title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: All four Galilean moons stand out because of the swiftness of their motion, compared to the Moon. They are all also large enough to fully eclipse the Sun.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: Jupiter's small inner moons appear only as star-like points except Amalthea, which can occasionally appear as large as Callisto. However, they would all be brighter than any star. The outer moons would be invisible except for Himalia, which would appear as a dim, star-like point to the naked eye only under favorable circumstances.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: None of Jupiter's moons have more than traces of atmosphere, so their skies are black or very nearly so. For an observer on one of the moons, the most prominent feature of the sky by far would be Jupiter.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: Because the inner moons of Jupiter are in synchronous rotation around Jupiter, the planet always appears in nearly the same spot in their skies. Observers on the sides of the Galilean satellites facing away from the planet would never see Jupiter, for instance.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: From the moons of Jupiter, solar eclipses caused by the Galilean satellites would be spectacular, because an observer would see the circular shadow of the eclipsing moon travel across Jupiter's face.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: The sky in the upper reaches of Saturn's atmosphere is blue, but the predominant color of its cloud decks suggests that it may be yellowish further down. The rings of Saturn are almost certainly visible from the upper reaches of its atmosphere. The rings are so thin that from a position on Saturn's equator, they would be almost invisible. However, from anywhere else on the planet, they could be seen as a spectacular arc stretching across half the celestial hemisphere.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: Saturn's moons would not look particularly impressive in its sky, as most are fairly small, and the largest are a long way from the planet. Even Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, appears only half the size of Earth's moon. In fact, Titan is the dimmest of Saturn's large moons due to its great distance and dimness; Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, and Rhea are all brighter. Most of the inner moons would appear as bright, star-like points (with the exception of Janus), although most would shine brighter than any star. None of the outer moons would be visible except Phoebe which would be very dim.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: Since the inner moons of Saturn are all in synchronous rotation, the planet always appears in the same spot in their skies. Observers on the sides of those satellites facing away from the planet would never see Saturn. In the skies of Saturn's inner moons, Saturn is an enormous object.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: Saturn's rings would not be prominent from most of the moons. This is because the rings, though wide, are not very thick. The rings are edge-on and practically invisible from the inner moons. From the outer moons, starting with Iapetus, a more oblique view of the rings would be available, although the greater distance would make Saturn appear smaller in the sky; from Phoebe, the largest of Saturn's irregular moons, Saturn would appear only as big as the full Moon does from Earth. The best view of the rings may be from the inner moon Mimas, which is fairly near the rings. The co-orbitals Epimetheus and Janus would also get a good view. Tethys gets the next best view; Iapetus gets a good view of the rings and is more than any of the outer moons can claim.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: Titan is the only moon in the Solar System to have a thick atmosphere. The Titanean sky is a light tangerine color. However, an astronaut standing on the surface of Titan would see a hazy brownish/dark orange color. As a consequence of its greater distance from the Sun and the thickness of its atmosphere, the surface of Titan receives only about of the sunlight Earth does – daytime on Titan is thus only as bright as twilight on the Earth. It seems likely that Saturn is permanently invisible behind orange smog, and even the Sun would be only a lighter patch in the haze, barely illuminating the surface of ice and methane lakes. However, in the upper atmosphere, the sky would have a blue color and Saturn would be visible. With its thick atmosphere and methane rain, Titan is the only celestial body other than Earth upon which rainbows on the surface could form. However, given the extreme thickness of the atmosphere in visible light, the vast majority of the rainbow would be in the infrared.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: Seen from Enceladus, Saturn would have a visible diameter sixty times more than the Moon visible from Earth. Moreover, since Enceladus rotates synchronously with its orbital period and therefore keeps one face pointed toward Saturn, the planet never moves in the sky of Enceladus and cannot be seen from the far side of the satellite.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: Saturn's rings would be almost invisible, but their shadow on Saturn's disk would be clearly distinguishable. Like our own Moon from Earth, Saturn itself would show regular phases. From Enceladus, the Sun would have a diameter of only one-ninth that of the Moon as seen from Earth.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: An observer located on Enceladus could also observe Mimas (the biggest satellite located inside Enceladus's orbit) transit in front of Saturn every 72 hours, on average. Its apparent size would be about the same size as the Moon seen from Earth. Pallene and Methone would appear nearly star-like. Tethys, visible from Enceladus's anti-Saturnian side, would reach a maximum apparent size, about twice that of the Moon as seen from the Earth.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: Judging by the color of its atmosphere, the sky of Uranus is probably a light blue. It is unlikely that the planet's rings can be seen from its surface, as they are very thin and dark.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: None of Uranus's moons would appear as large as a full moon on Earth from the surface of Uranus, but the large number of them would present an interesting sight for observers hovering above the cloud tops. Unlike on Jupiter and Saturn, many of the inner moons can be seen as disks rather than star-like points; the moons Portia and Juliet can appear around the size of Miranda at times, and a number of other inner moons appear larger than Oberon. The outer irregular moons would not be visible to the naked eye.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: The low light levels at such a great distance from the sun ensure that the moons appear very dim; the brightest, Ariel, would shine more than 100 times dimmer than the moon as seen from Earth. Meanwhile, the outer large moon Oberon would be only as bright as Venus despite its proximity.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: Judging by the color of its atmosphere, the sky of Neptune is probably an azure or sky blue, similar to Uranus'. As in the case of Uranus, it is unlikely that the planet's rings can be seen from its surface, as they are very thin and dark.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: Aside from the Sun, the most notable object in Neptune's sky is its large moon Triton, which would appear slightly smaller than a full Moon on Earth. It moves more swiftly than our Moon. The smaller moon Proteus would show a disk about half the size of the full Moon. An alignment of the inner moons would likely produce a spectacular sight. Neptune's large outer satellite, Nereid, is not large enough to appear as a disk from Neptune, and is not noticeable in the sky. The other irregular outer moons would not be visible to the naked eye.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: Triton, Neptune's largest moon, has an atmosphere, but it is so thin that its sky is still black, possibly with some pale haze at the horizon. Because Triton orbits with synchronous rotation, Neptune always appears in the same position in its sky. As Neptune orbits the Sun, Triton's polar regions take turns facing the Sun for 82 years at a stretch, resulting in radical seasonal changes as one pole, then the other, moves into the sunlight.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: Neptune itself with a maximum brightness would be about that of the full moon on Earth. Due to its eccentric orbit, Nereid would vary considerably in brightness; its disk would be far too small to see with the naked eye. Proteus would also be difficult to resolve but, at its closest, would rival Canopus.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: A trans-Neptunian object is any minor planet in the Solar System that orbits the Sun at a greater average distance than Neptune.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: Pluto, accompanied by its largest moon Charon, orbits the Sun at a distance usually outside the orbit of Neptune except for a twenty-year period in each orbit.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: From Pluto, the Sun is point-like to human eyes, but still very bright, giving roughly 150 to 450 times the light of the full Moon from Earth. Nonetheless, human observers on Pluto would notice a large decrease in available light.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: Pluto's atmosphere consists of a thin envelope of nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide gases, all of which are derived from the ices of these substances on its surface. When Pluto is close to the Sun, the temperature of Pluto's solid surface increases, causing these ices to sublimate into gasses. This atmosphere also produces a noticeable blue haze that is visible at sunset and possibly other times of the Plutonian day.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: Pluto and Charon are tidally locked to each other. This means that Charon always presents the same face to Pluto, and Pluto also always presents the same face to Charon. Observers on the far side of Charon from Pluto would never see the dwarf planet; observers on the far side of Pluto from Charon would never see the moon. Charon, as seen from Pluto's surface would be a very large object in the night sky.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: The sky of a comet changes dramatically as it nears the Sun. During closest distance, a comet's ices begin to sublime from its surface, forming tails of gas and dust, and a coma. An observer on a comet nearing the Sun might see the stars slightly obscured by a milky haze, which could create halo effects around the Sun and other bright objects.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: For observers on extrasolar planets, the constellations would differ depending on the distances involved. A consequence of observing the universe from other stars is that stars that may appear bright in our own sky may appear dimmer in other skies and vice versa.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: From a planet orbiting Aldebaran, 65 light years away, our Sun would be seen as an insignificant star between Ophiuchus and Scorpius. Constellations made of bright, distant stars would look somewhat similar (such as Orion and Scorpius) but much of the night sky would seem unfamiliar to someone from Earth. Even Orion would appear somewhat different; viewed from this position, Alnilam and Mintaka would appear to be on top of each other, thus reducing the belt to two stars. Also, Bellatrix would be much closer to the belt, making the "chest" of Orion somewhat smaller.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: If the Sun were to be observed from the Alpha Centauri system, the nearest star system to ours, it would appear to be as a star in the constellation Cassiopeia. Due to the proximity of the Alpha Centauri system, the constellations would, for the most part, appear similar.


title: Extraterrestrial sky

text: From further away, the Sun would be an average looking star in the constellation Serpens Caput. At this distance, most of the stars nearest to us would be in different locations to those in our sky, including Alpha Centauri, Sirius, and Procyon.


title: M18 motorway (Great Britain)

text: The M18 is a motorway in Yorkshire, England. It goes from the M1 near Rotherham, past Doncaster, to the M62 near Goole. It connects the M1 with the area around the Humber, such as Hull. It is about long.


title: M18 motorway (Great Britain)

text: Data from driver location signs are used to provide distance and carriageway identifier information. The location sequence is a continuation of the M1 location sequence.


title: Offensive linemen

text: Offensive linemen (also OL) are American football players who defend the quarterback or running backs by blocking defensive players.


title: Chinese musical system

text: The ancient Chinese musical system depends on very ancient mathematics used to determine sound frequencies. The easiest way to explain it is to work through a real example.


title: Chinese musical system

text: Suppose that somebody wanted to make a musical instrument that could play any song in the ancient Chinese system. Here are the instructions:


title: Chinese musical system

text: Make a wooden box 105 cm long and 60 cm wide. Put guides for the strings near each end of the box, and fix it so that these two guides are 99 cm apart.


title: Chinese musical system

text: Multiply 99 cm by 2/3, which is 66 cm. Place a fret all the way across the box on the 66 cm line.<br>


title: Chinese musical system

text: Multiply 69.531 cm by 2/3, which is 46.354 -- and which is too short, so double it to get 92.708 cm. Place a fret along this line.<br>


title: Chinese musical system

text: Counting the frequency on the open string and the frequencies on the fretted strings, for each string there will be 12 defined frequencies.


title: Chinese musical system

text: Tune the bottom string to some basic frequency. Tune the next string to the frequency of the bottom string at the first fret. Tune the third string to the bottom string's second fret. Keep going until you have tuned all twelve strings.


title: Chinese musical system

text: When you pluck these strings at all the fretted and unfretted positions, you will get 144 frequencies. Some of them will be duplicates, but not as many as you might think because this system is not like the Equal tempered system now used for almost all Western music.


title: Chinese musical system

text: Out of each twelve frequencies on a single string, you can make many selections of either five frequencies (for the pentatonic scales) or seven frequencies (for the heptatonic scales).


title: Chinese musical system

text: Here is a chart showing how frequencies and scales can be produced. The frequency of 440 hertz could have been any other frequency. Once this frequency is chosen, it is multiplied by the ratios to produce the first column of frequencies. Each of these 12 frequencies is used to start its own column. (See the dotted red line for one example.) Any five frequencies in a column can be chosen to make a pentatonic scale, as long as they are not right together and are not more than two apart.


title: Chinese musical system

text: In the United States, students are taught the scale whose notes are named: "do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, and ti." Those seven (known to many from the "Doe, a deer, a female deer" song) produce a major scale. In Western music we also use a minor scale fairly frequently. But we only have those two. Chinese traditional music uses five different scales of five notes each. It also has pentatonic scales, but they are not discussed in this article.


title: Health regeneration (video games)

text: Health regeneration is a feature in video games where if the player takes damage, they can get back the health they lost if they wait and do not take any more damage. The first game with this feature was "Punch Out!!" for the Nintendo Entertainment System.


title: Health regeneration (video games)

text: Many people think "" was the first First-person shooter game to have health regeneration, but it was not. Health regeneration was not even in the first "Halo" game, but it was added in "Halo 2" and was a feature in most "Halo" games since then. Even so, it has existed in shooter games before "Halo". Nonetheless, since "Halo 2", it became more common to have have health regeneration instead of health bars and it later became standard in shooter games. Other shooter games that use health regeneration include the "Call of Duty" games, the "Gears of War" games, and the "Sniper Elite" games.


title: Giovanni Boccaccio

text: Giovanni Boccaccio (, , ; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian author and poet. He wrote several famous works, such as "On Famous Women" and the "Decameron". Boccaccio was the first poet, who used ottava rima in longer poems.


title: Batumi

text: Batumi (; ) is the second largest city of Georgia and the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, it is located on the coast of the Black Sea.


title: Juniper

text: Junipers is the name for a number of species of coniferous plants in the genus "Juniperus". They are related to the family "Cupressaceae" (the cypress). There are between 50 and 67 species of juniper. Junipers grow in the northern hemisphere.


title: Tagus

text: It is long, in Spain and in Portugal. For it forms the border between Portugal and Spain. The river flows into the Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon.


title: Juniper

text: Junipers are evergreen. They vary in size from low shrubs to tall trees, which grow to between twenty and forty metres tall.


title: Tagus

text: It drains an area of (the second largest in the Iberian peninsula after the Douro). The Tagus is highly utilized for most of its course. Several dams and diversions supply drinking water to most of central Spain, including Madrid, and Portugal, while dozens of hydroelectric stations create power.


title: Juniper

text: The female trees have seed cones. These look like like a berry, and are called juniper berries. They take from six to eighteen months to grow after pollination. They are often aromatic, and can be used as a spice.


title: Tagus

text: Between dams it follows a very constricted course, but after Almourol it enters a vast alluvial valley prone to flooding. At its mouth is a large estuary on which the port city of Lisbon is situated.


title: Juniper

text: Unfortunately, the berries of some species, such as "Juniperus sabina", are toxic. Eating them them is not advised. "Juniper" has a number of species, and you have to know what you are doing before you eat the berries.


title: Tagus

text: The source of the Tagus is the Fuente de García, in the Frías de Albarracín municipal term, Montes Universales, Sistema Ibérico, Sierra de Albarracín Comarca. All its major tributaries enter the Tagus from the right (north) bank. The main cities it passes through are Aranjuez, Toledo, Talavera de la Reina and Alcántara in Spain, and Abrantes, Santarém, Almada and Lisbon in Portugal.


title: Mashhad

text: Mashhad () is a city in the Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. Mashhad is the second largest city in Iran. It is close to Iran's border with Afghanistan and Turkmenistan.


title: Mashhad

text: Mashhad is primarily known as the resting place of Imam Reza and also the great Persian poet, Ferdowsi.


title: Mashhad

text: Before the 9th century, Mashhad was a small village but became prosperous after imam Reza was killed and buried there by Al-Ma'mun the Abbasid caliph. Mashhad turned into a famous town, in the time of Shah Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty (1501) and later Nader Shah of his Empire chose Mashhad as his capital. Mashhad has remained one of Iran's most important cities to this day even with the relocation of the capital to Tehran.


title: Vapor

text: Vapor (British English: vapour) is when small drops of liquid float in the air. Sometimes this happens because the liquid has been heated. Vapor is not the same as gas. It is a mixture of liquid and gas.


title: Thomas Henry Huxley

text: Thomas Henry Huxley PC PRS (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) was an English biologist who specialised in comparative anatomy. He was born in Ealing, Middlesex. He was a friend and supporter of Charles Darwin, and had a public career. He was a member of ten Royal Commissions.


title: Thomas Henry Huxley

text: Today he is sometimes called "Darwin's Bulldog" for his support of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. However, this term was not used during his lifetime. Huxley was slow to accept some of Darwin's ideas, but he was wholehearted in his public support of Darwin.


title: Thomas Henry Huxley

text: Huxley's 1860 debate with the English Bishop Samuel Wilberforce was a famous public event. The debate was about evolution, and it was widely reported in the press. Many thought Huxley won that debate, which helped Huxley's career, and the theory of evolution.


title: Thomas Henry Huxley

text: Huxley also developed scientific education in Britain, and fought against the more extreme forms of religion. These activities had a big effect on the way people in Britain and elsewhere thought about the world. Huxley used the term "agnostic" to say that he did not know if there is a god or not. We continue to use the term "agnostic" today. Huxley was for many years a close friend of the Irish physicist John Tyndall.


title: Thomas Henry Huxley

text: Huxley had little schooling, and taught himself almost everything he knew. Remarkably, he became a great anatomist and zoologist. Later, he discussed the evolution of man and the apes. Another of his ideas was that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs, which is now known to be true.


title: Thomas Henry Huxley

text: As a young man, Huxley went on a long voyage of discovery to the southern continents. He was Assistant to the Surgeon on the Royal Navy ship HMS "Rattlesnake". What he did was to collect sea animals, and study them. He went ashore in New Guinea and the eastern coast of Australia, to study the animals, and the native peoples. He fell in love with a girl in Sydney, Australia, and some years later they married and had children.


title: Thomas Henry Huxley

text: For nearly ten years he worked on the relationship of man to the apes. This led him into a clash with Richard Owen, a man who was disliked for his behaviour, but admired for his skill. The struggle between them ended in some severe defeats for Owen.


title: Thomas Henry Huxley

text: Huxley's public lectures grew into his most famous work "Man's place in Nature" (1863). There he deals with the evolution of man, before Charles Darwin published his "Descent of Man" in 1871.


title: Thomas Henry Huxley

text: In the book Huxley gives evidence for the evolution of man and apes from a common ancestor. It was the first book devoted to the topic of human evolution. The book proposed to a wide readership that "evolution applied as fully to man as to all other life".


title: Thomas Henry Huxley

text: Huxley was an important public figure. When he was young there were virtually no biology degrees in British universities, and few courses. Most biologists of his day were either self-taught, or took medical degrees. By the time he retired there were professors in biology in most universities, and a broad agreement on what should be taught. Huxley was the single most influential person in this transformation. Huxley was for about thirty years evolution's most effective champion. For some, Huxley was ""the" leading English spokesman for science in the nineteenth century".


title: Thomas Henry Huxley

text: Huxley supported the reading of the Bible in schools. Huxley was against organised religion, but he thought the Bible's moral teachings and use of language helped English life. "I do not advocate burning your ship to get rid of the cockroaches".


title: Thomas Henry Huxley

text: However, what Huxley proposed was to create an "edited version" of the Bible, without "shortcomings and errors... These tender children [should] not be taught that which you do not yourselves believe". The London School Board voted against his idea, but it also voted against the idea that public money should be used to support students attending church schools. Vigorous debate took place on such points, and the debates were written down in detail. Huxley said "I will never be a party to enabling the state to sweep the children of this country into denominational schools". The Act of Parliament which founded board schools allowed the reading of the Bible, but did not permit any particular religious doctrine to be taught.


title: Thomas Henry Huxley

text: It may be right to see Huxley as helping the secularisation of British society which gradually occurred over the following century. Ernst Mayr said "It can hardly be doubted that [biology] has helped to undermine traditional beliefs and value systems". Huxley more than anyone else was responsible for this trend in Britain.


title: Thomas Henry Huxley

text: Huxley worked on ten Royal and other commissions. The subjects included medical law, contagious diseases, vivisection; fisheries; universities in Scotland, and science education in Ireland. He was Inspector of Fisheries 1881–85, and held awards from many universities. He was President of the Royal Society from 1883–1885. The British state made him a Privy Councillor, as a reward for his public work.


title: Robert A. Heinlein

text: Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was an American writer. He mostly wrote science fiction books. He won the Hugo Award four times. Probably his best-known novels are Starship Troopers (1959, Hugo Award, was made into a film), and Stranger in a Strange Land (1961, Hugo Award). Two other Hugo awards were for Double Star (1956) and The Moon is a Harsh Mistress (1966). Together with Isaac Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke he is seen as one of the "Big Three of Science Fiction".


title: Ashley Tisdale

text: Ashley Michelle Tisdale (born July 2, 1985) is an American actress-singer and producer. She is known for co-starring in the movies "High School Musical", "High School Musical 2" and "High School Musical 3". She also played candy counter girl, Maddie Fitzpatrick, on the Disney Channel television series of "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody". She began singing and acting at an early age. Her first studio album was called "Headstrong". Some of her songs are "Be Good to Me", "Headstrong", "Not that Girl" and "Over It". Her newest second album is "Guilty Pleasure". The songs on it include "It's Alright It's Ok", "Hot Mess ".(song)"Hair" and "Crank it up". Her original hair color is blonde but she changed it for the series "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody". She also lends her voice to the animated series "Phineas and Ferb". She has earned up to 2.5 million dollars with the "High School Musical" movies. Ashley Tisdale worked on series "Suite Life of Zack and Cody" for three years. She also did one episode of "Suite Life On Deck".


title: Chitin

text: Chitin is a semitransparent material that is the main component of the exoskeletons of arthropods, such as crustaceans (e.g. crab, lobster and shrimp) and insects (e.g. ants, beetles and butterflies), of the cell walls of fungi, the radula of molluscs and the beaks of cephalopods (e.g. squid, and octopuses). Chitin has also proven useful for several medical and industrial purposes.


title: Ashley Tisdale

text: Her sister Jennifer Tisdale is also an actress as model. Her parents are Mike Tisdale and Lisa Tisdale.


title: Book of Zephaniah

text: The Book of Zephaniah is a book of the Bible and is thought to be written by “Zephaniah son of Cushi son of Gedaliah son of Amariah son of Hezekiah, in the days of King Josiah son of Amon of Judah”.


title: Euboea

text: Euboea is an island of Greece. It is also one of the 51 prefectures of Greece. Euboea is the second largest island of Greece. Its total area is 3,655 km. It is to the east of Boeotia and Attica prefectures. The island is surrounded by the Aegean Sea. The capital of Euboea and the biggest city on the island is Chalkida.


title: Book of Zephaniah

text: The book begins by telling of God's judgement on the Kingdom of Judah. Three times God says "I will sweep away" in Chapter 1 verses 1 and 2. This tells of total destruction. In the Bible repeating three times makes the warning stronger. The mention in Chapter 1 verse 2 of "humans and animals ... the birds ... the fish" reverses the creation order in Genesis Chapter 1 verse 28, showing the creation is being undone. "From the face of the earth" is a reference to the Genesis flood story in Genesis, where it also tells of an undoing of creation. This is very strong language of the coming destruction because of the sins of the people, corruption and injustice.


title: Book of Zephaniah

text: In chapter 2, Zephaniah also warns of punishment for many of the surrounding nations. These will also be destroyed. The nations mentioned include Philistia, Moab, Ammon,Cush and Assyria.


title: Book of Zephaniah

text: In Chapter 3, as is common in prophetic literature in the Bible, a "remnant" survives God's judgement in Zephaniah by humbly seeking refuge in God. The book ends in with hope and joy, as God "bursts forth in joyful divine celebration" over his people.


title: Customs

text: Most countries have a Customs Service. The customs service works mostly at ports, airports and the countries borders to make sure that people do not bring things into the country which are banned, or that the right amount of tax has been paid on goods that can be "imported" (brought into the country).


title: Customs

text: Some customs officers work at a post office. They do not meet the public, they examine letters and parcels which have been sent from outside the country, to make sure nothing illegal is being brought into the country.


title: Customs

text: In the United Kingdom the customs service was called "Customs and Excise". This is because it was once two separate bodies. The Customs service collected tax (called customs duty) on goods being brought into the country, for example brandy from France or tea from India. The Excise service collected tax (called excise duty) on goods made in the country, for example Scotch whisky or Irish whiskey. Today all cars and lorries must pay a tax to be allowed to drive on the road. Although most people call this "road tax" or "car tax", it is officially called "vehicle excise duty".


title: Li Na (tennis)

text: Li Na (born February 26, 1982) is a Chinese retired professional tennis player. As of January 2014, Li has won 9 WTA and 19 ITF singles titles.


title: Li Na (tennis)

text: On September 19, 2014, Li announced that she was retiring from tennis after she had missed the US Open Series because of a left knee injury.


title: Malacostraca

text: The Malacostraca (Greek: "soft shell") are the largest subgroup of crustaceans. They include decapods (such as crabs, lobsters and shrimp), stomatopods (mantis shrimp) and krill. There are 22,000 members in this group. It represents two thirds of all crustacean species. The first malacostracans appeared in the Cambrian period.


title: Malacostraca

text: The classification of crustaceans is currently being debated. Some think Malacostraca is a class and others think it is a subclass.


title: Malacostraca

text: Malacostraca have heads with six segments. They have a pair of antennules and a pair of antennae. They also have mouthparts. There are appendages near the mouthparts, called maxillipeds. They have five pairs of walking legs. The first pair is formed like a pincer. There are eight thoracic segments. There are six abdominal segments. They are used for swimming. Members of Malacostraca have compound stalked or sessile eyes. They have a two-chambered stomach and a centralized nervous system.


title: Franciscan

text: The word Franciscan refers to followers of one of the religious orders that follow the Rule of St Francis. Saint Francis of Assisi lived in the 13th century. Franciscans usually lead simple lives without much money. Today, there are three main branches of these orders. They mostly see themselves as part of the Roman Catholic or Anglican Church. There are also small communities in the Old Catholic and Protestant Church.


title: Diospyros

text: Diospyros is a genus of about 450–500 species of deciduous and evergreen trees. Most are native to the tropics, with only a few species extending into temperate regions. They are commonly known as ebony or persimmon trees. The generic name is derived from the Greek words διός ("dios"), meaning "of Zeus" and πυρός ("pyros"), meaning "grain" and was originally applied to the Caucasian Persimmon ("D. lotus").


title: Ngo Dinh Diem

text: Ngo Dinh Diem or Ngô Đình Diệm ( or ; 3 January 1901 – 2 November 1963) was the first President of South Vietnam.


title: Ngo Dinh Diem

text: Unlike most people in Vietnam, he was a Catholic. After he kept favoring people of his religion, he was overthrown and killed on 2 November 1963 by the South Việtnamese army during the Buddhist crisis. The army then set up a military dictatorship.


title: Betta splendens

text: Betta splendens is a species of freshwater fish in the genus "Betta". Bettas are also called betta fish or Siamese fighting fish. They are called Siamese fighting fish because people used to make them fight each other. "Betta splendens" are native to Thailand. They are a popular aquarium fish species. They are known for their interesting behavior, bright colors, and ability to breathe air.


title: Hydroxide

text: Hydroxide in chemistry is a name given to the diatomic anion OH, made up of oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Most chemical compounds that contain hydroxides are bases.


title: Betta splendens

text: "Betta splendens" is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. This means that "Betta splendens" may become endangered soon.


title: Hydroxide

text: An Arrhenius base is a substance that when dissolved in an aqueous solution, it produces hydroxide ions. Therefore, hydroxide ions are heavily involved in acid-base reactions.


title: Betta splendens

text: Males are more colorful and usually have larger fins than the females. There are many color patterns and fin types of "Betta splendens". Female bettas have a more pointy shape at their stomachs.


title: Hydroxide

text: Many useful chemical reactions or processes involve hydroxide or hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is used in industry as a strong base, potassium hydroxide is used in agriculture, and iron hydroxide minerals such as goethite and limonite have been used as iron ore. The aluminium ore bauxite is made mainly out of aluminium hydroxides.


title: Betta splendens

text: The Siamese fighting fish has been bred to have large and colorful fins. Wild "Betta splendens" do not have bright colors. Bettas are a popular aquarium fish. They are known for their interesting behavior and ability to breath air.


title: Hydroxide

text: Many useful chemicals and chemical processes involve hydroxides or hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is used in factories as an alkali, potassium hydroxide is used in farming, and iron hydroxide has been used as low grade brown iron ore.


title: Betta splendens

text: A popular fin type is the veiltail, which has long droopy fins that look like a dress. Red and blue are the most common colors in betta fish. Some people think that white, black, and green bettas are rare.


title: Betta splendens

text: If betta fish are kept in a small area, the males will fight each other. Bettas will also nip (bite) the fins of some fish.


title: Khnum

text: Khnum (; also spelled Khnemu) was an Egyptian god. He was originally the god of the source of the Nile River. He was also the ram-headed god, a minor water god, the god of fertility, and the potter god of creation. He created the first children on his potter's wheel with clay from the banks of the Nile River. Khnum also controls when the Nile will flood.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood is a 2019 comedy-drama movie written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. It is produced by Columbia Pictures, Bona Film Group, Heyday Films, and Visiona Romantica and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: The movie stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Brad Pitt, Margot Robbie, Emile Hirsch, Margaret Qualley, Timothy Olyphant, Austin Butler, Dakota Fanning, Bruce Dern, Luke Perry, Damian Lewis, Lena Dunham, Rumer Willis, James Remar, Kurt Russell, and Al Pacino. The movie takes place in the late 1960s in Hollywood. The movie sees an aging television actor and his stunt double and longtime friend seeing the changing Hollywood movie industry.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood" was released on July 26, 2019 and in the United Kingdom on August 14, 2019. It was released to strong positive reviews.


title: Roy Lichtenstein

text: Roy Lichtenstein (October 27, 1923 – September 29, 1997) was an American artist. He is famous for his work in the "pop art" style around the late 1950s to early 1960s. He was friends with artist Andy Warhol.


title: Roy Lichtenstein

text: He was born and grew up in New York City. After serving in the United States Army during World War II, he finished his education at Ohio State University and began teaching in colleges.


title: Roy Lichtenstein

text: Lichtenstein was interested in popular culture, including comic books and advertising. He made his art about topics like these. He liked to make his art colorful and with bright lines.


title: Bernie Madoff

text: Bernard Lawrence "Bernie" Madoff (; April 29, 1938 – April 14, 2021) was an American former investor, former stockbroker and former non-executive chairman for NASDAQ Stock Market. He was the admitted operator of a Ponzi scheme which is the largest financial fraud in United States history.


title: Bernie Madoff

text: In March 2009, Madoff pleaded guilty to 11 federal felonies and admitted to turning his wealth management business into a massive Ponzi scheme. Thousands of investors lost billions of dollars. Madoff said he began the Ponzi scheme in the early 1990s. However, federal investigators believe the fraud began as early as the 1970s. The people who are hunting for the missing money believe the investment operation may never have been legitimate. The amount missing from client accounts, including fabricated gains, was almost $65 billion. The court-appointed trustee estimated actual losses to investors of $18 billion. On June 29, 2009, he was sentenced to 150 years in prison, the maximum allowed.


title: Bernie Madoff

text: Madoff was of Jewish descent. He was married to Ruth. The elder of their two sons committed suicide by hanging in 2010. The younger son died of lymphoma in 2014.


title: Bernie Madoff

text: In December 2013, Madoff suffered from a heart attack. In January 2014, he said he had stage 4 kidney cancer.


title: Bernie Madoff

text: Madoff died on April 14, 2021 at a prison medical center in Butner, North Carolina after suffering from kidney disease for many years, at the age of 82. His cause of death was hypertension caused by heart and kidney disease.


title: Skeletal muscle

text: Skeletal muscle is a form of "striated" (striped) muscle tissue. It is under the voluntary control of the somatic nervous system. Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons. It is one of three muscle types, the others being cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.


title: Skeletal muscle

text: Skeletal muscle is made up of individual muscle cells or myocytes, known as "muscle fibres". Muscle fibres do the work when muscles contract. A great deal is known about their structure and how they work. They contract when they get a nerve impulse.


title: Kabyle language

text: Kabyle is a Berber language (Kabyle: "", "taqbaylit", pronounced ) spoken by the Kabyle people. There are 3,123,000 speakers worldwide, the majority in Algeria, where there are more 2,000,000 speakers.


title: Cane toad

text: The cane toad ("Bufo marinus") is a species of toad. They are also known as the giant neotropical toad and the marine toad.


title: Kabyle language

text: Kabyle was (with some exceptions) rarely written before the 20th century; however, in recent years a small but increasing body of literature has been printed. The originally oral poetry of Si Mohand and Ait Menguellet are particularly notable in this respect.


title: Cane toad

text: Cane toads are terrestrial amphibians. This means that they only go back to the water to lay their eggs. They live in Central America and South America. However, they have been introduced to Oceania and the Caribbean.


title: Cane toad

text: Cane-growers were concerned about the damage insect larvae were doing to crops. The insects were native to Australia, but bad for the valuable cane crops.


title: Cane toad

text: The first cane toads were brought into Queensland by Reginald Mungomery, an entomologist. Before 1935, Australia had no toads. The entire continent, full of various frog species, had no toads. Tough and always moving into new areas, the cane toads started reproducing and expanding outwards every wet season. This "invasion front" moved around 10 km a year until the 1960s, when it began speeding up significantly.


title: Cane toad

text: Cane toads are rapidly adapting to dry climates, a huge change from their origins in the South American rainforest. They have poison gland in their skin.


title: Cane toad

text: These include the broad-snouted caiman ("Caiman latirostris"), the banded cat-eyed snake ("Leptodeira annulata"), eels (family Anguillidae), various species of killifish, the black rat ("Rattus rattus") and the Asian water monitor ("Varanus salvator").


title: Cane toad

text: They have far fewer predators in Australia but, as time passes, some of the local animals will adapt their behaviour. Already some Australian crows have learned strategies allowing them to feed on cane toads, such as using their beak to flip toads onto their back. Opossums of the "Didelphis" genus likely can eat cane toads with impunity. Meat ants are unaffected by the cane toads' toxins, and therefore are able to kill them. The cane toad's normal response to attack is to stand still and let its toxin kill the attacker, which allows the ants to attack and eat the toad.


title: Cane toad

text: A cane toad is one of the non-human characters in Dave Barry's 1999 novel "Big Trouble" and in the 2002 movie based on the novel.


title: Sex symbol

text: A sex symbol is a famous or notable person, male or female, who is found sexually attractive by many people. Many actors, actresses, and popular musicians are considered to be sex symbols by their fans and the public.


title: Three-phase electric power

text: Three-phase electric power is a method to generate, transmit and distribute AC electricity. It is the most common method in power systems to transfer power from generation to load. Three-phase systems are usually more economical to be used than equivalent single-phase or double-phase systems.


title: Alter ego

text: An alter ego (from Latin, "other I") is another self — a second personality within a person. It is also called leading a double life. The term "alter ego" was first used in the 19th century. It was inventory by psychologists in talking about dissociative identity disorder.


title: Alter ego

text: For example, in "The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde", Mr. Hyde was Dr. Jekyll's evil alter ego (same person, different personalities).


title: Alter ego

text: The term is also used in popular fiction, like comic books, for the secret identity of a superhero, vigilante, or crimefighter. The character would do this so people won't know that he or she is fighting crime. Examples of characters using alter egos include:


title: International Bank Account Number

text: The International Bank Account Number is an internationally-recognised way of identifying bank account numbers. Its abbreviation is "IBAN". The IBAN was developed to enable people in the European Union to send money to a bank account in another country. When a person uses a computer to make a money transfer, the IBAN has features that allow the person’s computer to check for typing errors.


title: International Bank Account Number

text: The IBAN is now used in all European countries and also in many developing countries. Developed countries outside Europe such as the United States, Australia and Canada do not use the IBAN.


title: International Bank Account Number

text: IBANs are usually written in groups of four characters. This makes it easy for people to copy the numbers.


title: International Bank Account Number

text: The first four characters in an IBAN have the same meaning throughout the world. Each country has its own layout for the rest of the IBAN. For example "" is a British IBAN for a bank account at the National Westminster Bank. The parts of this IBAN are described below:


title: International Bank Account Number

text: A computer can check an IBAN by changing it into an integer and dividing the number by 97. If the IBAN is valid, the remainder equals 1. The rules for changing the IBAN to an integer are:


title: International Bank Account Number

text: Many computer programs have been written to check whether or not an IBAN is valid. These programs do not check whether or not an IBAN is genuine. They do check that a genuine IBAN has been copied correctly. UNESCO maintains one such program and have made the source code public. It will detect a large number of mistakes that users might make when they are copying a genuine IBAN by hand. These mistakes include:


title: International Bank Account Number

text: The IBAN was developed to make it easier to transfer money from a bank in one EU country to a bank in another EU country. This was important when people bought goods from other countries.


title: International Bank Account Number

text: The rules for the IBAN were drawn up by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1997. They were revised in 2003 and again in 2007. The rules that were written in 2007 consist of two rule books:


title: International Bank Account Number

text: All bank accounts within the European Union must have an IBAN. Bank accounts can also have a domestic bank account identifier. The domestic bank account identifier in the United Kingdom is the sort code and bank account number. During 2014 all banks in Europe that use the euro must start using the IBAN for customer account numbers. They will no longer be allowed to use older national systems.


title: International Bank Account Number

text: The IBAN is also used in many developing countries including Brazil, Pakistan. Turkey and many counties in the Middle East.


title: Old Believers

text: In the Russian Orthodox church history, the Old Believers (, read "starovery" or "staroobryadtsy") became separated after 1666-1667. They split from the hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon. Old Believers continue liturgical practices which the Russian Orthodox Church followed before the reform.


title: Old Believers

text: Russian-speakers refer to the schism itself as "raskol" (раскол). This word comes from a Russian word "расколоться", that means "to cleave apart").


title: Old Believers

text: Patriarch Nikon (1605-1681; 1651-1658 as patriarch) wanted to bring the Russian Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church closer together. For this reason, he changed a few rituals and texts in 1651. These changes were made to the Russian rituals to be closer to the Greek ones of Nikon's time. According to the Old Believers, Nikon did this without the support of the clergy. and without a council. When the changes were done, people who still practised the old rites were persecuted.


title: Amazing Grace

text: "Amazing Grace" is a poem written in 1772 by Englishman John Newton. The poem named, "Faith's Review and Expectation", was where the song came from. It was set to music. A seventh stanza, by an unknown author, has been added to most versions since 1829, beginning with the words, "When we've been there ten thousand years". In some versions, stanzas five and six to the song are cut and go directly to the seventh.


title: Broth

text: Broth or stock is a tasty soup. It is sometimes defined as the liquid part of soup. It can be made in boiling water by adding meat, fish or vegetables, and taking out the fat. It is sometimes used as an ingredient (or stuff) in recipes to make food taste better.


title: Postalveolar consonant

text: A postalveolar consonant is a sound made with your tongue behind the alveolar ridge. For example, [ʃ] is postalveolar and [s] is not, it is alveolar.


title: Broth

text: In Britain, a broth is a soup in which there are solid pieces of meat or fish, with some vegetables. It is usually made with a stock or plain water as its base, with meat or fish added while being brought to a boil, and vegetables added later. Broth is often made more substantial by adding rice, barley or pulses. Broth is distinct from stock, which is a thin liquid made by simmering raw ingredients until all the taste has been got, then sieving the resulting liquid. In Japan, other stuffs such as kelp, dried small sardines and katsuobushi are also used for Japanese dishes, too.


title: Broth

text: In the United States terms, broths are made from portions of meat, whereas stocks are made from vegetable scraps and bones.


title: Hindutva

text: Hindutva, which means "Hinduness", is a kind of nationalism in India. The word was made popular by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1923. Groups that believe in Hindutva include the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and the Sangh Parivar. Hindutva considers Hinduism better than other religions and cultures. Because of this, some people describe Hindutva as almost fascist, while others say that Hindutva is conservative.


title: Joan Plowright

text: Dame Joan Ann Plowright, Baroness Olivier (born 28 October 1929), is an English actress. Her career has spanned over sixty years. She has won two Golden Globe Awards and a Tony Award and has been nominated for an Academy Award, an Emmy and two BAFTA Awards. She was married to the actor Laurence Olivier from 1961 until his death in 1989.


title: Parietal lobe

text: The parietal lobe is a part of the brain positioned above the occipital lobe and behind the frontal lobe.


title: Hindutva

text: According to Christophe Jaffrelot, a political scientist specializing in South Asia, the Hindutva ideology has roots in an era where the fiction in ancient Indian mythology and the Vedics was thought to be valid. This fiction was used to "give sustenance to Hindu ethnic consciousness". Its strategy emulated the Muslim identity politics of the Khilafat movement after World War I, and borrowed political concepts from the West – mainly Germany.


title: Parietal lobe

text: The parietal lobe brings together information from different senses, particularly spatial sense and navigation. For example, it uses input about touch, balance and the visual system. This enables the parietal cortex to map seen objects in relation to the body (into 'body coordinate positions'). This makes it possible for a person to reach out and handle objects.


title: Hindutva

text: According to Anthony Parel, a historian and political scientist, V. D. Savarkar's "Hindutva, Who is a Hindu?" (1923) is a fundamental text of Hindutva ideology. He comments on Savarkar's summary of Hindu culture "as a self-sufficient culture, not needing any input from other cultures" by saying that this is "an unhistorical, narcissistic and false account of India's past".


title: Parietal lobe

text: The name derives from the overlying parietal bone, which is named from the Latin "pariet-", = 'wall'.


title: Hindutva

text: Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad, a Fellow of the British Academy and a scholar of Politics and Philosophy of Religion, says that Hindutva is a form of nationalism that is seen differently by its opponents and its supporters. The Hindutva ideology according to Savarkar, states Ram-Prasad, is based on "geography, race, and culture".


title: David Paterson

text: David Alexander Paterson (born May 20, 1954) is an American politician and the 56th Governor of New York. He is the first black governor of New York and the first legally blind governor of any state. He became governor when Eliot Spitzer resigned. Due to Paterson becoming governor, two black governors are serving at the same time for the first time in more than 100 years; as Governor Deval Patrick of Massachusetts is also African American. He chose not to run for governor in February 26, 2010.


title: Dipole antenna

text: The dipole antenna is one of the most important and commonly used type of radio antenna. It is widely used on its own. It is also used in many other radio antenna designs where it forms the radiating or driven element for the antenna.


title: Dipole antenna

text: The dipole antenna is made of two poles into which radio frequency current flows. This current and the voltage causes an electromagnetic or radio signal to be radiated. Being more specific, a dipole is usually an antenna that uses a resonant length of conductor. This conductor is cut so it can be connected to the what is sending the signal. For resonance, the length of the conductor is an odd number of half wavelengths long. In most cases a single half-wavelength is used.


title: Dipole antenna

text: The length of a dipole is very important for selecting the frequency that the antenna will work at. The antenna is an electrical half wavelength, or multiple of half wavelengths. This is not the same length as the wavelength for a signal travelling through air. There are a number of reasons for this. This means that an antenna will be a small amount shorter than the length calculated for a wave moving in air.


title: Dipole antenna

text: For a half wave dipole, the length for a wave moving in air is calculated. This number is multiplied by a factor ""A"". "A" is normally between 0.96 and 0.98. It is affected by the ratio of the length of the antenna to the thickness of the wire or tube used poles.


title: Dipole antenna

text: Dipole antennas are used for many different things. These include television antennas (commonly referred to as "rabbit ears"), shortwave radio antennas and whip antennas.


title: Elizabeth Montgomery

text: Elizabeth Montgomery (April 18, 1933—May 18, 1995) was an American actress . She acted in movies and television programs. Her father was actor Robert Montgomery. She starred as Samantha Stephens in the sitcom "Bewitched". She played Lizzie Borden in "The Legend of Lizzie Borden". She had other roles besides these.


title: Addison Rae

text: Addison Rae Easterling (born October 6, 2000), commonly known as Addison Rae, is an American social media personality, dancer, and singer. She has more than 4 gazillion likes and more than 70 million followers on TikTok.


title: Addison Rae

text: Addison Rae Easterling was born on October 6, 2000, in Lafayette, Louisiana, to Monty Lopez and Sheri Easterling. She also has two brothers, who are named Enzo and Lucus. She grew up in Lafayette, Louisiana. Before she moved to Los Angeles to have a career performing for TikTok, she went to Calvary Baptist Academy in Shreveport, Louisiana.


title: Addison Rae

text: She joined TikTok in July 2019. She has been part of the TikTok collaborative group The Hype House since December 2019, when it was founded.


title: Speed reading

text: Speed reading is the name for a number of ways to increase the speed at which a text can be read, so that the important facts of the text can still be understood. There are different ways to improve reading speed, but they are all similar. A trained reader is able to read and understand between 200 and 300 words per minute, for a text that is not very difficult to understand. Better training can improve this speed to over 1000 words per minute. Using a lot of exercise, it is possible to increase reading speed further. The best readers can read between 3000 and 4000 words per minute, and understand about 80% of them.


title: Yes

text: Yes is an English word that shows acceptance or agreement, or making a positive response or exclamation. It is the opposite of no.


title: Possum

text: The possum is an Australasian marsupial which was later introduced to China and New Zealand. There are about 69 species alive today.


title: Hispanic and Latino Americans

text: Hispanic and Latino Americans are Americans who are descendants of people from Spain and Latin America.


title: Speed reading

text: In general, only a small part of the letters read are seen clearly. The brain guesses what the rest of the word is, based on a small part of the word. This also applies to groups of words, which are treated the same way. Known groups are handled faster, because the reader knows them, and also has an "image" for them.


title: Possum

text: Possums are members of the Phalangeriformes. This is a suborder of the Diprotodonts, a large order which includes the kangaroos and its relatives.


title: Speed reading

text: What is very important when reading text is the ability to recognize words and word groups. The reader will then add the known image to the context. A known font can help this.


title: Possum

text: Possums are native to Australia and are protected there. Possums spend the first four months of their lives in their mother's pouch. By the time they are six months old, the young possums live outside the pouch.


title: Speed reading

text: What is bad for speed reading is having a bad short-term memory. Another factor is a small vocabulary. People who only know few words, need more time to "scan" unknown words, simply because fewer words in the text are known.


title: Possum

text: They are nocturnal and at least partly arboreal. Some of the smaller species are gliders. They have sharp claws and a keen sense of smell. They eat the leaves of trees, insects, berries and bird's eggs.


title: Possum

text: The first possums were brought to New Zealand in 1837 from Australia. In New Zealand, possums have no natural enemies, so possum numbers increased quickly. It is thought of as a pest in New Zealand.


title: Judgment

text: The word judgment (also spelled judgement) means making a decision carefully, after studying and comparing all evidence that is available. A judgment may be about what is the best thing to do, or how to do it, or how to classify something or someone, or what to think about something.


title: Plaintext

text: Before computers, plaintext meant text in the language of the communicating parties. Since computers, the definition has been expanded. It now includes not only the electronic representation of text, such as emails and word processor documents, but also the computer representation of speech, music, pictures, videos, ATM and credit card transactions, sensor data, and so forth. That is basically any information which the communicating parties might wish to hide from others. The plaintext is the normal representation of the data before any action has been taken to hide it.


title: Menhit

text: Menhit or Mehyt was an ancient Egyptian goddess. In the Early Dynastic period Egyptians drew and carved her to look like a lioness lying down with three bent poles coming out of her back. She is shown on many early dynastic sealings and ivory artifacts, usually next to a picture of an Upper Egyptian shrine. People worshiped her in Hierakonpolis and Thinis.


title: Plaintext

text: The plaintext is used as input to an encryption algorithm; the output is termed ciphertext. Some systems, however, use a cascade of layers of encryption (called 'rounds') in which case the ciphertext output of one encryption algorithm becomes the plaintext input to the next. Triple DES is an example.


title: Temporal paradox

text: A temporal paradox, is a time paradox, or time travel paradox. It is a paradox, or logical contradiction, of time and time travel.


title: Temporal paradox

text: Temporal paradoxes fall into two broad groups. Consistency paradoxes (example: the grandfather paradox) and causal loops.


title: Temporal paradox

text: A causal loop is a paradox of time travel. It occurs when a future event is the cause of a past event, which in turn is the cause of the future event. Both events then exist in spacetime, but their origin cannot be known.


title: Temporal paradox

text: Other paradoxes of time travel are a variation of the Fermi paradox, and paradoxes of free will that stem from causal loops such as Newcomb's paradox.


title: Temporal paradox

text: Fermi's so-called paradox is not a paradox, just a question. It does not involve logic, just the practical (empirical) fact that stellar distances are so great, and our ability to collect data from other bodies is limited.


title: Respiratory tract infection

text: Respiratory tract infection (RTI) refers to any of a number of infectious diseases involving the respiratory tract.


title: Respiratory tract infection

text: An infection of this type can be called as an upper respiratory tract infection (URI or URTI) or a lower respiratory tract infection (LRI or LRTI). Lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, tend to be far more serious conditions than upper respiratory infections, such as the common cold.


title: Respiratory tract infection

text: The lower respiratory tract consists of the trachea (wind pipe), bronchial tubes, the bronchioles, and the lungs. Lower respiratory tract infections are generally more serious than upper respiratory infections. LRIs are the leading cause of death among all infectious diseases. They can be bronchitis or pneumonia.


title: River Irwell

text: The River Irwell is a river which flows through the Irwell Valley in the counties of Lancashire and Greater Manchester in North West England. It is long. The start of the river is at Irwell Springs on Deerplay Moor, about north of the town of Bacup, in the parish of Cliviger, Lancashire. The Irwell flows through the city centres of Manchester and Salford, before joining the River Mersey near Irlam.


title: Dennis Prager

text: Dennis Prager is an American Jewish author and radio host who co-wrote a book about questions people ask about Judaism with an Orthodox Jewish rabbi named Joseph Telushkin. They also wrote a book about anti-Semitism and the reason for it. Prager is a conservative and is a Republican. Prager started a website called Prager University which promotes right-wing ideas using short educational videos; he appears in some of the videos himself. Prager was very critical of Donald Trump when Trump was trying to become the Republican candidate for President of the United States but supported him when he ran against Hillary Clinton. He is now in the movie "No Safe Spaces" with Adam Carolla.


title: Dennis Prager

text: In October 2021, Prager announced that he was sick with COVID-19. He said that he got the disease on purpose because getting the virus was better than getting a vaccine. Though he later said he had meant to say that he wasn’t worried about getting COVID.


title: Pop icon

text: Most pop icons achieve their status through death, typically at a young age. The worship of pop icons is due only in part to their actual accomplishments. Some of the most notable pop icons are James Dean, Michael Jackson, John F. Kennedy and Marilyn Monroe. However, even celebrities who died old can become a pop icon like Elvis Presley.


title: Pop icon

text: Death nearly always increases the fame of a pop icon. Many people respect the dead. Others feel a close personal connection with the dead icon and want to remember the celebrity. Death also increases any value of all items that belonged to the pop icon.


title: High pressure area

text: A high pressure area (also called a high or high-pressure) is an area where the atmospheric pressure is greater than the rest of the atmosphere.


title: Pseudanthium

text: A pseudanthium (Greek for "false flower") or flower head is a special type of inflorescence. Many flowers are grouped together to form a flower-like structure. The real flowers ("florets") are generally small and greatly reduced, but can sometimes be quite large (as in the sunflower flower head).


title: Pseudanthium

text: Pseudanthia are characteristic of the daisy and sunflower family (Asteraceae or Compositae). Their flowers are either "ray flowers" or "disk flowers". The disk flowers in the center of the pseudanthium look like the centre of a normal flower. Flowers on the periphery have one large petal. This sytem is unique to this family. Either ray or disk flowers may be absent in some species: "Senecio vulgaris" lacks ray flowers and "Taraxacum officinale" lacks disk flowers. The pseudanthium has a whorl of bracts below the flowers.


title: Pseudanthium

text: At a glance, a pseudanthium (inflorescence) looks just like a normal flower, but closer inspection shows it is composed of multiple flowers. Thus, the pseudanthium represents an evolution of the inflorescence to a reproductive unit that may function in pollination like a single flower, at least in plants that are animal pollinated. The advantage of this "flower" is that it produces far more seeds than a normal flower, but needs only one act of pollination.


title: Pseudanthium

text: "Capitulum" can be used as an exact synonym for pseudanthium and flower head. Its use is generally restricted to the Asteraceae family, though at least one source defines it as a small flower head. In addition to its botanical use as a term meaning flower head it is also used to mean the top of the sphagnum plant.


title: AGA cooker

text: The AGA cooker is a heat storage stove and cooker. The heavy frame is made of cast iron and absorbs heat from a low-intensity source. Originally, AGAs burnt coke or anthracite. Later versions used gas as the heat source.


title: AGA cooker

text: The heat is used for cooking. It was invented and initially produced in Sweden. From 1957 all production has been in the United Kingdom.


title: AGA cooker

text: The cast-iron parts were cast at the Coalbrookdale foundry in the 1940s. They were still made there by the Aga Rangemaster Group until November 2017 when the company closed the site.


title: AGA cooker

text: Owners often talk about how the AGA actually makes their homes more energy efficient. The AGA does a number of jobs: it replaces several radiators, a tumble dryer, electric kettle and toaster. It is not just a cooker.


title: AGA cooker

text: The company which makes AGAs also makes other stoves, such as the Rayburn range. It is the Aga Rangemaster Group, which was taken over by the US company Middleton Corporation in 2015.


title: Meitei folklore

text: Meitei folklore or Manipuri folklore refers to the folklore of the Meitei people, the Manipuri language speaking ethnicity, consisting of the folktales and mythology, developed, retold and preserved through several generations.


title: Roland Rat

text: Roland Rat (birthday 12 March) is a British television puppet character. He was created, operated and voiced by David Claridge.


title: Roland Rat

text: Roland lived beneath King's Cross railway station in The Ratcave . He had an infant brother called Little Reggie, and a girlfriend: Glenis the Guinea Pig. Friends included Errol the Hamster and Kevin the Gerbil. Claridge did the voice for all three main characters: Roland Rat, Errol the Hamster and Kevin The Gerbil. They were often on screen together. Roland Rat's car 'the Ratmobile' is a bright pink 1953 Ford Anglia.


title: Nongthang Leima

text: Nongthang Leima () is the goddess of seduction, thunder and lightning in Meitei mythology and religion. She was created by Atingkok (or Salailen) to attract Haraba (Pakhangba).


title: Nongthang Leima

text: The female first name "Nongthang Leima" (ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ) is made up of two Meitei language words, "Nongthang" (ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ, /noŋ.tʰáŋ/) and "Leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ, /lə́i.ma/). In Meitei language (Manipuri language), "Nongthang" (ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ, /noŋ.tʰáŋ/) means lightning. The word "Nongthang" (ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ, /noŋ.tʰáŋ/) itself is also made up of two words, "Nong" (ꯅꯣꯡ, /noŋ/) and "Thāng" (ꯊꯥꯡ, /tʰáŋ/). "Nong" (ꯅꯣꯡ, /noŋ/) means rain and "Thāng" (ꯊꯥꯡ, /tʰáŋ/) means sword.


title: Nongthang Leima

text: In Meitei language (Manipuri language), "Leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ, /lə́i.ma/) means queen. The word "Leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ, /lə́i.ma/) itself is made up of two words "Lei" (ꯂꯩ, /lə́i/) and "Ma" (ꯃ, /ma/). "Lei" (ꯂꯩ, /lə́i/) means land and "Ma" (ꯃ, /ma/) means mother.


title: Nongthang Leima

text: Nongthang Leima is a pre-historical maibi. She is the first goddess maibi to compose a dance form. Later, her dance form was reposessed by other goddesses.


title: Nongthang Leima

text: Sanamahi (Ashiba) was creating the earth. But he was frequently disturbed by his younger brother, Pakhangba (Haraba). Unable to do any work, Sanamahi complained about the matter to their father, Salailen (or Atingkok according to different versions of stories). Salailen produced a divine feminine being. He released her into the great space (void) of the universe (cosmos). In the vast emptiness of the great space (void), the divine feminine being became a beautiful and radiant goddess. She was named "Nongthang Leima", the Queen of Lightning.


title: Nongthang Leima

text: In another version of the story, Sidaba ordered Sidabi to produce "Nongthang Leima", the divine female being to lure the destroyer from the cosmic creation.


title: Nongthang Leima

text: Nongthang Leima, the Queen of Lightning, filled the empty space (void) with bright light. Seeing her, Pakhangba (Haraba) fell in love with her. He forgot about bothering his elder brother in the creation of the earth. Haraba came to her in the great space. During that time, Sanamahi (Ashiba) completed his creation of the earth.


title: Nongthang Leima

text: Nongthang Leima is also known as "Langmai Sana Chingjaroibi" (). With the union of Chingjaroibi and Sanamahi, a son named Laisang Khekwaiba was born.


title: Nongthang Leima

text: According to "Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East" written by N. Vijaylakshmi, the goddess Nongthang Leima (Nongthang Lairembi) took two divine forms after the completion of the creation of the earth. One form is Panthoibi. This form lives in the home of gods. Another form is "Apanthoibi". This form lives among the living beings.


title: Nongthang Leima

text: Among the nine forms of musical rhythms ("Seisak"s) of Pena (musical instrument), Nongthang Leima Seisak is one. All these rhythms are categorised into three movements, slow rhythm, medium rhythm and fast rhythm. Nongthang Leima song belongs to the fast rhythm.


title: Nongthang Leima

text: During the Lai Haraoba festival, devotees dance to please various deities. Among them, male dancers act after the styles of Haraba (alias Pakhangba) and female dancers act after the styles of goddess Nongthang Leima. Goddess Nongthang Leima represents the lightning.


title: Nongthang Leima

text: Goddess Nongthang Leima is often identified as Leimarel Sidabi. The former is considered as an incarnation of the latter.


title: City of Westminster

text: The City of Westminster is a city and London borough. It is to the west of the City of London. Its most important area, Westminster, contains the Houses of Parliament, Whitehall, Downing Street and Westminster Abbey. The main official residence of the British monarch, Buckingham Palace, is also located in the City of Westminster.


title: Spider-Man: Homecoming

text: Spider-Man: Homecoming is a 2017 American superhero movie based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. It was the second "Spider-Man" reboot, and the first "Spider-Man" solo movie of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The movie stars Tom Holland as Spider-Man (Peter Parker), with supporting roles played by Jacob Batalon, Laura Harrier, Zendaya, Robert Downey Jr, Marisa Tomei, Jon Faverau, and Michael Keaton. The movie was directed by Jon Watts, who wrote the screenplay with Jonathan Goldstein, John Francis Daley, Christopher Ford, Chris McKenna, and Erik Sommers. It was followed by two sequels: "" (2019) and "" (2021).


title: EMI

text: EMI was a music company based in London and New York. It is in charge of a record label, EMI Music. EMI is one of the "big four" record labels; labels not part of the "big four" are called . It started in 1931, when it was called "Electric and Music Industries". In 1957, it took over Capitol Records, an American record company.


title: EMI

text: In 1962, The Beatles signed a contract with EMI's Parlophone Records, and they became the company's most successful musicians. The Beatles made nearly all their recordings at Abbey Road Studios, EMI's main recording studios in London.


title: EMI

text: In 1992, EMI bought Virgin Records, which had been owned by Richard Branson. It almost bought Universal Records in 1998, also. In 2007, EMI was taken over by a group called Terra Firma, after it said no to a bid from Warner Music Group.


title: EMI

text: In 2012, Universal Music Group bought EMI, but the European Commission told Universal to sell some of EMI's record labels. Parlophone, the oldest EMI label, was sold to Warner Music Group; while BMG bought Mute Records. EMI's music publishing business was sold to a group that included Sony/ATV Music Publishing.


title: Robert Todd Lincoln

text: Robert Todd Lincoln (August 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926) was an American lawyer and Secretary of War. He was the first son of President Abraham Lincoln and his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln. Born in Springfield, Illinois, United States, he was the only one of Lincoln's four sons to live to be an adult. He was a bright lawyer, and mostly served railroad interests. He was (1897–1911) president of the Pullman Company. He was quiet and shy. Because of this, he never tried to be a president, but he was minister to Great Britain (1889–93). Most of his last 20 years were spent at Hildene, his estate near Manchester, Vermont.


title: Robert Todd Lincoln

text: Lincoln did not have a very close relationship with his father. This was partly because Abraham Lincoln often spent months away from home. Robert would later say his clearest memory of his father was when he was packing for a trip to Illinois. Abraham Lincoln was proud of Robert. He thought Robert was clever. Though they were not close, Robert respected and loved his father. He wept openly at his deathbed.


title: Robert Todd Lincoln

text: Following his father's assassination, in April 1865, Robert Lincoln moved with his mother and his brother Tad to Chicago, where Robert completed his law studies at the Old University of Chicago (a school different from but later assumed by the university presently known by that name). He was admitted to the bar on February 25, 1867.


title: Robert Todd Lincoln

text: Lincoln was also present during the assassinations of James A. Garfield and William McKinley. He is the only man to have been present in the area where three US Presidents were assassinated.


title: Robert Todd Lincoln

text: On September 24, 1868, Robert Lincoln married Mary Eunice Harlan (September 25, 1846 – March 31, 1937). They had two daughters and one son. The last person who was directly related to Lincoln was Robert's grandson "Bud" Beckwith. He died in 1985.


title: Hokkaidō Prefecture

text: Until the Meiji Restoration, the island was called Ezo, Watari-shima, Yeddo, and Yezo. Since 1869, it has been called Hokkaidō.


title: Hokkaidō Prefecture

text: Hokkaidō is the 2nd largest island of Japan The island is between the Sea of Japan to the west, the Sea of Okhotsk to the northeast, the Pacific Ocean to the southeast, and the Tsugaru Strait to the south.


title: Hokkaidō Prefecture

text: Hokkaidō is separated from Honshu by the Tsugaru Strait; however, it is connected by the underwater Seikan tunnel.


title: Hokkaidō Prefecture

text: Some of the Chishima Islands are occupied by Russia, but Japan still considers the islands to be Japanese.


title: Hokkaidō Prefecture

text: "Hokkaidō jingū" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Ezo, which was an ancient name for the Hokkaidō region.


title: Khamnu

text: Khamnu (/kʰəm.nu/) is a woman in Meitei stories. She is in the epic poem "Khamba Thoibi". She is the daughter of prime minister "Khuman Puremba" of Ancient Moirang. Biologically, she is a daughter of King "Chingkhu Telheiba" of Ancient Moirang. She is the older sister of Khuman Khamba. She is best known for raising her younger brother when he was a child. The two siblings became orphans during their infancy. She feared of being conspired by others. So, she fled with her younger brother from her hometown. They took asylum in the village of the chief in the hills.


title: Khamnu

text: Khamnu and her younger brother Khamba were given fatherly care by General Thonglen and Nobleman Chaoba Nongthonba before and after their time living at the Kabui village in the hills.


title: Khamnu

text: Khamnu worked very hard to raise her younger brother. So she is often compared to of the Mahabharata.


title: Khamnu

text: Khamnu's parents died. After this, life became very difficult for her and her brother Khuman Khamba. Khuman Khamba was still a baby. Khamnu went from place to place to get help to work in Moirang. She husked paddy for some people. The women who owned the paddy paid her by breastfeeding the infant Khamba. Like this, she worked and got help until she and her brother were both adults. To earn a living, Khamnu sold wood in a market of Moirang. One day, Princess Thoibi visited the marketplace. She noticed Khamnu, a strange new face. She asked Khamnu many things. She even gave Khamnu food and jewelry. Khamnu and Thoibi met once more. Thoibi asked Khamnu to come with her when she went fishing in Loktak lake. So Khamnu accompanied the princess in sporting on the lake.


title: Khamnu

text: Once Princess Thoibi visited Khamnu's house. Meanwhile, Khamnu went out to the market to bring some fruits. At Khamnu's absence, Thoibi presented Khamba gifts. The two bound themselves by an oath before the God Khuman Pokpa. They drank the water in which the golden bracelet was dipped. They vowed to be lovers forever. After this oath, Thoibi addressed Khamnu as "sister".


title: Khamnu

text: Khamnu's younger brother Khamba went out among other men. He joined the wrestling club. While wrestling, Khamba defeated Nongban. Nongban was the champion of all the wrestlers in the kingdom. At Nongban's defeat, Khamba's long hidden identity was known to everyone. He is the son of great warrior Khuman Purenba.


title: Khamnu

text: At this, Minister Nongthonba remembered the marriage engagement between Feiroijamba, his firstborn son, and Khamnu. They went to Khamnu. Khamnu hid herself in the women's chamber. They cried tears and were very sad. At this, Khamnu came out. She received the gifts from them. From this time onwards, Khamnu and her brother Khamba were always supported by Minister Nongthonba, Minister Thonglen and Feiroijamba in every way of life.


title: Khamnu

text: Khamnu's younger brother Khuman Khamba was ordered to capture the Kao bull from the Khuman kingdom. At this, Khamnu revealed a secret of the Kao (bull) to Khamba so that Khamba could catch him. She said,


title: Khamnu

text: <poem>"This great bull was once the Lord of your father's herd. Go to him, speak your father's name in his ear, and show him this Rope of silk."</poem>


title: Khamnu

text: On the day of the adventure, Khamba did everything as his sister had told him to do. This tamed the bull.


title: Khamnu

text: Khamnu and Feiroijamba got married after the wedding of Khuman Khamba and Moirang Thoibi. Her marriage engagement was set by Nongtholba and late Purenba long time back.


title: Khamnu

text: Khamnu Keithel (literally, ""Khamnu market"") was constructed at INR 9 crore (1.2 million US Dollar) under the project of Planning and Development Authority (PDA) in Moirang.


title: A La Costa Sud

text: A La Costa Sud (La Musique De La Côte D'Azur) is a compilation album imagined and produced by Italian musician and producer Pino Presti, published in May 2009 by Edizioni Musicali Curci.


title: A La Costa Sud

text: The album consists of 3 CDs performed by 28 vocalists and / or instrumentalists who are from various continents and nations but who regularly perform in theaters, clubs and festivals in the French Riviera.


title: A La Costa Sud

text: The album includes many different styles of music ranging from jazz to Latin music, world music, funk, pop, electro, Nu Jazz and R&B.


title: A La Costa Sud

text: The broadcasting of the photographic video of "A La Costa Sud" has been made by Monte Carlo Producer Note and by Cannes France, the complete guide to Cannes, France, which broadcasted it also during Cannes Film Festival.


title: Corazon Aquino

text: Maria Corazon Sumulong "Cory" Cojuangco-Aquino (January 25, 1933 – August 1, 2009) was a Filipina politician who was the 11th President of the Philippines, the first woman to hold that office, and the first female president in Asia. She is known as ""The Mother of Philippine Democracy"". She led the 1986 People Power Revolution, which fled Ferdinand Marcos and restored democracy in the Philippines. She was named "Time" magazine's ""Woman of the Year"" in 1986.


title: Corazon Aquino

text: Her husband was Benigno Aquino, Jr., a Filipino senator. She is the mother of Benigno Aquino III, the previous President of the Philippines.


title: European Central Bank

text: The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven institutions of the European Union (EU) listed in the Treaty on European Union (TEU). The capital stock of the bank is owned by the central banks of all 28 EU member states. The Treaty of Amsterdam established the bank in 1998, and it is headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. the President of the ECB is Mario Draghi, former governor of the Bank of Italy, former member of the World Bank, and former managing director of the Goldman Sachs international division (2002–2005). The bank primarily occupied the Eurotower prior to, and during, the construction of the new headquarters.


title: European Central Bank

text: The primary objective of the ECB, mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. Its basic tasks, set out in Article 3 of the Statute, are to set and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, to take care of the foreign reserves of the European System of Central Banks and operation of the financial market infrastructure under the TARGET2 payments system and the technical platform (currently being developed) for settlement of securities in Europe (TARGET2 Securities). The ECB has, under Article 16 of its Statute, the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes. Member states can issue euro coins, but the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand.


title: European Central Bank

text: The ECB is governed by European law directly, but its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital. Its capital is €11 billion held by the national central banks of the member states as shareholders. The initial capital allocation key was determined in 1998 on the basis of the states' population and GDP, but the capital key has been adjusted. Shares in the ECB are not transferable and cannot be used as collateral.


title: European Central Bank

text: The European Central Bank is the main bank of the European Union. The European Central Bank is in Frankfurt am Main. The main goal of the European Central Bank is to maintain price stability, in other words make sure inflation is below 2%. This is done by e.g. controlling the interest rates. It is also the only bank allowed to issue euro banknotes (€), used by 16 of the 28 member states of the European Union (EU).


title: Umberto I of Italy

text: Umberto I of Italy (14 March 1844 – 29 July 1900) was King of Italy from 1878 through 1900. He was then succeeded by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy in 1900 .


title: Early Middle Ages

text: The Early Middle Ages were a period in European history. They lasted from the 5th century to the 10th century. They were followed by the High Middle Ages and the Late Middle Ages. These were called the “Middle” Ages because they came between ancient history and modern history. The Middle Ages are sometimes called the Medieval Age.


title: Early Middle Ages

text: The early Middle Ages has also been called “the Dark Ages” because past scholars wrongly believed that there was very little culture, good literature, art, good architecture, technology or progress during this period.


title: Early Middle Ages

text: In ancient history, the Western Roman Empire ruled much of Europe. Eventually, that empire started to weaken. In 410, Rome was sacked by Alaric, the leader of the Germanic tribe known as the Visigoths. Rome survived, but had been weakened greatly. In 476, when Rome was again invaded and sacked by Odoacer, he was able to take the city for himself. He made himself the king of Italy. This ended the Western Roman Empire. Europe entered the Early Middle Ages.


title: Early Middle Ages

text: As the Early Middle Ages began, Europe was experiencing the effects of the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Before, the empire’s communication systems made it possible for people all over Europe to share ideas and facts. Now these communication systems were no longer working. This made it much more difficult to exchange knowledge and new ideas.


title: Early Middle Ages

text: For many years, the Roman army had defended the empire and kept peace between different parts of Europe. Now, wars became common as people all over Europe started to fight each other for territory and resources.


title: Early Middle Ages

text: The Catholic Church was very powerful during the Early Middle Ages. Most Europeans were Christian at this time.


title: Anjouan

text: Anjouan is an island in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Africa. It is part of the Comoros nation. Its chief town is Mutsamudu.


title: Nuristani languages

text: The Nuristani (Nurestani) languages () are one of the three groups in the Indo-Iranian language family. The other two languages are Indo-Aryan and Iranian. They are spoken primarily in eastern Afghanistan.


title: Sam Elliott

text: Sam Elliott (b. August 9, 1944) is an American actor. A combination of his tall and slim physique, along with deep resonant voice have led to him being cast as cowboys and ranchers in Westerns. He played General John Buford in "Gettysburg". He began doing the voice of Smokey Bear in 2008.


title: Flag of Northern Ireland

text: The official flag of Northern Ireland between 1921 and 1972 was a red cross on a white field defaced with a crowned six-pointed star with a red hand in the centre. The flag was the official flag of the Executive Committee for Northern Ireland (the government of Northern Ireland) between 1921 and 1972. This government went out of existence in 1972 and since that time the United Kingdom has not used the flag. The British Government uses the flag of the United Kingdom. Sometimes, sports teams use the flag to represent Northern Ireland.


title: Flag of Northern Ireland

text: This flag is known as the Ulster Banner, or more commonly the Northern Ireland flag or Ulster flag. It is not the same as the flag of Ulster.


title: Game of Death

text: Game of Death () is a 1978 Hong Kong action movie directed by Robert Clouse. The "Bruce Lee" character, "Billy Lo" is archive footage of "Hai Tien" in "The Game of Death (1972)". 11 minutes and 7 seconds from by "The Game of Death" (1972). The 1978 version uses portions of the original footage married to an entirely new plot. Starring with Sammo Hung, Kim Tai-jong and Yuen Biao, Gig Young, Dean Jagger, Colleen Camp, Robert Wall, Hugh O'Brian, Dan Inosanto (Pascal + 1972 archive footage), Mel Novak and Casanova Wong. Distributed by "Golden Harvest".


title: Vithoba

text: Vithoba is a Hindu god worshipped mainly in the Indian states of Maharashtra and Karnataka. He is also known as Vitthala and Panduranga. He is generally considered a form of the Hindu god Vishnu or Krishna. In stone images and pictures, he is shown as a dark young boy. He stands on a brick with his hands on his waist. His wife Rukmini or Rakhumai stands with him.


title: 47th parallel north

text: The 47th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 47 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.


title: Vithoba

text: Vithoba's main temple is at Pandharpur in Maharashtra. It is close to its border with Karnataka. Two Hindu sects, the Varkari sect of Maharashtra and Haridasa sect of Karnataka worship Vithoba as their main god. The Varkari poet-saints have written devotional poems called "abhanga"s in praise of god Vithoba. The abhangas are written in the language Marathi. The Haridasa poets have also written poems, devoted to Vithoba in the Kannada language. The two most important festivals associated with Vithoba are "Shayani Ekadashi" in the Hindu month of Ashadha, and "Prabodini Ekadashi" in the Hindu month of Kartik.


title: 47th parallel north

text: At this latitude the sun is visible for 15 hours, 54 minutes during the summer solstice and 8 hours, 31 minutes during the winter solstice.


title: Rota Fortunae

text: The Wheel of Fortune, or "Rota Fortunae", is a concept in medieval and ancient philosophy and means the unpredictable nature of Fate. The wheel belongs to the goddess Fortuna, who spins it at random, changing the positions of those on the wheel - some suffer great misfortune, others gain windfalls.


title: Rota Fortunae

text: The concept developed in antiquity; it was used by Cicero. The Wheel originally belonged to the Roman goddess Fortuna, whose name seems to derive from "Vortumna", "she who revolves the year". Fortuna eventually became Christianized: the Roman philosopher Boethius (d. 524) was a major source for the medieval view of the Wheel, writing about it in his"Consolatio Philosophiae".


title: Rota Fortunae

text: The Wheel of Fortune motif appears significantly in the "Carmina Burana" (or "Burana Codex"), over one thousand poems and songs — often profane in content — written by students and clergy in the early 13th century. Excerpts from two of the collection's better known poems, ""Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi" (Fortune, Empress of the World)" and ""Fortune Plango Vulnera" (I Bemoan the Wounds of Fortune)," read:The concept developed in antiquity; it was used by Cicero. The Wheel originally belonged to the Roman goddess Fortuna, whose name seems to derive from "Vortumna", "she who revolves the year". Fortuna eventually became Christianized: the Roman philosopher Boethius (d. 524) was a major source for the medieval view of the Wheel, writing about it in his"Consolatio Philosophiae".vv


title: Rota Fortunae

text: William Shakespeare in "Hamlet" wrote of the "slings and arrows of outrageous fortune" and, of fortune personified, to "break all the spokes and fellies from her wheel." And in "Henry V", Act 3 Scene VI, are the lines:


title: Rota Fortunae

text: Selections from the "Carmina Burana", including the two poems quoted above, were set to new music by twentieth-century classical composer Carl Orff, whose bombastic and well-known "O Fortuna" is based on the poem "Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi".


title: Rota Fortunae

text: Fortuna does occasionally turn up in modern literature. She is often associated with gamblers, and dice could also be said to have replaced the Wheel as the primary metaphor for uncertain fortune.


title: Anne Marie d'Orléans

text: Anne Marie d'Orléans (27 August 1669 - 26 August 1728) was a niece of Louis XIV and was the wife of Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia. She was the mother-in-law of Philip V of Spain and the Dauphin of France. She was known as "Anna Maria" in her husbands kingdom.


title: Anne Marie d'Orléans

text: She was born at the Château de Saint-Cloud. Her mother died when she was ten months old. A year later, her father remarried Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. Her half-brother Philippe d'Orléans, the future Regent of France. Her stepmother described her as "one of the most amiable and virtuous of women".


title: Anne Marie d'Orléans

text: Anne Marie d'Orléans' proxy marriage to Víctor Amadeus II took place at Versailles on 10 April 1684. Louis XIV gave her a dowry of 900,000 "livres". She met her husband at Chambéry the following 6 May which were followed by another wedding ceremony. She was the mother of eight children. Anne Marie loved her husband greatly but he soon turned his attentions to his mistresses, one being the famous Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes. Anne Marie's eldest child, Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, was sent to Versailles as a young girl in order to learn her future role as queen of France, but she died in 1712. Her husband had two further children with Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes, his mistress from 1689 till 1700. Nonetheless, when he fell ill with smallpox, she nursed him until his recovery.


title: Anne Marie d'Orléans

text: In November 1701, her third daughter, Maria Luisa, then barely thirteen years old, married Philip V of Spain. In 1706, during the siege of Turin by French forces under the command of her half-brother Philippe d'Orléans, and Spanish forces from her cousin Philip V of Spain, she and her sons, Victor Amadeus and Carlo Emanuele, were forced to flee the city.


title: Anne Marie d'Orléans

text: As a result of his aid in the War of the Spanish Succession Victor Amadeus II was made King of Sicily in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht which ended the war. However Victor Amadeus II was forced to exchange Sicily for the less important kingdom of Sardinia in 1720. As queen, Anne Marie used the Royal Palace of Turin as well as the Villa della Regina which was her own property. Queen Anne Marie died of heart failure at her villa on 26 August 1728, the day before her 59th birthday. She is today buried at the Basilica of Superga in Turin being moved there in 1786 by her son Victor Amadeus III. Her husband, Víctor Amadeus II, abdicated in favour of his son in 1730, and died two years later having married a commoner.


title: Anne Marie d'Orléans

text: From 1714 to 1720, Anne Marie d'Orléans was the heiress presumptive to the Jacobite claim to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. These claims were held at the time by James Francis Edward Stuart (son of James II) upon the death of his half-sister, Queen Anne. Anne Marie was displaced as his heir by the birth of the Old Pretender's son, Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie") in December 1720. Through Anne Marie descend the current post-Stuart legitimist claims of the Jacobites to the English and Scottish thrones.


title: Emiliano Zapata

text: Emiliano Zapata Salazar (August 8, 1879 – April 10, 1919) was a leader in the Mexican Revolution, which started in 1910.


title: Emiliano Zapata

text: Emiliano Zapata was born to Gabriel Zapata and Cleofas Jertrudiz Salazar of Anenecuilco, Morelos. Zapata's family were Mexicans of Nahua and Spanish ancestry. He was the ninth of ten children.


title: Tim Duncan

text: Timothy "Tim" Theodore Duncan (born April 25, 1976) is a former professional basketball player from the US Virgin Islands. He played the power forward and center for the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association (NBA) his entire 19 year career.


title: Tim Duncan

text: Duncan was a swimmer when he was young. In 1989, Hurricane Hugo destroyed the pool he used to practice swimming, and his mother died a year later. Duncan gave up on swimming after this and began playing basketball.


title: Tim Duncan

text: Duncan played college basketball for four years at Wake Forest University. After college, the San Antonio Spurs chose him with the first pick in the 1997 NBA Draft. Duncan helped the Spurs win NBA championships in 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2014. He was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) in the NBA in 2002 and 2003. Duncan was a 15 time All-Star and received the title of NBA All-Star Game co-MVP in 2000. He won his 5th and final title of NBA in 2014, when he was 38. He retired after finishing his 19th season.


title: Irving Berlin

text: Irving Berlin (May 11, 1888 – September 22, 1989), born Israel Baline in Imperial Russia, was a Jewish-American songwriter.


title: Irving Berlin

text: In 1942, Berlin won the Academy Award for the best original song in the movie "Holiday Inn". The song was "White Christmas.". Bing Crosby recorded the song. This became "the best-selling record of all time."


title: Cortana

text: Cortana is a virtual helper. Microsoft made Cortana and released it on April 2, 2014 at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. Cortana can do many things, like showing the weather and news. Cortana was released three years after Apple's Siri, which was released in 2011 on IOS.


title: Cortana

text: Microsoft showed Cortana on April 2 and April 4, 2014 at the Moscone Center. Bill Gates, Steve Ballmer, and Joe Belfiore made the announcement. They said Cortana was virtual helper for the Windows Phone, starting with a video launch on April 6, 2014.


title: Cortana

text: On July 15, 2015, Microsoft launched Cortana on Windows (Update version -1507), which was available to consumers on July 29, 2015. Cortana was released for Microsoft Band and Windows Mixed Reality on August 2, 2015 and for Android, IOS, iPhone and iPad in December 2015.


title: Cortana

text: The Cortana that works on Android was released on December 2015 and launched for Android in Microsoft 2016 Build. On Android, Cortana does not respond to the user saying, "Hey Cortana". On Android, Cortana can do everything from searching on the internet to adding 'to do' list.


title: Cortana

text: Cortana on Windows Phone 8.1 was released on April 16, 2014 by Joe Belfiore, Bill Gates and Steve Ballmer. Cortana says <nowiki>"Ask me anything"</nowiki> from the voice command, Cortana on new features in white yellow, black cyan, lemon and green lemon.


title: Cortana

text: Cortana on iOS was released on December 2015. Like on Android, Cortana does not respond to "Hey Cortana". Cortana app can open from the say in notebook, To Do list and more, or in Windows 10, Cortana on iOS can talk by search of Google and Bing in Web.


title: Cortana

text: Cortana is supported on Windows 10 and Windows 11. Cortana can respond to <nowiki>"Hey Cortana"</nowiki> and can search the web using Bing, Microsoft<nowiki>'s search engine. In Windows 10 version 2004 and 21H2, Cortana can updates and white wallpaper with Cortana cyan blue, not like Cortana in black wallpaper, they use Chat to Cortana and not respond to "Hey Cortana"</nowiki>.