title: Kim Campbell

text: When Campbell became Prime Minister, there had to be a general election. This is because elections in Canada have to take place at least every five years. During the 1993 federal election campaign, she became very unpopular after the writ was dropped. Because of this, on the day of the election, the Progressive Conservatives won only two seats in Parliament. Campbell lost her own seat.


title: Olm

text: The Olm, or Proteus ("Proteus anguinus") is an amphibian, native to the underground waters of the Dinaric karst that flow through the Soča river basin near Trieste in Italy, through to southern Slovenia, southwestern Croatia, and Herzegovina. It is the only species in the genus "Proteus", the only European species of the family Proteidae, and the only European cave-dwelling chordate. It is also called the human fish or humanfish, because of its human-like skin (translated literally from Slovenian: "Človeška ribica" and Croatian: "Čovječja ribica"), Cave Salamander, or White Salamander.


title: Acanthodii

text: Acanthodii (sometimes called spiny sharks) is a class of extinct fishes, having features of both bony fish (Osteichthyes) and cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes). They appeared in the early Silurian (430 mya) and lasted until the late Permian (250 mya). The earliest ancanthodians were marine, but during the Devonian, freshwater species became predominant. They are distinguished in two respects: they were the first known jawed vertebrates, and they had stout spines supporting their fins, fixed in place and non-movable (like a shark's dorsal fin).


title: Cotyledon

text: A cotyledon, or seed leaf, is a leaf that is stored in a seed. When the seed sprouts, the cotyledons are the first leaves that the plant has. Monocot plants have only one cotyledon, and other plants have two. Cotyledons often look very different from the other leaves, so they are not called true leaves.


title: Chemical synthesis

text: In chemistry, chemical synthesis means using chemical reactions to get a product, or several products. This happens by physical and chemical manipulations. Often, several different chemical reactions are used; one after another. In modern laboratory usage, a chemical synthesis is reproducible (if the experiment is done a second time, it will have the same results as the first time), reliable (not broken by small changes in conditions), and established to work in multiple laboratories.


title: Newt Gingrich

text: Newton Leroy "Newt" Gingrich (born June 17, 1943 as Newton Leroy McPherson) is an American politician.


title: Chronicle

text: A chronicle (, from Greek , from , "chronos", "time") is an account of historical events, arranged in order from earliest to latest. A chronicle is different from a narrative or history, as events which are not believed to be important may be excluded from the latter; a chronicler is more concerned with documenting events in sequential order.


title: Mid-Autumn Festival

text: The Mid-Autumn Festival or the Moon Festival or the Mooncake Festival is a traditional festival celebrated in mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and Vietnam, as well as by overseas Chinese and Vietnamese people. Similar holidays are celebrated in Japan, Korea, and across many Southeast Asian regions.


title: Cotyledon

text: Plants use cotyledons to make sugars through photosynthesis. They use the sugars to keep true leaves growing. After a while, the cotyledons often die because the plant does not need them anymore.


title: Chemical synthesis

text: Chemists start to design a chemical synthesis by selecting compounds to combine. These starting chemicals are known as reagents or reactants. Chemists do various things to these reagents to synthesize the product, or an intermediate product. This requires mixing the compounds in a reaction vessel. The vessel can be a chemical reactor or a simple flask. Many reactions require some form of work-up procedure before the final product is isolated.


title: Newt Gingrich

text: Gingrich was a Congressman from Georgia from 1978 to 1999. He was speaker of the House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. He is known for bringing in the "Republican Revolution" in the House because his political party, the Republican Party, or GOP, after 40 years of the Democratic Party dominating Congress.


title: Chronicle

text: The Nuremberg Chronicle, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, "Ecclesiastical History of the English People," are the most famous chronicles.


title: Mid-Autumn Festival

text: It is one of the most important holidays in Chinese culture. Its popularity is at the same level with that of Chinese New Year. The history of the Mid-Autumn Festival dates back to 3,000 years back. The festival is held on the 15th day of the 8th month of the Chinese lunisolar calendar. It is celebrated in a full moon night. It is during the mid-September to early October according to the Gregorian calendar. On this day, the Chinese believe that the moon is at its brightest and fullest size. This coincides with the harvesting time in the middle of Autumn.


title: Chemical synthesis

text: The amount of product in a chemical synthesis is the reaction yield. Typically, chemical yields are expressed as a weight in grams or as a percentage of the total theoretical quantity of product that could be produced. A side reaction is an unwanted chemical reaction taking place that reduces the yield of the wanted product.


title: Newt Gingrich

text: He is also an author, professor, and a historian. Since quitting the House, Gingrich has become a political analyst, or someone who talks about current issues on television, radio, or in a newspaper. Gingrich has been a Fox News Network political analyst until his presidential campaign in 1988. He then joined the Cable News Network(CNN) as a political analyst after the campaign ended. He also cohosted Crossfire on CNN.


title: Mid-Autumn Festival

text: Lanterns of all sizes and shapes, are carried and displayed. This symbolises that light brings people's way to prosperity and good luck. Mooncakes, are traditionally eaten during this festival. These are mostly filled with sweet-bean, egg yolk, meat or lotus-seed paste. The Mid-Autumn Festival is based on the story of Chang'e, the moon goddess in Chinese mythology.


title: Chemical synthesis

text: The chemist Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe was the first to use the word "synthesis" in its present-day meaning.


title: Newt Gingrich

text: Since 2020, Gingrich has supported former President Donald Trump's claims of voter fraud in the 2020 presidential election.


title: Mid-Autumn Festival

text: An important part of the festival celebration is Moon worship. The ancient Chinese people believed in renewing associated with the Moon and water. This concept is related to the menstruation of women. So, they called it "monthly water".


title: Chemical synthesis

text: In most cases, a single reaction will not convert a reactant (starting chemical) into the desired reaction product. Chemists have many strategies to find the best sequence of reactions to make the desired product. In cascade reactions multiple chemical changes take place within a single reactant. In multi-component reactions up to 11 different reactants form a single reaction product. In a telescopic synthesis, one reactant goes through multiple transformations without isolating intermediates after each step.


title: Mid-Autumn Festival

text: A very important part of celebrating the festival is carrying the bright lanterns and lighting them on towers or floating sky lanterns. Another tradition involving lanterns is to write riddles on them and have other people try to guess the answers ().


title: Chemical synthesis

text: Organic synthesis is a special type of chemical synthesis. Only organic compounds are created in organic synthesis. The total synthesis of a complex product may take many steps to reach the goal product. These steps can take too much time. Chemists want to have skill in organic synthesis and being able to find a synthesis path with the least number of steps. The synthesis of very valuable or difficult compounds has earned chemists, such as Robert Burns Woodward, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.


title: Mid-Autumn Festival

text: Lantern usages were not combined with Moon-worship before the Tang dynasty. Traditionally, the lantern has been used to represent fertility. The laterns act mainly as a toy and decoration. But today the lantern has come to depict the festival itself. In the old days, lanterns were made in the image of natural things, myths and local cultures. As time passed, a greater variety of lanterns could be found as local cultures became influenced by their neighbors.


title: Chemical synthesis

text: If a chemical synthesis starts from basic laboratory compounds and yields something new, it is a "purely synthetic process". If it starts from a product isolated from plants or animals and then proceeds to a new compounds, the synthesis is called a "semisynthetic process".


title: Mid-Autumn Festival

text: As China gradually evolved from a farming society to a mixed farming and trading one, traditions from other festivals began to be brought into the Mid-Autumn Festival. For example, the putting of lanterns on rivers to help the souls of the drowned as practiced during the Ghost Festival. During the Qing dynasty, Hong Kong fishermen would put up lanterns on their boats for the Ghost Festival. They keep the lanterns up until Mid-Autumn Festival.


title: Chemical synthesis

text: Most times, chemical synthesis means the overall, many step procedure for making a desired product. Sometimes, chemists use "chemical synthesis" to mean just a "direct combination reaction". In a direct combination reaction, two or more reactants combine to form a single product. The chemical equation for a direct combination reaction is:


title: Chemical synthesis

text: where A and B are elements or compounds, and AB is a compound consisting of A and B. Examples of combination reactions include:


title: Alitalia

text: Alitalia was an Italian airline It was once the flag carrier and largest airline of Italy. It ended operations on October 14, 2021 and was replaced as Italy's flag carrier by ITA Airways, which began operations the next day.


title: John Bunyan

text: John Bunyan (Harrowden, near Bedford, 28 November 1628 – London, 31 August 1688) was an English tinker, preacher and writer. He wrote a book called "The Pilgrim's Progress" which has been translated into more languages than any other book except the Bible. The book is a story about a man who is trying to lead a good life as a Christian. It is allegory. The characters in the story represent good things or bad things. Bunyan lived at a time when there was no religious freedom: everybody had to believe what the Church of England told them. Bunyan did not agree with some of the things the Church of England said. He started to preach about his ideas. He was arrested and put into prison because of his beliefs. He wrote "The Pilgrim's Progress" while he was in gaol (prison).


title: My Fair Lady (movie)

text: My Fair Lady is a 1964 movie based on Lerner and Lowe's 1957 stage musical of the same name. The musical and movie are based on the movie adaptation of the stage play "Pygmalion" by George Bernard Shaw. The movie was directed by George Cukor. It stars Rex Harrison and Audrey Hepburn. The story is about phonetics professor Henry Higgins. He wagers that he can turn flower girl Eliza Doolittle (Audrey Hepburn) into a proper English high society lady. The movie won eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor (Harrison), and Best Director.


title: Alitalia

text: The "first" Alitalia was founded on September 16, 1946. Its first flight was on May 5, 1947. In 1960, Alitalia started flying jet aircraft. In 1995, Alitalia tried to merge with KLM, but it failed. 1998 was the first profitable year for Alitalia. In 2001, Alitalia joined SkyTeam. The airline lost more than €3.7 billion since 1999 until 2008. On January 12, 2009, the "first" Alitalia shut down. The next day, on January 13, the "second" Alitalia began. In June 2014, Etihad Airways bought 49% of Alitalia. On January 1, 2015, a "third" Alitalia began. This one is 49% owned by Etihad and 51% owned by Italian shareholders.


title: John Bunyan

text: Bunyan’s father was a tinker: a metal worker who mends pots and pans. The Bunyan family had been living in Bedfordshire at least since the 12th century. They had gradually lost more and more of their land and had become quite poor. John Bunyan’s father had inherited a small cottage and 9 acres of land. He could not read or write.


title: My Fair Lady (movie)

text: Julie Andrews was the original Eliza in the stage musical. Audrey Hepburn was cast as the movie Eliza because studio head Jack Warner wanted "a star with a great deal of name recognition". Julie Andrews did not have any movie experience. He thought a movie with her would not be as successful as a movie with Hepburn. Andrews went on to star in Disney's "Mary Poppins" that same year. She won the Best Actress Academy Award over Hepburn.


title: Alitalia

text: Alitalia flew to 102 destinations in 41 countries. 28 of these cities are in Italy. Alitalia's main hub wasat Rome Fiumicino Airport.


title: John Bunyan

text: John Bunyan only went to school for two, three or four years. He learned how to be a tinker from his father.


title: John Bunyan

text: There was a lot of fighting in England at the time Bunyan was a child. Many people were against King Charles I so there was a Civil War and the king was executed. For several years England was a republic, ruled by Oliver Cromwell.


title: John Bunyan

text: When Bunyan was 16 years old, he served in the parliamentary army at Newport Pagnell (1644 - 1647). After that, he started to work as a tinker, and in 1649, he married. His wife had two books, both of which were religious books. Bunyan started to be influenced by religion. He became very frightened because he realized he had done things which were wrong, and he wondered whether God would forgive him, so that he would go to heaven when he died, or whether he would be punished and go to hell. The kind of things he did which at that time were thought to be wrong (sins) were not things which would worry many people nowadays: ringing church bells, dancing, playing games on Sundays and, perhaps the worst of all, swearing. Other wrongs he had done in the past included disrespecting his parents, and very likely causing, or at least unremorsefully (unsorrowfully) helping along the early death of his mother and sister - which he did by refusing to take any of the burden or workload at home. It was only for lack of money that he did not spend his time with prostitutes, though he longed to join the gambling and "painted women" who attended fairs and other public events. In his book "Grace Abounding" Bunyan describes himself as the “Chief of Sinners”. He tells how one day he was walking along when he heard a group of women talking to one another about salvation. This made him think about these things.


title: John Bunyan

text: In those days, people were supposed to worship God in the Church of England. There were, however, groups of people who wanted to worship God in different ways. These people were called “non-conformists”. In 1653, a sect (religious group) of non-conformists had taken over St John’s Church in Bedford. Their vicar was John Gifford. Bunyan discussed the Bible a lot with Gifford.


title: John Bunyan

text: Bunyan lived in Elstow, near Bedford, until 1655, when his wife died. He moved to Bedford to be nearer to Gifford’s church . He married again in 1659. In 1660, the Restoration of the Monarchy took place: England had a king once more: Charles II became king. It was bad for religious freedom, because all non-conformist meetings were forbidden. St John’s Church had to become part of the Church of England again. Bunyan refused to go to church. He started to preach to groups of people anywhere they could meet: in barns or in the streets. Because he did not have permission to preach, he was arrested and put in gaol. At first, he was sentenced to 3 months, but because he refused to promise to stop preaching, he spent 12 years in gaol.


title: John Bunyan

text: Bunyan spent the years 1660-1672 in gaol, and again he was in gaol for a short time in 1677. The gaol was at the top of Silver Street in the centre of Bedford, only 5 minutes walk from his house in St Cuthbert Street, which was then on the edge of the town. The gaol had 6 cells and 2 dungeons. He could probably have been free at any time if he had promised to give up preaching, but he did what he firmly believed to be right. He made some money in gaol by making shoelaces. His eldest daughter Mary, who was blind, brought him soup every day and also gave him books to read. Sometimes, he seems to have been let out of gaol for short periods of time. This was not really allowed, but often, the guards might let a prisoner out if they promised to come back. Bunyan even travelled as far as London once, and he must have gone home sometimes because he had two more children by his second wife during that time.


title: John Bunyan

text: It was during this time in gaol that he wrote his allegorical novel: "Pilgrim's Progress". We do not know whether he wrote it all while he was in gaol. The book is in two parts. The first part finishes with the words: “So I awoke, and behold it was a dream”. When the second part begins he says “..as I slept I dreamt again”. This might mean that he wrote the second part in 1677 when he was in gaol again. This is only a guess, we do not know.


title: John Bunyan

text: Bunyan was released in January 1672, when Charles II issued the “Declaration of Religious Indulgence” which meant that people were free to worship God in the way they wanted. The king had done this mainly because he wanted the Catholics to have less power. Non-conformist sects could register and get a license. Bunyan became pastor (priest) of the Bedford church. In March 1675, he was again imprisoned for preaching (because Charles II withdrew the Declaration of Religious Indulgence). This time he seems to have been in the Bedford town gaol on the stone bridge over the river Ouse. After a few months, he was let out. He was a very popular preacher, so he was not arrested again. His book "The Pilgrim's Progress" was published in 1678. He also wrote several other books about religion, but "The Pilgrim's Progress" was the one that became extremely popular. Because Bunyan did not have a formal education he wrote in a very direct style which ordinary people could understand. A passage from Part Two of "The Pilgrim's Progress" beginning "Who would true Valour see" is sung regularly as a hymn.


title: John Bunyan

text: On his way to London, in 1688, he caught a severe cold from rats and bats, and died a painful death. His grave is in the cemetery at Bunhill Fields in London.


title: Side

text: In geometry, a side is a line that is part of a flat figure made from straight lines. It is also a face in a solid three-dimensional object. The number of sides in a polygon is often written as formula_1, while the number of faces in a polyhedron is often written as formula_2.


title: Side

text: As an example, the square on the right has four sides. The sides in this picture are made with black straight lines. The four sides are:


title: Skinhead

text: Skinheads, named after their short haircuts, are members of a subculture that originated in Britain in late 1960s, where they were closely tied to the Rude Boys and the Mods. They shave their heads, because originally most of them were workers in factories and they had to be bald, so their hair could not get caught in the machines.


title: Dubstep

text: Dubstep (also known as dubstep remix or remix dubstep) is a genre of music that started in South London, it drew influence from 2-step garage, dub, drum and bass, grime and reggae. A popular dubstep producer Skrillex changed the genre into something much heavier with more growls, gritty basslines and fat sub-basses.


title: Powiat

text: A county (Polish: "powiat", pronounced "povyat"; plural, "powiaty") is the Polish second-level unit of administration, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture in other countries. A county is part of a larger unit called a "voivodship" (in Polish, "województwo". One would call it in English "province").


title: Pablo Casals

text: Pau Casals i Defilló ("Pablo Casals") (born El Vendrell, Catalonia, 29 December 1876; died San Juan, Puerto Rico, 22 October 1973) was a Spanish Catalan cellist. He made the cello popular as a solo instrument to the younger generation. In his later years he was also a conductor as well as a composer.


title: Denarius

text: The denarius was a small silver coin used by the Roman Empire and Roman Republic. The denarius weighed about 3 to 4.5 grams. It was the main coin of Ancient Rome. It became the most common coin produced for circulation but was slowly debased in weight and silver content. The coin was then sometimes made of copper and painted silver in color. During the Empire the front side usually had a picture of the emperor on it.


title: Skinhead

text: Traditional skinheads identify with the original skinhead movement ("The Spirit of '69") in music, style, and/or working class pride. Skinheads listen to ska, rocksteady, reggae, Oi! and punk music.


title: Dubstep

text: Since then, the dubstep scene has changed a lot with dubstep going from the underground genre that it was to a mainstream one. It has been played on big festivals, like Ultra Music Festival and Lost Lands.


title: Powiat

text: If a county seat has a double-barreled name, as with "Maków Mazowiecki," the county may become either "Maków County" or "Maków-Mazowiecki County." Due, in all but the first case, to the existence, respectively, of two "double-barreled" county seats with the identical noun name, the corresponding adjectives ""bielski"," ""grodziski"," ""ostrowski"" and ""tomaszowski"" each denote "two" distinct counties.


title: Pablo Casals

text: Casals made many recordings of solo, chamber, and orchestral music. Perhaps his best known recordings are the ones he made between 1936 and 1939 of the "Cello Suites" by Bach. When the dictator General Franco started to rule Spain he felt very strongly about the political situation. When the democratic party was defeated in 1939 he said that he would never go back to Spain until democracy had been restored. He did not live long enough to see the end to Franco’s rule, which happened two years after his death, with the death of Franco.


title: Skinhead

text: People who are not part of the group often see Skinheads as being politically close to the Neo-Nazi (or White Power) movement. Often Skinheads are seen as part of that movement. This is wrong, given that there are many young people in the movement who have no political views at all. Many Skinheads are also not violent, unless they are provoked.


title: Dubstep

text: Dubstep is usually instrumental. Its tempo usually ranges between 138 to 150 beats per minute. Many songs have two bass drops, where a switch of rhythm and/or bass line occurs and usually follows a recognizable build section and break.


title: Powiat

text: Some Polish urban communes constitute administrative entities called the "urban county" ("powiat grodzki"), similar in local administration and self-governance to "land counties." An average county (the largest being the powiat of Białystok) comprises 5 – 8 communes. The largest urban county, in terms of population and area, is the city of Warsaw.


title: Pablo Casals

text: Casals' father was the organist at the local church. He gave Casals his first music lessons, teaching him piano, violin and organ. When Casals was eleven, he heard a group of travelling musicians playing music. One of the instruments was the cello. He had never heard one and he decided that was what he wanted to play. His mother took him to Barcelona, where he went to a music school: the "Escola Municipal de Música". There he studied the cello, music theory and piano.


title: Dubstep

text: A style of Americanized, heavier and aggressive form of dubstep is referred to as brostep, which has become very popular. It was started by Skrillex..


title: Powiat

text: The history of Polish counties goes back to the second half of the 14th century. They remained the basic units of territorial organization in Poland, then in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, until the latter's total dismemberment by its neighbors in 1795.


title: Pablo Casals

text: One day, when he was 13, he was looking at some old music in a second-hand music shop. He found some very old music for solo cello. They were the "Cello Suites" by Bach. People in those days thought they were just a collection of studies to help cellists with their technique, but Casals, although only still a boy, realized it was great music. He spent the next 12 years practising them until he felt ready to perform them. Casals’ discovery of these wonderful Cello Suites was the most important Bach discovery since 1829 when Mendelssohn found and performed the St Matthew Passion which the world had forgotten about.


title: Powiat

text: In the 19th century, the county continued to function in the part of Poland that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire ("Congress Poland"), and as the Polish equivalent of the German ""Kreis"" in the German-governed Grand Duchy of Poznań.


title: Pablo Casals

text: Casals showed enormous talent for the cello. On 23 February 1891, when he was 14 years old, he gave a solo recital in Barcelona. He graduated from the "Escola" with honours two years later.


title: Powiat

text: After Poland regained independence in 1918, the county again became the basic territorial unit throughout Poland. "Powiat"s (counties) were abolished in 1975 in favor of a larger number of voivodships, but were reintroduced in 1999. There are now 314 "land counties" ("powiat ziemski") and 65 "urban counties" ("powiat grodzki"), more formally "municipalities with county status" ("miasto na prawach powiatu").


title: Pablo Casals

text: In 1893, the Spanish composer Isaac Albéniz heard him playing in a trio in a café. He gave him a letter which allowed him to be introduced to the Queen. She gave him money so that he could study at the Conservatory in Madrid. She then allowed him to go to Brussels to study at the Conservatory which was then the best in Europe for string instruments. The cello teacher mentioned a long list of cello pieces and asked him which ones he played. When Casals told him he could play them all, the teacher made fun of him. When Casals started playing, everyone was amazed at his talent. The teacher wanted him to be one of his pupils, but Casals had been insulted and so he went to Paris the next day. The Queen of Spain was angry with Casals when she heard what had happened and stopped sending him money.


title: Pablo Casals

text: In Paris he had very little money. He earned a living by playing second cello in the theatre orchestra of the "Folies Marigny". His mother tried to earn some money by sewing. In 1896, he returned to Catalonia where he taught at a music school and played principal cellist in the orchestra of Barcelona's opera house, the Liceu. In 1897 he appeared as soloist with the Madrid Symphony Orchestra, and was awarded the Order of Charles III from the Queen.


title: Pablo Casals

text: In 1899, Casals played the Saint-Saëns Cello Concerto at Crystal Palace in London, and later for Queen Victoria at her summer home at Cowes, Isle of Wight. He was becoming very famous. In Paris he make a great impression on everyone, especially the conductor Charles Lamoureux who had started a famous orchestra. Casals went to the Netherlands, the United States where he gave 80 concerts, and South America. He often played with the pianist Harold Bauer.


title: Pablo Casals

text: On 15 January 1904 Casals was invited to play at the White House for President Theodore Roosevelt. He played in the Carnegie Hall in New York, playing "Richard Strauss's Don Quixote" with the composer conducting. Between 1906 and 1912 he had a relationship with a Portuguese cellist Guilhermina Suggia, although they were never married.


title: Pablo Casals

text: In 1914 Casals married the American singer Susan Metcalfe. They were separated in 1928, but did not divorce until 1957.


title: Pablo Casals

text: Casals formed a trio with the pianist Alfred Cortot and the violinist Jacques Thibaud. They gave many concerts and made some of the first recordings of piano trio music. They played together for 30 years.


title: Pablo Casals

text: In 1905 he toured Russia. It was an unfortunate time because the Russian Revolution was taking place. During the concert he played in Moscow gunfire could be heard outside the hall.


title: Pablo Casals

text: During the First World War Casals lived in New York. In 1919 he went back to Barcelona. He wanted to improve the music in his own country. There were very few people who could play well, so he founded his own orchestra: the Orquesta Pau Casals. This annual music festival continued until the start of the Spanish Civil War in 1936.


title: Pablo Casals

text: Casals supported the Spanish Republican government. When it was defeated he said that he would not return until Spain was once more a democratic country. He then left his country and went into exile. He went to live in the French village of Prades which was near the border with Spain. He continued his career as a cellist. After World War II, in June 1946, he went to England and played the cello concertos by Schumann and Elgar at the Royal Albert Hall with Sir Adrian Boult conducting. Outside the hall the police had to help him get to his car because so many people were crowding round him.


title: Pablo Casals

text: Casals played in many countries, but refused to play in any country that was friendly with Franco’s government in Spain. In 1945 he gave a broadcast at the BBC and spoke to his people in Catalonia. He finished by playing a Catalan folksong called "El Cant dels Ocells" ("The Song of the Birds"). He played it at the end of all his concerts. When Britain recognized Franco’s government, Casals decided he could no long play in England. He made one big exception to his decision not to visit Franco-friendly countries: in 1961 he took part in a concert of chamber music in the White House on 13 November where he played to President John F Kennedy whom he admired.


title: Pablo Casals

text: In 1950 he continued his career as conductor and cellist at the Prades Festival in Conflent. He agreed to play on condition that the money that was made at the festival would be given to a refugee hospital nearby. Franco said that Spaniards were forbidden to go to the festival, but many managed to cross the border on foot. Many world-famous musicians played at Prades: Josef Szigeti, Isaac Stern, Rudolf Serkin and Eugene Istomin and others.


title: Pablo Casals

text: When he was 80 Casals married one of his young students, a girl called Marta. They had met in Prades. Marta was from Puerto Rico where Casals’ mother had come from. They went to live in Puerto Rico in a house called "El Pesebre". In 1957 a musical festival was started there in the town of San Juan. He continued to visit the festival at Prades every year until 1966. He also gave masterclasses at American schools and universities as well as in other countries. Some of these were televised.


title: Pablo Casals

text: Casals was also a composer. One of his last compositions was the "Himne a les Nacions Unides" (Hymn of the United Nations); he conducted its first performance in a special concert at the United Nations on 24 October 1971, 2 months before his 95th birthday.


title: Pablo Casals

text: Casals died in 1973 in San Juan, Puerto Rico, at the age of 96. In 1979 his remains were taken to El Vendrell, Catalonia, where he had been born. He did not live to see the end of the Franco dictatorial regime. Later, when Franco had died in 1975 and Spain was a democracy once more, the Spanish government under King Juan Carlos I, issued a postage stamp in honour of the centenary of his birth.


title: Pablo Casals

text: No other cellist had such an influence on cello playing in the 20th century. He changed the way people thought about cello technique. For example: when he was young violinists and cellists were taught to practise with a book under the right arm. This made the bowing arm very stiff. Casals taught his pupils to play with a free bowing arm. Casals was a great teacher, and he learned a lot about playing through his teaching. He thought about fingering and bowing, and showed his pupils how their left hand could be strong but also relaxed.


title: Pablo Casals

text: The International Pau Casals Cello Competition is held in Germany once every four years. It was started in 2000 to help young cellists to start their careers. It is supported by the Pau Casals Foundation, under the patronage Casals’ widow. One of the prizes is the use of a beautiful cello which was owned by Casals.


title: Carbon-14

text: Carbon-14 is an isotope of the element carbon, so named because it has an atomic mass of 14. It has an atomic nucleus containing 8 neutrons and 6 protons.


title: Michael B. Jordan

text: Michael Bakari Jordan (; born February 9, 1987) is an American actor and producer. He is known for his movie roles as shooting victim Oscar Grant in the drama "Fruitvale Station" (2013), boxer Adonis "Donnie" Creed in the "Rocky" sequel movie "Creed" (2015), and Erik Killmonger in "Black Panther" (2018).


title: Carbon-14

text: It can be used to tell the date that carbon based life forms existed, and roughly tell how old they are, up to about 60,000 years ago.


title: Peter Lorre

text: Peter Lorre (born was Ladislav (László) Löwenstein, June 26, 1904 – March 23, 1964) was a Hungarian-American actor.


title: Egoism

text: Egoism is a philosophy about people serving their own needs or wants. Some kinds of egoism say that everything people do is , meaning it is done to serve their own desires. Other kinds of egoism instead say that people should do whatever they want or whatever benefits themselves.


title: Peter Lorre

text: Lorre's family was Jewish. Lorre was born in Rózsahegy (Rosenberg) in a country called Austria-Hungary. Now the place where he was born is in the country Slovakia. He began acting in theaters in Vienna, Breslau, and Zürich. In the 1920s, he moved to Berlin to work as an actor. In 1931, the movie director Fritz Lang chose Lorre to act in a movie about a serial killer who kills children called "M". Lorre got married three times: Celia Lovsky (1934 - 13 March 1945, divorced); Kaaren Verne (25 May 1945 - 1950, divorced) and Annemarie Brenning (21 July 1953 - 23 March 1964, his death). He had his only child with Brenning, a daughter named Catharine (1953-1985).


title: Egoism

text: Egoism is often seen as the opposite of altruism, meaning the concern for others. "Altruism" is a word invented by a French thinker named Auguste Comte. He said that people should only serve each other and never be egoistic. But the German thinker Friedrich Nietzsche says that altruism is not the opposite of egoism. He says that even though people altruism is good, they do not treat each other well very much at all. Many egoists also defend against people getting judged just for doing what benefits themselves. But Nietzsche says that people should eventually leave both altruism and egoism behind.


title: Peter Lorre

text: When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Lorre had to leave Germany. Lorre went to England to be safe from the Nazis. Lorre got work as an actor in a movie by Alfred Hitchcock called "The Man Who Knew Too Much". Lorre only knew a little English. At first, it was hard for him to act in English movies.


title: Egoism

text: The American researcher James Scanlan says that when people do whatever benefits themselves it is only a fake kind of egoism. And that real egoism is when people do whatever they want. Both are often seen as dangerous beliefs. Some egoists such as Max Stirner, Nikolay Chernyshevsky, and Dmitry Pisarev, are also thought of as nihilists. And Aleister Crowley was a British egoist who made the phrase "Do what thou will" popular.


title: Peter Lorre

text: In the 1940s, Lorre moved to Hollywood, California (USA). Hollywood is a town where many movies are made. Lorre acted in many movies, playing foreign characters. Lorre played the role of Joel Cairo in the movie "The Maltese Falcon" (1941) and played the role of "Ugarte" in the movie "Casablanca" (1942). Lorre played the character of Dr. Einstein in the movie" Arsenic and Old Lace" (1944).


title: Egoism

text: Some ideas of egoism can be studied in moral psychology. For example, Friedrich Nietzsche says that many people wrongly think that being "good" is related to not being egoistic. He says that this idea only appeared because priestly values took over from noble values . Nietzsche says that the idea that actions are egoistic or altruistic is pseudo-psychology. He says the truth is that "there are no such things as egoistic and altruistic actions". Morality tries to damage psychology with these false ideas, he says. He also says that this kind of morality always serves the needs and wants of some people over others. A British researcher named Alexander Moseley instead says that egoists don't believe psychology can understand people's motivations.


title: Sympathy

text: Sympathy exists when the feelings or emotions of one person lead to similar feelings in another person so that they share feeling. Mostly sympathy means the sharing of unhappiness or suffering, but it can also mean sharing other (positive) emotions. In a broader sense, it can refer to the sharing of political or ideological sentiments, such as in the phrase "a communist sympathiser".


title: Academy Award for Best Costume Design

text: The Academy Award for Best Costume Design is one of the Academy Awards of Merit. It is given each year by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) for achievement in movie costume design.


title: Qubit

text: Like a bit in normal (non-quantum) computing, a Qubit has two distinct states, 0 state and the 1 state. However, unlike the normal bit, a qubit can have a state that is somewhere in-between, called a "superposition."


title: Noah Schnapp

text: Noah Cameron Schnapp (born October 3, 2004) is a Canadian-American actor. Since 2016, he has appeared as Will Byers in the Netflix series "Stranger Things". He also voiced Charlie Brown in "The Peanuts Movie" (2015).


title: The Death of Socrates (painting)

text: It shows the death of Greek philosopher Socrates. He was sentenced to die by drinking hemlock. He was sentenced to die because his ideas were against those of Athens. It was also for corrupting the minds of the youth. The painting also shows both Crito and Plato. Crito is sitting sadly at the edge of the bed. Plato is holding the knee of Socrates. Socrates had the choice to go into exile or be sentenced to death by drinking hemlock. Socrates chose death. In this painting, a red-robed disciple hands a confident Socrates the goblet of hemlock. Socrates' hand pointing to the heavens is his love of the gods and fearless attitude to his death.


title: Water chestnut

text: The corms of the plant are the water chestnuts. It has a crispy white flesh and can be eaten raw, slightly boiled, grilled, pickled, or tinned. This plant comes from China. They are grown in flooded paddy fields.


title: Sympathy

text: The psychological state of sympathy is closely linked with that of empathy, but is not identical to it. Empathy is understanding and feeling another person's emotions as they feel them, but makes no statement as to how they are viewed.


title: Academy Award for Best Costume Design

text: It was first given for movies made in 1948. This was when separate awards were given for black-and-white and color movies. Since the merger of the two categories in 1967, the academy has not given out the award to contemporary movies very often.


title: Qubit

text: You cannot measure the superposition without the superposition going away (changing). If you try to measure a qubit that is in a superposition, the qubit will change, and become one of two states. The resulting state the qubit changes to depends on how it is measured. For simplicity, let's assume we are measuring in a way that will make the qubit change to either a 0 state or a 1 state.


title: Sympathy

text: Sympathy, by contrast, implies a degree of equal feeling, that is, the sympathiser views the matter similarly to how the person themselves does. It thus implies concern, or care or a wish to reduce negative feelings others are experiencing.


title: Qubit

text: Each state can also have a phase. The phase is part of the amplitude and is what can make the amplitude a complex number.


title: Qubit

text: A state's phase is like how much that state has rotated. The angle of phase is usually represented as either Φ or φ. Let's use φ.


title: Qubit

text: φ can go from 0 to formula_5 radians. The angle sort of goes into an Euler identity, where instead of formula_6, the formula_7 gets substituted with the angle φ. The state's phase becomes formula_8.


title: Qubit

text: This expression formula_8is a phase factor that becomes part of a state's amplitude. It gets multiplied with the amplitude.


title: Qubit

text: A phase angle of formula_11 makes the amplitudes negative real numbers, since formula_12. (This is Euler's identity)


title: Qubit

text: An example qubit may look like formula_18. There is a 50% chance of measuring a 0 or a 1. There is a phase of 1 on the 0 state's amplitude. There is a phase of -1 on the 1 state's amplitude.


title: Qubit

text: Qubits are generally written as kets, which look like formula_19. Kets are part of Bra-Ket notation, also known as Dirac notation. Kets are a way of saying column vector.


title: Dave Farrell

text: David Michael Farrell (born February 8, 1977), also known as Phoenix because he is believed to have a tattoo of a phoenix on his back, is Linkin Park’s bassist.


title: Lorazepam

text: Lorazepam (also known as Ativan) is a sedative medicine which was first introduced around 1977 for anxiety treatment. It is also used for muscle relaxation. Unwanted side effects include low blood pressure, hangover effects and confusion.


title: Dave Farrell

text: Farrell was born in Plymouth, Massachusetts, but when he was five he moved to Mission Viejo, California where he attended Mission Viejo High School. He graduated in 1999 at the University of California, Los Angeles. He can play bass guitar, electric guitar, cello and violin.


title: Lorazepam

text: Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine, and it is widely approved and used for status epilepticus (continuous seizures) and anxiety. Benzodiazepines are central nervous system (CNS) depressants, which are medicines that slow down the nervous system and relieve symptoms of anxiety.


title: Dave Farrell

text: Farrell was a member of a Christian punk/ska band called Tasty Snax. While he was at the college, he shared the room with his friend Brad Delson, and they practiced together.


title: Dave Farrell

text: He had to go on tour with the Tasty Snax so he could not play with Delson and his band. Then, Farrell left his band to play bass with Brad Delson in the band Xero in 1996 but then left in 1998. He then rejoined Xero now called Linkin Park in November 2000 and has been playing with them ever since.


title: Steak tartare

text: Steak tartare is a dish which is produced using finely chopped or ground meat of beef or horse. In Belgium and Luxembourg the dish is called "filet américain". The meat used for producing steak tartare is usually of a very high quality. The name refers to the Tatars, who are said to have had meat under their saddle when riding. Because the dish is usually eaten raw, there are health concerns: The meat may have been contaminated with bacteria or parasites. These risks can be reduced when folling basic rules of hygiene and by using fresh meat.


title: Proserpina

text: Proserpina (; Latin: "Prōserpina") or Proserpine is the goddess of springtime and the queen of the underworld in Roman mythology. She was the daughter of Ceres. In Greek mythology, there was a goddess who was like Proserpina called Persephone. She was first introduced to the Romans in the year 204 BC, and many of her myths were based on those of the Greek goddess.


title: Andy Samberg

text: Andrew David "Andy" Samberg (born August 18, 1978) is an American actor, stand-up comedian, singer, writer and the lead member of the comedy group, The Lonely Island. He is known for his works in "Saturday Night Live", "Hot Rod" and "Brooklyn Nine-Nine".


title: Jawed Karim

text: Jawed Karim (born October 28, 1979) is an American software engineer and Internet entrepreneur. He has Bangladeshi and German descent. He is a co-founder of YouTube. He is also the first person to upload a video to the site.


title: Road to Perdition

text: Road to Perdition is a 2002 American crime drama movie directed by Sam Mendes. The screenplay was adapted by David Self from the graphic novel of the same name written by Max Allan Collins and illustrated by Richard Piers Rayner. It stars Tom Hanks, Paul Newman, Jude Law, and Daniel Craig. The story takes place in 1931, during the Great Depression, following a mob enforcer and his son as they seek vengeance against a mobster who murdered the rest of their family.


title: The Republicans (France)

text: The party was created on 30 May 2015 by renaming the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) party, which had been founded in 2002 under the leadership of former President of France Jacques Chirac.


title: Proserpina

text: The most famous story about her is how she was taken by force to the Underworld by Pluto, and how she later became able to return to the world above, but only for part of each year. This myth was a popular subject in Roman art and literature, and remained so well into the Renaissance. Her name is possibly derived from the Latin "proserpere", meaning "to emerge or come forth".


title: Andy Samberg

text: He is influenced by Steve Martin, Mel Brooks and Adam Sandler. He married Joanna Newsom in September 2013. The couple announced the birth of their daughter in August 2017. In July 2018, the couple gave birth to their son.


title: Road to Perdition

text: Filming took place in the Chicago area. Mendes, having recently finished 1999's acclaimed "American Beauty", pursued a story that had minimal dialogue and conveyed emotion in the imagery. Cinematographer Conrad L. Hall took advantage of the environment to create symbolism for the movie, for which he won several awards, including a posthumous Academy Award for Best Cinematography. The movie explores several themes, including the consequence of violence and father-son relationships.


title: The Republicans (France)

text: The party used to be one of the two major political parties in the French Fifth Republic along with the centre-left Socialist Party (PS), and, following the 2017 legislative election, it remains the second largest party in the National Assembly (behind President Macron's REM), but becomes the fourth in 2022, behind the National Rally, the NUPES and Renaissance.


title: Road to Perdition

text: The movie was released on July 12, 2002, and grossed over $180 million worldwide. The cinematography, setting, and the lead performances by Hanks and Newman were well received by critics. It was released on home media on February 25, 2003.


title: The Republicans (France)

text: LR is a member of the European People's Party, the Centrist Democrat International, and the International Democrat Union.


title: Budding

text: Budding is a method of asexual reproduction. With budding, a new organism grows on another one. It stays attached, while it grows. Only when it is fully grown does it detach from the parent organism. Since the reproduction is asexual, the newly created organism is a clone and is genetically identical to the parent organism. This method (asexual reproduction) is done in favourable conditions


title: Alexander Haig

text: Alexander Meigs Haig, Jr. (December 2, 1924 – February 20, 2010) was a United States Army general and diplomat.


title: Apollo 5

text: Apollo 5 was the first unmanned test flight of the Apollo Lunar Module. The Apollo Lunar Module was the lander part of Apollo spacecraft. The module was launched on January 22, 1968 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.


title: Apollo Lunar Module

text: The Apollo Lunar Module (LM) is the spidery-looking landing vehicle on the moon. It was built for the US Apollo program to carry a crew of two from lunar orbit to the surface and back.


title: Budding

text: Budding is very common in plants and fungi. Sometimes it can also be found with animals, for example with hydras or sponges.


title: Alexander Haig

text: He was the United States Secretary of State under President Ronald Reagan. He was also White House Chief of Staff under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He also was Vice Chief of Staff of the Army. This is the second-highest ranking officer in the Army. He was in charge of all US and NATO forces in Europe.


title: Apollo Lunar Module

text: The LM was the last of the Apollo “hardware” to be developed. Its start had been delayed while NASA made up its mind to take the lunar-orbit meeting approach and thus require a vehicle like the LM for a landing. A contract with the prime builder was signed on January, 1963, almost two years after the Apollo project began. The LM was tested several times in space. Finally, on July 20, 1969 the Apollo 11 LM Eagle made the first manned lunar landing.


title: Alexander Haig

text: Haig was a veteran of the Korean War and Vietnam War. He received the Distinguished Service Cross, the Silver Star with oak leaf cluster, and the Purple Heart.


title: Apollo Lunar Module

text: As Apollo missions progressed, Apollo 12, 14, 15, 16, 17 had lunar landings using their LMs. Apollo 13 had a terribly dangerous accident when an oxygen tank exploded. The Apollo 13 Lunar module, called "Aquarius", played an unexpected role in saving the lives of the three astronauts after the explosion.


title: Alexander Haig

text: Haig was born in Pennsylvania and had two siblings. His father died when he was young and he was raised by his mother. Haig went to college at Notre Dame University for two years before switching to the United States Military Academy. He later attended Columbia and Georgetown to get his masters. While in the army, he served in the Korean War in several major battles. He served as a commander in the Vietnam War. At one point, his helicopter was shot down and he saw two days of violent hand-to-hand combat. He was awarded the Purple Heart and Distinguished Flying Cross for his notable bravery in wartime.


title: Apollo Lunar Module

text: This was the unmanned lower part of the LM. it looked like octagonal-shaped. It was made of aluminum alloy and had four legs for landing. It had a descent rocket engine, and batteries and various supplies and scientific equipment to be used when landing on the moon and during the astronauts’ stay on the moon.


title: Alexander Haig

text: In 1969, President Richard Nixon made him a national security advisor. Haig helped negotiate the ceasefire in the Vietnam War. Nixon promoted him to White House Chief of Staff after H. R. Haldeman resigned facing criminal charges. Haig has been praised by many people by keeping the government running during the Watergate scandal that brought down Nixon. Haig has even been called an "acting president" during the last days of Nixon's administration. When Nixon was forced to resign, Haig helped the new president Gerald Ford. He remained Chief of Staff during Ford's administration.


title: Apollo Lunar Module

text: To land on the moon, the descent engine would be fired to begin the LM’s drop from out in lunar orbit down toward the moon. LM could descend vertically and hover above the surface of moon. After the two men finished their stay on the surface, the ascent stage, sitting on the descent stage, would use its ascent engine firing to lift itself off the moon.


title: Alexander Haig

text: In 1974, Haig became Supreme Allied Commander of Europe, a job that made him the head of all NATO forces. In 1979 he survived an assassination attempt. In 1979, he retired from the army as a four star general. After this he was on the board of a number of companies. In 1981, Ronald Reagan appointed him as Secretary of State. In this new job, Haig was the head of US foreign policy. Haig believed that the US should take a strong stand against the Soviet Union.


title: Apollo Lunar Module

text: This was the roundish upper half of the LM, the command center and crew cabin as well as the launching rocket for leaving the moon.


title: Alexander Haig

text: In March 1981, Reagan was shot by John Hinckley, Jr., a mentally ill man in Washington DC. Vice President George Bush was on a plane, and Haig was put in charge of the government until Bush could be reached. He told reporters that "I am in control here." Reagan made a full recovery.


title: Apollo Lunar Module

text: To save weight, there were no seats for the men. They would stand, loosely held in place by straps. In front and on either side of them were control panels for the LM’s guidance, communication, environment and propulsion systems. On the left side, there was a window by which commander could look out to steer the LM. Overhead in the middle section was the of diameter hatch where the astronauts transferred to and from the Command Module when two vehicles were linked. LM’s ascent rocket to meet Command Module was below the deck of the midsection. Although ascent rocket was small, it was sufficient because the moon’s weak gravity – one-sixth that of earth’s – meant that the LM would not require a strong push to rise from the lunar surface.


title: Alexander Haig

text: In 1982, after Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, Haig tried to solve the crisis peacefully by bringing UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Argentinian dictator Leopoldo Galtieri to negotiate. No solution was reached and the crisis ended with the full blown Falklands War between the two countries. The British won the war, and Galtieri's regime collapsed. In July 1982, Haig retired from the State Department. Reagan nominated George Schultz as the new Secretary of State.


title: Apollo Lunar Module

text: On Monday, January 22, 1968, a 16-ton unmanned Lunar Module surrounded by a protective shield stood on top of a two-stage Saturn 1-B rocket called Apollo 5. This flight was made to do two important tests. One was to check separating stage from main rocket. The second was to check test firing of the descent engine, but this mission did not succeed. The Apollo 5 test ended after eight hours, and the LM remained in earth orbit. It eventually dropped into the atmosphere and burned up.


title: Alexander Haig

text: Haig ran for President in 1988, but George Bush beat him. Haig was involved in a number of businesses after leaving office. He also advised several presidents, who wanted his expertise in foreign policy. In 2006, President George W. Bush held a meeting of ten former State and Defense Secretaries. Haig was at the meeting. He published his memoirs in 1992.


title: Seminole

text: The Seminole are a group of Native American people from Florida in the Southeastern Woodlands. Today, many Seminole people live in different groups across Florida and Oklahoma. Their tribes are the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, Seminole Tribe of Florida, and Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida.


title: Bengal famine of 1943

text: The Bengal famine of 1943 was a famine in the Bengal province of British India during World War II. Between 2.1 and 3 million people died in the famine. They died mainly of starvation, malaria, and not having the right health care.


title: Seminole

text: The Seminole Nation began in the 18th century, when many groups of Native Americans came together in Florida. Much of Seminole culture comes from the Muscogee (Creek) people from Georgia and Alabama, who made up a large part of the Seminole Nation when it was formed. The name "Seminole" comes the word for "runaway" in the Muscogee language, which many Seminole people spoke.


title: Bengal famine of 1943

text: The famine caused men to sell their farms and find work somewhere else. Families were made homeless and starving. Many had to move to cities like Calcutta to look for help. Some scholars say that small famines happen naturally but that large ones have man-made causes like war.


title: Seminole

text: The Seminole developed an independent identity over a period of time in the 18th and 19th Centuries. During this time they traded with British and Spanish colonists who were living in Florida. Many free blacks and escaped slaves settled near Seminole land and paid tributes to the Seminole tribe. These people later became known as "Black Seminoles."


title: Seminole

text: After the American Revolutionary War, many Americans tried to move into Seminole land. This created conflict leading to the Seminole Wars (1818-1858).


title: Particulate

text: Particulates are very tiny pieces of a solid or liquid that are carried floating in a gas. When the tiny pieces are solid, it is called a smoke. When the tiny pieces are liquid, it is called an aerosol. Aerosols can be naturally found in clouds and geysers. There are also artificial aerosols such as haze and some air pollutants. Smokes can be found naturally in wildfires and volcanoes. Artificially, they can be found in cigarettes, factories and power plants. Both of them can cause air pollution and climate change.


title: Overdose

text: An Overdose is when someone takes too much of a certain drug. This may be done voluntarily (as an attempt of suicide) or involuntarily (accidentally). The drug may be a drug taken to treat some medical condition, or it may be a drug taken for recreation. Overdoses are considered to be poisoning, usually. They may lead to death, depending on the drug used.


title: Tennis Court Oath

text: The oath was a pledge signed by 576 members out of 577 of France's Third Estate and a few members of the First Estate on June 20, 1789 in a tennis court near the Palace of Versailles.


title: Hayk

text: Hayk (Armenian:Հայկ, also known as Haik), in Armenian legend, was the founder of the Armenian nation. His story is found mostly in the 5th century historian Moses Khorenatsi's book "History of Armenia".


title: Tiangong space station

text: The Tiangong space station is a space station being built by China in Low Earth orbit. It will be made up of several modules (parts) that need to be put together in space. The first module is called Tianhe. It was launched on 28 April 2021. It will take about 11 total launches to build the station. It is the third station by China, after Tiangong-1 and Tiangong-2.


title: Overdose

text: If someone is thought to have had an overdose it is important to get them to a doctor, or hospital. It can be very hard to see what kind of drug was taken. Therefore, it can be hard for the doctor to find an antidote to give. For this reason, a packet (even if it is empty) of the drug should be taken.


title: Tennis Court Oath

text: The meeting hall of the Estates General had been locked accidentally, but the Third Estate thought that this was an invasion of their rights, and were very angry with the king. They stood in a nearby indoor tennis court. They made a solemn vow that they would not move until "the voice of the country was heard" and their requests were met. They were joined by the nobles and clergy.


title: Hayk

text: According to Moses Khorenatsi, Hayk is the son of Torgom (Togarmah), the son of Gomer, the son of Japheth. Hayk is also called the founder of the Haykazuni dynasty. According to the historian Juansher, Hayk "was prince of the seven brothers and stood in service to the giant Nimrod (Nebrovt') who first ruled the entire world as king."


title: Tiangong space station

text: China plans to do a number of experiments on the station. Other nations will also use the space station. These include Italy which has made a long-term agreement with China to work together on spaceflight. The University of Oslo in Norway is going to use the station for cancer research.


title: Tennis Court Oath

text: The vote had always been taken by class, and usually, the clergy and the nobility voted to support whatever the king wanted, so the vote of the middle class did not matter. The middle class argued that voting should be "by poll" not by order, because they had more representatives than the first two estates combined. They also wanted the Estates General to meet as one body, so that voting would be by poll, rather than by class.


title: Hayk

text: According to Moses Khorenatsi, after Hayk the son of Torgom became father to Armeneak while living in Babylon, because the arrogant Titan Bel (who is Nimrod, according to Moses) has made himself king of the world, Hayk moves with his family and 300 others to the land of Ararat, and starts a village called "Haykashen". On the way, he leaves one area for his grandson, Cadmus. Bel sends one of his sons to give Hayk a message, saying that he must return to Babylon, but Hayk answers that he will not. Then Bel marches against him with a great army, but Cadmus warns Hayk that he is coming. Hayk gathers his own army on the shore of Lake Van and tells them they must either defeat Bel or die trying, so they will not become his slaves.


title: Hayk

text: After that, he finds Bel's army on a mountain. Moses says this mountain is found at Dastakert. Bel himself is seen in front of his army. In the middle of the battle, Hayk kills Bel with a lucky arrow and Bel's army becomes confused and defeated.


title: Hayk

text: According to other writers, this battle was fought at Dyutsaznamart around Julamerk, southeast of Lake Van, in the year 2501 BC. Hayk builds a castle called "Haykaberd" and the village of Haykashen. He names the country where the battle was fought "Hayk" after himself, and today the name of Armenia is called "Hayastan" and the Armenian people are called "Hay", in their language. Also, in the ancient writings of the Hittites, there was a country called Hayasa in the area.


title: Airfoil

text: An airfoil (in American English, or aerofoil in British English) is the shape of a wing, or blade of a propeller, the blade of a ship's screw or the shape of a sail as seen in cross-section. When moving through a fluid it will provide lift and drag. Lift is not only up, it may be in other directions depending on what it is used for.


title: Connotation

text: Connotation is a meaning that is suggested or implied, as opposed to a denotation, or literal definition.


title: Personal identification number

text: A Personal identification number (abbreviated as PIN) is a number that is used to authenticate a user of a system. It is used to make sure only certain people can get, use, or change information in the system.


title: Digital distribution

text: Digital distribution (also named content delivery), is the delivery (through downloading) of any digital content, including audio, e-books, games, PDFs, pictures, software, and video. Digital distribution is handled through a digital distribution platform that's designed to stream the digital content or allow the content to be downloaded in full.


title: Connotation

text: Today the word has different meanings, but it is always used for the contrast of a word or phrase with its primary, literal meaning (known as a denotation). That can be an implied value judgement or feelings.


title: Personal identification number

text: PINs were created to be used with automated teller machines. Once someone inserts a bank card into the machine, they would be asked to enter a PIN using the buttons on a keypad, and would only be allowed to get their money if they entered the correct PIN. In a similar way, EMV technology makes use of PIN numbers to make sure only the person holding a credit card can make a transaction with it.


title: Digital distribution

text: To make a commercially successful work, artists usually must enter their industry's publishing chain. Publishers help artists advertise, fund and distribute their work to retail outlets. In some industries, particularly video games, artists find themselves bound to publishers, and in many cases unable to make the content they want; the publisher might not think it will profit well. This can quickly lead to the standardization of the content and to the stifling of new, potentially risky ideas.


title: Personal identification number

text: Early PIN numbers only consisted of digits. Today, some banks use PINs made of digits and letters. There are also many new technologies being created to be used instead of PINs, such as using fingerprint scanners.


title: Digital distribution

text: By opting for online distribution, an artist can get their work into the public sphere of interest easily with potentially minimum business overhead. This often leads to cheaper goods for the consumer, increased profits for the artists, as well as increased artistic freedom. Online distribution platforms typically contain or act as a form of digital rights management.


title: Digital distribution

text: Online distribution also opens the door to new business models (e.g., the Open Music Model). For instance, an artist could release one track from an album or one chapter from a book at a time instead of waiting for them all to be completed. This either gives them a cash boost to help continue their projects or indicates that their work might not be financially viable. This is hopefully done before they have spent excessive money and time on a project deemed to remain unprofitable. Video games have increased flexibility in this area, demonstrated by micropayment models. A clear result of these new models is their accessibility to smaller artists or artist teams who do not have the time, funds, or expertise to make a new product in one go.


title: Digital distribution

text: An example of this can be found in the music industry. Indie artists may access the same distribution channels as major record labels, with potentially fewer restrictions and manufacturing costs. There is a growing collection of 'Internet labels' that offer distribution to unsigned or independent artists directly to online music stores, and in some cases marketing and promotion services. Further, many bands are able to bypass this completely, and offer their music for sale via their own independently controlled websites.


title: Digital distribution

text: An issue is the large number of incompatible formats in which content is delivered, restricting the devices that may be used, or making data conversion necessary.


title: Operator

text: In mathematics, an operator is a function (like addition) that acts on one or more numbers to create a new number.


title: Operator

text: The most known operators are those used for the first four arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division (formula_1, formula_2, formula_3, formula_4).


title: Helen Reddy

text: Helen Reddy (25 October 1941 – 29 September 2020) was an Australian actress and singer-songwriter. Her hits are "Angie Baby" and "No Way to Treat a Lady". She was born in Australia in 1941. In the United States she had fifteen singles in the Top 40 of the "Billboard" Hot 100. Her signature hit was "I Am Woman."


title: Bread roll

text: A bread roll is a piece of bread, usually small and round and is usually a side dish. Bread rolls are most times used in the same way as sandwiches are - cut in half, with items like butter placed between the two halves.


title: Helen Reddy

text: Reddy died on 29 September 2020 in Los Angeles, California from dementia-related problems at the age of 78.


title: Bread roll

text: There are many names for bread rolls, especially in local versions of British English. These were named depending on how the dough was made and how the roll was cooked.


title: Bread roll

text: Bread rolls are common in Europe, mostly in Germany and Austria. They are also common in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, and very common in Canada. In Germany and Austria, there is a large variety of bread rolls, ranging from white rolls made with wheat flour, to dark rolls containing mostly rye flour. Many variants include spices, such as coriander and cumin, nuts, or seeds, such as sesame seeds, poppy seed or sunflower seeds.<br>


title: Bread roll

text: An Italian form of bread roll is a small loaf of ciabatta which can be used to make a "panino" (or "panini"). In Denmark and Norway, rolls are called "rundstykker" (literally "round pieces") and are comfort food eaten with butter for special weekend breakfasts.


title: Red River of the North

text: The Red River of the North is in North America. It starts between the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota. It starts where the Bois de Su River and Otter Tail River come together. It goes north through the Red River Valley. It is the border between North Dakota and Minnesota. It goes through Manitoba, Canada. It ends in Lake Winnipeg. From Lake Winnipeg, the water goes to the Nelson River. Then it ends in the Hudson Bay. The Red River flows through the cities Fargo-Moorhead and Grand Forks in the United States.


title: Untermensch

text: Untermensch (plural: Untermenschen) is a term many racist ideologiers use. It can be translated as sub-human or under-human. Nietzsche, and others developed the term Übermensch, to refer to someone who has outgrown himself, and who no longer has all the problems ordinary people have For the Nazis, the Übermensch was someone of Aryan descent. The Untermensch, on the other hand was used for all the people of the races seen as inferior, such as the Jews, the Slavic people, gypsies or black people.


title: Untermensch

text: When the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union, Heinrich Himmler published a booklet, called "Der Untermensch". This brochure was distributed in Germany: it was made to increase the hatred towards the people of the Soviet Union (note: not the Slavic people, the term Slavic people never occurs in the brochure). The booklet was very popular, also with the German allies, such as the people in Croatia, Slovakia or Bulgaria. These people received copies in their own language. The booklet didn't provide much information about the Soviet union, it was mainly used to race hatred. Some people in the Nazi government were against the publication of the booklet: they thought they could convince the common people of the Soviet Union to fight against the Bolsheviks in power. During 1942, the publication of the booklet was stopped.


title: Untermensch

text: In 1924, Fritz Lang published his movie "Die Nibelungen", where he shows that the smith Mime (also called Mimir) as an Untermensch. During the Wochenschau, the Nazis showed several movies with Russian people in simple wooden houses, travelling on badly maintained roads. This was done to show the German people how inferior the people of the Soviet Union were. Needless to say: these clips also were propaganda.


title: Untermensch

text: Movies that were made after the second world war, also show the concept of Untermensch: Louis de Funès has a few of these movies: In his movies, the term is not used for people of other nations seen as inferior, but rather: for people of the own nations, who have character traits that are seen as bad.


title: Untermensch

text: During the Second World War, Japan expanded to China and in Southeast Asia. During that time, prisoners of war and civilians were used for experiments on humans. Unit 731 became known for experiments with chemiclal agents and pathogens, such as those causingthe plague, or smallpox. They also did experiments with poison gas. In Japanese, the people were called "maruta," which can be translated as wood, or material. This a similar value judgement than that of Untermensch.


title: Sigyn

text: Sigyn is a goddess in Norse mythology. She is the wife of Loki. Sigyn is described in the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda. She is said to be a very loyal wife. She is the goddess of fidelity and bonds who stays with Loki even during his final punishment. Her name means victorious and she is often depicted holding a bowl over Loki to catch the venom of a serpent to prevent it from burning him.


title: IPad (4th generation)

text: The fourth generation iPad (sold as iPad with Retina display, sometimes called the iPad 4) is a tablet computer that is made and sold by Apple Inc. The fourth generation iPad kept the same Retina display as the last generation, but added some new features such as the Apple A6X chip, and the Lightning connector, which replaced the 30-pin dock connector. It was shipped with iOS 6, but can run the latest version of iOS, which is iOS 8.


title: IPad (4th generation)

text: The fourth generation iPad was announced on October 16, 2012 at a media event that was held at the California Theatre in San Jose, California. It was available for pre-order online in several countries on October 26. The Wi-Fi version of the device went on sale in several countries on November 2, 2012. The cellular model went on sale a few weeks later.


title: IPad (4th generation)

text: On January 29, 2013, Apple announced a 128 GB version of the 4th generation iPad. It went on sale on February 5, 2013.


title: IPad (4th generation)

text: After the iPad Air was announced on October 22, 2013, the 4th generation iPad was discontinued. It was brought back on March 18, 2014, after the iPad 2 was discontinued.


title: IPad (4th generation)

text: The fourth generation iPad shipped with iOS 6.1. It can act as a hotspot, meaning that it can share its internet connection over Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or USB. It can also access the App Store, where users can buy and install applications for their device.


title: Amy Tan

text: Amy Tan (born February 19, 1952) is an American writer. Her works deal with mother-daughter relationships. Her most well-known work is "The Joy Luck Club". It has been translated into 35 languages. In 1993, a movie was made based on the book.


title: Amy Tan

text: Tan has written several other novels. These include "The Kitchen God's Wife", "The Hundred Secret Senses", "The Bonesetter's Daughter" and "Saving Fish from Drowning". She also wrote a collection of non-fiction essays entitled "The Opposite of Fate: A Book of Musings." Her novel "Saving Fish from Drowning" explores the problems dealt with by a group of people who disappear while on an art expedition in the jungles of Burma. Tan has also written two children's books: "The Moon Lady" (1992) and "Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat" (1994). "Sagwa" was turned into an animated series which aired on PBS. She also appeared on PBS in a short spot encouraging children to write.


title: Rod Blagojevich

text: Rod R. Blagojevich (born December 10, 1956) was 40th Governor of Illinois beginning January 13, 2003 and ending January 29, 2009. He succeeded George Ryan, who would also be arrested for non-related charges. Blagojevich was the first Governor of Illinois to be impeached while in office and the first Democratic politician in over 25 years to face such charges. In February 2020, President Donald Trump ended Blagojevich's prison sentence four years earlier.


title: Double helix

text: In geometry, a double helix (plural double helices) is two helices with the same axis, but they differ by a translation along the axis. The term is most often used in reference to the nucleic acid double helix, the main structure of nucleic like DNA and RNA.


title: Rik Mayall

text: Richard Michael "Rik" Mayall (7 July 1950 – 9 June 2014) was a British comedian and actor and writer of comedy. He starred in many sitcoms, including "Man Down","The Young Ones", "Blackadder", "Filthy Rich and Catflap", "The New Statesman" and "Bottom". He also starred in the movies "Eye of the Needle" (1981), "Drop Dead Fred" (1991) and "Guest House Paradiso" (1999). He also won an Emmy Award in 1997 for "The Willows in Winter" (1995).


title: Gay icon

text: A gay icon is a prominent person (either living or dead) who is liked by the gay community. Gay icons are often glamourous and even flamboyant. They show strength through adversity. They often show a blend of masculine and feminine traits. Sometimes they show no gender traits at all. Gay icons can be male or female. They can be gay, straight, bisexual, or asexual. If they are gay, they can be openly gay or not. Sometimes living gay icons support LGBT causes, sometimes they do not. Some gay icons from history are tragic figures like Saint Sebastian, Oscar Wilde, or Judy Garland. Some more modern gay icons are entertainers like Ellen DeGeneres, Beyoncé, Lady Gaga,Cher, Barbra Streisand, Liza Minnelli, and Freddie Mercury.


title: Rod Blagojevich

text: Blagojevich was born in Chicago, Illinois, the second of four children. His father, Radislav, was an immigrant steel plant laborer from a village near Kragujevac, Serbia. Blagojevich graduated from Chicago's Foreman High School after transferring from Lane Technical High School. He began boxing at a young age.


title: Rik Mayall

text: Mayall was born in Harlow, Essex. When he was three, he moved to Droitwich Spa, Worcestershire. He studied drama at the University of Manchester. He had a relationship with writer Lise Mayer in the early 1980s. He was married to Scottish make-up artist, Barbara Robbin from 1985 until his death. The couple had two daughters and a son together. His autobiography was published in 2005.


title: Rod Blagojevich

text: During 2002, Blagojevich campaigned for his party's nomination to become governor. Blagojevich won a close primary campaign against former Illinois Attorney General Roland Burris and Chicago Public Schools Superintendent Paul Vallas, who ran well in the suburban collar counties of Chicago. Blagojevich finished strongly in Southern Illinois, winning 55% of the primary vote downstate, enough to win a primary victory by a thin margin.


title: Rik Mayall

text: On 9 April 1990, Mayall was injured in a quad bike accident near his home in Devon. After waking up from a coma and having operations, he made a full recovery but was left with epilepsy.


title: Rod Blagojevich

text: In the general election, Blagojevich defeated Topinka and the Green Party's Rich Whitney, outspending Topinka $27 million to $6 million. He attempted to tie Topinka to former Republican governor George Ryan's corruption. Blagojevich won re-election.


title: Rik Mayall

text: Mayall died from a heart attack after a morning run on 9 June 2014 at his home in Barnes, London. He was 56.


title: Rod Blagojevich

text: He was arrested in December 2008 on federal corruption charges, including conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud. Blagojevich was later impeached during January 2009, convicted and removed from office on January 29, 2009. On December 7, 2011, Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in federal prison. He is held at Federal Correctional Institution, Englewood in Jefferson County, Colorado.


title: Rod Blagojevich

text: On May 31, 2018, President Donald Trump, soon after having pardoned commentator Dinesh D'Souza, told reporters that he was considering reducing Blagojevich's sentence (without pardoning him). Trump called Blagojevich's 14-year sentence "unfair", saying that Blagojevich's statements about enriching himself were "stupid", but also the sort of thing "that many other politicians say".


title: Rod Blagojevich

text: President Donald Trump commuted his sentence on February 18, 2020, ending his sentence four years early.


title: Rod Blagojevich

text: Blagojevich has been married to Patricia Mell Blagojevich. They have two children. His family owns a home in Ravenswood, Chicago, but live in Jefferson County, Colorado because of Blagojevich's prison stay.


title: D major

text: D major is a major scale based on D. Its key signature has two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor.


title: D major

text: D major is good for violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which has its four strings tuned to G D A E. The open strings resonate with the D string, producing a special rich sound.


title: D major

text: Because of this, many classical composers chose to write violin concertos in D major. Examples include Mozart's (No. 2, 1775, No. 4, 1775); Ludwig van Beethoven's (1806); Paganini's (No. 1, 1817); Brahms's (1878); Tchaikovsky's (1878); Prokofiev's (No. 1, 1917); Stravinsky's (1931); and Korngold's (1945).


title: D major

text: It is also suitable for guitar music, with drop tuning for the lowest string making two Ds as open strings.


title: D major

text: For some beginning wind instrument students, however, D major is not a very good key, because it transposes to E major for B flat instruments. E major has four sharps, which is harder for new learners to play.


title: D major

text: Still, the clarinet in B-flat is often used for music in D major. It is probably the key with the most sharps that it can play well. However, when some composers write a piece in D minor with B-flat clarinets, they change to clarinets in A if the music changes to D major.


title: D major

text: In the Baroque period, D major was seen as "the key of glory"; so many trumpet pieces were in D major. Examples include concertos by Fasch, Gross, Molter (No. 2), Leopold Mozart, Telemann (No. 2), and Giuseppe Torelli; sonatas by Corelli, Franceschini, Purcell, Torelli; and "The Trumpet Shall Sound" and the "Hallelujah" chorus from Handel's "Messiah".


title: D major

text: After the valve trumpet was invented, composers began to write for trumpet in keys with more flats, so Haydn wrote his famous trumpet concerto in the key of E-flat major.


title: D major

text: 23 of Haydn's 104 symphonies are in D major, making it the most often used main key of his symphonies. A great number of Mozart's unnumbered symphonies are in D major, namely K. 66c, 81/73, 97/73m, 95/73n, 120/111a and 161/163/141a. The symphony came from the overture, and "D major was by far the most common key for overtures in the second half of the eighteenth century."


title: D major

text: Scriabin saw D major as golden in color and when he talked to Rimsky-Korsakov, he gave an example from one of Rimsky-Korsakov's own operas where a character sang in D major about gold.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: A number of problems from graph theory are called Minimum spanning tree. In graph theory, a tree is a way of connecting all the vertices together, so that there is exactly one path from any one vertex, to any other vertex of the tree. If the graph represents a number of cities connected by roads, one could select a number of roads, so that each city can be reached from every other, but that there is no more than one way to travel from one city to another.


title: Hula

text: Hula is a word in the Hawaiian language. Male dancers and female dancers can both dance hula. A long time ago, hula dance was used only in special ceremonies. Now, hula dance is mainly for entertainment.


title: Headlamp

text: A headlamp is a light bulb mounted on the front of a machine. Normally it is mounted on a car. It shines forward. It can be turned on and off. It is used to see ahead of the machine so it wouldn't drive into trees or telephone poles. Incandescent bulbs and a variant known as halogen bulbs are the most common types. They are normally bright.


title: Comorbidity

text: In medicine the term comorbidity is used to describe diseases and conditions that often occur together with another disease or condition. The first disease or disorder is called "primary". In many cases, the primary condition or disease does not cause the comorbid disorders. However, they may both be caused or partly caused by the same thing, for example a genetic mutation or a traumatic experience.


title: Riace bronzes

text: The Bronzi di Riace (), sometimes "Riace Warriors", (460–430 BCE) are two large monumental Greek bronze sculptures. The statues are of nude bearded warriors. It is possible the statues depict two individuals. It is more likely that they represent "types". Rich Romans were collectors of Greek sculpture. It is probable the two warriors were being transported from their original site in Greece to one in Rome. Since the two warriors share so many similarities, they probably formed part of one Greek monument.


title: Hadash

text: Hadash, Hebrew: חד"ש , meaning "New", a Hebrew acronym of "HaHazit HaDemokratit LeShalom uLeShivion", Hebrew: החזית הדמוקרטית לשלום ולשוויון ,


title: Dead reckoning

text: Dead Reckoning (or DR) is a method of estimating a position. It is an important part of navigation. It uses the last known point (a fix), and speed and direction the vehicle or person has moved since it was at the fix, to make a good guess where the current position is.


title: Voiceless pharyngeal fricative

text: The voiceless pharyngeal fricative is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is in Arabic.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: A graph can have more than one spanning tree, just like there may be more than one way to select the roads between the cities.


title: Hula

text: A hula dancer usually wears a grass skirt or a leaf skirt, a flower necklace (called "lei" in Hawaiian), and sometimes a flower in the hair.


title: Comorbidity

text: As an example, a patient may have antisocial personality disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The two conditions are "comorbid". Another patient might suffer from borderline personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and bipolar disorder. The three conditions are "comorbid".


title: Riace bronzes

text: The bronzes were found in the Ionian Sea on 16 August 1972 by Stefano Mariottini. He was on a scuba diving vacation near Reggio Calabria, Italy. The sculptures were found not far from shore at Riace Marina, a village near Porto Foricchio. The area was on an important shipping lane between the ports of Rome and the coastal cities of Greece. The bronzes may have been in an ancient shipwreck. They were either ripped from their moorings or thrown overboard to lighten the load.


title: Hadash

text: the Arab version: "al-Jabhah ad-Dimuqrāṭiyyah lis-Salām wa'l-Musāwah", Arab: الجبهة الديمقراطية للسلام والمساواة ,


title: Dead reckoning

text: It is used to track where a ship or airplane or sometimes where a vehicle on land is at. Now, Global Positioning System (GPS) is used and dead reckoning is not as important. But it is still used in areas where GPS is not available or for short periods of time if a GPS update is missed. It is also good to know in case the GPS satellites are damaged by a solar flare, or equipment is lost or broken, so it is still taught to sailors and pilots.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: Most of the time, graphs are weighted; each connection between two cities has a weight: It might cost something to travel on a given road, or one connection may be longer than the other, this means it takes more time to travel on that connection. In the language of graph theory, the connections are called "edges".


title: Hula

text: Traditionally, the hula dancer dances to a chant (a poem that is sung to a rhythm). The chanter beats his or her hand on a gourd (dried, empty squash) to create the rhythm.


title: Riace bronzes

text: The eyes are made of bone and glass. The teeth are made of silver. The lips and nipples are made of copper. The warriors once held spears and shields. One warrior once wore a helmet pushed up atop his head. The bronzes are in the Museo Nazionale della Magna Grecia in Reggio Calabria.


title: Hadash

text: Hadash is cooperating with Balad and Ta'al as HaReshima HaMeshutefet (Hebrew) or al-Qa'imah al-Mushtarakah (Arab) (both meaning "The Joint List"). Together they have 6 seats.


title: Dead reckoning

text: Dead Reckoning is how the sailors mapped the world after Christopher Columbus came to the New World. Using the stars, they could find their latitude (distance between the equator and the poles). But before accurate clocks were created, they could not tell their longitude (how far east or west they were) unless they saw land that they knew. So to cross the oceans they used dead reckoning. This is also how Richard Byrd became the first person to fly to the North Pole in 1926. He was able to fly for 16 hours and come back to the place he had left, with only ice fields beneath him.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: A minimum spanning tree is a tree. It is different from other trees in that it minimizes the total of the "weights" attached to the edges. Depending on what the graph looks like, there may be more than one minimum spanning tree. In a graph where all the edges have the same weight, every tree is a minimum spanning tree. If all the edges have different weights (that is: there are no two edges with the same weight), there is exactly one minimal spanning tree.


title: Hula

text: There are many kinds of hula dance. For example, the Hawaiian hula dance style is slow and the Tahitian hula dance style is fast.


title: Dead reckoning

text: Dead reckoning starts from a known point (the fix). Then the speed of the vehicle needs to be known. In old times, ships would throw a log over the side (tied to a rope) and count how long it took to pass this log (or to pull a rope with knots and count how many knots get pulled out in a certain amount of time). This would give the speed of the ship. Knowing the direction from a compass would give the direction. From these two numbers an estimate (a good guess) could be made about the current location of the vehicle. However, a wind pushes the vehicle to one side (called "drift") so this needs to be measured as well. Also there are currents in the water, even in the middle of the ocean. Over time this could make errors as well, so charts were made to correct for currents.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: In this case, "safe" means that including the edge does not form a cycle in the graph. A cycle means starting at a vertex, travelling to a number of other vertices and ending up at the starting point again without using the same edge twice.


title: Dead reckoning

text: Airplanes can measure their windspeed easily (how fast they are going through the air), but not how fast they are moving over the land (called "ground speed"). A head wind, tail wind, or cross wind changes the ground speed. If the altitude of the plane is known, then the ground speed can be found by timing how fast the plane goes past an object on the ground. (The higher you are, the slower the ground seems to move). A window on the floor of the airplane can be used to find the ground speed and the drift of the airplane.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: Czech scientist Otakar Borůvka developed the first known algorithm for finding a minimum spanning tree, in 1926. He wanted to solve the problem of finding an efficient coverage of Moravia with electricity. Today, this algorithm is known as Borůvka's algorithm.


title: Dead reckoning

text: A vehicle on ground can also use dead reckoning. Usually they do not need to worry about drift from the wind, and there are no currents on land, so this reckoning is easier.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: Two other algorithms are commonly used today. One of them was developed by Vojtěch Jarník in 1930, and put in practice by Robert Clay Prim in 1957. Edsger Wybe Dijkstra rediscovered it in 1959, and called it Prim's algorithm. The other algorithm is called Kruskal's algorithm, and was pulbished by Joseph Kruskal in 1956. All three algorithms are greedy, and run in polynomial time.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: The fastest minimum spanning tree algorithm to date was developed by Bernard Chazelle. The algorithm is based on the soft heap,


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: Its running time is "O"("m" α("m","n")), where "m" is the number of edges, "n" is the number of vertices and α is the classical functional inverse of the Ackermann function. The function α grows extremely slowly, so that for all practical purposes it may be considered a constant no greater than 4; thus Chazelle's algorithm takes very close to linear time.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: What is the fastest possible algorithm for this problem? That is one of the oldest open questions in computer science. There is clearly a linear lower bound, since we must at least examine all the weights. If the edge weights are integers with a bounded bit length, then deterministic algorithms are known with linear running time.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: The problem can also be approached in a distributed manner. If each node is considered a computer and no node knows anything except its own connected links, one can still calculate the distributed minimum spanning tree.


title: Oyster card

text: The Oyster card is a form of electronic ticketing used on public transport services within London. It is promoted by Transport for London and is valid on a number of different travel systems across London including London Underground, buses, the Docklands Light Railway (DLR), London Overground, trams, some river boat services and most National Rail services within the London Fare Zones. More importantly, it is very similar to Travelcard, a branch from the original London's e-payment cards.


title: Nastia Liukin

text: Anastasia Valeri'yevna "Nastia" Liukina (simply credited as Nastia Liukin, born 1989, Moscow, Russia, USSR) is a Russian born American artistic gymnast. She is daughter of Anna Kotchneva, former rhythmic gymnast and Valeri Liukin, a former artistic gymnast. He is also her coach. The family moved to America when Nastia was a baby. She trains in Texas. Liukin won the all-around Olympic gold medal in the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics. She is fluent in both Russian and American English.


title: Bookmaker

text: A bookmaker, bookie or Turf Accountant is person or company that collect bets for sporting events. Bets are placed and winnings are paid when the chosen team wins or event happens. The most popular bet will be for winning team. If chosen team wins - person betting will win their money back with some earnings.


title: Hot wings

text: Hot wings are pieces of chicken that are fried and cooked, then smothered in sauce. Hot wings can vary in how hot they are, from being mild to very spicy. They are sometimes called Buffalo Wings because they originated from Buffalo, New York.


title: Oyster card

text: A standard Oyster card is a blue credit card-sized stored value card which can hold a variety of single tickets, period tickets and travel permits which must be added to the card prior to travel. It is also a contactless smart card which passengers must touch onto an electronic reader when entering and leaving the transport system in order to validate it or deduct funds. The cards may be "recharged" in person from numerous sales points, by recurring payment authority or by online purchase. The card is designed to reduce the number of transactions at ticket offices and the number of single paper tickets sold on the London transport network. Use is encouraged by offering substantially cheaper fares on Oyster than payment with cash.


title: Bookmaker

text: Bookmakers are very popular in UK and Ireland. The person betting can chose from many variations. Most bets are made in sports like football, horse racing and rugby. Some bets can be placed for events too, like Oscar or presidential winners.


title: Oyster card

text: The card was first issued to the public in July 2003 with a limited range of features and there continues to be a phased introduction of further functions. By June 2010, over 34 million Oyster cards had been issued and more than 80% of all journeys on services run by Transport for London used the Oyster card.


title: Eric Braeden

text: Eric Braeden (born Hans-Jörg Gudegast; April 3, 1941) is a German-American movie and television actor, best known for his role as Victor Newman on the soap opera "The Young and the Restless", as Hans Dietrich in the 1960s TV series "The Rat Patrol", and as John Jacob Astor IV in the 1997 film "Titanic". Braeden won a Daytime Emmy Award in 1998 for Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for the role of Victor Newman.


title: Sound effect

text: A sound effect or audio effect is a sound used for movies, television, apps, music, or other types of media. There are lots of sound effects that we hear everyday. One of the techniques used to make a sound is banging or hitting a wall, a table, or desk.


title: Paleolithic diet

text: The modern diet known as the paleolithic diet (abbreviated as 'paleo diet' or 'paleodiet') is a way of eating. It is also called the 'caveman diet', 'Stone Age diet' or 'hunter-gatherer diet'.


title: The Scientist

text: "The Scientist" is the second single from English alternative rock band Coldplay's second album, "A Rush of Blood to the Head". The song was written by all the band members for the album together. It is built around a piano ballad. Its lyrics tell the story about a man's desire to love and about an apology. The song was released in the United Kingdom as the second single from "A Rush of Blood to the Head" and reached number 10 in the UK Charts. It was released in the United States as the third single and reached number 18 on "Billboard's" Modern Rock Tracks.


title: Citizens band radio

text: Citizens band radio (also known as CB radio) is, in many countries, a system of short-distance radio communications between individuals on a selection of 40 channels within the 27 MHz (11 m) band. Citizens band not the same as the Amateur Radio Service ("ham" radio) which has a much longer range. In many countries, CB operation does not require a license to operate. It may be used for business or personal communications.


title: Eric Braeden

text: Braeden was born in Bredenbek, Germany to German parents. Braeden was educated at the University of Montana. Braeden is married to Dale Russell Gudegast since 1966 and have two children together. Braeden currently lives in Los Angeles, California.


title: Paleolithic diet

text: It is based on the wild plants and animals which humans ate in the Paleolithic era. This was a period about 2.5 million years long: it ended around 10,000 years ago, when people began farming. The term "Paleolithic diet" may also refer to what people actually ate back then instead of the diet today.<ref name="doi:10.1080/11026480510032043">


title: The Scientist

text: Critics praised "The Scientist". Several remixes of the track have been made. Its riff has been widely sampled. The single's music video won three MTV Music Video Awards, for the video's use of reverse narrative. The song was also featured on the band's 2003 live album "Live 2003".