title: Oxfam

text: Oxfam began in Oxford in 1942 as the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief. It was started by a group of Quakers (which included Marcus Tite), social activists, and Oxford academics. This is now Oxfam Great Britain, still based in Oxford, UK. It was one of several local committees formed to support the National Famine Relief Committee. Their job was to get the British government to allow food through the Allied blockade for the starving people of Axis occupied Greece.


title: Oxfam

text: The first overseas Oxfam began in Canada in 1963. The committee changed its name to its telegraph address, OXFAM, in 1965.


title: Scientific model

text: A scientific model is a simplified abstract view of a complex reality. Scientific models are used as a basis for scientific work. They can be used to explain, predict, and test, or to develop computer programs or mathematical equations.


title: Pincer

text: Pincers are a hand tool used in many situations where a mechanical advantage is required. They are used to pinch, cut or pull an object. Pincers are first-class levers. Pincers differ from pliers in that the concentration of force is either to a point, or to an edge at a right angle to the handle of the tool. This allows pincers to be brought close to a surface. This is often helpful when removing nails from wood. Pincers are often called end-nippers or end-cutters. Carpenter's pincers are very well suited to these tasks. Pincers are primarily used for removing objects out of a material.


title: Scientific model

text: An example of a complex model is the software used for weather forecasts. The program is based on equations for the variables which affect weather. Meteorological data is fed in, and the program produces predictions (graphs and data) of future weather patterns.


title: Pincer

text: Pliers are a similar tool with a different type of head used for squeezing, rather than cutting and pulling.


title: Scientific model

text: For instance, models of our universe are part of astrophysics - the biggest things in nature - and physics - the smallest. This is not usually what we mean by nature, however. We mean the models studied in biology, ecology, economics, environmental health and healing. Most models of nature are of things that humans really affect directly, and which affect humans back:


title: Scientific model

text: For instance, to dump toxic waste in a river will harm others down the river. But without models of nature we do not know who, and cannot say how much is harmed or harmful.


title: Scientific model

text: Models of nature affect human decision-making. They are very important to human health, wellness and economics. They also matter in ethics, since most people wish to reduce harm done by their decisions. They matter in law because harms can be proven to have been done in a court.


title: Scientific model

text: A forest is very hard to bring back to life, once it is degraded. Smaller models of bits of nature help to understand how much must be left, so future generations can use nature too.


title: Scientific model

text: In many ways humans and nature can be said to be in conflict. Natural capital like soil and large healthy trees, which nature needs to make more of itself, is also useful to humans as natural resources. To know how much can be drawn out of nature, before it dies, is important. This is another reason for a model:


title: Scientific model

text: To preserve nature, ecology movement activists now cooperate in a global power network. It includes not just parties in politics but also NGOs like Greenpeace, Earth First or World Wide Fund for Nature.


title: Scientific model

text: One model of nature they have agreed on is a map that shows ecoregions, which are the natural borders of ecology maps. According to this map, there are 867 regions divided into 8 ecozones - plus others which are in the ocean.


title: Scientific model

text: Most anthropologists agree that aboriginal languages have a small model of local nature in them. For instance, there will be more words to describe snow in an Arctic language, and more words to describe shades of green in a rainforest. This is part of the reason to use ecology borders in politics, since people who do not live inside the border do not see or make the same distinctions about nature.


title: Scientific model

text: A very small number of people think that humans do not need nature at all, and can replace everything that it does. To prove them wrong, some economists made another model of nature:


title: Scientific model

text: Economists study nature's services to see how hard it would be to replace what nature does for humans. They showed in 1995 that the services nature performed for humans were more valuable than all services humans perform for each other all over the world. The value of Earth as a living thing was much more than we could ever afford to replace with our own technology. There has been no real disagreement about any of this.


title: Scientific model

text: Pricing all the value of Earth to humans gives a huge number - which proves the pricing is right, since, we must put a high price on anything we have no way to replace.


title: 30th century

text: The 30th century will begin on January 1, 2901 and will end on December 31, 3000. It will be the last century of the 3rd millennium.


title: Mamey Sapote

text: The Mamey Sapote is a tree native to Mexico. It occurs in large parts of South and Central America. It is known and grown for its large fruits which resemble berries. The berries are used as fruit. There are several cultivars.


title: Dan Blocker

text: Born in De Kalb, Bowie County, Texas. He began his career as an actor in short films such as "Hook a Crook" (1955) with Joe Besser, and "Outer Space Jitters" (1957), starring The Three Stooges.


title: Dan Blocker

text: He was also a guest-star on the TV western "Sheriff of Cochise", "Zane Grey Theater", "Have Gun - Will Travel", "Cheyenne", "Gunsmoke", "Maverick", "The Rebel", "Colt 45", "Wagon Train", "Jefferson Drum".


title: Dan Blocker

text: He worked on such films as "Gunsight Ridge" (1957), with Joel McCrea, "Come Blow Your Horn" (1963), and "Lady in Cement" (1968) featuring Frank Sinatra., and participation in the TV movie with John Wayne, "Swing Out, Sweet Land" (1970) he plays a funny Indian.


title: Dan Blocker

text: In 1970 Dan Blocker starred in "Western Cockeyed Cowboys of Calico County", accompanied by genre figures Noah Beery Jr., Jack Elam, and special star Mickey Rooney.


title: Dan Blocker

text: Dan Blocker is known for playing the role of Eric 'Hoss' Cartwright, in "Bonanza", with Lorne Greene, Michael Landon and Pernell Roberts. The American series was made by NBC (1959-1973).


title: Dan Blocker

text: Hoss formed a great duo with 'Little Joe', Michael Landon recording very comic and serious scenes, also in alternating chapters of Bonanza, gunmen stories of drama and comedy.


title: Lucius Fox

text: Lucius Fox is a fictional Batman character who helps Batman with equipment and is the manager of Wayne Enterprises. He gives Batman all of the equipment or his financing operations that he needs. He is one of the few people to known Batman's secret identity. He is one of the well known African-American comics characters in DC Comics.


title: Lucius Fox

text: He was played by Morgan Freeman in "Batman Begins", "The Dark Knight", and in "The Dark Knight Rises". Brock Peters was his voice actor in "". Kevin Michael Richardson also makes his voice in some animated movies.


title: Joe Exotic

text: Joseph Allen Maldonado-Passage (né Schreibvogel; born March 5, 1963), also called Joe Exotic, is an American jailed criminal and former zoo operator. He was born in Garden City, Kansas.


title: Joe Exotic

text: Exotic owned and ran the Greater Wynnewood Exotic Animal Park in Oklahoma. He is known as a tiger breeder. He ran for public office twice: first for President of the United States in 2016 as an independent and then for Governor of Oklahoma in 2018 as a Libertarian.


title: Joe Exotic

text: In 2019, Exotic was convicted on 17 federal charges of animal abuse and two counts of murder for hire. He allegedly hired a man to kill Big Cat Rescue CEO Carole Baskin. He was given a 22-year sentence in federal prison. In July 2021, U.S. Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit ruled that this sentence was long.


title: Joe Exotic

text: In 2020, Netflix released a 7-part documentary, "". It talked about Exotic, his zoo, and his fight with Baskin.


title: Joe Exotic

text: In prison, Exotic was put in quarantine in a security housing unit because he had been in contact with someone who had COVID-19. He was moved to "a room with a hospital bed and a WINDOW" after his fans wrote many letters to the prison. As of July 2021, Exotic is in prison in Texas.


title: Joe Exotic

text: In May 2021, Exotic said that he had prostate cancer. In August 2021, he said that his cancer might have spread to his pelvis.


title: Interlinear text

text: Interlinear text is text on several lines where additional lines give explanations of the main text. That can be a transliteration or a translation of each word of the main line (literal translation) or a free translation of the entire main text line.


title: Interlinear text

text: Interlinear text is usually used to translate or explain the main text. It is used frequently in foreign language learning material and linguistic literature. Latin text books and Greek or Hebrew Bibles with interlinears are common examples.


Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments is a book written by Dr. Ali-Asghar Hekmat. It was published in 1956, 1958 and 2013. New print has the Persian texts of more than 200 stone inscriptions found on historical places in India, many of which are now listed as national heritage or UNESCO world heritage sites.


title: Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments

text: After being lost for over 50 years, a third edition of the book has been printed by Dr. Mohammad Ajam with 200 pictures. the book is important for students of Persian language and teachers.


text: In India, Persian inscriptions are usually found on buildings such as mosques , tombs,forts, palaces, gateways, water tanks, wells, gardens and bridges. Certain movable objects such as seals, signets, vases and eating pot. Most pre-Mughal Indian quranic and Persian inscriptions in India date from the last decade of the 12th century AD, when Muhammad Ghori (Guri) conquered Delhi and established his ruling there. However, a small number of inscriptions have been found in Haryana, Gujarat and Kerala which bear earlier dates. the persian language was official language of courts in India for 600 years .


text: . Shah Jahan also built the Taj Mahal, at Agra and the Red Fort in Old Delhi, which stands opposite the Jama Masjid.it remained the royal mosque of the emperors until the end of the Mughal period.


text: some Pictures of the Indian important places which have Persian inscriptions and have been explained in the book: more pictures in flicker 3d pan white


title: Hercules: The Legendary Journeys (video game)

text: Hercules: The Legendary Journeys is an action adventure video game with "Beat 'em up" elements that was released on November 17, 1997, on the Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color, developed by PS1 and published by Titus Software, based on the .


title: Arjun (Firoz Khan)

text: Arjun Firoz Khan (born 9 January 1962) is an Indian actor, best known for playing the supporting character of Arjuna in B.R. Chopra's epic television series "Mahabharat (1988 TV series)". After finding success with this role, Firoz Khan changed his name to Arjun professionally. He has also acted in a number of Hindi language movies.


text: Ares, Hercules' brother, forms a plan to dethrone Zeus with the help of Hera. With Zeus ill, a struggle for power corrupts the immortal realm. The Gods, unaware of the true nature of the disturbance, flee to the mortal realm in a search to find the reason for the turmoil. Hercules, a man whose strength is like nothing ever seen, is the only one who can save the world, both mortal and immortal, and his father from certain doom. Take control of the legendary hero as you travel around the land in search of a cure, and to stop Ares from completing his plan.


title: Arjun (Firoz Khan)

text: He was nominated for the Arjuna Award for playing the role of Arjuna in Mahabharata(1988 Television series).


title: Arjun (Firoz Khan)

text: Firoz Khan was born on 9 January 1962 into a Muslim family. He was a student of Smt. MMK College of Commerce and Economics, Mumbai. Later he went to Oxford University, England from where he completed his studies.


title: Arjun (Firoz Khan)

text: He is married to Kashmira. The couple has three children – a son and two daughters. His son, Jibran Khan is also an actor who played the role of Dhruva in Vishnu Puran and played the role of Krishna in Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...


title: Arjun (Firoz Khan)

text: Firoz Khan said about casting in an interview-"I didn't wanted to play Arjuna initially. My friends said to me that this role of Arjuna is of a 'womanizer' in the Mahabharata just similar to Ravana in the Ramayana. Arjuna was also the main rival of Karna(protagonist of the epic). So they advised to me avoid this role. I thought it was a negative role to play." Firoz said in an interview-'Chopra sir and Ravi Chopra were conducting auditions for different roles and almost everyone were lining for different roles in Mahabharata. Thousands of screen tests were being conducted. It also depended on the people if they were interested in playing the roles so whoever wanted to play a role in Mahabharata had to first fill the form and wait in a line. The entire Mahabharata had never been shown on screen except a 1978 movie-Daana Veer Soora Karna and Babubhai Mistry's Mahabharata in which there was hardly any scene on Arjuna. Newspapers, Pamphlets were distributed and whosoever wanted to play any role can fill the form and wait in the line. Several artists trying to make their career in Bombay filled the form. I called Mukesh Khanna-"Sir ji" because he was my senior, Mukesh also filled the form for Karna, Arjuna, Bhishma, Duryodhana, Dronacharya. Mukesh asked me to also fill the form in BR Studios. I was a junior artist so Mukesh advised me to fill the B-characters list. I filled the form casually without any interest. Actually, at that time we had only one movie- 'Daana Veer Soora Karna'- it was the most popular movie all over India. If someone had an idea about Mahabharata, it was through this movie. Since 1978, it was still running in theatres. I too watched that 4-hour movie but there was hardly any scene on Arjuna. So I had no idea about Arjuna's character specifically in the Mahabharata. I had some idea bout Gita but knew nothing of Arjuna in the Mahabharata. So from there, Mukesh Khanna was selected for Duryodhana which he rejected and was interested in Karna or Arjuna. Around 5 lakh people had filled the forms for different roles and lined up for auditions for their characters.


title: Arjun (Firoz Khan)

text: The applications were released in the national newspapers. In morning of 13th June 1988, I opened the newspaper and it was no surprising that around 2 lakh artists had filled 'Karna' as their first preference, 96000 artists filled Bhima as their first one, 45000 artists for Abhimanyu and around 23000 artists for Arjuna as their first preference whereas only 2000 artists for Yudhisthira and Krishna. Even Mukesh sir had filled Karna as his first preference. Chopra sir got tensed for Krishna as artists showed no interest for playing the role and those who had filled the form had no background of acting. So, it was a hectic task for Gufi Paintal to cast Krishna as nobody was interested for that role. Around 55 Video Tests for Krishna was conducted, then Nitish Bhardwaj was called to play Nakula and he rejected and wanted to play Abhimanyu. Then Nitish Bhardwaj was finally selected for Krishna's role. Coming back to Arjuna, So only 9 actors had been selected for Arjuna whereas I was still among the B-grade characters. I thought I could come in the A-list as hardly anyone had filled for Yudhisthira and Nakula-Sahdev. Mukesh Khanna was a close friend of mines and Pankaj Dheer. Pankaj and me were friends since school days. So Mukesh Khanna was senior to Pankaj and me both. Mukesh advised to me to sign for any A-grade role as now there were so many roles in the A-list which were expected to be crowded but failed to garner impression among public. He told me to not fill for Karna unlike other artists as already 2 lakh artists including Mukesh himself was lined for Karna and moreover I was a Muslim and it was strictly followed that Karna and Krishna were to be played by Hindus as they were followed by so many people and worshipped. So apart from Karna and Krishna, there were 7 other A-grade characters. I filled all of them. Ravi Chopra asked some young actors to play Arjuna such as Jackie Shroff, he too rejected and demanded to take him as Karna. Govinda and Chunky Pandey were asked for Abhimanyu but he declined it after they bagged films. Anil Kapoor had a childhood dream to play Karna, he too was offered Arjuna but rejected it.


title: Arjun (Firoz Khan)

text: So after so much rejection, finally Pankaj Dheer was selected for Arjuna. Everyone thought that now 'Arjuna' is settled finally but later we see Pankaj Dheer too leaves the role because of his moustache. The selection of Karna was quite simple for Gufi Paintal, lakhs of artists all over India had signed in and even Bollywood actors such as Jackie Shroff and Anil Kapoor were ready to play the role of Karna. Gufi Paintal chose Pankaj Dheer for Karna among several artists. The surprising moment was when Pankaj Dheer did not wished to play the central role of Karna, basically he had not read Mahabharata at all. So after seeing Pankaj Dheer's reaction, makers were shocked. The irony in this situation is, Ravi Chopra sir could have selected Jackie Shroff or any Bollywood actor for Karna but was doubtful that if the big Bollywood stars would give their complete time for their role. So, Ravi Chopra called Pankaj Dheer to his cabin where I and Mukesh were already standing. In the cabin, Rahi Masoom Raza, Pandit Narendra Sharma, BR Chopra and Ravi Chopra were sitting. Pankaj entered the cabin, BR Chopra yelled-"Sit!". I thought something extraordinary is going to happen. Chopra then said-"You know Pankaj, around 2000 bollywood actors were lined to play Karna but Gufi selected you. What else role could you even think to play Pankaj?" Pankaj Dheer said-"I have not read Mahabharata and have nothing idea about it. Maine bas Gita ke 2-3 shlokas padhe hai. I don't know any other character except Krishna and Arjuna..." Pandit Narendra Sharma(script-writer of Mahabharata) interrupted and said-"Who is the hero of Mahabharata?" I and Mukesh were standing at the door. Pankaj said- " Krishna". Mukesh Khanna burst into laughter then everyone started laughing, the old BR Chopra also struggled laughing. Seeing the environment, I also started laughing. Basically just like Pankaj Dheer, I too had not read Mahabharata. Among 3 of us, only Mukesh Khanna had the knowledge of Mahabharata. So Ravi Chopra said to Pankaj-" We are directing Mahabharata and not a lesson of Gita. Don't go on the poster, Krishna is barely present in Mahabharata and has a lot of negative shades. First go and read about Mahabharata. Take this book (Gita press short version) and I give you 3 days to read and then choose who is the hero?" Pankaj read Karna's glories in the Mahabharata and read different epics such as Rashmirathi, Mrityunjaya and even the epic poetry Karnabharam. He also watched the most popular movie on Mahabharata until now Daana Veer Soora Karna which had been still running in theatres at that time. After 3 days of reading and watching Mahabharata, he saw a Karna in himself and was too determined to play the role. He was like hitting his head on the walls as he dared to reject the role of the protagonist of the greatest Indian Television show in history about to be made for whom Bollywood actors had lined up, the hero which had been played by legendary actors like Sivaji Ganesan and N.T.Rama.Rao and now it is time for Pankaj to match them. He rushed to B.R studios and fell on Ravi Chopra's feet and said-" I am ready!" and hence like this was the casting of Karna. Mukesh Khanna was now tensed as Karna's role had been bagged. Mukesh's second preference was Arjuna as he rejected Duryodhana's role. Everyone were selected except for Bhishma and Arjuna's role. So, Mukesh Khanna was eager to play Arjuna. I tried to audition for Arjuna's role as now my line was clear, no one had selected for Arjuna but even then I was rejected. Since there was hardly anyone to compete with me for Arjuna's role, I was again called and auditioned but this time I was selected. They asked me if I was interested in playing Arjuna. Brilliant actors rejected Arjuna, now I did not wished to play it. Ravi Chopra tried to convince me, he was like-'You know Firoze, Arjun is one man army against Karna.' I came up to Mukesh Khanna and said-"Sir ji, I have got the role of Arjuna, should I do it?" Mukesh Khanna was now done, even Arjuna had been now taken. He gave me the Gita press version to read. I had no knowledge about Hindi Literature. Mukesh Khanna also then got Bhishma and then after the selection, the show begun on 2nd October 1988 and finally the show completed successfully. I always have an opinion that the new actors specially can't take the place of the old ones. The historic Mahabharata of 1988 can never be recreated. You cannot find another B.R.Chopra, Pandit Narendra Sharma or another Dr.Rahi Masoom Raza.


title: Arjun (Firoz Khan)

text: He was nominated for the Best Supporting Role along with Sunil Lahri who was nominated for the role of Laxman


title: Figurative language

text: Figurative language is when a writer describes something by comparing it with something else. It is writing that goes from the actual meaning of words at face value to get a special meaning. The figurative meaning is different from the literal meaning. For example, consider the sentence, "When she heard the news, she was over the moon and jumped for joy". The meaning is that she was very happy, but not flying above the Moon nor jumping up and down.


title: Kudle Beach

text: Kudle Beach is a natural 'C' shaped beach in Gokarna, Karnataka, India. It is considered to be one of the top 5 beaches, the northern end of which is connected to the main beach of Gokarna and the southern part, connected to Om beach. The lack of easy accessibility to the general public renders it as a neat, natural, cleaner and less crowded location to witness the sunset. There are no roads leading to Kudle beach which is further up north of Om beach, surrounded by hills on both ends. Recently, Kudle Beach had made news as it was claimed to be the birthplace of Lord Hanuman as per Valmiki Ramayana, which was asserted by head of Ramachandrapura Mutt in Shivamogga. Water sports, scuba diving and boating attract enough tourists to the beach. It is usually visited for a time period of two-three hours.


title: Figurative language

text: Figurative language is a difference in fields of language analysis. Literal language is about words that do not go away from their meaning. Non-literal or figurative language refers to words, and groups of words, that change the normal meanings of the words. A literal usage is the "normal" meanings of the words. It has the same meaning regardless of the context. The intended meaning is the same as the real meaning of the individual words. Figurative use of language is the use of words or phrases in a manner where the literal meaning of the words is not true or does not make sense. It "implies a non-literal meaning which does make sense or that could be true".


title: Kudle Beach

text: Kudle beach can be easily accessed by train and bus. There are no direct flights to Kudle. Rental services like cab can also be availed. By train, the nearest railway station is the Madgaon railway station and the biggest railway station nearby is the Ankola railway station, which is about 20 kms from the beach. The local station, Gokarna railway station is only 3 kms away from the Kudle Beach. This is a small railway station and hence not quite often travelled by. From the train station, one can reach Gokarna city by bus or auto.


title: Kudle Beach

text: Buses ply to Gokarna from all the major cities. From Mangalore and Bangalore, the buses are overnight (5–10 hours). The common point for buses coming from other station is the Shivamogga bus station from where, transport is available till Bangla Gudda.


title: Kudle Beach

text: By road, Bangalore is at a distance of 450 kms from Kudle beach, while the other main cities like Mangalore and Goa are at a distance of 235 kms and 147 kms respectively.


title: Kudle Beach

text: The nearest airport is the Daoblin airport, goa at a distance of 110 kms from the city. Bangalore and Mangalore have airports as well for traveling to Kudle beach.


title: Kudle Beach

text: The beach is famed for its natural, unpolluted water. The best time to visit is in winter from November till March when the temperature is 20-30 °C. During summers, from April- june, the temperature rises up to 40 °C and during monsoon from July to October, the place receives a considerable amount of rainfall due to which the roads leading to the beach can get slippery and slushy. The beach consists of Sahyadri rocks and an expanse of white sand. Studies show that it might be vulnerable to sea erosion is high sand dunes are not established to be stabilised by vegetation. At times, Jelly fishes are washed across the shores as well.


title: Kudle Beach

text: They were found to be in the fine sand class. The mean particle size could be fixed at 2.017-3.18. While the morphology of the beach keeps changing, this could be attributed to the seasonal variations that occur. The various heavy metals that are found in the region are rutile, kyanite, zircon, hypersthene and magnetite.


title: Kudle Beach

text: The various water sports are Kayaking that helps to move across the water, Jet skiing under a trained jet instructor in which the average power remains around 100-135 hp and Banana boat, a banana shaped boat for adult entertainment in which children are not allowed. Scuba diving, allows to get a view of the beautiful sea flowers and corals. Surfing can also be done when the waves are three to five feet tall.


title: Kudle Beach

text: There is no entrance fee, however for parking Rs.100 is taken. Everyone can visit it at any time of the day.It is advisable to visit it from 6 am till about 4 pm, after which it gets dark. Tourists visit the location for about 2–3 hours in general. There are no immediate medical facilities available near Kudle beach and as Kudle beach is in an isolated area, mobile connectivity is affected.


title: Tempura

text: Batter for tempura is generally made from cold water and a light wheat flour. However, sometimes other ingredients may be added, such as eggs, baking soda or baking powder, starch, oil, or spices. Traditionally, the batter is mixed a small amount at a time using chopsticks. The batter is only mixed for a few seconds and the lumps are left behind, giving the fried tempura its unique shape. Great care is taken to make sure the tempura is not over-mixed, otherwise it will become chewy and dough-like.


title: Tempura

text: Special tempura flour has become widely available in supermarkets around the world. Tempura generally does not use breadcrumbs ("panko"). Foods made with this are usually referred to as "furai"--Japanese-style fried foods, such as tonkatsu (fried pork cutlet) or ebi furai (fried shrimp).


title: Tempura

text: Seafood or thinly sliced vegetables are dipped in the batter and then quickly fried in hot oil. Usually vegetable oil is used and is heated to around 160 to 180 degrees Celsius. The cooking time for different types of tempura varies greatly, from only a few seconds for very thin vegetables to minutes for thicker ingredients or "kakiage" (mixed vegetables fritters).


title: Tempura

text: Common ingredients for tempura include both seafood and vegetables, such as shrimp, squid, bell peppers, kabocha squash, eggplant, sweet potato, and lotus root, among many others.


title: Tempura

text: Tempura is served hot immediately after cooking. Sometimes a sauce for dipping will be provided, the most common being made from dashi stock, mirin, and soy sauce ("shōyu"). Sometimes a special salt is served with the tempura. In other cases it may be used as a topping on soups like on soba or udon.


title: West Africa

text: West Africa or Western Africa is the western part of Africa. According to the United Nations (UN), West Africa has seventeen countries:


title: Ailee

text: Amy Lee is Korean-American singer and actress in South Korea. She is known by the stage name Ailee. Born in Denver, she grew up in New Jersey, in the United States. She started as a Youtube singer, with some success. In 2010 she moved to South Korea with the goal of being a professional singer. Her first single, "Heaven", was released in 2012. Within one month of her debut she had already won two music awards.


title: Ailee

text: On September 13, 2011, Ailee along with Wheesung held a performance on the MBC's Chuseok special episode of "Singer and Trainee". Ailee's stage presence was immediately felt by the audience, who was amazed that she was like a professional singer, even though she had not yet officially debuted. Following her solo performance of "Halo" by Beyoncé, singer BMK expressed, "Wherever she goes, she has the potential to be a big star. She definitely has the voice." After the judges had graded everyone, Ailee won first place.


title: Death of Mahsa Amini

text: Mahsa Amini ( – "Mahsâ Amini"; 23 September 1999 in Saqqez – 16 September 2022 in Tehran) was an Kurdish Iranian woman who was arrested by the Iranian government's Guidance Patrol for not wearing a "hijab" correctly in public. She was arrested for "Islamic guidance" by Iran's police. After two hours, she was taken to hospital. According to the government, she suffered both a stroke and heart attack and later went to a coma. Eyewitnesses and women who were detained with her said Amini was severely beaten. This fact and her leaked medical scans led independent observers to diagnose cerebral hemorrhage and stroke. Because of scars and other marks on her body, many people said that she had been tortured.


title: Death of Mahsa Amini

text: The news of Mahsa Amini's death over the mandatory hijab shocked Iranian society and the Persian-speaking social media and sparked a wave of protests.


title: Caren Marsh Doll

text: Caren Marsh Doll (born April 6, 1919), born as Caren Morris, is an American actress and dancer. She was Judy Garland's stand-in for "The Wizard of Oz" (1939) and "Ziegfeld Girl" in 1941.


title: Caren Marsh Doll

text: Along with Jerry Maren, who also played a munchkin (as a member of The Lollipop Guild), she is one of the two known surviving members of the cast of "The Wizard of Oz", she was helping Judy Garland.


title: Memorial Day

text: Memorial Day is a national holiday in the United States. It is also a state holiday in many states. The holiday honors troops who have died in past wars like World War I and the Korean War. It was founded by U.S. Army General John A. Logan, who fought in the Civil War and the Mexican–American War.


title: Memorial Day

text: Memorial Day was first held in 1865 after the American Civil War. It was called Decoration Day at that time. The holiday was first called Memorial Day in 1882, and became a federal holiday in 1967. On June 28, 1968, the United States Congress made a law that said that the official Memorial Day holiday is May 30, but that Memorial Day was to be observed by federal employees as a paid holiday on the last Monday in May.


title: Interstate 71

text: Interstate 71 is an Interstate Highway in the United States. It goes from Louisville, Kentucky northeast to Cleveland, Ohio. The route is long.


title: British Council

text: The British Council is an organization in the United Kingdom which specializes in international educational and cultural opportunities. Its main activities are 'Learning/Teaching, the Arts, Science and Society'. Its headquarters is in Spring Gardens near Whitehall in Central London. There are other branch offices in Belfast, Cardiff, Manchester and Edinburgh. Its overseas network covers 233 locations in over 100 countries. The British Council is registered as a charity, both in England and Wales, and in Scotland. It receives grants from the British government. The rest is earned from teaching English to individuals and organizations, conducting examinations, and providing consultancy.


title: British Council

text: The British Council was founded in 1934 as the "British Committee for Relations with Other Countries". The idea came from Sir Reginald ("Rex") Leeper who recognizes the importance of "cultural propaganda" in promoting British interests. He was encouraged by the success of the official cultural organizations of France, Germany and Italy. The British Council's 'sponsoring department' is the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the British government, although it runs its day-to-day activities independently. In September 2009, its Director of Arts, Rebecca Walton, said: "We want people to become more inclined towards the UK and more sensitive to the positive benefits of the UK in the world".


title: Palmyra Atoll

text: Palmyra Atoll is an island in the North Pacific Ocean. No one lives there, but 4 to 20 people use this island, mainly scientists. It is managed as a nature reserve by the United States. It is known as the "Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge".


title: Palmyra Atoll

text: In 2005, a team of scientists from around the world started to build a research station on the island. They wanted to gain a deeper understanding of the environment of the island.


title: Palmyra Atoll

text: Palmyra Atoll was claimed by the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1862, and was taken by the United States in 1898 along with Hawaii. The atoll was not included in the Hawaii Admission Act of 1959, which made Hawaii a state, so it remained a US territory.


title: Flavor

text: Flavour or flavor (US English) is the main quality of anything which affects the taste. When someone remarks on the "flavor" of something they are trying to describe the specific way something tastes.


title: Flavor

text: Flavor can also be used to describe the act of adding a taste alteration (to change the taste) to something. This is usually done by adding spices or sugars, though in "processed food" there are oftentimes artificial (fake) flavors. A person who develops natural and/or artificial food additives is called a flavourist or flavorist (US English).


title: European Space Agency

text: European Space Agency or ESA (ESA; , ASE) is an international organisation with 22 member countries. Its job is to explore space.


title: European Space Agency

text: Its headquarters are in Paris, France. ESA has a staff of more than 2,000 with an annual budget of about €4.43 billion / US$5.51 billion (2015).


title: European Space Agency

text: The member countries of ESA are Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.


title: European Space Agency

text: The main European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle.


title: Geography of the Dominican Republic

text: The Dominican Republic (Spanish: "República Dominicana") is a country in the Caribbean. It occupies the eastern five-eighths of Hispaniola; Haiti occupies the western three-eighths of the island. The land border between these two countries is 388 km long.


title: Geography of the Dominican Republic

text: The country has a total area of 48,671 km²; the part on the Hispaniola has an area of 48,215 km² and the small Dominican islands have an area of 159 km². The maximum length, east to west, is 390 km from Punta de Agua to Las Lajas, on the border with Haiti. The maximum width, north to south, is 265 km from Cape Isabela to Cape Beata.


title: Geography of the Dominican Republic

text: The limits of the country are Haiti to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and the Caribbean Sea to the south. Puerto Rico is to the southeast separated by the Mona Channel, of about 130 km wide. The capital, Santo Domingo, is located on the south coast.


title: Geography of the Dominican Republic

text: The country has a tropical climate but modified by elevation and the "trade winds" (winds that come from the northeast, from the Atlantic Ocean), which blow from the Atlantic all year long. The average yearly temperature is 25 °C with small changes from one season to another; the average temperatures change from one region to another, from 21 °C in the centre of the Cordillera Central to as high as 28 °C on the coastal plains. Temperatures very few times get above 32 °C; temperatures get below 0 °C only in the highest mountains in winter. The average temperature in Santo Domingo in January is 25 °C and 30 °C in July.


title: Geography of the Dominican Republic

text: The rain season is from May to November. The average yearly rainfall is 1,346 mm, with extremes of 2,500 mm or more in the northeastern mountains and 500 mm in the southwestern valleys. The western valleys, along the Haitian border, remain relatively dry, with less than 760 mm of annual precipitation. The northwestern and southeastern extremes of the country are also very dry.


title: Geography of the Dominican Republic

text: From June to November (mainly from August to October), tropical storms and hurricanes are frequent and can do much damage in the country.


title: Geography of the Dominican Republic

text: There are several smaller islands and cays that are part of the Dominican Republic. The largest islands are:


title: Geography of the Dominican Republic

text: Some of the cays are "Cayos Siete Hermanos" (in English, "Seven Brothers Cays"), close to the northwestern coast, and the cays of Samaná Bay.


title: Geography of the Dominican Republic

text: The Dominican Republic is a country with many mountains; the highest peaks of the Caribbean are found here. The chains of mountains show a direction northwest-southeast and they are separated by valleys with the same general direction.


title: Geography of the Dominican Republic

text: The Artibonite River is the longest river of the island but only 68 km are in the Dominican Republic.


title: Geography of the Dominican Republic

text: The largest lake of the Hispaniola, and of the Caribbean, is the Lake Enriquillo. It is in the "Hoya de Enriquillo" with an area of 265 km². There are three small islands within the lake. It is around 40 meters below sea level and is a saline lake with a higher concentration of salt than the sea water.


title: Geography of the Dominican Republic

text: Others lakes are "Rincón" (fresh water, area of 28.2 km²), "Oviedo" (brackish water, area of 28 km²), "Redonda", "Limón".


title: Massage

text: Massages refer to rubbing a particular place on the body. They are often performed when a certain part of the human body is injured, strained or in cramps. Massages are often performed on human feet, backs and arms, but can be done on many parts of the body.


title: Sawfly

text: A sawfly is an insect belonging to suborder Symphyta of the order Hymenoptera. The sawflies are a group of largely plant-eating (herbivorous) insects. The group is less specialised than the ants, bees and wasps.


title: Sawfly

text: Sawflies differ from most other Hymenoptera by their broad connection between the abdomen and the thorax, and by their caterpillar-like larvae. The common name comes from the saw-like appearance of the ovipositor, which the females use to cut into the plants where they lay their eggs. Large populations of certain sawfly species may cause economic damage to forests and cultivated plants.


title: Sawfly

text: As of 2013, the Symphyta are treated as nine superfamilies (one extinct) and 25 families. Most sawflies belong to the Tenthredinoidea superfamily, with about 7,000 species worldwide. Tenthredinoidea has six families, of which Tenthredinidae is by far the largest with some 5,500 species.


title: Sawfly

text: The Xyelidae is a small family of sawflies known from fewer than 50 living species in five genera, with an extensive fossil record. They are the oldest fossil Hymenoptera, dating back to the Triassic, some 200 million years ago.


title: Sawfly

text: Most species occur in the Northern hemisphere, especially in boreal regions, though there are a few neotropical species. Most are associated with conifers (esp. "Pinus" and "Abies"), where the larvae feed on pollen or within buds, though larvae of a few species feed on the leaves of deciduous trees.


title: Jalisco

text: Jalisco is a state of Mexico. The capital of Jalisco is Guadalajara. It is next to the Pacific Ocean and the states of Nayarit, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, and Michoacán. It also has half of the Chapala Lake.


title: Capricornus

text: Capricornus is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is often called Capricorn, especially when referring to the corresponding astrological sign. Its name is Latin for "horned male goat" or "goat horn", and it is commonly represented in the form of a sea-goat: a mythical creature that is half goat, half fish. Its symbol is (Unicode ♑).


title: Capricornus

text: Capricornus is one of the 88 modern constellations, and was also one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy. Under its modern boundaries it is bordered by Aquila, Sagittarius, Microscopium, Piscis Austrinus and Aquarius. The constellation is in an area of sky called the Sea or Water, consisting of many water-related constellations such as Aquarius, Pisces and Eridanus.


title: Capricornus

text: Capricornus is the second faintest constellation in the zodiac after Cancer. Its brighter stars are on a triangle whose corners are α Capricorni (also known as Giedi), δ Capricorni (Deneb Algiedi), and ω Capricorni.


title: Capricornus

text: Capricorn has several galaxies and clusters. Messier 30 is a globular cluster that is one degree south of the galaxy group NGC 7103. The constellation also harbors the wide spiral galaxy NGC 6907.


title: Capricornus

text: Despite it being very faint, Capricornus has one of the oldest mythological associations. It has consistently been represented as a cross of a goat and a fish since the Middle Bronze Age. The earliest picture of Capricornus is on a cylinder-seal dating c. 21st century BCE. From the mid second Millennium it became a popular motif on boundary stones. It was explicitly recorded in the Babylonian star catalogues as "The Goat-Fish" before 1000 BC. The constellation was a symbol of Ea and in the Early Bronze Age marked the winter solstice.


title: Capricornus

text: Because of the precession of the equinoxes the December solstice no longer takes place while the sun is in the constellation Capricornus. The astrological sign called Capricorn now begins with the solstice. The sun's most southerly position is now called the Tropic of Capricorn. This term also applies to the line on earth where the sun is directly overhead at noon on that solstice.


title: Capricornus

text: The planet Neptune was discovered in this constellation by German astronomer Johann Galle, near Deneb Algedi (δ Capricorni) on September 23, 1846, which is reasonable as Capricornus can be seen best at 4:00am in September.


title: Capricornus

text: In Chinese astronomy, constellation Capricornus is in "The Black Tortoise of the North" (北方玄武, "Běi Fāng Xuán Wǔ").


title: Capricornus

text: Capricorn the sea goat was a goat that decided to take over the world. The gods of Greece looked down upon that and sent there wrath and killed him with one of Zeus thunderbolts. Then they hung him in the sky to humiliate him.


title: Capricornus

text: As of 2002, the Sun appears in the constellation Capricornus from January 19 to February 15. In tropical astrology, the Sun is considered to be in the sign Capricorn from December 22 to January 19, and in sidereal astrology, from January 15 to February 15.


title: Capricornus

text: H. A. Rey has suggested an alternative way to join the stars, which graphically shows a goat. The goat's head is formed by the triangle of stars ι Cap, θ Cap, and ζ Cap. The goat's horn sticks out with stars γ Cap and δ Cap. Star δ Cap, at the tip of the horn, is of the third magnitude. The goat's tail consists of stars β Cap and α Cap: star β Cap being of the third magnitude. The goat's hind foot consists of stars ψ Cap and ω Cap. Both of these stars are of the fourth magnitude.


title: Proverb

text: A proverb is a wise saying. Many cultures have collections of these, such as the Book of Proverbs in the Old Testament, was said to be written by king Solomon of Israel.


title: Brazilian National Anthem

text: "Hino Nacional Brasileiro" (, , "Brazilian National Anthem"), is the national anthem used in Brazil, composed by Francisco Manuel da Silva between 1822 and 1831. It was officially adopted as the country's national anthem in 1831. The lyrics to the anthem were written by Osório Duque-Estrada in 1909. They became official in 1922, with some changes.


title: Chocolate Hills

text: The Chocolate Hills are a geological formation in Bohol Province, Philippines. There are at least 1,260 hills (and maybe more) spread over an area of more than . They are covered in green grass that turns brown (like chocolate) during the dry season, hence the name.


title: Chocolate Hills

text: The Chocolate Hills are a famous tourist attraction of Bohol. They are on the provincial flag and seal as natural attractions of the province. They are in the Philippine Tourism Authority's list of tourist destinations in the Philippines. They have been declared the country's third National Geological Monument and proposed for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List.


title: Chocolate Hills

text: The Chocolate Hills are conical karst hills similar to those seen in the limestone regions of Slovenia, Croatia, northern Puerto Rico, and Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. They probably started as corals growing in a warm, shallow sea about two million years ago. The hills consist of sandy to rubbly marine limestones. These limestones contain abundant fossils of foraminifera, coral, molluscs, and algae. These conical hills were created by limestone dissolving in rainfall and groundwater. There was erosion by rivers and streams after they were lifted above sea level. The hills are separated by flat plains and have numerous caves and springs. The Chocolate Hills are a remarkable example of conical karst topography.


title: The New York Zoo hoax

text: The New York Zoo hoax was a false story. The "New York Herald" printed an untrue story about a fictional breakout of animals from the Central Park Zoo on November 9, 1874. It is also known as "The Central Park Zoo Escape" and the "Central Park Menagerie Scare of 1874"


title: The New York Zoo hoax

text: The article warned that dangerous animals were loose in the city. The article said that 49 people died and 200 were injured. Many readers panicked, even though the end of the story said that everything in it was not true. The authors later said they wanted to make people pay attention to weak safety precautions at the zoo. They said they were surprised at the strong reaction to their story.


title: Ural Mountains

text: The Ural Mountains (), also known simply as the Urals, is a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia.


title: Ural Mountains

text: The Urals stretch 2,500 km from the Kazakh steppes along the northern border of Kazakhstan to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The island of Novaya Zemlya forms a further continuation of the chain. Geographically this range marks the northern part of the border between Asian and European sections of the Eurasian continent. Its highest peak is Mount Narodnaya (Poznurr, 1895 m).


title: El Greco

text: El Greco ("The Greek", 1 October 1541 – 7 April 1614) was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. He usually signed his paintings in Greek letters with his full name, Doménicos Theotokópoulos ().


title: El Greco

text: El Greco was born in Crete, which was the center of Post-Byzantine art at that time. He trained and became a master of that kind of art before travelling at 26 to Venice, as other Greek artists had done. In 1570, he moved to Rome and opened a workshop and made a series of works. While he was in Italy, El Greco added elements of Mannerism and of the Venetian Renaissance to his style. In 1577, at the age of 36, he moved to Toledo, Spain, where he lived and worked until his death in 1614. In Toledo, El Greco painted his best-known paintings.


title: El Greco

text: El Greco's dramatic and expressionist style puzzled other painters at the time, but came to be appreciated in the 20th century. El Greco is considered to have influenced both the Expressionist and Cubist styles. His personality and works inspired poets and writers like Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis. Many modern scholars think that El Greco belongs to no conventional school. He is best known for long figures and often fantastic or dramatic coloring, combining Byzantine traditions with Western painting traditions. His paintings generally have very bright parts contrasting with very dark parts.


title: Giza Necropolis

text: Giza Necropolis (also called the Giza pyramid complex) is necropolis on the Giza Plateau near the city of Cairo, Egypt. It is about 8 kilometres (5 mi) inland into the desert from the ancient town of Giza on the Nile, and about 25 kilometres (15 mi) southwest of Cairo city centre. The Great Pyramid is the only remaining monument of the Seven Wonders of the World. Construction is thought to have taken 20,000 workers and 20 years.


title: Subculture

text: A subculture is a group of people involved in a community of some sort. Subcultures can be hobbies, groups or communities. A subculture is a group of people with a culture (whether distinct or hidden) which makes them different from the larger culture that they belong to, known as the "dominant" culture. If a subculture is described as opposing the dominant culture, it may be described as a counterculture. As Ken Gelder notes, subcultures are social, with their own shared rules, values and rituals, but they can also seem self-involved — another thing that makes them different from countercultures.


title: Subculture

text: Subcultures can be identified by the members' age, race, ethnicity, social class, location, or gender. The qualities that distinguish among subcultures may be linguistic, aesthetic, religious, political, sexual, geographical, or a combination of factors. Members of a subculture often signal each other through the use of fashion style, stereotypical behaviors, and use of a secret language created to prevent outsiders from understanding them (this is known as Argot). They also live out particular relations to places: Ken Gelder talks about 'subcultural geographies' along these lines.


title: Subculture

text: The study of subcultures often involves the study of symbolism attached to clothing, music and other visible things by members of subcultures, and also the ways that these same symbols are seen and understood by members of the dominate culture. Subcultures have been documented by others for a long time. In some cases—such as homeless people, criminal gangs or skateboarders—subcultures have had laws created to control or end their activities. But subcultures also talk about themselves, very often.


title: Affricate

text: Affricates are consonants that are said with a stop with a fricative immediately afterwards. For example, the 'ch' sound in English (written as /t͡ʃ/ in IPA) is said with an 't' (/t/) sound with an 'sh' (/ʃ/) sound immediately afterwards. Both voiced and voiceless affricates exist; in English, they are /d͡ʒ/ (the 'j' sound) and /t͡ʃ/ (the 'ch' sound) respectively.


title: Affricate

text: In Mandarin Chinese, affricates are told apart by aspiration, or breathiness, since voiced affricates do not exist; aspirated affricates, or breathy affricates, are /t͡ɕʰ/ (written as 'q' in Hanyu Pinyin), /t͡sʰ/ ('c'), and /ʈ͡ʂʰ/ ('ch'), and unaspirated affricates, or non-breathy affricates, are /t͡ɕ/ ('j'), /t͡s/ ('z'), and /ʈ͡ʂ/ ('zh').


title: Srebrenica

text: Srebenica is a town in eastern Bosnia. In 1995 after the end of Yugoslavia and the subsequent war, the Bosnian Muslim population of the town was massacred by Serb paramilitary forces. The massacre came to be widely known as the Srebrenica massacre.


title: Antifreeze

text: Antifreeze is a liquid that lowers the freezing point of water. It is used to stop ice from growing on a surface, like a windshield. It is also used inside pipes of a car's radiator. As the temperature outside changes from hot to cold coolant is pumped throughout the engine block to maintain an even operating temperature. Antifreeze does more than just regulate temperature, however. Maintaining proper fluid levels also helps to prevent corrosion.


title: Antifreeze

text: Engine coolant is mixed with water, usually at a 50/50 ratio, and poured into the proper reservoir in your engine. The chemical ethylene glycol is used as a base to create a liquid that is pumped through your car’s engine to regulate and maintain an optimal operating temperature during extreme hot or cold weather conditions.


title: AgustaWestland AW139

text: The AgustaWestland AW139 is an Italian and British helicopter. It is used both by militaries and civilians. It's a twin turboshaft helicopter. Similars helicopters are Eurocopter EC175 and Sikorsky S-70.


title: Peter Brown (actor)

text: Peter Brown (October 5, 1935 – March 21, 2016) was an American television actor. He was known for his four-year role as young Deputy Johnny McKay in the 1958 to 1962 ABC/Warner Brothers western television series, "Lawman" and as Texas Ranger Chad Cooper on "Laredo" from 1965 to 1967.


title: Malus

text: Malus is a genus of about 30–35 species of small deciduous apple trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae. Other studies say it includes 55 species, including the domesticated orchard apple, or table apple as it used to be called. The other species and subspecies are generally known as "wild apples", "crab apples", "crabapples" or "crabs".


title: Malus

text: The genus is native to the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, in Europe, Asia and North America.


title: Malus

text: Apple trees are small, usually 4–12 m tall when full grown. The leaves are 3–10 cm long, positioned opposite from each other. They have a simple shape with a saw-tooth edge. The flowers come from corymbs, and have five petals, which may be white, pink or red, with usually red stamens that produce lots of pollen, and an ovary which is below them. Flowering takes place in the spring and pollination is by insects (typically bees, which freely visit the flowers for both nectar and pollen).


title: Malus

text: The fruit of the other species is not an important crop in most areas because they are very sour and (in some species) very like wood, and are rarely eaten raw for this reason. However, crabapples are an excellent source of pectin, and their juice can be made into a ruby-coloured jelly. Some kinds of crab apples make good applesauce.


title: Malus

text: Crabapples are widely grown as trees for the pleasure of their appearance, grown for their beautiful flowers or fruit. There are cultivars selected for these qualities and for resistance to disease.


title: Malus

text: They are also used as tree for pollinating food apple trees in apple orchards. Varieties of crab apple are selected to bloom at the same time as the apple trees in an orchard, and the crabs are planted every sixth or seventh tree, or limbs of a crab tree are grafted onto some of the apple trees. See also fruit tree pollination.


title: Malus

text: Because of the many blossoms and small sized fruit, crab apples are popular for use in bonsai. Because the trees are small due to the needs of the hobby, but still show the abundant fruit bearing of full-sized crab apples, it is important to thin out fruit so that trees do not stress themselves.


title: Malus

text: Apple wood "makes a wonderfully luxurious firewood with a lovely scent [smell], and smoke from an apple wood fire gives a most excellent flavour to smoked foods," including Applewood cheese.


title: Altruism

text: Altruism (or selflessness) is concern for the well-being of others. A truly altruistic act is something done completely for the benefit of another, without concern for the self. It usually involves sacrificing something (time, effort or possessions), with no expectation of receiving anything in return (including recognition for the act of giving). It is considered a virtue in many cultures and a basic aspect of most religions. It is the opposite of selfishness.


title: Altruism

text: Altruism is different from acts done out of responsibility, loyalty or moral obligation towards a specific individual (such as a god, a king or a government). Whether "pure" altruism is possible has been debated by scholars for thousands of years. One theory says that no act of giving, helping or sacrificing can be described as truly selfless, because the person will receive personal gratification from it (that is, a feeling of satisfaction that they have done something good for another). Whether this theory is correct depends on whether such feelings qualify as a 'reward' or 'benefit'.


title: Altruism

text: The word "altruism" was given by the French philosopher Auguste Comte in French, as "altruisme", for an antonym of egoism. He derived it from the Italian "altrui", which in turn was derived from Latin "alteri", meaning "other people" or "somebody else".


title: Altruism

text: Altruism in biological observations in field populations of the day organisms is an individual performing an action which is at a cost to themselves (e.g., pleasure and quality of life, time, probability of survival or reproduction), but benefits, either directly or indirectly, another individual, without the expectation of reciprocity or compensation for that action. Steinberg suggests a definition for altruism in the clinical setting, that is "intentional and voluntary actions that aim to enhance the welfare of another person in the absence of any quid pro quo external rewards". In one sense, the opposite of altruism is spite; a spiteful action harms another with no self-benefit.


title: Altruism

text: The concept of altruism has long been studied in philosophy and ethics. The term was originally used in the 19th century by sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte. It has become an important topic for psychologists (especially those that study evolutionary psychology), evolutionary biologists and ethologists. The scholars of each field have developed different ideas about altruism. All agree that altruism is caring about the welfare of other people and acting to help them.


title: Altruism

text: In the study of animal behaviour, altruism is seen in social animals when an individual willingly sacrifices itself for the better survival of the group. There are several theories about how this behaviour has come about under evolution by natural selection.


title: Altruism

text: These theories try to explain how evolution has shaped psychological mechanisms, such as emotions, that encourage altruistic behaviour.


title: Altruism

text: Most, if not all, of the world's religions promote selflessness as a very important moral value. It forms part of the central philosophies of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism and Sikhism, as well as many other religions.


title: Altruism

text: Buddhism teaches love and compassion for all forms of life (ahimsa). Love is the wish that all beings be happy, and compassion is the wish that all beings be free from suffering. It considers all living things to be equal. Unlike most other religions, Buddhists believe that the consequences of our actions come not from punishments based on moral judgment, but from the law of karma ("kamma"). Karma is the natural law of cause and effect. In this law, we experience the effects of what we cause: if you cause suffering, then as a natural consequence you will experience suffering; if you cause happiness, then as a natural consequence you will experience happiness. Most types of karmas, with good or bad results, will keep one in the wheel of samsāra; others will liberate one to nirvāna.


title: Altruism

text: In Sufism, the idea of "īthār" (selflessness) is defined as preferring others over yourself. For Sufis, this means devotion to others and completely forgetting concern for oneself. It teaches sacrifice for the sake of the greater good. Islam considers those practicing "īthār" as abiding by the highest degree of virtue. In "īthār", attention is focused on everything that exists except for the self.


title: Sirach

text: Sirach, by Ben Sira, which is also known as Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach, the Wisdom of Ben Sira, or Ecclesiasticus, is a work from the early second century BC, its original version being written in Hebrew. It is part of the Apocrypha or deuterocanonical books.


title: Holy Grail

text: The Holy Grail is an artifact from Christians beliefs. According to a story, it is the cup or plate used by Jesus at the Last Supper. It was later used to catch his blood when he had to die on the cross.


title: Holy Grail

text: According to the story, it has special powers. Many stories of the Arthurian Legend are about the Holy Grail. The first to write about it was Chrétien de Troyes. The legend may combine Christian lore with a Celtic myth of a cauldron which has special powers.


title: Holy Grail

text: The connection of Joseph of Arimathea with the Grail legend dates from Robert de Boron's "Joseph d'Arimathie". In the story, Joseph receives the Grail from an apparition of Jesus Christ, and sends it with his followers to Great Britain; building upon this theme, later writers told how Joseph used the Grail to catch Christ's blood while burying him and that in Britain he founded a line of guardians to keep it safe.


title: Cecum

text: The cecum is a part of the large intestine. It helps with fermenting dietary fiber. It comes before the colon and after the ileum in the gastrointestinal system. The appendix is connected to the cecum. The size of the cecum varies in humans and other omnivores but it is large in herbivores and small in most carnivores.


title: Tachycardia

text: Tachycardia is the fast beating of the heart. In adults, it refers to heart rates higher than 100 beats per minute. Tachycardia may be a normal physiological response to stress, but depending on the cause and how healthy the patient is, tachycardia could be harmful and need medical treatment. In some cases, tachycardia can cause death.


title: Tachycardia

text: Tachycardia can be harmful in two ways. First, when the heart beats too rapidly, it may perform inefficiently. Second, the faster the heart beats, the more oxygen and nutrients the heart requires. This can be especially problematic for patients suffering from ischaemic heart disease.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: Buffy the Vampire Slayer is an American television series. It is about a girl who fought vampires and other monsters. It was written by Joss Whedon. He based it on the script that he wrote for a movie with the same title. The movie came out in 1992 and stars Kristy Swanson, Luke Perry, Donald Sutherland, and Paul Reubens. The television series has many fans. It was originally shown from March 10, 1997 until May 20, 2003.


title: Celtic Britons

text: The Britons (also called Brythons) were the people who spoke a Celtic language known as Common Brittonic. They lived in Great Britain during the Iron Age, Roman Britain and the Sub-Roman period following the Romans' departure from Britain. Following the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons, who occupied most what is now the country of England, some of the Britons migrated to Wales, Cornwall and southern Scotland, while others moved to Armorica and renamed it Brittany. Those who remained were absorbed into Anglo-Saxon society.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: The main idea of the series is the opposite of what is the normal Hollywood idea about horror. In traditional Hollywood horror stories, the young blonde girl is always the weakest character. She is always the one that needs to be saved. She is often the first one to die. In "Buffy", Whedon changed that. He changed that girl into the person with all the power. He changed her into the hero. Many of the monsters and storylines on the series are symbols of real-life problems faced by teenagers. As Whedon has said, "Highschool is a horror movie."


title: Celtic Britons

text: The name of the Britons in the modern English language is borrowed in part from , and in part from the French language of the Middle Ages (). During Roman Britain, the Latin word and its plural, , took the place of the Romans' earlier word for a person from Britain, , and its plural, the . The people of Roman Britain (the Romano-British population) named themselves in Latin. Other people also named the Britons this way: the work of the Roman historian Procopius names them as and in Ireland, the Britons were named the . Some modern Celtic languages also use this form for Britain was well: and .


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" was first shown on March 10, 1997 on the WB network. It was a very important part of the Warner Bros. television network in its early years.


title: Celtic Britons

text: The Anglo-Saxon historian Bede, writing in Latin, used the name , with the plural "". The "e" vowel in this spelling could be taken from the Anglo-Saxon language's word for the Britons: , also spelled "Britt-", "Bryt", "Brytt"-, "Bret", and "Brit". The Anglo-Saxons probably took this name from the Romano-British. The was a word used in Britain from the 5th century. Whether the Anglo-Saxons took the name "Brett" from the Latin name or from a British word of the same meaning is unknown. The Anglo-Saxons must have started using the word "Brett" by the 6th century. If they had copied the British word at a later time, the word would have had -"th"- instead of -"t"-, like the . In that case, the Old English copy would have had -"þ"- or -"ð"- in the place of -"tt"-.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: After five seasons, the series left the WB and went to the United Paramount Network (UPN) for its last two seasons. In the United Kingdom, the entire series was shown on Sky One and BBC2. The BBC showed the series at two different times. A family-friendly version with violence and bad language cut out was shown early in the evening and an unedited version was shown later at night. Sky One did something similar. It showed an edited version in the afternoon and the uncut version in prime time. From the fourth season onwards, the BBC showed the series in anamorphic 16:9 widescreen format, but Whedon said that "Buffy" was never supposed to be watched this way.


title: Celtic Britons

text: The name continued to be used in Middle English, with the spellings "Bret", "Brette", "Brettis". Middle English also used the forms "Brut" and "Brutt"-, with the spelling copied from the name of Brutus of Troy. Mythology in the Middle Ages said that Britain was named after Brutus. In Early Modern English, the forms "Brett" and "Britt" were used. The spellings "Bret" and "Brit" were used in Scots.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: The Slayer or Chosen One is a girl who kills vampires. She had superhuman strength and speed. She also heals very fast. It is her destiny to fight evil demons, mainly vampires. When the Slayer dies, a new girl is chosen. That girl gets all of the powers of the Slayer. Potentials (girls who might be chosen - "potential slayers") are trained from an early age by a "Watcher". In this series, Buffy Summers, Kendra Young, and Faith Lehane were the main slayers.


title: Celtic Britons

text: The first Professor of Celtic at the University of Oxford, John Rhys, was the first person to use the name "Brython" (from ) in academia as another English language word for the Britons. He named the languages of the Britons "Brythonic", or the "Brythonic languages". Rhys used these names to be clear about what he meant, because names like "British" can be ambiguous ("with more than one meaning"). "Brythonic" and "Brythonic languages" are names that are no longer common. The names "Brittonic" and "Brittonic languages" are now more common in linguistics ("the study of languages").


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: The main character was Buffy Summers. She was played by Sarah Michelle Gellar. Buffy was an ordinary high school student in the fictional city of Sunnydale, California, except for being a "vampire slayer." Buffy's Watcher was a British man named Giles. With the help of Giles and her friends, Xander and Willow, Buffy fought a different monster every episode. (aside from the main villains of each season).


title: Celtic Britons

text: From the Iron Age onward, Britain was divided among a variety of Celtic tribes. When the Romans came, many of the tribes adopted Roman culture and the Latin language.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: Buffy and her friends went to school at Sunnydale High School. They appear normal to their families while killing vampires and monsters at night.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: Not all vampires were evil in the series. One vampire was named Angel. He was given his soul back by a gypsy curse. The curse would make him lose his soul and become evil again if he became really happy. He and Buffy fell in love. The curse took his soul away when they had sexual intercourse for the first time. This caused Angel to become evil (losing his soul). When Angel got back his soul, he knew that he and Buffy could not be together because he might lose it again. Angel left Sunnydale and went to Los Angeles. The television series "Angel" tells the story of what happened to him after he left.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: Buffy Anne Summers (played by Sarah Michelle Gellar) is "the Slayer," one in a long line of young women chosen to fight evil. She is blonde and beautiful and she is a normal cheerleading girl at the start of the movie. Being the Slayer gave her increased strength, endurance, agility and healing. She also had greater intuition, and some ability of clairvoyance, usually in the form of dreams that tell the future. She was born January 19, 1981 and grew up in Los Angeles, California. Buffy died two times in the normal series. There have also been magical times that she died in, but these periods of time were stopped and do not affect normal times. The first time she died, she drowned and was brought back to life with CPR. The second time, magic was used to bring her back to life.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: Rupert "Ripper" Giles (played by Anthony Stewart Head) is Buffy's Watcher. He was an Englishman. He was Buffy's second Watcher. Her first watcher was killed in the movie version of the story but this fact is not talked about in the series. Unlike most slayers, it was not known that Buffy was a potential slayer at an early age. When she was chosen, the Watcher's council sent a watcher to help her. When he died, the Council sent Giles to Sunnydale to become her watcher. In the past, Giles used magic and had a lot of knowledge about demons and vampires.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: Willow Rosenberg (played by Alyson Hannigan) was Buffy's schoolmate and best friend. She was very smart and good with computers. During the series, she learned more and more about magic. She found out that she is very good at magic and became a powerful witch. While in highschool, she had a boyfriend named Oz, who was a guitarist in a local band called Dingoes Ate My Baby, and he was also a werewolf. After Oz left in college, Willow fell in love with another witch, Tara Maclay. When Tara was killed, Willow tried to destroy the world, but Xander stopped her. Later on, at the end of season seven, she developed a relationship with a potential slayer named Kennedy.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: Alexander Lavelle "Xander" Harris (played by Nicholas Brendon) was another good friend of Buffy. During season 4, Xander becomes romantically involved with an ex-vengeance demon, Anya (Anyanka), whom he later became engaged to, but left during the wedding in the episode "Hells Bells". It was said many times during the series that Xander was the person in the group who had no special powers at all, but still fought as much as everyone else, and, in season 7 ("Potential") Xander is named the "Seer" because he sees everything that is going on, because he's never actually in the spotlight, just next to it. Xander was often the character the writers used for comic moments. Xander was a major character in the series and saved the world (from Willow) at the end of Season 6, by telling her he loved her repeatedly, accessing the human love inside of her "evil" persona, created by Tara Maclay's death.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: Dawn Summers (played by Michelle Trachtenberg) was a magical energy (The Key) that was turned into a person and Buffy's sister. At first, Dawn had the special ability to open the way to a hell dimension (with her blood). After Buffy's death closed that way, Dawn's only special abilities was being very good with languages and a very fast learner. She could have made a very good Watcher.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: Anya Christina Emmanuella Jenkins, or Anyanka, or Aud (played by Emma Caulfield) was an 1100 year old vengeance demon. She was born with the name Aud somewhere in Scandinavia during the 9th century. She became a vengeance demon after casting a magic spell on her lover, Olaf. The spell turned him into a troll. Anya spent the next 1100 years as Anyanka. As a vengeance demon, she would use magic to give a wish to a woman who had been treated wrong by a man. Anyaka lost her powers during a wish she cast for Cordelia Chase. When the wish was ended, Anyanka was trapped in the human body of 17 year old Anya. Anya and Xander got together after graduation and later were engaged. But Xander left her at the wedding, realising he was not ready to get married, but still loved her. She then got her vengeance powers back from D'Hoffryn (head of vengeance) but later lost them again after she realized how unfulfilling maiming human men was (her human side).


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: Angel (played by David Boreanaz) was an Irish vampire first named Liam. He was born in 1727, in Galway, Ireland. After being turned into a vampire in 1753, he spent the next 145 year creating terror as "Angelus" (face of an angel). In 1898, he killed the daughter of gypsies. As punishment, the Gypsies returned Angelus human soul to him. This caused him to have to feel all the pain he had caused. Angel went to the United States and lived on the streets. He stopped killing people to drink their blood because with a soul he knew it was wrong. He lived a very poor life drinking the blood of rats until a messenger from the Powers That Be took him to California to show him Buffy. He fell in love with her and changed his life so he could help her. Buffy fell in love with Angel but he turned evil after she gave him one true moment of happiness (after they had sex). Then he turned into Angelus and when he was finally changed back (after months, by Willow), Buffy stabbed him in order to once again save the world by closing acaphla (against her feelings of love for him).


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: Cordelia "Cordy" Chase (played by Charisma Carpenter) went to Sunnydale High with Buffy. She was a cheerleader who only thought of herself. She would help Buffy every now and then, but most often was the one that needed help. During her senior year of high school, all the money Cordelia's parents had was taken away by the government because Cordy's dad had not fully paid his family's taxes. Cordy had to get a job at a dress store to pay for a dress for her senior prom.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: Although Cordelia started off as a self-involved character, she grew throughout the first three seasons, learning to love others (spawning a relationship with Xander Harris, above). After Season 3 of "Buffy", Cordelia moves away to L.A. to become an actress. After having little luck, she meets Angel and they work together in the detective business- Angel Investigations. Cordelia's character grows even further throughout "Angel" as well, and by Season 4/5 of "Angel", she seems to be a completely different person.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: Spike, or William the Bloody, (played by James Marsters) was an English vampire. He was born in London around 1853. He was turned into a vampire in 1880 by Drusilla, a pretty vampire created by Angelus. He spent the next 20 years with Angelus, Drusilla and Darla as they killed throughout Europe and Asia. After Angelus got his soul back and left, Spike and Drusilla continued for 100 years before going to Sunnydale to try and find him. Later, Spike fell in love with Buffy. He fought a demon (initially to get his chip removed) and got his soul back and helped save the world in the last episode ("Chosen"). He was sent, by the amulet he wore, to Angel. (Stars in the final season of "Angel").


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: Faith Lehane (played by Eliza Dushku) was a vampire slayer. Buffy's first death caused Kendra Young to be chosen as the Slayer. When Kendra died, Faith was chosen. Faith is in many ways the opposite of Buffy. While Buffy had family and friends for support, Faith was alone. Faith tried to fight evil, but later chose to be evil instead. In the end, Faith learns from her mistakes and helps Buffy in her fight.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: Daniel "Oz" Osborne (played by Seth Green) was a musician and werewolf. He was Willow's first boyfriend. For three nights each month, Oz would change shape. If he was not put into a cage or locked up, he would roam Sunnydale from the time the sun set until it came up again in the morning. Being a werewolf gave him increased strength, endurance and healing. As a werewolf, his mind was similar to an animal and not a human.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: During the day, he was a helper to a professor at Sunnydale University. At night, he lead a military team that hunted and captured demons. He had increased strength and endurance, but he was not as strong as Buffy. He gave Buffy an ultimatum and at the last minute she decided on him. But when she got to his helicopter they had already taken off and he did not see her. When he comes back in a later episode Buffy finds out that he is married.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: Tara was a member of the Wicca group Willow joined in her first year in college. Willow and Tara started as friends. Over time, they became lovers. When Tara is first introduced, she is very shy. Tara has a very obvious stutter in her first season. Through season five, Tara becomes more confident. Eventually, her family comes back to take Tara home, but she (with Buffy and the gang's help) stands up to them. She became more and more confident until Glory took her sanity. Willow got it back in the season five finale, and Tara was sane again.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: In season 6, Willow used dark magic (magic that hurt other people) more and more. Eventually, she used it to make Tara forget a fight they had had. Tara broke up with Willow. Tara came back when Willow stopped using dark magic. A very short time later, Tara died after being hit by a bullet meant for Buffy.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: Joss Whedon uses several themes throughout his works. These are often found in the writing done for "Buffy".


title: Archaeological site

text: An archaeological site is a place where physical remains of the past survive. The archaeologists working there will carefully record what they find. They may also change the site so that what has been found can be preserved better.


title: Archaeological site

text: The site will have trenches so that people can excavate better. To start the excavation, the topsoil will be removed. Special tools like pickaxes and mattocks are used to break up and remove very hard compacted soil. Shovels and spades are used to clear away bulk debris. Other hand tools used in bulk cleanup work are hoes, rakes, forks, and the wheelbarrow to cart it away.


title: Giorgio Armani

text: Giorgio Armani (born 11 July 1934) is an Italian fashion designer. He was born in Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna. He is famous for designing men's clothes. He made his company, Armani, in 1974, and in 2001 was said to be the most successful designer to come from Italy, with a yearly turnover of $1.691 billion, and having $4.1 billion. Armani is openly bisexual.


title: Quantum gravity

text: Quantum gravity is an area of research in physics. Right now, physics can describe gravity of real-life-sized objects using general relativity. Physicists can also describe the universe on a microscopic scale with quantum mechanics. The goal of quantum gravity is to develop a theory that contains both general relativity and quantum mechanics. However, combining the theories of the big and the small is very difficult in practice.


title: Quantum gravity

text: Physicists are working on several ways to write down a theory of quantum gravity. One approach is to search for a unified field theory. Physicists also try to develop theories at an even more fundamental level, like string theory, loop quantum gravity, or other methods, to find out why our current theories of gravity and quantum mechanics cannot be combined.


title: Lieutenant colonel

text: Lieutenant colonel is a rank of commissioned officer in the armies, most marine forces and some air forces of the world. It typically ranks above a major and below a colonel. The rank of lieutenant colonel is often shortened to simply "colonel" in conversation and in unofficial correspondence. A lieutenant colonel is typically in charge of a battalion in the army.


title: Green politics

text: Green politics is a kind of politics that has been on the rise since the 1970s. The parties and movements that follow these ideas are usually called "green":


title: Digital signal processing

text: Digital signal processing (DSP) is concerned with the processing of digital signals or analog signals after converting from analog to digital format.


title: Alt-right

text: The alt-right is a right-wing political movement originating in the United States. There are many different type of people in the alt-right. They include white nationalists, antifeminists, manospherians, conservatives, Christians, nationalists and men's rights activists. The group is said to have influenced the 2016 United States presidential election in favor of the winning candidate Donald Trump. The term "Alt-right" is said to have been coined by Richard B. Spencer, who is a political writer and the current president of the nationalist think-tank National Policy Institute.


title: Digital signal processing

text: DSP includes subfields like: communication signals processing, radar signal processing, sensor array processing, digital image processing, etc.


title: Alt-right

text: The alt-right originated on 4chan and other fringe corners of the Internet, such as Reddit, Know Your Meme and Encyclopedia Dramatica. It emerged during the aftermath of the 2012 episode about Fobos-Grunt on the English Wikipedia and Gamergate in 2014.


title: Digital signal processing

text: DSP is usually used with real-world analog signals found in our lives, the first step is usually to convert the signal from an analog to a digital form, by using an analog-to-digital converter. Often, the required output signal is another real-world analog signal, which requires a digital-to-analog converter.


title: Alt-right

text: As the years pass since Trump's victory in 2016, the alt-right began to splinter, and its split accelerated following the 2017 Charlottesville incident, with those on the Internet saying they don't like Trump anymore.


title: Crore

text: A crore is the number 10^7, equal to 10 million or 100 lakh. It is used in India for money and as a number. In India it is written 1,00,00,000 and in other countries it is written 10,000,000.


title: Peter Thiel

text: Peter Andreas Thiel (teel; born October 11, 1967) is an American entrepreneur. He helped create PayPal, Palantir Technologies and Founders Fund. In 2018, he supposedly had $2.5 billion.


title: Peter Thiel

text: Thiel was born in Frankfurt. As a baby, he moved with his family to the United States. He spent some time in Southern Africa. He studied philosophy at Stanford University, graduating with a B.A. in 1989. He then went on to the Stanford Law School and received his J.D. in 1992. He worked as a lawyer, speechwriter, and trader. He founded Thiel Capital in 1996. He co-founded PayPal in 1999. He was chief executive officer until he sold the company to eBay in 2002 for $1.5 billion.


title: Peter Thiel

text: He founded Clarium Capital, a global macro hedge fund. He launched Palantir Technologies, a big data analysis company, in 2004 and continues to serve as its chairman as of 2018. He helped create Founders Fund, a venture capital firm.


title: Peter Thiel

text: Thiel became Facebook's first outside investor by buying 10.2% for $500,000 in August 2004. He sold the majority of his shares in Facebook for over $1 billion in 2012, but remains on the board of directors. He also co-founded Valar Ventures in 2010, co-founded Mithril Capital.


title: Volcanic winter

text: A volcanic winter is a climate cooling caused by an extremely large volcanic eruption. Such an eruption releases ash and sulfur dioxide in huge quantities. They form aerosols of sulfuric acid. When they reach the stratosphere more sunlight is reflected, and some is absorbed by the stratosphere. These reactions heat up the stratosphere, but lead to a drop in the temperature on the ground.


title: Volcanic winter

text: The Siberian Traps, Emeishan Traps, and Deccan Traps are huge flood basalt provinces caused by volcanism. They are the cause, or part of the cause, of several mass extinctions, especially the Permian–Triassic extinction event.


title: Volcanic winter

text: The effects of recent volcanic eruptions on winters are modest in scale but historically their effects have been significant.


title: Volcanic winter

text: Most recently, the 1991 explosion of Mount Pinatubo, a stratovolcano in the Philippines, cooled global temperatures for about 2–3 years.


title: Volcanic winter

text: In 1883, the explosion of Krakatoa (Krakatau) created volcanic winter-like conditions. The next four years after the explosion were unusually cold, and the winter of 1887 to 1888 included powerful blizzards. Record snowfalls were recorded worldwide.


title: Volcanic winter

text: The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, a stratovolcano in Indonesia, occasioned mid-summer frosts in New York State and June snowfalls in New England and Newfoundland and Labrador in what came to be known as the "Year without a Summer" of 1816.


title: Volcanic winter

text: A paper written by Benjamin Franklin in the 1780s blamed the unusually cool summer of 1783 on volcanic dust coming from Iceland, where the eruption of Laki volcano had released enormous amounts of sulfur dioxide, resulting in the death of much of the island's livestock and a catastrophic famine which killed a quarter of the population. Temperatures in the northern hemisphere dropped by about 1 °C in the year following the Laki eruption.


title: Volcanic winter

text: In 1600, the Huaynaputina in Peru erupted. Tree ring studies show that 1601 was cold. Russia had its worst famine in 1601 to 1603. From 1600 to 1602, Switzerland, Latvia and Estonia had exceptionally cold winters. The wine harvest was late in 1601 in France, and in Peru and Germany wine production collapsed. Peach trees bloomed late in China, and Lake Suwa in Japan froze early.


title: Volcanic winter

text: In 1452 or 1453, a cataclysmic eruption of the submarine volcano named Kuwae. It caused worldwide disruptions.


title: Volcanic winter

text: The Great Famine of 1315–1317 in Europe may have been precipitated by a volcanic event, perhaps that of Kaharoa, New Zealand, which lasted about five years.


title: Total Eclipse of the Heart

text: "Total Eclipse of the Heart" is a song recorded by Bonnie Tyler. It was written and produced by Jim Steinman, and released on Tyler's fifth studio album, "Faster Than the Speed of Night" (1983). The song was released as a single by Columbia Records on 11 February 1983 in the United Kingdom and on 31 May 1983 in the United States.


title: Total Eclipse of the Heart

text: Worldwide, the single has created 6 million copies and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 1 million copies after its release. In 2015, the song was voted by the British public as the nation's third favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV.


title: Total Eclipse of the Heart

text: In early 2021, the Marsh family, a couple with four children in Faversham, Kent, produced a parody version titled "Totally Fixed Where We Are." The lyrics express the feelings of people in the U.K. under a third lockdown during the 2020/2021 Covid-19 pandemic. The video was uploaded to YouTube on February 2, 2021, and in less than a week got over 1.4 million views.


title: Errors and residuals in statistics

text: It is not possible to do an exact measurement, but it is possible to say how accurate a measurement is. One can measure the same thing again and again, and collect all the data together. This allows us to do statistics on the data. What is meant by errors and residuals is the difference between the observed or measured value and the real value, which is unknown.


title: School discipline

text: When a student or group of students show behaviour that disrupts the current activity, or that goes against rules of the school, a teacher or the school can take action. This action is usually called school discipline. Discipline can guide the children's behaviour or set limits to help them learn to take better care of themselves, other people and the world around them.


title: Errors and residuals in statistics

text: If there is only one random variable, the difference between statistical errors and residuals is the difference between the mean of the population against the mean of the (observed) sample. In that case the residual is the difference between what the probability distribution says, and what was actually measured.


title: School discipline

text: Every school has a set of rules and if students break these rules they are subject to discipline. For example, these rules may say that pupils (students) need to wear a school uniform, and what the school uniform must look like. They usually also say that school starts at a given time, and that pupils must be present at the school, at that time. If pupils do not follow the rules, they will be punished. The term "discipline" is applied to the punishment that is the consequence of breaking the rules. The aim of discipline is to set limits restricting certain behaviors or attitudes that are seen as harmful or against the school policies, educational norms, school traditions, etc. In the early days of schools, it was common to punish people if they did not follow the rules set by the school. In more recent times, other approaches have also been tried, such as rewarding good behavior.


title: Errors and residuals in statistics

text: Suppose there is an experiment to measure the height of 21-year-old men from a certain area. The mean of the distribution is 1.75 m. If one man chosen at random is 1.80 m tall, the "(statistical) error" is 0.05 m (5 cm); if he is 1.70 tall, the error is −5 cm.


title: School discipline

text: It is important to create an environment, where it is safe and fun for children to learn. Many people confuse discipline with classroom management; discipline is one dimension of classroom management and classroom management is a general term. Discipline can also have a positive effect on both the individual as well as classroom environment. The right form of punishment can give the pupil a chance to reflect and learn about consequences. It can also give collective values, and encourage behavior that is acceptable for the classroom. Recognition of the diversity of values within communities can increase understanding and tolerance of different disciplinary techniques.


title: Errors and residuals in statistics

text: A residual (or fitting error), on the other hand, is an observable "estimate" of the unobservable statistical error. The simplest case involves a random sample of "n" men whose heights are measured. The "sample" mean is used as an estimate of the "population" mean. Then we have:


title: School discipline

text: Coproal punishment was the most common means of maintaining discipline. When a child was at school, the teacher acted as a substitue parent. Many forms of punishment and rewards were open to the teacher. Hitting children with a cane or a stick was a common punishment if the child did something wrong.


title: Errors and residuals in statistics

text: The sum of the residuals within a random sample must be zero. The residuals are therefore "not independent". The sum of the statistical errors within a random sample need not be zero; the statistical errors are independent random variables if the individuals are chosen from the population independently.


title: School discipline

text: Corporal punishment in schools has now disappeared from most Western countries, including all European countries. In the United States, corporal punishment is not used in public schools in 34 states, banned in 31, permitted in 19, of which only 16 actually have school districts actively administering corporal punishment. Every U.S. state except New Jersey and Iowa permits corporal punishment in private schools. Many private schools have abandoned the practice, though, especially Catholic schools, nearly all of which now ban. Thirty-one U.S. states as well as the District of Columbia have banned it from public schools, most recently New Mexico in 2011. The other 19 states (mostly in the South) still allow corporal punishment in public schools. Of the 19 which permit the practice, three – Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming have no public schools that actually use corporal punishment as of 2016. Paddling is still used to a significant (though declining) degree in some public schools in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Private schools in these and most other states may also use it, though many choose not to do so.


title: School discipline

text: Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries.


title: School discipline

text: Most mainstream schools in most other countries still have punishment for misbehavior, but it usually takes non-corporal forms such as detention and suspension.


title: School discipline

text: In China, school corporal punishment was completely banned under the Article 29 of the Compulsory Education Act of the People's Republic of China, but in practice, beating by schoolteachers is still common, especially in rural areas.


title: School discipline

text: In Australia, school corporal punishment has been banned in public schools in all states, but as of 2019, it is still permitted in private schools in Queensland and the Northern Territory.


title: School discipline

text: Detention is one of the most common punishments in schools. A pupil needs to report to a designated area of the school, at a specified time. The pupil will then have to stay at that area, for a given time.


title: School discipline

text: Failure to attend detention without a valid excuse can sometimes result in another longer detention, or a more severe punishment


title: School discipline

text: Counseling is also provided when students will have to see a school counselor (guidance counselor) for misbehavior. The purpose of counseling is to help the student recognize their mistakes and find ways to avoid them. Counseling can also help the student clarify the school's expectations, as well as understand the consequences of failing to meet those standards.


title: School discipline

text: Suspension means that a student must not attend classes, for a given time. In some cases, the student must still come to school, but will not see classmates or teachers during that day. Students who have been suspended are also not allowed to attend out-of-school events (such as sporting events, or proms).


title: School discipline

text: Expulsion is the most severe form of punishment. It terminates the student's education at the given school. This is the last resort, when all other methods of discipline have failed. However, in extreme situations, it may also be used for a single offense, such as setting fires on campus, the activation of false alarms,or assault and battery against faculty and staff members,or school administrators. In some cases, there are special schools for the pupuls that have been excluded from other schools.


title: M62 motorway

text: The M62 is a motorway in Northern England. It connects Liverpool and Manchester with Leeds and Hull. It is about long. Around seven miles of the motorway is shared with the M60.


title: M62 motorway

text: In 1974, the Provisional Irish Republican Army bombed a coach, killing 12 people. In 2001, a car veered off the road onto a railway track, causing a train crash which killed 10 people.


title: The Moses Code

text: The Moses Code is a 2008 esoteric documentary. It was produced by Drew Heriot, who already worked as a director "on The Secret", the predecessor of "The Moses Code."


title: The Moses Code

text: The world premiere took place on 5. April 2008, as part of a private cinema screening, in the presence of director James Twyman, producer Drew Heriot and James Van Praagh, one of the speakers shown in the movie.