan Nolan

text: On February 10, 2011, Nolan's TV pilot "Person of Interest" had been picked up by CBS and plan was to make it in a TV show. The show was officially picked up by CBS on May 13, 2011, and will star Michael Emerson, Jim Caviezel, and Taraji P. Henson. It will be produced by J. J. Abrams. His company Bad Robot Productions will produce it. Nolan will be the executive producer.


title: Forward

text: A Forward (or a Striker) is a football player who is the closest to the other team's goal. The forwards are the players that are known to score the most goals.


title: Forward

text: Coaches usually send a forward that scores all the goals ("the centre forward") and sends another forward that makes the assists ("second striker").


title: Megan Fox

text: She starred in Transformers. She stars with Dominic Monaghan in the music video for Love the Way You Lie by Eminem and Rihanna.


title: Megan Fox

text: Since May 2020, he has been in a relationship with rap musician Machine Gun Kelly. On January 12, 2022, Fox announced that the two were engaged.


title: Landfall (meteorology)

text: Landfall is when a tropical cyclone or waterspout moves from being over water to being over land. When a tornadic waterspout makes landfall it can be called a tornado, and can cause damage to buildings and other things made by people. When a fair weather waterspout makes landfall it quickly spreads out and loses its energy; the water falls as rain.


title: Landfall (meteorology)

text: A tropical cyclone is said to make landfall when its center moves over land; in tropical cyclones this can be when the eye moves over land. This is where most of the damage occurs because when the storm is over water there is a little chance of damage, except if the parts of the storm that are raining are over land, which can cause severe flooding especially when the system is moving slowly or not at all. The effects of landfall are:


title: Landfall (meteorology)

text: Together with the high surf, these can cause a lot of beach erosion. In low lying areas the storm surge can stay inland for a long time and mix with chemicals already in the area to create a toxic mess. When a tropical cyclone makes landfall, the eye "closes", surf gets less, and winds get less as the cyclone spreads out, losing energy. Damage inland may include flooding rains, gusty winds, and severe weather associated with the cyclone's remnant thunderstorms.


title: Landfall (meteorology)

text: A "landfall" should not be confused with a "direct hit", which happens when the core of high winds (or eyewall) comes over the land but the center of the storm stays over water. The effects of this are similar but storm surges can be much less. These effects are:


title: Decapitation

text: Decapitation or beheading is the act of cutting off the head from the rest of the body of a living thing. "Beheading" usually means that the removal of the head is deliberate. It is generally done during an execution with an axe, sword, or guillotine. If the removal of the head is an accident or unintentional, it is called "decapitation". It can happen because of an auto accident, explosion, factory accident, a mistake during a hanging or some other violent accident.


title: Decapitation

text: Decapitation is always fatal, that is, the result is always death. This is because it causes all other organs to stop receiving nervous signals from the brain that are needed to function, while the supply of blood, and therefore oxygen, to the brain itself is also cut off.


title: Decapitation

text: Decapitation can also describe the removal of a head from a body that is already dead. In these situations, the head is usually a trophy or a public display of warning.


title: Decapitation

text: Beheading was the usual means of death penalty in Scandinavian countries in the past. Noblemen were beheaded with a sword, commoners with an axe. The last execution by beheading in Finland occurred in 1822, when a farmhand Tahvo Putkonen was beheaded for murder. The last beheading in Sweden occurred in 1910, when Johan Andersson-Ander was guillotined for murder. Also Germany, France and Belgium favoured beheading in the past. In those countries was carried out by guillotine.


title: Decapitation

text: Last beheading in Europe occurred 1977, when a Tunisian murderer Hamida Djandoubi was guillotined in France.


title: Decapitation

text: Some countries, especially Arab countries or former French colonies, still use beheading as the means of execution. In Saudi Arabia, the convicts are beheaded with a sword.


title: Decapitation

text: The kingdom of Saudi Arabia has had centuries of public beheadings, but in 2013 is considering firing squads as an alternative means of execution.


title: Carrot cake

text: Carrot cake is a sweet and moist spice cake, full of cut carrots and toasted nuts, and covered in cream cheese icing. One part of the cake is that the orange flakes of cut carrot give the cake color and texture, along with sweetness and moisture.


title: Carrot cake

text: To make carrot cake, all the wet ingredients, such as the typical eggs, vegetable oil, yogurt, melted butter and, are mixed together. Then, all the dry ingredients; such as flour, grated carrots, baking powder, baking soda, allspice, cinnamon, nutmeg, salt, sugar, brown sugar are typically then mixed together, and the wet are then added to the dry. Many carrot cake recipes have optional ingredients, such as nuts, raisins, pineapple, or coconut.


title: Carrot cake

text: Carrot cake may be eaten plain, but it is commonly either glazed or covered with white icing or cream cheese icing and walnuts, often cut. Often they are decorated with frosting or marzipan made to look like carrots. They are popular in loaf, sheet cake and cupcake form, and (in the United Kingdom as well as North America) can be found pre-packaged at grocery stores, and fresh at bakeries. Some carrot cakes are even layered.


title: Universal+

text: Universal+ (pronounced as Universal Plus), is a group of Latin American premium subscription television channels of United States origin. It focuses on the broadcast of exclusive movies and series that are not seen on other channels.


title: Universal+

text: It is owned by NBCUniversal, operated by NBCUniversal International Networks. It is distributed by Ole Distribution, a joint venture between Ole Communications and WarnerMedia.


title: Universal+

text: The platform began operating in December 2018, previously as Universal TV+, offering content from various sister channels of NBCUniversal in Latin America, but with a login required from each operator. On December 4, 2020, the platform was renamed Universal+ again, although no service costs were specified.


title: Universal+

text: Universal+ started a premium package on August 24, 2021, when several pages and social networks spread unofficial information about what could be the group of premium channels to be launched and marketed in Latin America, in this way that Ole Distribution I would bet on the premium television business with an additional charge, previously when HBO Latin America Group entered the premium television model, several years later its participation was sold to WarnerMedia.


title: Universal+

text: In a leak of an official statement from DirecTV, details of the premium package were revealed, as well as the new channels to be marketed, including Universal Premiere, Universal Cinema, Universal Crime, Universal Comedy and Universal Reality.


title: Universal+

text: The group was scheduled to start its broadcasts on December 2, 2021, initially on DirecTV and Sky. But due to technical problems, the launch was postponed on Sky in Mexico and Central America for December 3 of the same year, while for DirecTV was postponed to December 6.


title: Mariana Trench

text: The Mariana Trench is the deepest known submarine trench. It is also the deepest known location on Earth itself. It lies south and east of the Mariana Islands, and has a depth up to 10,971 m (7 miles). The western end of the trench is near Guam.


title: Mariana Trench

text: The trench is about 2,550 kilometres (1,580 miles) long but only an average of 69 kilometres (43 miles) wide.


title: Mariana Trench

text: The deepest part of the trench is known as the Challenger Deep. It is named after the British Royal Navy survey ship "HMS Challenger", whose expedition of 1872–76 made the first recordings of its depth.


title: Mariana Trench

text: A 2009 sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep from the "Kilo Moana" found a spot with a depth of (6.82 miles). The sonar system has an accuracy of better than 0.2% of water depth. <ref name="Daily reports for R/V KILO MOANA"></ref><ref name="Scientic Equipment aboard the R/V KILO MOANA"></ref> Water pressure is more than a thousand times as great as at the surface.


title: Mariana Trench

text: The Challenger Deep has been reached four times by submersibles, namely the manned bathyscaphe "Trieste" on 23 January 1960, the unmanned robotic deep-sea probes "Kaiko" (Japanese) in 1995 and "Nereus" (U.S.) in 2009, and by James Cameron in the Deepsea Challenger on 26 March, 2012. Cameron was able to film a 3D movie of the bottom of the trench.


title: Mariana Trench

text: The HMS "Challenger" expedition found radiolaria in the two dredged samples taken when the Challenger Deep was first discovered.


title: Mariana Trench

text: On their 1960 descent, the crew of the "Trieste" noted that the floor consisted of diatomaceous ooze and reported observing "some type of flatfish, resembling a sole, about 1 foot long and 6 inches across" lying on the seabed. The report has since been questioned, with suggestions that it may have been a sea cucumber. The video camera on board the "Kaiko" probe spotted a sea cucumber, a scale worm and a shrimp at the bottom. At the bottom of the Challenger deep, the "Nereus" probe spotted one polychaete worm about an inch long.


title: Mariana Trench

text: An analysis of the sediment samples collected by "Kaiko" found large numbers of simple organisms at .


title: Mariana Trench

text: The overwhelming majority of the organisms collected were simple, soft-shelled foraminifera (432 species according to National Geographic).


title: Mariana Trench

text: Eighty-five percent of the specimens were organic, soft-shelled forams. This is unusual compared to samples of sediment from other deep-sea environments, where the percentage of organic-walled foraminifera ranges from 5% to 20%. As small organisms with hard, calcareous shells have trouble growing at extreme depths because of the high solubility of calcium carbonate in the pressurized water, scientists theorize that the preponderance of soft-shelled organisms in the Challenger Deep may have resulted from survivors of the biosphere present when the Challenger Deep was shallower than it is now.


title: Mariana Trench

text: The trench formed because of a large boundary where two oceanic tectonic plates have converged (collided).


title: Mariana Trench

text: At the boundary, the western edge of the Pacific Plate is subducted beneath the small Mariana Plate. Because the Pacific plate is the largest of all the tectonic plates on Earth, crustal material at its western edge has had up to 170 million years to compact and become very dense; hence its great height-difference relative to the higher-riding Mariana Plate, at the point where the Pacific Plate crust is subducted. This deep area is the Mariana trench proper. The movement of these plates is also responsible for the formation of the Mariana Islands.


title: Brendan Fraser

text: Brendan James Fraser (born December 3, 1968) is an American-Canadian actor. He has acted in many movies, such as "The Mummy" movies, as well as "The Quiet American", "Crash", "George of the Jungle" and "Journey to the Center of the Earth".


title: Brendan Fraser

text: Fraser was born on December 3, 1968 in Indianapolis, Indiana, and is the son of Canadian parents Carol and Peter Fraser who used to work for the Canadian government in Indiana. His parents are Czech, English, French Canadian, German, Irish and Scottish ancestry. He has three older brothers: Kevin, Regan, and Sean. His family moved often when he was a child and lived in Eureka, California, Seattle, Ottawa, the Netherlands and in Switzerland. When he was a boy, Fraser he was at the well known Canadian school for boys, called Upper Canada College, in Toronto. When he was on vacation in London, Fraser went to see his first show in the West End. He graduated from Seattle's Cornish College of the Arts in 1990. He started acting at a small acting college in New York. He first planned on going to graduate school in Texas but he made the decision to stay in Hollywood and work in movies.


title: Brendan Fraser

text: Fraser's first job acting in a movie was a small part in America's Most Wanted in 1988 where he acted as the friend to "Rodney Mark Peterson", who was a person who was killed. He has since acted in over 30 movies. He had his first job as the main actor in "Encino Man" in (1992). That same year he acted with Matt Damon, Ben Affleck, and Chris O'Donnell in "School Ties" in (1992). In 1994, he acted with Adam Sandler in the comedy "Airheads". He then acted in smaller parts with Viggo Mortensen and Ashley Judd in Philip Ridley's "The Passion of Darkly Noon" in (1995), and Jennifer Beals in "The Twilight of the Golds" in (1997). In 1997, he became more famous because of the movie "George of the Jungle" (1997). He went on to act in more comedy movies like "Blast from the Past" in (1999), "Bedazzled" in (2000) and "Monkeybone" in (2001).


title: Brendan Fraser

text: His best success was with the movie (which also had Rachel Weisz as an actor) called "The Mummy" in (1999) and its sequel "The Mummy Returns" (2001), both of which were very successful.


title: Brendan Fraser

text: In 2004, he acted in the Academy Award winning movie "Crash". He has also acted in the television shows "Scrubs", "King of the Hill", and "The Simpsons".


title: Brendan Fraser

text: In March 2006, he was made a member of Canada's Walk of Fame, and was the first American-born actor to have this happen. He does not have his name put on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. After not acting in one of the movies for six years, Fraser has now acted again in a new "The Mummy" movie called "". The movie began in Montreal on July 27, 2007 and the movie also had Jet Li acting as Emperor Han. The last Mummy movie made over $100 million in the USA and over $400 million worldwide.


title: Brendan Fraser

text: Fraser also acted as "Brick" in the West End show of Tennessee Williams's "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" in September, 2001, directed by Anthony Page. Other actors in it were Ned Beatty, Frances O'Connor, and Gemma Jones. The show ended on January 12, 2002, with people saying good things about it.


title: Brendan Fraser

text: In October 2021, Fraser was cast to play the villain Firefly in the cancelled superhero movie "Batgirl", which would have been set in the DC Extended Universe.


title: Brendan Fraser

text: Fraser met actress Afton Smith at a barbecue at Winona Ryder's house on July 4, 1993, after he came to Los Angeles. Fraser married Smith on September 27, 1998, and they have three sons: Griffin Arthur Fraser (born September 17, 2002), Holden Fletcher Fraser (born August 16, 2004) and Leland Francis Fraser (born May 2, 2006). All of their children were born in Los Angeles. On December 27, 2007, Fraser's publicist (the person who speaks to the press about Fraser) said that the couple had made the decision to divorce.


title: Brendan Fraser

text: Brendan Fraser can speak French like a person who was born there. Fraser also serves on the Board of Directors for FilmAid International.


title: Brendan Fraser

text: Fraser is also a good photographer. He has used more than one Polaroid in movies and on TV shows, most known is in his time acting on "Scrubs".


title: Saffir–Simpson scale

text: The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a scale that is used to sort tropical cyclones in the Western Hemisphere. It is only used for storms that are stronger than "tropical storms", and become actual hurricanes. The categories into which the scale separates hurricanes are noted by the strength of their maximum sustained wind speeds. The classifications are used mainly to predict the possible wind damage a hurricane will create when it makes landfall. It does not measure rainfall or storm surge or how wide the storm is.


title: Saffir–Simpson scale

text: The scale is also used to classify subtropical cyclones after a change in the rules made by the National Hurricane Center in 2002.


title: Saffir–Simpson scale

text: The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is used only to describe hurricanes that form in the Atlantic Ocean and northern Pacific Ocean, to the east of the International Date Line. Other areas call their tropical storms by other names, and use their own classification scales.


title: Saffir–Simpson scale

text: Category 1 storms may damage roofs, shingles, vinyl sidings, and gutters to well-constructed frame homes. Large branches of trees will snap and shallowly rooted trees may be toppled. Extensive damage to power lines and poles likely will result in power outages that could last a few to several days.


title: Saffir–Simpson scale

text: Hurricanes that peaked at Category 1 intensity and made landfall at that intensity include: Agnes (1972), Juan (1985), Ismael (1995), Gaston (2004), Stan (2005), Humberto (2007), Isaac (2012), Manuel (2013), Earl (2016), Hermine (2016), Nate (2017), Barry (2019), Hanna (2020), Isaias (2020), Nana (2020), Julia (2022), Lisa (2022), and Nicole (2022).


title: Saffir–Simpson scale

text: Category 2 storms may produce extremely dangerous winds that will cause extensive damage: Well-constructed frame homes could sustain major roof and siding damage. Many shallowly rooted trees will be snapped or uprooted and block numerous roads. Near-total power loss is expected with outages that could last from several days to weeks.


title: Saffir–Simpson scale

text: Hurricanes that peaked at Category 2 intensity and made landfall at that intensity include: Able (1952), Alice (1954), Ella (1958), Fifi (1974), Diana (1990), Gert (1993), Rosa (1994), Erin (1995), Alma (1996), Juan (2003), Alex (2010), Richard (2010), Tomas (2010), Carlotta (2012), Ernesto (2012), Arthur (2014), Sally (2020), and Zeta (2020).


title: Saffir–Simpson scale

text: Tropical cyclones of Category 3 and higher are major hurricanes, and devastating damage will occur: Well-built framed homes may incur major damage or removal of roof decking and gable ends. Many trees will be snapped or uprooted, blocking numerous roads. Electricity and water will be unavailable for several days to weeks after the storm passes.


title: Saffir–Simpson scale

text: Hurricanes that peaked at Category 3 intensity and made landfall at that intensity include: Easy (1950), Carol (1954), Hilda (1955), Audrey (1957), Celia (1970), Ella (1970), Caroline (1975), Eloise (1975), Olivia (1975), Alicia (1983), Elena (1985), Roxanne (1995), Fran (1996), Isidore (2002), Jeanne (2004), Lane (2006), Karl (2010), and Otto (2016).


title: Saffir–Simpson scale

text: Category 4 storms may cause catastrophic damage. Well-built framed homes can sustain severe damage with loss of most of the roof structure and/or some exterior walls. Most trees will be snapped or uprooted and power poles downed. Fallen trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power outages will last weeks to possibly months. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months.


title: Saffir–Simpson scale

text: The 1900 Galveston hurricane, the deadliest natural disaster (at the time) to hit the United States, peaked at an intensity that corresponds to a modern-day Category 4 storm. Other examples of storms that peaked at Category 4 intensity and made landfall at that intensity include: Donna (1960), Flora (1963), Cleo (1964), Betsy (1965), Carmen (1974), Frederic (1979), Iniki (1992), Iris (2001), Charley (2004), Dennis (2005),Ike (2008), Joaquin (2015), Harvey (2017), Laura (2020), Eta (2020), Iota 2020), Ida (2021), and Ian (2022).


title: Saffir–Simpson scale

text: Category 5 is the highest category of the Saffir–Simpson scale. These storms cause roofs to break apart on many buildings, and some building may break apart, with small utility buildings blown over or away. Collapse of many roofs and walls, especially those with no inside supports, is common. Very heavy and unfixable damage to many wooden buildings and total destruction to mobile/manufactured homes is common. Only a few types of buildings can survive, and only if located at least inland. They include office, condominium and apartment buildings and hotels that are of concrete or steel frame construction, multi-story concrete parking garages, and residences that are made of either lots of brick or concrete/cement block and have roofs with slopes of no less than 35 degrees from a horizontal angle and no overhangs of any kind, and if the windows are either made of hurricane-resistant safety glass or covered with shutters. Unless most of these requirements are met, the catastrophic destruction of a structure may occur.


title: Saffir–Simpson scale

text: The storm's flooding causes major damage to the lower floors of all structures near the shoreline, and many coastal structures can be completely flattened or washed away by the storm surge. Virtually all trees are uprooted or snapped and some may be debarked, isolating most affected communities. Massive evacuation of residential areas may be required if the hurricane threatens populated areas. Total and extremely long-lived power outages and water losses are to be expected, possibly for up to several months.


title: Saffir–Simpson scale

text: Historical examples of storms that made landfall at Category 5 status include: (1924), "Okeechobee" (1928), (1932), (1933), (1935), Janet (1955), Camille (1969), Edith (1971), Anita (1977), David (1979), Gilbert (1988), Andrew (1992), Dean (2007), Felix (2007), Irma (2017), Maria (2017), Michael (2018), and Dorian (2019). No Category 5 hurricane is known to have made landfall at that strength in the eastern Pacific basin.


title: Jealousy

text: Jealousy or envy is a feeling (or emotion) people get when they want what others have. This is a negative feeling. When someone is jealous of someone else, they usually dislike the other person. These particular emotions are usually caused by a person having a certain object or quality which you desire but can not obtain. Jealousy is caused by lacking of self confidence and judging your abilities. Jealousy is not reasonable rationally.


title: Yusuf Islam

text: Yusuf Islam (born 21 July 1948) is an English singer. He sang many of his early songs when he called himself Cat Stevens. He was born as Stephen Demetre Georgiou to a Swedish mother and Greek father. He became a Muslim in 1977. After 2 years, he took the name of Yusuf İslam. He has sold over 60 million albums around the world since the late 1960s as Cat Stevens or Yusuf İslam.


title: Yusuf Islam

text: As a waiter in his father's cafe, he began writing songs "to escape the mundanity of it all". Chart success was followed by adulation, touring, drug use, confusion, tuberculosis and, in the early 1970s, Islam's changed outlook and an album called Tea For The Tillerman.


title: Yusuf Islam

text: Stevens nearly drowned in an accident in Malibu in 1975. Stevens described the event in a VH1 interview some years later: "I suddenly held myself and I said, 'Oh God! If you save me, I'll work for you.'" He had looked into Buddhism; Zen and I Ching, numerology, tarot cards and astrology", but when his brother David gave him a copy of the Qu'ran, Stevens began to convert to Islam.


title: Yusuf Islam

text: In 1977 he changed his name to Yusuf Islam upon becoming a Muslim. He stopped playing and recording pop music for almost 30 years, but started performing again in 2006.


title: Gold Coast, Queensland

text: The Gold Coast is the name given to a 57-kilometre long stretch of coast in the south east corner of Queensland, Australia. At the south end is the town of Coolangatta on the border with New South Wales. The north end of the Gold Coast is at Beenleigh and includes South Stradbroke Island. It also includes the foothills of the Great Dividing Range. The Gold Coast is famous for its surf beaches which include Coolangatta, Currumbin, Palm Beach, Burleigh Heads, Miami, Broadbeach, Surfers Paradise and Main Beach. The Gold Coast City is the sixth largest city in Australia with a population of more than 515,000 people (2010). It has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are hot and wet; winters are warm with moderate rainfall. It is a very popular place for holidays and has its own international airport. Many people go there for the beaches and to visit the theme parks which include Warner Bros. Movie World, Dreamworld, Seaworld and Wet and Wild.


title: Gold Coast, Queensland

text: A lot of houses on the Gold Coast are built in canal estates with over 260 kilometers of canals. Q1 is the tallest residential building in the world. Including the spire it reaches 322.5 metres above the street.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: Éamon de Valera (born with the name Edward George de Valera, ) (14 October 1882–) was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland. Co-owner of one of the Irish Press Newspapers, he served in public office from 1917 to 1973. Several times he was either head of state or head of government in Ireland.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: De Valera was a leader of Ireland's struggle for independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He also led opposition to the anti-Treaty in the Irish Civil War. De Valera was the author of the Constitution of Ireland.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: De Valera was born in the New York Nursery and Child's Hospital in New York City in 1882 to an Irish mother; he said that his parents were Catherine Coll Wheelwright, an immigrant from Bruree, County Limerick, and Juan Vivion de Valera, a Spanish-Cuban settler and sculptor, and that they were married in 1881 in New York.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: In 1885, after his father's death, de Valera was taken to Ireland by his Uncle Ned. He was brought up by his grandmother Elizabeth Coll, her son Patrick and her daughter Hannie, in County Limerick. At the age of sixteen, he won a scholarship to Blackrock College, County Dublin. In his first year in Blackrock College he was Student of the Year. In 1903 was became mathematics teacher at Rockwell College, County Tipperary. When he graduated in mathematics from the Royal University of Ireland he went back to Blackrock College He taught in many other colleges, including Belvedere college where he taught Kevin Barry, the young Irish republican hanged by the British during the Irish War of Independence.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: De Valera was an active "gaeilgeoir" (Irish language enthusiast). In 1908 he joined the Conradh na Gaeilge (the Gaelic League), where he met Dubhghlas de hÍde, later first President of Ireland, and also Sinéad Flanagan, another teacher who he married on 8 January 1910 at St Paul's Church, Arran Quay, Dublin.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: On 25 November 1913 he joined the Irish Volunteers. He was soon elected captain of the Donnybrook company, then commandant of the Third Battalion and adjutant of the Dublin Brigade. He also joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood, which secretly controlled the central executive of the Volunteers.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: On 24 April 1916 the Easter Rising began. De Valera occupied Boland's Mills, Grand Canal Street in Dublin. After the fighting de Valera was court-martialled, convicted, and sentenced to death, but the sentence was changed to for life imprisonment. This was because he was not kept in Kilmainham Jail with the first prisoners executed. The delay meant British authorities started to check if he really was an American citizen, and wonder how the United States would react to the execution of one of its citizens.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: De Valera's supporters say he showed leadership skills and a great ability for planning. His enemies claim he suffered a nervous breakdown during the Rising.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: After imprisonment in Dartmoor, Maidstone and Lewes prisons in England, de Valera and other prisoners were released under an amnesty in June 1917. On 10 July 1917 he was elected member of the British House of Commons for East Clare (the constituency which he represented in Dail Eireann until 1959) in a by-election after MP Willie Redmond died fighting in World War I.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: British newspapers and picture postcards often called the Easter Rising the Sinn Féin rebellion. From 1917 de Valera was president of Sinn Féin. He and the other survivors of the Rising took over Sinn Féin and then turned into a republican party. Arthur Griffith, had wanted an Anglo-Irish "dual monarchy", with an independent Ireland governed separately from Britain, their only link being a shared monarch, like Canada and Britain today.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: That had been the way Ireland was governed with the so-called Constitution of 1782 under Henry Grattan, until Ireland joined with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: Sinn Féin won 73 out of 104 Irish seats in the 1918 general election. A lot more people wanted an independent Ireland after the leaders of the Easter Rising were executed of the 1916 leaders and the threat of conscription. In January 1919, these Sinn Féin MPs, or "TD"s, met in the Mansion House (City Hall), Dublin and formed the First Dáil Éireann ().


title: Éamon de Valera

text: De Valera was not at this meeting because he had been arrested. He escaped from Lincoln Prison in February 1919, and when he got back to Dublin he replaced Cathal Brugha as Prime Minister . The Dáil Constitution passed by the Dáil said that the Príomh Aire was prime minister not head of state.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: In September 1919 the British authorities said that The Dáil was illegal. The fighting against Britain escalated into the Irish War of Independence (also called the 'Anglo-Irish War').


title: Éamon de Valera

text: In January 1921, he got back from the United States with a loan of $5,500,000 This made him very popular.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: In August 1921 de Valera had Dáil Éireann change the 1919 Dáil Constitution to upgrade his title from prime minister to President of the Republic. He said that as Irish head of state he would not go to the Treaty Negotiations of October–December 1921 because the British head of state, King George V would not be there either.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: The Treaty replaced the Republic by a dominion of the British Commonwealth with the King represented by a Governor-General of the Irish Free State. This was just how Canada was governed. Treaty was finally signed on 6 December 1921.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: De Valera's opponents said that he did not join the negotiations because he knew that the British would only allow an Irish dominion, not a republic, and did not want to be blamed for giving up the idea of a republic. De Valera said he was angry because the delegates working out the treaty had not asked him before signing the treaty. But at a secret session of the Dáil during the Treaty Debates and publicised in January 1922, his ideas for a treaty included dominion status, the 'Treaty Ports', a veto by the parliament in Belfast, and the king as head of the Commonwealth. Ireland's would pay a share of the imperial debt.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: When the Treaty was accepted by 64 votes to 57, de Valera and a large minority of Sinn Féin TDs left Dáil Éireann. He resigned and Arthur Griffith was elected President of Dáil Éireann in his place.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: In March 1922, de Valera made an angry speech saying that, if the Treaty was accepted, it might be necessary to "wade through Irish blood" to achieve Irish freedom. Later he said that De Valera's enemies said that this was encouraging civil war.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: Fighting in the Irish Civil War started on 28 June 1922 and ended in May 1923 when the pro-treaty Free State forces beat the anti-Treaty IRA.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: De Valera was supposed to be the head of the anti-Treatyites, but he had little power. Usually he had little influence with the IRA Chief of Staff, Liam Lynch. De Valera formed a republican government on 25 October 1922 but it had no real authority and was never like the Dáil governments of 1919–21, which was an alternative government to the British, even running their own courts.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: When the IRA's new Chief of Staff called a ceasefire Frank Aiken on 30 May 1923 the government had won. Many republicans were arrested when they came out of hiding and returned home. De Valera was arrested in County Clare and interned until 1924.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: De Valera resigned from the presidency of Sinn Féin after losing a vote to accept the Free State Constitution (if the Oath of Allegiance was dropped). In March 1926 he formed a new party, Fianna Fáil (Soldiers of Destiny). Fianna Fáil was successful in elections, but for over a year a it did not take its seats in the Dáil. When a new law made candidates promise to take the oath if elected, de Valera and his TDs took the Oath of Allegiance in 1927. They said the oath was "an empty formula" that is, just words they had to say, they did not have to believe them.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: Six years after it was founded Fianna Fáil won 72 seats in the 1932 general election, and had a "plurality" in the Dáil. That is, it was the largest party but had less than half of all of the seats, which would be a "majority". On 9 March Governor-General James McNeill appointed de Valera President of the Executive Council . He abolished the oath and stopped paying money owed to Britain.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: De Valera called a general election in January 1933 and won 77 seats, giving him an overall majority. Under his leadership, Fianna Fáil won further general elections in 1937, 1938, 1943 and 1944.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: De Valera was his own Minister for External Affairs. He attended meetings of the League of Nations, and was president of the Council of the League on his first appearance at Geneva in 1932. In 1934, he supported the admission of the Soviet Union into the League. In September 1938 he was elected nineteenth president of the Assembly of the League, a tribute to the international recognition he had won by his independent stance on world questions.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: The Governor-General of the Irish Free State could "reserve" or "deny" the Royal Assent to any changes after being advised (ordered) by "His Majesty's Government in London". After a legal argument with the British Government the power this was changed to "His Majesty's Government in the Irish Free State"


title: Éamon de Valera

text: In July 1936, de Valera wrote to King Edward in London saying that he planned to introduce a new constitution. This was only a little different from the "Bunreacht na hÉireann" (meaning literally the Constitution of Ireland).


title: Éamon de Valera

text: The new constitution was not an act of the Dáil but was voted for in a referendum, because de Valera wanted a new start for the new country he was setting up.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: Ireland stayed neutral in World War II, which was called The Emergency in Ireland. Both the possibility of a German invasion and a British invasion were discussed in the Dáil.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: In May 1945, de Valera visited the German minister in Dublin, to express sympathy over the death of the Führer. Along with President Douglas Hyde, de Valera was the only head of government to do this. De Valera did not visit the American embassy following the death of Roosevelt, as David Gray, the American Ambassador said he would not receive de Valera. All flags were flown at half-mast on Roosevelt's death on de Valera's instructions


title: Éamon de Valera

text: After sixteen years in power, Fianna Fáil lost the 1948 election. John A. Costello was Taoiseach of a coalition Government. It was Costello who declared Ireland a republic, making de Valera's friend President Ó Ceallaigh Ireland's head of state. In 1951 de Valera was returned to power but without an overall majority. Many people thought this was his worst government. He spent several months in the Netherlands where he had six operations on his eyes.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: Fianna Fáil was defeated again in the 1954 general election, but in 1957 de Valera, won a majority of nine seats. This was the beginning of another sixteen year period in office for Fianna Fáil. But de Valera was only Taoiseach for two years.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: In 1959 he was elected President of Ireland, as which he served until 1973. At his retirement at the age of 90, he was the oldest Head of State in the world.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: Éamon de Valera died in Linden Convalescent Home, Blackrock, County Dublin on 29 August 1975 aged 92. His wife, Sinéad de Valera, four years his senior, had died the previous January, on the eve of their 65th wedding anniversary. He is buried in Dublin's Glasnevin Cemetery.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: In his recent controversial biography by Tim Pat Coogan says that his failures are more than his achievements, and that de Valera's popularity fell as Michael Collins's rose.


title: Éamon de Valera

text: "Total economic stagnation marked de Valera's last seven years as leader of his party - because all of the chickens of his disastrous commitment to an inward-looking policy of self sufficiency were coming home to roost."


title: Labiodental consonant

text: Labiodental consonants are labial consonants made with the bottom lip and the top teeth, like the English letters "f" as in "file" and "v" as in "vile".


title: Media studies

text: Media studies is an academic area of study about mass media and its history and effects. It mostly focuses on newspapers, radio, television, and internet. Media studies take some ideas from other areas of study, such as humanities and the social sciences.


title: Media studies

text: Most production and journalism courses use media studies content, but academic institutions such as universities often start separate departments. Media studies students may see themselves as observers of media, not creators or practitioners. These distinctions are different depending on the country where students live.


title: Media studies

text: The development of media studies was sparked by the growth of new media in the post-Second World War period. A typical source was Marshall McLuhan's "Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man". This book set out to connect changes in media with changes in society. His most famour phrase was ""The medium is the message"".


title: No Me Queda Más

text: "No Me Queda Más" () is a song by Mexican-American singer Selena. It was written by Ricky Vela. Vela had fallen in love with Selena's sister, Suzette Quintanilla. He then found out she was married. Vela was angry at this and wrote down his feelings. Selena's brother and producer of her music, A.B. Quintanilla III, liked the idea of turning his words into a song. The song was then co-produced by Bebu Silvetti. It was for Selena's fourth album "Amor Prohibido" (1994). The song's lyrics are a reference to Vela's unreturned love.


title: No Me Queda Más

text: "No Me Queda Más" is a Spanish language ballad. It was released as a single in the United States and Mexico. The song reached number one on the US "Billboard" Hot Latin Tracks for seven weeks. The song became Selena's third number one single from her "Amor Prohibido" album. In 1995, it became the number-one song on the "Billboard" Top Latin Songs Year-End Chart. It also became the best-selling Latin single for 1995 in the United States.


title: No Me Queda Más

text: The song had positive feedback from music critics. "No Me Queda Más" was nominated for "Song of the Year" at the Broadcast Music Latin Awards. However, the music video of the song won the 1995 "Billboard" Latin Music Awards. The music video was shot at the Houston, Texas Amtrak station and other locations in San Antonio, Texas. Since the song was released, it has been covered by several artists. It remains one of Selena's most popular songs.


title: No Me Queda Más

text: "No Me Queda Más" was written by Ricky Vela. Vela was a keyboardist for Selena y Los Dinos. He had fallen in love with the drummer of the group, Suzette Quintanilla. Suzette is Selena and A.B. Quintanilla III's sister. After finding out she was married, Vela wrote about his feelings on paper. He was going to send it to Suzette. However, Selena needed more songs on what was going to be her next album. Selena's brother and music producer, A.B., decided to ask Vela if he had written anything. Vela had written songs before and some of his works were recorded by Selena. Vela told A.B. about his feelings for her sister Suzette. He showed him the paper where he wrote about how hurt he was. A.B., liked the idea of turning it into a song. They then worked together and turned it into a ballad.


title: No Me Queda Más

text: Selena recorded the song at her father and manager's record studio Q-Productions. It was produced by A.B. The song was then co-produced by Bebu Silvetti. It was for Selena's fourth album, "Amor Prohibido" (1994).


title: No Me Queda Más

text: "No Me Queda Más" is a down-tempo ballad. It also has flamenco and ranchera music in the song. It is written in key of B minor. The song has 95 beats per minute. Selena's vocal range in the song spans two octaves. "No Me Queda Más" uses traditional musical instruments such as the violin, trumpet and the Spanish guitar. Jose Behar, president of EMI Latin, asked Silvetti to mix the song. Behar believed if the song was "sweeten" it can help it's chart performance. The mixed version was then added to the re-release of "Amor Prohibido". It was shown on the cover of the album as a "new version". The song's lyrics explains the pain and sorrow of a woman who was betrayed by her boyfriend. In the song, the boyfriend left her to marry another female he liked. In the end, the woman hopes for the best for them and wishes them happiness while she cries.


title: No Me Queda Más

text: The song tells the story of unreturned love. Carlos Meléndez, writer for "El Nuevo Dia", gave a positive feedback of the song because it had an orchestra feel to it. Meléndez also enjoyed the use of the string instrument. Ilan Stavans and Harold Augenbraum named the song a "mariachi bolero" in their book. Mario Tarradell of "The Dallas Morning News", agreed to this statement and said that it was a "mournful mariachi-style ballad".


title: No Me Queda Más

text: Jorge Velasquez called "No Me Queda Más" a "bonafide hit" in his book. A Polish newspaper described "No Me Queda Más" as one of Selena's biggest hits. Mark Schone of "Newsday" enjoyed the song's string arrangement and its Mexican trumpets. Ramiro Burr, writer for the "San Antonio Express-News", believed Selena had "over-dubbed vocals" for the song. Burr later wrote that Selena used a "powerful" emotional voice when she recorded the song. He then stated that the song is a "bittersweet story". Mario Tarradell of "The Dallas Morning News" called the song a "heartbreaking mariachi ballad". According to Bob Young of the "Boston Globe", "No Me Queda Más" is a "mariachi" song. According to one of the writers of the "Lexington Herald-Leader", "No Me Queda Más" is a "bolero-influenced" song. Carmen Lopez of "Novedades de México", enjoyed the song's "soulful-rich sounds".


title: No Me Queda Más

text: The song started at number 40 on the US "Billboard" Hot Latin Tracks on 12 November 1994. It reached number one for seven weeks. The recording became Selena's third number-one single off of "Amor Prohibido". The song got off the chart on 1 April 1995. It returned two weeks later at number five. This was followed by Selena's death which happened the day before. The song then spent eleven weeks in the top 10. With title , Selena became the first Latin artist to have four number-one singles on the "Billboard" Hot Latin Tracks chart in a single year. Enrique Iglesias tied this record in 1996. He had four number-ones from his first album "Enrique Iglesias."


title: No Me Queda Más

text: With "No Me Queda Más" and thirteen other of Selena's top 10 singles, she was named "top Latin artist of the '90s" and "Best Selling Latin Artist of the Decade" by "Billboard" magazine. In March 2010, "No Me Queda Más" and a few other Selena music videos were selected for a Selena tribute. It was available to watch on Music Choice and was serviced to 42 million people in the United States. "No Me Queda Más" became the most successful Latin single of 1995 in the United States. According to "Orlando Sentinel", "No Me Queda Más" was the second "Top 10 Spanish Hits of 1994". The song was nominated for "Song of the Year" at the Broadcast Latin Music Awards. However, the music video won "Video of the Year" at the 1995 "Billboard" Latin Music Awards.


title: No Me Queda Más

text: Kat DeLuna sang the song during a children's singing competition. She won first place. In 1998, Los Tres Reyes recorded the song. They turned the song into a duet with Selena. In 1995, salsa singer Tito Nieves recorded "No Me Queda Más" for his album "Un Tipo Comun". His version reached number seven on the "Billboard" Latin Tropical Airplay chart. Pepe Aguilar sang the song at the "Selena ¡VIVE!" (2005) tribute concert. Michael Clark of the "Houston Chronicle" wrote that Aguilar's version reminded him of R&B singer Aaron Neville. In the same year, Mexican group Paloma also covered the song. They included it on their live album "En Concierto-en Vivo Desde L.A." (2005). Their version reached number 19 on the Hot Latin Tracks chart and number six on the Latin Regional Mexican Airplay chart. In 2006, Puerto Rican singer José Feliciano recorded the song. It was for his album "José Feliciano Y Amigos" (2006). Ramiro Burr for the "Chicago Tribune" called Felicanio's version a "bittersweet ranchera".


title: No Me Queda Más

text: Cuban-American singer Toñita also recorded a version of the song. It was for her album "Desafiando al Destino" (2007). In 2008, Mexican American singer Maria Williams recorded an English language version. It was called "Nothing Left for Me". It was for her first album "Hybrid". American singer David Archuleta sang the song several times on his tour. He was asked to perform "No Me Queda Más" at the 2010 Tejano Music Awards. Karen Rodriguez performed the song on the tenth season of "American Idol" in 2011. Dominican singer Prince Roye has performed "No Me Queda Más" while touring. Mexican singer Graciela Beltran performed the song during one of her concerts in Houston, Texas.


title: Muse

text: The Muses are goddesses representing different arts and sciences in Greek mythology. They are the daughters of Mnemosyne and Zeus.


title: Muse

text: The word "muse" is also sometimes used for a person who inspires somebody else, or any other type of inspiring object. Muse can also be used to describe one's creative thoughts, such as poetry or a musical composition.


title: Xenophilius Lovegood

text: Xenophilius Lovegood is a fictional character of the Harry Potter series. He is the father of Luna Lovegood (friend of Harry Potter), and the editor of "The Quibbler", a magazine in which he writes the things that just he believes, such as Nargles and Crumple-Horned Shortsnack. However, during the Second Wizarding War, his magazine published reliable news, to the point that most people switched to it for news. Only when his daughter was kidnapped that the Quibbler started to turn against Harry Potter. Lovegood was played by Rhys Ifans in "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows".


title: 2022 Indian presidential election

text: The 2022 Indian Presidential Election will be the 16th presidential election to be held in India. The current president is Ram Nath Kovind. Article 56(1) of the Constitution of India provides that the President of India shall remain in office for a period of five years.


title: 2022 Indian presidential election

text: Due to the expiry of the term of President Ram Nath Kovind, an election poll to fill in the office is scheduled to be held on 18 July 2022. Counting of votes will take place on 21 July 2022.


title: 2022 Indian presidential election

text: On 21 June 2022, Yashwant Sinha of AITC was chosen as common candidate of UPA and other opposition parties for 2022 Presidential Election. On the same day NDA chose Draupadi Murmu as its presidential candidate.


title: 2022 Indian presidential election

text: The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. The election is held by means of a secret ballot under the Instant-runoff voting system.


title: 2022 Indian presidential election

text: Article 58 of the Indian Constitution provides that the President and Vice President of India must be citizens of India, and at least 35 years old. The Presidential candidate must be qualified for elections in the same way as a member of the Lok Sabha, and must not hold any office of profit under the Indian government.


title: Reality

text: Reality means anything that exists. An event that has actually happened, or a thing which really exists is said to have "reality." Something close to reality is "realistic".


title: Reality

text: Reality is the state of things as they are, rather than as they may appear or might be imagined. In a wider definition, reality includes everything that is and has been, whether or not we can see it and understand it. An even wider definition includes everything that has existed, exists, or will exist.


title: Reality

text: Reality is often contrasted with what is imaginary, delusional, in the mind, dreams, what is false, what is fictional, or what is abstract.


title: Reality

text: All the same, what is abstract plays a role in everyday life and in academic research. For instance, causality, virtue, life and justice are abstract concepts. They are difficult to define, but they are not pure delusions.


title: Montgomery, Alabama

text: Montgomery is the capital city of the state of Alabama in the United States. It is on the Alabama River. In 2000 201,568 people lived there,making it the second-most populated city in Alabama after Birmingham which has 197,000.


title: Montgomery, Alabama

text: Montgomery was started on December 3, 1819 by merging New Philadelphia and East Alabama Town. The city became a county seat in 1822. On January 28, 1846, the state capital was moved from Tuscaloosa to Montgomery. For a few months in 1861 Montgomery was the capital of the Confederate States of America.


title: Gaelic football

text: Gaelic Football (Irish: "Peil", "Peil Ghaelach" or "Caid" ), commonly referred to as "football", or "Gaelic", is a form of football played mainly in Ireland. It, along with Hurling, is the most popular spectator sport in Ireland.


title: Gaelic football

text: Gaelic football is played by teams of 15 on a rectangular grass pitch with H-shaped goals at each end. The object is to score by kicking/striking the ball with your hand and getting it through the goals. The team with the highest score at the end of the match wins.


title: Gaelic football

text: Players advance the ball up the field with a combination of carrying, "soloing" (dropping and then toe-kicking the ball upward into the hands), kicking, and hand-passing to their team-mates.


title: Gaelic football

text: Gaelic football is one of four Gaelic Games run by the Gaelic Athletic Association, the largest sporting organization in Ireland. It has strict rules on player amateurism. The game is believed to have come from ancient Irish football known as caid which dates back to 1537, although the modern game took shape in 1887.


title: Gaelic football

text: The grass pitch is rectangular, stretching 130–145 metres long and 80–90 metres wide. There are H-shaped goalposts at each end with a net on the bottom section. The same pitch is used for hurling; the GAA, which organizes both sports, decided this to facilitate dual usage. Lines are marked at distances of 13m, 20m and 45m from each end-line. Shorter pitches and smaller goals are used by under-12s and under 10s.


title: Gaelic football

text: All Gaelic football matches last for 60 minutes, divided into two halves of thirty minutes, with the exception of senior inter-county games which last for 70 minutes (two halves of 35 minutes). Draws are decided by replays or by playing 20 minutes of extra time (two halves of 10 minutes).


title: Gaelic football

text: Teams consist of fifteen players (a goalkeeper, two corner backs, a full back, three half backs, two mid fielders, three half forwards, two corner forwards and a full forward) plus up to fifteen substitutes, of which five may be used. Each player is numbered 1–15, starting with the goalkeeper, who must wear a different coloured jersey.


title: Gaelic football

text: The game is played with a round leather football, similar to a soccer ball, but heavier, and with horizontal stitching rather than the hexagon and pentagon panels often used on soccer balls, and similar to a standard volleyball.


title: Glorious Revolution

text: The Glorious Revolution was an event in the history of England and Scotland in 1688. Many people in England and Scotland did not like King James II because he was Catholic. A Protestant, William III of Orange-Nassau, took over as king. William was King James II's nephew and Mary's first cousin and came to England with his wife, Queen Mary, the daughter of James II. They let the old king escape to France. William signed the "Bill of Rights," became king and let England become a constitutional monarchy.


title: Glorious Revolution

text: On the surface, it is a story about religion. However, it is also about the balance between monarch and Parliament. A civil war had been fought because Charles I tried to rule as an absolute monarch. His son, Charles II, had been accepted back after he had agreed to limit his powers. However, his brother, the Duke of York, made it clear he wanted to get back the absolute power that their father, Charles I, had.


title: Glorious Revolution

text: When Charles II died without any legitimate children in 1685, the Duke of York became King as James II in England and Ireland. He also became James VII in Scotland. He tried to give freedom of religion to Catholics and other non-Anglicans by making the Acts of Parliament invalid by royal decree. The Protestants did not like that. Several Protestant politicians and noblemen began talking with Mary's husband as early as 1687. In May 1688, James forced Anglican clergymen to read the Declaration of Indulgence, a statement that gave religious freedom to those who were not party of the Church of England. That was criticised as a first step to a return to Catholicism.


title: Glorious Revolution

text: Protestants became even more fearful when James's wife, Mary of Modena, gave birth to a son, James Francis Edward, in June 1688. They were afraid because the son, unlike Mary and Anne, would be raised a Roman Catholic. Some said that the boy had been secretly carried into the Queen's room in a bed-warming pan instead of her stillborn baby. There was no proof to support that story, but Mary publicly doubted the boy's legitimacy. She sent a list of suspicious questions to her sister, Anne, about the boy's birth.


title: Glorious Revolution

text: On 30 June, the Immortal Seven secretly asked William, who was in the Netherlands with Mary, to come to England with an army. William, who was jealous of Mary's position and power, did not want to go at first. However, Mary told William that she did not care about political power. She said that "she would be no more but his wife, and that she would do all that lay in her power to make him King for life".


title: Glorious Revolution

text: Ironically, the Pope, the leader of the world's Catholics, supported William to get rid of James, who was thought be a puppet Louis XIV of France. The Pope thought that Louis was too powerful and that William would weaken France.


title: Glorious Revolution

text: William agreed to attack and declared that James' newborn son was the "pretended Prince of Wales". He also gave a list of what the English people wanted and claimed that he wanted only to have "a free and lawful Parliament assembled". The Dutch Army, which had been turned back by a storm in October, landed on 5 November. The English Army and Navy went over to William. The English people's confidence in James was very low and did not even try to save their King. On 11 December, the King tried to run away, but failed. He tried to run away again on 23 December. This second attempt was successful, and James escaped to France. He lived there in exile until his death.


title: Glorious Revolution

text: Though Mary was sad because of the deposition of her father, William ordered her to look happy when they arrived in London. Because of that, people thought she was being cold to her father. James also thought his daughter was unfaithful to him which hurt Mary deeply.


title: Glorious Revolution

text: In 1689, a Convention Parliament was called by William to come together to discuss what to do. William felt uncomfortable about his position. He wanted to rule as a king, not simply as a husband of a queen. The only example of joint monarchy was from the 16th century. That was Queen Mary I and Spanish Prince Philip. When they married, it was agreed that Prince Philip would take the title of King but only during his wife's lifetime. He also did not have much power. William wanted to remain King even after his wife's death. Some important people suggested making Mary the only ruler. However, Mary, who was faithful to her husband, refused.


title: Glorious Revolution

text: On 13 February 1689, Parliament passed the Declaration of Right, which said that James, by trying to run away on 11 December 1688, had abdicated and so no one at the time was king. Normally, James's oldest son, James Francis Edward, would have been the heir. However, Parliament offered the crown to William and Mary as joint sovereigns instead. However, it was added, "The sole and full exercise of the regal (royal) power be only in and executed by the said Prince of Orange in the names of the said Prince and Princess during their joint lives". The declaration was later extended to exclude Catholics from rule because "It hath been found (discovered) by experience that it is inconsistent (not in harmony) with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a papist prince".


title: Glorious Revolution

text: William and Mary were crowned together at Westminster Abbey on 11 April 1689. The Archbishop of Canterbury usually performed coronations, but at the time, the Archbishop was William Sancroft, who felt that James II's removal had been wrong. Therefore, the Bishop of London, Henry Compton, crowned them instead. On the day of the Coronation, the Convention of the Estates of Scotland declared at last that James was no longer King of Scotland. William and Mary were offered the separate Scottish Crown because the two kingdoms were not united until the Acts of Union in 1707. William and Mary accepted on 11 May.


title: Glorious Revolution

text: Even after that was declared, there was still strong support for James in Scotland. John Graham of Clevehouse, the Viscount of Dundee, raised an army and won a victory at Killiecrankie on 27 July. However, Dundee's army suffered great losses, and he was seriously wounded at the start of the battle. This stopped the only effective resistance to William, and the revolt was quickly crushed. The next month, there was a great defeat for James at the Battle of Dunkeld.


title: Legislation

text: Legislation (or "statutory law") is law which has been created by a legislature or other governing body. The term may refer to a single law, or the collective body of enacted law, while "statute" is also used to refer to a single law. Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill, which is typically also known as "legislation" while it remains under active consideration.


title: Legislation

text: Legislation is usually proposed by a member of the legislature (e.g. a member of Congress or Parliament), or by the executive, then it is debated by members of the legislature and is often amended.


title: Legislation

text: Those who have the formal power to "create" legislation are known as legislators, the judicial branch of government may have the formal power to "interpret" legislation.