title: Tux

text: The name "Tux" comes from James Hughes, who named the Linux mascot that as an shortened form of "Torvalds' UniX," as Linus Torvalds was the creator of the Linux kernel. Tux is also an abbreviation of tuxedo.


title: Yahya Khan

text: Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (February 4, 1917 – August 10, 1980) was the final President of United Pakistan from 1969 to 1971, following the resignation of Ayub Khan. He has one son, Ali Yahya and one daughter, Yasmeen Khan.


title: Scotch whisky

text: Whisky made in Scotland is known as Scotch whisky, or simply as "Scotch" (especially in North America).


title: Scotch whisky

text: It means the whisky is distilled in Scotland. It is usually a blend of malt and grain whiskies, and aged in barrels ('casks') for at least three years (four years for exports).


title: Scotch whisky

text: Single malt scotch is made only from malted barley and no other grain, sugar, or fermentable material. They are made at the same distillery and not blended with any other scotch. Most single malt scotches are aged an average of 8 to 12 years.


title: Scarlet

text: Scarlet is a slight brilliant red colour. It is a colour of the rainbow. It is redder than vermilion. The colour's name comes from the Persian "saqirlat".


title: Diponegoro

text: Diponegoro was a Javanese prince who opposed the Dutch rule in Indonesia. He was the eldest son of Sultan


title: Diponegoro

text: Hamengkubowono III. Diponegoro was born at Yogyakarta in 1785 and died at Makassar in 1855. During the Dutch rule, a ruler like his father had lost many rights such as the ability to lease land. Instead, he was paid by the Dutch to keep peace. This was an indignity to his father. This led to an open battle headed by Diponegoro himself using guerrilla tactics, which was called the Java War. It lasted for five years, from 1825 until 1830. During that period Diponegoro had successfully led battles, ambushing Dutch camps and raiding food supplies. Over the period of five years, more than 200,000 people were dead because of the war. In 1830, he was sent away by the Dutch to Manado, then moved to Ujungpandang, and he spent the rest of his life there. After being held by the Dutch in Fort Rotterdam in Ujungpandang for 25 years, he died there in 1855.


title: Prey (2022 movie)

text: Prey is science fiction action horror film directed by Dan Trachtenberg. It will be released in summer of 2022 on Hulu. It is the fifth movie in the "Predator" franchise and a prequel to the other films in the franchise. This movie will be about the Predator going to Earth.


title: Harry Brearley

text: Harry Brearley (18 February 1871 – 14 July 1948) was an English metallurgist who invented stainless steel, that is, steel which does not rust.


title: Harry Brearley

text: Brearley was born in Sheffield, England, the son of a steelworker and his wife. He left Woodside School at the age of twelve to enter as a labourer in his father's steelworks. Later he got the post of general assistant in the company's chemical laboratory.


title: Harry Brearley

text: For several years, in addition to his laboratory work, he studied to specialize in steel production techniques and related chemical analysis methods.


title: Harry Brearley

text: In 1908, two of Sheffield's principal steelmaking companies agreed to jointly finance a common research laboratory (Brown Firth Laboratories). Harry Brearley was asked to lead the project.


title: Harry Brearley

text: After leaving Brown Firth, Brearley joined Brown Bayley's Steel Works, also in Sheffield. He became a director of the firm in 1925.


title: Harry Brearley

text: In 1941 Brearley created a charitable trust The Freshgate Trust Foundation, a grantmaking charity operating in Sheffield and South Yorkshire.


title: Harry Brearley

text: In the troubled years immediately before World War I, arms manufacturing increased greatly in the UK. There were problems due to erosion (excessive wear) of the internal surfaces of gun barrels. Brearley began to research new steels which could better resist the erosion caused by high temperatures. He began to add chromium to steel, which was known to raise the material’s melting point, as compared to the standard carbon steels.


title: Harry Brearley

text: The research concentrated on quantifying the effects of varying the levels of carbon (C, at concentrations around 0.2 weight %) and chromium (Cr, in the range of 6 to 15 weight %).


title: Harry Brearley

text: In order to do examine the alloys, a metal sample is treated. For a carbon steel, a dilute solution of nitric acid in alcohol is sufficient to produce the required effect. Brearley found that the new chromium steels were very resistant to chemical attack.


title: Harry Brearley

text: Up to that time carbon-steel knives rusted if they were not polished. Only expensive sterling silver or EPNS cutlery avoided the problem. With this in mind, Brearley tested his chromiun steel with food acids such as vinegar and lemon juice. The results were very promising.


title: Harry Brearley

text: At first, Brearley called the new alloy "rustless steel". The better-sounding "stainless steel" was suggested by Ernest Stuart, a local cutlery manufacturer.


title: Harry Brearley

text: The first true stainless steel, a 0.24wt% C, 12.8wt% Cr ferrous alloy, was produced by Brearley in an electric furnace on 13 August 1913. He was subsequently awarded the Iron and Steel Institute's Bessemer Gold Medal in 1920. The American Society for Metals gives the date for Brearley's creation of casting number 1008 (12.8% chromium, 0.44% manganese, 0.2% silicon, 0.24% carbon and 85.32% iron) as 20 August 1913.


title: Harry Brearley

text: Almost all research projects into stainless steels were interrupted by the 1914–18 War. The work was taken up again in the 1920s. Brearley had left the Brown Firth Laboratories in 1915, but the research continued under the direction of his successor, Dr. W. H. Hatfield. It is Hatfield who is credited with the development, in 1924, of a stainless steel which even today is probably the widest-used alloy of this type, the so-called "18/8", which in addition to chromium, includes nickel (Ni) in its composition (18wt% Cr, 8wt% Ni).


title: Shortening

text: Shortening is a semisolid fat used in baking. It makes foods crumbly. Shortening doesn't smoke as easily as butter or oil, and it is 100% fat. Butter is 80% fat. It works by stopping long gluten polymers from forming in the food. It does not need to be refrigerated. It also is cheaper than butter. It can make foods last longer.


title: Shortening

text: Shortening is mostly made from hydrogenated oils, which have trans fats in them. Trans fats can cause heart attacks. People making shortening try to take out the trans fats.


title: Alon Abutbul

text: In 2005, he was voted the 158th-greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website "Ynet" to determine who the general public considered the 200 Greatest Israelis. Abutbul has appeared in more than 50 years and have a career of 33 years. Abutbul has recently appeared in Christopher Nolan's 2012 movie "The Dark Knight Rises".


title: Fenway Sports Group

text: Fenway Sports Group, LLC (FSG), is an American sports company who own major baseball team Boston Red Sox and professional Premier League Football club, Liverpool FC.


title: Alon Abutbul

text: Abutbul was born in Kiryat, Israel on May 28, 1965. Abutbul lives in Los Angeles, California with his partner Shir Bilya. They have four children together.


title: Fenway Sports Group

text: FSG was founded in 2001 as New England Sports Ventures (NESV) when John W. Henry joined forces with Tom Werner, Les Otten, The New York Times Company, and other investors to successfully bid for the Red Sox. NESV changed their name to Fenway Sports Group in March of 2011.


title: Farsi1

text: Farsi1 is a Persian language satellite television channel. It was created in 2009. The channel is broadcast into Iran from Hong Kong by a company co-owned by Rupert Murdoch. Since the channel's creation, Farsi1 has become the most popular TV channel in Iran. The channel broadcasts TV series from Korea, Latin America and the United States. Its most popular series tend to be Colombian telenovelas.


title: Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston

text: Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, KG, GCB, PC (20 October 1784 – 18 October 1865) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century. He began his parliamentary career as a Tory and ended it as a Liberal.


title: Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston

text: He is best remembered for his leading of British foreign policy in a period of time when the United Kingdom was at its strongest. He served as both Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister. Some of his actions, now sometimes called 'liberal interventionist', were disliked by the Queen and by many of his fellow politicians.


title: Easter Monday

text: Easter Monday is the day after Easter Sunday. It is a holiday in many Christian countries. It is also the second day of the Octave of Easter. In 2022 it falls on April 18.


title: Kim Cattrall

text: Kim Victoria Cattrall (; born 21 August 1956) is a British-Canadian actress. She was born in Liverpool and moved to Canada when she was three months old. She holds British, Canadian and American citizenship. She played Samantha Jones in "Sex and the City" on HBO. She has starred in many films.


title: Easter Monday

text: In the Catholic Church, Easter Monday is also called "Monday of the Angel" in relation to the announcement of the Resurrection of Jesus in the New Testament.


title: Kim Cattrall

text: Catrall has no children. She was married to Larry Davis from 1977 until the marriage was annulled in 1979. She was married to Andre J. Lyson from 1982 until they divorced in 1989. She was married to Mark Levinson from 1998 until they divorced in 2004. Levinson and Cattrall co-wrote a 2002 book called "Satisfaction: The Art of the Female Orgasm".


title: Motion Picture Association

text: The Motion Picture Association (MPA), originally called the Motion Picture Association of America, is a non-profit group based in the United States. Its members are the "big six" major Hollywood studios: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures (The Walt Disney Company), Sony Pictures (Sony), Paramount Pictures (Viacom -- which bought DreamWorks in February 2006), Universal Studios (Comcast), and Warner Bros. (WarnerMedia). It also represents Netflix streaming platform movies. The organization produces the well-known voluntary film rating system. On January 22, 2019, Netflix became the first streaming service to become a member of the MPA.


title: Renaissance art

text: Many of the most famous and best-loved works of art in the world were created during the time known as the Renaissance. The Renaissance began about 1400 and lasted until about 1600. Italy, and in particular the city of Florence is thought of as the home of Renaissance art.


title: Transgender Day of Remembrance

text: Transgender Day of Remembrance (TDoR) is an event that happens every year on November 20 around the world. It is about remembering transgender people who were killed by people who do not like transgender people (transphobes). It was started in 1998 by Gwendolyn Ann Smith, a transwoman. Smith made the event because a Afro-American transwoman called Rita Hester was murdered. It happens on the last day of Transgender Awareness Week.


title: Renaissance art

text: Many Flemish painters from the area of modern Belgium were also very busy at this time. The style of their pictures, and their use of oil painting influenced the Italian painters.


title: Renaissance art

text: The painting is a half-length portrait and depicts a woman whose expression is often described as enigmatic. The ambiguity of the sitter's expression, the monumentality of the half-figure composition, and the subtle modeling of forms and atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the painting's continuing fascination. Few other works of art have been subject to as much scrutiny, study, mythologizing and parody.


title: Linda McMahon

text: Linda Marie McMahon (née Edwards; born October 4, 1948) is an American professional wrestling magnate and politician. She is the 25th Administrator of the Small Business Administration serving from February 14, 2017 to April 12, 2019. McMahon was active with the WWE (WWF until 2002) from 1980 to 2009. She has been married to Vince McMahon since 1966.


title: Linda McMahon

text: McMahon was born Linda Marie Edwards in New Bern, North Carolina, the daughter of Evelyn and Henry Edwards. She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree from East Carolina University.


title: Linda McMahon

text: McMahon was active with the WWE from 1980 to 2009. During this time, the company grew from a small regional business in the North East to a large multinational corporation.


title: Linda McMahon

text: As President and later CEO of the company, she created the company's civic programs, "Get REAL" and "Smackdown Your Vote". She occasionally made on-screen appearances, most notably in a wrestling "feud" with her husband which climaxed at WrestleMania X-Seven. McMahon and her husband became wealthy through WWE's success, and the McMahon family name is now synonymous with the professional wrestling industry.


title: Linda McMahon

text: In 2009, McMahon left the WWE to run as a Republican for a seat in the United States Senate from Connecticut, but lost to Democratic Party nominee Richard Blumenthal in the general election of 2010.


title: Linda McMahon

text: McMahon was the Republican nominee for Connecticut's other Senate seat in the 2012 race, but lost to Democratic Representative Chris Murphy.


title: Linda McMahon

text: On December 7, 2016, President-elect Donald Trump announced his intention to nominate McMahon to be the Administrator of the Small Business Administration when he takes office. McMahon was confirmed by the full Senate on February 14, 2017, with a vote of 81-19.


title: Linda McMahon

text: On March 29, 2019, it was officially made public by the Trump administration that McMahon would be stepping down as the Administrator of the Small Business Administration. The resignation took effect on April 12, 2019.


title: Linda McMahon

text: On April 15, 2019, McMahon was officially named Chairman of America First Action, a pro-Trump Super PAC.


title: Linda McMahon

text: McMahon married Vince McMahon in 1966. Together they had two children: Shane and Stephanie. McMahon is a Roman Catholic.


title: Trough (meteorology)

text: A trough is an elongated area of comparatively low atmospheric pressure, usually in association with weather fronts.


title: Trough (meteorology)

text: Convective cells may form in the surrounding area of troughs and give birth to a tropical cyclone. Some tropical or subtropical areas, such as the Philippines or south China are greatly affected by convection cells along a trough. In the mid-latitude westerlies, troughs and ridges often exchange with each other, especially when upper-level winds are in a high-amplitude pattern. For a trough in the westerlies, the region just west of the trough axis is typically an area of convergent winds and descending air - and hence high pressure - while the region just east of the trough axis is an area of fast, divergent winds and low pressure. Tropical waves are a type of trough in easterly currents, a cyclonic northward deflection of the trade winds.


title: Susana Dosamantes

text: She is the mother of Mexican pop diva Paulina Rubio, She has appeared in around 50 movies and TV series, including telenovelas.


title: Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022)

text: The Battle of Sievierodonetsk was a military engagement that started on 6 May 2022. It is located in the Luhansk Oblast; however, Russia uses another name, for the oblast - Luhansk People's Republic.


title: Susana Dosamantes

text: In her final years Dosamantes worked in the United States so that she could live near her daughter, Paulina. Both Susana and Paulina lived in Miami, Florida.


title: Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022)

text: By 29 May 2022, Russian forces were engaged in close quarters fighting with Ukrainian soldiers; Combat was taking place in the "middle of the city", according to media. On 25 June, Russian LPR forces captured the city and advanced on the nearby city of Lysychansk.


title: A Touch of Class (band)

text: A Touch of Class (also known as ATC) was a pop group based in Germany. It had four members. They each came from different countries— Joseph "Joey" Murray from New Zealand, Livio Salvi from Italy, Sarah Egglestone from Australia and Tracey Packham from the United Kingdom. The group was active from 1998 to 2003.


title: A Touch of Class (band)

text: They were most popular after the release of their first single, "Around The World (La La La La La)", in 2000. This song was an English version of the song "Pesenka" by Ruki Vverh! It was first released on 9 May 2000. It charted at #1 in Germany for six weeks. It was later a Top 40 hit in the United Kingdom and United States. The song was in a television commercial for General Electric in early 2002. Similar-sounding songs were successful in parts of Europe, but A Touch of Class are mainly remembered for this first hit.


title: A Touch of Class (band)

text: Their first album was "Planet Pop". It was released on 6 February 2001 by Sony BMG Music Entertainment and Republic Records. Their second album was "Touch The Sky". It was not very successful. The group broke up in mid-2003.


title: Tetrasulfur tetranitride

text: Tetrasulfur tetranitride, also known as tetrasulphur tetranitride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SN. It contains sulfur in its +3 oxidation state. It also contains nitride ions.


title: Tetrasulfur tetranitride

text: It is a gold solid. It is an explosive, releasing sulfur and nitrogen when detonated. The purer the substance is, the more easily it explodes. It is pale yellow when cold, orange at normal temperature, and red when hot. It reacts with bases. It can be split into disulfur dinitride when it is reacted with silver. It does not dissolve in water.


title: Tetrasulfur tetranitride

text: It can be made by reacting disulfur dichloride with ammonia. It can also be made by reacting ammonium chloride with disulfur dichloride.


title: Korouhanba

text: Korouhanba (, ) is the God of the Sun, the Sky and the Heaven in Meitei mythology and religion of Ancient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur). He is also known as Taohuireng and is one of the two sun brothers in the Numit Kappa epic legend. For having the ability to remove darkness, he is also called "Ngantureng". He is described as "Songbu Chiraitangba", a physician who is bald headed.


title: Korouhanba

text: The Meitei name "Korouhanba" (ko.rəu.hən.bə, ꯀꯣꯔꯧꯍꯟꯕ) is a term for the Sun. This term is generally used in verses or in poems. "Korouhanba" (ko.rəu.hən.bə, ꯀꯣꯔꯧꯍꯟꯕ) can be fragmented into "Korou" (ko.rəu, ꯀꯣꯔꯧ), "Han" (hən, ꯍꯟ) and "Ba" (bə, ꯕ). "Korou" (ko.rəu, ꯀꯣꯔꯧ) means the day. "Han" (hən, ꯍꯟ) means ""to be older"". "Ba" (bə, ꯕ) denotes noun form.


title: Korouhanba

text: According to the Meitei tradition, Sun God Korouhanba has strong connection with human body, human soul and origin of life. The human body is a "Lang" (lit. trap). Inside the trap, the "Thawai Polpi" (lit. soul bird) is kept. The soul bird leaves the former "Lang" and enters into another "Lang". The process is called "Langon" (lit. Changing of Lang). The "Polpilang Puya" text describes that the sun is the origin of life. It was told to Luwang Leikoiba by Mangang Laininghal according to the text. He (the Sun) represents the Supreme Being in the world of things (non living) and beings (living). He is Korouhanba.


title: Korouhanba

text: The Lai Haraoba festival is celebrated in honor of God Korouhanba every year. The most significant shrine dedicated to God Korouhanba is in Moidangpok town in Manipur.


title: Korouhanba

text: The cults and pantheons dedicated to God Korouhanba are mainly maintained by the Thokchom family of Meitei ethnicity.


title: Korouhanba

text: The Ibudhou Korouhanba Thang-Ta Moidangpok is a club of Thang Ta, a martial art form of the Meitei ethnicity. This martial arts association was a leading participant in the 31st State Thang Ta Championship in the year 2021.


title: Yummy (Justin Bieber song)

text: "Yummy" is a song by Canadian singer Justin Bieber. It was released on January 3, 2020, along with a lyric video through Def Jam Recordings as the lead single from his upcoming fifth studio album. The song is Bieber's first solo single to be released in three years. Upon its release, the song has received mostly mixed reception from critics: many praised its R&B production but most dismissed its lyrics. Its official music video was directed by Bardia Zeinali, which premiered on January 4, 2020.


title: Yummy (Justin Bieber song)

text: On December 23, 2019, Bieber teased the release by posting a picture of himself in front of a piano accompanied by two posts with the caption "tomorrow". On the following day, he announced the single through a trailer he uploaded to YouTube that shows him walking through an abandoned gas station. The trailer also serves as an announcement for his upcoming North American tour starting May 14, 2020, as well as a documentary covering "all different stories". About the upcoming music, Bieber stated that he feels like "this is different than the previous albums just because of where I'm at in my life".


title: Yummy (Justin Bieber song)

text: "Yummy" is a "straightforward R&B number" that moves along on pop-trap beats. The song contains a "crisp bass line and plinking keyboards". Bieber sings the pre-chorus, while he hits his "signature falsetto" in the bridge. Bryan Rolli of "Forbes" magazine called the chorus "seductive", albeit "meaningless". The song is considered an ode to Bieber's wife Hailey Bieber.


title: Yummy (Justin Bieber song)

text: "Yummy" received polarizing reviews from music critics, who complimented the "catchy" R&B production. They also criticized the "asinine" lyrical content.


title: Yummy (Justin Bieber song)

text: Rania Aniftos of "Billboard" said "Yummy" brings back "the flirtatious Bieber we've missed and been waiting for", describing the chorus as "catchy". Bryan Rolli, a writer for "Forbes", said that Bieber "sings his heart out" on the song and noted although "the lyrics may not invite scholarly analysis ... Bieber sure does sound good singing them". Rolli concluded calling the song a "win, an inevitable chart smash" and opined that it is "sure to sound even better when 50,000 fans scream it every night on his upcoming tour". Mikael Wood from the "Los Angeles Times" described the song as "a lithe little R&B number that faintly recalls Ginuwine's mid-'90s classic "Pony" and basically three-and-a-half minutes of PG-13 sex talk seemingly directed at Hailey Baldwin". He stated that "though it's very cute, 'Yummy' feels awfully lightweight for a single that has as much hanging on it as this one does" and added that the song "loses much of its flavor after only a few spins".


title: Yummy (Justin Bieber song)

text: "NME"s Sam Moore complimented the song's R&B production, who dismissed the lyrics. He termed as "failed expectations". He opined that the song's producers opted for "minimalism with their choice of instrumentation, melding airy keys with pop-trap beats with an evident view of creating something as universal as the likes of 'Hotline Bling' and Childish Gambino's 'Feels Like Summer'". Moore further wrote that Bieber's layered vocals and harmonies are "able to glide along rather effortlessly—it's just a shame he doesn't have more to say with them" and that Bieber's embrace of R&B "isn't a complete turn-off". "Pitchfork"s Eric Torres criticized the song for being "shamelessly engineered for the truncated attention span of TikTok" and "a bloodless shell of an R&B song crippled by asinine lyrics and a tired, syncopated backdrop". He further wrote that the song "plateaus as soon as it starts, never inching past the toddler-like repetition of 'yummy-yum' in its chorus". Brad Callas from "Complex" listed "Yummy" among the best new music of the week and said Bieber's "pivot back to R&B is refreshing for those who were fans of his slept-on 2013 project, "Journals"". Callas further remarked that the "silky vocals" is at times reminiscent of Bieber's 2016 collaboration with Post Malone, "Deja Vu".


title: Yummy (Justin Bieber song)

text: The music video for "Yummy" was directed by Bardia Zeinali, which premiered on January 4, 2020. In the video, it portrays Bieber with pink hair at a dinner party in a fancy restaurant, eating various colorful food items with the guests.


title: Adriatic Sea

text: The Adriatic Sea is a body of water and is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula was sepatated by the sea. Countries that have a coastline in the Adriatic Sea are Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania.


title: Adriatic Sea

text: The average width of the sea is about 160 km. The Strait of Otranto joins the Adriatic Sea and the Ionian Sea and is only 85 to 100 km wide. The sea is very shallow. Its average depth is 240 m (133 fathoms). The sea is deepest east of Monte Gargano and south of Dubrovnik where it dips below 1,460 m (800 fathoms).


title: 2016 Summer Olympics

text: The 2016 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad was a major international sport and cultural event from 5 August 2016, to 21 August. The host city was Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The 2016 Summer Paralympic Games was also held in the same city and organized by the same organizing committee.


title: 2016 Summer Olympics

text: The bidding process for the 2016 Summer Olympic Games began on May 16, 2007. Each city had to submit an initial application to the IOC before September 13, 2007, saying they plan to make a bid. Completed official bids were submitted by each applicant city by January 14, 2008. The final candidate cities were shortlisted in June 2008, and the final selection was made by the full IOC membership, on October 2, 2009, in Copenhagen, Denmark.


title: Uppsala

text: Uppsala is a city in Sweden. It is the 4th biggest city in Sweden, and the center of the Church of Sweden.


title: Uppsala

text: The city is home to the well-known student residential area of Flogsta. It is the largest student residence in the city. It is also known for the 'Flogsta scream'. At 10 pm every evening, students scream their frustrations from windows and balconies.


title: Antofagasta

text: Antofagasta is a city in northern Chile. It is the capital of the province of Antofagasta and of the region of Antofagasta. In the 2002 census, the city had a population of 296,905.


title: Nursultan Nazarbayev

text: Nursultan Äbishuly Nazarbayev (; born 6 July 1940) is a Kazakh politician who served as the first President of Kazakhstan from 1990 to 2019. Some opposition groups call him an "unofficial leader" and "dictator".


title: Nursultan Nazarbayev

text: Nazarbayev has been the president since December 1991, when Kazakhstan became independent of the Soviet Union. He has been the country's leader since 1989. This is when he was named First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR. In April 2011, Nazarbayev was re-elected to another five-year term.


title: Nursultan Nazarbayev

text: In February 2014, he proposed renaming Kazakhstan to "Kazakh Eli". In 2006 he rewrote the words to "My Kazakhstan" which was then accepted as the country's national anthem. Shortly after his resignation as president the capital city was named after him in his honour.


title: Coahuila

text: Coahuila is a state in north Mexico. About 2,500,000 people live there. Its capital is called Saltillo.


title: Aswan

text: Aswan (, population 200,000) is a city in the south of Egypt and the capital of the Aswan Governorate. It is on the east bank of the Nile and is a busy market and tourist center.


title: Aswan

text: Aswan is one of the driest places in the world where people live; as of early 2001, the last rain there was 6 years earlier. As of October 13, 2007, the last rainfall was a thunderstorm on May 13, 2006. In Nubian settlements, the people often do not put a roof over all of the rooms in their houses.


title: Himnusz

text: "Himnusz" ( ; "Hymn" or "Anthem") is the national anthem of Hungary. It was adopted in 1844 as the "de facto" (unofficial) anthem of Hungary, then later in 1989 as "de jure" (in accordance with the law). The lyrics (music words) were written by Ferenc Kölcsey in 1823, and the melody was composed by Ferenc Erkel in 1844.


title: Himnusz

text: It has been translated into many languages. It was translated into English in 1881 by American-Hungarian translator and author William Noah Loew (1847–1922).


title: Marcello Mastroianni

text: Marcello Mastroianni (September 28, 1924 – December 19, 1996) was an Italian movie actor. He played Marcello Rubini in "La Dolce Vita". He also played Ferdinando in "Divorce Italian Style".


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Harriet Beecher Stowe (June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an American abolitionist and writer. Her novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1852) showed the lives of African-Americans slaves. It was very popular as a novel and a play, and had a great influence in the United States and Britain, helping people who did not like slavery and making many people disagree with slavery.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Stowe was born Harriet Elisabeth Beecher in Litchfield, Connecticut, on June 14, 1811. Her parents were religious leaders Lyman Beecher (a leader of the Second Great Awakening) and Roxana (Foote) Beecher. Her mother died when Harriet was five years old. She had a sister, Catharine Beecher, who was an educator and author, and three brothers Henry Ward Beecher, Charles Beecher, and Edward Beecher.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Harriet went to the girls' school run by her sister Catharine. She received an education in the classics, including study of languages and mathematics. At 21, she moved to Cincinnati, Ohio to join her father. He had become the president of Lane Theological Seminary. She also joined the literary salon and social club called the Semi-Colon Club.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Harriet married Calvin Ellis Stowe on January 6, 1836. He was a widower and professor at the seminary. They had seven children together, including twin daughters. Calvin Stowe was a critic of slavery. The Stowes supported the Underground Railroad. They briefly sheltered several fugitive slaves in their home.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: In 1850, the Stowe family moved to a house near the campus of Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine. Calvin Stowe was teaching in the college. On March 9, 1850, Stowe wrote to the editor of the antislavery journal "National Era". She told him that she was planning to write a story about slavery. In June 1851, the first installment of her book, "Uncle Tom's Cabin", was published in the "National Era". She originally used the subtitle "The Man That Was A Thing". It was changed to "Life Among the Lowly". Installments were published every week from June 5, 1851, to April 1, 1852.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: For the newspaper serialization (published in parts) of her novel, Stowe was paid only $400. "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was published in book form on March 20, 1852, by John P. Jewett with an initial print run of 5,000 copies. Each of its two volumes included three illustrations and a title-page designed by Hammatt Billings. In less than a year, the book sold an unprecedented 300,000 copies. By December 1851, sales began dropping off. A cheap edition was published to stimulate more sales.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Americans were captivated by the book. It provoked more debate about abolition and slavery. Southerns hated the book. Within a year of the book's publication, 300 babies were named "Eva" in Boston alone.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: After the start of the American Civil War, Stowe went to Washington, D.C. She met President Abraham Lincoln on November 25, 1862. Stowe's daughter Hattie reported, "It was a very droll time that we had at the White House I assure you ... I will only say now that it was all very funny—and we were ready to explode with laughter all the while."


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Harriet's own accounts are vague, including a letter reporting the meeting to her husband: "I had a real funny interview with the President."


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Harriet Beecher Stowe died on 1 July 1896 in Hartford, Connecticut. She is buried in the cemetery at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Soekarnoputri (born January 23, 1947), was President of Indonesia from July 23, 2001 to October 20, 2004. She was the Indonesia's first female President, and leader born after independence. On September 20, 2004, she lost her campaign for re-election in the 2004 Indonesian presidential election. She was also the country's vice president from 21 October 1999 to 23 July 2001. She is the daughter of Indonesia's first president, Sukarno.


title: Viper

text: Vipers are a family of venomous snakes, the Viperidae. All have long, hinged fangs that dig deep into their prey and inject venom. The venom causes internal bleeding. There are four subfamilies of the Viperidae.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Megawati was born in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Her father is Indonesia's first President, Sukarno, and her mother is Fatmawati, one of Sukarno's nine wives. Megawati was Sukarno's second child and first daughter. She grew up in her father's Merdeka Palace, one of Indonesia's presidential palace. She used to dance for her father's guests and had a hobby of gardening. Megawati was 19 when her father gave up his power in 1966 and was taken over by a government which was later led by President Suharto.


title: Viper

text: All vipers have a pair of long hollow fangs which are used to inject venom from glands found in the back of the upper jaws. The venom is a kind of protease, a destroyer of protein.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Megawati studied agriculture at Padjadjaran University in Bandung but dropped out in 1967 to be with her father following his loss of power. In 1970, the year her father died, Megawati went to the University of Indonesia to study psychology but dropped out two years later.


title: Viper

text: Almost all vipers have ridged scales, a well built body with a short tail and, to make room for the venom glands, a triangular-shaped head. Their slit-shaped pupils can open wide to open most of the eye, or close almost completely. This helps them to see in a wide range of light levels. Vipers are nocturnal, meaning that they sleep in the day and wake up at night to go hunting.


title: Viper

text: Like other snakes, vipers are predators, meaning that they eat other animals. Their main diet is birds (including bird eggs), amphibians, such as frogs and toads, and other small reptiles like lizards and smaller snakes.


title: Viper

text: Most viper species are ovoviviparous, giving birth to live young, but a few lay eggs. The word "viper" is derived from Latin "vivo" = "I live" and "pario" = "I give birth".


title: Viper

text: Viper snakes are found in Americas, Africa, Eurasia. In the Americas they live from southern Canada, through the United States, Mexico, Central America, and into South America. The only type of viper which lives in the United Kingdom are the adders.


title: Viper

text: Vipers are predators, meaning that they eat other animals, their main diet is eating birds (including bird eggs), amphibians, such as frogs and toads, and other small reptiles like lizards and other smaller snakes.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Islamic Renaissance, lasted from the 8th century AD to the 13th century. It is regarded as starting with the reign of Harun al-Rashid. Some scholars think one should count even the 15th and the 16th centuries to this period.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: This period was called "Golden Age", because engineers, scholars and traders in the Islamic world did much for the arts, agriculture, economics, industry, law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences, and technology in this time. They built upon earlier traditions and added inventions and innovations of their own. Howard R. Turner writes: "Muslim artists and scientists, princes and laborers together created a unique culture that has directly and indirectly influenced societies on every continent."


title: Rojava

text: Rojav (or West Kurdistan or Syrian Kurdistan) is part of the divided Kurdistan in Middle East. It consists of three areas known as "cantons" in northern Syria, but the Syrian government has no control there. Instead, since the revolution that occurred at the beginning of the Syrian civil war, it has its own independent government, although it does not claim to be a new independent country, calling itself a "federal region autonomous ”inside Iraq instead.


title: Rojava

text: Many people in Rojava are Kurds, but there are also many different ethnic groups living there, such as Turkmen, Arabs, Syriacs, Assyrians, and Yezidis. Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group in Syria. Before the civil war, many human rights organizations such as Amnesty International said that the Syrian government treated the Kurds very poorly. Kurds in Syria are not allowed to officially use the Kurdish language, and also not allowed to register children with Kurdish names, start businesses that do not have Arabic names, build Kurdish private schools, or publish any books or other materials written in Kurdish. But this is no longer enforced due to the civil war.


title: Rojava

text: This gave the Kurds many reasons to support a revolution against the government. They also needed to organize an army to defend themselves from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) which almost took control of Rojava because the government could not defend it due to the civil war. ISIL is still at war with Rojava. As of 2017, there is a truce between Rojava and the Syrian government. The United States have given money and weapons to Rojava to help defeat ISIL but some say that they are supporting ISIL.


title: Rojava

text: Rojava is Internationally Recognized to be the democracy of the Arab States. It has the constitution that says women's rights and the rights of ethnic and religious minorities must be respected. This is very unusual in the Middle East. There are two rebel organizations, one for men, the YPG, and the army for women, the YPJ.


title: Rojava

text: The Kurds are the largest ethnic group ("group of people") in the world that does not have its own state. The Kurds are traditionally nomadic ("with no fixed living place") and live in a region in Asia called Kurdistan. Most of Kurdistan is mountainous. There are parts of Kurdistan in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and in Syria. There is discussion in academia about the origins ("start") and migrations ("movements of people") of the Kurds in history. Many other groups have also lived in Kurdistan in the past. The ancestors of modern Kurds probably arrived in Iran in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. Kurdistan was part of the empire of the Medes, then the Achaemenid Empire, the Seleucid Empire, the Roman and Byzantine empire, and then the Sassanid Empire.


title: Rojava

text: In the 7th century AD, the Muslim conquests of the Ancient Near East meant that Kurdistan became part of the Rashidun Empire. The Kurdish tribes ("social groups") in Upper Mesopotamia and the western Iranian plateau fought against the attacking armies for a time. Most Kurds became part of the Shafi`ite division of Islam. In the three centuries after this, some Kurds gained some autonomy ("self-rule") for their culture and politics, in the time of the Umayyad Caliphate and the following Abbasid Caliphate.


title: Rojava

text: The Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty ("line of rulers") rose to power in the 10th century, as the power of the Abbasid Caliphate fell. The first Ayyubid ruler was Saladin. He was greatly famous for taking back Jerusalem for the Muslims in the Siege of Jerusalem in 1187. His empire took over much of Syria and the Near East. In 1193, Saladin died and was buried in Damascus, where some of his soldiers then chose to live. The "Kurdish quarter" ("an area in the city") where these soldiers lived was a place where Kurdish language and culture was in existence into the 20th century. In the 11th century, Krak de Chevaliers, a castle ("military building made strong against attack") in the Alawite Mountains, was named "fortress of the Kurds" or "Castle of the Kurds".


title: Rojava

text: The armies of the Mongol Empire attacked Ayyubid Syria in the middle of the 13th century. The Mamluks overcame the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260. In the early 16th century, the Mamluks lost control of Syria when the Ottoman Empire overcame them in war.


title: Rojava

text: Sharaf Khan Bidlisi wrote the "Sharafnama" in 1596. The "Sharafnama" was an epic history of the Kurds from the 13th century to the late 16th century. In the "Saharfnama", Sharaf Khan Bidlisi wrote that Kurdistan was the country between the Persian Gulf and the "vilayets" ("local government" "areas") of Malatya and Marash (modern Kahramanmaraş). Sharaf Khan Bidlisi thought that the Lurs people were Kurds and that Kurdistan was very large. He wrote that parts of the "vilayets" of Diyarbakır, Mosul, "Persian Iraq", "Arabic Iraq", Fars Province, Azerbaijan, Lesser Armenia, and Greater Armenia were part of Kurdistan. Ahmad Khani wrote the "Mem û Zîn" in 1692. He wrote that Kurdistan was about the same size. Haji Qadir Koyi wrote poetry in the 19th century. He wrote that northern Syria was part of Kurdistan. He also wrote that Kurdistan contained the cities of Nusaybin (ancient Nisibis) and Alexandretta (İskenderun). Alexandretta is a port ("harbour city") on the Mediterranean Sea.


title: Rojava

text: At the start of the 17th century, the Ottoman Sultans ordered Kurds from different parts of their empire to move to the area around the Euphrates river. These Kurds were told to live on both sides of the river. The western side of the river and the town of Kobanî were where most of these Kurds lived afterwards. In the 18th century, some of these Kurdish people in Greater Syria (also named "Bilad al-Sham") kept their Kurdish culture and their relations with Kurds in other parts of Kurdistan. Other Kurdish tribes were assimilated ("taken in") by Arab tribes who also lived there.


title: Rojava

text: The result of World War I (1914—1918) was very important for the history of the Kurds. The Triple Entente overcame the Ottoman Empire, and the lands where Kurdish people lived before the war were separated. The lands were cut by the borders belonging to the new countries of Iraq, Turkey, and Syria. In 1916, the United Kingdom and French Third Republic had secretly agreed on how to share the territory in the Near East in the Sykes–Picot Agreement. The agreement was used to decide the borders for a long time. This was very influential and important, and stayed in the memory of Kurdish people as a betrayal by imperialism.


title: Rojava

text: When the fighting was completed in World War I and the Arab Revolt, Britain and France suggested a Kurdish state could be set up. However, neither country wanted to pull back their armies from the lands that had been Ottoman (the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration). In late 1919, the French Armed Forces fought their first battle with the Kurds, in the Kurd Mountains. In this campaign ("military operation"), the French soldiers soon won victory, but they also had to fight Kurds in al-Jazira, and there they did not succeed so easily.


title: Rojava

text: The British and French governments did not want to move their armies back, and because of this they said any Kurdish state would have to be in parts of Kurdistan controlled by Turkey in August 1920, when the Ottomans, British, and French all signed the Treaty of Sèvres. The Turks did not fully agree to (ratify) this treaty ("agreement between nations"), but it would have brought into existence a small independent Kurdistan under French control (suzerainty). This state, which did not become a material fact, would have been without the Kurdish lands in Iraq, Iran, or Syria.


title: Rojava

text: The Turkish National Movement led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the Kemalists ("supporters of Atatürk") did not agree to the Treaty of Sèvres. After they fought the Franco-Turkish War, France and Turkey signed the Treaty of Ankara in 1921. This treaty meant that the border between French-controlled Syria and the new Republic of Turkey was moved further south than had been agreed in the Treaty of Sèvres. Turkey and France both tried to make good relations with tribes in the border area, hoping that they would help to get control over the land.


title: Rojava

text: In 1923, Turkey and the great powers ("most powerful nations") agreed the Treaty of Lausanne. This treaty meant that no independent Kurdistan or Kurdish state would come into existence. Instead, the Kurdish areas of the old Ottoman Empire were separated by the border between Turkey to the north, and British Iraq and French Syria to the south. The new border between Turkey and Syria was agreed to be the railway line running through the area: the part of the Berlin–Baghdad railway line that went between the cities of Aleppo and Mosul. The north side of the railway became Turkey, and the south side became French Syria. This meant that Arab areas were left in Turkey and Kurdish areas in Syria. Thomas Schmidinger, a German cultural anthropologist wrote that modern Rojava, or Syrian Kurdistan, came into existence as "a waste product of the colonial division of the Middle East" south of the Berlin–Baghdad railway line. From then until the present day, Kurdish people do not see themselves as "Syrian" or "Turkish". For Kurds in Turkey, Syria is "below the line" () on the map, but for Kurds in Syria, Turkey is "above the line" ().


title: Rojava

text: On the south side of the railway line, in French Syria, some mostly Kurdish areas came under the control of France. These Kurdish areas were around the Kurd Mountains (Kurd-Dagh), around the town of Jarabulus, and the lands in Upper Mesopotamia (the Northern Jazira). They had been given to France after World War I. From the start of French control in Syria, the geography of these separated areas was very important for their later history. According to the historian Jordi Tejel, "These three Kurdish enclaves constituted … a natural extension of Kurdish territory into Turkey and Iraq".


title: Rojava

text: The new borders meant that the Kurdish people in the area were divided into two groups, with two different governments. However, they were able to come and go across the border: there was at first no material separation. However, events in Turkey had deep effects on Syrian Kurds. Many Kurds ran away from Turkey in the 1920s and 1930s because of repression by the Kemalist government. The Kurds in Turkey rose up against the government in the Sheikh Said rebellion (1925) and the Ararat rebellion (1927–1930). These uprisings failed, and after them many Kurds ran away from the Turkish government, coming to live in Syria. The French government in Syria, led by the High Commissioner of the Levant in Beirut, tried to improve the profits from land in the Jazira by making these Kurdish refugees live there. The government hoped to make their control over Syria more popular in France, where the population disliked French colonialism in Syria. France's military operations were made more difficult by propaganda supporting Turkey which the Turks gave to the Kurdish and Arab tribes. There was fighting against the French in the Jazira until 1926.


title: Rojava

text: The French government's settlement of Kurdish refugees in the Jazira made Kurdishness a political subject in Syria. By 1927, there were 47 villages in the Jazira whose population had a Kurdish majority. The population of Kurds and the number of Kurdish villages both increased from 1918 to 1939. The Kurds came from outside Syrian Kurdistan, which meant that the Kurdish population in the Jazira increased even more.


title: Rojava

text: The brothers Celadet Bedir Khan and Kamuran Alî Bedirxan started to use the Latin alphabet, which then became normal in Syrian Kurdistan and in Turkish Kurdistan. At the start, French Syria's Kurds mostly spoke Kurmanji, a Kurdish language spoken in the north of Kurdistan. In French Syria, Kurds lived both in the three enclaves of Syrian Kurdistan and outside them, in the rest of Syria. There were large Kurdish populations in the biggest cities (Aleppo and Damascus), and there were also Kurdish nomads ("people with no fixed living place") and Yazidi Kurds on the hills of Jabal Sam'an. The Kurds' lands were discontinuous and Kurdish populations were a mixture. Kurdish refugees from Turkish Kurdistan and Iraqi Kurdistan helped the Kurds become active in political work. A political movement of "pan-Kurdism" ("for all the Kurds") started to come into existence, together with different Kurdish identities.


title: Rojava

text: In 1924, Kurdish delegate from the Kurd Mountains made a petition to the French Syrian government, requesting for self-rule in Kurdish-majority lands in French Syria. In 1927, Kurds from Turkish land started Xoybûn in Beirut. Xoybûn was an important pan-Kurdish political movement making early arguments for Kurdish nationalism. Xoybûn supported a military resistance in Turkish Kurdistan, but in French Syria, Xoybûn worked for self-rule in Syrian Kurdistan. Xoybûn were popular in Syrian Kurdistan and Xoybûn delegates were elected from Kurd Dagh, Jarabulus, and the Jazira in the elections of 1931. The French government refused Xoybûn's requests for self-rule.In 1936, the French government and the First Syrian Republic made an agreement on Syria's independence from France: the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence. World War II meant that this process was not completed. After the Battle of France, Nazi Germany occupied France, and Syria came under the control of Vichy France. When Syria was captured by the Allies of World War II in 1941's Syria–Lebanon campaign, they accepted the Syrian Republic's independence and sovereignty ("right" "to self-rule"). Xoybûn had worked all through the war, but they disbanded in 1946.


title: Rojava

text: Syria was given independence in 1946. The Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria (KDPS) was formed in 1957. They were the first Kurdish national political party in Syria, and worked to better the lives of Syrian Kurds. The KDPS did not request the independence of Syrian Kurdistan, and worked for a "Syrianized" agenda.


title: Rojava

text: Oil was discovered in Syrian Kurdistan in the 1960s. At the same time, events in Iraqi Kurdistan meant that the lives of the Kurdish population Syria became much worse. In August 1961, the Syrian government ordered a special census of al-Jazira Province in November that year. By the time the census was done, the Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan had risen up to claim self-rule. The census took away Syrian citizenship and civil rights from about 120,000 Kurds in al-Jazira Province. The government decree ("order") in August 1961 said that Kurds were "illegally infiltrating" from Turkish Kurdistan into Syria, in order to "destroy its Arab character". The Kurdish lands in the Kurd Mountains were not changed by this census, and Kurdish people there kept their citizenship and were not made stateless.


title: Rojava

text: In 1962 the Syrian government started the Arab Belt plan to "save Arabism" and stop the "Kurdish threat". The Arab Belt plan was to move the Kurdish population away from the Syria–Turkey border. In the Kurds' place, the government would move more Arabs onto the land. The Kurds would be moved to other parts of Syria, away from one another. The government's decision was made after the discovery of an oil field at Qaratchok, in the Kurdish Jazira. Much of the land in the Arab Belt was fertile arable land ("for growing crops") and had rich oil fields. More than half (50–60 percent) of all the petroleum in Syria is near Derik in the Jazira.


title: Rojava

text: Things became worse for the Kurdish population when the ultra-nationalist Ba'ath Party of Michel Aflaq took power by a coup d'état in Damascus in March 1963. In November, the party published a pamphlet named "Study of the Jezireh Provnce in its National, Social, and Political Aspects" and written by the al-Jazira Province's chief of police, Mohamed Talab Hilal. Hilal was an Arab nationalist, and said he used "anthropological" arguments to "prove scientifically" that Kurds "do not constitute a nation". He wrote that "the Kurdish people are a people without history or civilization or language or even definite ethnic origin of their own. Their only characteristics are those shaped by force, destructive power and violence, characteristics which are, by the way, inherent in all mountain populations". Hilial also wrote in the pamphlet that "The Kurds live from civilization and history of other nations. They have taken no part in these civilizations or in the history of these nations." The Ba'ath Party's pamphlet had twelve plans to Arabize ("make Arab") al-Jazira Province. The planned steps were:


title: Rojava

text: Many of these steps were taken over the following years and the Arab Belt continued to be the government's plan. The 120,000 Kurds of al-Jazira Province whom the government decided were non-Syrians could not get education or health care, and could not marry or vote. They could, however, be conscripted into the Syrian military. They could be sent to fight on the Golan Heights (lands fought over by Syria and Israel). These Kurds were victims of the Arab Belt plan. The government planned to move 140,000 Kurds off their land and move Arabs onto it. In 1966, the government was considering doing the same in the Kurd Mountains. (Like all of Syrian Kurdistan, the Kurd Mountains are on the Syria–Turkey border, and they are to the west of the areas first named as Arab Belt land.) In 1967, the lands of Kurds in al-Jazira Province were nationalized by a law named the "Plan to establish model state farms in the Jezireh Province". This was a euphemism for the Arab Belt plan. The Six-Day War meant that the plan was not fully completed. Many of the Kurds did not leave their lands when the government ordered them to do so. In 1975, the Syrian government built forty "model villages" in the Arab Belt area, and moved in 7,000 armed Arab peasant families to live in them. The government built the "model villages" in an area stretching from Amuda to Derik, with some near Qamishli. The government gave Derik (a Kurdish name) the new Arabic language name "al-Malikiyah". Water from the new Lake Assad flooded the lands of Arabs living in the Euphrates valley when Syria built the Tabqa Dam. The Arabs whose lands were flooded were moved to the mostly Kurdish al-Jazira Province.


title: Rojava

text: The Ba'athist government moved slowly, in order not to get attention from other countries. The government suppressed Kurdish culture, harassed Kurdish people, and confiscated Kurdish literature and Kurdish music. The government sent people in the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria to jail for years for what the government said were "anti-Arabist" crimes. Official government documents in Syria do not mention Kurds or other non-Arab people. There were Kurdish people in the People's Council of Syria (the legislature of Syria), but the official identity was Arab-only for everyone in the Syrian Arab Republic. Between 1965 and 1975, 30,000 Kurds left al-Jazira Province to escape persecution or look for work. According to Kurds, the government took of land away from Kurdish farmers in al-Jazira Province: the government was following Hilal's plan. In the Kurd Mountains, the government's land reforms mostly redistributed land to Kurdish farmers, but in other parts of Syria, the government took many Kurds' lands and gave them to Arabs. Even in the Kurd Mountains, which were outside the lands of the Arab Belt in al-Jazira Province, all schools taught in Arabic language only and Kurdish language was marginalized in public life.


title: Rojava

text: In 1976, Hafez al-Assad stopped the Arab Belt plan going any further by not building any more Arab villages. The villages the government had built and the Arabs the government had moved stayed where they were. Kurdish music was again heard and official harassment became less intense. The position of Kurds in Syrian Kurdistan was related to the changing political positions of Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan. In 1977, the government changed all Kurdish language place names in the Kurd Mountains to official Arabic language names, as in other parts of Syria. The 120,000 Kurds whose citizenship the Syrian government removed in 1961 – and all their descendants – were not given official documents or passports. The government was still conscripting these Kurds into the Syrian military in the 21st century.


title: Lymph node

text: A Lymph node () is an organ consisting of many types of cells, and is a part of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and remove foreign ("not of the body") objects from the body. Lymph nodes contain white blood cells. They are important for the correct use of the immune system.


title: Lymph node

text: In the human body, the most likely place where lymph nodes can be felt are the neck, underarms, and groin area.


title: Pharmacist

text: A pharmacist is a person who works in a pharmacy. Pharmacists have to be trained to work there, and have knowledge about the drugs package. Pharmacists interact with customers, give the prescribed medication and telling them about the drugs.


title: North West England

text: North West England is one of the regions of England in the United Kingdom. The cities of Liverpool and Manchester are in the south of this region. The northern area (which includes Cumbria and part of Lancashire) is full of villages.


title: Oscilloscope

text: An oscilloscope (sometimes abbreviated CRO, for cathode ray oscilloscope, or commonly just scope or O-scope) is a piece of electronic equipment that lets you see changes in signal voltage. For example, if you want to see the signal a small electronic timer was producing, you could connect it to an oscilloscope and see.


title: Oscilloscope

text: Usually, it shows a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences (vertical axis). These graphs are plotted with time or of some other voltage along horizontal axis.


title: Oscilloscope

text: A typical oscilloscope is usually box shaped with a display screen, numerous input connectors, control knobs and buttons on the front panel.


title: Oscilloscope

text: To aid measurement, a grid called the "graticule" is drawn on the face of the screen. Each square in the graticule is known as a "division".


title: António Costa

text: António Luís Santos da Costa (born 17 July 1961) is a Portuguese lawyer and politician. He is the 119th and current Prime Minister of Portugal since 26 November 2015. He served as Mayor of Lisbon from 2007 to 2015.


title: Mural

text: A mural is a painting on a wall or a ceiling. Murals are usually big. They may be in public places, such as the outside of a building, or indoors.


title: FIBA

text: The International Basketball Federation (FIBA ; French: ) is the governing body of the sport of basketball. Originally known as the , in 1989 it dropped the word "amateur" from its name but kept the acronym; the "BA" now represents the first two letters of "basketball".


title: FIBA

text: FIBA defines the rules of basketball such what equipment and facilities to use, organises international competitions, regulates the transfer of athletes across countries, and controls the appointment of international referees. A total of 213 national federations are now members, organized since 1989 into five zones: Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania.


title: FIBA

text: The FIBA Basketball World Cup is a world tournament for men's national teams held every four years. Teams compete for the Naismith Trophy, named in honor of basketball's Canadian creator James Naismith. The tournament occurred in the same year as the FIFA World Cup from 1970 through 2014, but starting in 2019, the Basketball World Cup will move to the year following the FIFA World Cup.


title: Galaxy cluster

text: Galaxy clusters are large collections of galaxies. They consist of hundreds of galaxies and galaxy groups, bound together by gravity. Galaxy clusters are much larger than galaxy groups, like our Local Group.


title: Galaxy cluster

text: Clusters of galaxies should not be confused with either star clusters, which are "inside" galaxies, or with globular clusters, which usually orbit galaxies.


title: Galaxy cluster

text: Notable galaxy clusters in the relatively nearby universe include the Virgo Cluster (which includes our Local Group), Fornax Cluster, Hercules Cluster, and the Coma Cluster.


title: Galaxy cluster

text: Still larger than galaxy clusters are superclusters. A very large aggregation of galaxies known as the Great Attractor, dominated by the Norma Cluster, is massive enough to affect the local expansion of the universe (Hubble's law).


title: Galaxy cluster

text: Notable galaxy clusters in the distant, high-redshift universe include SPT-CL J0546-5345, the most massive galaxy cluster ever found in the early universe.


title: Galaxy cluster

text: Universe > observable universe > very large-scale structures > superclusters > galaxy clusters > galaxy groups > galaxies > star clusters > stars


title: Enver Pasha

text: İsmail Enver (Ottoman Turkish: اسماعيل انور) (November 22, 1881 ; in Istanbul - August 4, 1922 ; Tajikistan,later USSR), he was known to European powers as Enver Pasha (Turkish: Enver Paşa) or Enver Bey. As an Ottoman military officer he was a member of the Committee of Union and Progress and a leader of the Young Turk Revolution. He was given the nickname "The Hero of Liberty" ("Hürriyet Kahramanı"). He was the main leader of the Ottoman Empire in both Balkan Wars and World War I. He also helped Lenin in the 1917 Russian Revolution . He was also responsible for the Armenian genocide from 1915-1917 . He died in August 1922 in the Russian Civil War and was killed by machine gun fire from an Armenian soldier in Tajikistan in a unknown location before the USSR was created on 30 December 1922 .


title: Hema Malini

text: Hema Malini (born 16 October 1948) is an Indian actress, writer, director, producer, dancer and politician. She is known for starring in many Bollywood movies with her husband Dharmendra and with Jeetendra, Rajesh Khanna and Dev Anand. She played the "Dream Girl" in the movie of the same name. She has played both comedy and dramatic roles, as well as being a dancer. She was one of the highest paid Indian actresses from 1976 to 1980. During her career, she received eleven nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress


title: Hema Malini

text: From 2003 to 2009, Malini was elected to the Rajya Sabha as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. In 2014, Malini was elected to the Lok Sabha.She is also honoured with the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian honour awarded by the Government of India.


title: Mycelium

text: The mycelium is the part of a fungus that is usually underground (or inside some another substance). It is composed of hyphae, which look like threads, or rootlets. The mat of hyphae may be very thickly woven. The fungus uses it to extract nutritients. The hyphae are usually syncytic, that is, they do not have complete cell walls. Fungal colonies composed of mycelium are found in and on soil and many other natural materials.


title: Phosgene

text: Phosgene is the chemical compound with the formula COCl. This gas has no color. The gas was used as a weapon during World War I. It is responsible for most of the deaths related to poison gas during the war. Today, phosgene is used as a tool. It is used for organic synthesis. When there is a small amount in the air, the smell is similar to that of freshly cut hay or grass. Some soldiers during the First World War have stated that it smelled a little like May Blossom. When some compounds of chlorine burn or break down, small amounts of phosgene are given off.


title: Forbes list of billionaires

text: Forbes list of billionaires is based on an yearly measurement of wealth and assets which is published by "Forbes" magazine. The latest list was released in March 2014.


title: Mycelium

text: A mycelium may be tiny, forming a colony that is too small to see, or it may be extremely large and cover the floors of a large forest.


title: Phosgene

text: Today, most phosgene is used to produce isocyanates. The most important isocanates in this context are toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). Both are precursors to polyurethanes. Large amounts are also used to produce polycarbonates. Polycarbonate is produced from its reaction with bisphenol A. Polycarbonates are an important class of engineering thermoplastic. They can be found in lenses in eyeglasses.


title: Forbes list of billionaires

text: On the 32nd list of world's billionaires, the gap between the top 1% of the billionaires and the rest continues to widen. A record of 2,208 billionaires were in the ranking and the total wealth is $9.1 trillion, up 18% since 2017. For the first time, Jeff Bezos was listed as the top billionaire due to Amazon's rising stock price that resulted in one person's biggest one year gain in wealth since Forbes started tracking in 1987.


title: Mycelium

text: The part of the fungus which is most visible is the reproductive body. This is often, but not always, the stem and hat of the mushroom.


title: Phosgene

text: Phosgene is a strong poison. Its smell may not be noticed. Signs of exposure may sometimes be detected slowly.


title: Phosgene

text: Phosgene can be seen at 0.4 parts per million. This amount is four times the safe amount. Its high ability to poison doesn't come from the hydrogen chloride released by a process. It comes from the action of the phosgene on the proteins in the pulmonary sac of the lungs. The sacs are where the oxygen goes into the body. Their damage makes it hard for the blood and air move oxygen and carbon. This will make breathing very hard. Badges are worn by those at risk of exposure.


title: Phosgene

text: Sodium bicarbonate may be used to make spills of phosgene harmless. Gas spills may be made harmless with a special liquid spray.


title: Progesterone

text: Progesterone is a steroid hormone. In animals, it is made from cholesterol. It is the base for making certain estrogens and androgens. In animals, it is produced by their body mainly during the second half of the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy it is produced in higher quantities.


title: Progesterone

text: Willard Myron Allen co-discovered progesterone with his anatomy professor George Washington Corner at the University of Rochester Medical School in 1933 year. Allen discovered temperature needed to melt it and its weight. He also gave it the name Progesterone based on Progestational Steroidal ketone.


title: Progesterone

text: In one plant, Juglans regia, progesterone has been found. Also progesterone-like steroids are found in Dioscorea mexicana.


title: Orienteering

text: Orienteering started in Sweden. It was meant to get people in the army to get ready for war. The first large orienteering event was when 220 people went orienteering in a place near Stockholm.


title: Orienteering

text: About sixty years ago, people started orienteering in Europe, Asia, North America, Australia, and New Zealand and in 1967 a group of people started to meet up in the United States of America to make an orienteering club.


title: Orienteering

text: Foot-Orienteering is one of the IOF recognised orienteering types. The athlete covers the distance of his course only using his feet.


title: Orienteering

text: The IOF organises World Orienteering Championships (WOC) every year and the European Orienteering Championships once every two years. The first WOC was held in 1966 in Finland. Only 10 nations took part in the first WOC.


title: Orienteering

text: Ski Orienteering is where the competitor Cross-Country Skis around paths and tracks trying to find the controls.


title: Orienteering

text: Mountain bike orienteering or MTBO that you can say is a sport where you cycle through the forest on small paths and trying to find the controls.


title: Orienteering

text: In the year 1996 some people decided to start to try to have orienteering as a sport in the Olympic games. It has yet to become a sport in the Olympics.


title: Orienteering

text: Orienteering is also done as a life skill. It is used in training of many countries' armed forces. Often, soldiers have to do orienteering courses at night or in the rain. Orienteering is also part of Scoutcraft in many branches of Scouting. Many Scouting groups require learning orienteering to make higher ranks.


title: Parallel computing

text: Parallel computing is a form of computation in which many instructions are carried out simultaneously (termed "in parallel"), depending on the theory that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, and then solved concurrently ("in parallel").


title: Puzzle

text: A puzzle is a problem to make the user think. They are often used for entertainment and can help logic skills. The user may need to recognise patterns to solve it, so those who have good logic are usually good with puzzles.


title: Steven Tyler

text: Steven Tyler (born Steven Victor Tallarico; March 26, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and former television music competition judge. He is best known as for being the frontman of the Boston-based rock band Aerosmith.


title: Parallel computing

text: It has been used for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, with a great increase in its use in recent years, due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. Parallel computing has become the main model in computer architecture, mainly in the form of Multi-core processors. However, in recent years, power consumption by parallel computers has become a concern.


title: Puzzle

text: Puzzles, such as wordsearches, crosswords and Sudoku grids, are printed in newspapers and magazines, but puzzles can be with objects or even on a computer screen.


title: Parallel computing

text: Parallel computers can be classified according to the level at which the hardware supports parallelism—with multi-core and multi-processor computers having multiple processing elements inside a single machine, while clusters, blades, MPPs, and grids use multiple computers to work on the same task.


title: Parallel computing

text: Parallel computer programs are more difficult to program than sequential ones, because concurrency introduces several new classes of potential software bugs, of which race conditions and dead locks are the most common. however many parallel programming languages have been created to simplify parallel computers programming. But still communication and synchronization between the different subtasks is difficult while achieving good parallel program performance.


title: Progressive metal

text: Progressive metal (often called prog metal) is a sub-genre of heavy metal music that mixes the powerful, guitar-driven sound of metal with the complexity of progressive rock, which includes odd time signatures and complicated instrumental playing. Some progressive metal bands are also influenced by jazz fusion and classical music. Like progressive rock songs, progressive metal songs are usually much longer than other metal songs, and they are often themed in concept albums. As a result, progressive metal is rarely heard on mainstream radio and video programs.


title: Progressive metal

text: The origins of progressive metal started with progressive rock bands from the late 1960s and early to mid-1970s such as Yes, Pink Floyd, Jethro Tull, King Crimson, Genesis, Kansas and Rush. However, progressive metal did not evolve into a genre of its own until the mid-1980s. Bands such as Queensrÿche, Fates Warning and Dream Theater took certain aspects of progressive rock music and mixed them with heavy metal styles.


title: Medal of Honor

text: The Medal of Honor is the highest award given to members of the United States Military. It is given to people who show a lot of bravery in wartime. Because of this, many people who get the Medal of Honor die earning it. It was first given in 1863 during the American Civil War.


title: Solenoid

text: A solenoid is a 3 dimensional structure of wire. When this wire is wrapped around a metallic block in a coil and electricity is passed through it, it has some special magnetic properties. Electromagnetic induction makes it an electromagnet that can be switched on or off. The side in which the current appears to be passing clockwise, is the South Pole, and the side in which the current seems to be passing anticlockwise is the Northern Pole. The solenoid works just like a bar magnet, and therefore has many uses.


title: Medal of Honor

text: According to Medal of Honor recipient Retired Army Maj. Gen. Patrick Brady who flew more than 2,500 combat missions over Vietnam and helped rescue more than 5,000 wounded, "it is harder to wear it than to earn it".


title: Solenoid

text: This principle is used to create valves, among other things. Where the solenoid operates an electric switch, it is a relay.


title: Teacup

text: A teacup is a porcelain cup that is used to hold liquid for drinking. It is usually used for drinking tea. It is also used for drinking coffee or some other hot drink. A teacup has a handle on the side that stays cool when the rest of the cup is too hot to hold. It also has its own small plate to sit on, called a "saucer".


title: Perun

text: Perun is the god of sky, thunder, lightning, storms, rain, law, war, fertility and oak trees in Slavic mythology. He is similar to the Greek god Zeus.


title: Teacup

text: These can be made from ceramic, clay, glass or even plastic. Usually, teacups are ceramic (made of porcelain) because it is safer. Teacups can also be made for decoration. If they are made for decoration, their owners might keep them on display and not actually use them.


title: Teacup

text: Teacups are often decorated with patterns or pictures. Those painted by hand can be expensive. Some people collect decorated teacups as a hobby.


title: Teddy Sheringham

text: Teddy Sheringham (born 2 April 1966) is an English professional footballer turned manager. He is best known as an association football player. He has played for England national team.


title: McAllen, Texas

text: McAllen is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas. As of the 2010 census 129,877 people lived there. It ranks #22nd as the most populous city in Texas.


title: Inca road system

text: The Inca road system ("El Camino Inca") of Peru was the most extensive among the many roads and trails that were constructed in pre-Columbian South America.


title: It (2017 movie)

text: It (also known as It: Chapter One) is a 2017 American supernatural horror movie based Stephen King's 1986 novel of the same name and directed by Andy Muschietti, produced by KatzSmith Productions, Lin Pictures, and Vertigo Entertainment, and distributed by Warner Bros. and New Line Cinema


title: Inca road system

text: It went across the Andes mountains and reached heights of over 5,000 m (16,500 feet) above sea level. The Inca road system covered approximately 22,500 kilometres (14,000 mi) and provided access to over three million km² of territory.


title: It (2017 movie)

text: "It" is the highest-grossing horror movie in history with $677.6 million in the box office, beating "The Sixth Sense" with $672.8 million.


title: Inca road system

text: Because the Incas did not make use of the wheel for transportation, and did not have horses until the arrival of the Spanish in Peru in the 16th century, the trails were used almost exclusively by people walking, sometimes accompanied by pack animals, usually the llama.


title: It (2017 movie)

text: "It" is the first installment in a planned duology, as well as being the second adaptation following Tommy Lee Wallace's "It" (1990) miniseries.


title: Inca road system

text: The trails were used by the Inca people as a means of relaying messages, carried via knotted-cord quipu and by memory; and for transporting goods. Messages could be carried by runners covering as much as 240 km (150 mi) per day, working in relay fashion much like the Pony Express of the 1860s in North America.


title: It (2017 movie)

text: In June 2016, Bill Skarsgård was cast as the villain Pennywise the Dancing Clown after another actor, Will Poulter, dropped out due to other projects.


title: Inca road system

text: There were approximately 2,000 inns, or "tambos", placed at even intervals along the trails. The inns provided food, shelter and military supplies to the tens of thousands who traveled the roads.


title: It (2017 movie)

text: The movie tells the story of seven children in Detroit, Michigan who are terrorized by Pennywise the Clown, only to face their own personal demons in the process.


title: Inca road system

text: The most important Inca road was the "Camino Real", as it is known in Spanish, with a length of 5,200 km (3,230 mi). It began in Quito, Ecuador, passed through Cusco, and ended in what is now Tucumán, Argentina. The Camino Real went across the mountain ranges of the Andes, with peak altitudes of more than 5,000 m. "El Camino de la Costa", the coastal trail, with a length of 4,000 km (2,420 mi), ran parallel to the sea and was linked with the Camino Real by many smaller routes.


title: It (2017 movie)

text: "It" was released on September 8, 2017 in the United States. The movie made $13.5 million from Thursday night previews, setting the record for highest amount by both an R-rated (beating "Deadpool"s $12.6 million) and a horror movie.


title: Inca road system

text: By far the most popular of the Inca trails for trekking is the "Capaq Nan trail", which leads from the village of Ollantaytambo to Machu Picchu, the so-called "Lost City of the Incas". There are many well-preserved ruins along the way, and hundreds of thousands of tourists from around the world make the three- or four-day trek each year, accompanied by guides.


title: It (2017 movie)

text: The movie was released to positive reviews and has an 86% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 203 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Well-acted and fiendishly frightening with an emotionally affecting story at its core, "It" amplifies the horror in Stephen King's classic story without losing touch with its heart."


title: Inca road system

text: The Inca Trail to Machu Picchu is actually three routes, which all meet up near Inti-Pata, the 'Sun Gate' and entrance to Machu Picchu. The three trails are known as the "Mollepata", "Classic" and "One Day" trails, with "Mollepata" being the longest of the three. Passing through the Andes mountain range and sections of the Amazon rainforest, the Trail passes several well-preserved Inca ruins and settlements before ending at the Sun Gate on Machu Picchu mountain. The two longer routes require an ascent to beyond 12,000 ft (3,660 m) above sea level, which can result in altitude sickness.


title: Geotechnical engineering

text: Geotechnical engineering is an important subset of civil engineering dealing with engineering performance of earth materials. Geotechnical engineering uses principles of soil and rock mechanics to determine:


title: Geotechnical engineering

text: Foundations built for above-ground structures include shallow and deep foundations. Retaining structures include earth-filled dams and retaining walls.


title: Cupcake

text: A cupcake (also British English: fairy cake; Australian English: patty cake or cup cake,) is a small cake designed to be eaten by one person. They are often baked in a small thin paper or aluminum cup. Like larger cakes, frosting and other cake decorations, such as sprinkles, are common on cupcakes. They are often sweet and include frosting. Some specialized bakeries sell only cupcakes.


title: Chinese martial arts

text: Chinese martial arts is also known by the Mandarin Chinese term, wushu. It is popularly known as kung-fu. It includes a number of fighting styles that have developed over the centuries in China.


title: Type species

text: The term type species is used in the scientific naming of living things, and is part of a system using a so-called "type".


title: Cupcake

text: The first cupcake could be traced back to 1796. A recipe for "a cake to be baked in small cups" was written in "American Cookery" by Amelia Simmons. The earliest use of the term "cupcake" was in “Seventy-five Receipts for Pastry, Cakes, and Sweetmeats” in 1828 in Eliza Leslie's "Recipes" cookbook.


title: Chinese martial arts

text: These fighting styles are often classified according to common features, identified as "families" ("jiā"), "sects" ("pài") or "schools" ("mén") of martial arts. Examples of such features include physical exercises that copy certain animals, or training methods inspired by Taoism, and legends.


title: Type species

text: The type system is central to the scientific naming of living things (organisms). How exactly it works is different depending on exactly what living thing is considered, but in a very general (and imprecise) sense it may be said that it fixes each name "to a particular specimen", the type specimen. This helps in finding out what particular name is to be used for a particular living thing (or a group of living things, a taxon). There are international Codes of nomenclature which set out exactly how types are to be designated and used.


title: Cupcake

text: In the early 19th century, there were two different uses for the name "cup cake" or "cupcake". Before muffin tins were widely available, the cakes were often baked in individual pottery cups, ramekins, or molds. They got their name from the cups they were baked in. The name "fairy cake" is a description of its size. It would be appropriate for a party of small fairies to share a fairy cake. English "fairy cakes" vary in size more than American cupcakes. They are normally smaller and are rarely topped with much icing.


title: Chinese martial arts

text: Styles focusing on "qi" are called "internal" ("nèijiāquán"), while others concentrate on improving muscle and heart fitness, and are called "external" ("wàijiāquán"). They are also often classed according to region, that is "northern" ("běiquán") and "southern" ("nánquán").


title: Type species

text: For animals, the type species of a genus (or subgenus) is the type of that genus (or subgenus). The species (hopefully) has a specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) as its type, so the type species is the link between a genus (or subgenus) and a type specimen.


title: Cupcake

text: The other kind of "cup cake" referred to a cake whose ingredients were measured by volume. They were measured using a standard-sized cup instead of being weighed. Recipes with ingredients that were measured using a standard-sized cup could also be baked in cups. They were more commonly baked in tins. In later years, when the use of volume measurements was more used in home kitchens, these recipes became known as "1234 cakes" or "quarter cakes". They were called this because they are made up of four ingredients: one cup of butter, two cups of sugar, three cups of flour, and four eggs. They are plain yellow cakes that are less rich and less expensive than pound cake. This is because they use about half as much butter and eggs compared to pound cake. The names of these two major classes of cakes were to tell the baker whether to measure by volume or weight.


title: Type species

text: For algae, fungi and plants, it is different: the type species of a genus is the species that has the same type (specimen or illustration) as the genus. For example, "Malus sylvestris", the European Wild Apple, is the type species of the genus "Malus". Thus, for algae, fungi and plants, a type species plays no great role; it is not an official term, but only a term of convenience.


title: Lamarckism

text: Lamarckism (also called Lamarckian evolution) is a wrong hypothesis regarding evolution. Evolution tries to explain how species change over time. Today, the only widely accepted theory of evolution is that developed from the ideas of Charles Darwin.


title: Transformers: Age of Extinction

text: Transformers: Age of Extinction is a 2014 American science fiction action movie. It is based on the "Transformers" toy line. The movie was released on June 27, 2014. It was released in both IMAX and 3D. "Age of Extinction" is the fourth live-action "Transformers" movie series. It follows "Transformers," "", and "." The movie was directed by Michael Bay and produced by Steven Spielberg. The story of the movie takes place four years after the thrid movie.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: Zita of Bourbon-Parma ("Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese"; 9 May 1892 – 14 March 1989) was the last Empress of Austria. She was the wife of Charles I of Austria She was born a princess of the Duchy of Parma.


title: Lamarckism

text: Lamarckism is named after Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck. He based his ideas, to some extent, on those of Erasmus Darwin, the grandfather of Charles Darwin. Lamarckism says that individuals do not only pass on the things they received from their parents, but also some things they experienced during their lifetime. As an example, he cited giraffes. Giraffes, which have long necks, must have evolved from ancestors with much shorter necks. His idea was that adults needed to stretch their neck to reach leaves from high branches. Therefore, he thought, the children inherited longer necks. This idea is called "the inheritance of acquired characteristics".


title: Transformers: Age of Extinction

text: Mark wahlberg, Nicola Peltz and Jack Reynor star as the main characters. Kelsey Grammer is the main antagonist. Peter Cullen, James Remar, Reno Wilson and Robert Foxworth returning as the voices of Optimus Prime, Sideswipe, Mirage, Brains and Ratchet. ]The cast also includes Stanley Tucci, Li Bingbing, Sophia Myles, and TJ Miller. The movie added John Goodman and Ken Watanabe as the voices of Hound and Drift. It also includes John DiMaggio (Leadfoot) and Frank Welker (Galvatron)


title: Lamarckism

text: Although Darwin did not entirely break with these ideas, his characteristic idea of natural selection relates to the individuals's relative survival and success in reproduction. Better adapted forms leave, on average, more offspring. This changes the proportion of alleles in the population.


title: Transformers: Age of Extinction

text: Four years after an invasion that tore Chicago apart, a mechanic and his daughter discover Optimus Prime, which brings down all the Autobots, Decepticons, and a paranoid government agency upon them.


title: Lamarckism

text: Gregor Mendel discovered some basic rules of heredity. These rules of Mendelian inheritance contradict Lamarck's hypotheses entirely, but are consistent with natural selection. This explains why Lamarck's ideas are no longer regarded as a sound explanation of evolution. Where Lamarck and Darwin do agree is that evolution did take place.


title: Transformers: Age of Extinction

text: Bay said that filming had begun on May 28, 2013, in Monument Valley, Utah. Detroit, was used for scenes in Hong Kong. McCormick Place in Chicago, was was used for a city in China. The movie was the first movie to be shot using smaller digital IMAX 3D cameras. From May 28 to June 24, 2013, Michael Bay uploaded pictures of several cars used in the movie. He uploaded them to social networks including Facebook and Flickr.


title: Lamarckism

text: The identification of "Lamarckism" with the inheritance of acquired characteristics alone is regarded by some as an over-simplification, rehashed in textbooks repeatedly. Stephen Jay Gould wrote that late 19th century evolutionists "re-read Lamarck, cast aside the guts of it... and elevated one aspect of the mechanics – inheritance of acquired characters – to a central focus it never had for Lamarck himself". He argued that "the restriction of Lamarckism to this relatively small and non-distinctive corner of Lamarck's thought must be labelled as more than a misnomer, and truly a discredit to the memory of a man and his much more comprehensive system". Gould advocated defining "Lamarckism" more broadly, in line with Lamarck's overall evolutionary theory.


title: Transformers: Age of Extinction

text: On October 29, Michael Bay's Twitter account tweeted that main photography of "Transformers 4" had ended in Hong Kong The cast and crew went to the main land for another week of filming Additional filming in Detroit began in early 2014.


title: Lamarckism

text: However, as scientist historians such as Michael Ghiselin and Stephen Jay Gould have pointed out, none of these views were original to Lamarck. On the contrary, Lamarck's contribution was a systematic theoretical framework for understanding evolution. He saw evolution as comprising two processes;


title: Lamarckism

text: In essence, a change in the environment brings about a change in needs ("besoins"), resulting in a change in behavior, bringing change in organ usage and development, bringing change in form over time — and thus the gradual transmutation (change) of the species.


title: Lamarckism

text: The modern point of view is that neither of his two 'forces' exists; Lamarck can be credited with the first fully worked-out account of evolution. However, his ideas of how it came about are entirely mistaken.


title: Helix

text: In math, a helix is a curve in three dimensions. It looks a bit like a spiral. Each helix has a line called its axis. The helix has a constant angle to this line. Helices are often seen in nature and the sciences.


title: Telephone (song)

text: "Telephone" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her third EP "The Fame Monster", featuring American R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles. The main inspiration of the song was Gaga's fear of not being able to enjoy herself because of her career, hence the lyrics show the singer as wanting the dance floor, rather than answering her lover's phone calls.


title: Spa

text: The term spa is associated with water treatment of disease by bathing. Spa towns, spa resorts, and hot springs resorts often offer various health treatments. People have believed in the helpful powers of mineral waters back to prehistoric times. This practice has been popular worldwide. It is especially widespread in Europe and Japan.


title: Telephone (song)

text: Gaga explained that the telephone addressed in the lyrics of the song, is in reality a person telling her to continue working harder. Musically, the song is made of an expanded bridge, verse-rap and an epilogue, where the voice of an operator says that the phone line is not reachable. Knowles appears in the middle of the song, singing the verses in a rapid-fire way, accompanied by double beats.


title: Spa

text: The term came from the name of the town of Spa, Belgium. This name was known back in Roman times, when it was called Aquae Spadanae. It may be related to the Latin word "spargere" meaning to scatter, sprinkle or moisten.


title: Telephone (song)

text: "Telephone" was appreciated by contemporary critics who many times noted it as a stand-out track from "The Fame Monster". The song was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2011 for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals.


title: Telephone (song)

text: Lady Gaga originally wrote the song "Telephone" for Britney Spears. Spears later recorded a demo version of the song but the demo version later leaked. Lady Gaga later wrote the song as a collaboration with Beyoncé Knowles for "The Fame Monster". Gaga said, "I wrote it for her [Spears] a long time ago and she just didn't use it for her album. It's fine because I love the song and I get to perform it now." Additionally, the guest vocalist was originally going to be Spears, but ultimately Gaga made Knowles the featured vocalist instead. The main inspiration behind the song was Gaga's fear of suffocation as she felt that she seldom found time to just let loose and have fun.


title: Telephone (song)

text: Fear of suffocation—something that I have or fear is never being able to enjoy myself, ... 'Cause I love my work so much, I find it really hard to go out and have a good time. ... I don't go to nightclubs, ... You don't see pictures of me falling out of a club drunk. I don't go—and that's because I usually go and then, you know, a whiskey and a half into it, I got to get back to work.


title: Telephone (song)

text: In May 2011, Gaga said her "emotional connection" with the song was very hard. When she was asked if it was because the song was originally written for Britney Spears, she answered: "Well that’s not exactly what happened, but I don’t want to delve into that. I could delve into it if you turn that (motions to recorder) off... But ultimately the mix and the process of getting the production finished was very stressful for me. So when I say it’s my worst song it has nothing to do with the song, just my emotional connection to it."


title: Telephone (song)

text: The video for the song was uploaded to YouTube on March 15, 2010. It features Gaga in a women's prison and Beyoncé bailing her out. In the beginning of the video, Gaga is shown walking around the prison and arrives to the yard, where "Paper Gangsta", a song from her debut album "The Fame", is playing, as one of the women exercises. Gaga's younger sister Natali makes a cameo appearance just before Gaga picks up the phone to talk to Beyoncé. The two singers are then shown fleeing the prison in the Pussy Wagon and arrive to a restaurant, where they eventually poison all of the customers. The nine-and-a-half-minute-long video for "Telephone" is meant to be a continuation of that for "Paparazzi", where Gaga was shown being arrested.


title: Graphic novel

text: A graphic novel is a type of comic book usually with a long storyline similar to those of novels. The term also encompasses comic short story anthologies, and in some cases bound collections of previously published comic book series (more commonly referred to as trade paperbacks).


title: Graphic novel

text: Graphic novels are often bound in a better format than the comic magazines, using the same materials and methods as printed books, and are generally sold in bookstores and specialty comic book shops rather than at newsstands. Graphic novels are popular around the world. The graphic novel traditions are very strong in Japan and the United States. There are many Latino superheroes in American mainstream comics and graphic novels.


title: Red-tailed hawk

text: The red-tailed hawk ("Buteo jamaicensis") is a buzzard. Sometimes it is called a chickenhawk, though it does not normally eat chickens. It is a bird of prey. It breeds throughout most of North America, from western Alaska and northern Canada and as far south as Panama and the West Indies. It weighs from to and its wingspan goes from to .


title: Red-tailed hawk

text: The red-tailed hawk is a carnivore and eats shrews and mice. They have keen eyesight to see even the smallest mouse scamper across a field. It can swoop down at least 80mph per hour. It will pick up its prey, dig its talons into its body and kill it and eat. It can swoop down so fast that it can pick up its prey in less than 5 seconds.


title: Red-tailed hawk

text: Because they are so common and easily trained, most hawks got for falconry in the United States are red-tails. Falconers may take only 'passage hawks' (which have left the nest, are on their own, but are less than a year old). This is so not to affect the breeding population. Adults, which may be breeding or rearing chicks, may not be taken for falconry purposes and it is illegal to do so.


title: Red-tailed hawk

text: Passage red-tailed hawks are also preferred by falconers because these younger birds have not yet developed adult behaviors, which would make training much more difficult.


title: David Foster

text: David Walter Foster (born November 1, 1949) is a Canadian musician, record producer, composer, songwriter and arranger. He produced for many musicians, including Chaka Khan, Alice Cooper, Christina Aguilera, Andrea Bocelli, Toni Braxton, Michael Bublé, Chicago, Natalie Cole, Celine Dion, Kenny G, Josh Groban, Brandy Norwood, Whitney Houston, Jennifer Lopez, Kenny Rogers, Seal, Rod Stewart, Jake Zyrus, Donna Summer, Olivia Newton-John, Madonna, Mary J. Blige, Michael Jackson, Peter Cetera, Cheryl Lynn and Barbra Streisand. Foster has won 16 Grammy Awards from 47 nominations. He served as the chairman of Verve Records from 2012 to 2016.


title: Googoosh

text: Faegheh Atashin (, , born on 5 May 1950 in Tehran), known by her stage name Googoosh (, ), is an Iranian singer and actress. She is considered one of most iconic female pop-singers in Middle Eastern and Central Asian countries.


title: David Foster

text: Foster was born in Victoria, British Columbia. He has been married four times, all ending in divorce. His second wife was actress Linda Thompson, and his fourth wife was Dutch model Yolanda Hadid. He has five daughters, including Amy S. Foster (born 1973), a songwriter and author. Since 2018, he has been engaged to Katharine McPhee of "American Idol" fame.


title: House of Commons of Canada

text: The House of Commons (French: "Chambre des communes") is the lower house of the Parliament of Canada. The House of Commons is an elected body, of 338 members, who are known as "Members of Parliament" (MPs). Members are elected for a maximum of four years at a time. Each member is elected by one of the country's federal electoral districts which are usually called "ridings".