title: Brandy

text: Brandy has a traditional age grading system, although its use is unregulated outside of Cognac and Armagnac. These indicators can usually be found on the label near the brand name:


title: Applied science

text: Applied science is about using the findings of science to do something. In the natural sciences, this is done by engineering. In sciences such as psychology, this can mean using theoretical findings to improve a test method, for example.


title: Applied science

text: Applied research is generally done to solve a problem. Applied chemists invented refrigerants long ago to cool things. Some refigerants escape into the atmosphere and damage the ozone layer, so chemists have developed new refrigerants in another example of applied research. This work not driven by a desire to know, but by a desire to solve a specific problem.


title: President of the French Republic

text: The President of the French Republic is the head of state of France. The current President is Emmanuel Macron since 14 May 2017 defeating Marine Le Pen in the second round of the presidential election on 7 May 2017.


title: Jujutsu

text: The systems of unarmed combat which were developed and practiced during the Muromachi period known as . For example, a samurai might defend himself with "jujutsu" if he was without his swords.


title: MySQL

text: MySQL is a database system used by many websites on the Internet. It is based on SQL. Many ways of doing things in SQL are similar in MySQL. The data is structured in tables in MySQL. And to extract data from the tables queries are used.


title: MySQL

text: MySQL was first released in May 1995 and a Windows version was released in January 1998. The latest version (5.6.11) was released in April 2013.


title: MySQL

text: MySQL is compatible with many major programming languages. The most common one is PHP. An ODBC interface (called MyODBC) has been made so that users of Microsoft's ASP language can use MySQL.


title: Francis II of France

text: Francis II of France (January 19, 1544 – December 5, 1560) was a King of France and a member of the House of Valois.


title: Adolphe Thiers

text: Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers ( , ; 15 April 17973 September 1877) was a French politician and historian. He was the second elected President of France, and the first President of the French Third Republic.


title: Francis II of France

text: Francis was born in Fontainebleau, France, on January 19, 1544. His parents were Henry II of France and Catherine of Medici.


title: Francis II of France

text: Francis died in Orleans, France, on December 5, 1560 because of an ear infection. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica, next to King Charles IX of France.


title: Egon Schiele

text: Egon Schiele (12 June 1890 – 31 October 1918) (, or SHEE-luh) was a painter from Austria. Some people see his work as expressionist, but also in the art nouveau movement. With Gustav Klimt and Oskar Kokoschka, he was among the most important artists of Wiener Moderne. The most important collection of Schiele's work is in the Leopold Museum in Vienna.


title: Chelicerata

text: The Chelicerata are a sub-phylum of the Arthropods. The sub-phylum consists of only two classes: the Arachnids and the Merostomata.


title: Riau

text: Riau is a province of Indonesia. It is on the central eastern coast of Sumatra. Its capital city is Pekanbaru. Riau is rich in natural resources. It has petroleum, natural gas, rubber, and palm oil.


title: Egon Schiele

text: Schiele died of influenza, at only 28 years old of the pandemic known as Spanish flu, which killed between 20 and 100 million people.


title: Chelicerata

text: The Merostomata are the extinct Eurypterids and the horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura). The horseshoe crabs are a small, ancient group which has survived relatively unchanged for millions of years. Groups like this are often called living fossils. The Arachnida is the huge and successful terrestrial (air-breathing) group of spiders and their relatives.


title: Chelicerata

text: The chelicerates originated as marine animals. The first confirmed chelicerate fossils, the eurypterids, date from 445 million years ago in the late Ordovician period. Although only four marine species survive, all of them horseshoe crabs, there are over 77,000 species of air-breathing chelicerates, and there may be about 500,000 unidentified species.


title: Chelicerata

text: The pycnogonids may or may not be Chelicerates. This is in dispute, as genetic evidence suggests they may be an ancient sister group to all other living arthropods. There are 1,300 species of these 'sea spiders'.


title: Free Democratic Party (Germany)

text: The Free Democratic Party or Freie Demokratische Partei, short FDP (from 1968 to 2001 F.D.P.) is a political party in Germany. The party advocates for a more free market economy. Although they agree to some aspects of the German welfare state, they want to see a reduction in government spending and a movement to privatization.


title: J. P. Morgan

text: John Pierpont Morgan (April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913) was an American banker and art collector. He became one of the richest men of his era. He founded the bank now called JPMorgan Chase, one of the oldest banks in the world today.


title: Catherine of Siena

text: Saint Catherine of Siena (March 25, 1347 – April 29, 1380) was a saint. She was born in Sienna and died in Rome. She promoted peace in Italy and is one of the two patron saints of Italy; the other being Saint Francis of Assisi


title: Free Democratic Party (Germany)

text: The FDP was founded in West Germany in September of 1945 in the state of Hamburg. It became member of the state parliament of Hamburg in its first election.


title: J. P. Morgan

text: J.P. Morgan was thought of as intelligent, he focused his attention in mathematics in preparation for employment in commerce.


title: Catherine of Siena

text: She was born Katerina de Benincasa in western Italy, the 25th of 25 children. She was born at the time of the Black Death, or Bubonic Plague. Although it probably killed many she knew, she herself did not contract the disease and survived the epidemic. She had a twin sister, who died several months later. Her family was part of the lower classes and she did not become literate until 1378.


title: Free Democratic Party (Germany)

text: Similar liberal parties were founded in other German states, most of them successful in getting mandates.


title: J. P. Morgan

text: In 1852, when Morgan was 15 years old, he had rheumatic fever. After recovery he was deformed. J.P. Morgan was aloof and refused to have his photograph taken; all of his professional portraits were retouched.


title: Catherine of Siena

text: At the age of six, Catherine had a vision of Jesus Christ. She continued to receive many visions throughout her life. At age 12, Catherine cut off her hair and was obligated to serve her family, living in small quarters in the basement. At the age of 16, she entered the Third Order of Saint Dominic and later became a Dominican nun.


title: Free Democratic Party (Germany)

text: In 1947, on March 17th, the "Demokratische Partei Deutschlands" (DPD) was founded as a whole-Germany liberal party by Theodor Heuss and Wilhelm Külz, but it broke down after a short while.


title: J. P. Morgan

text: When J.P. Morgan reached the age of 20, he became a banker in his father’s London office and later went to Duncan, Sherman & Company in New York City.


title: Catherine of Siena

text: She wrote a book called "Dialogue", which taught that if you love your neighbors it is loving God. She also devoted her life to improving the Catholic church, helping the ill, poor, and spiritually underprivileged. Catherine persuaded the pope to return from Avignon, France and back into Rome. She also tried to start a new Crusade to the holy land, Jerusalem. She died of “holy anorexia”, as she ate very little in the name of God. She became a saint in 1461, and was later made a Doctor of the Church in 1970 by Pope Paul VI and a patron of Europe in 1999.


title: Free Democratic Party (Germany)

text: In its first years the main part of the party followed a national-liberal way. Liberal in the economical field, but very conserative in most other fields.


title: J. P. Morgan

text: He excelled in banking and partnered with a lot of other companies. J.P. Morgan bought businesses, and was a hands on leader. He followed the process of reorganizing them known then as “Morganization”. He renamed his company to J.P Morgan & Company in 1895. At the time it became one of the most powerful banks in the world.


title: Free Democratic Party (Germany)

text: The FDP was the smaller partner of the CDU under Konrad Adenauer. It was member of the West German government from 1949 to 1966.


title: J. P. Morgan

text: J.P. Morgan took control of the railroad companies. He also financed and reorganized railroads all in the US. He later purchased the Ley Land Line of Atlantic Steamships and other boat lines, which included the White Star Line, builder of the RMS Titanic. He joined several steel companies together to make the United States Steel Corporation.


title: Free Democratic Party (Germany)

text: In 1969 the FDP returned to government. But now the FDP was partner of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands under Willy Brandt, later Helmut Schmidt.


title: J. P. Morgan

text: During the , when a shortage of the gold caused a devaluation of the Dollar, the US president Grover Cleveland asked J.P. Morgan to loan $65 million in gold to the US Treasury. J.P. lent the gold, "saving" the Treasury and the Dollar.


title: Free Democratic Party (Germany)

text: The party changed its values. Left-liberal positions were the leading ideas of the FDP at that time and included ideas like


title: J. P. Morgan

text: Morgan’s enemies attacked him for his loan terms on gold that was lent to the US government during the 1895 crisis, for the way he solved the panic of 1907, for hurting the Hartfort RR company by causing money problems, and turning the US steel corporation into a monopoly (by trying to take control of the making of bridges, ships, RR cars, rails, wire, nails, and other markets.).


title: Free Democratic Party (Germany)

text: civil rights and giving everyone the chance for a good education (guaranteed state stipendia, no more study fees, more higher education schools).


title: J. P. Morgan

text: JP Morgan was one of the richest men in the world (if he wanted to, he and all his partner companies could have bought all the land owned by all of the 22 US states west of the Mississippi River at that time (worth about $22.245 billion)). He did this through buying many companies and taking them over, usually becoming monopolies.


title: Free Democratic Party (Germany)

text: It changed again in 1982, when the government crashed on Schmidt and elected Helmut Kohl of the CDU as the new chancellor.


title: J. P. Morgan

text: The JP Morgan Company still runs today under the name of JPMorgan Chase owned by stockholders. Today, it is one of the oldest banks in the world and a leading bank in the world.


title: Free Democratic Party (Germany)

text: It became more and more a single issue party with its only interest in a low tax tariff - especially for high incomes.


title: Free Democratic Party (Germany)

text: It fought for study fees now and against social security. It secretary general said one day "We are the party of the best-incomes".


title: Free Democratic Party (Germany)

text: The party's unofficial motto is "So viel Staat wie nötig, so wenig Staat wie möglich!", meaning "as much state as necessary, as little state as possible!"


title: John Hurt

text: Sir John Vincent Hurt, CBE (22 January 1940 – 25 January 2017) was an English movie, television, voice, and stage actor. He is known for his roles in "The Elephant Man", "Melancholia", "Immortals", "Alien", "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" and for his role as the War Doctor in "Doctor Who". He won a Golden Globe Award and two BAFTA Awards.


title: John Hurt

text: Hurt was born on 22 January 1940 in Shirebrook, Derbyshire. Hurt was married to Annette Robertson from 1962 until they divorced in 1964. He was married to Donna Peacock from 1984 until they divorced in 1990. He was married to Jo Dalton from 1990 until they divorced in 1996. He married Ann Rees Meyers in 2005. Hurt had two sons with Dalton.


title: John Hurt

text: In June 2015, Hurt announced that he had been diagnosed with early-stage pancreatic cancer. He confirmed that he would continue to work while undergoing treatment, and said that both he and his medical team were "more than optimistic about a satisfactory outcome". Following treatment, Hurt stated that he was in remission on 12 October 2015.


title: John Hurt

text: Hurt died on 25 January 2017 from pancreatic cancer in Cromer, Norfolk, three days after his 77th birthday.


title: Giovanni Bellini

text: Giovanni Bellini (; c. 1430 – 26 November 1516) was an Italian Renaissance painter based in Venice. His father Jacopo and his brother Gentile were also painters, as was his brother-in-law Mantegna.


title: Giovanni Bellini

text: Bellini used a coloristic style exemplified by his use of clear oil paints, deep colors, and detailed shadings. His atmospheric landscapes influenced Venetian painting, particularly the work done by his pupils, Giorgione and Titian.


title: Leh

text: Leh is a city in the Leh District of Ladakh. It was the capital of the Himalayan kingdom of Ladakh. Leh is at an altitude of , at a distance from the right bank of the Indus River.


title: Archosaur

text: Archosaurs are a large group of reptiles, including all crocodiles, birds, dinosaurs, and pterosaurs (flying reptiles). There are also a number of smaller extinct groups, mostly from the Triassic period.


title: Dietary fiber

text: Dietary fiber is the part of food from plants that cannot be digested. Dietary fiber helps to absorb water or remove waste from the body. Dietary fiber has many parts that plants have, and is eaten in plant foods.


title: Leh

text: The town is still dominated by the now ruined Leh Palace, former home of the royal family of Ladakh. The palace resembles a mini version of the Potala Palace in Tibet. Leh and other places of Ladakh are renowned for Buddhist culture and monasteries. The wonders of this land include golden statue of Buddha, high class paintings, ancient manuscripts and the monasteries. The famous moasteries include Hemis, Aalchi, Chuglamsar, Mulbekh, Shey, Spitak, and Thiksey. The mosque of Leh was built by prince Namgyal Singe in 1594. The mosque is a fine model of Turkish and Iranian architecture.


title: Archosaur

text: The Archosaurs are definitely a monophyletic clade, and do not include reptiles such as the Squamata (lizards and snakes) and the Sphenodontia ("Sphenodon").


title: Dietary fiber

text: Dietary fiber includes substances like cellulose, wax and lignin, among others. The term "fiber" is not the best way to describe it, because many of these substances are not actually fibers.


title: Leh

text: The first Muslim ruler of Kashmir, Sultan Sadruddin was a Ladakhi. His real name was Gialpo, (Prince) Renchan. He came down to Kashmir Valley in the reign of Raja Sahdev and acquired a place in the courtiers of the army Chief Ram Chandra. By and by he succeeded in rising to the throne in 1324. He married Ram Chandra's daughter Kotarani who later on proved to be a courageous and enterprising lady. King Renchan embraced Islam at the hands of a Muslim saint and preacher Abdur Rehman, Bulbul Shah and adopted the name of Sultan Saruddin for himself. He died in 1327 after ruling the country far a short period of 3 years.


title: Archosaur

text: The archosaurs or their immediate ancestors survived the catastrophic Permian–Triassic extinction event. Benton comments: "The key tetrapods to benefit from the Permo-Triassic mass extinction was the Archosauromorpha". Then, in the early and middle Triassic, there was rapid evolution into the types of aquatic and land tetrapods which dominated the rest of the Mesozoic era.


title: Dietary fiber

text: Dietary Fiber is grouped if it is soluble or insoluble. Soluble means if it helps to absorb water or not. If it is insoluble, it helps remove wastes from the body.


title: Leh

text: A Mughal chieftain Haider Douglat attempted to invade Kashmir for the first time in 1542 through Ladakh. In June 1715, two Italian priests Epo Lito and Emanuel Khariray reached Leh from Rome via Srinagar. There is a small community of Christians in Leh now. In the past, Leh has been an important centre for trade between India and the states of Turkestan. A road leads to Central Asian countries from here through the Karakoram Pass.


title: Archosaur

text: This is an even wider group, which includes diapsid Sauropsida which appeared in the middle Permian and Triassic periods. Their relationships are not well established at present.


title: Cortisol

text: Cortisol also called the stress hormone, is produced in the adrenal gland. It is a steroid hormone. Cortisol's purpose is to help the body:


title: Zermatt

text: It is found to the north of the Matterhorn in the German-speaking and mostly Roman Catholic section of the canton, near the Italian border.


title: Zermatt

text: Zermatt has a local population of 5,500 people, but the actual population changes through the seasons as tourists come and go.


title: Zermatt

text: Zermatt is a famed ski resort and is a tourist destination. Until the mid-1800s, it was mostly a farming community; its name, as well as that of the Matterhorn itself, derives from the alpine meadows, or "matten", in the valley. In the German language, the town is "Zur Matte", or "in the meadow."


title: Zermatt

text: The town was "discovered" mid-century by British mountaineers, most notably Edward Whymper, whose conquest of the Matterhorn made the village famous worldwide.


title: Zermatt

text: Zermatt is a closed village, which means that non-Swiss nationals are not permitted to buy property within the area. May is the worst time to visit this city, as most of the streets are muddy.


title: Zermatt

text: Zermatt is a good place to start many hikes into the surrounding mountains, such as the Haute Route that ultimately leads to Chamonix in France. A complex of cable cars and chair lifts carry skiers in the winter and hikers in the summer; the highest of them leads to the Klein Matterhorn, a small outcropping on the ridge between Breithorn and Matterhorn that offers cool views in all directions. It is possible to cross into Italy via the Cervinia cable car station.


title: Zermatt

text: Any automobile that uses an engine is not allowed in Zermatt because of concerns for air pollution. Electric vehicles are allowed for local commerces. The Cantonal police allow some people to park in the northern section of this city. Some emergency vehicles (firetrucks, ambulance..) are also allowed to use combustion engines.


title: Zermatt

text: Zermatt is well known throughout the world for its great skiing, especially Triftji for its moguls. The high altitude results in consistent skiing continuously up until the summer.


title: Zermatt

text: Skiing in Zermatt is split up into four distinct areas; Sunnegga, Gornegrat, Klein Matterhorn and Schwarzsee. There is also a connection to Cervinia and Valtournenche in Italy.


title: XHTML

text: XHTML stands for eXtensible HyperText Markup Language. It is markup used to design websites and webpages.


title: Mileva Marić

text: Mileva Marić (1875-1948) was a Serbian physicist. She was one of the first women to study physics. She was Albert Einstein's first wife. They were married from 1902 to 1919. They had a daughter, Lieserl, born in 1902, and two sons, Hans-Albert and Eduard.


title: Shrek 2

text: Shrek 2 is a 2004 animated comedy movie and is the second movie in the "Shrek" movie series. It was directed by Andrew Adamson, Kelly Asbury and Conrad and stars Mike Myers as Shrek, Eddie Murphy as the Donkey, Cameron Diaz as Fiona, Antonio Banderas as Puss in Boots, Julie Andrews as Fiona's mother, Rupert Everett as Prince Charming, John Cleese as Fiona's father and Jennifer Saunders as Fairy Godmother. Like the first movie, this one is a parody of fairy tales. It was followed by "Shrek the Third".


title: XHTML

text: XHTML is much more strict than ordinary HTML, and is based on both XML and HTML. Due to the lax nature of HTML, different web browsers can sometimes display websites incorrectly since there is more than one way to interpret poorly written HTML. The strict and formal nature of XHTML, once fully adopted will allow for web browsers to display the same page correctly between them. Proper XHTML is also easier to read for humans.


title: Mileva Marić

text: Marić and Einstein separated in 1914. Marić took the boys and returned to Zurich from Berlin. They divorced in 1919. That same year Einstein married again. When he won the Nobel Prize in 1921, he gave the money to Marić to support their sons. She could use the interest earned by the prize money.


title: Shrek 2

text: Singer and songwriter Adam Duritz from Counting Crows said that his band's song, "Accidentally in Love", "fits into the movie because it's the story of people who fall in love who weren't supposed to fall in love." Composer James Horner operated the sound of the score on different levels which James said as "Fun". His score came out as an Eels song into a romantic scene with Shrek and Fiona, or a funny scene with Donkey. George Bruns did not compose the film score with Horner, due to a conflict.


title: XHTML

text: The line break tag in HTML does not have a closing tag, you just type it once and it creates a line break. In XHTML the rule is that tags that do not have an closing tag must close themselves within the initial tag. These tags are called "empty tags." Another empty tag is <hr /> which inserts a "horizontal rule" or dividing line.


title: Sprite

text: Sprite is a lemon-lime soda, similar to 7 UP and Sierra Mist. It is made by the Coca-Cola Company. It has no caffeine. In 2009, its logo was changed.


title: Counterculture

text: Counterculture is a term used in psychology and sociology. People use it to describe a set of views that are not of the "mainstream". These values are in contrast to what the mainstream people believe. An example of a counterculture that was started in the 1960s is the culture of the hippies. This counterculture focused on drug use, sexual freedom (freedom of choice), and women's rights.


title: Perlis

text: Perlis is a state in Malaysia that is on the very northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia, bordering Thailand. The capital city of Perlis is Kangar.


title: Antipsychotic

text: Antipsychotic drugs or Neuroleptics are drugs that act on the central nervous system, and that usually have sedating properties. The name "neuroleptic" was introduced in 1955, from the 1990s, the term "antipsychotic" is used more frequently. Neuroleptics make the patient calm. Today, they are mostly used for the treatment of psychosis, as it occurs in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. They can also be used to treat depression and mood swings. Very strong antipsychotics can be combined with an opioid to produce a special analgesic; the patient will be conscious, but heavily sedated, and feel very little pain.


title: Lactose intolerance

text: Lactose intolerance is when a person cannot digest milk or milk products (such as cheese or yogurt). All mammals start off on mother's milk, and almost all change to a non-milk diet, a process we call "weaning".


title: Cory Booker

text: Cory Anthony Booker (born April 27, 1969) is an American politician and the junior United States Senator from New Jersey. He is a member of the U.S. Democratic Party. He has been in office since 2013. Before being senator, he served as mayor of Newark from 2006 to 2013.


title: Vermouth

text: Vermouth is a sweet wine, that has been converted to a spirit. It usually has between 15 and 18 percent of alcohol. Also, certain herbs are added to flavour the wine. Its name is derived from a plant called Artemisia absinthium, which makes it taste slightly bitter. It is often used for cocktails. In its current form, Vermouth was first made in Turin, in 1757. In the 19th century, it was also produced in France. Vermouth is also popular in parts of Spain. Vermouth is sometimes used as a substitute for white wine in cooking.


title: Antipsychotic

text: The main inventor of this drug was Andrew J. Smith whom at the time was 16 when he made it. He created this drug that has saved hundreds of people with schizophrenia.


title: Lactose intolerance

text: Lactose is a disaccharide sugar (double sugar molecule). To be digested it must be split (digested) into two simple sugars (monosaccharides), glucose and galactose.


title: Cory Booker

text: His first mayoral campaign in Newark, New Jersey, against incumbent Mayor Sharpe James in 2002, was documented in the 2005 feature movie "Street Fight".


title: Vermouth

text: Vermouth is not the same as the spirit called Absinthe. Absinthe is also based on Artemisia absinthium, but it has 45-50 percent alcohol per volume.


title: Lactose intolerance

text: An enzyme called lactase is needed to break it down. People with lactose intolerance do not have this enzyme or make only small quantities. Because of this they are unable to digest lactose.


title: Cory Booker

text: From February 2019 to January 2020, Booker unsuccessfully ran for the 2020 Democratic nomination for President of the United States.


title: Lactose intolerance

text: Up to 75% of people worldwide begin to lose the ability to digest lactose as they grow into adults. This loss of ability ranges from 5% in northern Europe, to over 71% in Sicily and to over 90% in parts of Africa and Asia. There is no cure for lactose intolerance. Those people need to change their diet to eat and drink substances with very little lactose. There are many milk substitutes.


title: Cory Booker

text: Many news articles believe that Booker would be a popular Democratic candidate for the 2020 presidential election against Donald Trump.


title: Lactose intolerance

text: Milk is not a fermented product. If is not digested, then it may ferment in the small intestine which can cause a problem called pseudoallergy. Amino acids are changed to other substances, which may act in much the same way as histamine in a true allergy.


title: Cory Booker

text: On February 1, 2019, Booker launched his presidential campaign for the Democratic nomination. He ended his campaign on January 13, 2020.


title: Lactose intolerance

text: Lactose intolerance is not the same as milk allergy, which is an immune reaction to some of the proteins in milk.


title: Cory Booker

text: His brother is Cary Booker II, named after their father Cary Booker. In 1969, his parents fought hard against racism by insisting to buy a house in an area where black people were not welcome.


title: Lactose intolerance

text: Normally infant mammals drink their mother's milk. Then the gene which causes the body to make lactase is switched off, and the young move on to adult food. They can no longer digest milk.


title: Cory Booker

text: In 2020, he learned that he and entertainer RuPaul are cousins; they discovered it by appearing on the TV show "Finding Your Roots".


title: Lactose intolerance

text: Humans are somewhat different from other mammals. Some humans continue to produce lactase, and some do not. It is a type of genetic polymorphism.


title: Lactose intolerance

text: The ability to digest lactose into adulthood ('lactase persistence') was useful to humans after the invention of animal husbandry. People kept animals which could provide milk.


title: Lactose intolerance

text: Hunter-gatherer people before the Neolithic revolution were mostly lactose intolerant. So are modern hunter-gatherers. Many modern populations are lactose-intolerant, but European populations are tolerant. That may be because milk has long been in the European diet, and so people who can take milk products have a wider potential diet. Hence in hard times they will survive better.


title: Lactose intolerance

text: A mutation on chromosome 2 stops the shutdown in lactase production. This makes it possible for those with the mutation to continue drinking fresh milk (and eating other dairy products) throughout their lives.


title: Lactose intolerance

text: This appears to be a recent adaptation to dairy products. It occurred in both northern Europe and east Africa in people with a historically pastoral lifestyle. Lactase persistence, allowing lactose digestion to continue into adulthood, is a dominant allele, making lactose intolerance a recessive trait.


title: Lactose intolerance

text: Genetic studies suggest that the oldest mutations associated with lactase persistence have only become common in human populations in the last 10,000 years. Because of this, lactase persistence is often given as an example of recent human evolution. As lactase persistence is genetic, but animal husbandry a cultural trait, this is gene–culture coevolution.


title: Nepenthes

text: The Nepenthes, often known as "Tropical Pitcher Plants" or "Monkey Cups", are a genus of carnivorous plants in the family of the Nepenthaceae consisting of about 120 species (this number is fast increasing, with one to two new species being described each year). Many hybrids exist, both natural and created by humans. These plants come from South China, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines; westward to Madagascar and the Seychelles ; southward to Australia and New Caledonia ; and northward to India and Sri Lanka . Many are plants from hot humid lowland areas, but the majority are from high in the mountains where nights are cold. Nepenthes are often categorized as being lowland or highland varieties, depending on how high they live above sea level. Lowland varieties usually require high temperature and humidity levels. Highland varieties usually require warm days but cold and humid nights. The name "Nepenthes" was first published in 1737 in Carolus Linnaeus's "Hortus Cliffortianus".


title: Hassan II Mosque

text: The Hassan II Mosque () is in Casablanca. It is the largest mosque in Morocco and the third largest mosque in the world after the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) of Mecca and the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Prophet's Mosque) in Medina. It was designed by the French architect Michel Pinseau. It was built by Bouygues. it stands on a promontory looking out to the Atlantic, which can be seen through a glass floor with room for 25,000 worshippers. A further 80,000 can fit in the mosque's adjoining grounds. Its minaret is the world's tallest at .


title: Disinformation

text: Disinformation is false or inaccurate information that is spread on purpose and is intended to mislead. It may include the handing out of forged documents, manuscripts, and photographs, or circulating malicious rumors and fabricated intelligence. Quite often this word is used in context of a government or large organisation trying to cause difficulties for a rival.


title: Yayoi period

text: Early evidence of Yayoi culture is found on the island of Kyūshū. Over time, it spread to the island of Honshū.


title: Kriegsmarine

text: The Reichsmarine, later called Kriegsmarine (, "War Navy") was the Navy of Weimar Republic from 1919 to 1935 and Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It replaced the Imperial German Navy of World War I and the inter-war "Reichsmarine". The "Kriegsmarine" was one of three official branches of the "Wehrmacht", the armed forces of Nazi Germany.


title: Nepenthes

text: Nepenthes traps contain a fluid of the plant's own production, which may be watery or syrupy and is used to drown prey. The trapping efficiency of this fluid remains high, even when significantly diluted by water, as inevitably happens in wet conditions. Many species of "Nepenthes" produce two different forms of pitchers. Near the base of the plant are the large lower traps, which usually sit on the ground, while the upper pitchers may be smaller, coloured differently, and have different shapes and features than the lower pitchers.


title: Yayoi period

text: Iron and bronze were first used in Japan at about the same time. Iron was used for tools and weapons. Bronze was used for ritual objects such as mirrors, daggers and spears.


title: Kriegsmarine

text: The "Kriegsmarine" was developed during the German naval rearmament of the 1930s. The Treaty of Versailles had limited the size of the German navy after World War I. It also prevented Germany from building submarines. But by 1934 Germany had secretly most of the parts they needed to construct submarines (called U-boats). In early 1935 Hitler ordered the U-boats to be built. In January 1939 Plan Z was ordered, calling for the construction of many naval vessels. The ships of the "Kriegsmarine" fought during the Spanish Civil War and World War II. The commander of the "Kriegsmarine" was Karl Dönitz.


title: Nepenthes

text: One of the earliest pictures of "Nepenthes" appears in Leonard Plukenet's "Almagestum Botanicum" of 1696. The plant, called "Utricaria vegetabilis zeylanensium", is without doubt a "N. distillatoria".


title: Yayoi period

text: The Yayoi tools included as axes and hoes for agriculture etc., but also weapons such as arrowheads and swords.


title: Kriegsmarine

text: The Kriegsmarine's most famous ships were the U-boats. Most of them were built after Plan Z was abandoned at the beginning of World War II. Wolfpacks were groups of submarines that attacked British convoys. Most of the attacks were during the first half of the Battle of the Atlantic. Along with the U-boats, commerce raiders and cruisers were used to disrupt Allied shipping in the early years of the war. The most famous of these were the heavy cruisers "Admiral Graf Spee" and "Admiral Scheer" and the battleship "Bismarck". However, the allied adoption of convoy escorts greatly reduced the danger from commerce raiders.


title: Yayoi period

text: The Yayoi people (弥生人 "Yayoi jin") were ancient people that migrated to the Japanese archipelago from southeastern China during the Yayoi period (300 BCE–300 CE). Modern Japanese people are direct descedants of the Yayoi and have about 97% Yayoi DNA.


title: Yayoi period

text: The Yayoi and the modern Japanese people are closely related to other East Asian (or Mongoloid) people, such as Chinese or Vietnamese people. They belonged to the haplogroup O and spoke the proto-Japonic languages. Most scientists and linguists suggest that they originated somewhere in southeastern China and migrated from their into Japan.


title: Loch Lomond

text: Loch Lomond is a freshwater Scottish loch. It is the largest inland stretch of water in Great Britain by surface area. The loch contains many islands, including Inchmurrin, the largest fresh-water island in the British Isles. Loch Lomond is a popular leisure destination and is featured in the song "The Bonnie Banks o' Loch Lomond".


title: Société Générale

text: The Société Générale is a French banking group, one of the three big in France. It was founded in 1864, Paris. Now, it's head office is in La Défense, in the France, in the building known as "Tours Chassagne et Alicante". Although it is a French Bank, it owns lots of banks in other countries around the world.


title: Loch Lomond

text: Loch Lomond lies on the Highland Boundary Fault, the boundary between the Lowlands of Central Scotland and the Highlands. It is 24 miles (39 kilometres) long and between 0.75 mile (1.21 km) and 5 miles (8 km) wide. It has an average depth of about 121 feet (37 metres), and a maximum depth of about 620 feet (190 metres). Its surface area is 27 square miles (71 km), and it has a volume of 0.62 cubic miles (2.6 km).


title: Loch Lomond

text: Of all lochs and lakes in Great Britain, it is the largest by surface area, and the second largest (after Loch Ness) by water volume. Within the United Kingdom, it is surpassed only by Lough Neagh and Lower Lough Erne in Northern Ireland. In the British Isles as a whole there are several larger loughs in the Republic of Ireland.


title: Xerophyte

text: Xerophytes are plants which are adapted to dry/desert areas. They are a type of succulent plant. To survive these harsh conditions they have special features. For example, a cactus has white hairs which help to prevent water loss. Another example is manzanita plants, which have a thick waxy coating and keep their leaves vertical to the sun.


title: Discogs

text: Discogs is a website and database of information about music recordings. Discogs is owned by Zink Media, Inc. in Portland, Oregon, United States. Discogs is one of the largest online databases of electronic music releases. It is believed to be the largest online database of releases on vinyl also.


title: Xerophyte

text: Some Xerophytic plants sit out a drought. They can still extract water from soil. They may have very salty cell sap and therefore a very low water potential in the roots; they may have very extensive or deep roots or may pick up the slightest dew and survive on that.


title: Discogs

text: The discogs.com domain name was registered in August 2000. Discogs was released in October 2000 by Kevin Lewandowski. It started as a database of his personal music collection. The name of the site is short for discographies.


title: Xerophyte

text: Others have special features about their shape or structure (xeromorphs). Thick waxy cuticle ("Aloe"); hairy surfaces ("Edelweiss"); dense packing of leaves, reduced leaf size (species of cypress); reduced density of stomata (many cacti); pitted and grooved position of stomata (Ammophila) Water storage in stem and tubers, etc. (baobab). They may also protect this water store from animals by spines and chemicals.


title: Yorkshire Terrier

text: The Yorkshire Terrier or Yorkie is a small breed of terrier dog. It originated in the United Kingdom in the town of Yorkshire, from where it gets its name.


title: Yorkshire Terrier

text: They were first bred to catch mice and rats, so they are often fast and energetic. Yorkies usually weigh about 7 pounds (3.18 kg) and have a dark gray or black coat with a brown face. According to the American Kennel Club (AKC), Yorkies are the second most popular dog breed in America, behind only the Labrador Retriever. They are really playful, they will always want to play.


title: Susan Polgar

text: Susan Polgar (born 19 April 1969 as "Polgár Zsuzsanna" and often known as "Zsuzsa Polgár") is a Hungarian-American chess player.


title: Curie (unit)

text: This is roughly the activity of 1 gram of the radium isotope Ra. Radium was studied by the pioneers of radiology, Marie and Pierre Curie so the unit is named after them. The curie has since been replaced by an SI derived unit, the becquerel (Bq), which is decay per second. Therefore:


title: Thoroughbred

text: Horses in general have been used for many years, for farm, racing, harness work and so forth. Horses were the fastest way for people to travel on land before cars were invented. They were the only way to travel long distances in a reasonable amount of time.


title: Irish Civil War

text: The Irish Civil War (; 28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923) followed the Irish War of Independence. It went along with the beginning of the Irish Free State. It was independent from the United Kingdom but stayed a part of the British Empire.


title: Susan Polgar

text: At 15, she was the top-ranked woman player in the world. She was the Women's World Chess Champion from 1996 to 1999. In October 2005 Polgar had a FIDE rating of 2577, making her the second-ranked woman in the world at the time, after her sister Judit Polgár. She has been inactive and has not played in official competition since 2004.


title: Curie (unit)

text: In 1962, the International Commission on Radiological Units suggested the usage of this unit named after Marie Curie.


title: Thoroughbred

text: Most horse breeds have been bred for a specific reason; the thoroughbred racehorse was bred to run. Thoroughbreds originate from the Arabian breed, and all thoroughbreds can be traced back to three original sires (fathers): The Byerley Turk, The Darley Arabian, and The Godolphin Arabian. Thoroughbreds are known for their speed, and also for their jumping ability, used in steeplechases and in show jumping and other horse activities. Although thoroughbreds generally are slightly temperamental, they are very trainable and loyal.


title: Irish Civil War

text: The conflict was between two opposing groups of Irish republicans over the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The forces of the "Provisional Government" (which became the Free State in December 1922) supported the Treaty. The Republican opposition saw it as a betrayal of the Irish Republic (which had been proclaimed during the Easter Rising). Many of those who fought in the conflict had been members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) during the War of Independence.


title: Susan Polgar

text: Polgar is head of the Susan Polgar Institute for Chess Excellence at Texas Tech University, and a chess writer and promoter. She had been on the Executive of the United States Chess Federation, but was stripped of her membership after a complicated internal struggle.


title: Thoroughbred

text: Thoroughbreds are generally tall and sleek, with long legs to help carry them along the race track. Thoroughbreds can be many colors, including bay (a colour which is brown with a black mane and tail), chestnut (red-brown), black, and gray.


title: Irish Civil War

text: The Civil War was won by the Free State forces. They had many weapons provided by the British Government. The conflict may have claimed more lives than the War of Independence that went before it. It left Irish society divided and bitter for generations. About 927 people died during the civil war.


title: Susan Polgar

text: Susan was born and brought up in Budapest, Hungary, and now lives in Lubbock, Texas. She recently moved from Forest Hills, Queens in New York City, where she ran the Polgar Chess Center and the Susan Polgar Foundation, which gives chess training to children, especially girls.


title: Thoroughbred

text: The thoroughbred's genetic origin is Arabian and Turkmenian also Barb's. The Arabian foundation stallions which were brought to Britain in the late 1600s and early 1700s were bred to domestic mares – very probably Scottish Galloways – although they may have been bred to Arabian mares, too. A substantial number of early thoroughbreds were bred in the vale of Bedale in the County of Yorkshire in Northern England.


title: Susan Polgar

text: Polgar and her two younger sisters, Judit and Sofia, were part of an educational experiment carried out by their father László Polgár. He and his wife Klara educated their three daughters at home, with chess as the specialist subject.


title: Thoroughbred

text: The foundation stallions of the thoroughbred breed and years in which they arrived in England were: the Byerly Turk (1689), the Darley Arabian (1705) and the Godolphin Barb (1728). Their progeny were the first thoroughbreds, per se, and although the foundation stallions had many off-spring, three of their descendants stand out as supreme: Herod, Eclipse and Matchem. In the lines of these horses were some outstanding thoroughbreds: for instance, Princequillo and Round Table descend from Herod; Citation and Sir Ivor descend from Eclipse; and Man O' War from Matchem.


title: Susan Polgar

text: In January 1991, Polgar became the third woman to earn the Grandmaster title. Much is made, by her supporters, of the fact that Polgar had got the three GM norms and a rating over 2500. Nona Gaprindashvili was awarded the Grandmaster title in 1978 mainly as a result of winning Lone Pine International 1977, but she did not quite make the usual 24 games required at that time. Maia Chiburdanidze was awarded the GM title in 1984 for winning at New Delhi (1984), and for beating Nona Gaprindashvili and two others in matches for the Women's World Chess Championship. However, before Polgar reached the title, Chiburdanidze had more than achieved the traditional GM qualifications by her performances at Banja Luka and Bilbao.


title: Thoroughbred

text: The first thoroughbred to arrive in America was a stallion named Bulle Rock, by the Darley Arabian. He was imported to Virginia in 1730 by Samuel Gist. In 1757, Janus, a grandson of Godolphin Arabian, was imported and became the founder of the Quarter Horse breed. Diomed, who was imported in 1800 was the most important thoroughbred imported to America in its early years. Lexington, by Boston, was foaled in 1850 and was the greatest sire of the 1800s.


title: Susan Polgar

text: Polgar had tended to avoid women-only tournaments, but she abandoned this when she entered the 1993 cycle for the Women's World Championship. She became the Women's World Champion at her second attempt in 1996. Two years later, her title defense against Xie Jun of China was scheduled to take place in November, 1998. However, Polgar requested a postponement because she was pregnant and also FIDE had been unable to find a satisfactory sponsor. Ultimately, in 1999, a match was arranged, but under conditions to which Polgar objected – firstly because she had recently had a child, and had not had sufficient time to recuperate, and secondly because the match was to be held entirely in China, the home country of her challenger. She also wanted a significantly larger prize fund.


title: Susan Polgar

text: When Polgar refused to play under these conditions, FIDE declared that she had forfeited the title, and instead organized a match between Xie Jun and Alisa Galliamova for the Women's World Chess Championship, which was won by Xie Jun. Polgar sued in the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne, Switzerland for monetary damages and the restoration of her title. In March 2001, the case was settled, with Polgar withdrawing her claims and FIDE agreeing to pay Polgar's attorney's fees in the amount of $25,000. Since Xie Jun had already been crowned Women's World Champion, FIDE could not restore the title to Polgar. Polgar has not participated in subsequent Women's World Championship cycles.


title: Susan Polgar

text: Paid substantial appearance fees by the Hungarian Chess Federation, the family did play together in two female-only events. The Hungarians (nicknamed 'Polgaria') won the Women's Chess Olympiads, with a team packed with Polgárs, in 1988 and 1990. Zsuzsa, Judit, Sofia (the least strong sister) and Ildiko Madl were the team which pushed the Soviet Union into second place for the first time.


title: Susan Polgar

text: The United States Chess Federation named Polgar "Grandmaster of the Year" in 2003, the first time a woman has won that honor. In that same year (2003), Polgar also became the first woman to win the US Open Blitz Championship, against a field which included seven grandmasters. She won that title again in 2005 and in 2006.


title: Susan Polgar

text: She helped train and played the top board for the United States women's team at the 2004 Chess Olympiad held in October in Majorca, Spain. Overall, the team won the silver medal, and Polgar won an individual gold medal. This was not her first Olympiad: she has a total of ten Olympiad Medals (five Gold, four Silver, and one Bronze). She has played 56 games in the Olympiads, never losing a single game.


title: Susan Polgar

text: In 1994, Polgar married computer consultant Jacob Shutzman, and moved to New York. They had two sons, Tom and Leeam, but later divorced. In December 2006, she married her longtime business manager and friend, Paul Truong.


title: Susan Polgar

text: Polgar is also a chess journalist, with columns in "Chess Life", "Chess Life for Kids", "ChessCafe", "Chess Horizons", "Georgia Chess", "Chessville", "Empire Chess", "School Mates", and "Europe Echecs".


title: 2 Maccabees

text: 2 Maccabees is a book of the Catholic Bible which focuses on the Jews' revolt against Antiochus IV Epiphanes and ends with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 BC by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work.


Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia ("Maria Nikolaevna Romanova"; Russian: Великая Княжна Мария Николаевна, – July 17, 1918) was the third daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Tsarina Alexandra Fyodorovna (Alix of Hesse). After she was murdered in the Russian Revolution of 1917, she was canonized as a passion bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church.


title: Sleepless in Seattle

text: Sleepless in Seattle is a 1993 American romantic comedy-drama movie. It was directed by Nora Ephron and it was produced by Gary Foster. "Sleepless in Seattle" was released on June 25, 1993.


title: 2 Maccabees

text: 2 Maccabees was written in Koine Greek, probably in Alexandria, Egpyt in 124 BC. It gives a revised version of the historical events recounted in the first seven chapters of 1 Maccabees but mainly focuses on the theological implications of 1 Maccabees. Important things mentioned are prayer for the dead, martyrdom (meaning dying for a cause) and intercession of the dead (meaning dead people answering prayers).


title: Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia

text: When she lived, Maria was not old enough to be a Red Cross nurse like her sisters. Instead, she was patroness of a hospital and visited wounded soldiers. She was very interested in the lives of the soldiers, and had several innocent crushes on the young men she met. She wanted to marry and have a big family. She was known to be flirtatious at a young age.


title: Sleepless in Seattle

text: The movie got positive reviews from critics. It has a 72% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. "Sleepless in Seattle" was nominated for two Academy Awards at the 66th Academy Awards in the categories of Best Original Screenplay and Best Original Song but did not win in either. At the 51st Golden Globe Awards, the movie was nominated for Best Film - Musical or Comedy. Tom Hanks was nominated for Best Actor - Musical or Comedy and Meg Ryan was nominated for Best Actress - Musical or Comedy.


text: She was an older sister of Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. Her sister Anastasia was famous for stories about her escape from the murder of the royal family for almost 90 years. In the 1990s, it was suggested that the Grand Duchess whose remains were not in the Romanov grave might be Maria. However, further remains were discovered in 2007, and DNA proved at last that the entire Imperial family had been murdered in 1918.


text: People described Maria as a pretty, flirtatious girl. She was plump, with light brown hair and big blue eyes that her family called "Marie's saucers". Her French teacher Pierre Gilliard said Maria was tall and healthy, with rosy cheeks. Tatiana Botkina thought Maria's eyes were "soft and gentle." While her elder sister Tatiana was considered the most elegant, Maria was thought to be the beauty of the family. When she was a baby, people compared her to one of Botticelli's angels. Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia called her "The Amiable (Good-hearted) Baby".


text: When she was young, Maria once ran away from her bath and ran naked (without clothes) all around the palace. Her Irish nurse, Margaretta Eager, who was talking about politics with a friend, did not even notice. "Fortunately, I arrived just at that moment, picked her up and carried her back to Miss Eagar," remembered her aunt Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia. Her older sisters did not like to let Maria join in their games. They once even called Maria their "stepsister". This was because she was so good and never got into trouble, according to Margaretta Eagar. However, even the sweet Maria could be mischievous sometimes. Once, when she was young, she stole some biscuits from her mother's tea table. The governess and Alexandra wanted her to go to bed as a punishment, but Nicholas said no. He said, "I was always afraid (fearful) of the wings growing. I am glad to see she is only a human child." Eagar remarked that Maria loved her father deeply. She often tried to run away from the nursery to "go to Papa". When her father was ill with typhoid, Maria covered a small picture of him with kisses every night.


text: She was raised very simply. She shared a room with her sister Anastasia, where the walls were painted gray, and the ceiling was painted with butterflies. The furniture was simple and in white and green colors.


title: Frying

text: To fry food is to cook it in hot butter or vegetable oil or other fat. We can fry food in a small amount of fat in a pan or in a lot of oil in a pot. Some restaurants use deep frying to fry a large amount of food.


title: Cryonics

text: Cryonics (from Greek "kryos", which means 'cold') is the process of a human (or animal) about after a doctor says they are dead. People do that in hope that, in the future when medicine becomes better, they can have life again, solve their health problems and have eternal life.


title: Islamic state

text: An Islamic state is a state that has adopted Islam as its state religion, and Islamic law as the foundation for political institutions. Current examples of such states are Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Mauritania and the self-proclaimed Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.


title: Military base

text: A military base is where a country keeps its armed forces. It could be an air base, an army base, or a navy base. It could be inside its home country, in a different, friendly country, or in a country being invaded or occupied.


title: Cryonics

text: Cold people like this are not awake at all as they have no brain activity. The law also says they are dead. Their body and its brain are made more like glass than ice because ice would harm their cells more. To do this, their blood is replaced with chemicals called "cryoprotectants", which act like anti-freeze (stops to freeze).


title: Joan Jett

text: Joan Jett (born February 1958) is an American singer and guitarist. She is best known for her number one single "I Love Rock n Roll". Jett has a punkish, tomboy appearance and is a Democrat.


title: Malena Ernman

text: Malena Ernman (born as "Sara Magdalena Ernman", November 4, 1970 in Uppsala, Sweden, as) is a Swedish opera singer (mezzo-soprano). Ernman is a versatile artist in her field, who outside the world of opera and operettas also has performed chansons, cabaret, jazz, appeared in musicals and she is a performer who's declared that she's very much attracted to the attributes of varité theatre and small, intimate stage rooms. Malena Ernman is today one of Sweden's most sought after opera performers nationally and internationally. Malena represented Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Moscow, Russia. Malena Ernman is a member of The Royal Swedish Academy of Music.


title: Malena Ernman

text: Ernman is married to actor Svante Thunberg. They have two children including environmentalist Greta Thunberg. Ernman's father-in-law is actor Olof Thunberg.


title: Elano

text: Elano (born 14 June 1981) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Galatasaray and Brazil national team.


title: Authorized King James Version

text: The Authorized King James Version is a translation of the Bible into the English language. This version of the Bible is also called the "Authorized Version" ("AV") or as the "King James Version" ("KJV") in the United States.


title: Household ammonia

text: Household ammonia is a marketed substance that consists of a dilute solution of ammonia in water. About 7% of the solution by weight is ammonia. It is used for cleaning. It can also be known as ammonium hydroxide, but it really exists in the form NH + HO rather than NH + OH.


title: Authorized King James Version

text: The name "King James" comes from King James I of England, who told the Church of England to begin working on it in 1604. The first book was published in 1611.


title: Authorized King James Version

text: Although it is one of the oldest English translations of the Bible, it is still one of the most widely read versions today. A 2014 survey in the United States found that 55% people who read the Bible were using the King James Version. The next most widely-read version was the New International Version at 19%, while other versions were used by less than 10%.


title: Prequel

text: When a story is told in several stages, it is natural to tell it in order of time. For example, a series of books on the Second World War started with the 1930s and ended up in 1946.


title: Synchrotron

text: A synchrotron is a type of particle accelerator where particles travel around many times in a circle. It uses a magnetic field to turn the particles in the circle and an electric field to speed up the particles. The components are carefully matched up with the travelling particle beam so that the circle stays the same size while the particles go faster. Mark Oliphant invented the proton synchrotron. Vladimir Veksler was the first to publish the idea. Edwin McMillan constructed the first electron synchrotron.


title: Robert Vaughn

text: Without being listed in the credits, Robert Vaughn appeared in "The Ten Commandments" (1956). This was his first job in movies. Two years later he starred in the science fiction movie "Teenage Cave Man".


title: Ø

text: Ø (small ø) is a letter used in the Danish, Norwegian and Faroese languages. The letter combination 'oe' is used instead in languages that do not use Ø in their alphabet.


title: Prequel

text: For various reasons, this does not always happen. In the movie series "Star Wars", the first movie was "" (1977). It was followed by three prequels, which were "" (1999); "" (2002) and "" (2005).


title: Synchrotron

text: The synchrotron is an improvement over the cyclotron where the particles travel in a spiral pattern. A cyclotron uses a constant magnetic field and a constant-frequency applied electric field. (One of these is varied in the synchrocyclotron). Both of these fields are varied in the synchrotron to change the path from a spiral to a circle. By carefully making the fields bigger as the particles gain energy, the width of the circular path can be kept the same as the machine accelerates the particles. This allows the vacuum chamber for the particles to be a large thin circular pipe torus (donut shape). It is easier to use some straight sections between the bending magnets and some bent sections within the magnets giving the torus the shape of a round-cornered polygon. A path that acts like a very large circle can be constructed using simple straight and curved pipe segments, unlike the disc-shaped chamber of the cyclotron type devices. The shape also requires the use of multiple magnets to bend the particle beams. Straight sections are required at spacings around a ring for both radiofrequency cavities, and in third generation setups space is allowed for insertion of energy extraction devices such as wigglers and undulators. Most synchrotrons use two types of magnets: dipole magnets to bend the particle beam and quadrupole magnets to focus the beam.


title: Robert Vaughn

text: In 1959, he was nominated for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe and Laurel Awards for "best supporting actor" for his role in "The Young Philadelphians" (1959), with Paul Newman. His second major role was in the movie directed by John Sturges, "The Magnificent Seven" (1960). The movie also starred Yul Brynner and Steve McQueen. Vaughn played an expert gunman. He was one of the 7 Magnificent that helped the peasants.


title: Prequel

text: For correct use, the term 'prequel' is only applied when work is part of a series, and when the later publication refers to an earlier time. It is an old idea, but one which is often used today for drama on movie and television. The "Cypria", a work of Ancient Greek literature, is a prequel to Homer's "Iliad". A related idea is the back-story, which is the background story of a main story or character.


title: Synchrotron

text: The maximum energy that a cyclic accelerator can impart is typically limited by the strength of the magnetic field(s) and the minimum radius (maximum curvature) of the particle path. So, over time, physicist have built accelerators with bigger magnets and larger circles to reach higher particle energy levels.


title: Robert Vaughn

text: In 1967, he starred in action movie "The Venetian Affair", directed by Jerry Thorpe. A year later, he had a role in "Bullitt" (1968), with Steve McQueen. For this work Robert Vaughn was nominated for a BAFTA Award, for "Best Supporting Actor". In 1969 he starred with George Segal, in the war movie "The Bridge at Remagen" (1969). Then in 1970, has the role of Servilius Casca in "Julius Caesar", with Charlton Heston.


title: Synchrotron

text: In a cyclotron, the maximum radius is quite limited as the particles start at the center and spiral outward. So, the entire path must be a self-supporting disc-shaped vacuum chamber. Since the radius is limited, the power of the machine becomes limited by the strength of the magnetic field. In the case of an ordinary electromagnet the field strength is limited by the saturation of the core (when all magnetic domains are lined up the same way, the field cannot not be further increased to any practical extent). The arrangement of the single pair of magnets the full width of the device also limits the economic size of the device.


title: Robert Vaughn

text: In Irwin Allen Production's, "The Towering Inferno" (1974), Vaughn played Senator Parker. He was one of the people who are trapped in the tower.


title: Synchrotron

text: Synchrotrons overcome these limits, using a narrow beam pipe which can be surrounded by much smaller and more tightly focusing magnets. The ability of this device to accelerate particles is limited by the fact that the particles must be charged to be accelerated at all, but charged particles under acceleration emit photons (light particles), which makes them lose energy. The limiting beam energy is reached when the energy lost to the lateral (bending) acceleration required to maintain the beam path in a circle equals the energy added each cycle. More powerful accelerators are built by using large radius paths and by using more numerous and more powerful microwave cavities to accelerate the particle beam between corners. Lighter particles (such as electrons) lose a larger fraction of their energy when turning. Practically speaking, the energy of electron/positron accelerators is limited by this radiation loss, while it does not play a significant role in the dynamics of proton or ion accelerators. The energy of those is limited strictly by the strength of magnets and by the cost.


title: Robert Vaughn

text: His other movie credits include "Starship Invasions" (1977), with Christopher Lee and directed by Ed Hunt, "Brass Target" (1978), "Virus" (1980) and "The Delta Force" (1986), with Chuck Norris.


title: Synchrotron

text: Particles are injected into the main ring at substantial energies by either a linear accelerator (linac) or by an intermediate synchrotron which is in turn fed by a linear accelerator. The "linac" is in turn fed by particles accelerated to intermediate energy by a simple high voltage power supply, typically a Cockcroft-Walton generator.


title: Robert Vaughn

text: Robert Vaughn is widely known for playing the role of agent Napoleon Solo in NBC TV series "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.", with David McCallum. He played Napoleon Solo for 104 episodes of the series between 1964 and 1968


title: Synchrotron

text: Particles are designed to leave the linac at a specified speed ("injection velocity") for entry into the synchrotron. The operators calculate the magnetic field strength needed to steer particles with the injection velocity on the path of the synchrotron. The operators give the electromagnets enough current to create the right amount of magnetic field strength.


title: Robert Vaughn

text: Success was so great that there were several movies. These included "To Trap a Spy" (1964), "The Spy with My Face" (1965), "One Spy Too Many" (1966), "One of Our Spies is Missing" (1966), "The Spy in the Green Hat" (1966), "The Karate Killers" (1967), "The Helicopter Spies" (1968), "How to Steal the World" (1968).


title: Synchrotron

text: Starting from that initial magnetic field strength, the magnetic field is then increased. The particles pass through an electrostatic accelerator driven by a high alternating voltage. At particle speeds not close to the speed of light the frequency of the accelerating voltage can be made roughly proportional to the current in the bending magnets. A finer control of the frequency is performed by a servo loop which responds to the detection of the passing of the traveling group of particles. At particle speeds approaching light speed the frequency becomes more nearly constant, while the current in the bending magnets continues to increase. The maximum energy that can be applied to the particles (for a given ring size and magnet count) is determined by the saturation of the cores of the bending magnets (the point at which increasing current does not produce additional magnetic field). One way to obtain additional power is to make the torus larger and add additional bending magnets. This allows the amount of particle redirection at saturation to be less and so the particles can be more energetic. Another means of obtaining higher power is to use superconducting magnets, these not being limited by core saturation.


title: Robert Vaughn

text: In 1983 Vaughn and McCallum were reunited for the TV movie "The Return of the Man from U.N.C.L.E.: The Fifteen Years Later Affair".


title: Synchrotron

text: When the particles have reached their maximum energy, they are steered out of the synchrotron and aimed at a target. Early synchrotrons used stationary targets. In order to double the energy of a collision, physicists in the 1970s began to collide two particle beams travelling in the opposite direction instead of just one beam and a stationary target. To have two beams that are travelling in the synchrontron in opposite directions, they used particles with the same mass but with the opposite sign. For example, electrons and positrons or protons and antiprotons.


title: Robert Vaughn

text: In 1965 and 1966 Robert Vaughn was nominated twice for the Golden Globe Award as "Best TV Star - Male" for "The Man from U.N.C.L.E."


title: Synchrotron

text: One of the early large synchrotrons, now retired, is the Bevatron, constructed in 1950 at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The name of this proton accelerator comes from its power, in the range of 6.3 GeV (then called BeV for billion electron volts; the name predates the adoption of the SI prefix giga-). A number of heavy elements, unseen in the natural world, were first created with this machine. This site is also the location of one of the first large bubble chambers used to examine the results of the atomic collisions produced by the machine.


title: Robert Vaughn

text: In 1963 he starred in her first television series "The Lieutenant", as Captain Ray Rambridge. In 1970s worked in the TV mini-series "Captains and the Kings" (1976), "Washington: Behind Closed Doors" (1977), and "Centennial" (1978-1979). Robert Vaughn also worked for the British television. He starred in series "The Protectors" (1972-1974). Vaughn played the role of Harry Rule for 52 episodes of the series. In 1986, he was hired to play the role of General Hunt Stockwell, in "The A-Team", with George Peppard.


title: Synchrotron

text: Another early large synchrotron is the Cosmotron built at Brookhaven National Laboratory which reached 3.3 GeV in 1953. The first Cornell University synchrotron was built before 1950 with a power of 300 MeV.


title: Robert Vaughn

text: Vaughn has been guest star on many TV series. These include "Frontier" (1956), "Gunsmoke" (1956 - 1957), "The Rifleman" (1958), "Law of the Plainsman" (1959), "Thriller" (1961), "Police Woman" (1975-1976), "Columbo" (1976), "Hawaii 5-0" (1979), "The Love Boat" (1981), "Stingray" (1986), "Hunter" (1989), "Murder, She Wrote" (1985-1992), "Kung Fu: The Legend Continues" (1993), "Walker, Texas Ranger" (1996), "" (2006) and "Little Britain USA".


title: Synchrotron

text: Until August 2008, the highest energy synchrotron in the world was the Tevatron, at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, in the United States. It accelerates protons and antiprotons to slightly less than 1 TeV of kinetic energy and collides them together. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which has been built at the European Laboratory for High Energy Physics (CERN), has roughly seven times this energy (so proton-proton collisions occur at roughly 14 TeV). It is housed in the 27 km tunnel which formerly housed the Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider, so it will maintain the claim as the largest scientific device ever built. The LHC will also accelerate heavy ions (such as lead) up to an energy of 1.15 PeV.


title: Synchrotron

text: The largest device of this type seriously proposed was the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), which was to be built in Texas. This design, like others, used superconducting magnets which allow more intense magnetic fields to be created without the limitations of core saturation. Its planned ring circumference was 87.1 kilometres (54.1 mi) with an energy of 20 TeV per beam of protons. Construction was begun in 1991 but later cancelled in 1994. The project had been poorly managed. Some people say that the end of the Cold War resulted in a change of scientific funding priorities that contributed to its ultimate cancellation.


title: Synchrotron

text: While there is still potential for yet more powerful proton and heavy particle cyclic accelerators, it appears that the next step up in electron beam energy must avoid losses due to synchrotron radiation. This will require a return to the linear accelerator, but with devices significantly longer than those currently in use. There is at present a major effort to design and build the International Linear Collider (ILC), which will consist of two opposing linear accelerators, one for electrons and one for positrons. These will collide at a total center of mass energy of 0.5 TeV.


title: Synchrotron

text: However, synchrotron radiation also has a wide range of applications (see synchrotron light) and many 2nd and 3rd generation synchrotrons have been built especially to harness it. The largest of those 3rd generation synchrotron light sources are the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France, the Advanced Photon Source (APS) near Chicago, USA, and SPring-8 in Japan, accelerating electrons up to 6, 7 and 8 GeV, respectively.


title: Synchrotron

text: Synchrotrons which are useful for cutting edge research are large machines, costing tens or hundreds of millions of dollars to construct, and each beamline (there may be 20 to 50 at a large synchrotron) costs another two or three million dollars on average. These installations are mostly built by the science funding agencies of governments of developed countries, or by collaborations between several countries in a region, and operated as infrastructure facilities available to scientists from universities and research organisations throughout the country, region, or world. More compact models, however, have been developed, such as the Compact Light Source.


title: Guy Berryman

text: Guy Rupert Berryman (born 12 April 1978) is a Scottish guitarist. He is a member of the rock band Coldplay. He is known as the bass guitarist for the band and is left-handed but plays with his right hand.


title: Amoebozoa

text: The Amoebozoa are a eukaryote phylum of "Amoeba"-like protozoa. They are a sister clade to the fungi and the animals. Most move by internal cytoplasmic flow. Their finger-like pseudopodia are characteristic.


title: Amoebozoa

text: They are a major group with about 2,400 described species of amoeboid protists. In most classification schemes, Amoebozoa is ranked as a phylum in either the kingdom Protista or the kingdom Protozoa. In the classification of the International Society of Protistologists, it is kept as an unranked "supergroup" in the Eukaryota.


title: Amoebozoa

text: Sequence analysis shows Amoebozoa is a monophyletic clade. Most phylogenetic trees identify it as the sister group to Opisthokonta. That is another major clade which contains both fungi and animals as well as some 300 species of unicellular protists. Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta are sometimes grouped together in a high-level taxon, called Unikonta, Amorphea, or Opimoda.


title: Amoebozoa

text: Amoebozoa includes many of the best-known amoeboid organisms, such as "Chaos", "Entamoeba", "Pelomyxa" and the genus "Amoeba" itself.


title: Amoebozoa

text: Most are unicellular, and are common in soils and aquatic habitats. Some are symbionts of other organisms, including several pathogens.The Amoebozoa also include the mycetozoan slime moulds, multinucleate or multicellular forms which produce spores and can usually be seen by eye.


title: Amoebozoa

text: Nutrition is usually by phagocytosis. The cell surrounds food particles, sealing them into vacuoles where they are digested and absorbed. When food is scarce, most species form cysts, which may be carried by air to other places. In slime moulds, these structures are called spores, and form on stalked structures called fruiting bodies or sporangia.


title: Amoebozoa

text: Most Amoebozoa lack flagella and more generally do not form microtubule-supported structures except during mitosis. However, flagella occur among some archamoebae, and many slime moulds produce biflagellate gametes.


title: Sakoku

text: Sakoku (Japanese: 鎖国, literally "country in chains" or "lock up of country") was the foreign policy of Japan under which no foreigner or Japanese could enter or leave the country on penalty of death. The policy was enacted by the Tokugawa Shogunate under Tokugawa Iemitsu through a number of edicts and policies from 1633-1639 and remained in effect until 1854 with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry and the opening of Japan. It was still illegal to leave Japan until the Meiji Restoration (1868).


title: Sakoku

text: But Japan was not completely isolated under the "sakoku" policy. Rather, it was a system in which strict regulations were applied to commerce and foreign relations by the shogunate.


title: Sakoku

text: On July 8, 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy with four warships demanded that Japan open to trade with the West.


title: Sakoku

text: The following year 1854, Perry returned with seven ships and forced the Shogun to sign the "", establishing formal diplomatic relations between Japan and the United States.


title: Cooperation

text: Cooperation is when people work together to make their lives better, even though they are free to not work together, and receive little if any money for working together. Organizations made for cooperation are known as cooperatives.


title: Bill Nelson

text: Clarence William "Bill" Nelson II (born September 29, 1942) is an American politician and astronaut. Nelson is the 14th and current Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration since May 2021. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was the United States Senator from Florida from 2001 to 2019. He lost his re-election campaign in 2018 to Republican Governor Rick Scott.


title: Tsukuyomi

text: Tsukuyomi (), or Tsukuyomi-no-mikoto (), is the god of the moon in Japanese mythology. He is the brother of Amaterasu, the goddess of the sun, and of Susanoo, the god of the sea and storms.


title: Bill Nelson

text: He was a member of the Florida House of Representatives from 1972 to 1978 and in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1991. In January 1986, he became the second sitting member of Congress to fly in space, after Jake Garn. He was a payload specialist on the Space Shuttle "Columbia".


title: Bill Nelson

text: Nelson retired from Congress in 1990 to run for Governor of Florida, but was lost the Democratic nomination to Lawton Chiles.


title: Bill Nelson

text: In March 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Nelson to be Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in his administration.


title: Bill Nelson

text: Nelson was born in Miami, Florida. He was raised in Melbourne, Florida. Nelson studied at the University of Florida, Yale University and at the University of Virginia.


title: Bill Nelson

text: Nelson began his career in the Florida House of Representatives, where he served from 1973 to 1979. He then served in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1991.


title: Bill Nelson

text: In January 1986, Nelson became the second sitting member of the United States Congress to fly in space along with John Glenn. He flew as a Payload Specialist on the Space Shuttle "Columbia".


title: Bill Nelson

text: In the U.S. Senate, he was a centrist and a moderate Democrat. Nelson supported same-sex marriage, lowering taxes on lower and middle income families, expanding environmental programs and regulation, protecting the Affordable Care Act and expanding Medicaid.


title: Bill Nelson

text: Nelson chaired the Senate Aging Committee from 2013 to 2015, and was Ranking Member of the Senate Commerce Committee from 2015 to 2019.


title: Bill Nelson

text: On February 22, 2021, reports emerged that President Joe Biden was considering nominating Nelson to be the NASA Administrator. Biden officially nominated Nelson on March 19, 2021 to the position.


title: Bill Nelson

text: His nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 29, 2021 by a unanimous voice vote.


title: Bill Nelson

text: In 1972, Nelson married Grace Cavert. The couple have two adult children: Charles William "Bill Jr." Nelson, and Nan Ellen Nelson. He has suffered from prostate cancer.


title: Regis Philbin

text: Regis Francis Xavier Philbin (; August 25, 1931 – July 24, 2020) was an American media personality, actor and singer, known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s. Sometimes called (alternatively attributed to James Brown) "the hardest working man in show business", he held the world record for the most time spent in front of a television camera. He was most widely known for "Live! with Regis and Kelly" (previously "Live! with Regis and Kathie Lee"), "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire", "Million Dollar Password", and for hosting the first season of "America's Got Talent".


title: Planetary core

text: The planetary core is the innermost layer or layers in a planet. The terrestrial planets (planets with a rocky surface) have a core mainly made of iron and could be a solid or a liquid layer. The Earth's core is partially liquid, while the cores of Mars and Venus are thought to be completely solid, because the cores do not make a magnetic field.


title: Bowler hat

text: It was originally designed to protect the head from blows. One story is that the British soldier and politician Edward Coke, the younger brother of the 2nd Earl of Leicester had it made in 1849. Its purpose was to protect his gamekeepers' heads from low-hanging branches while on horseback. The keepers had previously worn top hats, which were easily knocked off and damaged.


title: Madam C. J. Walker

text: Sarah Breedlove (December 23, 1867 – May 25, 1919), known as Madam C. J. Walker, was an American entrepreneur and philanthropist. She was said to be the first female self-made millionaire in America. When she died her estate was worth $600,000 (worth about $8 million today). So this may not have been entirely true. She made her fortune in the hair care business. Her own hair loss caused her to look for “hair-growing” solutions. She developed and marketed a successful line of beauty and hair products for black women. She started the company Madame C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company. She died May 25, 1919 of hypertension in Irvington, New York at the age of 51.


title: Regis Philbin

text: Philbin was born in the Bronx, New York City. His father, Francis "Frank" Philbin, a U.S. Marine who served in the Pacific, was of Irish ancestry. His mother, Filomena "Florence" (nee Boscia), was of Arbëreshë ancestry. They lived in the Van Nest section of the Bronx. Philbin was raised Roman Catholic. He was supposedly named "Regis" because his father wanted him to attend the prestigious Regis High School. It was long believed that Philbin was an only child, but on the February 1, 2007, broadcast of "Live with Regis and Kelly", Philbin announced that he did have a brother, Frank M. Philbin (March 1, 1951 – January 27, 2007), who had died from non-Hodgkin lymphoma several days earlier. Philbin said his brother had asked to not be mentioned on television or in the press.


title: Planetary core

text: The gas giants also have a core made of iron. Their cores are very small, in proportion to their large size. However, the gas giants are so large that their cores can still be larger than the Earth's core. Jupiter's core is estimated to be 12 times the mass of the Earth's.


title: Bowler hat

text: The bowler hat was popular with the working class during the Victorian era, and later on with the middle and upper classes in Britain and the eastern United States. In Britain, they are worn as civilian dress by Guards officers.


title: Madam C. J. Walker

text: On December 23, 1867, Sarah Breedlove was born on a plantation near the village of Delta, Louisiana. She was the fifth child born to recently freed slaves, Owen and Minerva. She was their first child born free. Her mother died in 1874 and her father died in 1875. She went to live with her sister Louvinia and her husband. In 1877 they moved to Vicksburg, Mississippi where Sarah picked cotton. At age 14 she married Moses McWilliams. He died two years later. Breedlove and her daughter A'Lelia went to St. Louis. Two of her brothers were barbers there. She worked washing clothes for $1.50 USD a day. She also attended night school. In 1894 Breedlove married for the second time to John Davis. But the marriage failed as he was unfaithful to her.


title: Regis Philbin

text: Philbin attended Our Lady of Solace grammar school in the Bronx, and graduated from Cardinal Hayes High School in the Bronx in 1949 before attending the University of Notre Dame, where he graduated in 1953 with a sociology degree. He later served in the United States Navy as a supply officer, then went through a few behind-the-scenes jobs in television and radio before moving into the broadcasting arena.


title: Planetary core

text: A core's size can vary from each planet or other object. The moon's core is 20% of its radius, but Mercury's core is 75% of its radius.


title: Bowler hat

text: The bowler was the most popular hat in the American Old West. It was "the hat that won the West". Both cowboys and railroad workers preferred the hat because it would not blow off easily in strong wind while riding a horse, or when sticking one's head out the window of a speeding train. It was worn by both lawmen and outlaws, including Bat Masterson, Butch Cassidy, Black Bart, and Billy the Kid. In America the hat came to be commonly known as the "derby", and Wild West outlaw Marion Hedgepeth was commonly referred to as "the Derby Kid".


title: Madam C. J. Walker

text: In the 1890s Breedlove began losing her hair due to a scalp condition. She began experimenting with home made cures. At the 1904 World's Fair Breedlove met Annie (Turnbow) Malone. By 1905 she was selling Malone's products. Breedlove moved to Denver where she married her second husband, Charles Joseph Walker. In a dream it came to her what to mix up for a hair product. One of the ingredients was only available in Africa so she sent for some. Her hair started growing again. She started her own business selling a product she developed "Madam Walker's Wonderful Hair Grower" It was designed as a scalp healer and hair conditioner. As Mrs C.J. Walker she changed her business name to "Madam" C.J. Walker. in 1906, her daughter A'Lelia graduated from college and came to work managing her mother's company. This freed Walker to begin selling her product door-to-door. She gave presentations to church groups wherever she could. In 1908 she started her own college in Pittsburgh to train her salespeople.


title: Regis Philbin

text: Philbin filled in for Dick Clark for the 2004 edition of "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve" after Clark suffered a stroke.


title: Bowler hat

text: The bowler, called a in Spanish, has been worn by Quechua and Aymara women since the 1920s, when it was introduced to Bolivia by British railway workers. For many years, a factory in Italy manufactured the hats for the Bolivian market, but they are now made locally. Another region where the bowler hat is worn is the Niger Delta area of Nigeria.


title: Madam C. J. Walker

text: In 1910 she incorporated her company. She could not attract big investors so she used $10,000 of her own money to start her school and factory in Indianapolis. She was the sole shareholder of the Madame C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company. Sarah Walker was a serious business women. She began mixing herbs and shampoos. Her products where especially for black women. In a short time she had trained 40,000 salespeople, her "Walker Agents". Her agents learned her system of vegetable shampoos, witch hazel, cold creams and diets. She didn't invent the hot comb, for straightening hair. But she improved it with wider teeth just for black women's hair.


title: Regis Philbin

text: On July 24, 2020, Philbin's family released a statement that he had died at the age of 88, one month before his 89th birthday. "TMZ" reported that Philbin had died at Greenwich Hospital in Connecticut of heart disease. "The Blast" revealed that he had died after having a heart attack caused by coronary artery disease.


title: Bowler hat

text: The bowler makes regular appearances. It was part of John Steed's outfit in "The Avengers" British TV series, and Oddjob's favourite weapon in the original "Goldfinger" film. It was worn by "Charlie Chaplin" and Stan Laurel in movies.


title: Madam C. J. Walker

text: Walker attended the National Negro Business League Thirteenth Annual Convention in 1912. No women were included on the schedule of speakers. Walker got up and took the podium from Booker T. Washington who was moderating. She told her story and why women should be included. At the fourteenth convention she was on the schedule of speakers. She had the ability to inspire others.


title: Madam C. J. Walker

text: Walker was a leader and a role model in the black community. She was one of the first female African Americans to create hair care products for black women. This was at a time when almost all products where for white people. The goal of her starting her business was to make female African Americans feel better about themselves. They could feel better about their appearance by using her products. Walker re-invented hair straightening just for black people. Her way of making money helped her and also got her employees out of poverty. Whenever they would make a sale for her they would get a certain percentage of the money. She did get some criticism from other black leaders. Booker T. Washington criticized her for making black women look like white women. He did not like skin bleaching and straightened hair. But she stated that the crucial ingredients for her hair care products came from Africa. Madam C. J. Walker died on May 25, 1919.


title: Alessandra Mussolini

text: Alessandra Mussolini is an Italian former model and now a politician. She was born on 30 December 1962. She is the granddaughter of the fascist dictator of Italy, Benito Mussolini, and the niece of the Italian actress Sophia Loren. Her son Romano Floriani Mussolini, is a professional football player at S.S. Lazio. She has outspoken views similar to fascism and she was a member of the neo-fascist movimento Sociale Italiano political party.


title: Sponge (tool)

text: A Sponge is a tool that is used for cleaning and washing. The sponge is made of a special material, with many holes. By rubbing the sponge against dirty surfaces, the dirt can be removed.


title: Sichuan pepper

text: Sichuan pepper (or Szechuan pepper) is plant fruit which is used as a spice. The outer pods of some species in the genus "Zanthoxylum" are used to make the spice. Many people in Asia grow them for the spice. Although the plants are called "peppers", they are not related to either black pepper or Chili pepper.


title: Sponge (tool)

text: Most natural sponges used for cleaning today come from the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. Today Izmir and Tripolis are the main markets where natural sponges are sold.


title: Sichuan pepper

text: Sichuan pepper is widely used in food from Sichuan, China, from which it takes its name, as well as Tibetan, Bhutani, and Japanese food cultures, among others.


title: Sponge (tool)

text: Sponges have medicinal potential. This is because of antimicrobial compounds in either the sponge itself or their microbial symbionts.


title: Sichuan pepper

text: Sichuan pepper has a unique aroma and taste. This taste is quite different from that of black or white pepper or chile pepper. It tastes a little like lemon. It also creates a special feeling in the mouth, a kind of numbness.


title: Sponge (tool)

text: Bottlenose dolphins have been seen using live sponges. This was in Shark Bay. Shark bay is in Western Australia. The behaviour has only been observed in the bay. Most likely adult dolphins teach it to their children. The only other marine mammals that use tools are Sea otters.


title: Sichuan pepper

text: Recipes say that sichuan pepper should be slightly toasted, then crushed, before it is added to food. Only the hull (outer shells) are used in cooking; the seeds are ignored or thrown away. In general, Sichuan pepper is added at the last moment. Star anise and ginger are often used with it.


title: Sichuan pepper

text: Sichuan pepper figures prominently in spicy Sichuan food. It goes with fish, duck, and chicken dishes, as well as with fried eggplant. It has an alkaline pH and a numbing effect on the lips when eaten in larger doses. "Ma la" (; literally "numb and hot"), a flavour common in Sichuan cooking, is a combination of Sichuan pepper and chili pepper.


title: Sichuan pepper

text: It is also available as an oil (marketed as either "Sichuan pepper oil" or "Hwajiaw oil"). In this form it is best used in stir fry noodle dishes without hot spices. The preferred recipe includes ginger oil and brown sugar to be cooked with a base of noodles and vegetables, with rice vinegar and Sichuan pepper oil to be added after cooking.


title: Sichuan pepper

text: "Hua jiao yan" is a mixture of salt and Sichuan pepper, roasted and browned in a wok and served as a condiment to accompany chicken, duck and pork dishes. The peppercorns can also be lightly fried in order to make a spicy oil with various uses.


title: Sichuan pepper

text: Sichuan pepper is one of the few spices which are important for Tibetan and Bhutanese cookery of the Himalayas. This is because few spices can be grown there. One Himalayan specialty is the momo, a dumpling stuffed with vegetables, cottage cheese or minced yak meat, beef or pork and flavoured with Sichuan pepper, garlic, ginger and onion. The noodles are steamed and served dry, together with a fiery sauce. Tibetans believe it can sanitize meat that may not be so fresh. In reality it may only serve to mask foul flavors.


title: Sichuan pepper

text: In Japan the dried and powdered leaves of "Zanthoxylum sancho" are used to make noodle dishes and soups mildly hot and fragrant. The whole leaves, "kinome", are used to flavour vegetables, especially bamboo shoots, and to decorate soups. The buds, seeds, flowers, and hulls are also used.


title: Sichuan pepper

text: From 1968 to 2005, the United States Food and Drug Administration banned the importation of Sichuan peppercorns because they were found to be capable of carrying citrus canker (as the tree is in the same family, Rutaceae, as the genus "Citrus"). This bacterial disease, which is very difficult to control, could potentially harm the foliage and fruit of citrus crops in the U.S. It was never an issue of harm in human consumption. The import ban was only loosely enforced until 2002. In 2005, the USDA and FDA lifted the ban, provided the peppercorns are heated to around 70 degrees Celsius (160 degrees Fahrenheit) to kill the canker bacteria before importation.


title: Australian Broadcasting Corporation

text: The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, known as "the ABC", is Australia's national public broadcaster. It has a yearly budget of A$1.18 billion. The ABC provides television, radio, online and mobile information services throughout Australia, as well as overseas through the ABC Australia and Radio Australia.


title: Pulmonary fibrosis

text: Pulmonary fibrosis (literally "scarring of the lungs") is a respiratory disease in which scars are formed in the lung tissues, leading to serious breathing problems. Scar formation, the addition of extra fibrous connective tissue (the process called fibrosis), leads to thickening of the walls, and causes low oxygen supply in the blood.


title: Australian Broadcasting Corporation

text: It began in 1929 as the Australian Broadcasting Company. It became a government owned corporation on 1 July 1932, called the Australian Broadcasting Commission. The "Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983" changed the name of the organisation to the "Australian Broadcasting Corporation", from 1 July 1983. Although funded and owned by the government, the ABC remains editorially independent. This independence is part of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983.


title: Pulmonary fibrosis

text: In some patients the cause of the disease can be diagnosed, but in others the cause is unknown, a condition called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. There is no known cure for the scars and damage in the lung due to pulmonary fibrosis.


title: Australian Broadcasting Corporation

text: The ABC has 46 local radio stations, four national networks and international service Radio Australia. It also has three digital radio stations.


title: Australian Broadcasting Corporation

text: ABC Local Radio has 46 individual stations, each with a similar format. This format is locally presented light entertainment, news, talkback, music, sport and interviews. It also has some national programs such as "AM" snd "PM" (current affairs), "The World Today", sporting events and "Nightlife".


title: Australian Broadcasting Corporation

text: ABC Radio National broadcasts more than 60 special interest programs every week. These cover a range of topics including music, comedy, book readings, radio dramas, poetry, science, health, the arts, religion, social history and current affairs.


title: Australian Broadcasting Corporation

text: ABC NewsRadio is a continuous news service. It was known as the Parliamentary and News Network. It was set up to broadcast sittings of the Australian Federal Parliament, and to provide a news service at other times. The network broadcasts news on a 24 hours a day, seven days a week, with updates on the quarter-hour. Much of the news content is produced by the ABC itself, however many programs come from the BBC World Service, NPR, Deutsche Welle, Radio Netherlands and CNN Radio.


title: Australian Broadcasting Corporation

text: ABC Classic FM was the ABC's first FM radio service. It was originally called "ABC FM". Its format was based on community stations and BBC Radio 3.


title: Australian Broadcasting Corporation

text: Triple J is a national youth radio network. It plays contemporary alternative and independent music. Its audience is people aged 18–35. While the network plays music from around the world, it has a strong focus on local artists. Triple J was formerly known as "Double Jay" when it launched in Sydney on 19 January 1975.


title: Australian Broadcasting Corporation

text: The ABC operates four TV channels. ABC TV, the Corporation's original television service, receives most of funding for television and shows new comedy, drama, documentaries, and news and current affairs. In each state and territory a local news bulletin is shown at 7.00 p.m. nightly.


title: Australian Broadcasting Corporation

text: ABC TV Plus which began in 2005, is a digital-only channel that shows mainly repeated programs from ABC TV. It does have some original content including news programs, children's shows, animation, and music shows.


title: Client state

text: Client state is a word used to describe a state that has to follow a more powerful state in international politics. The word is not specific compared with the other words which have similar meanings: satellite state, associated state, puppet state, neo-colony, protectorate, vassal state and tributary state. The greater state may be said to exercise hegemony over the lesser one.


title: Quavo

text: Quavious Keyate Marshall() (born April 2, 1991) is an American rapper, record producer, singer and songwriter. He is a member of the trio Migos along with Kirshnik Ball (aka Takeoff) and Kiari Cephus (aka Offset). Quavo is based in the U.S. state of Georgia. He released his first album in 2018.


title: Quavo

text: On November 1, 2022 Quavo was playing dice with a group when a fight broke out that resulted in the shooting and killing of his nephew and member of Migos, Takeoff. Two additional victims were initially reported and their condition remains unclear.


title: Taser

text: A Taser is a weapon that is not meant to kill. Tasers use electricity to shock people so they fall on the ground. If a person is shot by a Taser, they feel like they are hurt and cannot move their arms and legs. Tasers are used by police officers to stop people who want to hurt them, and to stop people who are running away.


title: Weaning

text: Weaning means changing the diet of a baby little by little, from its mother's milk to the food it will eat as an adult. Since only female mammals make milk, weaning is only a necessary process for mammals. When a baby does not drink any more breast milk (or milk substitute), the baby has been weaned.


title: Taser

text: Tasers shoot two small pieces of metal called prongs. These prongs are connected to long pieces of metal string. When the Taser is shot, the prongs hit the person and electricity moves along the metal string to shock the person.


title: Weaning

text: Human babies should start eating small amounts of solid food, along with breast milk or formula, when they are about six months old. Before this time, a child's digestive system and kidneys are still forming, so the child is not ready for solid food.


title: Taser

text: Even though a Taser is a weapon that is not meant to kill, the prongs can still hurt people. There are some times when people die after they are shot with a Taser. This is because some people get hurt differently by electricity.