title: Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany

text: The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany is the name of Germany's constitution. It was written in 1949 when Germany was split into the countries of East Germany and West Germany. Many parts of the constitution are very different from the constitution of the Weimar Republic.


text: The writers decided not to call it the constitution because they hoped it would only be a temporary law for West Germany and that the two Germanys would soon be made into one.


text: It was more than 40 years before East Germany and West Germany became one country again, but the old name of Basic Law has been kept.


text: The Federal Constiutional Court (German: Bundesverfassungsgericht) protects the constitution by banning laws which break the constitution. There are "eternal clauses" in the constitution which the court will protect even by banning "constitutional amendments" (laws to change them). Article 1, about human life and dignity, and article 20's basic principles are protected from change. This is to make sure nothing like the Nazi period happens again. The Nazis were able to pass an Enabling Act which allowed Hitler to rule by decree.


text: Germany is a federal parliamentary democracy. To show this there are five "constitutional institutions".


text: The Federal President () is the head of state. It is largely ceremonial position with only a small role in daily politics. The president does not have the massive power of the president of the Weimar Republic, or the President of the United States. He is the formal head of state, and signs laws before they can enter into force and appoints federal officials, he cannot decide when to dissolve the Bundestag or name a new chancellor until a majority of the members of the parliament () vote in favour.


text: The Chancellor is chosen by the Bundestag. He or she is head of the executive branch, and heads the federal Cabinet.


text: The Judicial branch is made up of the Federal Constitutional Court and five other Supreme Courts. There are also local and regional courts which make the first decision about cases. Their decisions can be overturnned by the courts of appeal or Supreme Courts.


text: The Federal Constitutional Court is the most important court in Germany. Its job is to protect the Basic Law. Its decisions are like laws. The court can cancel laws if they break the Basic Law.


text: The Federal Social Court is the Supreme Court of Appeal for cases about social security, pensions and health insurance


text: The Federal Labour Court is the Supreme Court of Appeal for cases about labour law. This includes contracts of employment, strikes and trade union agreements


text: The Federal Social Court is the Supreme Court of Appeal for cases involving a government body. These may be because a person might feel they have been treated unfairly by government or because there is a dispute between two government bodies about which of them is allowed to do something.


text: This court is the Supreme Court of Appeal for cases all civil and criminal cases which are not heard by one of the other supreme courts


text: Germany's upper chamber of parliament, the Bundesrat, represents the "Länder". It also shows that Germany is a federal state. Federalism is one of the "eternal clauses" of the constitution, that can never be changed..


text: The Bundestag is the part of the legislature chosen by election. The Chancellor must be a member of the Bundestag.


text: The Weimar Constitution had the Reichswehr outside of the control of the parliament or the public. The army directly reported to the president, and the president did not have to report to the parliament.


text: The chancellor is directly responsible to the parliament, the minister is indirectly responsible to the parliament because it can remove the government by electing a new chancellor.


text: The Basic Law also created a soldiers' ombudsman or "Wehrbeauftragter", reporting to parliament not to the government. Soldiers can write directly to the "Wehrbeauftragter" if they feel they have been treated unfairly or unlawfully, or if they think their commanders are acting illegally. Soldiers cannot be punished for writing to the "Wehrbeauftragter".


text: A number of Constitutional Court cases in the 1990s said that the Bundeswehr cannot be used by the government outside NATO territory unless the Bundestag first gives permission in a resolution. The resultion must describe where the Bundeswehr is to go, and for who long the mission will last.


text: The Basic Law only allows referendums about changing borders of the "Länder". There have been two referundums:


text: Important changes to the Basic Law were the re-introduction of conscription and the establishment of the Bundeswehr in 1956.


text: During reunification East Germany and West Germany decided not to write a new constitution, but to keep the old one, which had worked so well in West Germany. The constitution was amended to allow East Germany to join, and then changed again to strengthen the claim that Germany wanted no more territory. This was a promise made in the Final Settlement.


title: Len Carlson

text: Len Carlson (September 2, 1937 – January 26, 2006) was a Canadian voice actor on many animated television series from the 1980s onward, an occasional live-action TV actor, and a Kraft Canada TV pitchman during the 1980s. He was a native of Edmonton and a former professional athlete.


title: Len Carlson

text: He was the voice of Big Boss, Sundown and Mace on "C.O.P.S.", Ganon on "The Legend of Zelda", Senator Robert Kelly (and the Supreme Intelligence) on "X-Men" (1992), Bert Raccoon in "The Raccoons", Putter from "Popples" (and a voice director for the show from 1990 onwards), Mr. Frumble in "The Busy World of Richard Scarry", Professor Coldheart in the early "Care Bears" series by DiC Entertainment, and "Rocket Robin Hood" in some of the third-season episodes. He was also the voice of Allo and Quackpot on the TV series, "Dinosaucers" and he was the original voice of the Green Goblin in "Spider-Man the original series" (1967) and the voice of Buzz in the show "Cyberchase" (2002). Also, he was the voice of Sterling Überbucks, his brother Carling, his great grandfather Sterling Überrucks and his nephew Stewie on "Roboroach" (2002) and the title character in the short-lived "Swamp Thing" (1991) animated series.


title: Len Carlson

text: He also voiced all the male characters in two animated 1970s series ("The Undersea Adventures of Captain Nemo" and "The Toothbrush Family"), was the voice of Ace the Seagull and Sharkey Shark in the children's TV series "The Waterville Gang" and did voices for movies including "The Nutcracker Prince", "", both "Rolie Polie Olie" movies ("The Baby Bot Chase" and "The Great Defender of Fun"), and reindeer voices in the live-action feature "Blizzard".


title: Len Carlson

text: In his last years, Carlson was a regular on Nelvana-produced shows such as "Rolie Polie Olie", "Cyberchase", "Pecola", "Donkey Kong Country", "Medabots", "Beetlejuice", and "Beyblade" as the main antagonist Gideon (season two). Most recently, he appeared in the French-Canadian co-production "Atomic Betty", voiced the characters Hugo and Q in the video game "Street Fighter III 3rd Strike" and narrated the animated bible TV series "Friends and Heroes". He also voiced Herc Stormsailor in the 1980s show "Jayce and the Wheeled Warriors" and The Big Boss in COPS.


title: Aşgabat

text: Aşgabat (; , UniPers: Ešq-âbâd; - Ashkhabád) is the capital city of Turkmenistan. It also spelled as Ashgabat, Ashkabat, Ashkhabad, Ashgabad. Aşgabat has a population of 695,300 (2001) and is between the Karakum desert and the Kopet Dag mountain range. The name is believed to borrow from the Persian Ashk-abad meaning "the City of Arsaces". Another explanation is that the name is a corruption of the Persian Eshq (Love) + abad (natured place or city), and therefore loosely translates as "The city built by/from love". Aşgabat is at 37°58′N 58°20′E (37.9667, 58.333). Aşgabat's major ethnic groups are: Turkmen, Russians, Armenians, and Azeris. Arsaces was king of Persia and his name appears between 3 and 4 times in the Bible.


title: Murasaki Shikibu

text: Murasaki was born in Kyoto. She was born into the Fujiwara family. Her father, Fujiwara Tametoki, was not a very nice father and when Murasaki got older he confessed that he regretted she was not a boy.


title: Murasaki Shikibu

text: In the year 997, Murasaki married her second cousin, Fujiwara Nobutake, at age 20. In 999, they had a daughter, Kenshi, who also became a poet. Fujiwara Nobutake died about 1001.


title: Murasaki Shikibu

text: Murasaki started as a writer soon after her husband's unexpected death. She was recognized immediately, and she was asked to the imperial court as a tutor to Empress Shoshi ( Joto Mon'in, 988–1074), daughter of the statesman Fujiwara Michinaga (966–1027). Murasaki joined the court of Empress Shōshi in 1006, probably for her skills as an author.


title: Murasaki Shikibu

text: Murasaki started writing her diary in 1008, and finished in 1010. Her diary describes her Chinese lessons with her brother Nobunori (980?–1011), daily life and how much she missed her husband after his death.


title: Murasaki Shikibu

text: "The Tale of Genji" is split into 54 different books, and is made up of 795 different poems. It is one of the earliest novels in Japanese, and is often thought of as the first novel in the world. It is a classic of Japanese literature. The masterpiece was about the court life of Prince Genji, and his wife, Aoi in 10th-century Japan. Prince Genji was the illegitimate son of an emperor, and the text is about his relationships in court. "The Tale of Genji" included many beautiful scroll paintings.


title: Bailiwick of Guernsey

text: The Bailiwick of Guernsey is a territory belonging to the British Crown in the Channel Islands. The bailiwick includes the islands of Guernsey, Alderney and Burhou, Herm and Jethou as well as Sark, Little Sark and Brecqhou.


title: Bailiwick of Guernsey

text: A bailiwick is a territory governed by a bailiff. The Bailiff of Guernsey is the head of the parliament, the States of Guernsey, which makes the laws for the Bailiwick. But Sark and Alderney also have their own parliaments and pass some of their own laws.


title: Bailiwick of Guernsey

text: The Casquets (49°43.′4″N, 2°22.′7″W) are a group of rocks 13 km northwest of Alderney and are part of an underwater sandstone ridge. Other rocks which appear above the water are the islets of Burhou and Ortac. Not many plants grow on them.


title: Bailiwick of Guernsey

text: Lihou is a small tidal island (95 vergees; 7ha) that is part of the Channel Islands. It lies off the west coast of Guernsey and is the most westerly point in the Channel Islands. Coordinates: 49°27′38.16″N, 2°40′4.44″W. The island was bought by the States of Guernsey in January 1995. Lihou is joined to Guernsey at low tide by an ancient stone path between the island and L'Eree headland. It is part of the Parish of St. Peter's.


title: Tibetan language

text: The Tibetan language is a language spoken in Tibet, a region of China. It is one of the main Han–Tibetan languages.


title: Tibetan language

text: It is also spoken in other parts of the Himalaya region, including northern Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Ladakh).


title: Tibetan language

text: Tibetan has many dialects. People who speak different dialects often cannot easily communicate with each other orally.


title: Golden Globe Awards

text: The Golden Globe Awards are American awards for motion pictures and television programs, given out each year during a formal dinner. Run since 1944 by the (HFPA), the awards are a major part of the movie industry's "awards season" which ends each year with the Oscars and Screen Actors Guild Awards. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars and Grammys. The Golden Globes has grown to one of the highest honors for actors and actresses.


title: Golden Globe Awards

text: The Golden Globes are awarded early in the year, based on votes from (as of 2005) 86 part-time journalists living in Hollywood and who work for media based outside of the United States.


title: Clover

text: Clover (Trifolium) is a genus of about 300 species of plants in the pea family. It grows worldwide, mainly in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, but many species also in South America and Africa, including at high altitudes on mountains in the tropics.


title: Clover

text: They are small herbaceous plants. It has three sections to each leave, which looks like three leaves. This is called trifoliate.


title: Arezzo

text: Arezzo is an old city in central Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Arezzo, in the region of Tuscany. Arezzo is about 80 km (50 mi) south-east of Florence. It is at an elevation of 296 m above sea level. In 2001 the population was about 91,600 people.


title: Arezzo

text: Arezzo is placed on the floodplain of the Arno. In the upper part of the town are the cathedral and the squares.


title: Arezzo

text: Arezzo may have been one of the twelve most important Etruscan cities, that was also called Dodecapolis.


title: Arezzo

text: Conquered by the Romans in 311 BC, Arretium became a military station on the via Cassia, the road to expansion by republican Rome into the basin of the Po. In the 3rd to 4th century, Arezzo became an episcopal place: it is one of the few cities whose succession of bishops are known by name without interruption to the present day, in part because they were the feudal lords of the city in the Middle Ages.


title: Arezzo

text: Until 1384, Arezzo was an independent city-state, generally Ghibelline in tendency, thus opposing Guelph Florence. In 1252 the city founded its university, the "Studium". Arezzo in 1384 was under Florentine domination. During this period Piero della Francesca worked in the church of San Francesco di Arezzo producing the splendid frescoes.


title: Arezzo

text: In the 18th century the neighbouring marshes of the Val di Chiana, south of Arezzo, were drained and the region became less malarial. At the end of the century French troops led by Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Arezzo, but the city soon turned into the hands of the resistance against the invaders with the movement of "Viva Maria": this gained the city the role of provincial capital. In 1860 Arezzo became part of the Kingdom of Italy.


title: Arezzo

text: The Piazza Grande is the most noteworthy medieval square in the city, it is currently the site of the "Giostra del Saracino" ("Joust of the Saracin").


title: Rapeseed

text: Rapeseed ("Brassica napus") is a type of plant that produces bright yellow flowers. It is a member of the family Brassicaceae. Some of its uses are to get vegetable oil.


title: George Berkeley

text: George Berkeley (12 March 1685 – 14 January 1753), or Bishop Berkeley, was an Irish bishop and philosopher.


title: George Berkeley

text: Berkeley was one of the three 'British Empiricists', philosophers around the late 1600s and 1700s who believed in 'empiricism', the philosophy that everything we learn comes through our senses. The other British Empiricists included the Englishman John Locke and Scotsman David Hume.


title: George Berkeley

text: His philosophy was called "immaterialism", or "subjective idealism". His idealism said that all our ideas came through sensations, but our senses didn't tell us anything about the world.


title: George Berkeley

text: He said that Locke's belief in matter was wrong. He said that even though we can see, hear, taste, touch and smell, there was no way of knowing that our senses were reacting to matter, because to find out how accurate our senses were, we would need to study the very thing we use to study. Instead, he said that our experiences are caused by God, a being that is also a mind, like us, and powerful enough to create all our ideas and senses.


title: George Berkeley

text: Berkeley was born at his family home, Dysart Castle, near Thomastown, County Kilkenny, Ireland. He was educated at Kilkenny College and attended Trinity College, Dublin, completing a Master's degree in 1707.


title: The Avengers (movie)

text: The Avengers is a 2012 American superhero movie based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers. It is produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sixth movie in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and the last movie of Phase One. It premiered in Los Angeles on April 11, 2012 and was released in the United States on May 4. The movie was written and directed by Joss Whedon. It stars Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson, Jeremy Renner, Tom Hiddleston, and Samuel L. Jackson, with Stellan Skarsgård, Clark Gregg, Cobie Smulders, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Paul Bettany in supporting roles. It was positively welcomed from audiences, fans, and film critics alike. Three sequels have been released, titled "" (2015), "" (2018) and "" (2019).


title: National Anthem of Chile

text: The "Canción Nacional" ( ; "National Song"), also known by its incipit Puro, Chile, es tu cielo azulado ( ; "How pure, Chile, is thy blue sky"), is the national anthem of Chile. It was composed by Ramón Carnicer and first adopted in 1828. Later, the Chilean government wanted words for the song, so eventually, a poet by the name of Eusibio Lillo wrote the lyrics to the anthem in September 1847.


title: National Anthem of Chile

text: After Chile won its independence from Spain, the Chilean government demanded that there be a national anthem with lyrics (words) and music. The first version of "Canción Nacional" was written by Eusebio Lillo in 1819, and Ramón Carnicer composed the music a year later. While Carnicer was exiled in England, he composed the second (and current) version until he returned to Barcelona, Spain in 1827. A year later, Carnicer's new anthem premiered in Santiago, Chile. Then in 1847, Eusebio Lillo wrote the new lyrics, which was then revised (changed for the better) in 1909.


title: Pope Anacletus

text: Pope Anacletus, also sometimes referred to as Pope Cletus, was the third Pope of the Catholic Church, (the official title is Bishop of Rome). He served from 76-88 C.E. He established a Christian community in Ruvo, Apulia, where he baptized Christian followers in secret.


title: James Rodríguez

text: James David Rodríguez Rubio, known as James Rodriguez (born 12 July 1991) is a Colombian football midfielder. He currently plays for the Colombia national team and Qatar club Al-Rayyan.


title: Pope Anacletus

text: After the death of the second Pope, Linus, Anacletus returned to Rome. He divided the area into what would today be called parishes or small groups. He established a small chapel near the burial sites of Peter and Linus which is the site of today's Basilica of St. Peter.


title: James Rodríguez

text: Because of his performances at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, he is often known as one of the world's best young players.


title: Pope Anacletus

text: He was killed during the reign of the Emperor Domitian for being a Christian leader. He was also buried near Peter and Linus.


title: Pope Paul III

text: Pope Paul III (; February 29, 1468 – November 10, 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 221st Pope from 1534 to 1549.


title: Pope Paul III

text: Alessandro Farnese was born in an ancient Roman family. His grandfather was commander-in-chief of the papal troops under Pope Eugenius IV.


title: Paul Ehrlich

text: Paul Ehrlich (14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915) was a German doctor of Jewish descent. He won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Ilya Mechnikov, for finding out how immunity fights disease.


title: Limpopo River

text: The Limpopo River is a river in Africa. It goes through the countries of South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique and forms part of the border of South Africa. It empties into the Indian Ocean.


title: Paul Ehrlich

text: Ehrlich directed a research program which discovered the first treatment for syphilis which worked. It was a compound of arsenic which went by the trade name of "Salvarsan". He studied trypanosomiasis and other protozoal diseases. He produced trypan red, which was (as his Japanese assistant Shiga showed) effective against trypanosomes.


title: Paul Ehrlich

text: He invented a staining system for bacteria (before Gram staining). He did a complete survey of all the cell staining techniques then known. He showed how to tell the difference between different kinds of white blood cells, and discovered mast cells. He discovered that methylene blue, which stains bacteria and cell nuclei, could put the malarial parasite, "Plasmodium", into recession (the fever drops).


title: Paul Ehrlich

text: He also made a decisive contribution to an antiserum against diphtheria, and developed a method for standardizing therapeutic serums. His co-worker got a sole Nobel Prize for the joint work on diphtheria.


title: Pope Pius VIII

text: Pope Pius VIII (; 20 November 1761 – 30 November 1830), born Francesco Saverio Castiglioni was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 254th Pope from 1829 and 1830.


title: Pope Pius VIII

text: Pius VII made Castiglioni a cardinal in 1816. Cardinal Catiglioni was made Bishop of Frascati in 1822.


title: Hugh Capet of France

text: Hugh Capet (French: Hugues Capet) (941–996) was King of the Franks from 987 until his death in 996. The Capetian dynasty he started ruled France in an unbroken line for 300 years.


title: Gulf of Alaska

text: The Gulf of Alaska is an arm of the Pacific Ocean. The borders are the southern coast of Alaska, stretching from the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island in the west to the Alexander Archipelago in the east, where Glacier Bay and the Inside Passage are found.


title: Hugh Capet of France

text: Hugh was born in the winter of 941 and was the son of Hugh the Great and Hedwige of Saxony. His grandfather was King Robert I. His grandmother was Beatrice of Vermandois. She was a Carolingian; a daughter of Herbert I of Vermandois. By this connection he was the fifth great-grandson of Charlemagne through Pepin of Italy.


title: Gulf of Alaska

text: The entire shoreline of the Gulf is a combination of forest, mountain, and a number of tidewater glaciers. Alaska's largest glaciers, the Malaspina Glacier and Bering Glacier go out onto the coastal plain along the Gulf of Alaska. Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound are the two largest connected bodies of water. There is also Yakutat Bay and Cross Sound. Lituya Bay is the place of the largest recorded tsunami in history.


title: Hugh Capet of France

text: While still a young man Hugh got the nickname "capet" from the cape he wore. These were tokens of the lay abbacies he held.


title: Hugh Capet of France

text: When King Louis V died with no heir Adalbero of Reims made a plea for electing Hugh Capet. He proposed the throne was not a hereditary right but that the king should be the best man for the job. The assembly at Senlis agreed and elected Hugh King of the Franks.


title: Hugh Capet of France

text: He married Adelaide of Aquitaine. She was the daughter of William III of Aquitaine. Together they had:


title: Prism (optics)

text: Some prisms are used to disperse light. Binoculars also use prisms, to reflect light. This lets the tubes of the binoculars be short. Some cameras use a prism to send light to the viewfinder, so the photographer can see what will be photographed.


title: Prague Spring

text: The liberalisation and democratisation efforts of Alexander Dubchek and Czechoslovakia's Communist Party, known as Prague Spring, took place in 1968. As the Soviet Union thought that Czechoslovakia was moving away of communism, an alliance of Warsaw Pact countries (Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Poland, and Hungary) invaded Czechoslovakia on August 20-21, 1968. Immediately after the invasion, a series of protests took place in Czechoslovakia.


title: Prague Spring

text: Prague Spring symbolizes the experiment of establishing of a socialism with a human face, in post-war Eastern Bloc and its violent suppression from Warsaw Pact countries in August 21, 1968. The event is included in a greater series of Cold War-related unrests. Some examples are May 1968 in France, the student protests against Vietnam War and the military junta in Greece (1967-1974).


title: Prague Spring

text: After the invasion, the most reforms who took place during Prague Spring were reversed or halted. This period after Prague Spring is known as normalization. The only exception was the federalisation of Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia became officially a federal country on January 1, 1969.


title: Caribbean Netherlands

text: The Caribbean Netherlands () is the part of the Netherlands that is in the Caribbean. The rest of the country is in Europe. The Caribbean Netherlands is made up of three special municipalities ('): the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba. They are also called the BES islands.


title: Caribbean Netherlands

text: The Caribbean Netherlands does not include the other Dutch countries in the Caribbean (Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten). Those are three of the four countries that make up the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The fourth country is the Netherlands proper. The islands of the Caribbean Netherlands are fully part of the Netherlands proper. They were made a part of the Netherlands when the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved (broken apart) on 10 October 2010.


title: Caribbean Netherlands

text: Although the islands are now part of the Netherlands, they are not yet part of the European Union. They will instead remain overseas territories until at least 2015. They are different to other municipalities in the Netherlands. Unlike normal municipalities, they do not form part of a Dutch province.


title: Caribbean Netherlands

text: Bonaire is located east of Aruba and Curaçao, close to the coast of Venezuela. Sint Eustatius and Saba are located south of Sint Maarten and northwest of Saint Kitts and Nevis. The BES islands have a total population of 21,000 and a total area of .


title: Simon van der Meer

text: Simon van der Meer (24 November 1925 – 4 March 2011) was a Dutch particle accelerator physicist. He won the Nobel prize in physics. Another physicist, Carlo Rubbia, also won this prize. He won the prize because of his work for the CERN project. This led to the discovery of W and Z particles, which are the two most important things in matter.


title: Gap, Hautes-Alpes

text: Gap is a "commune" in the Hautes-Alpes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It is the "préfecture" (capital), and main city, of the department.


title: Simon van der Meer

text: Simon van der Meer was one of four children. He was raised in The Hague, Netherlands. His father was a school teacher, and his mother came from a family of teachers. He went to school at the city's gymnasium. He graduated in 1943 when the German army had control of the Netherlands. In 1945, van der Meer went to the Delft University of Technology. He earned an engineer's degree there in 1952. He joined CERN in 1956, and he stayed there until he retired in 1990.


title: Gap, Hautes-Alpes

text: Gap is the highest prefecture (departmental capital) of France; the city is in a valley whose bottom is at an altitude of about above sea level.


title: Simon van der Meer

text: In 1966, when van der Meer was skiing with his friends in the Swiss mountains, he met Catharina M. Koopman, who became his wife. They had two children – Esther (born 1968) and Mathijs (born 1970).


title: Gap, Hautes-Alpes

text: Gap is in the south central part of the Hautes-Alpes department. The "Luye", a tributary of the Durance river, flows through the city.


title: Simon van der Meer

text: After getting his engineer's degree in 1952, Simon van der Meer worked for the Philips Research Laboratory in Eindhoven. When he was there, he was mainly working on high-voltage equipment and electronics for electron microscopes. In 1956, he moved to CERN, which was new at the time. When he first started at CERN, his work was mainly on technical design, and power supplies. While he was working at CERN, he invented the idea of stochastic cooling, which led to the discovery of W and Z bosons. In 1984, van der Meer and Carlo Rubbia won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work with the project.


title: Gap, Hautes-Alpes

text: The "commune" of Gap is surrounded by 17 "communes": Laye, Saint-Laurent-du-Cros, Forest-Saint-Julien, La Rochette, Rambaud, Jarjayes, Neffes, Châteauvieux, Lettret, Pelleautier, La Roche-des-Arnauds, La Freissinouse, La Fare-en-Champsaur, Poligny, Le Noyer, Le Dévoluy, Rabou


title: Gap, Hautes-Alpes

text: The climate of Gap, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.


title: Gap, Hautes-Alpes

text: Gap forms with La Rochette the urban area of Gap with a population of 40,700 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Gap, formed by 39 "communes", with a population of 62,567 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .


title: Gap, Hautes-Alpes

text: Gap is the prefecture of the Hautes-Alpes department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of Gap and the administrative centre () of four cantons:


title: United Nations Secretariat

text: The United Nations Secretariat is the executive body of the United Nations. It has the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The head of the Secretariat is the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who is appointed by the United Nations General Assembly.


title: Sorbs

text: The Sorbs are Slavic people. They live mostly in Germany and Poland. There are 60,000 Sorbian people in the world. About 25,000 people speak one of the Sorbian languages.


title: God the Father

text: In Christianity, God the Father is the first person of the Trinity. He "is" God, just like the Son and the Holy Spirit, but as a "person" He is "different" from the Son and the Holy Spirit. Although Jesus had St. Joseph for his human father on earth, Jesus is God, so His father would actually be God the Father.


title: Sorbs

text: In Germany and Poland Sorbs do not use the old fashioned words "Wends" or "Wendish" to describe themselves. American and Australian communities often prefer to call themselves "Wends" or "Wendish". They think that “Sorb” and “Sorbian” are bad words.


title: Sorbs

text: Upper Sorbian and Lower Sorbian dialects are protected languages in parts of Germany under the European Charter for Minority or Regional Languages


title: Anne Rice

text: Anne Rice (born Howard Allen O'Brien, October 4, 1941 – December 11, 2021) was an American author of horror/fantasy novels. "Interview with the Vampire" and "The Queen of the Damned" are among her best-known works. She wrote four series, including "The Vampire Chronicles" and "Christ the Lord".


title: Nashua, New Hampshire

text: Nashua is a city in southern New Hampshire, United States. As of the 2010 census, Nashua had a population of 86,494. It is the second-largest city in the state and in northern New England after nearby Manchester.


title: James Fenimore Cooper

text: James Fenimore Cooper (September 15, 1789 - September 14, 1851) was an American writer. He created the character of Natty Bumpo, the archetypal American frontiersman.


title: Anne Rice

text: Rice was born in New Orleans, Louisiana to Irish Roman Catholic parents. One of her sisters was novelist Alice Borchardt (1939–2007). Rice was married to poet Stan Rice (1942–2002) from 1961 his death. They had a daughter, Michele (1966–1972) and a son, novelist Christopher (born 1978).


title: Nashua, New Hampshire

text: Nashua is, along with Manchester, one of two seats of New Hampshire's most populous county, Hillsborough County.


title: James Fenimore Cooper

text: Cooper was born on September 15, 1789 in Burlington, New Jersey. His father was a United States Congressman. James Fenimore was one year old when his family moved to Cooperstown, New York. The community was started by his father.


title: James Fenimore Cooper

text: Cooper was 13 when he began attending Yale University. He was kicked out for playing pranks. He blew up another student's door. He also taught a donkey to sit in a professor's chair.


title: James Fenimore Cooper

text: Cooper got a job as a seaman on a merchant ship. He joined the United States Navy at age 18. He became a midshipman, but left the Navy in 1811.


title: James Fenimore Cooper

text: Cooper married Susan DeLancey when he was 21. They had seven children. Five lived to be adults. The first-born survivor, Susan Fenimore Cooper, became a writer and naturalist.


title: James Fenimore Cooper

text: "Precaution" was Cooper's first book. It was published anonymously in 1820. In 1823, he published "The Pioneers". This book was the first of the Leatherstocking novels. These stories became famous for the fictional character of an American woodsman called Natty Bumppo. Cooper's most famous novel "Last of the Mohicans" was published in 1826. It became one of the most widely read American novels of the 19th century.


title: James Fenimore Cooper

text: In 1826, Cooper moved his family to Europe. He wanted to make more money as an author. He also wanted to give his children a better education. He continued to write. His books published in Paris include "The Red Rover" and "The Water Witch". These were novels about the sea. His books began taking a political angle. These books are forgotten today. He returned to the United States in 1833.


title: James Fenimore Cooper

text: Cooper moved back to his ancestral home Otsego Hall in Cooperstown. His writing continued in a political vein. His readers did not like this. He returned to fiction books with "The Pathfinder" and "The Deerslayer". These books continued the story of Natty Bumppo. Cooper spent his last years in Cooperstown. He died on September 14, 1851.


title: Barry Marshall

text: Barry James Marshall, AC, FRS, FAA (born 30 September 1951) is an Australian doctor and winner of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He is Professor of Clinical Microbiology at the University of Western Australia. Marshall is well known for proving that bacteria "Helicobacter pylori" are the cause of most stomach ulcers. This changed years of medical belief which said that ulcers were caused by stress, spicy foods, and too much acid. He has recently taken a part-time position at the Pennsylvania State University.


title: The Wolf of Wall Street

text: The Wolf of Wall Street is an 2013 American black comedy movie directed by Martin Scorsese and produced by Leonardo DiCaprio. The movie is about a stockbroker who works on Wall Street in New York City during the 1990s. He runs a company that commits stock fraud and insider trading. The story is based on the memoirs of Jordan Belfort.


title: Barry Marshall

text: Marshall was born in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. He lived in Kalgoorlie and Carnarvon until moving to Perth at the age of seven. He went to high school at Newman College, Perth. At the University of Western Australia, medicine and surgery. He married his wife, Adrienne, in 1972. In 1972 he was also the Western Australian state yo-yo champion.


title: The Wolf of Wall Street

text: DiCaprio plays Belfort (the stockbroker), Matthew McConaughey plays Mark Hanna, Jonah Hill plays Donnie Azoff, Rob Reiner plays Max Belfort and Kyle Chandler plays Denham. P. J. Byrne, Jon Favreau, Joanna Lumley, Margot Robbie, Spike Jonze, and Edward Herrmann also appear in the movie. The movie is 179 minutes long. Some sex scenes were cut away to prevent MPAA from giving NC-17. It was released on December 25, 2013. It was nominated for five Academy Awards, including Best Picture.


title: Barry Marshall

text: In 1979 Marshall became a Registrar in Medicine at the Royal Perth Hospital. At the hospital he met Robin Warren, a pathologist who was interested in gastritis. They were both training in internal medicine at Royal Perth Hospital in 1981. Together they looked at spiral bacteria in gastritis. In 1982 they grew a culture of "H. pylori". They worked on their idea that there was a bacterial cause of peptic ulcer and stomach cancer. Their idea was laughed at by scientists and doctors who did not believe that any bacteria could live in the acidic stomach. Marshall said that "Everyone was against me, but I knew I was right". Other doctors said they wouldn't believe it until the "H. pylori" idea could be proved.


title: Barry Marshall

text: Marshall and Warren tried to give the bacteria to piglets in 1984, but it did not work. Marshall drank some of the bacteria and soon developed gastritis with achlorhydria. He had stomach discomfort, nausea, vomiting and bad smelling breath. On the 14th day of the infection, biopsies of Marshall's stomach did not show any bacteria. His body may have got rid of the bacteria without help. His wife made him take antibiotics immediately so there was no way of checking the negative result again. He did not develop antibodies to H.pylori. This means that natural immunity can sometimes get rid of H.pylori infection. His illness and recovery, showed the link between "H. pylori" and gastritis, but not for peptic ulcer. This experiment was published in 1985 in the Medical Journal of Australia and is among the most cited articles from the journal.


title: Barry Marshall

text: After this work at Fremantle Hospital, Marshall did research at Royal Perth Hospital (1985-86) and at the University of Virginia, USA (1986-1996), before going back to Australia. He held a Burnet Fellowship at the University of Western Australia from 1998-2003. He is still looking at "H. pylori" and runs the H.pylori Research Laboratory at UWA.


title: Barry Marshall

text: In 2005, the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm gave the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Dr. Marshall and Dr. Warren for finding the bacterium "Helicobacter pylori" and its part in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.


title: Bukovina

text: Bukovina is a historical region in both Romania and Ukraine. It can be found by the northeastern Carpathian Mountains.


title: Troubadour

text: A troubadour was someone who composed and performed Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages. A female troubadour is usually called a trobairitz.


title: Troubadour

text: Troubadour songs were mainly about chivalry and courtly love. Many were humorous or vulgar satires. A Troubadour was considered a profession with great honor.


title: Transit of Venus

text: A transit of Venus across the Sun happens when the planet Venus goes between the Sun and Earth. It is a syzygy and a partial occultation of the Sun. When a transit happens, Venus can be seen as a small black dot going across the Sun. Transits of Venus usually take several hours.


title: Transit of Venus

text: Transits of Venus are among the rarest of predictable events which happen in astronomy. They occur in a pattern that repeats every 243 years, with pairs of transits eight years apart separated by long gaps of 121.5 years and 105.5 years.


title: Transit of Venus

text: The most recent transit of Venus happened on 5 and 6 June 2012. It was the last Venus transit this century. The one before took place on 8 June 2004. The next transits of Venus will be in December 2117 and December 2125.


title: Transit of Venus

text: During the 18th century, astronomers tried to use transits of Venus to measure the astronomical unit, the distance from the Earth to the Sun. Many countries sent expeditions to distant lands to observe the transits from places as far apart as possible for maximum parallax.


title: St Albans

text: St Albans is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in Hertfordshire, England. It is 22 miles (35 km) north of London. St Albans is the former Roman town of Verulamium.


title: Ken Thompson

text: Kenneth Lane "Ken" Thompson (born February 4, 1943 in New Orleans, Louisiana) is an American computer scientist. He is the co-creator of UNIX operating system.


title: St Albans

text: It was originally named Verlamion by the Celtic Catuvellauni tribe, and Verulamium by the Romans. It was the first major town on the old Roman road of Watling Street for travellers heading north.


title: Ken Thompson

text: Thompson received a Bachelor of Science (1965) and Master's degree (1966) in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from University of California, Berkeley.


title: St Albans

text: Many of the Roman walls were knocked down by William the Conqueror and used to build St Albans Abbey, otherwise known as St Albans Cathedral. The town had many notable buildings but most were knocked down by Henry VIII. The only building left is the abbey. Though many other buildings have been built nearby Ye Old Fighting Cocks, which claims to be the oldest pub in the UK, a Roman amphitheatre and hypocaust floor, a disused bear baiting square in Verulamium Park, and the imposing Rats Castle at the top of Hatfield Road as well as Roman Verulanium Museum


title: Ken Thompson

text: In 1969, Thompson and colleague Dennis Ritchie and Brother Max Lane created the UNIX and LINUX operating system at Bell Telephone Laboratories. UNIX was a scaled-down version of the Multics operating system, one meant to run on the new smaller minicomputers becoming available at the end of the 1960s. When re-written in the C programming language by Dennis Ritchie, UNIX became a truly portable operating system capable of running on many different hardware platforms.


title: St Albans

text: The bones of St. Alban, the first English martyr, were kept in the Abbey in a shrine, but were stolen during the 19th century.They were smuggled out of the country into Munich. A few years ago The German Cathedral sent the shoulder bone of St. Alban and it is kept in the shrine behind a curtain


title: St Albans

text: St Albans School is a public school. It occupies a site to the west of the Abbey, which includes the 14th century Abbey Gateway. The school was founded in AD 948 and is the only school in the English-speaking world to have educated a Pope. Adrian IV was the only Englishman to become Pope.


title: Jamie Carragher

text: Jamie Carragher (born 28 January 1978) is a former English football player. He played for Liverpool for his whole career.


title: Danbury, Connecticut

text: Danbury is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It is northeast of New York City making it part of the New York metropolitan area. Danbury's population at the 2010 census was 80,893.


title: Thomas Cranmer

text: Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556) was an Archbishop of Canterbury and one of the founders of the Church of England under Henry VIII. He helped the king to get rid of Catherine of Aragon and wrote the Book of Common Prayer. He was killed by Mary I of England when he refused to return to Catholicism.


title: Portsmouth F.C.

text: Portsmouth F.C. is an English football club. They play in the Football League Two. Their home stadium is called Fratton Park.


title: Scott Joplin

text: Scott Joplin was an American ragtime musician and composer. He is widely considered the greatest ragtime composer of all time.


title: Philip Glass

text: Philip Morris Glass (born January 31, 1937) is an American composer of modern music. He is one of the most influential music makers of the late 20th century.


title: Beatitudes

text: The Beatitudes (from Latin "beatus", meaning "blessed" or "happy") are a list of traits that Christians should follow told by Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Luke. Some of these include humbleness, meekness, and making peace.


title: Virginia opossum

text: The Virginia opossum ("Didelphis virginiana") is the only species of North American marsupial. It is sometimes called a possum, but that refers more correctly to a group of Australian marsupials.


title: Salar de Uyuni

text: It is in Potosí in southwest Bolivia, near the crest of the Andes at an height of 3,656 metres (11,995 ft) above sea level.


title: Portsmouth F.C.

text: Portsmouth's manager is Kenny Jackett. The most famous manager was probably Harry Redknapp who took the team to an FA Cup victory in 2008 which subsequently got the team into the UEFA Europa League (then called the UEFA Cup) for the first time. The club has since been hit with financial problems and see themselves in the fourth tier of English football.


title: Scott Joplin

text: Joplin was African-American and born in the U.S. state of Texas sometime between June 1867 and January 1868 and grew up in Texarkana, Texas. His relatives were railroad workers. His father wanted him to find work that would pay. His mother said he should learn music. Even though he was from Texas, most of his pieces were written when he was in Missouri and New York City.


title: Philip Glass

text: Glass has created operas, music for quartets, dance, and much more. He is known for writing minimalist music.


title: Virginia opossum

text: An opossum is about the size of a house cat. It has grizzled white and gray fur. Adult opossums weigh about 2-6 kg (4-14 lbs). They live alone, are active at night, and they are good climbers.


title: Salar de Uyuni

text: The crust serves as a source of salt and covers a pool of brine, which is exceptionally rich in lithium. It contains 50% to 70% of the world's known lithium reserves. The large area, clear skies, and exceptional flatness of the surface make the Salar ideal for calibrating the altimeters of Earth observation satellites.


title: Scott Joplin

text: Joplin is most well known for writing piano pieces called rags. His music became popular again in the 1970s, with the album "Scott Joplin: Piano Rags", performed by Joshua Rifkin, from Nonesuch Records. He may be most commonly known now by the Marvin Hamlisch adaptation of his composition "The Entertainer" (1902) which was used in the 1973 movie "The Sting" starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford. His best-known rag while he was alive was "Maple Leaf Rag" (1899). Other rags he wrote were "The Ragtime Dance" (1906) and "Magnetic Rag" (1914). Scott Joplin wrote more than 40 piano rags, but he also wrote two operas; "A Guest of Honor" and "Treemonisha". "A Guest of Honor" was performed in Joplin's lifetime, but since then the music has been lost. "Treemonisha" was never performed while Joplin was alive, but it has been performed since then. Joplin also wrote a symphony, but the music has been lost.


title: Philip Glass

text: Glass has described himself instead as a composer of "music with repetitive structures". Though his early music shares much with what is called "minimalist", he has since evolved stylistically.


title: Virginia opossum

text: People can find this opossum in the eastern United States, and along the west coast from British Columbia and to Baja California. They like to live in forests, brushy areas, and farmland.


title: Fall Out Boy

text: Fall Out Boy (often shortened to FOB) is an alternative rock band from Chicago, Illinois, USA. The members are Pete Wentz (bassist), Patrick Stump (vocals), Andy Hurley (drums), and Joe Trohman (guitar). They have written successful songs, including "Thnks fr the Mmrs", "Sugar, We're Goin Down" and "Dance, Dance".


title: Karlheinz Stockhausen

text: Karlheinz Stockhausen (22 August 1928-5 December 2007) was a German composer. He was an important German composer in the years after World War II. During this time composers were exploring many new ideas. Stockhausen used serialism in new ways, and he invented many ways of composing electronic music. His works include an opera cycle "Licht" which includes seven operas.


title: Fall Out Boy

text: Their music is mostly like the pop-punk style, or genre, of music. The band got the name "Fall Out Boy" from a character who appeared in one episode of The Simpsons. "Sugar, We're Goin' Down" was the first single from their album "From Under the Cork Tree". It has peaked at number eight on the "Billboard" charts. The second single was "Dance, Dance" which picked up major airplay in the U.S. The third single was "A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More Touch Me." Their third album is "Infinity on High" and it had lots of success around the world.


title: Karlheinz Stockhausen

text: Stockhausen was born near Cologne. His father was a village school teacher. His mother was put in a sanatarium in 1934 where she died in 1942. She was probably killed there because the Nazis thought people who were mentally ill should not be allowed to live.


title: Fall Out Boy

text: Two songs from the album were very popular across the world. They are "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" and "Thnks fr th Mmrs". The second song's title is "Thanks for the Memories" without the vowel letters, which is meant to look as if it were from a text message.


title: Karlheinz Stockhausen

text: Stockhausen was a young man during the war. He trained to be a teacher and was sent to work in a military hospital near where the army was. His father died fighting in the war. After the war, with no parents, he went to work on a farm. Then, in 1947, he went to study at the Cologne Musikhochschule. He played the piano in bars and clubs and he improvised at the piano when playing for a magician’s magic shows. He was thinking of becoming a writer.


title: Fall Out Boy

text: The third single from "Infinity on High" is called "The Take Over, The Breaks Over". The fourth is "I'm Like a Lawyer With the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You Off (Me & You)". Their fourth album "Folie à Deux", was released on December 16, 2008. "I Don't Care" was the first song released from the album. In late 2009 the band took a rest. Patrick Stump went solo and released his debut album "Soul Punk" on October 18, 2011.


title: Karlheinz Stockhausen

text: At this time many of Germany’s important composers met every summer in Darmstadt. The course was called Darmstadt Holiday Course for New Music. Stockhausen went there in 1951. There he performed some modern music and met important people such as the music critic and philosopher Theodor Adorno. He heard the music of Messiaen and, soon after marrying, he went to Paris to study with Messiaen. In Paris he met Pierre Boulez and Pierre Schaeffer who was working on musique concrète. He experimented with different sounds that percussion instruments can make, and he started composing electronic music. When he went back to Cologne he worked in a studio for electronic music where he studied communications theory. By this time Stockhausen, Boulez and Nono were the leading composers of avant garde or experimental music.


title: Fall Out Boy

text: His EP "Truant Wave" was released on February 22, 2011. Bassist Pete Wentz formed the electropop band Black Cards. Guitarist Joe Trohman and Andy Hurley formed a rock band The Damned Things with people from Anthrax and Every Time I Die.


title: Karlheinz Stockhausen

text: Stockhausen made Cologne an important centre for electronic music. He also helped to make the Darmstadt Summer Courses a famous centre for modern music. He did not invite John Cage to lecture there in 1958. This led to disagreements with Boulez and Nono. In California in 1967, Stockhausen married his second wife who was a painter. During the 1960s he bought land in the country near Cologne and had a house built there. Stockhausen did not design the house himself, because he was not an architect.


title: Fall Out Boy

text: Fall Out Boy came off hiatus in 2013, releasing a new single "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)" and an album "Save Rock and Roll", along with a supporting tour, They went on the Save Rock and Roll Arena Fall Tour September 2013 with fellow rock band Panic! at the Disco in support of the album as well. In September 2014, they released a new single, called "Centuries".


title: Karlheinz Stockhausen

text: Stockhausen was by now world famous. He toured the United States and many other countries with a small group of musicians performing modern music. His music was not only listened to by fans of classical music but was also becoming part of popular youth culture. His picture was included on the front cover of the Beatles’s record Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The record company Deutsche Grammophon sold more copies of his music than of any other modern composer except Stravinsky.


title: Karlheinz Stockhausen

text: During the 1970s Stockhausen became even more popular. This was partly because other music, like the other arts, had become political and very left-wing in the 1960s, which made people angry. It was also partly because audiences wanted a change from music that was very complicated, and Stockhausen's music had become much simpler. His most popular compositions are "Tierkreis" (1974–75) and "In Freundschaft" (1977). Stockhausen broke with his publisher and started to publish his music himself. From 1977 to 2003 Stockhausen composed "Licht" ("Light"), a set of seven operas named for the days of the week.


title: Karlheinz Stockhausen

text: In some student works Stockhausen used twelve tone composition. He became interested in Messiaen and his composition "Kreuzspiel" shows Messiaen’s influence. In "Kontra-Punkte" (1953) the music starts with very small bits played by ten instruments. Gradually these little bits come together and at the end the music concentrates on the piano.


title: Karlheinz Stockhausen

text: From 1953 he worked seriously at electronic music. He thought that electronic music was going to be the music of the future. His "Gesang der Jünglinge" is a multi-track work, using 5 tracks (later reduced to 4). "Gruppen" ("Groups") is a work for three orchestras and three conductors. They sit in different parts of the concert hall and play at different speeds at the same time. His piano piece "Klavierstück XI" ("Piano Piece eleven") shows no influence of John Cage at all. The music is written on a huge sheet of paper and the pianist decides as he plays which part of the music to go to next and how to play it. This means that each performance of the work is different. This is not “chance” music, but "mobile" music.


title: Karlheinz Stockhausen

text: He continued to experiment with new ideas. "Kontakte" is a work for piano, percussion and electronic music (the tape has been prepared beforehand). He composed “live electronic” music beginning in the 1960s. This means using electronics to change the sound of normal instruments that are amplified. His operatic cycle "Licht" was started in 1977 and took him 26 years to complete. There are seven operas: one for each day of the week. Some of the music for this includes microtonal scales, in which the notes are tuned so that they are less than a semitone apart.


title: County Down

text: County Down, ("Contae an Dúin" in Irish - meaning "the Fort") is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland, and one of the nine counties of the ancient province of Ulster


title: Leda

text: Leda is a person in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of a king, and the wife of King Tyndareos of Sparta.


title: Agence France-Presse

text: Agence France-Presse (AFP) is a French news agency. It is the oldest one in the world, and also among the largest with Associated Press and Reuters. It is also the largest French news agency.


title: County Down

text: The county forms an area of 2,448 km² (945 square miles). The estimated population in 1992 was 416,600, a more recent approximation puts it at about 516,000. The county town is Downpatrick, and the largest town is Bangor.


title: Leda

text: Zeus seduced her as a swan, and Leda laid two eggs. When they hatched, her children Helen, Klytaimnestra, Castor and Pollux) came out. Helen was a child of Zeus, and the myths vary on who was the father of the others.


title: White Rose

text: The White Rose was a German group that opposed the Nazis in World War II. They distributed pamphlets denouncing Adolf Hitler's regime from June 1942 until February 1943. The group consisted of students from the University of Munich along with a professor.


title: Angus

text: Angus is a county on the North Sea and on the northern shore of the Firth of Tay in Scotland, United Kingdom.


title: Rogue One

text: Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (or just Rogue One) is an American science fiction movie. It was released worldwide in December 2016. A Lucasfilm movie, it is directed by Gareth Edwards. It was written by Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy with the story by John Knoll and Gary Whitta. The film stars Felicity Jones, Diego Luna, Ben Mendelsohn, Donnie Yen, Mads Mikkelsen, Alan Tudyk, Jiang Wen and Forest Whitaker.


title: White Rose

text: In June 1942, Alexander Schmorell and Hans Scholl, who were University students at the Ludiwg Maximilian University in Munich, began writing and distributing leaflets that spoke out against Hitler and Nazi Germany. They wrote four leaflets from June-July 1942. The leaflets called for passive resistance to the Nazi regime, and told of the horrors of the War against the Jews (in the second pamphlet, they talk about how “since the conquest of Poland, three hundred thousand Jews have been murdered in this country in the most bestial way.”) The White Rose leaflets were the only Resistance movement in Nazi Germany to speak out against the systematic Holocaust of the Jews.


title: Angus

text: The county town of Angus is Forfar, but its largest town is Dundee. Dundee is not part of the council area but is a council area on its own.


title: Rogue One

text: It is the first movie in the "Star Wars" anthology series. The story follows Jyn Erso, daughter of the unwilling designer of the Galactic Empire's super-weapon the Death Star. Her mission is to get the diagram so it can be destroyed.


title: White Rose

text: A couple hundred copies were made of each leaflet. Hans and Alexander then mailed them out to random addresses from phone books:


title: Angus

text: Angus is also well known for its breed of cattle much used in beef production. The Angus cattle were developed from cattle native to the counties of Aberdeenshire and Angus, and are now found in most parts of the world.


title: Rogue One

text: James Dyer of Empire Magazine gave the film 4 stars, saying "The ultimate Star Wars fan film, it's short on whimsy but when it gets going there's enough risk-taking and spectacle to bode well for future standalones". Amy Nicholson of MTV gave the film a C-, saying "Audiences once packed theaters to gawk at the future; now, it's to soak in the past. The emphasis is on packing in as much nostalgia as possible and tersely editing it together to resemble a film". IGN's Eric Goldman gave the film a 9/10, stating "The film offers a remarkable recreation of the original Star Wars' world, while exploring this universe from a different, edgier perspective than is the norm". Matthew Pejkovic of Matt's Movie Reviews scored the film a 4/5, saying "Earns its intergalactic stripes as a Star Wars spin-off of visual gumption and gritty action filmmaking, securing its place as the glue between trilogies in this ever expanding space saga". Mark Dujsik of Mark Reviews Movies gave the film a 2/4, stating "We're used to the characters in this series existing primarily as archetypes. The characters here, though, barely qualify as archetypes".


title: White Rose

text: "“To set you at rest, we add that the addresses of the readers of the White Rose are not recorded in writing. They were picked at random from directories.”"


title: White Rose

text: In July 1942, Alex and Hans, as well as their friend Willi Graf, were ordered to go to the Russian front over the Summer to serve as medics. The resistance activities were put on hold for three months. When Alex and Hans came back in November 1942 they threw themselves back into the Resistance Activities with renewed vigor.


title: White Rose

text: Between November 1942-January 1943, four new members joined the group: Willi Graf, Christoph Probst, Sophie Scholl, and Kurt Huber. These members made up the core of the White Rose group, although there were multiple other members who were in charge of distribution and recruiting for the White Rose.


title: White Rose

text: In January 1942, the fifth leaflet was published. Unlike the other four leaflets, the fifth leaflet had a couple thousand copies printed of it.


title: White Rose

text: On February 3, after hearing of the defeat of Stalingrad, Hans, Willi and Alexander snuck out that night to graffiti the University walls with slogans such as “Down with Hitler” and “Hitler the mass murderer.” They repeated these graffiti campaigns on February 8 and 15, going so far as to graffiti the Feldherrnhalle , the monument to the Nazis who were killed during Hitler’s failed Beer Hall Putsch. These graffiti campaigns put the Gestapo on red alert.


title: White Rose

text: In early February, the sixth leaflet was published. Thousands of copies were made of this leaflet. There were so many copies that the White Rose members ran out of envelopes to place the leaflets in. Seeing this, Hans and Sophie decided to sneak into the University during classes and place the extra leaflets in the halls. They did not tell the other members of the plan.


title: White Rose

text: On February 18, 1943, Hans and Sophie carried two briefcases stuffed with pamphlets into the University. Hurriedly placing leaflets in the halls, they were about to leave when Sophie realized she still had leaflets lert in her briefcase. Hurrying up to the third floor, she began to place them along the hallways. What happened next is unclear, but something caused Sophie to grab the rest of the leaflets and throw them off the balcony and into the atrium. This spontaneous action was observed by Jakob Schmid, the university custodian who was also a Nazi Party fanatic. He alerted the Gestapo, who stormed the university and captured Sophie and Hans.


title: White Rose

text: Over the next four days, the Gestapo interrogated Sophie and Hans. The two of them gave up no names, but Hans had a handwritten draft for a new leaflet on him when he was captured. The draft of the leaflet was written by Christoph Probst, who was captured on February 20.


title: White Rose

text: On February 22, 1943, Hans, Sophie, and Christoph were put on trial. They were all sentenced to death by Guillotine. Their execution was that same day. Hans and Sophie were able to see their parents before they died. Christoph was not able to see any family.


title: White Rose

text: Over the next few weeks, more members were captured by the Gestapo. On April 19, 1943, the second trial of the White Rose members was held. In it, Willi Graf, Alexander Schmorell, and Kurt Huber were sentenced to death. Ten other members received prison sentences, and one alleged member was acquitted.


title: White Rose

text: Alexander Schmorell and Kurt Huber were executed on July 13, 1943. Willi Graf was held in solitary confinement for about six months as the Gestapo tried to get him to give out names of other members. When that failed, they executed him on October 12, 1943. He was the last of the six main members to be killed.


title: White Rose

text: The core of the White Rose was comprised of five students: Sophie Scholl, her brother Hans Scholl, Alexander Schmorell, Willi Graf, and Christoph Probst. All were between the ages of 21-25 years old. Kurt Huber, Sophie’s Philosophy teacher, was the sixth main member of the White Rose.


title: White Rose

text: There were also other members who were on the fringe of the inner circle of the White Rose. Some of these member include:


title: White Rose

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki>These names came from the second trial of the White Rose members, held on April 19, 1943. Over the course of the war, a total of 29 people were captured and accused of aiding the White Rose. 13 were given prison sentences, and 16 were executed.*


title: North by Northwest

text: North by Northwest is a 1959 spy thriller movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Ernest Lehman wrote the script, and Cary Grant stars in the lead role. The movie also stars Eva Marie Saint and James Mason. The story is about the innocent Roger Thornhill getting caught up in the spy world. Bernard Hermann composed the music for the movie. Saul Bass created the famous opening sequence. It was one of the first uses of moving text on screen. The movie is often considered an Alfred Hitchcock classic and one of the best movies of all time.


title: Dorothea Lange

text: Dorothea Lange (May 26, 1895 – October 11, 1965) was an influential American documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her Depression-era work for the Farm Security Administration (FSA). Lange's photographs made human the tragic consequences of the Great Depression and greatly influenced the development of documentary photography.


title: Jama Masjid

text: The Jama Masjid, also known as the Masjid-i Jahān-Numā (, which translates as the 'World-reflecting Mosque') is the principal mosque of Old Delhi in India.


title: Urk

text: Urk is a town and municipality in the province of Flevoland, the Netherlands. It has about 20,000 people (2016), and is both a former municipality of North Holland and of Overijssel.


title: Randstad

text: The Randstad is a conurbation in the western Netherlands. It covers the provinces of North Holland, South Holland, Flevoland and Utrecht. Big cities in the Randstad are Amsterdam, Haarlem, Leiden, Den Haag, Delft, Rotterdam, Dordrecht, Gouda, Utrecht, Hilversum and Almere. The term Randstad was first used by Albert Plesman, the founder of KLM. When he looked at it from the air, he saw that cities nearly form a circle. The Randstad covers about 20% of the area of the Netherlands. More than 40% of the population of the Netherlands live there. The cities in the Randstad are between (Den Haag - Rotterdam) and (Amsterdam - Rotterdam) apart. In the center is an area known as Groene Hart. Relatively few people live there.


title: North by Northwest

text: Two men kidnap Roger Thornhill at a hotel. They believe Thornhill is George Kaplan. They drive him to the mansion of Lester Townsend. Phillip Vandamm, who is an enemy spy, questions Roger. Vandamm's men make Thornhill drunk and put him in a car to kill him. Thornhill does not die. Instead, the police catch him. Thornhill cannot make the police or his mother believe his story. They visit the house of Townsend. A woman pretends she knows Thornhill and makes up stories.


title: North by Northwest

text: Thornhill visits Kaplan's hotel room with his mother. Vandamm's men enter the hotel. Kaplan runs away from them. He goes to the United Nations to meet Lester Townsend. Thornhill talks with Townsend and learns that Townsend does not live in his mansion. One of Vandamm's men throws a knife that kills Townsend. Everyone thinks Thornhill killed Townsend. A government intelligence agency reads about Thornhill. They decide not to help him to protect an agent.


title: North by Northwest

text: Thornhill goes into a 20th Century Limited train. He meets Eve Kendall. She is an American spy and wants to win the trust of Vandamm. She helps Thornhill escape, and they start a relationship. She sets up a meeting with Kaplan at a rural bus stop. Thornhill goes there and a crop duster pane attacks him. The plane blows up when it flies into a tank truck.


title: North by Northwest

text: Thornhill goes to Kaplan's hotel in Chicago and sees Kendall. He goes to her hotel room. She asks him to leave him alone and leaves. He follows her to an art auction. He sees her with Vandaam and Vandaam's men. Vandaam buys a Mexican Purépecha sculptur. Thornhill draws attention to himself so he can escape Vandaam's men. The police take Thornhill, but they give him to "The Professor." The Professor is an agent and tells Thornhill that Kaplan does not exist and is just a way to distract Vandaam from Kendall. Thornhill agrees to play the role of Kaplan.


title: North by Northwest

text: At Mount Rushmore, Thornhill talks with Vandamm to have Kendall arrested. Kendall shoots Thornhill with blanks and runs away. The Professor has Kendall and Thornhill meet. Thornhill learns she must go on an airplane with Vandamm. The Professor locks Thornhill in a hospital room. Thornhill escapes and goes to Vandamm's house. Vandamm discovers that Kendall is a spy, used blanks and that the sculpture has microfilmss. Vandamm says he will throw Kendall off the plane. Thornhill warns Kendall with a note. The two escape and end up at the monuments of Mount Rushmore. Vandamm's men fall from the monuments. The Professor arrests Vandamm.


title: North by Northwest

text: The movie had very positive reviews. It has a 97% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Critics praised the movie as a great thriller with much suspense. They said the movie has many iconic images. Some said the movie is an excellent parody of Hitchcock's work and a classic example of his techniques. Critics found the movie very entertaining. Critics noted how the famous locations created more shocking scenes and added suspense. They also said the movie was both suspenseful and cherry. The movie has a rating of 98/100 on Metacritic with "universal acclaim".


title: North by Northwest

text: "North by Northwest" got three nominations at the Academy Awards. They were the awards for Best Film Editing, Best Art Direction – Set Decoration, Color, and Best Original Screenplay. The movie won an Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. At the Faro Island Film Festival, the movie got two nominations for Best Actor (Cary Grant) and Best Film. The movie won Top Action Drama at the Laurel Awards.


title: North by Northwest

text: "North by Northwest" has made several polls and lists for the greatest movies ever made. In a 1998 "Time Out" poll, the movie ranked the 12th greatest movie. In a 2022 "Time Out" poll, the movie was considered the best thriller ever. The poll from the British Film Institute ranked "North by Northwest" the 53rd greatest movie. The movie is on several of the American Film Institute's lists. The AFI ranked it the 40th-greatest American movie. The movie is ranked 7th on AFI's 10 Top 10 for mystery. It is also No. 40 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies, No. 4 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills, and No. 55 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition). The Library of Congress choose the movie to be part of the National Film Registry in 1995.


title: Kent County, Delaware

text: Kent County is a county in the state of Delaware in the United States. The county is in the middle part of the state. The county seat is Dover. Kent County had 126,697 people in 2000.


title: Mariinsky Theatre

text: The Mariinsky Theatre is a famous theatre of opera and ballet in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was opened in 1860 and soon became the most important theatre for opera and ballet in Russia. Many great operas and ballets of the 19th century were first performed there, including the greatest stage works by Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov.


title: Mariinsky Theatre

text: The Mariinsky Theatre is home to the Mariinsky Ballet, Mariinsky Opera and Mariinsky Orchestra. The conductor Valery Gergiev has been the general director there since 1988.


title: Mariinsky Theatre

text: The theatre is named after Empress Maria Alexandrovna, wife of Tsar Alexander II. There is a bust of the Empress in the main entrance hall. The theatre's name has changed several times during its history, because of different political parties that were in power.


title: Mariinsky Theatre

text: The theatre building is commonly called the "Mariinsky Theatre". The companies that use it have kept the famous "Kirov" name, which it got during the Soviet period in honour of the murdered Leningrad Communist Party leader, Sergey Kirov (1886-1934).


title: Mariinsky Theatre

text: The first ballet groups to perform in St Petersburg were Italian ballet dancers in the early 18th century. Catherine the Great wanted a Russian theatre to be built. It was built in 1783. It was called Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre (“Kamenny” is the Russian word for “stone”. It was used to distinguish the building from the wooden theatre that was being used.). The building we see today dates from 1860. It opened with a performance of Glinka’s opera "A Life for the Tsar". It was called the Mariinsky Theatre, named after the Empress Maria Alexandrovna. The great choreographer Marius Petipa put on the first performances of many famous ballets such as Tchaikovsky’s "The Sleeping Beauty" in 1890, "The Nutcracker" in 1892, Alexander Glazunov's ballet "Raymonda" in 1898, and an updated version of Tchaikovsky's "Swan Lake" (with Lev Ivanov) in 1895.


title: Mariinsky Theatre

text: When the theatre became the main home of the Imperial Ballet and Opera in 1886, the theatre was improved. Many operas were performed there, including first performances of Mussorgsky's "Boris Godunov", Rimsky-Korsakov's "The Golden Cockerel", Tchaikovsky's "The Queen of Spades" and "Iolanthe", Prokofiev's "Romeo and Juliet" and "Cinderella", and Khachaturian's "Spartacus" were also produced there.


title: Mariinsky Theatre

text: The imperial and Soviet theater was the home of many great impresarios, conductors, and musicians. The Vaganova Academy of Russia Ballet, the ballet school of the Mariinksy Theatre, started the careers of Mathilde Kschessinskaya, Olga Preobrajenskaya, Anna Pavlova, Tamara Karsavina, Vaslav Nijinsky, Marina Semenova, George Balanchine, Galina Ulanova, Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Irina Kolpakova, Galina Mezentseva, Altynai Asylmuratova, and in more recent times famous dancers like Ulyana Lopatkina, Diana Vishneva, and Svetlana Zakharova.


title: Mariinsky Theatre

text: Yuri Temirkanov was Principal Conductor from 1976 to 1988. He conducted many modern and classical operas. Since 1988, Valery Gergiev has brought even more fame to the theatre. It has now got links with many of the world's great opera houses, including the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, the Metropolitan Opera, the Opéra Bastille, La Scala, La Fenice, the Tel Aviv Opera, the Washington National Opera and the San Francisco Opera. Today, the Opera Company regularly tours to most of these cities.


title: Near-threatened species

text: A near-threatened species is a conservation status given to species or lower taxa that may be endangered in the near future. However, it does not mean that the species is threatened.


title: Fujitsu

text: Fujitsu is a Japanese company that specializes in semiconductors, computers (supercomputers, personal computers, servers), telecommunications, and services. It is headquartered in Tokyo, Japan.


title: Ruy Lopez

text: The Ruy Lopez, also called the "Spanish Opening", is an old chess opening. It is named after the Spanish priest Ruy López de Segura. He may have invented the opening. These are the opening moves:


title: Austrian Football Bundesliga

text: Austrian Bundesliga is a football league which is top division in Austria. The Bundesliga was founded in 1911 under the name" Erste Klasse". Till the season 1949/50 it was only played with teams from Vienna and Lower Austria. The official name is now Admiral Bundesliga (after the league sponsor)


title: Ruy Lopez

text: The Ruy Lopez is one of the most common and well-liked openings. There are many ways to play it. It has always been popular in master chess. White's idea is to try and undermine the center by attacking the knight with his bishop. However, White will not be always able to win a pawn immediately:


title: Austrian Football Bundesliga

text: Football started in Austria around 1890. In 1924 a professional league started and the champion was called "Austrian Champion", although only teams of the metropolitan area of Vienna played here. It was the first professional league outside of the United Kingdom. An amateur league was founded in 1928. From 1938 till 1945 Austria was occupied by Nazi Germany and there was no Austrian league. After the Second World War an Austria-wide league was founded in 1948. The league had different numbers of members (10 to 18) and names.


title: Ruy Lopez

text: Here, Black has two main options. Black can either play with an open center, with 5... Nxe4 or play a closed, positional game with 5... Be7. These openings are called the Open Ruy Lopez and the Closed Ruy Lopez.


title: Austrian Football Bundesliga

text: The player with the record of games is Robert Sara. He played 581 matches in the league. Top scorer is Robert Dienst He scored 323 goals in the league matches. The first champion outside Vienna was LASK Linz in 1964/65. The highest victory was an 18:0 of Vienna versus Ostbahn IX in the 1945/46 season.The match with the highest number of visitors was Austria Wien versus LASK with 73 826. The best average of visitors was 26 500 (Rapid Wien season 1948). Marc Ziegler, goalkeeper of FC Tirol, was 1085 minutes without goal. The longest serial victories is reached by Wiener Sportklub with 41 victories, in home matches. Vienna also reached 41 in a row.


title: Ruy Lopez

text: This line leads to a closed . White's idea will be to break open the center with d4. Play typically continues:


title: Austrian Football Bundesliga

text: The 2014–15 Austrian Football Bundesliga was the 103rd season of top-tier football in Austria. FC Red Bull Salzburg won their 9th title, and second in succession.


title: Ruy Lopez

text: These are the main moves for White. However, White can also play 7. h3 or 7. a4. These moves are played in order to avoid the Marshall Variation.


title: Jon Dahl Tomasson

text: Jon Dahl Tomasson (born 29 August 1976) is a Danish football player. He plays for Feyenoord Rotterdam and Denmark national team.


title: Colonel Sanders

text: "Colonel" Harland David Sanders (September 9, 1890 – December 16, 1980) was an American entrepreneur. He started the company Kentucky Fried Chicken.


title: Freddie Highmore

text: Alfred Thomas "Freddie" Highmore (born 14 February 1992) is an English Actor and Director. He is known for his film roles in "Women Talking Dirty" (1999), "Finding Neverland" (2004), "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" (2005), and "The Spiderwick Chronicles" (2008). He has appeared as a television actor in 2 TV series: as Norman Bates in the A&E drama series "Bates Motel" (2013–2017), and as autistic resident surgeon Dr. Shaun Murphy in "The Good Doctor" (2017–2020) on ABC TV.


title: Colonel Sanders

text: Sanders was born in Henryville, Indiana on September 9, 1890. He studied at Southern University. He was married to Josephine King until they divorced. He later married Claudia Price. Sanders had 3 children. He died on December 16, 1980 in Louisville, Kentucky from leukemia and pneumonia. He was 90 years old.


title: Freddie Highmore

text: Highmore won a Saturn Award in 2007. He also twice won the Critic's Choice awards for Best Young Performer in a film.


title: Brantford, Ontario

text: Brantford is a city in Ontario, Canada. There were 93,650 people in Brantford the last time the Government of Canada did a census count, in 2011.


title: Wordle

text: Wordle is a word game developed by Josh Wardle. Players have six guesses to find a five-letter word. After each guess the computer shows the player a colour-coded version of their word, thus helping them reach the right answer.


title: Brantford, Ontario

text: Brantford is sometimes called "The Telephone City", because the inventor of the telephone lived in Brantford. Hockey player Wayne Gretzky was born in Brantford.


title: Brantford, Ontario

text: Brantford was settled by United Empire Loyalists led by Joseph Brant of the Iroquois in 1784. It became a city in 1877.


title: Brantford, Ontario

text: From 1900 until 1950, Brantford had many companies that made equipment and machinery. Those items were sold in Canada and many other countries. Having the river and a railroad for transportation made it easier to ship the items made in Brantford. That helped Brantford change from a farming town to an industrial city.


title: Brantford, Ontario

text: By the 1980s and 1990s, business in Brantford was dropping and some companies like White Farm Equipment, Massey-Ferguson, Koering-Waterous, Harding Carpets, and others stopped making products. Many people lost their factory jobs.


title: Brantford, Ontario

text: A new piece of highway (Highway 403) was built in 1997. The new highway made it easier to drive Hamilton and Toronto, and also to Detroit and Buffalo. So, in 2004, Procter & Gamble and Ferrero SpA moved to Brantford. Now other companies set up in Brantford because it is a good location for shipping products to eastern North America.


title: Brantford, Ontario

text: 40% of people in Brantford did not finish high-school. In the rest of the province of Ontario, this number is 33%.


title: Brantford, Ontario

text: The city council was elected on October 27, 2014, and is led by Mayor Chris Friel. The city council, in addition to Friel, includes Larry Kings and Rick Weaver (Ward 1), John Sless and John Utley (Ward 2), Greg Martin and Dan McCreary (Ward 3), Cheryl Antoski and Richard Carpenter (Ward 4), and David Neumann and Brian Van Tilborg (Ward 5). There are municipal elections every four years across the province of Ontario. The next election will be in October 2018.


title: Brantford, Ontario

text: The "Brantford Expositor", which began in 1852, is printed six times a week (everyday except Sunday). The Brant News is published weekly in Brantford.


title: Brantford, Ontario

text: Brantford has its own television service: Rogers TV (cable 20), a local community channel on Rogers Cable. Other television stations come fromToronto, Hamilton and Kitchener.


title: Brantford, Ontario

text: Brantford has been used to film parts of the Murdoch Mysteries television series because it has lots of old architecture that fits with the years that the stories take place.


title: Brantford, Ontario

text: Movies like "Welcome to Mooseport" and "Where the Truth Lies" were partly made in Brantford. Part of "Due South", "Dr. Long Ball", was made at Arnold Anderson Stadium in a park in Brantford. Also, "Weirdsville", was made in Brantford in 2006. "Silent Hill" was made in the downtown in 2005.


title: Brantford, Ontario

text: Brantford Municipal Airport is in the west end of the city. It has an air show and sometimes the Snowbirds perform. The John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport in Hamilton is about 35 km east of Brantford. Toronto Pearson International Airport is in Mississauga, about 100 km north and east of Brantford.


title: Brantford, Ontario

text: The train station is located just north of downtown Brantford. VIA Rail has trains for people every day. Trains travel between Windsor, Ontario and Union Station in Toronto, Ontario.


title: Brantford, Ontario

text: Brantford Transit has nine bus routes that go every half-hour from the middle of the city on Darling Street. There are other buses for school times.


title: Brantford, Ontario

text: Brantford has a big Canada Day Festival on July 1. It has family events and Canadian music. More than 35,000 people come to the Festival.


title: Brantford, Ontario

text: Brantford has many churches and religious temples. It is thought that there are over 35 churches in Brantford, including Anglican, Baptist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Salvation Army, Presbyterian, United, Christadelphian, and Mormon. There are two mosques - a Sunni mosque and a Sufi mosque. There is also one Sikh temple.


title: The Blitz

text: The Blitz was a German bombing campaign against the United Kingdom in 1940 and 1941, during the Second World War. The term was first used by the British press and came from the term , the German word for 'lightning war'.


title: Rangpur Division

text: Rangpur Division became Bangladesh's seventh division on January 25, 2010. Before that, it was the northern 8 districts of the Rajshahi Division. The Rangpur division has eight districts: Rangpur, Dinajpur, Kurigram, Gaibandha, Nilphamari, Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, and Lalmonirhat. There are 58 subdistricts under these eight districts. Rangpur is the northernmost division of Bangladesh. There were 15,665,000 people at the 2011 Census.


title: Phillips curve

text: The Phillips Curve shows the relationship between unemployment and wage inflation in an economy. It shows that as unemployment goes down, wages go up. It was discovered by British economist William Phillips. He studied wage inflation and unemployment in the United Kingdom from 1861 to 1957. The theory states that economic growth causes inflation. This causes more jobs to become available which lowers unemployment. In the 1970s high levels of inflation and unemployment were occurring at the same time. This disproved the theory, at least in the long run. Many economists feel that the Phillips curve still has value in the short run where there is still a tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.


title: The Blitz

text: The Germans conducted mass air attacks against industrial targets, towns, and cities, beginning with raids on London towards the end of the Battle of Britain in 1940.


title: Rangpur Division

text: The major cities of this new division are Rangpur and Dinajpur. Rangpur has well-known schools, such as Carmichael College, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Rangpur Medical College, Rangpur Cadet College, and Begum Rokeya University.


title: The Blitz

text: By September 1940, the Luftwaffe had lost the Battle of Britain and the German air fleets () were ordered to attack London, to draw RAF Fighter Command into a battle of annihilation.


title: The Blitz

text: From 7 September 1940, London was bombed by the Luftwaffe for 56 of the following 57 days and nights. Most notable was a large daylight attack against London on 15 September.


title: President of the European Council

text: The President of the European Council is a position that was created by the Treaty of Lisbon. The President is the chairman of the European Council, which is the meeting of the leaders of all the member states.


title: Luxembourg franc

text: The Luxembourg Franc was the type of currency used in Luxembourg from 1848 to 1999. Belgium was another country that used the Luxembourg Franc. The symbol for the Luxembourg Franc is fr. or F. On January 1, 1999, the Luxembourg Franc was replaced by the Euro (€). 1 Euro is equal to about 40 Luxembourg Francs.


title: Chancellor of Austria

text: The Federal Chancellor is the head of government and chief executive of Austria. His or her deputy is the Vice-Chancellor. Before 1918, the office was the same as Minister-President of Austria. The Federal Chancellor is the de facto highest office in the state government.


title: Watertown, New York

text: Watertown is a city in the U.S. state of New York and the county seat of Jefferson County. It is about south of the Thousand Islands. The Black River flows through the middle of the city. It is about five miles east of where it meets with Lake Ontario. The city of Watertown is surrounded by the town of Watertown to the north, east, and west. The Public Square is in the middle of the city of Watertown. Watertown is 13 miles southwest of a U.S Army base, Fort Drum. As of the 2020 census, 24,685 people lived in Watertown. Thompson Park is a park in the city. The Watertown City School District is the school district in the city.


title: Rose Leslie

text: Rose Eleanor Arbuthnot-Leslie (born 9 February 1987) is a Scottish actress. She is known for her roles as Gwen Dawson in the ITV drama series "Downton Abbey" and as Ygritte in the HBO fantasy series "Game of Thrones".


title: President of the European Council

text: It's a very diplomatic figure, and it's not like a head of state: the President does not have any power to make decisions about the European Union. The Union has several other presidents, such as the president of the European Parliament and the president of the European Commission.


title: Watertown, New York

text: The area was surveyed for the first time by Benjamin Wright in 1796. Watertown had its first residents in 1798. The first people to live in Watertown chose Watertown because of the water power that the Black River gave. Watertown legally became a settlement on March 14, 1800. The city became the county seat of Jefferson County in 1805. Watertown was incorporated as a village in 1816, and became a city in 1869.


title: President of the European Council

text: But the President of the European Council, casually but wrongly known as The President of Europe, is the face by which the European Union is known to the rest of the world. The more practical aspects of this task are the responsibility of the High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy, the Commissioner responsible for external affairs.


title: Watertown, New York

text: In the 21st century, Watertown is a big part of upstate New York. Watertown has a lot of business with visitors from Canada, because the city is only away from the border of Canada. Watertown, South Dakota was named after the city.


title: President of the European Council

text: On 2 July 2019, the European Council elected Belgian Prime Minister Charles Michel as the successor to Donald Tusk as President of the European Council for the period from 1 December 2019 to 31 May 2022.


title: Watertown, New York

text: Watertown was named because of the Black River, which flows through the city. It is not known who chose the name of Watertown, but most people think that the early settlers had an agreement. The name was chosen so that mills would be built. By 1850, Watertown and places next to Watertown had a lot of mills in them.


title: Watertown, New York

text: Alexander Macomb purchased the land of Jefferson, Lewis, St. Lawrence, and Oswego county in 1791. Alexander Macomb sent surveyors to sell the land to settlers who passed by. The area was surveyed for the first time by Benjamin Wright in 1796. After returning, Benjamin Wright said:


title: Watertown, New York

text: The first people to live in Watertown, Hart Massey, Henry Coffeen, and Zachariah Butterfield, built cabins on the area that is now the public square in 1798 while migrating from New England after the Revolutionary War. When the settlers first surveyed Watertown, the land in the area was rocky and uncleared. The western end of the Public Square was about higher than the western end. The middle of the square had a depression that was said to be big enough for a big skating rink. The settlers chose to live in Watertown because of the water power that the Black River gave. The area of Watertown was taken from the nearby town of Mexico on March 14, 1800. On March 1, 1801, Hart Massey moved his wife and three children into the cabins. In 1805, settlers cleared out the center of the town to create the public square. Many buildings were built next to the public square in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the public square was made a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places on September 7, 1984. The city became the county seat of Jefferson County in March 1805 when part of Oneida County became Jefferson County. When Watertown became the county seat, it was one of the smallest places in the county. Watertown was incorporated as a village in 1816, and became a city in 1869.


title: Watertown, New York

text: On May 13, 1849, a fire destroyed most of public square and three surrounding streets, and a lot of the square had to be rebuilt. The fire killed one person, and destroyed almost all of the businesses in the city. The fire destroyed three banks, a post office, three printing offices, two hotels, and thirty shops. It costed $250,000, about $7,529,000 today, to fix the damage. While rebuilding in 1853, the city made two parks in the middle of the square, with a fountain in the middle.


title: Watertown, New York

text: Little Trees were invented in Watertown in 1951, and the headquarters of Little Trees is also in Watertown. In the 1960s through the 1990s, New York destroyed many historic buildings, like the Woodruff Hotel and the old courthouse. In the 1980s, unemployment in the area went up by 20%.


title: Watertown, New York

text: In the 21st century, the city is an important part of a large area. In 2006, the city spent $7.4 million dollars to restore multiple buildings and also fixing roads and walkways. The city completed the project in 2008, but more fixes are planned. In early 2019, Watertown was said to be the "Least Politically Prejudiced Place in America" by Amanda Ripley.


title: Watertown, New York

text: Watertown is in upstate New York. The city of Watertown is about south of the Thousand Islands, northwest of Albany, and northwest of New York City. The area of Watertown was taken from the nearby town of Mexico on March 14, 1800. The town of Watertown is a lot bigger than the city. The town of Watertown is large, and the city is large.


title: Watertown, New York

text: In 2000, there were 26,705 people living in the city of Watertown. 89.13% of the people were White, 4.95% of the people were Black or African American, 3.59% of the people were Hispanic or Latino, 0.54% of the people were Native American, 1.16% of the people were Asian, 0.11% of the people were Pacific Islander, 1.67% of the people were from other races, and 2.45% from two or more races. 11,036 households, and 6,500 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 12,450 housing units at an average density of .


title: Watertown, New York

text: In 2010, there were 27,023 people living in the city. 86.25% of the people were White, 6.04% of the people were African American, 5.59% of the people were Hispanic or Latino, 0.58% of the people were Native American, 1.83% of the people were Asian, 0.18% of the people were Pacific Islander, 1.33% of the people were from other races, and 3.79% from two or more races.


title: Watertown, New York

text: In 2020, there were 24,685 people living in the city of Watertown. There were 10,867 houses with 43.3% of the houses having people living in them. The population density was 2,996.0 people per square mile (4821.5/km). 83.8% of the people were White, 8.5% were Black or African American, 1.0% were Native American, 1.5% were Asian, 7.8% were Hispanic or Latino, 0.1% were Pacific Islander, and 4.4% were two or more races.


title: Watertown, New York

text: 8.7% of the people were under 5 years old. 23.6% of the people were under 18 years old; 53.8% of the people were between 18 and 64 years old. 13.9% were 65 or older. 50.2% of the people were men, and 49.8% of the people were women. 20.9% of the people had a Bachelor's degree or higher.


title: Watertown, New York

text: In 2020, the average price of a house was $133,400, and the average income for a household being $40,253. 21.6% of the people who lived in Watertown were in poverty. Much of Watertown's economy is from visitors from Canada, because it is only around away from the border of Canada. In the 1980s, unemployment in Watertown grew 20%, and property values started to drop very fast. When Fort Drum started, Watertown started to make consumer products instead of industrial products.


title: Watertown, New York

text: Factory Square is of abandoned factories above the black river that used hydropower. The factories were built in the 1880s and 1890s, which made the population and economy boom. In the year 1900, 3,760 people were hired to work in the factories. There was a district with a lot of saloons next to Factory Square. The district had a lot of fraud from factory workers going to the saloons after work. The Watertown Daily Times sometimes wrote about factory workers being scammed by "tin-horn gamblers and short-card men".


title: Watertown, New York

text: The city's government was made after Watertown became a village in 1816. The fire department was also made. In 1852, the borders of the village grew. The police departments in the city are the Watertown Police Department and the Jefferson County Sheriff's Office.


title: Watertown, New York

text: The tallest building in Watertown is the "Dulles State Office Building". The city of Watertown and the town of Watertown both use Watertown International Airport.


title: Watertown, New York

text: Some buildings on the National Register of Historic Places are the Paddock Mansion (added on December 11, 1979), the Watertown Masonic Temple (added on January 23, 1980), and the Emerson Place (added on April 18, 2003). There are 58 buildings inside the Public Square (added on September 7, 1984).


title: Nancy Cartwright

text: Nancy Jean Cartwright (born on October 25, 1957 in Dayton, Ohio) is an American actress, voice actress, comedian, clown, jester, mime and tap dancer. She is known for providing the voices of Bart Simpson, Nelson Muntz, Todd Flanders and Ralph Wiggum on the animated television show "The Simpsons". She also plays the voice of Chuckie Finster on "Rugrats" and "All Grown Up!".


title: Jurassic Park

text: Jurassic Park is a 1990 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton. It was made into a movie in 1993 directed by Steven Spielberg.


title: Manta ray

text: The manta ray ("Manta birostris") is the largest species of the rays. The largest known specimen was more than across, with a weight of about . It ranges throughout tropical waters of the world, typically around coral reefs. They have the largest brain-to-body ratio of the sharks, rays and skates (Elasmobranchii), a brain which is kept warm during lengthy dives to as deep as in cold water.


title: The Golden Compass (movie)

text: The Golden Compass is a fantasy movie, which was released on December 5, 2007 by New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. The movie is based on the book "Northern Lights" (also known as "The Golden Compass"), the first novel in Philip Pullman's trilogy "His Dark Materials".


title: Nancy Cartwright

text: Cartwright graduated from Fairmont High School. She went to Ohio University and the University of Los Angeles (UCLA). At UCLA, she earned a degree in theatre.


title: Jurassic Park

text: As a story, Jurassic Park is a "going back in time" story, without actually going back in time. It's impossible, but like H.G. Wells's


title: Manta ray

text: Mantas may be at least two different species, the giant manta ("Manta birostris"), which migrates, and another smaller one called the reef manta ("Manta alfredi"), which does not. The genus may need revising.


title: The Golden Compass (movie)

text: The cast includes Dakota Blue Richards, Nicole Kidman, Ian McKellen, Christopher Lee, Daniel Craig, Ian McShane, and Sam Elliott.