title: Ray Kurzweil

text: Kurzweil wrote seven books (five of them were national bestsellers) about topics like health, artificial intelligence (AI), transhumanism, immortality, the technological singularity, and futurism. He speaks to people and gives speeches at conferences like DEMO, SXSW, and TED. He also maintains the news website KurzweilAI.net. It has more than three million readers per year. He has a sibling, a son, Ethan Kurzweil, and a daughter, Amy Kurzweil.


title: Ray Kurzweil

text: Kurzweil made 147 predictions about the future since the 1990s. He has a prediction accuracy rate of 86%.


title: Ray Kurzweil

text: Predictions from 1990: A computer will defeat a world chess champion by 1998. This prediction was wrong because it already happened in 1997. Personal Computers (PCs) will can answer queries by accessing information wirelessly via the Internet by 2010. That became true. Exoskeletal limbs will let the disabled walk by the early 2000s. That became true.


title: Ray Kurzweil

text: Predictions from 1999: People will can talk to their computer to give them commands by 2009. That became true. Computer displays will be built into eyeglasses for augmented reality by 2009. That became true.


title: Ray Kurzweil

text: Predictions from 2005: Virtual solutions will be able to do real-time language translation into text that will appear as subtitles to a user wearing the glasses in the 2010s. That became true.


title: James, Viscount Severn

text: James, Viscount Severn, born 17 December 2007) is younger child and only son child of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Sophie, Countess of Wessex.


title: James, Viscount Severn

text: He was born at Frimley Park Hospital in Frimley, Surrey, He is the only son of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, and Sophie, Countess of Wessex. He is a grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and a niece of King Charles III.


title: Supersaurus

text: Supersaurus was a sauropod dinosaur, a relative of "Diplodocus". It was found in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Colorado in 1972.


title: Driver

text: A driver is a person who controls a vehicle. A driver may be a job such as a bus driver or a hobby such as a race car driver.


title: Supersaurus

text: In most respects, "Supersaurus" is similar in to "Apatosaurus", but it is less robustly built. It has elongated cervical vertebrae, resulting in one of the longest known sauropod necks. It was up to 33 to 34 meters (108 to 112 ft) in length, and a weight of 35 to 40 tons.


title: Supersaurus

text: A new and much more complete specimen of "Supersaurus", nicknamed 'Jimbo', WDC DMJ-021, was found in Converse County, Wyoming in 1996. It is currently being prepared and was described in 2007. Its bones are held at the Wyoming Dinosaur Center.


title: Jimi Hendrix Experience

text: The Jimi Hendrix Experience was an American-English rock band that formed in London, England, in 1966. The band was made up of singer, songwriter, and guitarist Jimi Hendrix, drummer Mitch Mitchell, and bassist Noel Redding.


title: Jimi Hendrix Experience

text: They were highly influential in popularizing hard and psychedelic rock. All of the band's albums, "Are You Experienced" (1967), "" (1967), and "Electric Ladyland" (1968), were featured in the top 100 of "Rolling Stone"'s list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.


title: Illegal immigration

text: An illegal immigrant is an immigrant who lives in a country without permission or in a way that is not allowed, or illegal. Millions of people around the world live in another country against the laws of that country.


title: X64

text: x86-64 is the general name of a series of 64-bit processors and their associated instruction set architecture. These processors are compatible with legacy x86 software.


title: Illegal immigration

text: Many of these people migrate to a country in secret. Many others come to the country legally as a visitor, then stay in the country when they should legally going home. Some work illegally and live in bad conditions. They usually move for similar reasons as other immigrants, but they do not legally have the right to be there.


title: X64

text: AMD and Intel are the major manufacturers, and VIA also supported it with VIA Nano processors. They call their own 64-bit processors AMD64, Intel64 and VIA x86-64 processors, respectively. Game consoles such as Microsoft Xbox One and Sony PlayStation 4 use their own semi-customized AMD64-based APU as main processors.


title: Illegal immigration

text: Thousands of immigrants illegally enter the United States each year, many crossing the Mexican border. In general, they are opposed by the Republican Party, which generally wishes to deport them, while in general Democrats want to help give illegal immigrants legal status. In 2016, Donald Trump ran on a bid to build a wall on the Mexican-American border to prevent further illegal immigration. He became president in 2017, but the building of the border barrier was halted in 2021 when Joe Biden replaced Trump as president.


title: X64

text: x64 is another name used to refer to 64-bit extended systems based on this kind of processors. People often use "x64" to refer to its associated instruction set architecture and processor.


title: Vegeta

text: Vegeta also known as Prince Vegeta IV is a fictional character from the manga Dragon Ball created by Akira Toriyama , where he is firstly introduced as an antagonist alongside his companion Nappa for Goku.


title: Vegeta

text: Later in the story he became an ally for Goku and his friends, even if he develops a friendly rivalry with Goku.


title: Vegeta

text: His popularity is only second to Goku himself. Due to his popularity he appareaes in Dragon Ball Z , Dragon Ball GT and Dragon Ball Super.


title: Fishing lure

text: A fishing lure is an object used to catch fish. It is tied to the end of a fishing line. A fishing lure is made to look like something a fish would eat. They move in a special way and have certain colors. Lures have fishing hooks attached to them.


title: Fishing lure

text: They are usually used with a fishing rod. When a lure is used, it is cast, or thrown, out into the water and pulled back in. A good fisherman can cast the lure into places where the fish hide, like under logs.


title: Fishing lure

text: There are many types of fishing lures. Most of them are made to look like dying, injured, or fast fish. They can be made of wood, plastic, rubber, metal, cork, feathers, animal hair, and other things. Some are shiny so that they catch the fish's attention.


title: Fishing lure

text: Fishing lures can come in many different types such as a jig or a popper. A jig will usually have a weight attached to it so it can float at the right height. A popper is a lure used to attract trout and bass. A popper has a colorful design in the front to attract fish. Fishing lures can be very expensive as some are sold for thousands of dollars.


title: Fishing lure

text: The fishing lure was invented in 1890 by a man named James Heddon. He created the fishing lure by accident by taking a big piece of wood and carving a frog shape into it and taking the lure and attaching it to his line. Then he threw it in the water and immediately caught a bass. The next day he started a company called the Heddon Company and the era of the fishing lure was born.


title: Matt Gaetz

text: Matthew Louis Gaetz II (; born May 7, 1982) is an American lawyer and politician. He is the U.S. representative for since 2017. He is a member of the Republican Party. He is known as a strict Trump supporter.


title: Matt Gaetz

text: In March 2021, Gaetz was being investigated for having a sexual relationship with a 17-year-old girl in 2019, and that investigators were examining whether he had violated federal sex trafficking laws by allegedly paying her to travel with him.


title: Matt Gaetz

text: On March 30, 2021, "Axios" reported that Gaetz was "seriously considering not seeking re-election and possibly leaving Congress early for a job at Newsmax".


title: Cuban music

text: Cuban music comes from the Caribbean island of Cuba. Cuba has developed a wide range of musical styles, which draw on its cultural origins in Europe and Africa. Cuba's music has been hugely popular and influential throughout the world. It has been perhaps the most popular form of world music since the introduction of recording technology.


title: Cuban music

text: The music of Cuba, including the instruments and the dances, is mostly of European (Spanish) and African origin. Most forms of the present day are fusions and mixtures of these two great sources. The original inhabitants of Cuba died out, and little remains of their traditions.


title: Cuban music

text: Large numbers of African slaves and European (mostly Spanish) immigrants came to Cuba and brought their own forms of music to the island. European dances and folk musics included the zapateo, the fandango, the paso doble, the minuet, the gavotte, the contradanza, and the waltz appeared among the urban whites.


title: Cuban music

text: The African slaves and their descendants made many percussion instruments and preserved rhythms they had known in their homeland. The most important instruments were the drums. Also important are the claves, two short hardwood batons, and the cajón, a wooden box, originally made from crates. Claves are still used often, and cajons ("cajones") were used widely during periods when the drum was banned.


title: Cuban music

text: The great instrumental contribution of the Spanish was their guitar, but even more important was the tradition of European musical notation and techniques of musical composition.


title: Cuban music

text: Fernando Ortíz described Cuba's musical innovations as arising from the interplay between African slaves settled on large sugar plantations and Spanish or Canary Islanders who grew tobacco on small farms.


title: Cuban music

text: The African beliefs and practices certainly influenced Cuba's music. Polyrhythmic percussion is an inherent part of African life & music, as melody is part of European music. Also typical is syncopation, which is heard in the "cinquillo", a basic rhythm of the habanera, the danzón, the Argentine tango and other dances.


title: Cuban music

text: Also, in African tradition, percussion is joined to song and dance, and to a particular social setting. It is not simply entertainment added to life, it "is" life. The result of the meeting of European and African cultures is that most Cuban popular music is creolized (fused). This creolization of Cuban life has been happening for a long time, and by the 20th century, elements of African belief, music and dance were well integrated into popular and folk forms.


title: Cuban music

text: Cuban music has been immensely influential in other countries, contributing not only to the development of jazz and salsa, but also to Argentinian tango, Ghanaian highlife, West African afrobeat, and Spanish Nuevo flamenco.


title: Cuban music

text: The Cathedrals of the old capital, Santiago de Cuba, and Havana, both employed fine musicians and choir-masters. They composed, taught and directed. This helped the development of all kinds of music. In the 19th century, Manuel Saumell (1818–1870), was the father of Cuban criole musical development. He helped transform the European contradanza by adding African rhythmical elements, and had a hand in the habanera, and the danzon, two typically Cuban dance forms.


title: Cuban music

text: During the middle years of the 19th century, a young American musician came to Havana: Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829–1869), whose father was a Jewish businessman from London, and his mother a white creole of French Catholic background. Gottschalk was brought up mostly by his black grandmother and nurse Sally, both from Dominique. He was a piano prodigy who had listened to the music and seen the dancing in Congo Square, New Orleans from childhood. His period in Cuba lasted from 1853 to 1862, with visits to Puerto Rico and Martinique squeezed in. He composed many famous pieces which were genuinely Cuban, as they drew on traditions of both whites and blacks.


title: Cuban music

text: In February 1860 Gottschalk produced a huge work "La nuit des tropiques" in Havana. The work used about 250 musicians and a choir of 200 singers plus a drum group from Santiago de Cuba. He produced another huge concert the following year, with new material. These shows probably dwarfed anything seen in the island before or since, and no doubt were unforgettable for those who attended.


title: Cuban music

text: It was Ignacio Cervantes (1847–1905), who was probably most influenced by Gottschalk. Trained in Paris, he did much to assert a sense of Cuban musical nationalism in his compositions. Aaron Copland once referred to him as a "Cuban Chopin" because of his Chopinesque piano compositions. Cervantes' reputation today rests almost solely upon his famous forty-one "Danzas Cubanas", of which Carpentier said "occupy the place that the "Norwegian Dances" of Grieg or the "Slavic Dances" of Dvořák occupy in the musics of their respective countries".


title: Cuban music

text: From the 18th century to modern times, popular theatrical formats used, and gave rise to, music and dance. In addition to staging some European operas and operettas, Cuban composers gradually developed ideas which better suited their creole audience. Recorded music was the way for Cuban music to reach the world. The most recorded artist in Cuba up to 1925 was a singer at the "Alhambra", Adolfo Colombo. Records show he recorded about 350 numbers between 1906 and 1917, of which very few survive today.


title: Cuban music

text: The first theatre in Havana opened in 1776. The first Cuban-composed opera appeared in 1807. Musical theater was hugely important in the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. Radio, which began in Cuba in 1922, helped the growth of popular music because it provided publicity and a new source of income for the artists.


title: Cuban music

text: Zarzuela is a small-scale light operetta format. Starting off with imported Spanish content, it developed into a running commentary on Cuba's social and political events and problems. A string of front-rank composers, such as Ernesto Lecuona, produced a series of hits for the theatres in Havana. Great stars like the "vedette" Rita Montaner, who could sing, play the piano, dance and act, were the Cuban equivalents of Mistinguett and Josephine Baker in Paris.


title: Cuban music

text: Cuban "Bufo" theatre is a form of comedy, ribald and satirical. It uses stock types that might be found anywhere in the country. Bufo had its origin around 1800–1815: Francisco Covarrubias 'the caricaturist' (1775–1850) was its creator. Gradually, the comic types threw off their European models and became more and more creolized and Cuban. Alongside, the music followed. Slang from slave barracks and poor barrios found its way into lyrics:


title: Cuban music

text: The guaracha is a genre of rapid tempo and with lyrics. It originated in Bufo comic theatre, and during the early 20th century was often played in the brothels of Havana. The lyrics were full of slang, and dwelt on events and people in the news.


title: Cuban music

text: The contradanza is an historically important dance. It arrived in Cuba in the late 18th century from Europe. The contradanza is a communal sequence dance, with the dance figures in a set pattern. The tempo and style of the music was bright and fairly fast. The earliest Cuban composition of a contradanza is "San Pascual bailon", published in 1803. The Cubans developed a number of creolized version, which is an early example of the influence of African tradition in the Caribbean. Most of the musicians were black or mulatto: even early in the 19th century there were many freed slaves and mixed race persons living in Cuban towns.


title: Cuban music

text: The contradanza supplanted the minuet as the most popular dance until from 1842 on, it gave way to the habanera, a quite different style.


title: Cuban music

text: This, the child of the contradanza, was also danced in lines or squares. It was also a brisk form of music and dance which could be in double or triple time. This type of dance was eventually replaced by the danzón, which was, like the habanera, much slower and more sedate.


title: Cuban music

text: The habanera developed out of the contradanza in the early 19th century. Its great novelty was that it was "sung", as well as played and danced. Its development was at least partly due to the influence of French-speaking immigrants. The Haitian revolution of 1791 led to many colonial French and their slaves fleeing to Oriente. The "cinquillo" is one important rhythmical pattern which made its first appearance at this time.


title: Cuban music

text: The dance style of the habanera is slower and more stately than the danza; by the 1840s there were habaneras written, sung and danced in Mexico, Venezuela, Puerto Rico and Spain. Since about 1900 the habanera has been a relic dance; but the music has a period charm, and there are some famous compositions, such as "Tu", versions of which have been recorded many times.


title: Cuban music

text: The waltz ("El vals") arrived in Cuba by 1814. It was the first dance in which couples were not linked by a communal sequence pattern. It was, and still is, danced in 3/4 time with the accent on the first beat. It was originally thought scandalous because couples faced each other, held each other in the 'closed' hold, and, so to speak, ignored the surrounding community. The waltz entered all countries in the Americas. The walz has another characteristic: it is a 'travelling' dance, with couples moving round the arena. In Latin dances, progressive movement of dancers is unusual, but does occur in some.


title: Cuban music

text: A typical dance of the Cuban "campesino" or "guajiro". A dance of pairs, involving tapping of the feet, mostly by the man. Illustrations exist from previous centuries, but the dance is now defunct.


title: Cuban music

text: In the 19th century here grew up in Santiago de Cuba a group of itinerant musicians, troubadors, who moved around earning their living by singing and playing the guitar. They were of great importance as composers, and their songs have been used in all types of Cuban music


title: Cuban music

text: Pepe Sánchez (1856–1918), was the father of the "trova" and the creator of the Cuban bolero. He had no formal training in music. With remarkable natural talent, he composed numbers in his head and never wrote them down. As a result, most of these numbers are now lost for ever, though some two dozen or so survive because friends and disciples transcribed them. He also created advertisement jingles before radio was born. He was the model and teacher for the great trovadores who followed him.


title: Cuban music

text: The first, and one of the longest-lived, was Sindo Garay (1867–1968). He was an outstanding composer of songs, and his best have been sung and recorded many times. Garay was also musically illiterate – in fact, he only taught himself the alphabet at 16 – but in his case not only were scores recorded by others, but there are recordings. He broadcast on radio, made recordings and survived into modern times. He used to say "Not many men have shaken hands with both José Martí and Fidel Castro!"


title: Cuban music

text: Chicho Ibáñez (1875–1981) was even longer-lived than Garay. Ibáñez was the first trovador to specialize in the Cuban "son"; he also sung guaguancos and pieces from the abakuá (a black secret society).


title: Cuban music

text: Many of the early trovadores, such as Manuel Corona (who worked in a brothel area of Havana), composed and sung guarachas as a balance for the slower boleros.


title: Cuban music

text: This is a song and dance form quite different from its Spanish namesake. It originated in the last quarter of the 19th century with the founder of the traditional trova, Pepe Sánchez. He wrote the first bolero, "Tristezas", which is still sung today. The bolero has always been a staple part of the trova muusician's repertoire. The bolero proved to be exceptionally adaptable, and led to many variants. Typical was the introduction of syncopation, leading to the bolero-son, bolero-mambo and bolero-cha. The bolero-son became for several decades the most popular rhythm for dancing in Cuba, and it was this rhythm that the international dance community picked up and taught as the wrongly-named 'rumba'.


title: Cuban music

text: The European influence on Cuba's later musical development is represented by danzón, an elegant musical form that was once the most popular music in Cuba. It is a descendent of the creollized Cuban contradanza. The danzón marks the change which took place from the communal sequence dance style of the late eighteenth century to the couple dances of later times. The stimulus for this was the success of the once-scandalous walz, where couples danced facing each other and independently from other couples, not as part of a pre-set structure. The danzón was the first Cuban dance to adopt such methods, though there is a difference between the two dances. The walz is a progressive ballroom dance where couples move round the floor in an anti-clockwise direction; the danzón is a 'pocket-handkerchief' dance where a couple stays within a small area of the floor.


title: Cuban music

text: The danzón was exported to popular acclaim throughout Latin America, especially Mexico. It is now a relic, both in music and in dance, but its highly orchestrated descendents live on.


title: Cuban music

text: The "son", said Cristóbal Díaz, is the most important genre of Cuban music, and the least studied. It can fairly be said that "son" is to Cuba what the tango is to Argentina, or the samba to Brazil. In addition, it is perhaps the most flexible of all forms of Latin-American music. Its great strength is its fusion between European and African musical traditions. Its most characteristic instruments are the Cuban guitar known as the "tres", and the well-known double-headed "bongó"; these are present from the start to the present day. Also typical are the claves, the Spanish guitar, the double bass, and early on, the cornet or trumpet and finally the piano.


title: Cuban music

text: The "son" arose in Oriente, the eastern part of the island, merging the Spanish guitar and lyrical traditions with African percussion and rhythms. We now know that its history as a distinct form is relatively recent. There is no evidence that it goes back further than the end of the nineteenth century. It moved from Oriente to Havana in about 1909, carried by members of the "Permanente" (the Army), who were sent out of their areas of origin as a matter of policy. The first recordings were in 1918.


title: Cuban music

text: In addition, the son has again and again changed the older danzón to make it more syncopated and creole in style, starting in 1910 through the danzón-mambo and the cha-cha-cha to complex modern arrangements which are almost impossible to categorize.


title: Cuban music

text: The son varies widely today, with the defining characteristic a syncopated bass pulse that comes before the downbeat, giving son its distinctive rhythm; this is known as the "anticipated bass".


title: Cuban music

text: The history of jazz in Cuba was obscured for many years; however it has become clear that its history in Cuba is virtually as long as its history in the USA.


title: Cuban music

text: Much more is now known about early Cuban jazz bands, though a full assessment is plagued by the lack of recordings. Migrations and visits to and from the USA and the mutual exchange of recordings and sheet music kept musicians in the two countries in touch. In the first part of the 20th century there were close relations between musicians in Cuba and those in New Orleans. The orchestra leader in the famous Tropicana Club, Armando Romeu Jr, was a leading figure in the post-WWII development of Cuban jazz. The phenomenon of cubop, and jam sessions in Havana and New York, created genuine fusions which still influence musicians today.


title: Cuban music

text: World-wide interest in Cuban music was rekindled by a remarkable CD album entitled the "Buena Vista Social Club". An American guitarist, Ry Cooder, a British music producer, Nick Gold, and a Cuban musician, Juan Marcos Gonzáles, worked together on a new venture. They put together a group, mostly of older Cuban musicians, with the idea of recreating the Cuban music of the golden era of the 1950s. The first album, released in 1997, became a huge hit, selling over five million copies, and winning a Grammy in 1998. In 2003 it was listed by "Rolling Stone" magazine as #260 in their list of "The 500 Greatest Hits of All Time". A dozen more CDs have followed the first one, mostly issued by "Nonesuch Records" or "World Circuit".


title: Cuban music

text: A documentary movie, "Buena Vista Social Club", directed by Wim Wenders, was released in 1999. It grossed $23 million worldwide by 2007. A younger generation had discovered why Cuban music was so popular.


title: All-female band

text: The all female band is a musical group made exclusively of female musicians. Such groups include the Go-Go's, Bangles, The Andrews Sisters, The Runaways and 4 Non Blondes.


title: Elmer McCurdy

text: Elmer J. McCurdy (January 1, 1880 – October 7, 1911) was an American bank and train robber. He was killed in a shoot-out with police after robbing a train in Oklahoma in October 1911.


title: Elmer McCurdy

text: He was known as "The Bandit Who Wouldn't Give Up". His mummified body was first put on display at an Oklahoma funeral home and then became an attraction on a carnival and sideshow circuit during the 1920s through the 1960s.


title: Elmer McCurdy

text: After changing ownership several times, McCurdy's remains are currently up at The Pike amusement zone in Long Beach, California.


title: Elmer McCurdy

text: On December 8, 1976, the production crew of the television show "The Six Million Dollar Man" were filming scenes for the "Carnival of Spies" episode at The Pike. During the shoot, a prop man moved what was thought to be a wax mannequin that was hanging from the set. When the mannequin's arm broke off, a human bone and muscle tissue were seen. The body was identified to be the mummified corpse of McCurdy a few weeks later.


title: Rula Lenska

text: Rula Lenska (born Róża Maria Leopoldyna Łubieńska, 30 September 1947) is a British actress. She has mostly appeared in British stage and television productions, but is known in the United States for a series of commercials for Alberto VO5 hairspray in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Her first husband was actor Brian Deacon (his first wife, 1977–1987) and her second husband was actor Dennis Waterman (his third wife, 1987–1998). In recent years, she has become known for her role as Claudia Colby in the long-running ITV soap opera "Coronation Street" (2009–2011, 2018–present). In 2002, she appeared as Krystal in four episodes of the BBC soap opera "EastEnders".


title: Alexis Kennedy

text: Alexis Kennedy (born 1972) is a British video game developer and writer. He makes independent or 'indie' games. Indie games are not made by big companies, but small groups of people. He made the indie games company Failbetter Games in 2009, and was its CEO until 2016. In 2017, he made a new company called Weather Factory. Kennedy's games are known for being different to most video games. He refers to them as "weird" and "experimental", meaning they have new ideas and work differently to other games.


title: Rula Lenska

text: Lenska was born in the village of Diddington, near St Neots, Huntingdonshire, Cambridgeshire, The East of England. She is of Polish descent.


title: Alexis Kennedy

text: In 2009, Kennedy made a game called "Fallen London". "Fallen London" is set in a world where Victorian England was different to the real world. In the game, the city of London was taken down under the ground by strange bats and put in an underground world called the Neath, where it is always nighttime. "Fallen London" has been called a horror game. It has also been compared to Romanticism, a style of art from the 19th century about feelings, imagination, and freedom.


title: Alexis Kennedy

text: "Fallen London" is a browser game. People play browser games in their web browser, rather than downloading it on their computer or buying it from a store. In 2020, in a quote from his book "Sex, Lies, and Videogames" (which was not yet published), Kennedy said the game was meant to be a different kind of game like them. He wanted to do something different, but still be a browser game.


title: Alexis Kennedy

text: Many people liked "Fallen London". Gaming journalists gave it good reviews. Some of them liked it so much they gave it awards.


title: Alexis Kennedy

text: Because so many people liked "Fallen London", Kennedy and his company Failbetter Games decided to make a new game set in the Neath. The game, "Sunless Sea", came out in 2015.


title: Alexis Kennedy

text: "Sunless Sea" is set in the Unterzee, the name for the ocean in the Neath. The player plays a sea captain who sails (called 'zailing' in the game) the Unterzee. They might 'zail' to make money, to become famous, or for more personal reasons, such as in memory of their dead father. "Sunless Sea" is a computer role-playing game, but it also has some parts from other kinds of games. For instance, it has the roguelike traits that you need to make a new character if you die, and you need to keep track of your food and fuel.


title: Alexis Kennedy

text: Like "Fallen London", "Sunless Sea" was very well liked. It got the last perfect 10/10 rating from the video game magazine "Eurogamer". It also sold many copies. In 2018, Kennedy said it had sold 350,000 copies.


title: Alexis Kennedy

text: In 2016, Kennedy decided to leave Failbetter Games, the company he made "Fallen London" and "Sunless Sea" with. He made a new company, Weather Factory, to make new games. These games were not set in the Neath. However, they still had a lot in common with his old games.


title: Alexis Kennedy

text: The first game Weather Factory made was called "Cultist Simulator". It came out in 2018. The player character in "Cultist Simulator" is someone who studies the occult, which is secret spiritual ideas about the way the world works. They want to make a cult of followers who can help them become more powerful. They need to do this while making sure they do not die, go to prison, or go insane.


title: Alexis Kennedy

text: Like the other games, "Cultist Simulator" had good reviews. A lot of people compared it to stories by H.P. Lovecraft, a man who wrote strange stories about horror, madness, and cults.


title: Alexis Kennedy

text: Weather Factory is making another game called "Book of Hours" about an occult librarian. "Book of Hours" will come out in 2023.


title: Alexis Kennedy

text: When Kennedy started to make games, his ex-wife was pregnant and his daughter was going to be born. He decided to start making games because he was worried he wouldn't ever do it if he didn't start then. Before making games, he was a teacher. When Kennedy was a child, his father died, and when he was a young adult, his brother died. He has said these deaths are a part of why he writes the things he does.


title: Alexis Kennedy

text: In 2019, some people accused Kennedy of sexual harassment. They said he dated some women who worked at Failbetter Games, and that he was mean to those women and hurt them. Kennedy said that the people saying these things were wrong, and that they were hurting him.


title: Pichal Peri

text: In the Indian-Pakistani folklores, it has two forms, one is of a witch who is very dark, ugly and scary, and another is of a beautiful woman who targets vulnerable men passing through the woods after the dark; they appear and vanish after a while, leaving a fearful experience to the victims. Whereas, some other claims also assert they attack and kill human beings, to eat their livers. Some people say they have seen this creature in reality and have somehow escaped. According to them, it has long hair and long teeth and feet that are reversed (with heel in front and toes turned back).


title: WWE Raw Women's Championship

text: The WWE Raw Women's Championship is a wrestling championship in WWE competed for by women of the "Raw" brand. It was created on April 3, 2016 at WrestleMania 32 and was originally called the WWE Women's Championship. However, this title does not share the title history of the original Women's Championship. It replaced the WWE Divas Championship as the women title in WWE.


title: Georgia's 14th congressional district

text: Georgia's 14th congressional district was created after the 2010 Census, when Georgia gained a 14th seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. Republican Marjorie Taylor Greene has been the representative since 2021.


title: WWE Raw Women's Championship

text: At WrestleMania 32 on April 3, 2016, Lita announced that a new WWE Women's Championship would be created. In the process, the Divas Championship would be retired. Later in the night, the Divas Champion Charlotte beat Becky Lynch and Sasha Banks to win the new Women's Championship.


title: Georgia's 14th congressional district

text: The district was made from some of the old 9th and 11th districts after the 112th Congress, based on the 2010 census.


title: WWE Raw Women's Championship

text: The title shared its name with the original Women's Championship. However, the new title does not share the same title history as the original. The first Women's Championship was unified with the Divas Championship in 2010. As result, they combined their lineage and history.


title: WWE Raw Women's Championship

text: In the draft that took place on July 19, 2016, Charlotte was drafted to "Raw" and the title was called "WWE Raw Women's Championship".


title: WikiLeaks

text: WikiLeaks is a non-profit organization which uses its website to publish governmental, private data, corporate or religious documents that had previously been secret. The website was started in 2006, and had over 1.2 million documents in its database by the time one year had passed. Usually, it does not give out the names and addresses of people who post documents. The site is based in Sweden. Though its name is similar to Wikipedia, it is not related to Wikipedia or the Wikimedia Foundation. The name was chosen because WikiLeaks used a wiki model at first, where people could edit the site, but it has since changed and is no longer open for editing.


title: WikiLeaks

text: In July 2010, WikiLeaks was in the news for publishing over 76,900 documents related to the War in Afghanistan. In October that same year, WikiLeaks posted almost 400,000 documents that were about the War in Iraq.


title: WikiLeaks

text: This was the largest ever leak of documents about the US Army. It reported mainly on deaths of civilians, soldiers, and sightings of homemade bombs or armed civilians.


title: WikiLeaks

text: On 28 November 2010, WikiLeaks and five major newspapers - from Spain ("El País"), France ("Le Monde"), Germany ("Der Spiegel"), the United Kingdom ("The Guardian"), and the United States ("The New York Times") - all began to publish the first 291 of 251,287 confidential diplomatic cables from 274 embassies dated from 1966–2010. WikiLeaks plans to release all of the cables in phases over several months.


title: WikiLeaks

text: This leak was widely covered by the international media, as many of the leaks contained information that affected countries other than the United States. Some leaks were published by other news organizations like Fairfax Media. White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs said that an "open and transparent government is something that the President believes is truly important. But the stealing of classified information and its dissemination is a crime".


title: WikiLeaks

text: In August 2016, WikiLeaks posted more than 20,000 emails from the Democratic National Committee (DNC) that showed they tried to undermine Bernie Sanders.


title: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

text: Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner (February 19, 1953), also called Cristina Fernández, CFK or Cristina Kirchner, is an Argentine attorney and politician. She has been the Vice President of Argentina since 2019. She was the President of Argentina from 2007 to 2015. She was born in La Plata, Buenos Aires Province. She is the daughter of Eduardo Fernandez ( of Spanish descent) a bus driver, and Ofelia Esther Wilhelm (of German descent). She is a lawyer and she was married to former Argentinian president Néstor Kirchner from 1975 until his death in 2010.


title: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

text: On 30 September 2020, the federal criminal cassation court confirmed the corruption trials of Fernández de Kirchner, ruling the former president's objections to be inadmissible. After analyzing the claims of the defendants in the case for the never-ratified Memorandum with Iran, on 7 October 2021, the Federal Oral Court 8 declared the case null and void. The judges concluded that there was no crime in the signing of the agreement with Iran, and declared a judicial dismissal of Cristina Kirchner and the other defendants. On 6 December 2022, she was sentenced to six years in prison and a lifetime ban from holding public office for corruption, and has stated her intention to appeal the verdict.


title: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

text: On September 1, 2022, after 9:00 p.m., the Brazilian Fernando Andres Sabag Montiel attempted to assassinate Cristina Kirchner outside her home in the Recoleta neighborhood. He pointed a 380-caliber Bersa pistol at his head and fired the shot but the bullet did not come out, and he was subdued by security personnel. The Vice President of Argentina was unharmed. It happened when she was returning to her home and signing books.


title: Erich Maria Remarque

text: Erich Maria Remarque (22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970) was the pseudonym of Erich Paul Remark, a German author.


title: Erich Maria Remarque

text: Erich Paul Remark was born in Osnabrück. His parents were of the working-class. The family was Roman Catholic. When he was eighteen, he had to go to war. The Army sent him the front lines of World War I. He was wounded there, by stray shell fragments. After the war, he changed his last name to "Remarque". This had been the family-name until his grandfather's time. He worked at a number of different jobs. He also took the jobs of librarian, businessman, teacher, journalist and editor, at some time.


title: Erich Maria Remarque

text: In 1929, Remarque published his most famous work, "All Quiet on the Western Front" ("Im Westen nichts Neues") under the name "Erich Maria Remarque". He Changed his middle name to honour his mother. The novel described the utter cruelty of the war from the perspective of a twenty-year-old soldier. A number of similar works followed; in simple, emotive language they realistically described wartime and the postwar years. An opposite view is found in "Storm of Steel" ("In Stahlgewittern") by Ernst Jünger.


title: Erich Maria Remarque

text: In 1933, the Nazis banned and burned Remarque's works. They made propaganda materials. In the materials, they said that he was a descendant of French Jews and that his real last name was Kramer, his original name spelled backwards. This is still listed in some biographies despite the complete lack of proof. He had been living in Switzerland since 1931, and in 1939 he emigrated to the United States of America with his first wife, Ilsa Jeanne Zamboui, whom he married and divorced twice, and they became naturalized citizens of the United States in 1947. In 1948 he went to Switzerland, where he spent the rest of his life. He married the Hollywood actress Paulette Goddard in 1958. He was married to her until his death in 1970, at age 72. He is buried in the Ronco cemetery in Ronco, Ticino, Switzerland. Goddard is also buried there. Goddard left $20m to New York University to fund an institute for European study which is named after Remarque.


title: Lamiaceae

text: Lamiaceae or Labiatae, also known as the mint family, is a family of plants. It includes about 210 genera and about 3,500 species. It has been considered closely related to Verbenaceae but 1990s phylogenetic studies have shown that a lot of the genera classified in Verbenaceae belong instead in Lamiaceae, whereas the core genera of Verbenaceae are not closely related to Lamiaceae and are more closely related to other members of the Lamiales.


title: Earwig

text: Earwigs is the name given to a group of insects (called "Dermaptera"). They are characterized by wings they can fold under short, leather-like forewings. There are about 1800 species of earwigs. They do not seem to spread any disease, or harm humans in any way. Most of them are 10-14mm long, but some species can reach 80mm. Most earwigs are omnivores as they also eat some insect larvae.


title: Earwig

text: All earwigs are insects. All earwigs have three body parts, head, thorax, and abdomen. Earwigs are about the same size as a peanut.


title: Earwig

text: Earwigs are dark brown, red, or black. Earwigs use their antennae for smelling and feeling. Their antennae are attached to their head. All earwigs look a little flat. Earwigs have thin back wings that are covered by thick forewings. They don’t fly often. Some earwigs have stripes on the thorax and abdomen.


title: Earwig

text: Male earwigs have curved cerci(which are little pinchers to grab food) and females have straight cerci on their abdomen. Sometimes, male earwigs use their cerci (little pinchers to grab food) to fight other males. Earwigs are known for having a foul smell.


title: Earwig

text: Earwigs usually live in damp, shady places such as under leaves or in fallen trees. Earwigs can also be found in your home, mostly in basements or bathrooms, where there are damp and shady places.


title: Earwig

text: All earwigs eat plants. Earwigs eat pollen out from flowers. Sometimes, earwigs will eat fruit such as apples. When they live in houses they eat some of our pests like spiders and flies. Only some times they can get honey to eat. On trees you might find them eating moss or fungi.


title: Judah

text: The Kingdom of Judah was an ancient Jewish kingdom that existed in the southern part of the Levant. It was on the western shore of the Dead Sea. Its main cities were Jerusalem and Hebron. It existed from the 9th or 8th century BC, up until 586 BC.


title: Judah

text: After the death of Saul, Israel picked David to rule them. (1 Chronicles 11:1) After the death of King Solomon, son of David, ten of the twelve of the tribes of Israel did not want Solomon's son, Rehoboam to lead them. This caused the kingdom to split the Northern Kingdom, the Kingdom of Israel and the Southern Kingdom, the Kingdom of Judah. Jerusalem was the capital of the Kingdom of Judah.


title: Shirley MacLaine

text: Shirley MacLaine (born April 24, 1934) is an American movie and theatre actress. She is famous for her acting as well as her strong belief in reincarnation. She is the writer of a many autobiographical works, some about her New Age beliefs, as well as her Hollywood career. She is the older sister of Warren Beatty. She won the Academy Award for "Best Actress" in 1983, and has also received many other awards, including the Emmy, Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards.


title: Álvaro Arbeloa

text: Álvaro Arbeloa Coca (born 17 January 1983) is a retired Spanish footballer player. He has played for Real Madrid, Liverpool, and the Spanish national team.


title: Grand Theft Auto: Vice City

text: Grand Theft Auto: Vice City is a video game made by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It was released in 2002, for the PlayStation 2 and for personal computers. It is part of the "Grand Theft Auto" series of video games. It takes place in the 1980's in a fictional place called Vice City. This fictional city is based on the real-life city called Miami which is in Florida.


title: Grand Theft Auto: Vice City

text: "Grand Theft Auto: Vice City" is an action-adventure game played from a third-person view. The player controls criminal Tommy Vercetti and completes missions to progress through the story. Players can freely walk around the game's open world and can complete side missions too. Vice City has two main islands and some smaller islands. The islands are unlocked for the player as the story progresses.


title: Grand Theft Auto: Vice City

text: The player can run, jump, and drive vehicles. The player uses melee attacks, firearms and explosives to fight enemies.


title: Grand Theft Auto: Vice City

text: During the story, Tommy meets different gangs. As the player completes missions for different gangs, some gang members will defend the player and some rival gang members will see the player and shoot them.


title: Grand Theft Auto: Vice City

text: As Tommy builds his criminal empire, the player can buy a number of buildings in the city, some are where weapons can be collected and vehicles can be stored. There are also businesses which can be purchased.


title: Grand Theft Auto: Vice City

text: Each building has a number of missions, once all missions are complete, the building begins to generate an ongoing income for the player.


title: Whey

text: Whey is a watery liquid that comes out of milk when it has been curdled and strained. It is also called milk plasma. It is a by-product of cheese making. "Sweet whey" is made during the making of rennet types of hard cheese like Cheddar or Swiss. "Acid whey" (also known as "sour whey") is made during the making of acid types of cheese such as cottage cheese. Whey also forms as a liquid on the top of yoghurt.


title: Flag of Slovenia

text: The national flag of Slovenia has three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, with the Slovenian coat of arms on the upper left side of the flag centered in the white and blue bands. The coat of arms is a shield with the image of Mount Triglav, Slovenia's highest mountain, in white against a blue background; below it are two blue lines that stand for the Adriatic Sea and local rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an triangle which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, an important Slovenian family.


title: Whey

text: Whey can be used to make whey cheeses like ricotta. It can be added to processed foods like bread, pastry or crackers. It can also be used to feed animals.


title: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

text: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet communication protocol used to send and relay an email message between email servers. It is not used to retrieve email messages from a server. Instead either IMAP or POP is used to retrieve email messages.


title: Urban legend

text: An urban legend is an often circulated story that is not necessarily based on truth, but merely conjecture and rumor. However, there may or may not be a grain of truth from which the story originated.


title: Urban legend

text: The Internet has made it easier for urban legends to spread, as people often spread them to their friends or family using e-mail. As a result, some websites such as Snopes.com and TruthOrFiction.com, among others, have been made that look at urban legends and try to see whether or not they are true.


title: Urban legend

text: An example of an urban legend is a report that years after the defeat of St Clair in 1791 at Ft Recovery Mercer Country Ohio - a skeleton of a Captain Roger Vanderberg was found in Miami County Ohio inside a tree along with a diary; in fact no one of this name was a casualty of the 1791 battle - it was a story that orginated in 1864 from a Scottish novel! Another example of a urban legend is a young woman and her mother going to visit the Paris Exposition; the mother falls ill, the daughter rushes off to get help only to find her mother gone! The woman either goes insane or is told the truth-her mother had the plague which was the reason for the coverup. This became the premise of a 1950s movie "So Long at the Fair". In fact the basis for the legend was a story in 1897 in a Philadelphia newspaper...and no other sources in fact!


title: Urban legend

text: Other urban legends concern the Chase Burial Vault in Barbadoes although the lone account has no other basis in fact. Another urban legend concerns organized crime: In New York city at the turn of the century there was a "Murder Stable" where criminals killed one another. In fact, the report was exaggerated. Allegedly, an unknown killer named "Shotgun Man" committed dozens of murders with a shotgun in Chicago, Illinois after the turn of the century between 1910 and 1911 - although a check of a database of Chicago murders from that time period shows only one shotgun killings between 1900 and 1920.


title: Asheville, North Carolina

text: Asheville is the county seat of Buncombe County, North Carolina. It is located where the Swannanoa River and the French Broad River meet. The population of Asheville was counted in 2000 as 74,543 and 83,393 in 2010. Asheville is the largest city in the North Carolina mountains.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: Gibbs free energy is the available energy in a chemical reaction. It was calculated by Josiah Willard Gibbs.


title: Surjective function

text: In mathematics, a surjective or onto function is a function "f" : "A" → "B" with the following property. For every element "b" in the codomain "B", there is at least one element "a" in the domain "A" such that "f"("a")="b". This means that no element in the codomain is unmapped, and that the range and codomain of "f" are the same set.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: Systems have a tendency to achieve as low of a free energy state as possible. The Gibbs free energy number is how far away the current system is from this state. It is analogous to a number line, with zero being the final state. Scientists use Gibbs free energy to determine the energy in a system that can be used. A negative Gibbs number indicates that you can get energy out of the reaction. It is a favorable reaction, which means that the chemical reaction "wants" to move towards its lower state. A positive Gibbs number shows that you must put energy in to get energy out.


title: Surjective function

text: The term "surjection" and the related terms "injection" and "bijection" were introduced by the group of mathematicians that called itself . In the 1930s, this group of mathematicians published a series of books on modern advanced mathematics. The French prefix "sur" means "above" or "onto" and was chosen since a surjective function maps its domain on to its codomain.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: An example can be seen in respiration. The Gibbs value of one mole of glucose -686kcal. This means that we can get 686 kcal of energy from one mole of glucose. This means if we put in energy in respiration, we can theoretically get 686 kcal out of the mole of glucose.


title: Surjective function

text: where the element formula_4 is called the image of the element formula_5, and the element formula_5 a pre-image of the element formula_4.


title: Surjective function

text: A pre-image does "not" have to be unique. In the top image, both {X} and {Y} are pre-images of the element {1}. It is only important that there be at least one pre-image.


title: Surjective function

text: Let "f"("x"):ℝ→ℝ be a real-valued function "y"="f"("x") of a real-valued argument "x". (This means both the input and output are numbers.)


title: Surjective function

text: In mathematics, we can find exact (analytic) roots only of polynomials of first, second (and third) degree. We find roots of all other functions approximately (numerically). This means a formal proof of surjectivity is rarely direct. So the discussions below are informal.


title: Surjective function

text: Example: The linear function of a slanted line is "onto". That is, "y"="ax"+"b" where "a"≠0 is a surjection. (It is also an injection and thus a bijection.)


title: Surjective function

text: Example: The quadratic function "f"("x") = "x" is not a surjection. There is no "x" such that "x" = −1. The range of "x"² is <nowiki>[0,+∞) </nowiki>, that is, the set of non-negative numbers. (Also, this function is not an injection.)


title: Surjective function

text: Note: One can make a non-surjective function into a surjection by "restricting" its codomain to elements of its range. For example, the "new" function, "f"("x"):ℝ → [0,+∞) where "f"("x") = "x" is a surjective function. (This is not the same as the restriction of a function which restricts the domain!)


title: Surjective function

text: Example: The exponential function "f"("x") = 10 is not a surjection. The range of "10" is (0,+∞), that is, the set of positive numbers. (This function is an injection.)


title: Surjective function

text: Example: The logarithmic function base 10 "f"("x"):<nowiki>(0,+∞)</nowiki>→ℝ defined by "f"("x")=log("x") or "y"=log("x") is a surjection (and an injection). (This is the inverse function of 10.)


title: Surjective function

text: Example: The function "f"(("x","y")):ℝ²→ℝ defined by "z"="y" is a surjection. Its graph is a plane in 3-dimensional space. The pre-image of "z" is the line y="z" in the "x"0"y" plane.


title: Leona Lewis

text: Lewis first became famous when she won a television talent contest in Britain called "The X Factor". When she won "The X Factor" in 2006, Lewis got a £1 million contract to make more music. She then released a song, as part of "The X Factor" contract, called "A Moment Like This" which was the number 1 song in the charts at Christmas after selling 571,253 copies in the shops and on download.


title: Leona Lewis

text: Lewis then released her second song on 22 October 2007 called "Bleeding Love" which was the number 1 song again in Britain, and also reached number 1 in the United States. It sold 218,805 copies in the first week of release. She released her first album called "Spirit" in November 2007. Her second album is "Echo", which was released 9 November 2009.


title: Renaissance architecture

text: This country house was built by Palladio in 1550. It is a square building which looks the same from every side. At the centre, there is a dome. On every side is a large porch, (portico), like a Greek temple. It is such an elegant design that other architects used the same style which can be seen on churches, houses and palaces, including the White House.


title: Hatchback

text: A hatchback is a car body style with a rear door that swings upward to provide access to a cargo area. Indeed, this rear door that opens upwards is a distinguishing feature of all hatchbacks. Most hatchbacks use a two-box design body style, where the cargo area (trunk/boot) and passenger areas are a single unit. The rear seats can often be folded down to increase the available cargo area. The body style has been marketed worldwide on cars ranging in size from superminis to small family cars, as well as executive cars and some sports cars. It is useful for short journeys and for a medium amount of luggage.


title: Zedd

text: Anton Zaslavski (born 2 September 1989), better known by his stage name Zedd, is a Russian-born German DJ, songwriter, and record producer. He was born in Saratov, Russia, and raised in Kaiserslautern, Germany. He is known for remixing the music of other singers while also releasing his own singles.


title: Zedd

text: He released "Clarity" (2013; featuring the singer Foxes), "Stay" (2017; with Alessia Cara), "The Middle" (2018; with Maren Morris and Grey), and was featured on Ariana Grande's song "Break Free" (2014). All of these songs reached the top ten on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the US. The first song won him a Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording.


title: Zedd

text: Zedd collaborated with Lady Gaga on her third studio album, "Artpop". He cites Gaga as an inspiration.


title: Collision

text: A collision occurs when two objects come in contact with each other. All collisions have the same momentum before and after a collision. Examples of collisions include car crashes, bouncing a ball, and playing pool. Collisions are made from two smaller sections called elastic and inelastic collisions.


title: Andrew Cuomo

text: Andrew Mark Cuomo (born December 6, 1957) is an American politician. He was the 56th Governor of New York from 2011 to 2021.


title: Collision

text: In the case of playing pool or bouncing a ball, an elastic collision occurs. An elastic collision generally occurs when an elastic or hard object experiences a collision that bounces off another elastic or hard object, where the kinetic energy and momentum are the same before and after the collision. In an experiment, a small amount of energy will still be lost because of the friction between the surface and the objects.


title: Andrew Cuomo

text: He was 64th New York State Attorney General and the 11th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under Bill Clinton.


title: Collision

text: In the case of a car crash, an inelastic collision occurs. An inelastic collision generally occurs when a soft object experiences a collision that does not result in a bounce. Kinetic energy is lost during this type of collision because the energy is transformed into other forces. The momentum is the same before and after the collision.


title: Andrew Cuomo

text: He was born in Queens. His father Mario Cuomo was also Governor of New York and Andrew worked for him.


title: Collision

text: In the case of a two dimensional collision, the rules in elastic and inelastic collision are still the same, but vectors are used to find the momentum before or after a collision.


title: Andrew Cuomo

text: Cuomo has promoted several policies such as legalizing same-sex marriage, tough laws against guns, allowing businesses not to pay taxes for some time in some parts of the state, continuing the moratorium (delay) on hydraulic fracturing for extracting (taking out) petroleum and natural gas, he started the United States Climate Alliance, a group of states intending to stop climate change by following the terms of the Paris Climate Accords and pro-immigration policies.


title: Collision

text: Duncan, Tom. "Advanced Physics for Hong Kong: Volume 1 Mechanics & Electricity". John Murray Ltd, 1995.


title: Andrew Cuomo

text: He was reelected governor in 2014 and 2018. In 2020, he became well known across the country over his leadership and handling over the COVID-19 pandemic in New York. However, his administration was accused of covering up the actual number of COVID-related deaths in nursing homes.


title: Collision

text: Wai, Loo Kwok. "Longman A-Level Course in Physics: Volume 1". Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd, 2003.


title: Andrew Cuomo

text: From late 2020, many of Cuomo's former secretaries and assistants have accused him of sexual harassment. In August 2021, an investigation found that Cuomo did sexually harass multiple women during his time as governor. On August 10, 2021, Cuomo announced that he would resign as governor. He resigned on August 24 and was replaced by Kathy Hochul, the lieutenant governor of New York.


title: Blake Griffin

text: Blake Austin Griffin (born March 16, 1989) is an American basketball player. He is a power forward for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA).


title: Blake Griffin

text: Griffin played college basketball for two years at the University of Oklahoma, then decided to enter the NBA Draft.


title: Blake Griffin

text: In the 2009 NBA Draft, the Clippers chose him with the first pick. However, Griffin broke a kneecap during the preseason and missed the entire 2009-2010 season. He finally played his first regular season NBA game on October 27, 2010. Griffin scored 20 points and had 14 rebounds, although the Clippers lost to the Portland Trail Blazers, 98-88.


title: Blake Griffin

text: Griffin quickly became known as a hard working player and a good dunker. He was chosen to be in the slam dunk contest during the 2011 NBA All-Star Weekend, and was also chosen to play in the 2011 NBA All-Star Game.


title: Kingsport, Tennessee

text: Kingsport is a city in Hawkins and Sullivan counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee. Most of the city is in Sullivan County. Kingsport is the biggest city in each county but it is not the county seat of either. As of the 2020 census its population was 55,442.


title: Pat Morita

text: Noriyuki "Pat" Morita (June 28, 1932 – November 24, 2005) was an American actor and stand up comedian of Japanese descent. He was born in Isleton, California. He is known for playing Mr. Miyagi in the "Karate Kid" movies. He also appeared in the sitcom "Happy Days". He died of renal failure in Las Vegas, Nevada.


title: Fleur de lys

text: The fleur de lys or fleur de lis (plural: fleurs de lys or fleurs de lis) is a stylized depiction of the lily or the iris. It is decorative and has been used for centuries on flags and on coats of arms.


title: Cabu

text: Jean Cabut (13 January 1938 – 7 January 2015), better known as Cabu, was a French comic strip artist and caricaturist. He was best known for his work on the satirical newspaper "Charlie Hebdo".


title: Kingsport, Tennessee

text: The name is based on "King's Port" which referred to the area around Ross's Landing. It is part of what is known as the "Mountain Empire," which includes a portion of southwest Virginia and the mountainous counties in Tennessee to the east.


title: Cabu

text: Cabu was among the victims who were killed in a shooting at "Charlie Hebdo"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Paris headquarters on 7 January 2015. He was 76.


title: Kingsport, Tennessee

text: Pal's Sudden Service, a regional fast-food restaurant chain, opened its first location in 1956 and is headquartered in Kingsport. In 2001, Pal's Sudden Service, won the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, becoming the first restaurant company to receive the award.


title: Kingsport, Tennessee

text: Kingsport is located at (36.536851, -82.542123) where U.S. highways 11 and 23 meet. Kingsport is also the starting and ending point of Interstate 26.


title: Kingsport, Tennessee

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 45.0 square miles (116.6 km²), of which, 44.1 square miles (114.1 km²) of it is land and 0.9 square miles (2.4 km²) of it (2.07%) is water.


title: Kingsport, Tennessee

text: People who live in Kingsport use the Kingsport City Schools public school system. The system has eight elementary schools, two middle schools, and one high school. Kingsport is also home to eight private academies. The city is also part of Sullivan county which has 2 other high schools in Kingsport.


title: Kingsport, Tennessee

text: While no college or university houses its main campus within the city, Northeast State Community College, East Tennessee State University, and University of Tennessee have branch campuses in Kingsport.


title: Kingsport, Tennessee

text: There are several neighborhoods located within or just outside of Kingsport, offering different ways of living:


title: Kingsport, Tennessee

text: The Kingsport Axman of the Appalachian League, a rookie-level league, play in the city. The team has competed in the city since 1969, with the exception of 1983. The Mets play in Hunter Wright Stadium named after Mayor Hunter Wright. Previously the team was known as the Kingsport Mets. Their name changed in 2020.


title: George Jones

text: George Glenn Jones (September 12, 1931 – April 26, 2013) was an American country music singer known for his long list of hit records, his distinctive voice and phrasing, and his marriage to Tammy Wynette.


title: George Jones

text: Jones was married to Dorothy Bonvillion from 1950 until they divorced. Then he was married to Shirley Ann Corley from 1954 until they divorced in 1968. Then he was married to Tammy Wynette from 1969 until they divorced in 1975. Then he was married to Nancy Sepulvado from 1983 until his death in 2013. He had four children.


title: Khanqah

text: A khanqah or khaniqah () is a place where members of the Sufi faith meet and do their spiritual rituals. Today, there are a lot of khanaqahs around the world, especially in muslim countries.


title: Digital Visual Interface

text: The Digital Visual Interface (or DVI) is a video interface standard. It is used to send video between a source (such as a personal computer) and a display (such as a monitor). This interface cannot be used to transmit audio unless it is connected to a High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) converter. HDMI and DVI use the same protocol for signalling, named Transition-minimized differential signaling.


title: Carrying capacity

text: In ecology, the carrying capacity of an environment is the number of organisms of a particular species that can live there depending on the amount of resources it has. If too many organisms live in an environment, it is called overpopulation.


title: Llandudno

text: Llandudno () is a town, seaside resort and community in the Conwy County Borough, Wales. It is located on the Creuddyn Peninsula, which protrudes into the Irish Sea, in the historic county of Caernarfonshire. The community currently has a population of 20,701.


title: Digital Visual Interface

text: The DVI standard has is widely used in the personal computer industry. Many desktop personal computers and monitors can use it. Most desktop personal computers and liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors sold in stores today have more than one video interface, including DVI. Many other devices (such as projectors and televisions) can use DVI as part of HDMI.


title: Carrying capacity

text: The carrying capacity of an environment can change, and humans can have an effect on the carrying capacity. For example, agriculture and irrigation allow feeding more people; meaning the human carrying capacity is increased.


title: Llandudno

text: Llandudno is the largest seaside resort in Wales, and as early as 1861 was being called ""The Queen of the Welsh Watering Places"". The town's name is derived from its patron saint, Saint Tudno. The town developed from Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements over many hundreds of years on the slopes of the limestone headland, known to seafarers as the Great Orme and to landsmen as the Creuddyn Peninsula. By 1847, the town had grown to a thousand people, served by the new church of St George, built in 1840.


title: Digital Visual Interface

text: HDMI is a newer video interface standard. Many laptops still have an old-fashioned VGA connector. Many models in the 2010s have HDMI ports. Fewer laptops have DVI.


title: Carrying capacity

text: Some things that can change an environment's carrying capacity are pollution and the use of natural resources.


title: Llandudno

text: It was specifically built as a mid-Victorian era holiday destination. The town's main modern-day attractions include the Great Orme Tramway, Llandudno Pier and Venue Cymru.


title: Digital Visual Interface

text: DVI was created by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG). It was created to replace the "legacy analog technology" VGA connector standard. DVI is designed to carry uncompressed digital video data to a display. It works very well with the HDMI standard in digital mode (DVI-D), and VGA in analog mode (DVI-A). It is also found in some television sets even though it has been widely replaced by HDMI.


title: Llandudno

text: The town's railway station is situated on the North Wales Coast Line between Crewe in Cheshire, England and Holyhead, Anglesey. It is also the northern terminus of the Conwy Valley line to Blaenau Ffestiniog.


title: Sexual objectification

text: Both males and females can be sexually objectified, as can children and teenagers. Women and girls, however, are more likely victims of sexual objectification than men and boys. The concept of sexual objectification toward females is very important for some feminist theories. The sexual objectification toward women and girls contributes to bad treatment against them and to gender inequality. A number of psychologists link sexual objectification under some physical and mental health risks for women and girls.


title: Sexual objectification

text: The sexual objectification of women/girls has them being viewed like an object under male sexual desires, not as a whole person. Opinions differ, however, on which situations are objectionable. Many see the sexual objectifying of women/girls taking place with sexual portrayals involving them under art, media, advertising, pornography, prostitution and beauty contests.


title: Sexual objectification

text: Hispanic or Latina females are more often sexually objectified under stereotypes (unfair generalisations) toward them. The American media often portray these women as more likely to perform casual sex with multiple partners. The same media portray these females as having curved shapes, large breasts, large buttocks, having a melodramatic (over-the-top) attitude or being feisty.


title: Sexual objectification

text: Women also sometimes see men as sex objects. This often happens in movies and in advertising. It also happens in some television programs.Erotic shows (such as a striptease), or pornography may reduce men to sex objects.


title: Mos Def

text: Dante Terrell Smith (born December 11, 1973) is an Emmy- and Golden Globe-nominated American actor and a Grammy-nominated rapper known by the stage name Mos Def. Mos Def started his hip hop career in a group called Urban Thermo Dynamics, after which he appeared on albums by Da Bush Babees and De La Soul. He formed the duo Black Star with Talib Kweli and they released the well-received album "Black Star" in 1998. He was a major force in the late 1990s underground hip hop explosion spearheaded by Rawkus Records. As a solo artist he has released three albums "Black on Both Sides" (1999) "The New Danger" (2004), and "True Magic" (2006).


title: Puzzle video game

text: A puzzle video game is a type of video game that focuses on puzzle solving. They test things such as strategy, logic, and problem solving. One example is Minesweeper.


title: Jay Rockefeller

text: John D. Rockefeller IV (born June 18, 1937) is a retired American Democratic politician. He served as a United States senator of West Virginia from 1985 to 2015. Before becoming a U.S. Senator, he was Governor of West Virginia from 1977 to 1985.


title: Jay Rockefeller

text: In April 1992, he was the Democratic Party's finance chairman. He considered running for president, but decided not to after asking friends and advisors. He went on to strongly endorse Bill Clinton as the Democratic candidate.


title: Jay Rockefeller

text: He is the great-grandson of oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller. He is the only member of the Rockefeller family who was a government official to not be a Republican as the family dynasty are mostly left-wing Republicans.


title: Jay Rockefeller

text: On January 11, 2013, Rockefeller announced that he would not seek reelection for the United States Senate in 2014.


title: Right to a fair trial

text: The right to fair trial is an essential right in all countries respecting the rule of law. A trial in these countries that is considered unfair will typically be restarted, or its verdict thrown out. Some of the rights that make a trial fair are explicitly proclaimed in Article 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They are clearly stated in the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. They are also stated in Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights, and in Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as well as numerous other constitutions and declarations throughout the world. There is no binding international law that defines what is or is not a fair trial. For example, the right to a jury trial and other important procedures vary from nation to nation.


title: PJ Masks

text: The PJ Masks is an animated children's television series. It began on the Disney Junior on September 18, 2015, on France 5 on 18 December 2015 and on the Disney Junior in Canada on February 7, 2016. The series is based on the Les Pyjamasques book series by Romuald Racioppo.


title: Cabinet making

text: Cabinet making, also spelled cabinetmaking or "cabinet-making" with a hyphen, is the use of fine woodworking skills to make cabinets and furniture.


title: PJ Masks

text: Three 6 year old kids, Amaya, Connor and Greg become the fictional characters Owlette (an owl), Catboy (a cat) and Gekko (a lizard), or the PJ Masks. Together, the characters save the day and seldom lose.


title: Cabinet making

text: There were few full-time furniture makers in England or America until the last half of the 17th century.


title: Cabinet making

text: In the 18th century, some European cabinetmakers became well known. Cabinet making was an essential trade in early British North America. It was a huge money maker. They made furniture like cabinets, chairs, doors, drawers, cupboards, bed frames, tables, and many more. They used gimlets, gouges, bow saws, chisels, braces, and hacksaws to make their furniture. The wood they used was oak, maple, cypress, chestnut, and yellow pine.


title: Story of the Year

text: Story of the Year is an American alternative rock band. They formed in 1995 in St. Louis. The members of the group are Dan Marsala, the singer, Ryan Phillips, who plays the Guitar, Philip Sneed, who plays the guitar, Adam Russell, who plays the Bass guitar and Josh Wills, who plays the Drums. The band's original name was 67 North but was then changed to Big Blue Monkey and was again changed to Story of the Year.


title: Pahari-Pothwari

text: Pahari-Pothwari or Panjistani is an Indo-Aryan language of Pakistan and India. It has many names, such as Pahari, Pothwari, Pothohari, Mirpuri. It is closely related to Punjabi, and some people believe it is a dialect of Punjabi but in 2022 it was given a separate Language status.


title: Bashi Channel

text: The Bashi Channel is a waterway between Taiwan and the Philippines. It is part of the Luzon Strait in the Pacific Ocean. It lies between Y'Ami Island of the Philippines and Orchid Island of Taiwan. The Philippines call Orchrid Island Botel Tobago. Many undersea cables use this channel. It is also important for military operations. Both Taiwan and the Philippines say the channel belongs to them.


title: Pahari-Pothwari

text: Within Pakistan, it is spoken in the Pothohar Plateau and Azad Kashmir and overlaps between these two regions. It is influenced by Sanskrit owing to the numerals which are "ik do tre" in Pothwari as opposed to "ik do tin" in Punjabi or "ek do teen" in Hindustani (Hindi/Urdu).


title: Ameen Faheem

text: Makhdoom Muhammad Ameen Faheem (; "alt. spelling": Amin Fahim; 4 August 1939 – 21 November 2015), was an Indian-born Pakistani populist left-wing figure and a poet. He was the senior vice-chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party. He was also the chairman of Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians and former chairman of Alliance for Restoration of Democracy. He served as the Commerce Minister of Pakistan serving from 3 November 2008 through 16 March 2013.


title: Armistice of Villafranca

text: The armistice and preliminaries of Villafranca were signed on 11 July 1859 in Villafranca di Verona , in the Veneto , by France and Austria. It put an end to the Austro-Franco-Sardinian War which constitutes for Italy, the second Italian War of Independence.


title: Ameen Faheem

text: Faheem died on 21 November 2015 from leukemia after being admitted to a hospital in Karachi, Pakistan under ICU at the age of 76.


title: Armistice of Villafranca

text: After the difficult battles of Magenta (4 June) and Solferino (24 June), Napoleon III , without consulting his Sardinian ally Cavour , proposed the armistice on 8 July and an interview on 11 July with the Emperor of Austria François- Joseph I . Although victorious, Napoleon III was frightened by the hecatomb (nearly 40,000 killed or wounded at Solferino) and the idea of having to continue an autumn and winter campaign against the Austrians entrenched in the quadrilateral. Moreover, the government and the Empress send him alarming information about the state of French opinion, Which is execrable. In particular, the Catholics, hitherto supported by the imperial regime, fear for the Papal States and the Pope's independence if Austria were eliminated from Italy. Finally, an anti-French feeling spread in Germany, where the Austrians were supported. The number of Prussian deaths is nearly 400 000 soldiers near the Rhine, stripped of French troops.


title: Armistice of Villafranca

text: In Villafranca, it is agreed that Austria cedes Lombardy (except Mantua and Peschiera) to France, which restores it to the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. An Italian confederation under the presidency of Pope Pius IX was created, the Veneto under Austrian sovereignty being part of it. The dukes of Modena , Parma, and Tuscany, driven away by revolutions, found their thrones.


title: Armistice of Villafranca

text: Cavour, not consulted, resigned on 10 July, while King Victor-Emmanuel II gave his agreement "in a personal capacity", thus leaving the door open to any governmental retraction.


title: Gordon Campbell

text: Gordon Muir Campbell, OBC, (born January 12, 1948 in Vancouver, British Columbia) was the 34th Premier of British Columbia. Campbell was also the 41st mayor of Vancouver.


Article Three of the United States Constitution creates the judicial branch of the United States government. It creates the Supreme Court of the United States, and allows the United States Congress to create less powerful federal courts. It also sets out the powers that these courts have.


title: Gordon Campbell

text: Campbell was born to in Vancouver to Charles Gordon Campbell (a doctor and an assistant dean of medicine at The University of British Columbia) and Peg Campbell (a kindergarten assistant). When Campbell was 6, his father committed suicide and he was raised by his mother with 3 siblings.


title: Article Three of the United States Constitution

text: Section 1 of Article Three starts out by creating the Supreme Court one court that will be more powerful than any other court in the country. It also gives Congress the power to create "inferior" (less powerful) federal courts.


title: Gordon Campbell

text: In January of 2003, He was arrested and pled no contest for driving under the influence of alcohol while vacationing in Hawaii. He was fined 913 US dollars and the court ordered him to take part in a substance abuse program, and to be assessed for alcoholism. His mugshot was released by the Hawaiian police and it is commonly used in attack ads.


text: It allows judges in these courts to get a regular salary for their work. Section 1 protects the judges by saying that their salaries will not be decreased while they are in office (working as a federal judge).


text: Section 1 says that judges "shall hold their Offices [keep their jobs] during good Behavior." This is meant to protect federal judges, and also to make sure that the federal judiciary is independent.


text: Before it won its independence in the American Revolutionary War, America was a colony of the British Empire. The Founding Fathers wrote the Constitution just four years after the War ended. They still remembered what the courts in the American colonies were like. As Thomas Jefferson wrote in the Declaration of Independence, Britain's King George III "made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries."


text: This meant that the judges could not be independent or impartial. If they made a decision that King George did not like, they could be fired, or not paid. Judges who wanted to keep their jobs made decisions based on what King George would want, not based on what the law said. If judges are cannot be independent, or do not follow they law, courts are not fair, and there is no way for regular people to get justice.


text: The Constitution makes sure that this will not happen to United States federal judges. By saying judges "shall hold their Offices during good Behavior," Section 1 is basically allowing judges to keep their jobs for the rest of their lives. In , the Constitution does say that Congress can take away a judge's job but only after being convicted in a trial, and only for "Treason, Bribery, or other High crimes and Misdemeanors." (This is what Section 1 means by behavior that is not "good.") In other words, the Constitution makes sure that all judges will lose their jobs for making even the slightest unpopular decision. This denies judges the freedom to be independent, and to make the decisions that they think are fair, and makes them choose between right and reelection.


text: Article III clearly allows only one Supreme Court. However, it does not say how many Supreme Court Justices (judges) there should be. Congress solved this problem in 1948 by passing a law. The law says that the Supreme Court will have 9 Justices, including one Chief Justice.


text: In both Section 1 and in , the Constitution gives Congress the right to create courts that are "inferior" to the Supreme Court. However, the Constitution does not say how many "inferior" courts there should be, or how they should be set up. It leaves those decisions to Congress. Congress decided to create two different kinds of "inferior" courts (also called "lower courts"). In the Judiciary Act of 1789, they created:


text: Clause 1 gives the federal courts the power to hear and judge actual "cases and controversies" only. For example, they cannot hear a case about a situation that might come up in the future.


text: "Original jurisdiction" is the power to hear a case first, before any other court. Clause 2 gives the Supreme Court original jurisdiction in:


text: In all the other cases mentioned in Clause 2, the Supreme Court has "appellate jurisdiction." That means another court has the power to hear the case first. If somebody appeals that court's decision, the Supreme Court can take the case on appeal. Clause 2 gives the Supreme Court the power to hear appeals on:


text: However, the Supreme Court can only review a case on appeal if it thinks the lower court's decision breaks a law or goes against the Constitution.


text: There is one specific power that Clause 2 does not give the federal judiciary. Clause 2 says that the federal judiciary has power over "the laws of the United States." However, it does "not" say that the federal courts have power over the laws of "individual" states. Also, when Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789, they also never gave the federal courts this power. This means that the federal courts can only review or change the decisions of state supreme courts if the state decision may have broken a federal law or the Constitution. The federal courts had no power to review or change state supreme court decisions that were just based on state laws. Basically, this gave each state supreme court the final say over the laws in their state. Different states could decide completely different things, so the laws might be completely different in one state than another.


text: In 1795, the Eleventh Amendment changed part of Clause 2. It took away the federal judiciary's power to get involved in lawsuits between states and citizens of other states or countries.


text: In "Marbury v. Madison" (1803), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress cannot change the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction. However, the appellate jurisdiction of the Court is different. Congress is able to make the rules for the federal courts' appellate division, including rules about their jurisdictions.


text: "Marbury v. Madison" also created an important power called judicial review. This is the Supreme Court's ability to review whether a law, treaty, or executive rule breaks a law that already exists, a state Constitution, or the United States Constitution. After "Marbury", the Supreme Court started keeping an eye on what the state and federal governments were doing, instead of just trying cases that people brought to them.


text: Clause 2 says that the Supreme Court has "judicial power [over] all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution [and] the Laws of the United States..." However, it does not say exactly what this means. The Supreme Court clarified this in a case called "Osborn v. Bank of the United States" (1824). Supreme Court Justice John Marshall wrote an opinion about what a "federal" case is, and what "arising under" the Constitution or federal laws means. Basically, he said a case is federal and under the federal courts' original jurisdiction if:


text: Clause 3 of Section 2 says that federal crimes have to be tried in front of a jury, unless the defendant does not want a jury. The only type of federal crime that is not tried before a jury is an impeachment. (Article One, Section 3 of the Constitution says that only the United States Senate can try impeachment cases.)


text: Clause 3 also says the person's trial must be held in the state where they did the crime. If they did not do the crime in any particular state, then Congress gets to choose where the trial will be held.


text: Several of the Constitutional Amendments in the Bill of Rights talk more about the rights of people who are on trial in criminal or civil court.


text: The last section of Article 3 talks about treason and how it should be punished. The Founding Fathers wanted to make sure that Americans' rights were protected. They also knew that in the past, in England, some kings had gotten rid of their political opponents just by accusing them of treason. For these reasons, the Founders wanted to make sure the Constitution said specifically what crimes were treason; what would be needed to find people guilty; and what the punishments could be.


text: Section 3 also makes it clear that treason must be an "overt act." This means that to commit treason, a person must actually do something, not just plan to do it. For example, if a group of people got together and planned to attack part of the United States, that would not be treason because they had not actually done anything yet to hurt the country. If they did attack the United States, that would be an overt act, and it would be treason.


text: It also says that there are only two ways for a person to be convicted of treason. Two different witnesses must say in court that they saw the person do that overt act. If there are not two witnesses, then the person must admit in court that they committed treason. If neither of these things happen, the person cannot be found guilty of treason. Parts of this rule came from a British law called the Treason Act 1695.


text: Finally, Section 3 talks about punishment for people found guilty of treason. It gives Congress the power to decide the punishment. However, there is one punishment that the Constitution does not allow: punishing a person's family and descendants for that person's crime. In English law, if a person was convicted of treason, their punishment would include an "Attainder" (also called a "Corruption of Blood"). This meant that not only the person, but their family and heirs, would be punished and thought of as guilty. Once a person was "attainted," they would be executed. However, their heirs would also lose the right to inherit that person's land, property, or money.


text: The end of Section 3 specifically says that this punishment is not allowed. When the Founders wrote "no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted," they meant: "No heirs may be punished, and Congress can make the traitor forfeit (give up) their property, but only during their lifetime." Their heirs would have to be able to inherit their property when the traitor died.


title: Cream pie

text: A cream pie is a type of pie filled with a rich custard or pudding that is made from milk, cream, flour, and eggs. It can come in many forms, like vanilla, lemon, lime, banana, coconut, and chocolate. A common feature of all cream pies is the whipped cream topping. The pudding-like filling is related to the French crème patissière which is a main ingredient of many French cakes and tarts.


title: Brianna Wu

text: Brianna Wu (born July 6, 1977) is an American video game developer and computer programmer. She co-founded Giant Spacekat. Giant Spacekat makes indie games. She is also a blogger and podcaster on matters relating to the video game industry. She is transgender.


Article Five of the United States Constitution outlines how the Constitution can be changed. Changes to the Constitution are called Constitutional amendments.


title: Brianna Wu

text: Wu unsuccessfully ran against incumbent Stephen F. Lynch in Massachusetts for the 8th district for the U.S. House of Representatives in 2018. Wu unsuccessfully ran a second campaign for the 2020 election.


title: Article Five of the United States Constitution

text: Article Five also says that there are certain clauses, or parts, of Article One of the Constitution that could not be amended right away. These clauses are explained in the "Protected clauses" section.


text: Before the Constitution was approved, the United States was covered by its first constitution, the Articles of Confederation.


text: Under the Articles of Confederation, amendments had to be approved by a unanimous vote in all 13 state legislatures. Not only did every state legislature have to agree on the amendment. If a single state Senator or Representative in the country disagreed with an amendment, the amendment would fail. This made it basically impossible to get any amendments passed.


text: When the Founding Fathers wrote Article Five, they were trying to make sure changing the Constitution was not too hard, but not too easy either. James Madison later explained that the amendment process in the Constitution "guards equally against that extreme facility which would render the Constitution too mutable; and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults."


text: There are two steps in the process for changing the Constitution. The first step is proposing (formally suggesting) an amendment. Article Five of the Constitution allows this to be done in two different ways.


text: The first way is the most common way. Any member of Congress can suggest an amendment. However, two-thirds (67%) of both the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives have to agree that the amendment is needed. If this happens, the proposed amendment moves to Step 2 in the process.


text: As of 2020, the second way has never been used. However, it exists to protect the rights of the state legislatures. If two-thirds of the state legislatures ask them to, Congress has to call a Constitutional Convention. Delegates would come to the Convention from each state. The Constitutional Convention could propose as many amendments as they wanted to. All of the amendments they proposed would move to Step 2 in the process.


text: At first, when the Founding Fathers were writing the Constitution, they were only going to give Congress the power to propose amendments. However, some of the Founders, like Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, worried that this gave Congress too much power. Madison and Hamilton re-wrote Article Five to add the second option for proposing an amendment, and the rest of the Founders agreed. Adding the second option helped make sure the states had power too the power to propose amendments if enough of their legislatures agreed.


text: Step 2 starts when an amendment has been proposed, either by Congress or by a Constitutional Convention. The proposed amendment now has to be ratified. Like with Step 1, Article Five gives two choices for how an amendment can be ratified. Congress gets to choose which way to use.


text: Congress has almost always chosen the first way: letting the state legislatures ratify the amendment. If three-fourths (75%) of the state legislatures ratify the amendment, it becomes part of the Constitution.


text: The second option is for Congress to ask each state to create a "ratifying convention." This is a group of people not members of the state legislature who would decide whether or not to ratify the amendment. If ratifying conventions in three-fourths of the states ratify the amendment, it becomes part of the Constitution.


text: Congress has only used the second option once: after it proposed the 21st Amendment. (This amendment cancelled the 18th Amendment, which made alcohol illegal in the United States. The 21st Amendment made alcohol legal again.)


text: At the time, Congress thought that this would be the more democratic option. A large majority of the people in the United States wanted the 21st Amendment to pass. However, Congress thought the state legislators would refuse to pass the amendment because of pressure from powerful groups that were against alcohol. In other words, Congress did not think that the state legislatures would vote the way the people of the United States would want. This example shows why the Founding Fathers included the "ratifying convention" option in the amendment process. If the state legislatures get too powerful, or do not represent what the people who elected them want, the people have the power to pass amendments too.


text: Article Five also puts one absolute limit on Constitutional amendments. It completely protects Section 3, Clause 1 of Article One. This clause says that every state will have the same number of United States Senators. It does not set a time limit on how long this clause is protected for. It just says: "no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate." As of 1808, when the protections on the other two clauses expired, this is the only limit that the Constitution puts on suggested amendments. Any amendment, about anything else, could be suggested.


text: Article Five gives all of the power for creating Constitutional amendments to the Legislative Branch: the United States Congress and the state legislatures. The President of the United States cannot amend the Constitution. He has no part in the process of changing the Constitution. The United States Supreme Court confirmed this in a 1798 case called "Hollingsworth v. Virginia". In its decision, the Court wrote: "[T]he President ... has nothing to do with the proposition, or adoption, of amendments to the Constitution." However, the Supreme Court cannot create an amendment either.


text: This is an example of the separation of powers (also called "checks and balances") that the Founding Fathers built into the new American government. If the President or the Supreme Court could change the Constitution any time they wanted to, they would have too much power. One person (or nine Supreme Court Justices) could make decisions that would affect every American.


text: Instead, the Founders gave the job of creating Constitutional amendments to the Legislative Branch. By requiring that two-thirds of both Houses of Congress, and three-quarters of the states, approve of every Constitutional amendment, they made sure that there would have to be a lot of debate, compromise, and thought before an amendment was approved. Also, because so many legislators have to approve every amendment, it is very difficult for small "special interest" groups (like people who only care about a certain part of the country, or a certain issue) cannot control the vote.


text: The Founders even put checks and balances on the Legislative Branch's powers. If Congress gets too powerful, the states can make it call a Constitutional Convention. If the states get too powerful, ordinary Americans can vote on a Constitutional amendment through ratifying conventions. As a legal scholar wrote later: "The ratification of the Twenty-First Amendment [by ratifying conventions] might be called one of the most democratic moments in American history. ... Almost all voters in America had the unprecedented opportunity to [support] or condemn a federal constitutional amendment directly. ... The conventions ratified the choices of the people without fail."


text: Almost right away, the amendments process became very important. North Carolina and Rhode Island refused to ratify the Constitution without a Bill of Rights. This meant they would not be a part of the new United States Government. In 1789, James Madison wrote the Bill of Rights. They were ratified together, as the first ten amendments to the Constitution, in 1791. Having a Bill of Rights convinced North Carolina and Rhode Island to ratify the Constitution.


text: The amendments process set out in Article Five has allowed for many other important amendments to be added to the Constitution. For example, these amendments have included:


text: If Article Five had made the Constitution too hard to change, African-American people might still be slaves, and women might still not have the right to vote.


title: Mechanical bull

text: A mechanical bull, also known as a Rodeo Bull or Bucking Bronco is a machine that gives the rider sense of riding a bucking animal such as a rodeo bull or horse.


title: Mechanical bull

text: Its speed can be made faster or slower. Padded flooring is often used around the machine in order to prevent injury to those thrown off it.


title: Mechanical bull

text: A special motor lets the operator to safely control the ride and safety for the rider; this motor allows the operator to stop the ride before a rider is thrown off the machine. The trained operator at the speed control box controls the unit’s speed as well as spin direction. The equipment has the ability of starting rides very slowly and can be advanced to faster speeds if a rider is able to handle them. It can go slow and simply spin for beginners and run at a more advanced speed for experts or professionals.


title: Mechanical bull

text: Mechanical bulls have been around for decades as a training machine for rodeo riders, as they enable a rider to improve their rodeo performance and skills without the risk. Although mechanical bulls are still used for rodeo training, they are also used as an amusement ride, both as party entertainment and entertainment found in bars, restaurants, and clubs.


title: Mechanical bull

text: As a form of entertainment, the mechanical bull often includes a saddle (even though saddles are not used in real bull riding) and often a model of the head of a bull, complete with horns. One of the earliest uses as a form of entertainment was at Bertrand Island Amusement Park in New Jersey), where a mechanical bucking bronco ride was introduced in the 1930s, under the name of "Ride 'Em Cowboy!".