title: Job satisfaction

text: Job satisfaction or employee satisfaction has been defined in different ways. It may be as simple as the feeling of satisfaction with a job. If a person likes their job, they feel job satisfaction. When an employee performs their work well, they feel a sense of job satisfaction. If a worker has good relationships with their boss and their coworkers, they feel job satisfaction. Psychologists who study the behavior of industries and organizations also look at job satisfaction in different ways.


title: Job satisfaction

text: Assessments of job satisfaction became commonplace in the 1930s. In 1934, R.S. Uhrbrock was one of the first psychologists to use new techniques to assess factory worker attitudes. In 1935, R. Hoppock published a study of 500 teachers on how satisfied they were with their jobs. This study found that job satisfaction is affected by the work, the coworkers, and the managers. Before the 1930s, not many job satisfaction studies were published.


title: Job satisfaction

text: Many factors influence job satisfaction. Some factors are environmental. They are particular to a situation. They come from the work and the workplace.


title: Job satisfaction

text: In 1976, Edwin A. Locke wrote about the factors that lead to satisfaction or dissatisfaction at work. Although this list was written in the 20th century, many factors are the same in the 21st century also.


title: Job satisfaction

text: A person can feel satisfied with their job if they get a good evaluation of their work. Company policies, for example, about how employees are supervised, can influence job satisfaction. Pay is another factor in job satisfaction. Achievement or recognition can also make a person feel job satisfaction. Opportunities for promotions to jobs with higher rank can increase job satisfaction.


title: Job satisfaction

text: One of the most important aspects of work in a modern organization is communication. A communication load is the amount and the speed and the complexity of communication that a person has to process. People can experience communication overload. This is when they get too much information in too short a period of time. Or, when they get information that is too complex to process in a short period of time. People can also experience communication underload. This is when they do not get enough information. Both communication overload and communication underload can affect the level of job satisfaction. If a person receives too much communication or not enough communication on the job, they are more likely to become dissatisfied and unhappy with their work. This can lead to a low level of job satisfaction.


title: Job satisfaction

text: A 2013 study surveyed 2.5 million employees in the United States. According to the study, the most important factors for job satisfaction are:


title: Job satisfaction

text: Some factors in job satisfaction are personal or individual. Each person is affected in their own unique way.


title: Job satisfaction

text: Moods and emotions at work are related to job satisfaction. Positive and negative emotions are related to overall job satisfaction.


title: Job satisfaction

text: Genetics play a role in job satisfaction. One scientific experiment studied twins who were raised apart. Researchers measured the influence of genetics on the twins' job satisfaction. The study found that 70% of job satisfaction comes from the environment and 30% comes from genetic factors.


title: Job satisfaction

text: Some research shows a connection between personality and job satisfaction. Employees who do not feel alienated, or left out, have more job satisfaction. Employees who feel in control of their situation also have more job satisfaction. They show more involvement in their job and more commitment to the company.


title: Job satisfaction

text: Psychological well-being (PWB) is how well a person's mind functions overall. It involves every part of a person's life: work, family, community, etc. PWB in the workplace plays an important role in determining job satisfaction and has attracted much research attention in recent years. These studies focused on the effects of PWB on job satisfaction and job performance. Research published in 2000 showed a strong connection between PWB and job satisfaction. A second study by the same authors in 2007 had similar results. These studies showed that PWB predicts job performance better than job satisfaction does.


title: Job satisfaction

text: Researchers have various ways to measure job satisfaction. The Job Descriptive Index measures job satisfaction in 5 ways: pay, promotions, coworkers, bosses, and the work itself. The survey is simple. People answer yes, no, or ‘?’. There are other job satisfaction surveys, for example, the Job Satisfaction Survey and the Faces Scale. The Job Satisfaction Survey asks 36 questions about 9 factors in job satisfaction. The Faces Scale asks only one question. People answer by choosing a face.


title: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle

text: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle is a 2017 American fantasy adventure comedy movie directed by Jake Kasdan and written by Chris McKenna, Erik Sommers, Scott Rosenberg, and Jeff Pinkner, based on a story by McKenna. Part of the Jumanji franchise, the movie is a sequel to the 1995 "Jumanji", which was based on the 1981 children's book of the same name by Chris Van Allsburg. A sequel titled released in 2019.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh!

text: Yu-Gi-Oh! is a manga series, two anime series, and a trading card game (the books came first, then the cards and then the series) based on the two anime series. The series follows the adventures of Yugi Mutou, a high school student who plays a game called Duel Monsters. It has a spin-off called "Yu-Gi-Oh! GX". Japan has an exclusive anime based on the first seven volumes of the manga.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh!

text: "Yu-Gi-Oh cards" are a trading card game that uses monsters that Yugi and other characters on the show use. This trading card game is very popular with young children, teenagers, and even adults in Hong Kong and Taiwan.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh!

text: The series is about having hope and faith in for the characters and Duel Monsters on each cards. Yugi's grandfather Sugoroku Mutou (Solomon Muto) owns a game shop. One day, Yugi finds a strange puzzle at the back of the shop, and tries to solve it. He tries to solve the puzzle for 8 years. When he is 16, he solves it. When he finishes the puzzle, he gets an extra soul. The soul is Dark Yugi (Yami Yugi), an Egyptian Pharaoh. Yami Yugi successfully recovers his lost memory. Yugi defeats Dark Bakura (Yami Bakura), Dark Yugi's worst enemy. Yu-Gi-Oh; cards of Doom


title: Yu-Gi-Oh!

text: "Yu-Gi-Oh! GX" The spin-off of "Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters". The story is set several years after the "Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters" story.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh!

text: "Yu-Gi-Oh! 5DS" The story is set many years after the "Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters" story. A prominent new feature of the "Yu-Gi-Oh 5DS" series is the use of Synchro Monster.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh!

text: "Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal" An anime series. Relevance of previous work is not declared. Xyz Monsters are introduced.


title: Silent trade

text: Silent trade, or barter, is when traders (who do not speak each other's language) trade without talking to each other. This was used in many parts of ancient Africa. Silent bartering was used during 500 A.D to 1500 A.D. and probably had a much longer history.


title: Silent trade

text: To do a silent barter, one group of traders would go to a certain place, leaving whatever they are offering to trade. The other group of traders would then decide if they would like to accept the goods (usually salt or gold) that were left. If the goods met with approval, the second group would then take the goods, leave their own goods in return, and leave because the person accepted the offer. This system of trading was used mostly in ancient Ghana. The popular things they sold were gold and salt. Another system was face-to-face trading using hand signals.


title: Silent trade

text: Gold mined south of the Sahel was traded, pound for pound, for salt mined in the desert. The salt from the desert was needed by the people of Sahel to flavor and preserve their food and gold has always had value for adornment (wearing). Because of this trade, cities grew and flourished and parts of West Africa became commercial centers. West Africa produced gold until about 1500 AD.


title: Roquefort cheese

text: Roquefort cheese is a kind of blue cheese. It comes from the south of France. It is made from sheep's milk. French laws about AOC say that only cheese from the region of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon (close to Millau) may be called Roquefort cheese.


title: Roquefort cheese

text: The cheese breaks into little pieces easily. It is a little moist. Blue mould is added to Roquefort cheese. This gives it a particular taste. Roquefort is made in big wheels. They weigh around 2.5 kilograms. They are about 10 cm thick. Roquefort needs to ripen for around 5 months. It is best eaten April to October, but of course it is available all year round.


title: Roquefort cheese

text: In the year 2003, there were seven Roquefort producers. The largest by far is Roquefort Société. Roquefort Papillon is also a well-known brand. The five other producers are Carles, Gabriel Coulet, Fromageries occitanes, Vernières and Le Vieux Berger.


title: Romanians

text: Romanians are a ethnic group and nation native to Romania. Hungarians and the Roma are the largest ethnic minorities in Romania. Romania is home to the largest Gypsy population.


title: Lynyrd Skynyrd

text: Lynyrd Skynyrd is an American southern rock band from Jacksonville, Florida. Their name comes from one of their school teachers who was named Leonard Skinner. They wrote songs including: "Sweet Home, Alabama", "Simple Man" and "Freebird." The lead singer's name was Ronnie Van Zant. After Ronnie died, his brother Johnny Van Zant became lead singer.


title: Lynyrd Skynyrd

text: On October 20, 1977, the band was on tour flying to Baton Rouge, Louisiana for their next gig, when their 1977 Convair 240 plane ran out of fuel and crashed in a heavily wooded area. Ronnie Van Zant, Steve Gaines, backup singer Cassie Gaines, assistant road manager Dean Kilpatrick and the pilots were killed in the crash. The rest of the band and crew were injured and temporarily split up. They reunited in 1987 with Van Zant's younger brother Johnny as their new singer.


title: Roy Orbison

text: Roy Kelton Orbison (April 23, 1936 - December 6, 1988) was an American singer. In 1987, he was named into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Orbison was popular in the 1960s. He became less popular in the 1970s, but began to make a career comeback in the 1980s. However, as he was becoming more popular again, he died of a heart attack at the age of 52 in Henderson, Tennessee.


title: Beauty contest

text: A beauty contest or beauty pageant, is a public contest to decide which person is the most beautiful. Usually, the entrants are young females, but there are some contests for men. Each contests has its own rules as to who may enter, and what the prizes are. A person who enters a beauty contest or pageant is called a contestant.


title: Beauty contest

text: The usual reason for holding such contests is to create publicity for the organisation which runs the contest. The contests are often shown on television and reported (with photographs) in newspapers. The first local event was probably in the United States in the late 19th century. 1880 in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware has been claimed.


title: Beauty contest

text: With most contests the criteria for judging is physical appearance, plus some judgement of personality. "Beauty Queen" is a term often used to describe the winners. Usually the winner acts as a publicity representative for the year following the contest. Examples are:


title: Chaguanas

text: Chaguanas is the largest city of Trinidad and Tobago. About 84,000 people live here. In 1990, it was made a borough.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: Pernicious anemia is a medical problem that causes a person to have too few red blood cells (anemia) because their intestines cannot absorb vitamin B12 properly. A special protein, called intrinsic factor, helps the body get vitamin B12 from food such as meat, poultry and dairy foods. Intrinsic factor is made by cells in the stomach. If there is not enough intrinsic factor, the small intestine is unable to get the vitamin B12.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: There are several causes of pernicious anemia. These include a weakened stomach lining or a problem with the body's immune system, which causes it to attack the intrinsic factor. In some rare cases it can be passed down through families. Treatment is usually a regular injection of vitamin B12.


title: Monkeypox virus

text: Monkeypox virus (MPV or MPXV) is a double-stranded DNA, zoonotic virus that causes monkeypox in humans and other animals. It belongs to the genus "Orthopoxvirus" in the family Poxviridae. It is not related to smallpox. Monkeypox disease is similar to smallpox, but with a milder rash and lower death rate.


title: Soxhlet extractor

text: A Soxhlet extractor is a kind of laboratory equipment. It is made of glass. Franz von Soxhlet invented it in 1879. It has a flask, an extraction chamber, and a condenser. It can be used for solid-liquid extractions.


title: Soxhlet extractor

text: In this discontinuous extraction process, the extraction solvent inside the boiling flask is evaporated and re-condensed in the distillation column above. It then falls down onto the solid material requiring extraction. The chamber containing the solid material is connected to the boiling flask below by a syphoning mechanism seen in the Pythagorean cup, which allows the chamber to fill to a point, at which it will empty its contents and start to fill again and the extracted compounds will accumulate in the boiling flask below.


title: Soxhlet extractor

text: Chemists use it to remove a material from a solid. It is useful when removing materials that do not dissolve well in any solvent. Chemists use a solvent such as ether or alcohol in the extractor. The Soxhlet extractor applies the solvent repeatedly to the solid until enough of the material dissolves.


title: Urban districts of Germany

text: In Germany an Urban District ( is a large town or city that is responsible for its own local government. Germany is divided into 429 districts. 313 are rural districts ("Landkreise", see List of German rural districts) and 116 urban districts ("Kreisfreie Städte" / "Stadtkreise") which are listed below.


title: Urban districts of Germany

text: In some states, there is another level of government, the Regierungsbezirk or governmental district. Several urban and rural districts are joined together to make a regierungsbezirk, which does some of their jobs, especially things in land-use planning which can affect several districts.


title: Urban districts of Germany

text: They are the equivalent of an independent city in the United States or unitary authority in the United Kingdom.


title: Urban districts of Germany

text: ¹ "following the "Göttingen Law" of January 1 1964, the town of Göttingen is incorporated into the district ("Landkreis") of Göttingen, but the rules on urban districts still apply, as long as no other rules exist."


title: Urban districts of Germany

text: ² "following the "Law on the region of Hannover", Hannover counts since November 1 2001 as an urban district as long as no other rules apply."


title: Urban districts of Germany

text: There are no longer any urban districts. The town of Saarbrücken used to be an urban district but became incorporated into the Saarbrücken Town Federation on January 1 1974.


title: Urban districts of Germany

text: The urban districts of Görlitz, Hoyerswerda, Plauen und Zwickau will lose their status as „kreisfreie Stadt“ probably on 1st July 2008 in a reform of Saxony's districts.


title: Horn clause

text: A Horn clause is a logic disjunction of literals, where at most one of the literals is positive, and all the others are negative. It is named after Alfred Horn who described them in an article in 1951.


title: Horn clause

text: A Horn clause with exactly one positive literal is a definite clause; a definite clause with no negative literals is sometimes called a “fact”; and a Horn clause without a positive literal is sometimes called a goal clause. These three kinds of Horn clauses are illustrated in the following propositional example:


title: Horn clause

text: In the non-propositional case, all variables in a clause are implicitly universally quantified with scope the entire clause. Thus, for example:


title: Horn clause

text: Horn clauses play a basic role in constructive logic and computational logic. They are important in automated theorem proving by first-order resolution, because the resolvent of two Horn clauses is itself a Horn clause, and the resolvent of a goal clause and a definite clause is a goal clause. These properties of Horn clauses can lead to greater efficiencies in proving a theorem (represented as the negation of a goal clause).


title: Horn clause

text: Horn clauses are also the basis of logic programming, where it is common to write definite clauses in the form of an implication:


title: Horn clause

text: In fact, the resolution of a goal clause with a definite clause to produce a new goal clause is the basis of the SLD resolution inference rule, used to implement logic programming and the programming language Prolog.


title: Horn clause

text: In logic programming a definite clause behaves as a goal-reduction procedure. For example, the Horn clause written above behaves as the procedure:


title: Horn clause

text: The Prolog notation is actually ambiguous, and the term “goal clause” is sometimes also used ambiguously. The variables in a goal clause can be read as universally or existentially quantified, and deriving “false” can be interpreted either as deriving a contradiction or as deriving a successful solution of the problem to be solved.


title: Horn clause

text: Van Emden and Kowalski (1976) investigated the model theoretic properties of Horn clauses in the context of logic programming, showing that every set of definite clauses D has a unique minimal model M. An atomic formula A is logically implied by D if and only if A is true in M. It follows that a problem P represented by an existentially quantified conjunction of positive literals is logically implied by D if and only if P is true in M. The minimal model semantics of Horn clauses is the basis for the stable model semantics of logic programs.


title: Horn clause

text: Propositional Horn clauses are also of interest in computational complexity, where the problem of finding truth value assignments to make a conjunction of propositional Horn clauses true is a P-complete problem (in fact solvable in linear time), sometimes called HORNSAT. (The unrestricted Boolean satisfiability problem is an NP-complete problem however.) Satisfiability of first-order Horn clauses is undecidable.


title: Repository (data)

text: A repository is a way of storing information related to a file system. For version control software (VCS), it is used to store information about files, their size, date of creation, and any changes made to them (often called "commits"). Common examples of software that use repositories are Git and Mercurial, but others do exist.


title: Repository (data)

text: A repository can be stored on a person's computer "locally" (not on the internet), but it can also be stored "remotely" (on a network or the internet). One of the most popular websites for hosting repositories is GitHub, however others such as GitLab exist. If a person wants to use a public repository on these kinds of websites, they can "clone" the repository onto their computer. This creates a copy of the repository, and all of the files (usually computer code) related to it. A person can then make changes to the repository, and they can "commit" those changes to their local repository (which means that their changes are recorded in the repository's history). If they wish to update the remote repository (the one stored online) they can "push" their changes to it. This updates the repository on the website or network location.


title: Aphroditus

text: The worship of Aphroditus comes from Cyprus, a cult of a masculine or hermaphrodite form of Aphrodite. The divinity was introduced into Greece and celebrated in Athens in a cross-dressing ritual.


title: Blossom Rock

text: Edith Marie Blossom MacDonald (August 21, 1895 – January 14, 1978), also known as Blossom Rock, was an American actress. Her younger sister was actress and singer Jeanette MacDonald. Rock is probably best known for her role as "Grandmama" on the 1960s horror sitcom "The Addams Family".


title: Aphroditus

text: It is thought that Hesiod's myth, explaining the birth of Aphrodite, born when Cronus cut off the genitals of Uranus and threw it into the sea, originated from the cult of Aphroditus. A terracotta plaque from the 7th century BC found at Perachora in Greece, representing Aphroditus emerging from severed male genitals, suggests this, as there are two different myths of the creation of Aphrodite.


title: Blossom Rock

text: Rock was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She died of a stroke on January 14, 1978 in Los Angeles, aged 82.


title: Aphroditus

text: According to Macrobius, Aphroditus was represented in Cyprus with a beard and phallus, wearing female clothing and holding a scepter. At sacrifices to the god, worshipers cross-dressed, men wearing women's clothing and women dressed in men's clothing. The cult spread from Cyprus into southern Asia Minor, eventually reaching mainland Greece around the late 5th century BC. In Athens, the iconography of the god took on the "anasyromenos" pose, a female figure lifting her dress to reveal an erect phallus, a gesture that had apotropaic qualities, much like the god Priapus. By the Hellenistic period, the cult and votives had spread throughout Asia Minor, Greece, and Italy.


title: Aphroditus

text: Gradually over time the cult lost popularity, Aphroditus was also being called Hermaphroditus, which originally meant Aphroditus in the form of a herm or "a herm of Aphroditus". These were marble or bronze sculptures with a head or torso above a plain rectangular pillar, a symbol of fertility. In later Greek mythology, Hermaphroditus came to be known as the son of Hermes and Aphrodite.


title: Justice League (movie)

text: Justice League is a 2017 American superhero movie directed by Zack Snyder. It is based on the DC Comics superhero team the Justice League. It is the fifth part in the DC Extended Universe. The movie has a screenplay written by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon.


title: Justice League (movie)

text: Years ago, Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons attempt to conquer and remake Earth through the combined energies of the Mother Boxes before they are foiled by a unified army that included the Amazons, Atlanteans and humans. After repelling Steppenwolf's army, the Mother Boxes are separated and hidden in locations around the world.


title: Justice League (movie)

text: In the present, the world is in mourning following the death of Superman. Sensing humanity's fear, Steppenwolf and his Parademons return to Earth to resume their hunt for the Mother Boxes through kidnapping several employees of S.T.A.R. Labs, which is in possession of one box. Having investigated the kidnappings and encountered a Parademon himself, Bruce Wayne decides to move forward in recruiting his planned team of metahumans as he believes an invasion is coming.


title: Justice League (movie)

text: Steppenwolf manages to retrieve the Mother Box from Themyscira, prompting Queen Hippolyta to warn her daughter Diana Prince. Diana joins Wayne's group and informs him about Steppenwolf and the Mother Boxes. The two of them fail to persuade Arthur Curry and Victor Stone, but manage to recruit Barry Allen into the team. Stone later joins the group after his father Silas is among those kidnapped, and Steppenwolf attacks Atlantis to retrieve the second Mother Box.


title: Justice League (movie)

text: The team receives intel from Commissioner James Gordon that the Parademons are traveling underground, and conclude that Steppenwolf's army is based in an abandoned facility. Although the group manages to rescue the kidnapped employees, the facility is flooded during combat, which traps the team until Curry rescues them, having decided to join them after Steppenwolf's attack on Atlantis. Stone retrieves the last Mother Box from S.T.A.R. Labs for the group to analyze. Wayne decides to use the Mother Box to resurrect Superman not only to help them fight Steppenwolf's army, but also to restore hope in humanity. Diana and Curry are hesitant about the idea, but Wayne forms a secret contingency plan.


title: Justice League (movie)

text: Clark Kent's body is exhumed and placed in the waters of the Kryptonian ship, and Allen provides a strong energy blast to activate the Box and resurrect Superman. Superman, however, possesses few memories, and he attacks the group after Stone accidentally launches a projectile at him. On the verge of being killed by Superman, Wayne enacts his contingency plan: Lois Lane. Superman calms down and leaves with Lois to his family home where he reflects and tries to recover his memories. With the last Mother Box unguarded, Steppenwolf retrieves it with ease.


title: Justice League (movie)

text: Without Superman to aid them, the remaining five heroes travel to a village in Russia where Steppenwolf plans to unite the boxes once again and reshape the world for his nephew Darkseid. The team fight their way through the Parademons to reach Steppenwolf, although they are unable to distract him enough for Stone to separate the boxes. Superman arrives and assists Allen in evacuating the city, as well as Stone in separating the Mother Boxes. The united heroes manage to defeat Steppenwolf, who, overcome with fear, is attacked by his own Parademons, before they are all taken away by a Boom Tube.


title: Justice League (movie)

text: In the aftermath of the battle, Wayne decides to rebuild Wayne Manor as a base of operations for the team and he and Diana agree that more heroes could join. Diana as Wonder Woman begins engaging more with the public. Allen manages to acquire a job in Central City's police department. Stone continues to explore and enhance his abilities with his father in S.T.A.R. Labs. Curry returns to Atlantis. Clark returns as a "Daily Planet" reporter and resumes his role as Superman.


title: Justice League (movie)

text: In a mid-credits scene, Flash and Superman decide to race. In a post-credits scene, Lex Luthor has escaped from prison and recruits bounty hunter Slade Wilson to form their own league.


title: Justice League (movie)

text: Joe Morton and Robin Wright reprises their roles as Dr. Silas Stone, a scientist at S.T.A.R. Labs and Victor Stone's father, and as General Antiope, Hippolyta's sister and Diana's aunt/mentor, from "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice" and "Wonder Woman", respectively. Amber Heard, Billy Crudup, and Kiersey Clemons will portray Mera, Dr. Henry Allen, and Iris West, respectively. Julian Lewis Jones and Michael McElhatton have been cast in undisclosed roles.


title: Justice League (movie)

text: Main filming for "Justice League" began on April 11, 2016 in London. Filming ended on October 14, 2016.


title: Justice League (movie)

text: In March 2016, Hans Zimmer, who composed the score for "Man of Steel" and "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice", stated that he is officially retired from the "superhero business". By June 2016 he was replaced by Junkie XL, who wrote and composed the soundtrack of "Dawn of Justice" alongside Zimmer himself. In 2017, it was announced that Danny Elfman would also compose the movie.


title: Justice League (movie)

text: Immediately after the theatrical release of "Justice League", fans created an online petition to release the "Snyder Cut" that gained more than 180,000 signatures. The movement, which used the hashtag #ReleaseTheSnyderCut on social media. This was due to fans not liking the released version as Zack Snyder left production after his daughter committed suicide. After Joss Whedon took over, only 25% of the movie was from Snyder. Members of the "Justice League" cast and crew showing support for the Snyder Cut's release.


title: Justice League (movie)

text: In May 2020, it was announced that the Snyder Cut would be released on the streaming service HBO Max in 2021.


title: Vervet monkey

text: The vervet monkey ("Chlorocebus pygerythrus"), or simply vervet, is an Old World monkey of the family Cercopithecidae. It is native to Africa. The term "vervet" is also used to refer to all the members of the genus "Chlorocebus". They are found mostly throughout Southern Africa, as well as some of the eastern countries.


title: Vervet monkey

text: Vervets were introduced to the Americas, where there were originally no Old World monkeys. They are now in Florida, Texas, Alabama, Louisiana, Arizona, California, Ascension Island, Cape Verde, Barbados, Saint Kitts, Bermuda, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Nevis.


title: Vervet monkey

text: Vervets are mostly herbivorous monkeys. They have black faces and grey body hair color, ranging in length from about for males to about for females.


title: Vervet monkey

text: Vervet monkeys serve as a primate model for understanding genetic and social behaviors of humans. They have some human-like characteristics, such as hypertension, anxiety, and social and dependent alcohol use. Vervets live in social groups ranging from 10 to 70 individuals. Males change groups when they become sexually mature. The most significant studies done on vervet monkeys are on their their communication and alarm calls. Communication helps kin and group recognition, and alerting to predators.


title: Clouded leopard

text: The clouded leopard ("Neofelis nebulosa") is a rare cat species. It is a medium-sized felid, found from the Himalayan foothills through mainland Southeast Asia into China. It is 55 to 110 cm (2 ft to 3 ft 6 in) long and weighs between 15 and 23 kg (33 to 50 lb). It is classified as vulnerable in 2008 by IUCN. Its total population may be fewer than 10,000 mature individuals.


title: Clouded leopard

text: Clouded leopards hunt in trees as well as on the ground. Their prey are monkeys and birds. They are one of the few cats who are arboreal.


title: Clouded leopard

text: The genetic analysis of specimens of "Neofelis nebulosa" and its close relative "Neofelis diardi" suggests the two species diverged 1.4 million years ago. A group crossed a now submerged land bridge to Borneo and Sumatra from mainland Asia. And, the Sunda clouded leopard is different enough on the two large islands to be classed as two subspecies.


title: Clouded leopard

text: The split between the two subspecies corresponds roughly with the catastrophic eruption of the Toba supervolcano in Sumatra 69,000–77,000 years ago. A probable scenario is that Sunda clouded leopards from Borneo recolonized Sumatra during periods of low sea levels in the Pleistocene, and these were later separated from their source population by rising sea levels.


title: Jim Lovell

text: Jim Lovell (born March 25, 1928) is a former NASA astronaut and test pilot. He was pilot of the Apollo 8 and commander of the Apollo 13 mission. Crew of Apollo 13 mission failed to land on Moon because of loss of electric power and failure of both oxygen tanks due to technical problems. Because of efforts of crew and ground control room, all three astronauts aboard Apollo 13 returned to Earth safely.


title: Derbyshire

text: Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England. A large part of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire. The northern part of Derbyshire overlaps with the Pennines, a famous chain of hills and mountains. The county contains part of the National Forest, and borders on Greater Manchester, West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Staffordshire and Cheshire.


title: Paul Klee

text: Paul Klee (18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was a Swiss-German artist. he had 10 momsHe was one of the most famous painters of the 20th century. His work was influenced by Expressionism, Cubism, and Surrealism. He was also very interested in the theory of color.


title: Paul Klee

text: Klee was born in Münchenbuchsee, a town near Bern in Switzerland. His mother, born Ida Maria Frick, came from Basel in Switzerland. His father, Hans Klee, came from Tann, a small town in the Hesse state of Germany. Both his parents were musicians. When he was very young he trained to be a violinist. Then he decided to become an artist. He studied art under Heinrich Knirr. In 1899 he was admitted to the Academy of Fine arts in Munich. After leaving the academy he also studied art in Italy. After Italy, he returned to Bern and lived with his parents for several years.


title: Paul Klee

text: Klee married the pianist Lily Stumpf in 1906. They went to live in Munich. In 1906 he had his first major exhibition. Besides his painting, Klee taught art at the Bauhaus from 1920 to 1931. and later at the Dusseldorf Academy. When the Nazis came to power in Germany, life became very hard for modern artists. Klee moved back to Switzerland in 1933. He died in Muralto, Switzerland in 1940. For many years he had suffered from scleroderma, an autoimmune disease.


title: Paul Klee

text: Klee made over 10,000 paintings, drawings, and etchings in his lifetime. His works are held in museums all over the world. In 2005, the Zentrum Paul Klee (Paul Klee Center) was opened in Bern. The building was designed by the Italian architect Renzo Piano. It holds 4000 works by Klee and shows 150 at time. The exhibition changes every six months.


title: Paul Klee

text: These pictures are from Klee's mature career. He painted them while he was teaching at the Bauhaus. During this time he was also a member of a group of artists called Die Blaue Vier (The Blue Four). The other three members were Wassily Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, and Alexej von Jawlensky. Like Klee, both Kandinsky and Feininger taught at the Bauhaus. The four artists lectured and exhibited together in Germany and the USA.


title: Grand Prairie, Texas

text: Grand Prairie is a city in Dallas County, Tarrant County, Ellis County in the state of Texas. It is a rather big city with a population of 175,336 people in 2010. Grand Prairie is part of a bigger region known as the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex made up of Dallas and Fort Worth and their suburbs or cities outside of them.


title: Primogeniture

text: Primogeniture is the system of inheritance by the firstborn, usually the eldest son. In feudal England and other legal systems, the legitimate first-born son gets the first right to inherit property. His claim is stronger than all daughters, younger sons and even elder illegitimate sons. The rule is that the eldest will always have the first claim. If there is no son, each of the daughters inherit an equal share of the estate. If there are no children, the property is often inherited by the eldest brother. Among siblings, sons inherit before daughters and so on. Primogeniture is Latin for "first born".


title: Carpetbagger

text: Carpetbagger is a term from the United States political history. A carpetbagger was a northerner who moved to the South after the American Civil War. This period is called the "reconstruction era".


title: Carpetbagger

text: White southerners feared they would loot the defeated South. Sixty carpetbaggers were elected to Congress. Among them were most Republican governors in the South during reconstruction. A historian said:


title: Carpetbagger

text: "Carpetbagger" referred to the cheap carpet bags (a form of luggage) which many of the newcomers carried. The term came to be associated with opportunism and exploitation by outsiders. It is used today for a "parachute candidate": a political candidate for public office in an area far from home.


title: Uyghur language

text: Uyghur (, "Uyghurche"; formerly known as Eastern Turkish) is a Turkic language with 8 to 11 million speakers, spoken primarily by the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of Western China. There are several writing systems used to write Uyghur. While Uyghurs usually use the Uyghur alphabet, an alphabet based on the Arabic alphabet, there are also two Latin and one Cyrillic alphabet that can be used to write Uyghur.


title: Hydrology

text: Hydrology is the study of movement, distribution, and quality of water throughout the Earth. A person who studies hydrology is called a hydrologist.


title: Hydrology

text: The central theme of hydrology is how the water circulates. This is called the water cycle. The most vivid illustration of it is the water evaporation from the ocean with the formation of clouds. These clouds drift over the land and produce rain.


title: Walter Scott

text: Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, FRSE (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832) was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet, widely popular in the first half of the 19th century.


title: Walter Scott

text: Scott was the first English-language author to have a truly international career in his lifetime. As adventures, "Ivanhoe", and "Rob Roy" are very well-known, and both were made into films. "Waverley" is important because it is the first historical novel. It was, for most readers, their first encounter with Highland culture. Scott wove together history and fiction. What he started with "Waverley", he continued with his other novels.


title: Walter Scott

text: Scott's output was huge. Though many of his works are little read now, they sold well in their day, and paid for his great house, Abbotsford. Of his poetry "The Lady of the Lake" is best liked.


title: Walter Scott

text: Scott was also an advocate, judge and legal administrator by profession. Throughout his career he combined his writing and editing work with his daily occupation as Clerk of Session and Sheriff-Depute of Selkirkshire.


title: Walter Scott

text: A prominent member of the Tory establishment in Edinburgh, Scott was an active member of the Highland Society and served a long term as President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1820–32).


title: Walter Scott

text: Scott was educated at Edinburgh High and the University of Edinburgh, graduating in 1783. After spending some time in his father's office he became a barrister in 1792. In 1797 he married Charlotte Charpentier and in 1799 was appointed deputy Sheriff of Selkirkshire. He now began to write books in earnest.


title: Walter Scott

text: In 1825 and 1826, a banking crisis swept through the cities of London and Edinburgh. The Ballantyne printing business, in which he was heavily invested, crashed. Scott was ruined. He placed his house and income in a trust belonging to his creditors, and set out to write his way out of debt.


title: Walter Scott

text: He kept up his huge output of fiction, as well as producing a biography of Napoleon Bonaparte. By 1831 his health was failing. Still, he did a grand tour of Europe, where he was welcomed wherever he went. He returned to Scotland and, in September 1832, died at Abbotsford, near Melrose in the Roxburghshire. Though he died owing money, his novels continued to sell well. The debts of his estate were eventually discharged.


title: Pliny the Elder

text: Gaius Plinius Secundus (23 AD – 25 August 79 AD), better known as Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian.


title: Pliny the Elder

text: Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an encyclopedic work, "Natural History" ("Naturalis Historia"), which became a model for many subsequent encyclopedic texts.


title: Pliny the Elder

text: Pliny the Elder died on 25 August 79 AD. He was attempting the rescue by ship of a friend and his family from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The eruption had just destroyed the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.


title: Pliny the Elder

text: The "Naturalis Historia" is one of the largest works to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day. It claims to cover the entire field of ancient knowledge, based on the best authorities available to Pliny. He claims to be the only Roman ever to have undertaken such a work. It includes the fields of botany, zoology, astronomy, geology and mineralogy as well as the exploitation of those resources. It remains a standard work for the Roman period and the advances in technology and understanding of natural phenomena at the time.


title: Pliny the Elder

text: Some technical advances he discusses are the only sources for those inventions, such as hushing in mining technology or the use of water mills for crushing or grinding grain. Much of what he wrote about has been confirmed by archaeology. It is virtually the only work which describes the work of artists of the time, and is a reference work for the history of art.


title: Pliny the Elder

text: The work became a model for all later encyclopedias in the breadth of subject matter examined, the need to reference original authors, and a comprehensive index list of the contents. The work is dedicated to the emperor Titus, son of Pliny's close friend, the emperor Vespasian, in the first year of Titus' reign. It is the only work by Pliny to have survived, and the last that he published, lacking a final revision at his sudden and unexpected death in the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius.


title: Pliny the Elder

text: The "Natural History" consists of 37 books. Pliny devised his own table of contents. The table below is a summary based on modern names for topics.


title: Dalmatia

text: Dalmatia is a region of the Balkan Peninsula along the Adriatic Sea. It mostly belongs to Croatia. It goes from the island of Pag in the northwest to the Bay of Kotor (in Montenegro) in the southeast.


title: Clavicle

text: The clavicle, or collarbone, is a long bone that is part of the shoulder. It connects the arm to the main part of the body. It is a support for the scapula bone and helps the arm to hang freely. This allows the arm to have a lot of movement. The clavicle is made from sponge-like bone, called cancellous bone, and is covered with a hard shell of bone. Most mammals and many other land vertebrates have clavicles.


title: Clavicle

text: "Clavicle" is a formal scientific term. Normally we use the term "collarbone", both in everyday speech and literary fiction.


title: Mung bean

text: The Mung bean (or mungo bean) is a legume, which is mostly grown in Asia. It is mostly used for cooking.


title: Free Software Foundation

text: The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded by Richard Stallman on 4 October 1985 to support the free software movement, a movement which tries to promote the universal freedom to distribute and modify computer software without restriction. The FSF was started in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States of America.


title: Gulf of Saint Lawrence

text: The Gulf of Saint Lawrence (French: "golfe du Saint-Laurent") is the outlet of North America's Great Lakes via the Saint Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. It is the world's largest estuary. It is a semi–enclosed sea, covering an area of about and having of water.


title: Free Software Foundation

text: From its founding (when it started) until the 1990s, FSF's funds were mostly used to employ software developers to write free software for the GNU Project. Since the mid-1990s, the FSF's employees and volunteers have mostly worked on legal and structural issues for the free software movement and the free software community.


title: Gulf of Saint Lawrence

text: The gulf is bounded on the north by the Labrador Peninsula, to the east by Newfoundland, to the south by the Nova Scotia peninsula and Cape Breton Island, and to the west by the Gaspé and New Brunswick. It has Anticosti Island, Prince Edward Island, and the Magdalen Islands.


title: Free Software Foundation

text: The FSF holds the copyrights on many important pieces of the GNU system, such as the GCC. As a copyright holder, it has the power to enforce the GNU General Public License (GPL) when copyright infringement occurs on that software. While other copyright holders of other software systems used the GPL as their license, FSF was the only organization to regularly assert its copyright interests on software licensed under the GPL until Harald Welte created gpl-violations.org in 2004.


title: Gulf of Saint Lawrence

text: Besides the Saint Lawrence River itself, some of the tributaries of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence include the Miramichi River, the Natashquan River, the Restigouche River, the Margaree River, and the Humber River. Arms of the Gulf include the Chaleur Bay, Miramichi Bay, St. George's Bay, Bay of Islands, and Northumberland Strait.


title: Free Software Foundation

text: In late 2001, Bradley M. Kuhn (then Executive Director), with the help of Moglen, David Turner, and Peter T. Brown, turned these efforts into FSF's GPL Compliance Labs. From 2002-2004, high profile GPL enforcement cases, such as those against Linksys and OpenTV, became frequent. GPL enforcement and educational campaigns on GPL compliance was a major focus of the FSF's efforts during this period.


title: Gulf of Saint Lawrence

text: St. Paul Island, Nova Scotia, off the northeast tip of Cape Breton Island, is called the ""Graveyard of the Gulf"" for its many shipwrecks. Getting to the island is controlled by the Canadian Coast Guard.


title: Free Software Foundation

text: In March 2003, SCO filed suit against IBM alleging(saying) that IBM's contributions to some free software, including FSF's GNU, violated SCO's rights. While FSF was never a party to the lawsuit, FSF was subpoenaed on November 5, 2003. During 2003 and 2004, FSF put a lot of advocacy effort into responding to the lawsuit and removing its negative impact on the adoption and promotion of free software.


title: Gulf of Saint Lawrence

text: Bonaventure Island on the eastern tip of the Gaspé Peninsula, Île Brion and Rochers-aux-Oiseaux (Bird Rock) northeast of the Magdalen Islands are important migratory bird sanctuaries. They are administered by the Canadian Wildlife Service.


title: Free Software Foundation

text: The FSF maintains a list of "high priority projects" where the Foundation says that ""there is a vital need to draw the free software community's attention"". The FSF says these projects are""important because computer users are continually being seduced into using non-free software, because there is no adequate free replacement.""


title: Gulf of Saint Lawrence

text: The Government of Canada maintains national parks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence estuary at Forillon. It is on the eastern tip of the Gaspé, Prince Edward Island on the north shore of the island. Kouchibouguac is on the northeast coast of New Brunswick. Cape Breton Highlands is on the northern tip of Cape Breton Island. Gros Morne is on Newfoundland's west coast. And a national park reserve is in the Mingan Archipelago on Quebec's Côte-Nord.


title: Moons of Saturn

text: The planet Saturn has 53 named moons, and another 29 which are still being studied. Many of the moons are very small: 33 are less than in diameter and thirteen moons are less than . Many of the moons are named after Titans, Giants, or minor Greek or Roman gods. Some of Saturn's moons are very large; the moon Titan is bigger than the planet Mercury.


title: Moons of Saturn

text: The following objects (observed by "Cassini") have not been confirmed as solid bodies. It is not yet clear if these are real satellites or merely persistent clumps within the F Ring.


title: Moons of Saturn

text: Two moons were claimed to be discovered by different astronomers but never seen again. Both moons were said to orbit between Titan and Hyperion.


title: Fatty acid

text: A fatty acid is a carboxylic acid (-C(=O)OH), with a long unbranched hydrocarbon tail. It is studied in organic chemistry and biochemistry.


title: Fatty acid

text: Fatty acids are important sources of body fuel. When metabolized, they yield large quantities of ATP. Many cell types can use either glucose or fatty acids for this purpose. In particular, heart and skeletal muscle prefer fatty acids.


title: Fatty acid

text: Fatty acids may be either saturated or unsaturated. Unsaturated compounds have reactive double bonds; saturated ones do not.


title: Fatty acid

text: Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids derived from, or contained in, an animal or vegetable fat, oil, or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of four to 28 carbon atoms (usually unbranched and even numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. This would include acetic acid, although this is not usually considered a fatty acid (not a lipid).


title: Fatty acid

text: The blend of fatty acids in mammalian skin, together with lactic acid and pyruvic acid, are distinctive. They allow animals with a keen sense of smell to identify individuals.


title: Grizzly bear

text: The grizzly bear ("Ursus arctos horribilis"), also known as the North American brown bear or simply grizzly, is a large population or subspecies of the brown bear inhabiting North America.


title: Luoyang

text: Luoyang is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province, China. It has also been spelled Loyang. It is located by the Luo River and Yellow River. In 2010, 6,549,941 people lived there.


title: Luoyang

text: Luoyang administers 5 "built-up" urban districts, 1 additional district, 1 county-level city, and 9 more rural counties:


title: Steam (service)

text: Steam is an internet-based digital distribution, digital rights management, multiplayer and social networking program developed and distributed by Valve Corporation. Steam has its own store where the user can purchase video games and other software. It is available for Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux. Steam also has an application with fewer functions for smartphones which is available for Android and iOS. Steam can also be used as a communication software, meaning that you can talk with people if they are your friends on Steam.


title: Ballad

text: A ballad is a form of verse. It is often a story set to music. Ballads were popular in British and Irish poetry and music until the 19th century from the late medieval period. It was also used in Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides. Poets and composers from the 18th century used this form. In this way, they produced lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century, ballads were slow form of popular love song. The term is now often used as synonymous with any love song, particularly the pop or rock "power ballad".


title: Steam (service)

text: The Steam platform is considered to be one of the largest digital distribution platform for PC gaming, and was estimated by Screen Digest to have 75% of the market space in October 2013. In 2015, users purchasing titles through Steam or through Steam keys from third-party vendors totaling around $3.5 billion representing 15% of the global PC game sales for the year, based on estimations made by the tracking website Steam Spy. By the end of 2015, the service had over 125 million registered accounts, with 12.5 million concurrent users. The success of the Steam platform has led to the development of a line of Steam Machine micro-console, as well as SteamOS, an in-house fork of the Debian operating system. As of February 2015, Steam has over 125 million users.


title: Ballad

text: Power ballad is a name given to love songs that were predictably included in heavy metal albums in the 1980s.


title: Ballad

text: The power ballad was usually slower in tempo and much less aggressive in lyrics than the other music on the album. The songs were often made in a hope of scoring a Top Forty hit, and were particularly associated with bands in the hard metal genre. Examples include Poison's "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" and Bon Jovi's "Wanted Dead Or Alive".


title: Washington Wizards

text: The Washington Wizards are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in Washington, D.C. at the Verizon Center. They were known as the Washington Bullets from 1974–1997 and were formed as the Chicago Packers in 1961. Michael Jordan came out of his second retirement to play with the Washington Wizards from 2001–02 and was the Wizards' president of basketball operations from 2001 - 2003 until he was fired by Wizards' majority owner Abe Pollin.


title: Washington Wizards

text: The team won an NBA Championship in 1978 over the Seattle SuperSonics. Wes Unseld was the Most Valuable Player of the NBA Finals.


title: EFL Championship

text: The EFL Championship, commonly known as The Championship, is the name of the English second division of football.


title: Anu

text: In Sumerian mythology, Anu (also An) was a sky-god. He was the god of heaven, lord of constellations, and king of the gods, spirits and demons. He lived in the highest heavenly regions. People believed that he could judge people who had committed crimes. His attendant and minister of state was the god Ilabrat.


title: Anu

text: He was one of the oldest gods in the Sumerian religion. He was a part of a triad with Enlil (god of the air) and Enki (god of water). He was called Anu by the Akkadians in Babylonian culture. His Greek name is Uranos. The planet Uranus got its name from the Greek god Uranos.


title: Ralphie May

text: Ralph Oliver "Ralphie" May (February 17, 1972 – October 6, 2017) was an American stand-up comedian and actor. He was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but raised in Clarksville, Arkansas. His jokes were mainly about observational comedy, wit, word play, satire, sexuality, race, religion, family life and obesity.


title: Ralphie May

text: May was influenced by Sam Kinison, Lenny Bruce, Buddy Hackett, and Richard Pryor. In 2003, May was chosen to participate in the first season of "Last Comic Standing". He finished in second place in the competition. After that, he appeared in comedy shows like "The Wayne Brady Show" and "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno". In 2005, he was the only white comedian on "The Big Black Comedy Show", which also featured Mo'Nique, Rodman, and Vince Morris.


title: Ralphie May

text: May died of a pneumonia-related heart attack at his home in Las Vegas, Nevada on October 6, 2017 at the age of 45.


title: Les Invalides

text: Les Invalides is a landmark in Paris, France. It was built between 1670 and 1676 as a place for retirement of French war veterans. It consists of several buildings. It was also used as a burial place for French marshals and generals. Les Invalides is best known for housing the tomb of Napoleon Bonaparte. Nowadays, the complex houses the Museum of Arms, the Museum of Contemporary History, and the Museum of Plains-Reliefs.


title: Mujahideen

text: Mujahideen ( "") is the plural of mujahid (). Mujahid is the Arabic term for one engaged in "jihad" (literally, "struggle"). This term was first used to describe guerrilla-type militant groups led by the Islamist Afghan fighters in the Soviet–Afghan War. As of 2021, it is also used to described other jihadist groups in other countries.


title: Windows Live Messenger

text: Windows Live Messenger is an instant messenger that is the most-used in the world. It is made by the Windows Live section of Microsoft. It used to be called "MSN Messenger" before MSN was changed into Windows Live. Microsoft announced that they were retiring Windows Live Messenger (except for China) in favor of Skype.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: In 1944, the Polish resistance Home Army (). rebelled against Nazi occupation of Warsaw. This rebellion is known as the Warsaw Uprising () today. The resistance Home Army wanted to free Warsaw from Nazi Germany. The resistance army fought against German troops for 63 days. After that, there was no chance of winning, so they surrendered. German troops killed many civilians in the city. After the uprising, the city of Warsaw was destroyed almost completely. At the time of the uprising, the Red Army was stationed on the other side of the river Vistula, which runs through the city of Warsaw. As of 2021, the question, why these troops did not take part in the fighting, is unclear. Historians have given several theories.


title: African plate

text: The African Plate is a major tectonic plate. It includes much of the continent of Africa, as well as the oceanic crust which lies between the continent and various surrounding ocean ridges. Since the continent of Africa includes the African Plate and the smaller plates to its right, some literature refers to the African Plate as the Nubian Plate to distinguish it from the continent as a whole.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: The Uprising was the largest attack done by any European resistance movement of World War II. The Slovak National Uprising, which happened from 29 August to 28 October 1944. is comparable,


title: African plate

text: Between 60 million years ago (mya) and 10 mya, the Somali Plate began rifting from the African Plate along the East African Rift.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: At the same time as the attack, the Soviet Union's Red Army got close to the east of the city and the German forces retreated. However, the Soviets stopped moving forward. This allowed the Germans to destroy the city and defeat the Polish resistance.


title: African plate

text: One hypothesis suggests a mantle plume beneath the Afar region. Another hypothesis suggests the rifting is just a zone of weakness as the plates to its east move northwards.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: The Warsaw uprising began on 1 August 1944. It was part of a big plan, Operation "Tempest". Operation Tempest started when the Soviet Army got near Warsaw. The goals of the Polish resistance were to push the German troops out of the city. They also wanted to free Warsaw before the Soviets arrived. This would help the Polish Underground State to take control of the city.


title: African plate

text: The African Plate's speed is about per year. It has been moving over the past 100 million years or so in a general northeast direction. This is drawing it closer to the Eurasian Plate. There is subduction where oceanic crust meets continental crust (in parts of the central and eastern Mediterranean).


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: At the start of the battle, the Polish resistance got control over most of central Warsaw. By 14 September, Polish forces under Soviet command captured the east bank of the Vistula river.


title: African plate

text: Along its northeast margin, the African Plate is bounded by the Red Sea rift where the Arabian Plate is moving away from the African Plate.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: Winston Churchill asked Stalin and Franklin D. Roosevelt to help the Polish troops, but the Soviets would not help. Churchill sent over 200 drops of supplies by air. The US Army Air Force sent one drop of supplies by air.


title: African plate

text: The African, Somali and Arabian Plates were once all part of the great southern supercontinent Gondwana, as was the Indian subcontinent.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: About 16,000 members of the Polish resistance were killed and about 6,000 were badly wounded. In addition, between 150,000 and 200,000 Polish civilians were killed. The Germans also found many Jews the Poles were hiding.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: More than 8,000 German soldiers were killed or went missing, and 9,000 were wounded. During the fighting in the city about a quarter of Warsaw's buildings were destroyed. After the surrender of Polish forces, German troops destroyed 35% of the city.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: By July 1944, Poland had been occupied by Nazi German troops for almost five years. The Polish Home Army was loyal to the Polish government in London. It had planned to attack the Germans. Germany was fighting a group of Allied powers, led by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: At the start, the plan of the Home Army was to join with the invading forces of the Western Allies as they freed Europe from the Nazis. However, in 1943, the Soviets were about to reach the pre-war borders of Poland before the Allied invasion of Europe got very far.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: The Soviets and the Poles were both enemies of Nazi Germany. But they had different goals. The Home Army wanted a democratic capitalist Poland that was allied with the West. The Soviet leader Stalin wanted to make Poland a communist country that was allied to the Soviet Union.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: The Soviets and the Poles did not trust each other. Soviet partisans in Poland often disagreed with Polish resistance troops that were allied to the Home Army.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: Stalin stopped all Polish-Soviet relations on 25 April 1943 after the Germans told the world about the Katyn massacre of Polish army officers. Stalin refused to admit that he ordered the killings.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: The Home Army commander, Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski made a plan on 20 November, called Operation "Tempest". On the Eastern Front, local units of the Home Army were to attack the German "Wehrmacht" and help Soviet troops.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: On 13 July 1944 as the Soviet attack crossed the old Polish border, the Poles had to make a decision. They could either start to attack the Germans, which might not be supported by the Soviets, or do no attacks and be criticized by the Soviets.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: The Poles were worried that if Poland was freed from German occupation by the Red Army, then the Allies would not accept the Polish government in London after the war.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: When the Poles saw the actions of the Soviet forces, they realized they needed to make a decision. In Operation "Ostra Brama", NKVD forces shot or arrested Polish officers and forced lower ranks to join the Soviet-controlled Polish forces.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: On 21 July, the Home Army decided to launch Operation "Tempest" in Warsaw soon. The plan was intended as a way of showing Poland was its own country and as an attack against the German occupiers. On 25 July, the Polish government-in-exile (against the views of Polish Commander-in-Chief General Kazimierz Sosnkowski) approved the plan for an uprising in Warsaw.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: In the early summer of 1944, German plans required Warsaw to be the defensive centre of the area. The Germans wanted to hold on to Warsaw no matter how many losses they had. The Germans had built fortifications and sent many new troops to the area. This slowed after the failed '20 July plot' to kill Adolf Hitler. The German troops in Warsaw were weak and did not feel confident.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: However, by the end of July, German forces in the area had new troops sent to them. On 27 July, the Governor of the Warsaw District, Ludwig Fischer, called for 100,000 Polish men and women to build fortifications around the city. The inhabitants of Warsaw did not follow his demand.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: The Home Army became worried about possible revenge actions by the Germans or mass arrests, which would make it hard for the Poles to start an attack. The Soviet forces were approaching Warsaw, and Soviet-controlled radio stations called for the Polish people to attack the Germans.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: On 25 July, the Union of Polish Patriots made a radio broadcast from Moscow. It told Poles to attack the Germans. On 29 July, the first Soviet tanks reached the edges of Warsaw. They were counter-attacked by two German Panzer Corps: the 39th and 4th SS. On 29 July 1944 Radio Station Kosciuszko located in Moscow told Poles to "Fight The Germans!".


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: Bór-Komorowski and several senior officers held a meeting on that day. Jan Nowak-Jeziorański, who had arrived from London, said support from the Allies would be weak. On 31 July, the Polish commanders General Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski and Colonel Antoni Chruściel ordered the Home Army forces for to be ready by 17:00 the following day.


title: Warsaw Uprising

text: During the uprising, Heinrich Himmler had given the order to storm Wola, a part of Warsaw. The rebels were holding this quarter. Himmler ordered that all people in Wazaw, which were not German, must be killed. This order was applicable to both civilians, and fighters, and also did not take into account if the people supported the uprising. With this order, Himmler wanted to break down the resistance of the Polish people against the German occupation. As a result, there were mass killings of people, mostly between August 5 and August 7. Estimates are that between 20,000 and 30,000 civilians were killed. in these three days. According to sources, about 20 German soldiers were killed, about 40 were wounded. Until August 12, about 50,000 Polish civilians lost their lives in Wola.


title: Redding, California

text: Redding is a city in Northern California in the Western United States. It is the county seat of Shasta County and is located at the northern end of the state's great Central Valley at the base of the Shasta Cascades, about 110 miles south of the Oregon border on Interstate 5 and east of the Pacific Ocean on State Highway 299.


title: Vector field

text: A vector field is a function that assigns to every point in space a vector. It can be imagined as a collection of arrows, each one attached to a different point in space. For example, the wind (the velocity of air) can be represented by a vector field. This is because in every point one can write an arrow showing the direction of the wind and its strength.


title: Redding, California

text: Before European settlers came to the area, it was inhabited by a tribe of Native Americans called the Wintu. At their height, the Wintu had as many as 239 villages in the Shasta County area.


title: Vector field

text: In everyday life, gravity is the force that makes objects fall down. More generally, it is the force that pulls objects towards each other. If we describe for each point in space the direction and strength of the earth's pull, we will get a gravity vector field for the Earth.


title: Redding, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Redding had a population of 89,861. The population density was 1,468.9 people per square mile (567.2/km). The racial makeup of Redding was 77,117 (85.8%) White, 1,092 (1.2%) African American, 2,034 (2.3%) Native American, 3,034 (3.4%) Asian, 156 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 2,307 (2.6%) from other races, and 4,121 (4.6%) from two or more races. There were 7,787 people of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race (8.7%).


title: Vector field

text: The theory dealing with electricity and magnetism in physics is called electromagnetism. One of the basic assumptions is that there are two vector fields in all space which govern electric and magnetic forces. One is the electric field, which is often written as formula_1 and the second is the magnetic field, which is often written as formula_2.


title: Redding, California

text: The Census reported that 87,841 people (97.8% of the population) lived in households, 1,138 (1.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 882 (1.0%) were institutionalized.


title: Vector field

text: Atmospheric circulation can be represented by a vector field. The more precisely the vector field describes the actual flow, the better the resulting weather forecast.


title: Redding, California

text: There were 36,130 households, out of which 11,012 (30.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 16,001 (44.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 4,806 (13.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,984 (5.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 2,570 (7.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 204 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 10,344 households (28.6%) were made up of individuals, and 4,622 (12.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43. There were 22,791 families (63.1% of all households); the average family size was 2.94.


title: Redding, California

text: The population was spread out, with 20,518 people (22.8%) under the age of 18, 9,436 people (10.5%) aged 18 to 24, 21,725 people (24.2%) aged 25 to 44, 23,424 people (26.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 14,758 people (16.4%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.4 males.


title: Redding, California

text: There were 38,679 housing units at an average density of 632.3 per square mile (244.1/km), of which 19,968 (55.3%) were owner-occupied, and 16,162 (44.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.9%. 48,179 people (53.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 39,662 people (44.1%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Nayib Bukele

text: Nayib Armando Bukele Ortez (born 24 July 1981) is a Salvadoran politician and businessman. He is the 46th and current President of El Salvador since 1 June 2019. He won the 2019 election. Bukele ran as the candidate of the centre-right GANA party.


title: Margaret Hamilton (scientist)

text: Margaret Heafield Hamilton (born August 17, 1936) is an American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner. She was Director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. It developed on-board flight software for the Apollo space program.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: Sobibor (, Polish: ) was a German extermination camp during World War II. It opened in May 1942 and closed on 14 October 1943. The camp was part of Operation Reinhard, Adolf Hitler's secret plan to kill all of the Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland. Sobibor was located in the forest near the village of Sobibór, in the General Government region of central Poland.


title: Nayib Bukele

text: He was elected Mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán on 11 March 2012. He was also elected mayor of San Salvador on 1 March 2015, and took office on 1 May 2015.


title: Margaret Hamilton (scientist)

text: On November 22, 2016, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by U.S. President Barack Obama for her work leading the development of on-board flight software for NASA's Apollo Moon missions.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: Sobibor was an extermination camp, not a concentration camp. This meant the camp's only purpose was to murder Jews. The vast majority of prisoners were gassed within hours of arrival. People who were not killed immediately were forced to work in the camp. Few survived more than a few months. In total, some 170,000 to 250,000 people were murdered at Sobibor. Only three other camps (Belzec, Treblinka, and Auschwitz) killed more people than Sobibor.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: The camp closed after a prisoner revolt, which took place on 14 October 1943. The plan for the revolt had two phases. In the first phase, teams of prisoners were to discreetly assassinate each of the SS officers who ran the camp. In the second phase, all 600 prisoners would assemble for evening roll call and would walk to freedom out the front gate. However, the plan was disrupted after only 11 of the SS officers had been killed. The prisoners had to escape by climbing over barbed wire fences and running through a field of landmines while the SS tried to shoot them with machine guns. About 300 prisoners made it out of the camp. Of these, 58 are known to have survived the war.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: After the revolt, the Nazis demolished the camp and planted it over with pine trees. Sobibor got little attention in the first decades after World War II. It was rarely mentioned in popular or scholarly accounts of the Holocaust. It became better known after it was portrayed in the TV miniseries "Holocaust" (1978) and the film "Escape from Sobibor" (1987).


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: The Sobibor Museum now stands at the site of the camp. Archaeologists continue to investigate the site.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: Sobibor was one of four extermination camps established as part of Operation Reinhard, the deadliest phase of the Holocaust. In September of 1939, the Nazis invaded and occupied Poland. After that, all across Europe, the Nazis began deporting Jews from ghettos and sending them to forced labour camps.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: The first group of workers who built Sobibor were mostly local people from neighbouring villages and towns. The Nazis had ordered the Jewish council in nearby Włodawa to send 150 Jews to help build the camp. Historians do not know if these were forced labourers. Building Sobibor was a very difficult job. Workers were constantly harassed as they worked, and were shot if they showed signs of exhaustion. Most were murdered once construction was completed. However, two escaped back to Włodawa, where they tried to warn the Jewish council about the camp and its purpose. The council did not believe these warnings.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: By summer of 1942, Sobibor had been completely built and was ready to open. After the camp opened, a steady stream of prisoners began to arrive.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: The Nazis were constantly expanding and renovating Sobibor. After only a few months, the wooden walls of the camp's gas chambers had absorbed too much sweat, urine, blood, and excrement to be cleanable. Thus, the gas chambers were demolished in the summer of 1942, and new larger ones were built made out of brick. Later that summer, the SS also started a beautification project to make parts of the camp look nicer. They built new structures and landscaped part of the camp to make it look like a village in Tyrol, Austria. When Sobibor ceased operations in mid-1943, the SS were part way through the construction of a munitions depot known as Lager IV.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: In December 1941, SS officials at Chełmno did the first experiments to find ways of killing Jews using poison gases. At first, the Nazis used carbon monoxide gas to kill prisoners in vans. To get the carbon monoxide gas, they used a gasoline engine. They would connect the engine's exhaust pipe to pipes that led to the van's gas chamber. Carbon monoxide poisoning would kill all of the prisoners in the van.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: At the Wansee Conference on 20 January 1942, Reinhard Heydrich announced a plan for systematically murdering the Jews through a network of extermination camps. Operation Reinhard was based on this plan. In the same month, the Nazis did the first mass gassings at Auschwitz concentration camp.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: In mid-April 1942, shortly before the camp opened, the Nazis did more experiments with poison gas. In one experiment, the SS murdered thirty to forty Jewish women brought from the labour camp at Krychów.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: Eventually, permanent gas chambers were built at Sobibor. These were similar to the ones at Belzec, but without any furnaces.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: Sobibor was surrounded by double barbed wire fences which were thatched with pine branches in order to block the view inside. At its southeast corner, it had two side-by-side gates. One was for trains; the other was for foot traffic and vehicles. The site was divided into five compounds: the "Vorlager" and four "Lagers" numbered "I-IV".


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: The "Vorlager" (front compound) contained living quarters and recreational buildings for the camp personnel. The SS officers lived in cottages with colorful names such as "Lustiger Floh" (the Merry Flea), "Schwalbennest" (the Swallow's Nest), and "Gottes Heimat" (God's Own Home). They also had a canteen, a bowling alley, a hair salon, and a dentist's office, all staffed by Jewish prisoners. Trawniki men (Soviet prisoners of war who agreed to help the Nazis) had their own separate barracks and recreational buildings, including a hair salon and a canteen.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: The Nazis paid great attention to the appearance of the "Vorlager". It was neatly landscaped, with lawns and gardens, outdoor terraces, gravel-lined paths, and professionally painted signs. Its beautiful appearance helped hide the camp's purpose from new prisoners, who arrived on the ramp next to the "Vorlager". Survivor Jules Schelvis recalled that when he arrived at Sobibor, he felt reassured by the "Vorlager's" "Tyrolean cottage-like barracks with their bright little curtains and geraniums on the windowsills".


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: "Lager I" contained barracks and workshops for the prisoners. There were workshops for sign-painting and carpentry; a tailor's workshop; a bakery; and a mechanics shop. A person could only reach "Lager I" by passing through the "Vorlager." The Nazis built a water-filled trench on Lager I's western boundary to make it impossible for prisoners to escape there.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: "Lager II" was a larger compound with several purposes. The camp's administration building was in a subsection called the ""Erbhof"". This building was constructed before World War II; before the Nazi occupation, the local Polish forestry service had used it. The Nazis adapted this building to include living space for some SS officers; storage for things stolen from victims' luggage; and a pharmacy. The medications in the pharmacy were also taken from victims' luggage. A small farm was also located in the "Erbhof". There, Jewish prisoners raised chickens, pigs, geese, fruits and vegetables for the SS officers to eat.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: When prisoners first arrived at Sobibor, the SS prepared them for murder in Lager II, outside the "Erbhof". This part of Lager II included the sorting barracks and other buildings used for storing items taken from the victims, including clothes, food, hair, gold, and other valuables. At the east end was a yard where guards took luggage from new arrivals and forced them to undress. This area was beautified with flower beds to hide the camp's purpose from newcomers. The yard led into a narrow path called the "Himmelstrasse" (road to heaven) or the "Schlauch" (tube), which led straight to the gas chambers in "Lager III". The "Himmelstrasse" was covered on both sides by fences woven with pine branches.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: "Lager III" was the extermination area. It was kept separate from the rest of the camp, set back in a clearing in the forest and surrounded by its own thatched fence. Prisoners from "Lager I" were not allowed near "Lager III", and were killed if the Nazis suspected that they had seen inside. Because few people who saw "Lager III" survived, there is little eyewitness testimony about this part of the camp. Historians know little about "Lager III," except that it contained gas chambers, mass graves, and special separate housing for the "Sonderkommando" prisoners who worked there.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: "Lager IV" was added in July 1943. Because it was north of the other camps, Lager IV was also called the "Nordlager" ('north camp'). It was located in a heavily wooded area. The Nazis wanted to develop the area as a munitions depot for processing weapons taken from captured Red Army soldiers. However, it was still being built when Sobibor closed after the prisoners' revolt.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: Because Sobibor was an extermination camp, very few prisoners actually lived there. While survivors of Auschwitz use the term "selected" to mean being selected for murder, at Sobibor being "selected" meant being selected to live, at least temporarily. Around 600 slave labourers were 'selected' to live and were forced to help the Nazis run the camp. Most of these slave labourers died within a few months because of the terrible conditions in the camp.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: Prisoners worked from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm, with a short lunch break in the middle. Sundays were supposed to be half days, but sometimes prisoners had to work all day.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: The prisoner population included many labourers with specialized skills, such as goldsmithing, painting, gardening, or tailoring. The Nazis thought these prisoners were especially valuable, so they often let them live and gave them special privileges. Officially, these prisoners were allowed to live so they could do jobs that were needed in the camps. In reality, SS officers often used the prisoners' labor to benefit themselves. For example, they let Dutch Jewish painter Max van Dam live and said he would work as a sign painter. However, the SS also forced him to paint landscapes, portraits, and hagiographic images of Hitler. Similarly, Shlomo Szmajzner was placed in charge of the machine shop in order to conceal his work making gold jewelry for SS officers.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: Prisoners without specialized skills did a variety of other jobs. Many worked in the "Lager II" sorting barracks, where they were forced to sort through luggage left behind by victims of the gas chamber. They put aside valuable items for the SS to take, and also repackaged some of these items as "charity gifts" for German civilians. The SS would also make these workers serve in the railway brigade which greeted new prisoners. This considered a relatively good job, because famished workers could often find food in the victims' luggage.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: Younger prisoners commonly worked as "putzers." Their job was to do cleaning and meet the needs of SS officers and the Trawniki men. Young male prisoners were often forced to work as the "barbers" who cut women's hair on their way to the gas chamber. The Nazis often assigned young men to this job in order to humiliate them the naked women whose hair they were cutting. Armed Trawniki men supervised the process in order to ensure that barbers did not respond to victims' questions or pleas.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: When construction of "Lager IV" began in the summer of 1943, the Nazis assembled a forest commando who worked there cutting timber for heat, cooking, and cremation pyres.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: In "Lager III", a special unit of Jewish prisoners called the "Sonderkommando" was forced to assist in the extermination process. They had to remove victims' dead bodies from the gas chamber, search their body cavities for valuables, and cremate their corpses. They also had to scrub blood and excrement from the gas chambers.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: The "Sonderkommando" were direct witnesses to genocide. For this reason, the Nazis did not allow them to interact with other prisoners. Regularly, the SS would kill the entire unit and replace them with a new group of "Sonderkommando". Since no workers from "Lager III" survived, nothing is known about their lives or experiences.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: Prisoners struggled with the fact that they had participated in mass murder, even though they were forced to do so and did not directly kill anyone. Many committed suicide. Others endured, finding ways to resist. Many prisoners found symbolic ways to resist the Nazis, like praying for the dead, performing Jewish religious rites, and singing songs of resistance. Other prisoners found small ways to hurt the Nazi war effort. For example, while working in the sorting shed, Saartje Wijnberg would secretly damage fine items of clothing to prevent them from being sent to Germany. Another survivor, Esther Terner, said she would sometimes find an unattended pot of soup in the Nazis' canteen. Any time this happened, "We spit in it and washed our hands in it… Don't ask me what else we did to that soup… And they ate it."


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: It was difficult for prisoners to form personal relationships. Because people died so quickly at Sobibor, the camp's population was constantly changing. Also, prisoners often distrusted each other. Differences in nationality and language worsened this distrust. Many prisoners were especially suspicious of Dutch Jews because they spoke little Yiddish and had assimilated manners. German Jews faced the same suspicion as the Dutch. Many prisoners also suspected that German Jews would really be loyal to Germany, not to their fellow prisoners.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: When social groups did form, they were generally based on family ties or shared nationality. They were completely closed off to outsiders. Chaim Engel was shunned by fellow Polish Jews after he began a romantic relationship with Dutch-born Saartje Wijnberg. Many prisoners from Western Europe were not trusted with important information about what was happening in the camp.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: Prisoners constantly expected death. For this reason, most of them adopted a day-at-a-time outlook. Crying was rare and prisoners often spent their evenings enjoying whatever of life was left. After the war, Leon Feldhendler, who helped organize the Sobibor revolt, said: “The Jews only had one goal: "carpe diem", and in this they simply went wild.” Prisoners sang and danced in the evenings. Frequently, they had sexual or romantic relations. In some situations, prisoners may have traded sex for food or items. In other situations, especially between female prisoners and "kapos", the relations were probably coerced. However, others were driven by genuine bonds. Two couples that met in Sobibor were married after the war.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: The Nazis allowed and even encouraged an atmosphere of merriment. They even forced prisoners to join a choir by threatening to kill them if they refused. Many prisoners thought the Nazis were trying to prevent them from resisting or thinking about escape.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: Prisoners had different levels of social status in the camp. A person's social status was mostly based on how useful they were to the Germans. There were three categories of prisoners:


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: "Kapos" also had a high social status in the camp. These were prisoners (usually criminals) chosen by the Nazis to help run the camp. "Kapos" did many different supervisory tasks. They also kept other prisoners under control, using whips, threats, and abuse. Prisoners were not asked if they wanted to be "kapos"; the Nazis simply chosen them, killing anyone who refused.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: The "kapos" responded in many different ways to the pressures of their job. For example, "Oberkapo" Moses Sturm was nicknamed "Mad Moisz" for his unpredictable temperament. He would beat prisoners horrifically without provocation and then later apologize hysterically. He talked constantly of escape. Sometimes he just berated the other prisoners for not resisting the Nazis; at other times, he tried to formulate escape plans. Sturm was executed after a lower-ranking "kapo" named Herbert Naftaniel betrayed him. Naftaniel, nicknamed "Berliner", was promoted to "Oberkapo" and became a notorious figure in the camp. He viewed himself as German rather than Jewish. He terrorized other prisoners until just before the revolt. Then a group of prisoners beat him to death with the permission of "SS-Oberscharfuhrer" Karl Frenzel.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: Although there were many divisions within the prisoner population, people found ways to support each other. Sick and injured prisoners were secretly given food, medicine and sanitary supplies stolen from the camp pharmacy. Healthy prisoners were expected to cover for sick prisoners, who would otherwise be killed. Kurt Ticho, a camp nurse, falsified his records so that sick prisoners could take more than the allowed three-day recovery period. Members of the railway brigade tried to warn new arrivals that they were going to be murdered, though few people believed them.


title: Sobibor extermination camp

text: The most successful act of solidarity in the camp was the revolt on 14 October 1943. The revolt was planned so that all of the prisoners in the camp would have at least some chance of escape.


title: Suomenlinna

text: Suomenlinna, known until 1918 as Viapori, known in Swedish as Sveaborg, is a fortress in Finland. It is located on six islands in the sea near Helsinki.


title: Suomenlinna

text: Construction of the fortress started in 1748 when Finland was still part of the Kingdom of Sweden. Sweden wanted to defend the sea areas against Russia. They also needed a place to fix their military ships. In 1808 Russia ruled Finland. They made the fortress stronger to defend Helsinki, which was now the capital of Finland.


title: Suomenlinna

text: In 1917 Finland became independent. In 1918 Viapori was taken over by the new Finnish government and was renamed Suomenlinna ( meaning "Castle of Finland"). Some of the islands were used as a navy school. There was also a prison, and prisoners worked to repair the old fortress.


title: Suomenlinna

text: Today, Suomenlinna is one of Finland's most popular tourist attractions. It is only a short ferry ride from Helsinki to visit Suomenlinna. It is a Unesco World Heritage site. It is also a living part of Helsinki city. Around 850 people live there.


title: Mary Todd Lincoln

text: Mary Ann Todd Lincoln (née Todd; December 13, 1818 – July 16, 1882) was the wife of the sixteenth President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and was First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: Johann Ludwig "Lutz" Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (22 August 1887 – 4 March 1977) was a German politician.


title: Asian tiger mosquito

text: The Asian tiger mosquito, or forest day mosquito is a kind of mosquito that is native to tropical and subtropical South-East Asia. It has black and white striped legs, and small black and white striped body. The Asian tiger mosquito is about 2 to 10 mm long. The males are about 20% smaller than the females.


title: Steve Bannon

text: Stephen Kevin 'Steve' Bannon (born November 27, 1953) is an American campaign manager, businessman and media executive and former Counselor and Senior Adviser to Donald Trump.


title: Solid geometry

text: Solid geometry is the geometry of three-dimensional Euclidean space. It includes the measurements of volumes of various solid figures (three-dimensional figures). These include pyramids, cylinders, cones, spheres, and prisms.


title: Mary Todd Lincoln

text: She was born in Lexington, Kentucky. Her father was Robert Smith Todd and her mother was Eliza Parker. Her parents were prominent residents of the city. Mary's paternal great-grandfather, David Levi Todd, was born in County Longford, Ireland, and emigrated through Pennsylvania to Kentucky. Her great-great maternal grandfather Samuel McDowell was born in Scotland, and emigrated to Pennsylvania. Other Todd ancestors came from England. When she was around twenty years old, Mary came to Illinois where her sister Elizabeth lived. There she met Abraham Lincoln. He was a young lawyer at that time.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: Johann Ludwig von Krosigk was born in Rathmannsdorf, in the Kingdom of Saxony. His father was from a noble family in Anhalt, his mother was a daughter of one of the Counts ("Graf") von Schwerin. He studied law and politics in Halle, in Lausanne and, as a Rhodes Scholar, at the University of Oxford.


title: Asian tiger mosquito

text: In the last few decades, the species has spread to many other countries, mainly through the transport of goods. Many communities see this species as a pest. Unlike other mosquitos, the Asian tiger mosquito associates with humans. Other mosquitos tend to live in wetlands. The Asian tiger mosquito is also active during the day, while most other mosquitos are only active during dusk and dawn.


title: Steve Bannon

text: He became chief executive officer of the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump in August 2016. He was later hired as his chief strategist and Senior Counselor. President Trump signed an executive order giving Bannon a seat on the United States National Security Council. He was removed from the National Security Council on April 5, 2017.


title: Solid geometry

text: It is Euclidean geometry, but not plane geometry. Points are defined as a defined position on a sphere. A "staight line" is the shortest path between two points which stays on the surface of the sphere.


title: Mary Todd Lincoln

text: The Lincolns loved one another very much. But, at times, their relationship became troubled. The Lincolns had four children:


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: He became a Lieutenant in the German Army during World War I, and he won the Iron Cross. In 1918, Krosigk married Baroness Ehrengard von Plettenberg. They had four sons and five daughters.


title: Asian tiger mosquito

text: The Asian tiger mosquito can spread several diseases, such as West Nile virus, Yellow fever virus, St. Louis encephalitis, dengue fever, and Chikungunya fever,


title: Steve Bannon

text: Bannon resigned on August 4, 2017, but his resignation became in effect on August 18, 2017 during the aftermath of the Unite the Right rally.


title: Solid geometry

text: Euclid's account of spherical geometry is in his Elements volumes XIXIII containing solid geometry, and in his lesser-known work the "Phaenomena", which includes 25 geometric propositions. The actual discoveries were often made by others.


title: Mary Todd Lincoln

text: The last person known to be of direct Lincoln lineage, Robert's grandson "Bud" Beckwith died in 1985.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: Schwerin von Krosigkut was a conservative, but not a member of any political party when was appointed Minister of Finance by Franz von Papen in 1932. President Paul von Hindenburg asked him to stay in office under Kurt von Schleicher. Hitler kept him as finance minister throughout the period of Nazi Party rule, even though several members of his family took part in attempts to kill Hitler.


title: Steve Bannon

text: In August 2020, Bannon was arrested in New York and indicted for fraud in connection with an online fundraising scheme.


title: Solid geometry

text: The Pythagoreans dealt with the regular solids, like the cube and the sphere. The pyramid, prism, cone and cylinder were not studied until the Platonists. Eudoxus proved the pyramid and cone have one-third the volume of a prism and cylinder on the same base and of the same height.


title: Mary Todd Lincoln

text: Mary Lincoln was well-educated lady. She was also interested in public affairs. She also shared her husband’s ambition. At times, she became touchy and irritated. The newspapers sometimes criticized her for spending the government’s money to buy new furniture for the White House. She went to the hospitals during this time, to help wounded soldiers.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: On 1 May 1945, Schwerin von Krosigk was asked to be the Chancellor ("Reichskanzler") of the Acting Government by new President ("Reichspräsident") Karl Dönitz.


title: Steve Bannon

text: In November 2020, Bannon's Twitter account was permanently suspended after he said that Anthony Fauci and FBI Director Christopher Wray should be beheaded. Bannon was held in contempt of Congress in October 2021 after ignoring a subpoena by the House of Representatives committee investigating the 2021 United States Capitol attack. He was indicted by a federal grand jury on November 12, 2021. He turned himself in to the FBI later that month.


title: Solid geometry

text: The equations for areas and volumes in two and three dimensions was proved by Archimedes. One of Archimedes' works was called "On the sphere and the cylinder". He asked that a carving of the two solid figures be placed on his tomb. He specified a "right circular cylinder with height equal to its circumference" because he had used this in his proof.


title: Mary Todd Lincoln

text: After the assassination of her husband in 1865, the death of her two sons, Willie and Thomas, had made her very sad. She became very depressed. His son Robert wanted to take control of his mother's money. He sent his mother to an insane asylum. After three months, she was freed. She never forgave her son. She spent about four years in France in a city named Pau. She also traveled to many parts of Europe.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: Winston Churchill recognised the Flensburg Government de facto because he said the surrender was allowed by "Grand Admiral Dönitz the designated Head of State". The government was dissolved when its members were captured by British forces on 23 May 1945, at Flensburg.


title: Solid geometry

text: People use solid geometry for many purposes including engineering and the calculation of perspective.


title: Mary Todd Lincoln

text: During her last years, her health became very weak. In 1879, she suffered spinal cord injuries when she fell from a stepladder. She also got cataracts and her eyesight became weak.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: Schwerin von Krosigk was tried at Ministries Trial at Nuremberg along with other leading members of the Nazi Government. Schwerin von Krosigk was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment but was released during an amnesty in 1951.


title: Mary Todd Lincoln

text: During the early 1880s, Mary Lincoln was confined to the Springfield, Illinois residence of her sister Elizabeth Edwards. She died there on July 16, 1882, at age 63. She was interred in the Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield alongside her husband.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: In later years Schwerin von Krosigk wrote several books about economics policy and two versions of his memoirs.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: He was one of the first to talk about an "Iron Curtain" coming down across Europe, in a broadcast to the German people on 2 May 1945, a phrase which he had picked up from an article by Joseph Goebbels, and later used by Winston Churchill in a speech that made the phrase famous.