title: Han Buddhism

text: In the 20th century, Japanese scholar Fujita Toyohachi () said Buddhism entered China during the Qin dynasty. The word 不得 (pinyin: "bude"; rough pronunciation: boo-duh) is pronounced nearly exactly like the Sanskrit word "Buddha". It was used to write down Buddha in the Chinese language. Others (like ) disagreed. Moreover it is unlikely 得 would be used to transliterate. And based on the evolution of Chinese tones, 不得 would sound something like putug ( says “不得” is [pɯtɯːɡ]).


title: Han Buddhism

text: It is generally believed Buddhism was introduced during the (Western, before 1 BC) Han dynasty. It came from the western regions and Silk Road.


title: Han Buddhism

text: According to the Weilüe《‧西戎傳》、《‧釋老志》and other records, Emperor Ai of Han's men gave the people the Pagoda Sutra《浮屠经》。


title: Han Buddhism

text: In 67, Emperor Ming of Han dreamed of the "Golden People". He sent people to meet monks in the western regions. These monks brought back more Buddhist texts. He built the White horse temple () and translated 42 chapters of the scripture 《》。


title: Han Buddhism

text: There is one account that Emperor Ming of Han (28–75 CE) helped introduce Buddhism into China. The (3rd - 5th century) "Mouzi Lihuolun" says:Ming then sent people to Tianzhu (Southern India) to learn more. Buddhist scriptures returned to China on the backs of white horses, after which White Horse Temple was named. Two Indian monks also returned with them, named Dharmaratna and Kaśyapa Mātaṅga.


title: Han Buddhism

text: Whether Emperor Ming actually dreamed of Golden people is debated. However scholars agree that around his time Buddhism arrived from the xiyu.


title: Han Buddhism

text: A Parthian prince named An Shigao traveled to China annd helped translate some Indian texts into Chinese.


title: Han Buddhism

text: During this time, Mahayana Buddhism became popular in China. The Han would then "sinicize" it to turn it into Han Buddhism.


title: Han Buddhism

text: In Chongqing an ancient Yao Qian Shu (money tree artifact) was dug up. A Buddha was sitting on it. It said it was made in the fourth year of Yan guang (125 CE). This is the earliest known bronze Buddha found in China. There is another early Buddha sculpture in Sichuan above a grave.


title: Han Buddhism

text: Some Chinese thought Buddhism was harmful to the authority of the government, that Buddhists did help improve the economy, that Buddhism was barbaric and did not deserve to be part of Chinese culture. However, others mixed Buddhism with Taoism. The two went well together. Both encourage meditation. And so Buddhist ideas were used in Taoism and vice versa.


title: Han Buddhism

text: Around this time, Han Buddhism began spreading to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. It was already popular in South China.


title: Han Buddhism

text: China controlled Kucha, a Buddhist kingdom in Xinjiang. They imprisoned Kumarajiva but released him in 401 because he was good at Buddhism.


title: Han Buddhism

text: This includes the "Diamond Sutra", the "Amitabha Sutra", the "Lotus Sutra", the "Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra", the "Mūlamadhyamakakārikā", and the "Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra".


title: Han Buddhism

text: The school follows the "Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra" and "Diamond Sūtra (Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra) ." It was also called the "One Vehicle School."


title: Han Buddhism

text: They were famous for their "encounter stories" and koans and their teaching methods. Nan Huai-Chin says:


title: Han Buddhism

text: During the Tang dynasty and 629 - 645, the monk Xuanzang went to India and visited over one hundred kingdoms. He and wrote about his journey to the west. His writing is important for studying India during this period of time.


title: Han Buddhism

text: He visited many spiritual sites, many spiritual people, and learned a lot of spiritual things. He met Buddhist celebrities.


title: Han Buddhism

text: He returned to China with 657 Sanskrit texts, gifts, statues, and Buddhist souvenirs, all on twenty-two horses.


title: Han Buddhism

text: Xuanzang created a translation center in Chang'an (now Xi'an). It attracted people from all over East Asia. Xuanzang translated 1,330 books into Chinese. His favorite part of Buddhism was Yogācāra, or "Consciousness-only".


title: Han Buddhism

text: During the Song dynasty, Chán (禪) was used by the government to strengthen its control over the country. Chán became the most popular type of Chinese Buddhism.


title: Han Buddhism

text: During the Yuan dynasty, the Mongol emperors liked Tibetan Buddhism so they hired Tibetan monks as government officials. This caused corruption. Later the Ming dynasty overthrew the Yuan, and Tibetan lamas no longer influenced the court.


title: Han Buddhism

text: The Chan school was so popular that all monks belonged to it. Male and female Chinese buddhists wrote nice poetry during this time.


title: Han Buddhism

text: Around 1900, Buddhists from other Asian countries became interested in Chinese Buddhism. Anagarika Dharmapala visited Shanghai in 1893. He and other Indians tried to get Chinese to help revive Buddhism in India. Japanese Buddhists also visited China. By this point (and perhaps earlier) China had the most Buddhists in the world.


title: Han Buddhism

text: Han Buddhism uses concepts from Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. They worship the Buddha and Bodhisattvas by giving food, flowers, etc. They are vegans. They believe in god and hell, life after death and karma.


title: Dred Scott v. Sandford

text: Dred Scott v. Sandford, , was a US Supreme Court landmark decision. In March 1857, the court ruled that blacks, whether slaves, or free, were not citizens of the United States. They could not, therefore, sue in federal court.


title: Dred Scott v. Sandford

text: Dred Scott had sued in federal court and claimed that he was free because he had lived in free territory. He lost his case in a ruling that has been condemned by many as the Supreme Court's worst decision.


title: Dred Scott v. Sandford

text: The Dred Scott case, which denied Scott his freedom by ruling that blacks were not US citizens, was the end of years of legal cases from 1846 to 1857 in lower federal district court and Missouri courts, which had granted Dred Scott freedom for about two years.


title: Dred Scott v. Sandford

text: Dr. John Emerson was a surgeon serving in the US Army. In 1833, he purchased Dred Scott, a slave in Missouri. The same year, he moved to Illinois and took Scott with him. Emerson was sent to a fort in the Wisconsin Territory. Scott, his slave, went with him.


title: Dred Scott v. Sandford

text: While living in Wisconsin Territory (now Minnesota), Scott met and married Harriet Robinson. She was owned by a justice of the peace. After marrying Scott, Emerson became her owner as well. Emerson returned to Missouri and took his slaves with him.


title: Dred Scott v. Sandford

text: In 1846, Scott sued for his freedom in court. Helped by abolitionist lawyers, he claimed that he was free because he had lived in free states for a long time. The defense claimed that Dr. Emerson was forced to move to the Wisconsin Territory because he served with the US Army and that he should be able to keep his property. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, decided that Scott was not free and so he did not have a right to sue. Furthermore, he stated that the US Congress could not make laws against slavery in United States territories. The majority opinion was agreed to by seven of the nine Justices.


title: Dred Scott v. Sandford

text: The dissenting Justices pointed out when the US Constitution was ratified, blacks were already considered citizens in several states.


title: Dred Scott v. Sandford

text: The ruling was a major setback to the anti-slavery movement. The Republican Party condemned the ruling. In effect, it allowed slavery in all US territories, even in the North.


title: Dred Scott v. Sandford

text: The decision became a central issue in slavery debates and helped cause Abraham Lincoln to be elected as US President and then the American Civil War.


title: Dred Scott v. Sandford

text: In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment banned slavery in the United States. In 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment overturned the Dred Scott decision and gave nearly all persons born in the country US citizenship regardless of their color.


title: Dred Scott v. Sandford

text: Soon after the 1857 decision, Eliza Sandford sold Scott and his family to Taylor Blow. Blow, ne of Scott's previous owners, then granted Scott and his family their freedom. Scott died a free man on September 17, 1858. He did not live long enough to see blacks become US citizens.


title: Dred Scott v. Sandford

text: "Dred Scott" is one of only four decisions by the Supreme Court that were overturned by an amendment to the United States Constitution. The other three are:


title: Ferdinand de Saussure

text: Ferdinand de Saussure (26 November 1857 – 22 February 1913) is considered a founding father of modern day linguistics and semiotics. Semiotics is the study of how we attach meaning to the world around us and how we communicate that meaning to others.


title: Ferdinand de Saussure

text: 1880- Saussure received his doctorate in Leipzig. He moved to Paris to become a professor in historical linguistics.


title: Ferdinand de Saussure

text: 1891- Saussure accepted the title of “Chevalier of the Legion of Honor” after teaching for 11 years in Paris, at the École Pratique des Hautes Études. He returned to Geneva, accepting a job as a professor.


title: Ferdinand de Saussure

text: 1916- Saussure’s students put together notes from the lectures and publish them in a book called "Cours de linguistique générale" or "Course on General Linguistics"


title: Ferdinand de Saussure

text: Saussure was a professor in historical linguistics, which is concerned with how languages relate to each other and how they change over time. This interest in how language changes over time can be called diachrony. Saussure was more interested in synchrony, which doesn’t change over time. This means he looked at the parts of a language, as if they didn’t change. Saussure studied the structure of language without comparing it to other languages and without focusing on change.


title: Ferdinand de Saussure

text: Saussure distinguished two different parts of language, "langue" and "parole". "Langue" is the system of the language or the theory of the language. When we learn a language in school we are learning the “langue” of the language: vocabulary words, grammatical structures, the order of words, etc. "Parole" is how the language is actually spoken. Often times, people speak in a way that is different from how language is taught in schools. We make mistakes, use slang words, and use figurative language. This is all part of parole. Saussure was more interested in studying the langue of a language. Parole was harder to study because the language people speak changes often. Studying the langue allowed Saussure to understand the basic structure of language.


title: Ferdinand de Saussure

text: Saussure wanted to know how people communicate language with each other. In his “Course in General Linguistics”, Saussure first defines language and how it is involved in speech.


title: Ferdinand de Saussure

text: To summarize, Saussure describes language as our ability to represent meaning by using signs (the words themselves and the way they sound when spoken). In the process of communicating with another individual, language can be found in the process of taking meaning from the words that we hear (which make up an “auditory image”). This process is psychological, while producing signs is the physiological process of speech. To study language, we focus on the psychological process.


title: Ferdinand de Saussure

text: Language is studied apart from speech. It does not exist among one person but among the community of people that use it. Each member of the community shares a knowledge of the language but cannot change the system of the language individually. Language as a stable system can be studied scientifically, which is the goal of linguistics.


title: Ferdinand de Saussure

text: Saussure also focuses on the arbitrary nature of signs.This means that a word and the sounds that make up a word don’t tell us anything about word means. For example, the word “dog” doesn’t tell us about what a dog is. The letters and sounds chosen are not special.  Most words are chosen in this way. A small amount of words are not. For example in the word “slap”, the letters sound like the noise you hear when you slap something. The arbitrary nature of sounds allows us to make many words. If every letter had a single meaning, then we could only create a small number of words with that letter.


title: Stoke-on-Trent

text: Stoke-on-Trent is a city in Staffordshire in the West Midlands region of England. It is also a unitary authority.


title: Stoke-on-Trent

text: Stoke-on-Trent was the home of the pottery industry in the United Kingdom. It was a very important exporter in the late 18th, the 19th and up to about 1960. It is commonly known as The Potteries. The industry was killed off by cheap Chinese pottery after the Second World War, and by the even cheaper plastic homeware.


title: Stoke-on-Trent

text: Coal was its other employment. The furnaces of the kilns needed coal. Coal was also a commodity which was exported from the area.


title: Stoke-on-Trent

text: The city is unusual in that it is made up of a cluster of six towns Longton, Fenton, Stoke (Stoke-upon-Trent), Hanley, Burslem, and Tunstall.


title: Stoke-on-Trent

text: Stoke-on-Trent is known for the Supermarine Spitfire, pottery, oatcakes, the spark plug, Sir Stanley Mathews, Robbie Williams, Slash, Arnold Bennett, Captain Smith and Stoke City F.C. (Stoke City is the second oldest professional football club: it was founded in 1863).


title: Herbert Spencer

text: Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, and a prominent liberal political and social theorist of the Victorian era.


title: Herbert Spencer

text: Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution. He saw evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies.


title: Herbert Spencer

text: Spencer never married; he remained a bachelor. He contributed to a wide range of subjects, including ethics, religion, politics, philosophy, biology, sociology, and psychology.


title: Herbert Spencer

text: Like Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, he read Malthus' "Essay on the principle of population", and was deeply impressed by its argument. Malthus said that sooner or later population growth gets checked by famine and disease, and there are then many deaths. So, he was prepared for Darwin's idea of natural selection, which he preferred to call "survival of the fittest". He did this in "Principles of Biology" (1864), after reading Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species".


title: Herbert Spencer

text: Spencer's term does strongly suggest natural selection, yet as he extended evolution into realms of sociology and ethics, Spencer made use of Lamarckism rather than natural selection, so it seems he was not a Darwinian after all. Others took up his social ideas, and drew the conclusion that it was useless to try and help the poor, and that competition without limits was the way society should go. Darwin himself did not accept these ideas, but they were quite widespread in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century.


title: Ashkenazi Jews

text: Ashkenazi Jews / "Ashkenazic Jews" / "Ashkenazim" are Jews who originally lived in northern and eastern Europe. They once lived in the area of Rhineland and France and after the crusades they moved to Poland, Lithuania and Russia. In the 17th century, avoiding persecution, many Jews moved to and settled in Western Europe.


title: Ashkenazi Jews

text: Scientists believe that Ashkenazi Jews originally came from the Land of Israel and initially went to Italy, France, and Germany. Later, during pogroms in the middle ages, mainly in Germany, they fled to Poland and Lithuania, and from there they spread over the rest of Eastern Europe. They then adopted the Yiddish language.


title: Ashkenazi Jews

text: After that, two terms, Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews, became commonly used: The former indicates the Jews who worshiped in the German way and spoke Yiddish, the latter indicates the Jews who worshiped in the Spanish way and spoke the Ladino language. They differ in language (pronunciation), cultural tradition and worship style.


title: Ashkenazi Jews

text: During World War II, about 6 million Jews, 5 million of whom were Ashkenazi, were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust destroyed or greatly reduced the large Jewish communities and the Yiddish language in Europe. Many of the surviving Ashkenazi Jews emigrated to countries such as Israel, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and the United States after the war.


title: Ashkenazi Jews

text: As of 2018, Ashkenazim are around 75% of the 14.6 million Jews of the world. They are also the mainstream of Israeli politics. Famous Ashkenazim are Albert Einstein, George Gershwin, Gustav Mahler, Franz Kafka.


title: London School of Economics

text: The London School of Economics and Political Science (more commonly London School of Economics or LSE) is a college of the University of London in Westminster. The college opened in 1895. It joined the University of London in 1900. Today it is one of the leading universities for Law, Economics and Political Sciences. QS ranked it as the second best university in the world for social science in 2013.


title: London School of Economics

text: It is a member of the Russell Group. In 2011 17,654 people applied for 1,271 undergraduate places. This means there were 13.8 applicants for every place. Over half of LSE's students are postgraduates. 16 Nobel Prize winners have been LSE students or staff. It has the highest percentage of students from another country in the world and 46% of staff are from other countries.


title: The Revenant (2015 movie)

text: The Revenant is a 2015 American semi-biographical western movie set in 1823 Montana and South Dakota.


title: Group of Seven

text: The Group of Seven (G7) is an international group made up of the seven largest IMF-described advanced economies in the world: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.


title: The Revenant (2015 movie)

text: It was directed by Alejandro G. Iñárritu. It was written by Mark L. Smith and Iñárritu. It is based in part on Michael Punke's "The Revenant: A Novel of Revenge". It stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Tom Hardy, Will Poulter, and Domhnall Gleeson.


title: Group of Seven

text: In 2018, the seven countries represented 58% of the global net wealth ($317 trillion) and more than 46% of the global gross domestic product (GDP). The European Union is an invitee to G7.


title: The Revenant (2015 movie)

text: "The Revenant" premiered at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles on December 16, 2015 and had a limited release on December 25, 2015, followed by a wide release on January 8, 2016. It got really positive reviews. It won three Golden Globe Awards and five BAFTA Awards, including Best Film at both shows. At the 88th Academy Awards, the movie received 12 nominations, including Best Picture and Best Supporting Actor (Hardy), winning Best Director (Iñárritu), Best Actor (DiCaprio), and Best Cinematography (Emmanuel Lubezki).


title: Group of Seven

text: The group began in the early 1970s. The number of members has changed over time. Representatives from four leading economies first met in 1973. The representatives were finance ministers from France, the United Kingdom, the United States and West Germany. Later that year, the four members agreed to invite Japan to attend. These five came to be known as the "Group of Five".


title: Group of Seven

text: In 1975, Italy was invited to attend the first heads-of-government summit, forming the "Group of Six", or G6. Canada joined in 1976, making the G7. The group meets every year, with a different host and president each year. The president of the European Council has attended since 1977. Since 1987, the finane ministers of G7 countries have met at least twice a year at separate meetings. In some years they have met four times.


title: Group of Seven

text: From 1995, Russia attended informally, and they joined the group in 1998, creating the G8. On 2 March 2014, the other members of the G8 criticized the "Russian Federation's violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine." As a result, Russia was removed from the G8 which was later renamed G7 as there are now seven leaders in the group.


title: Sloth bear

text: Sloth bears have long and shaggy black fur, but its fur can also be brown. On its chest it has a white or yellow mark, which is shaped like an Y or V. They have big feet with long claws. The long claws are also the reason for its English name, because the claws look like the claws of a xloth.


title: Sloth bear

text: Sloth bears are omnivores and eats mostly termites and ants. But they also eat fruit, honey, eggs, carrion, grasses and occasionally rodents. Sloth bears use their claws to dig up ants from the dirt. They also use their claws to fight predators such as tigers, leopards and jackals. Bengal tigers prey on sloth bears of all ages. Indian leopards, dholes and Indian wolves may also be a threat.


title: Sloth bear

text: Female sloth bears usually have 1-2 babies, sometimes 3. Young sloth bears stay with their mother for 2–3 years. In captivity they can live to be 40 years old.


title: Sloth bear

text: Sloth bear adults can weigh anywhere from 60 to 70 kilograms (120-130 pounds) and measure anywhere from 152 to 178 centimeters (60-70 inches) in length.


title: Dravidian peoples

text: According to scientists and historians, the Dravidian people are descendants of "Neolithic West Asian farmers from Iran" which conquered and largely displaced the outnumbered native hunter gatherers of India. Dravidians are linked to the neolithic Zagros Mountain farmers, and this West Asian population forms the main ancestor of modern South Asians.


title: Dravidian peoples

text: A genetic and biogeographical study (Das et al. 2016) concluded that Dravidian peoples belong to the Caucasoid race. According to the study, these proto-Dravidians migrated into India around 8,000 years ago from a region later known as Elam in modern day Iran. The authors suggest that this results support the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis.


title: Dravidian peoples

text: The Indus Valley civilization is suggested to be of Dravidian origin. Genetic tests show that the ancient Indus Valley Civilization was predominantly of neolithic Zagros mountain farmers ancestry (98%) and this ancestry component is linked to early Dravidians.


title: Dravidian peoples

text: Today there are around 220 million Dravidian speakers worldwide. Most live in South India. Others live in parts of Central India, Eastern India, Bangladesh, Southern Pakistan, Sri Lanka the Maldives and Nepal. The biggest groups of Dravidians are the Tamil people, Telugu people, Kannada people, and the Malayali people. Smaller Dravidian communities with 1–5 million speakers are the Tulu people, Gondi people and Brahui people in Pakistan and Afghanistan.


title: Polymer chemistry

text: Polymer chemistry (also called macromolecular chemistry) is the science of chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers or macromolecules. According to IUPAC recommendations, macromolecules refer to the individual molecular chains and are the domain of chemistry. Polymers describe the bulk properties of polymer materials and belong to the field of polymer physics (a part of physics).


title: Polymer chemistry

text: Polymers are formed by polymerization of monomers. Chemists describe a polymer by its degree of polymerization, molar mass distribution, tacticity, copolymer distribution, the degree of branching, by its end-groups, crosslinks, and crystallinity. Chemists also study a polymer's thermal properties such as its glass transition temperature and melting temperature. Polymers in solution have special characteristics for solubility, viscosity and gelation.


title: Polymer chemistry

text: Polymer chemistry started by studying the long fibers in plants. The work of Henri Braconnot in 1777 and the work of Christian Schönbein in 1846 led to the discovery of nitrocellulose. Nitrocellulose treated with camphor makes celluloid. Chemists dissolve celluloid in ether or acetone to make collodion. Doctors have used collodion as a wound dressing since the U.S. Civil War. Cellulose acetate was first prepared in 1865. In 1834, Friedrich Ludersdorf and Nathaniel Hayward independently discovered that adding sulfur to raw natural rubber (polyisoprene) helped prevent the material from becoming sticky. In 1844 Charles Goodyear received a U.S. patent for vulcanizing rubber with sulfur and heat. Thomas Hancock had received a patent for the same process in the UK the year before.


title: Polymer chemistry

text: In 1884, Hilaire de Chardonnet started the first artificial fiber factory based on regenerated cellulose, or viscose rayon, as a substitute for silk, but it was very flammable. In 1907 Leo Baekeland invented the first synthetic polymer, a thermosetting phenol-formaldehyde resin called Bakelite. Around the same time, Hermann Leuchs reported the synthesis of N-carboxyanhydrides and their high molecular weight products upon reaction with nucleophiles. But Leuchs did not call them polymers, possibly due to the strong views held by Emil Fischer, his direct supervisor, denying the possibility of any covalent molecule exceeding 6,000 daltons. Cellophane was invented in 1908 by Jocques Brandenberger who squirted sheets of viscose rayon into an acid bath.


title: Polymer chemistry

text: In 1922, Hermann Staudinger (a German chemist) proposed that polymers were long chains of atoms held together by covalent bonds. He also proposed to name these compounds "macromolecules". Before that, scientists believed that polymers were clusters of small molecules (called colloids), without definite molecular weights, held together by an unknown force. Staudinger received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1953.


title: Polymer chemistry

text: Wallace Carothers invented the first synthetic rubber called neoprene in 1931. Neoprene was the first polyester. Carothers went on to invent nylon, a true silk replacement, in 1935. Paul Flory was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1974 for his work on polymer random coil configurations in solution in the 1950s. Stephanie Kwolek developed an aramid, or aromatic nylon named Kevlar, patented in 1966.


title: Polymer chemistry

text: There are now a large number of commercial polymers. They include composite materials such as carbon fiber-epoxy, polystyrene-polybutadiene (HIPS), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS). Chemists design commercial polymers to combine the best properties of their various components. For example, special polymers used in automobile engines are designed to work at high temperatures.


title: Polymer chemistry

text: It took a long time before universities introduced teaching and research programs in polymer chemistry.


title: Polymer chemistry

text: An "Institut fur Makromolekulare Chemie was founded in 1940 in Freiburg, Germany under the direction of Hermann Staudinger. In America a "Polymer Research Institute" (PRI) was established in 1941 by Herman Mark at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (now Polytechnic Institute of NYU). Several hundred graduates of PRI played an important role in the US polymer industry and academia. Other PRI's were founded in 1961 by Richard S. Stein at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, in 1967 by Eric Baer at Case Western Reserve University and in 1988 at the University of Akron.


title: Occupy Wall Street

text: Occupy Wall Street was a protest that started in 2011 in New York City and spread into other cities all over the United States. Citizens protested against how poor and wealthy people have lived in different ways and are treated differently by other people, and also against the way corporations used their money. People in New York started protesting in Zuccotti Park on September 17, and some people decided to camp there overnight. It grew to include several thousand people, with many different political views. Protesters included some communists, political moderates, liberals, conservatives, and libertarians.


title: Occupy Wall Street

text: Many of the Occupy protests in the rest of the country only started as in the middle of October. In some places, like Denver, Oakland, and New York City itself, police acted violently. In some places, including Miami, the protests were peaceful and some police officers supported the protests. After 2011 the numbers of people involved dwindled away.


title: Maser

text: A maser is a device that produces light and heat by using atoms to release energy. It was invented by Charles Hard Townes in the 1950s. A maser takes the small vibrations in atoms and amplifies them to release electromagnetic radiation. Originally, they were referred to by the acronym MASER or 'Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Unlike most radio transmitters, maser waves tend to have very similar wavelengths. Their usage was first predicted by Albert Einstein. In the 1960s masers were made to emit optical wavelengths, and soon were called lasers.


title: Generic drug

text: A generic drug is a drug that uses the same active ingredients than another drug, which is already on the market. This second drug often uses a brand name. The German company Bayer developed an analgesic based on acetylsalicylic acid in the late 19th century. It marketed the drug as "Aspirin". The drug is no longer under copyright, and anyone can produce a drug with the same active substances, but they may not call that drug Aspirin, because that is a trade name. Very often, such drugs are marketed with the name of the main active substance, and the name of the company producing the drug. In most cases generic drugs are cheaper to buy than the branded alternatives.


title: Fiona Apple

text: Fiona Apple McAfee Maggart, or Fiona Apple (born September 13, 1977) is an American musician. Her song "Criminal", which was on her first album, "Tidal", won a Grammy Award in 1998 for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance.


title: Ed Sullivan

text: Edward Vincent "Ed" Sullivan (September 28, 1901 – October 13, 1974) was an American entertainment writer and television host. He was best known as the presenter of the television variety show "The Ed Sullivan Show". The program was shown on television from 1948 to 1971 (twenty-three years). It was one of the longest-running variety shows in United States history.


title: Fiona Apple

text: Apple was born in New York City to singer Diane McAfee and actor Brandon Maggart. She started psychotherapy when she was 11. When she was 12 she was raped outside the apartment she lived in. She had obsessive-compulsive disorder.


title: Ed Sullivan

text: Sullivan was born in New York City, New York. His mother was Elizabeth F. Sullivan (née Smith) and his father was Peter Arthur Sullivan. He was of Irish descent. Sullivan used to be a boxer. He began his media work as a sportswriter for "The New York Evening Graphic".


title: Fiona Apple

text: In 1994 Apple gave demo tape containing the songs "Never Is a Promise", "Not One of Those Times", and "He Takes a Taxi" to her friend, who was the babysitter of music publicist Kathryn Schenker. Schenker passed the tape on to Sony Music executive Andy Slater. Slater signed Apple to the label. In 1996 Apple's first album "Tidal" was released. Apple won the MTV Video Music Award for "Best New Artist" for her song "Sleep to Dream" in 1997. Apple famously said that "the world is bullshit" in her acceptance speech.


title: Ed Sullivan

text: Sullivan was engaged to swimmer Sybil Bauer, but she died of cancer in 1927 at the age of 23. He married Sylvia Weinstein on April 28, 1930. She died on March 16, 1973. They had a daughter, Betty Sullivan. Betty married the "Ed Sullivan Show"'s producer, Bob Precht.


title: Fiona Apple

text: Apple sang with Johnny Cash on a cover of Simon & Garfunkel's "Bridge over Troubled Water" on Cash's 2002 album "American IV: The Man Comes Around".


title: Ed Sullivan

text: In September 1974, Sullivan had x-rays done. They showed that Sullivan had esophageal cancer. Only his family was told about it. Because the doctors did not give Sullivan a lot of time, the family chose not to tell him about it. Sullivan thought that his illness was because of ulcers. He died five weeks later, on October 13, 1974, at New York's Lenox Hill Hospital. 3,000 people went to his funeral. It was held at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York.


title: Fiona Apple

text: Apple's third album "Extraordinary Machine" was released in 2005. Apple was on the cover of NYLON magazine.


title: Fiona Apple

text: A cover of "I'm in the Middle of a Riddle" that Apple made with her sister Maude Maggart was released on February 4 on "Sweetheart", a Valentine's album only sold at Starbucks.


title: Fiona Apple

text: Apple is vegan. In October 2013 she asked a fan to leave her concert in Portland, Oregon after they shouted "Get healthy!" at her.


title: Root vegetable

text: Root vegetables are any root of plant, which is used as vegetables. In this context the term "root" is used to refer to an underground part of the plant. This is not necessarily its root, in the biological sense.


title: Root vegetable

text: Examples of root vegetables are carrots, onions, poi, potatoes and sweet potatoes, radishes, turnips, and yams.


title: Scrambled eggs

text: Scrambled eggs is a dish made from beaten whites and yolks of eggs (usually chicken). The dish often contains other ingredients. Cream, butter, milk, water or oil (used in China) will dilute the egg proteins to create a softer texture.


title: Scrambled eggs

text: The eggs and a large piece of butter are put into a saucepan over a low heat. The egg whites and egg yolks are then "scrambled" or mixed together. The mixture should be mixed together all the time they are being cooked.


title: Scrambled eggs

text: When cooked a little créme frâiche is added. This is because the eggs will be hot enough to carry on cooking themselves. Adding a cool liquid will stop the eggs from overcooking. Some salt and pepper or other seasoning can be added to taste as well.


title: Scrambled eggs

text: In the home the eggs can be mixed together first and then poured into a pan. The créme frâiche does not need to be added if the eggs will be eaten almost immediately.


title: Scrambled eggs

text: Properly made, the eggs should be moist and creamy consistency. If any liquid is coming from the eggs, it means the eggs have been overcooked or that the add the vegetables were undercooked.


title: Scrambled eggs

text: Using a double boiler or "bain-marie" means that the heat is constant, and does not to be adjusted to make sure the eggs do not brown or burn. The baine marie method is slower than cooking directly in a pan over a heat but makes it easier to cook the eggs perfectly. The eggs must be taken out of the bain marie when cooked, otherwise they will carry on cooking and spoil.


title: Scrambled eggs

text: Scrambled eggs may also be made in a microwave oven by put the ingredients in a glass bowl and cooking for 30 seconds then whisking, then cooking and whisking again until the desired consistency is achieved.


title: Scrambled eggs

text: Many things can be added to scrambled eggs. Often the end result can have a different name, for example:


title: Song of the South

text: Song of the South is a movie produced by Walt Disney. It was released on November 12, 1946, by RKO Radio Pictures. It is based on the Uncle Remus stories written by Joel Chandler Harris.


title: Song of the South

text: "Song of the South" has never been fully released on home video in the USA because of content which some people could see as racism towards black people and is thus subject to rumors. However, a song from the movie, Zip a Dee Doo Dah, is very popular, and there is a ride based on the movie at various Disney theme parks, though it was recently announced that it will be changed to a ride based on The Princess and the Frog as a result of the George Floyd protests. The movie also got a limited home video release in Asia, Europe, and South America.


title: If I Were a Boy

text: "If I Were a Boy" is a song by American singer Beyoncé, written by Toby Gad, BC Jean and Beyoncé Knowles for her third studio album, "I Am... Sasha Fierce" (2008).


title: If I Were a Boy

text: The music video for "If I Were a Boy" was directed by Jake Nava and portrays Knowles as an NYPD officer. It begins with Knowles and her husband reciting words such as "honesty" and "commitment". It later shows Knowles on patrol with her male partner. The video tells of the ways a both men and women hurt each other in a relationship. Knowles stated: "It's about all of the little things that mean so much in a relationship[…] At the end of the clip, you realize that I was acting out his life, and it all starts over again. He was a cop and everything that happened was really him doing the same thing to me."


title: Customer service

text: Customer service is doing things to satisfy a purchaser's needs. This may be before, during, or after the purchase. A major part of customer service is helping if merchandise is broken or not working properly. These situations are usually covered by a customer service policy. Many stores will have a special desk or area where people can take their complaints. One purpose is to persuade the customer to buy other things later.


title: Yobibyte

text: A yobibyte (YiB) is a large unit of measurement for computers of the future. Yobibytes hold 1024 zebibytes (ZiB).


title: Scott Cawthon

text: Scott Braden Cawthon (born June 4, 1978) is an American video game designer, developer, animator, and writer. He is best known as the creator of the "Five Nights of Freddy's" game franchise.


title: Scott Cawthon

text: Cawthon has also created other games, such as "Chipper & Son's Lumber Co.", "The Desolate Hope", and "There is No Pause Button!," as well as Christian-based animations such as "A Christmas Journey" and "The Pilgrim's Progress". He used Autodesk 3ds Max, Autodesk Maya, and Clickteam Fusion 2.5 to develop "Five Nights at Freddy's" and most of his other games.


title: Scott Cawthon

text: In 2015, Cawthon released his first novel, "". On June 24, 2016, Cawthon announced that he had made a 3-book deal with Scholastic and that the first book ("The Silver Eyes") would be re-printed on paperback in October that year, with the second and third being released in 2017 and 2018.


title: Surface area

text: Surface area the measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies (3D) object. The surface area of a polyhedron is found by finding the sum of the area of all of the faces. The surface area is found between many three-dimensional (3D) shapes using formulas.


title: Mario Maurer

text: Mario Maurer (, , born December 4, 1988) is a Thai model and actor. He started modeling at age 16. He got fame for his acting in the 2007 film, "The Love of Siam" and the 2010 sleeper hit, "First Love". He was the lead star of Thailand's highest grossing movie of all time.


title: Surface area

text: The surface area is useful because it tells you how much material is required in order to cover the object—for example, how much paint is needed to paint a table. Surface area is the sum of the faces, or surfaces, of a three dimensional shape.


title: Mario Maurer

text: Maurer's interests include skateboarding, hip-hop, and cars. He is of Thai Chinese and German descent. He cannot speak German. He only understands some Mandarin. He is a native speaker of Thai. He speaks English well. He converted to Roman Catholicism from Buddhism. On June 27, 2011, his father Roland died of a heart attack resulting from diabetes. He is close to his older brother. His brother is a hip-hop artist and actor. He was in a relationship with actress Gubgib Sumontip. They ended their nine year relationship in January 2013.


title: Surface area

text: Surface area increases rate of evaporation because there are more molecules touching the surface. There the surface molecules can draw heat energy from the surroundings, which makes the molecules heat up faster and escape faster. This process is also known as evaporation. For example, a bowl filled with water will evaporate much faster than a flask filled with the same amount.


title: Iambic pentameter

text: The two words seem difficult, because the words are Greek. "Pentameter" means "consisting of five measures" and "iambic" "consisting of iambs".


title: Iambic pentameter

text: The rhythm which words make in the line is measured in small groups of syllables called "feet". The word "iambic" refers to the type of foot that is used, known as the "iamb". This is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The word "pentameter" indicates that a line has five of these "feet".


title: Iambic pentameter

text: In theory every line is composed of ten syllables and have five stresses. Stresses fall on the second, the fourth, the sixth, the eighth and the tenth syllable. This is marked with two signs. The sign "x" stands for a syllable with no stress, and the sign "/" stands for a syllable with stress. So a line of iambic pentameter is:


title: Iambic pentameter

text: In real poems lines have often an extra syllable at the end and sometimes lack the first unaccented syllable. A line can be divided in five units that are called "feet". The unit x / is called an "iamb" or "iambic foot". Sometimes the pattern is changed. First foot can be reversed: / x x / x / x / x /.


title: Iambic pentameter

text: When iambic pentameter is unrhymed it is called blank verse. Blank verse was introduced into English poetry by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. Thomas Kyd used it in his "The Spanish Tragedy".


title: Iambic pentameter

text: There are no rhymes in blank verse, but alliteration often occurs in it, for example "prime and pride".


title: Iambic pentameter

text: William Shakespeare's dramas are written chiefly in blank verse. The first line of the famous Hamlet's monologue is an example:


title: Iambic pentameter

text: John Milton used blank verse in Paradise Lost. Many other poets (for example Edwin Atherstone, John Fitchett, Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning and Matthew Arnold employed it long poems. John Fitchett's "King Alfred" is perhaps the longest epic poem written in blank verse. It consists of more than 130 000 lines. But Alexander Pope wrote iambic pentameter with rhymes. One line rhymes with the next. It is called heroic couplet.


title: Iambic pentameter

text: Dramatic monologues are usually written in blank verse. Good examples are Tennyson's "St Simeon Stylites" and "Ulysses" or Browning's "The Ring and the Book". Robert Frost wrote similar poems in the United States.


title: Iambic pentameter

text: Lines of iambic pentameter can be set also into stanzas. An example of a stanza is rhyme royal that consists of seven lines and rhymes ababbcc. It was used by Emma Lazarus in the poem "Sympathy" from the sequence "Epochs".


title: Iambic pentameter

text: The rhythm of iambic pentameter is close to the rhythm of everyday English speech. Iambic pentameter is common in German literature, too. This example is from "The Flamingos" by Rainer Maria Rilke:


title: Fabian strategy

text: The Fabian strategy is a military strategy where one side avoids the other, and avoids pitched battles and frontal assaults.


title: Hold My Hand (Lady Gaga song)

text: "Hold My Hand" is a song recorded by American singer Lady Gaga. It was released May 3, 2022, as the lead single from the upcoming film "" (2022), starring Tom Cruise. It is a power ballad. Gaga wrote on social media that she had worked on the song for "years" and wanted to get it right. She dedicated it to "the world during and after a very hard time. I’ve wanted you to hear it for so long. And I’m so excited to give it to you on May 3." She also posted the song's credits, stating she and BloodPop® were co-writers and co-producers, with additional production from Benjamin Rice.


title: Fabian strategy

text: The object is to wear down the opponent by a "war of attrition". The side using this strategy harasses its enemy through skirmishes to weaken it, disrupt supply and affect morale.


title: Fabian strategy

text: This strategy is employed by a side which believes "time is on its side", but it may also be adopted when no other strategy is possible.


title: Jacobite succession

text: The Stuarts who claimed the thrones of England, Scotland, Ireland and France after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 were:


title: Jacobite succession

text: When Henry died, the succession passed to a different house, and none of the Jacobite heirs since has claimed the thrones of England or Scotland or put the arms of England and Scotland in their coats-of-arms.


title: Jacobite succession

text: Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia was a descendant of Charles I through his youngest daughter Henrietta Anne. Her daughter Anne Marie of Orléans married Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, and Charles IV was great-grandson of Queen Anne Marie in the male line.


title: Boundary (cricket)

text: In cricket, the boundary is the edge of the field. A rope is usually put on the boundary to show where it is. The word "boundary" can also mean the runs scored (either 4 or 6) when the ball touches the boundary or the ground outside the boundary.


title: Boundary (cricket)

text: In international cricket, the boundaries of the field are about or more from the center of the field.


title: Boundary (cricket)

text: If the ball is in play and touches the boundary or the ground outside of the field, then it is worth at least four runs, and the ball becomes dead (no longer in play). If the ball was hit by the batter, and didn't touch the ground in the field before or when it became dead, then it is worth six runs. If a fielder throws the ball at the boundary or the ground beyond the boundary, then four runs are scored as "overthrows" in addition to any runs the batters had already scored by running.


title: Boundary (cricket)

text: If the ball touches a fielder who is touching the boundary or the ground beyond the boundary, then it is treated as if the ball has touched the boundary. The same goes for when the ball touches a fielder who is in the air who touched the boundary or the ground beyond the boundary immediately before going in the air, if the fielder had not legally touched the ball before.


title: Boundary (cricket)

text: When a boundary is scored, any runs the batters scored by running do not count, unless the batters had scored more runs by running than the number of runs scored by the boundary; when this happens, the runs scored by the boundary do not count.


title: Boundary (cricket)

text: The Laws of Cricket allow the teams and umpires to agree to change the number of runs scored by the two types of boundaries before the game.


title: Boundary (cricket)

text: Four runs are scored when the ball touches the ground in the field and then touches the boundary or the ground beyond the boundary.


title: Boundary (cricket)

text: Six runs are scored when the ball touches the boundary, or the ground beyond the boundary, without having touched the ground in the field.


title: Crimean Tatars

text: Crimean Tatars (), are an East European Turkic people who are indigenous to Crimea, and mainly live there. Their native language is Crimean Tatar. Crimean Tatars follow Islam, and thus they celebrate most of the Muslim holidays. The Circumcision of boys called Sünnet is hold in a big ceremony .


title: Crimean Tatars

text: They have survived three occupations. First in 1783 when the Crimean Khanate, who was ruled by the Giray Dynasty, was annexed by the Russian Empire. This resulted in many Crimean Tatars fleeing to the territory of the Ottoman Empire during the late 18th to early 19th century. There descendants still live in Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania.


title: Crimean Tatars

text: The second deportation of Crimean Tatars took place in 1944, organised by the Soviet government. Then, on 18 May and during several following days, over 191 thousand people were deported to Central Asia and some north-eastern regions of Russia. According to different estimations, the deportation took lives of from one-third to half of the Crimean Tatar population of that time.


title: Crimean Tatars

text: Having returned home after the deportation as Ukraine had become independent, Crimean Tatars were forced to leave their land again due to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014.


title: Jonas Salk

text: Jonas Edward Salk (October 28, 1914 – June 23, 1995) was an American medical researcher and virologist, best known for his discovery and development of the first successful polio vaccine in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.


title: Jonas Salk

text: Salk was born on October 28, 1914 in New York City to a Jewish-Irish family. He studied at the City College of New York and at the University of New York. Salk was married to Donna Lindsey from 1939 until they divorced in 1968. He was married to Françoise Gilot from 1970 until his death in 1995.


title: Jonas Salk

text: He had three children with Lindsey. Salk died on June 23, 1995 in his home in La Jolla, California from heart failure, aged 80. He was buried at El Camino Memorial Park in San Diego, California.


title: Maasai

text: The Maasai are an ethnic group of people that live in Kenya and in the north of Tanzania. They are well known for the way that they dress and because they live near some national parks in Africa that a lot of tourists go to. They speak a language called "Maa".


title: Maasai

text: The Maasai are an old nomad African tribe in the group of Nilotes who have always lived in Africa principally in the north of Tanzania and southern Kenya. They were discovered by settlers around the 19th century.


title: Maasai

text: They live near the African savannah in animal reserves, for example the Masaai Mara reserve and the Serengeti.


title: Maasai

text: The women build houses called Manyatta; the men build a fence around the village to protect them from lions.


title: Maasai

text: The Masaai people live with animals because they are pastrolists. The more cattle a Maasai man has, the richer he is. They can't live without animals because their wealth comes from them . The Masaai drink cow’s blood because they believe they will be stronger.


title: Maasai

text: The Maasai speak Maa, very similar in pronuncuation to their Nilotic counterparts, the Luo and Kalenjin.


title: Maasai

text: Physically, they are very tall and slim. Everybody wears bandannas and beaded jewellry, apply dye from dried up cow blood.


title: Maasai

text: They shave their women during marriages and their men pay a lot of dowry,in form of cattle to the bride's family.


title: Maasai

text: During initiation,the boys in their teen ages, jump over fire and kill a lion in order to be called men. There on,they can get married.


title: Maasai

text: The Maa people have a bad practice of Female Genital Mutilation in order to make them 'women'. This is a bad practice as this could make the young girls die from complications in birth,over bleeding. But the government of Kenya, Tanzania and NGO's have educated the locals over the dangers of FGM.


title: Kristen Bell

text: Kristen Anne Bell (born July 18, 1980) is an American actress. She stared in "Forgetting Sarah Marshall", "Veronica Mars", "When in Rome", "Spartan", "Gossip Girl", "Polish Wedding", and in the 2012 comedy "Hit and Run". She was nominated for a Golden Globe and the Critic's Choice Award for "The Good Place".


title: Kristen Bell

text: She was born in Huntington Woods, Michigan. Her parents divorced when she was two, and she has two older stepsisters from her father's second marriage. She also has two younger half-sisters and two younger half-brothers from her mother's second marriage.


title: Kristen Bell

text: She began dating Dax Shepard in 2007. They became engaged in January 2010 and married on October 17, 2013. They have 3 children: Lincoln Bell Shepard (born March 28, 2013), Delta Bell Shepard (born December, 2014) and Simon Kenneth Shepard (born January 24, 2018).


title: Connective tissue

text: Connective tissue is a fibrous tissue. It is one of the four traditional classes of tissues (the others being epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue).


title: Connective tissue

text: Connective tissue (CT) is found throughout the body. It has 3 main components; cells, fibres, and extracellular matrix.


title: Connective tissue

text: Connective tissue makes up a variety of physical structures including, tendons, blood, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, and lymphatic tissue. CT is classified into three subtypes: embryonic CT, proper CT, and special CT.


title: Connective tissue

text: Collagen is the main protein of connective tissue in animals and the most abundant protein in mammals, making up about 25% of the total protein content.


title: West Yorkshire

text: West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England. It was created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 and in 2005 covered an area of 2,029 km² and a population of 2.1 million. It is the most built up and biggest urban area in Yorkshire.


title: West Yorkshire

text: West Yorkshire is divided into five local government districts; they are the City of Bradford, Calderdale, Kirklees, the City of Leeds and the City of Wakefield. The county borders Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Derbyshire, North Yorkshire and South Yorkshire.


title: West Yorkshire

text: This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of West Yorkshire at current basic prices published (pp.240-253) by "Office for National Statistics" with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.


title: Phloem

text: In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue made up of small tubes which carry watery sap containing sugar and other organic nutrients to all parts of the plant where the nutrients are used for growth, or stored until needed. The sugar is made by photosynthesis. In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark, therefore the name, that comes from the Greek word φλοιος ("phloios") for "bark".


title: Phloem

text: Aphids (greenfly) and other insects feed on the phloem by inserting a fine tube into the plant, penetrating the tiny phloem cells deep within the plant. The high pressure in the phloem tubes forces the phloem sap into the insect. Most of the sugar passes right through the insect, so that nearby surfaces get sticky and often become black due to the growth of fungus.


title: Phloem

text: Water, which is absorbed by the plant's roots, travels up the stem to the leaf through the xylem. This means that the xylem helps during photosynthesis by bringing water up the plant. It does the same job that blood vessels do in animals.


title: Me Too movement

text: "Me Too" (or "#MeToo", with local alternatives in other languages) is a viral two-word hashtag used on social media in October 2017 to reject sexual assault and harassment, in the wake of sexual misconduct allegations against movie producer and executive Harvey Weinstein.


title: Me Too movement

text: The phrase, long used in this sense by social activist Tarana Burke, was popularized by actress Alyssa Milano, who encouraged women to tweet it to publish their experience to reject the widespread nature of misogynistic behavior. In the manosphere, some people described the Me Too movement as misandric.


title: Me Too movement

text: Since then, millions of people have used the hashtag to come forward with their experiences, including many celebrities.


title: Me Too movement

text: Some men, such as actors Terry Crews and James Van Der Beek, have responded to the hashtag with their own experiences of harassment and abuse.


title: Me Too movement

text: On November 16, 2017, US Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York specifically referred to "the 'Me Too' Movement" when asked about allegations of sexual misconduct by politicians such as President Donald Trump, former President Bill Clinton, Senator Al Franken of Minnesota, and Roy Moore.


title: Terengganu

text: Terangganu (; :ترڠݢانو, formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu, is a state in Malaysia on the northeastern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital city of Terengganu is Kuala Terengganu.


title: Spider monkey

text: Spider monkeys are New World monkeys, genus Ateles. They are small monkeys, well suited to living in trees. In fact, they rarely come down to the ground. These monkeys move quickly through trees by swinging and jumping from branch to branch.


title: Butcher

text: A butcher is person whose job is to prepare and sell meat. Some butchers also kill the animals the meat is from. Butchers also prepare sausages, and other meat-products.


title: Spider monkey

text: Spider monkeys are found in rainforests in southern Mexico to the northern part of South America. Spider monkeys live in groups or bands of 10 to 40 monkeys. Every band lives in its own territory and one band of monkeys will not enter the territory of another band. Spider monkeys have one offspring per year. They live between 20 to 27 years, or more.


title: Spider monkey

text: Usually the leader female of the whole group is responsible for finding and gathering all the food for the rest of the group. When there is not enough food, they sometimes eat bark, or honey, or insects.


title: Spider monkey

text: Spider monkeys are extremely quick, and they have long, thin fingers with almost no hair at all. Unlike other monkeys, they use their tail much more than their fingers, and their tails are longer than their bodies. These tails can grasp and pick things up.


title: Spider monkey

text: They have long, spindly limbs, which explains the spider monkey's common name. Their tails are fully prehensile, meaning they can pick things up with it, and they can swing from it. The tail, which may be up to long, is very flexible, with hairless tips and skin grooves similar to fingerprints. This adaptation to their strictly arboreal lifestyle serves as a fifth hand. They are clumsy on the ground.


title: Steve Martin

text: Stephen Glenn Martin (born August 14, 1945) is an American comedian, actor, writer, producer, and musician.


title: Steve Martin

text: Martin was born in Waco, Texas to Glenn Vernon Martin, a real estate salesman and aspiring actor, and Mary Lee Stewart, a housewife. Martin was raised in Inglewood, California and Garden Grove, California. He is of English, French, German, Irish and Scottish descent.


title: Steve Martin

text: As a teenager, Martin started out working at the Magic Shop at Disneyland. There he developed his talents for magic, juggling, playing the banjo and creating balloon animals. He teamed up with friend and Garden Grove High School classmate Kathy Westmoreland to do a musical comedy routine. They performed at local coffee houses and at the Bird Cage Theater in Knott's Berry Farm. Martin attended Santa Ana College at the same time as actress Diane Keaton.


title: Steve Martin

text: Martin majored in philosophy at California State University, Long Beach, but dropped out. His time there changed his life:


title: Steve Martin

text: "It changed what I believe and what I think about everything. I majored in philosophy. Something about non-sequiturs appealed to me. In philosophy, I started studying logic, and they were talking about cause and effect, and you start to realize, 'Hey, there is no cause and effect! There is no logic! There is no anything!' Then it gets real easy to write this stuff, because all you have to do is twist everything hard—you twist the punch line, you twist the non-sequitur so hard away from the things that set it up, that it's easy... and it's thrilling."


title: Steve Martin

text: Martin's girlfriend in 1967 was a dancer on "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour". She helped Martin get a writing job with the show by submitting his work to head writer Mason Williams. Williams initially paid Martin out of his own pocket. Along with the other writers for the show, Martin won an Emmy Award in 1969. Martin also wrote for John Denver (a neighbor of his in Aspen, Colorado at one point), The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour, and The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour. He also appeared on these shows and several others, in various comedy skits.


title: Steve Martin

text: Martin also performed his own material, sometimes as an opening act for groups such as The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band and The Carpenters. He appeared at San Francisco's The Boarding House among other places. He continued to write, earning an Emmy nomination for his work on Van Dyke and Company in 1976.


title: Steve Martin

text: Martin stated comedians like Smothers Brothers, George Carlin, Jerry Lewis, Redd Foxx, Woody Allen, George Burns, Jack Benny, Monty Python and Richard Pryor as influences.


title: Steve Martin

text: In the mid-1970s, he made appearances as a stand-up comedian on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. That exposure, together with appearances on HBO's On Location and NBC's Saturday Night Live (SNL) led to his first of four comedy albums, "Let's Get Small". The album was a huge success.


title: Steve Martin

text: His next album, "A Wild and Crazy Guy", was a bigger success. It reached the #2 spot on the sales chart in the United States. It created a catch phrase (the album's title). It was based on an SNL skit in which Martin and Dan Aykroyd played a couple of bumbling Czechoslovakian playboys. The album was a million seller.


title: Steve Martin

text: Martin's first movie was a short, "The Absent-Minded Waiter" (1977). The seven-minute long movie, also featuring Buck Henry and Teri Garr, was written by and starred Martin. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award as Best Short Film, Live Action. His first feature movie appearance was in the musical "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". He sang the Beatles' "Maxwell's Silver Hammer".


title: Steve Martin

text: In 1979, Martin wrote and starred in his first full-length movie, "The Jerk", directed by Carl Reiner. The movie was a huge success, grossing over $73 million. Martin was in three more Reiner-directed comedies after "The Jerk": "Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid" in 1982, "The Man with Two Brains" in 1983 and "All of Me" in 1984. In 1986, Martin joined fellow Saturday Night Live veterans Martin Short and Chevy Chase in "¡Three Amigos"!, directed by John Landis.


title: Steve Martin

text: In 1986, Martin was in the musical movie version of the hit off-Broadway play "Little Shop of Horrors" as a sadistic dentist, Orin Scrivello.


title: Steve Martin

text: In 1987, Martin joined comedian John Candy in the John Hughes movie, "Planes, Trains and Automobiles". That same year, the Cyrano de Bergerac adaptation "Roxanne" won him a Writers Guild of America award. In 1988, he did "Dirty Rotten Scoundrels" with Michael Caine and directed by Frank Oz.


title: Steve Martin

text: In 2005, Martin wrote and starred in "Shopgirl". Martin played a wealthy businessman who strikes up a romance with a Saks 5th Avenue counter girl (Claire Danes). He also starred in "Cheaper by the Dozen 2" that year. Martin's latest work was in the 2006 remake of "The Pink Panther".


title: Computer-aided design

text: Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer software to help create, change, analyse or optimize designs. It is meant to help the designer create better quality, more precise, and neater designs. It also helps improve communication of the design by creating documentation for it as well as a database for manufacturing. CAD is used in many places such as architecture and product design.


title: Computer-aided design

text: Designing using CAD can take longer than the traditional way of drawing on paper and costs more because of the software. Also, people often need to be trained to understand CAD.


title: Egg fruit

text: The egg fruit tree is approximately 8 meters tall and has oblong fruits that range from 7 to 12 centimeters in length. The fruits can vary in shape. Some have a straight point at the end and can be curved at the tip. When ripe, the egg fruit looks golden-orange and occasionally exhibits rusty brown blotches, which is normal for this plant. The interior is similar to both the color and texture of a hard-boiled egg yolk, hence the name, and contains 1-4 hard black seeds. Ripe egg fruit flows a strong musky smell.


title: Egg fruit

text: Egg fruit is commonly referred to as canistel and botanically classified as "Pouteria campechiana". It is a member of the "Sapotaceae Family" and a close relative of the more popular tropical fruit, Sapota. Egg fruit is also sometimes referred to as yellow sapote. Egg fruit gets its name from the consistency of its flesh. When ripe, the egg fruit is said to resemble a hard-boiled egg yolk with the flavors of roasted sweet potato.


title: Egg fruit

text: Egg fruit is often eaten raw as a simple snack with a sprinkle of salt and lemon juice. It is also used in sweet baking applications as a pumpkin-like ingredient. The pureed flesh may be added into custards, ice creams, bread, pancakes, smoothies, milkshakes or made into jams and marmalades. The egg fruit is a central ingredient in recipes for vegan cheesecake, eggnog, deviled eggs, and even cheese. Complimentary flavors include allspice, cinnamon, ginger, thyme, turmeric, orange, maple syrup, pecans, walnuts, almond, coconut, and vanilla.


title: Egg fruit

text: The Egg fruit is native to southern North America and northern Central America, including the countries of Mexico, El Salvador, Belize, and Guatemala. It has since been naturalized throughout the world in tropical and subtropical climates. The trees thrive with moderate precipitation, but can also do well in regions of prolonged dry seasons.


title: Street art

text: Street art is a kind of visual art in a public place. It can include styles like impressionism, cubism or pop art.


title: Street art

text: A lot of poor people try to survive by asking a little money in the street. They sometimes do the same while making art. These are the "original", "true" street artists. They make music, theatre, temporary paintings on the ground. The other ones are more likely called "urban artist".


title: Street art

text: A spray can is a artistic tool used by writers on the walls in cities like Philadelphia or New York in 1970. This technique is still used but remain considered more or less as vandalism. One of the most important New York writer wrote SEEN on subways in New York.


title: Street art

text: The artist Banksy said in December 2010 in a French newspaper called "Le Monde" (The world) that he has been influenced by the street art of Paris. For him it is the May 1968 mini revolution that started the street art movement. He also mentioned stencil artist Blek le Rat.


title: Street art

text: Land art is an art movement in which the landscape and the work of art are linked. It is also an art form that is created in nature, using natural materials. Christo and Jeanne-Claude were a couple who made illegal art in the street of Paris in 1962 to protest against the Berlin Wall. In 1972, and 1976 they made land art in the desert of California, building a very long fence. In 1985, they made a huge work in Paris. They wrapped the oldest bridge of the city with polyamide fabric. They had to negotiate for years to have the permission of doing it. So it was official but it was controversial.


title: Street art

text: After the Berlin wall collapsed, a man called Shepard Fairey started gluing images of a dead French wrestler called André the Giant in California. It was a phenomenon. Fairey opened a web site were he just said it was phenomenology. It was so absurd people could not stop talking about it. Stickers were made of the image of the dead wrestler. It was considered "cool" by some skateboarders.


title: Street art

text: In 1999, in Seattle, took place a WTO (World Trade Organisation) summit. There took place big demonstrations. Others summits took place in Prague (2000) and in Genoa (July 2001). The youth that demonstrate during this summit used "Absurd Propaganda", "culture jamming" and other artistic techniques to "reclaim the streets". After the president Georges W. Bush was elected and the 9/11 (September 2001), the absurd propaganda seemed to have a political meaning. So, critics came to the idea to call that phenomenon artivism. Something part art and part activism.


title: Street art

text: In 1999, an artist called Space Invader (who took his name from a video game) started putting little mosaic work in Paris. He started by doing it in a museum called the Louvre. French television showed it. Then he started doing it in every city he could. So he met other artists in other cities. Because his work is not ephemeral but very discreet, the authorities let him do. Only in Amsterdam, the city council decided to officially remove them.


title: Street art

text: In the same time he opened a web site so people from around the world could relay and participate. He invited Shepard Fairey in Paris in march 2003. Malcolm McLaren who invented punk was there to.


title: Linear independence

text: Linear independence is a concept from linear algebra. It is used to talk about vector spaces. Each vector space has a null vector. This vector is expressed as a linear combination (a sum) of other vectors. A set of these vectors is called "linearly independent" if and only if all of them are needed to express this null vector. This is equivalent to saying that at least one of the vectors can be expressed as a linear combination of the others. If the vectors are not linearly independent, they are called "linearly dependent".


title: Malcolm I of Scotland

text: Malcolm I, (897 - 3 December 954) was king of Scotland from 943-954. He was the successor to his first cousin once removed King Constantine II. He was the monarch who celebrated the 100th anniversary of Scottish monarchs (843-943).


title: Linear independence

text: Here the first three vectors are linearly independent; but the fourth vector equals nine times the first plus five times the second plus four times the third, so the four vectors together are linearly dependent. Linear dependence is a property of the family, not of any particular vector; for example in this case we could just as well write the first vector as a linear combination of the last three.


title: Malcolm I of Scotland

text: Malcolm was born between 896 and 900 somewhere in Scotland. The place and exact time of his birth is unclear like many of the monarchs before him.


title: Malcolm I of Scotland

text: His reign began in 943, 100 years after Kenneth I. His reign lasted 11 years until 954. During his reign he married Bethoc. They had two children, Dub (later to be king) and Kenneth III (also to be king). He also may have had a child named Mogallus mac Malcolm, prince of Scots in 934, before becoming king.


title: Malcolm I of Scotland

text: Malcolm died in 954. The throne went to Indulf, and later to his two sons Kenneth and Dub. After his death, many monarchs would take his name as king of Alba "Rex Alban" making him "according to some sources" the first king of Alba, instead of Constantine II.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: On 23 March 2021, "Ever Given", a container ship, got stuck on the shore of the Suez Canal in Egypt. The ship was 400 meters long. A sand storm and strong winds of up to made it hit the banks in the canal. Authorities said that this was not the main reason for the accident and that something probably went wrong with the ship or the crew made a mistake. The accident stopped any other vessels from passing through the canal.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: By 27 March, four days after the ship got stuck, over 300 ships were lined up to pass through the canal while they waited for the problem to be fixed. On March 29th, 2021, the ship was finally free to move again. However, the event made a major impact on the global economy, because all cargo ships traveling across the Suez Canal were delayed.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: The Suez Canal is one of the world's most important trading routes. It was opened in 1869. By 2021, over a century later, around fifty ships travel through the canal each day. This is about 12% of total global trade. When it was built, the canal was basically one way, with a part in the middle where ships could pass each other. Today, ships can pass each other in many parts of the canal. Where this is not possible, groups of ships must take turns. The canal is being expanded, but most parts are still single-lane.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: "Ever Given" was first put into the water on 9 May 2018, and started operating on 25 September 2018. The owner is Shoei Kisen Kaisha, a company of Japan's Imabari Shipbuilding. The operator is the Taiwan-based company Evergreen Marine and the vessel is managed by Bernhard Schulte Shipmanagement. The vessel is registered in Panama. The ship's owners, Shoei Kisen Kaisha, have insurance covered for $3.1 billion. Evergreen's Protection and Indemnity (third party) liabilities insurance cover is provided by mutual UK P&I Club. The ship is insured in the Japanese market. Insurance industry sources say the ship's owners could be facing insurance claims from the Suez Canal Authority (SCA) for loss of money and other ships who were stuck behind it. Container ships of this size are usually insured for hull and machinery damage of between $100 and $140 million.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: Bill Kavanagh, a National Maritime College of Ireland lecturer and former captain, has said that sailing through the Suez canal was very difficult, and risky. Wind can cause the container areas of vessels to act like a sail and affect the course of the ship. Also, once a heavy ship like the "Ever Given" starts to go off the path, it's hard to steer.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: The government of Egypt requires ships traveling through the canal to be boarded by an Egyptian "Suez crew", including one or more official maritime pilots from Egypt's SCA. These people command the ship, taking over from the regular crew. There were two Egyptian SCA pilots on board at the time of the accident.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: "Ever Given" was travelling from Tanjung Pelepas, Malaysia, to Rotterdam, Netherlands. It was fifth in a northbound convoy, with fifteen vessels behind it when it got stuck near the village of Manshiyet Rugola.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: On 23 March 2021, at 07:40 EGY (05:40 UTC), the "Given" was travelling through the Suez Canal when it was caught in a sandstorm. The strong winds, which reached , resulted in the "loss of the ability to steer the ship," and caused the hull to change direction. The "Ever Given" then hit the bank at the mark (measured from Port Said on the Mediterranean Sea; from Suez Port on the Gulf of Suez). Suez is at the southern end of the canal. The ship turned sideways, and blocked the canal on both sides. The crew of the "Ever Given", was accounted for, and no injuries were reported. At this point, the Suez Canal is a single waterway.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: Evert Lataire, head of maritime technology division at the University of Ghent, looked at the situation and found that the bank effect may have contributed to the grounding. This effect causes the stern of a ship to swing toward the near bank when operating in constricted waterway. Other forces were winds pushing the ship from the side. Since most of the focus of modern ship design is directed towards efficiency and stability at sea, the effects of hydrodynamics in shallow waters need to be studied further.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: Over 200 vessels at both ends of the canal were stopped by "Ever Given", including five other container ships of similar size. These include 41 bulk carriers and 24 crude tankers. The vessels represented roughly 16.9 million tonnes of deadweight. Some docked at ports and anchorages in the area, but many remained in place. The ships in the area range from small cargo vessels to large ships, including the Russian Navy Altay-class oiler "Kola", which had been involved in a minor collision with bulk carrier "Ark Royal" earlier that day.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: Officials plan to move two vessels from behind "Ever Given" to make room for the refloating operation. Fuel and ballast water were removed from the ship to help lighten it; heavy machinery, including an excavator, worked to dig the bow out. Eight tugboats are assisting in the attempt to pull it free. Peter Berdowski, Chief Executive of Royal Boskalis Westminster, stated that the operation "can take days to weeks".


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: On 25 March, the Suez Canal Authority (SCA) stopped navigation through the Suez Canal until the "Given" could be refloated. The same day, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi's advisor on seaports stated that he expected the canal to be cleared in "48–72 hours, maximum". The following day, the Suez Canal Authority said that its dredging operations were about 87 percent complete.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: On 26 March, the SCA accepted an offer made by a United States Navy assessment team of dredging experts to assist in efforts to remove the ship.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: On 27 March, the SCA said that 14 tugboats were trying to take advantage of that day's high tide and that more would arrive the following day if the latest attempt failed. Yukito Higaki, president of owners Shoei Kisen, reported that the ship did not appear to be damaged, saying "The ship is not taking water. Once it refloats, it should be able to operate." There is no timeline of when the canal might be reopened. However, by 5:00 PM GMT, according to Egypt Today, the ship had moved by 30 meters (100 feet) towards the north. Delays in shipping may persist after the "Ever Given" is freed from its current predicament, as vessels may face busy ports and additional delays before offloading. As of 27 March, more than 300 ships are delayed at both ends and in the middle of the canal, with many more still approaching or having altered their paths.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: Addressing a press conference, Osama Rabie, SCA Chairman, said that weather conditions were "not the main reasons" for the ship's grounding, adding, "There may have been technical or human errors... All of these factors will become apparent in the investigation."


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: On 28 March, the Egyptian President, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, ordered preparations for lightening the ship's cargo.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: Experts have warned that this incident will probably cause shipping delays of everyday items for customers around the world. "Lloyd's List" estimates the value of the goods delayed each hour at US $400 million, and that every day it takes to clear the obstruction will disrupt an additional US$9 billion worth of goods.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: Michael Lynch, president of Strategic Energy & Economic Research, made a point that a rise in oil prices was caused by other people buying large amounts of oil while prices were low and then selling off oil at higher prices while oil was in shortage: "people buying in after recent declines in oil prices, with the Suez closing the trigger factor". James Williams, energy economist at WTRG Economics said that due to existing stocks "a few days of slowdown in [oil] delivery is not critical to the market." After the Ever Green was freed on 29 March 2021, the oil prices dropped again.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: The event will only delay goods, which might only impact industries with existing shortages such as with semiconductors. To act against shortages of goods in the long term, future shipments can be ordered earlier than normal until the difference has been made up. However, a consultant at another firm noted that even a short-term disruption at the Suez Canal would have a domino effect for several months along the supply chain. Some freight forwarders noted that demand for alternative means of transportation was expected to rise within the next few weeks on Europe to Asia routes as a consequence of shippers trying to avoid the disruption and uncertainty caused by the blockage of the canal.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: The usual backup route for ships between Asia and Europe is to go around the African continent via the Cape of Good Hope. This route is long and takes 10 to 12 more days. As of March 26, some ships had already taken that route. Russia has used this incident to promote its Arctic shipping routes as a shorter alternative to carrying goods around Africa.


title: 2021 Suez Canal incident

text: Several people have warned that the number of ships with valuable cargo in such a small area may attract pirates. Certain shipping companies already asked for United States fleet, based in Bahrain, to increase security.


title: Non-Newtonian fluid

text: A non-Newtonian fluid is a thixotropic fluid which changes its viscosity when the forces on it change.


title: Non-Newtonian fluid

text: Other flow properties may also be affected. Most commonly viscosity of such fluids is not independent of the shear rate or the shear rate history. Examples of such fluids are blood, quicksand and certain components of cement. Many lubricants, ketchup, and oobleck. Also certain forms of dough and pudding also have this property.


title: Non-Newtonian fluid

text: It is very simple to make a non-Newtonian fluid at home. All one needs is water and cornstarch. Mix these two ingredients together at a rate of one part cornstarch and one and a half parts water. That makes a non-Newtonian fluid called oobleck.


title: Mazinho

text: Mazinho (born 8 April, 1966) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Ed, Edd n Eddy

text: Ed, Edd n Eddy is a children's animated television series created by Danny Antonucci. It was produced by the studio a.k.a. Cartoon and Cartoon Network Studios. The show is about three boys called "the Eds" who live in a cul-de-sac. They also create scams (tricks) in their neighborhood. These tricks could be items that the other kids might want to buy. They do this so the other kids will give them money to buy jawbreakers. Most of the times, their plans end in a bad way.


title: Ed, Edd n Eddy

text: Before Cartoon Network started writing the show, Antonucci tried to sell it to Nickelodeon. However, the channel wanted to control what he does with the show. Antonucci did not agree to that and went with the former. Four specials, and two books were made. The characters of the show were also in many comic books and video games. The series ended with the TV movie "Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show" on September 6, 2010.


title: Ed, Edd n Eddy

text: The show got mostly good reviews and many awards and nominations. Kids and adults from 31 million households in 30 different countries watched the show. The show became Cartoon Network's longest-airing show.


title: Bandana

text: A bandana is a triangular or square piece of cloth tied around the head, face or neck. It can be used for protection or decoration. It was made by Middle eastern and south Asians in the city Kashmir. They were wearing it as a symbol of love between the Middle East and South Asia.


title: Chevrolet Cruze

text: The Chevrolet Cruze is a four-door sedan and hatchback that is built by General Motors' Chevrolet brand. A subcompact Cruze based on the Suzuki Ignis was built between 2001 and 2008. Since 2008, the current compact has been produced as a replacement for the Chevrolet Cobalt. The Cruze is actually a rebadged Daewoo Lacetti Premiere, prior to its introduction, the original model was sold under Suzuki in America. Chevrolet Cruze is the only compact model to not have a Pontiac twin, instead it shares similarities with the new Buick Verano.


title: Chevrolet Cruze

text: In the US, the Cruze is available with either a 1.8-liter or 1.4-liter 4-cylinder engine producing 138 hp. Both are available with six-speed manual and automatic transmissions. GM has announced that in late 2016 a hatchback version of the Cruze will be offered in North America.


title: Chaff (countermeasure)

text: In the military, chaff are small thin pieces of metal which are shot out of an airplane or warship. These thin strips of metal make it harder for enemy radar to detect where the plane or ship is. The thin strips of metal also make it harder for radar-guided missiles to hit the plane or warship. The chaff tricks the enemy and helps to keep the plane or warship safe. Chaff was invented during World War II.


title: Equity (law)

text: In common law countries equity is based on a judiciary assessment of fairness. It is what is often what is considered fair and right under natural law. It is used when the laws themselves do not address an issue or are inadequate in some way. Examples of equity decisions include imposing a lien, correcting a property line or ordering someone to do something to prevent damage.


title: Equity (law)

text: Common law in England can be traced back to the Norman conquest. The laws, such as they were then, did not address every concern. At first, a subject (of the king) had to petition the king to ask to be heard in his court. One of the first instances of this was in 1070 when Lanfranc, the Archbishop of Canterbury had a case against Odo, Earl of Kent, the king's brother. The archbishop petitioned that lands taken by Odo be restored. Rules of equity began when it became apparent that the common law courts could not solve all legal problems. The king set up courts of chancery (equity). By the 1800s the equity courts were becoming obsolete. In 1875 Parliament did away with the chancery courts altogether.


title: Equity (law)

text: States in New England followed the English tradition of maintaining separate courts for law and equity. Others, however, combined their courts with both types of jurisdiction. This is what Congress did with respect to the US federal courts. United States bankruptcy courts are the one example of US federal courts which operate as courts of equity.


title: Qari

text: Although it is encouraged, a reciter ("Qari") does not necessarily have to memorise the Qur'an, just to recite it with proper rules.


title: Rangeley, Maine

text: Rangeley is a town in Franklin County, Maine in the United States. The population was 1,168 in the 2010 census. The town is on the east side of Rangeley Lake, in the Western Maine mountains. It is a popular summer resort. The winters are very cold with a snow cover. A sign in town says that Rangeley is halfway between the Equator and the North Pole.


title: Rangeley, Maine

text: Rangeley is named after an English settler, Squire James Rangeley. He had a 31,000 acre piece of land that was bought in 1796 by his father. He came in 1825 to build the town. He built a sawmill, a gristmill, a mansion, and a ten-mile road to get to other towns.


title: Rangeley, Maine

text: The Phillips and Rangeley railroad opened in 1891 and tourists from Boston; Hartford; New York; and Philadelphia started to come. In the early 1900s, Rangeley became a summer resort area with camps, cabins, summer homes, and hotels. The cool mountain climate and plenty of sport fishing make this a likeable town.


title: Rangeley, Maine

text: Some local people became fishing guides for visitors. Among the fishermen was President Herbert Hoover. The big hotels went away during World War II. The Rangeley Lake House was torn down in 1958. New hotels have taken their place, so Rangeley remains popular.


title: Rangeley, Maine

text: One of many famous people who lives in Rangeley is Kurt Russell, the movie star. He quietly owns a home in the mountains here. He is locally called by the name "Snake Plisskin". His father, the actor Bing Russell, was a native of Rangeley.


title: Rangeley, Maine

text: Wilhelm Reich, a well-known Austrian-American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst made his home in Rangeley during his later years. He took over a large estate () and named it Orgonon. It became his home, laboratory and research center. Reich is buried here on the grounds. It is now open to the public as the Wilhelm Reich Museum, with rental cottages available.


title: Darren Ambrose

text: Darren Ambrose (born 29 February 1984) was an English football player. He played for Ipswich Town, Newcastle United, Charlton Athletic, Crystal Palace, Birmingham City, Apollon Smyrnis, and Colchester United.


title: Modes of limited transposition

text: Modes of limited transposition are a kind of musical scale. They were used by the French composer Olivier Messiaen.


title: Focus city

text: In the airline industry, a focus city is an airport that is important to one airline but is not a hub. An airline has daily flights from the Focus city to many destinations that are also not its hubs. Even though the word ""city"" is part of this term, it means a city's airport, not the city.


title: Modes of limited transposition

text: Major scales have twelve different transpositions. This means that a major scale can start on any of the twelve notes (C, C#, D, D# etc.). There are also twelve different transpositions of the minor scale. Each transposition (“each scale”) is a different combination of notes (in this case: all of them).


title: Focus city

text: An example of an airline's focus city is US Airways (now part of American Airlines) at Washington National Airport in Arlington, Virginia. Focus city airports can have some of the same facilities that hubs have. For example, the airline may repair or clean their aircraft at a focus city because it is cheaper. They might also have places and equipment to handle cargo.


title: Modes of limited transposition

text: A chromatic scale (one which uses every note, i.e. using all white and black notes of a keyboard) only has one transposition. This means that a chromatic scale can start on any note: each time it is the same combination of notes.


title: Focus city

text: Many low-cost carriers that mostly fly point-to-point use focus cities more than hubs. Southwest Airlines, Spirit Airlines, JetBlue Airways, Allegiant Air and WestJet in the Americas, and Ryanair, EasyJet, Norwegian Air Shuttle and Wizz Air in Europe are examples.


title: Modes of limited transposition

text: Messiaen was fascinated by scales that only had a few (usually two or three) transpositions. For example: the whole tone scale, which rises by a whole tone each time, has two transpositions. It can start, for example, on a C, so that the notes are C, D, E, F#, G#, A#, C. It can start on a C# so that the notes are C#, D#, F, G, A, B, C#. Transposing this up another semitone, starting on D, would give D, E, F#, G#, A#, C, D which is exactly the same combination of notes as the first one (the starting note is not important). The whole-tone scale was used by many composers including Glinka, Liszt and, especially, Debussy. Messiaen called it the "first mode" of transposition.


title: Modes of limited transposition

text: Messiaen’s "second mode", also called the “octatonic scale”, rises by alternating semitone, tone, semitone, tone etc. Messiaen used this scale a great deal, not just in his tunes but in the chords that he used (i.e. melodically and harmonically).


title: Modes of limited transposition

text: Messiaen liked these modes because there is no note which sounds like the starting note. All the notes sound equal. He described them as having "the charm of impossibilities."


title: Lübeck

text: Lübeck (, "Lübeek"; adjective: "lübsch", "lübisch", at the latest since the 19th century also "Lübeck", ) is a city in the North of Germany, in the state of Schleswig-Holstein.


title: Lübeck

text: The city's full name is "Hansestadt Lübeck" (Hanseatic city of Lubeck) in memory of its history. It was an important part in the Hanseatic League. The architecture of the city and the region as well is influenced by this historic period. As the "Free City of Lübeck", the city was a state of the Weimar Republic. Other Hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Bremen, Greifswald and Demmin.


title: Gustave Flaubert

text: Gustave Flaubert ( in French) (12 December 1821 – 8 May 1880) was a French writer. He is known especially for his first published novel, "Madame Bovary" (1857) and a historical novel "Salmmbô" (1862). He was very devoted to what he did, and always looked for the word that would best fit the context. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage.


title: Aries (constellation)

text: Aries is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is in the Northern Hemisphere. Aries is Latin for ram - a male sheep. Its symbol is (), which represents a ram's horns. Aries had the meaning of a ram four thousand years ago in Babylonia. It represents the ram whose fleece (hair) became the Golden Fleece in Ancient Greek Mythology. The astronomer Ptolemy listed Aries when he made a list of 48 constellations.


title: Dniester

text: The River Dniester is a large river of eastern Europe. It starts on the north side of the Carpathian Mountains. It flows through Ukraine, Transnistria and Moldova for . It ends at the Black Sea near Odessa. It is the second longest river in Ukraine.


title: Aladdin (1992 movie)

text: Aladdin is a 1992 American-Arabic animated musical fantasy comedy movie. It was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. "Aladdin" is the 31st animated movie in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series. It was part of the Disney movie era known as the Disney Renaissance. The movie was directed by John Musker and Ron Clements. It is based on the Arab folktale of Aladdin and the magic lamp from "One Thousand and One Nights". The voice cast features Scott Weinger, Jonathan Freeman, Robin Williams, Linda Larkin, Frank Welker, Gilbert Gottfried, and Douglas Seale.


title: Aladdin (1992 movie)

text: "Aladdin" was released on November 25, 1992. It got positive reviews and was the most successful movie of 1992, earning over $217 million in revenue in the United States, and over $504 million worldwide. The movie also won many awards, most of them for its soundtrack. Some people have accused it of being racist, because the heroes are light-skinned and have American accents while the villains are dark-skinned and have Arab accents. "Aladdin"s success led to other material inspired by the movie, including two direct-to-video sequels, "The Return of Jafar" and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves"; an animated television series; toys, video games, spin-offs, and Disney merchandise. A Broadway adaptation debuted in 2014.


title: Aladdin (1992 movie)

text: In the city of Agrabah, the Sultan wants his daughter Princess Jasmine to marry a prince, but she rejects every suitor and temporarily leaves the palace. At the marketplace, she meets a "street rat" named Aladdin.


title: Aladdin (1992 movie)

text: Jafar, the Sultan's vizier, discovers that Aladdin is the only one who can enter the Cave of Wonders and find a magic lamp. Jafar orders him to get the lamp. Aladdin and his pet monkey, Abu, enter the cave, where they befriend a magic carpet and obtian the lamp. Abu inadvertently grabs a forbidden treasure and the cave collapses itself. After surviving, Aladdin rubs the lamp and meets the Genie, who grants three wishes for him. Aladdin uses the first one to disguise himself as a prince. He returns to the city, and meets the Sultan and Jafar. After Jasmine deduces the identity from Aladdin, the Sultan decides to promote him. When Jafar steals the lamp, he uses two wishes and banishes Aladdin from the city. However, Aladdin returns to the palace and tricks Jafar into having the third wish, which makes Jafar being transformed into a genie. Aladdin uses the dark lamp to trap Jafar inside of it.


title: Aladdin (1992 movie)

text: With the palace reverted to normal, Aladdin uses the third wish to free the Genie and he sets off to see the world. Aladdin and Jasmine plan their marriage.


title: Joaquin Phoenix

text: Joaquín Rafael Phoenix () (born October 28, 1973), originally called Leaf Phoenix, is an American actor. He is from a family of actors, like his brother, the late actor River Phoenix. He has been nominated four times for the Academy Award, winning once in 2020. He also won the Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild, BAFTA and Grammy Awards.


title: Joaquin Phoenix

text: Phoenix is popular for his roles as Commodus in "Gladiator", as Johnny Cash in "Walk the Line" and as the main character in "Joker".


title: Joaquin Phoenix

text: He is also known for portraying firefighter Jack Morrison in "Ladder 49". He has recently begun directing music videos, as well as producing movies and television shows. He also sang and recorded an album, the soundtrack "Walk The Line", which won a Grammy Award. He has been a social activist for a long time, especially for animal rights. He is a vegan.


title: Kingdom of Scotland

text: The Kingdom of Scotland was a historic country and state. It started in the Early Middle Ages and was in existence until the early modern period.


title: Lovebird

text: A lovebird (Agapornis) is a type of parrot. There are nine species. They are a social and affectionate small parrot. Seven species are native to Africa, and the Grey-headed lovebird is native to Madagascar.


title: Kingdom of Scotland

text: After 1603, it had the same monarch as the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Ireland. In 1653, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the government of Oliver Cromwell made Scotland into part of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland: a republic. However, at The Restoration, Scotland started again to be a kingdom. It combined with the Kingdom of England to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 because of the Acts of Union 1707.


title: Lovebird

text: Their common name comes from the parrots' strong, monogamous pair bonding and the long time the pairs spend sitting together. Lovebirds live in small flocks and eat fruit, vegetables, grass and seeds. Black-winged lovebirds also eat insects and figs. Black-collared lovebirds have a special dietary requirement for native figs: this makes them more difficult to keep in captivity.