annotations.csv

image_file,crop,diagnosis,details,country,state
images/00195.jpg,Pigeon Pea,Pod Borer; Boron Deficiency,"Redgram crop is at pod development stage - Water Soluble Fertilizers Spray Schedule: To boost crop yield & grain weight at, Maturity stage 00-00-50 / 13:00:45 @ 1 kg/ac + Boran 20% @ 2 gm /Litre of water use 150-200 Ltr per acre spray. 
Pod Borer: The larvae webs together the leaves, buds and pods and feeds inside these webs.caterpiller also bores into pods and eat up the ripening seeds. Pod borer or leaf eating caterpillar attack were reported, to control spray with insecticide like Indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 1 ml/ 10 Ltr or Spinosad 45% SC @ 0.1 ml or Emamectin Benzoate 5% @ 7-8 gm / 15 Ltr of water for effective management of the pest.",India,Bihar
images/00387.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,Upward curling and deformation of leaves. Stunted growth.,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00311.jpg,Mustard,Aphids,Colonies of aphids on the leaves and pods,India,Bihar
images/00411.jpg,Cauliflower,Boron Deficiency,Smaller curds in cauliflower due to imbalance nutrient supply and deficiency of Boron can aggravate the condition.,India,Bihar
images/00310.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,The symptoms are of typical Chilli Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV),India,Bihar
images/00904.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Holes in the leaves, seems like shoot borer caterpillar and leaf eating caterpillar have eaten the leaves",India,Bihar
images/00505.jpg,Cotton,Aphids,"The cotton crop is severely infested with Mites, leaves shows typical reddish brown spots, coalesce to form bigger patches, whole leaf is affected and drops, boll is of small size and affects quality as seen in the picture",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00541.jpg,Potato,Calcium Deficiency,"Younger leaves of Potato plants are small and curling upwards, typical symptoms of Calcium deficiency",India,Bihar
images/00286.jpg,Chilli,Anthracnose,black spots below the leave surface,India,Bihar
images/00034.jpg,Wheat,Nitrogen Deficiency,yellowing of leaves,India,Bihar
images/00642.jpg,Pumpkin,Nitrogen Deficiency,yellowing of leaves,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00849.jpg,Tomato,Whiteflies,white flies,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00446.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Curl Virus,curling of leaves,India,Bihar
images/00049.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"dark spots,and leaf miner",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00727.jpg,Potato,Calcium Deficiency,"Leaf tips deformed, margins of younger leaves burning appearance turning brownish",India,Bihar
images/00181.jpg,Paddy,Blast,"Typical blast symptoms in Paddy, eye shaped spots with brown ring outside",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00056.jpg,Paddy,Potassium Deficiency,Dark green plants with yellowish Leaf tips and margins,India,Bihar
images/00680.jpg,Guava,Phosphorus Deficiency,Leaves having dark to blue-green coloration on severe deficiency purple coloring of older leaves,India,Bihar
images/00329.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,Leaf curl virus symptoms in chilli,India,Telangana
images/00772.jpg,Potato,Phosphorus Deficiency,Potato leaves green with blue colored tinges on younger leaves,India,Bihar
images/00054.jpg,Pea,Powdery Mildew,Powdery mildew issue in Pea crop,India,Bihar
images/00513.jpg,Banana,Panama Wilt,Leaf spots coalesce to form yellowish brown leaves and then wilt,India,Odisha
images/00180.jpg,Mustard,Downy Mildew,black die twigs,India,Bihar
images/00575.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,leaf curl,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00638.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Initial stage of leaf curl virus, leaves started showing symptoms",India,Bihar
images/00644.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,Mite infested in brinjal plants,India,Bihar
images/00767.jpg,Mango,Mealybugs,Mealybug infested mango plants,India,Bihar
images/00535.jpg,Potato,Phosphorus Deficiency,Dark green leaves of young potato plants are due to Phosphorus deficiency,India,Bihar
images/00885.jpg,Cowpea,Aphids,"lesions on the leafs, and discoloration",India,Bihar
images/00320.jpg,Mango,Powdery Mildew,Powdery like substance above the leaf surfaces,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00795.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Curl Virus,curling of leaves,India,Bihar
images/00475.jpg,Wheat,Phosphorus Deficiency,"Wheat Leaves turning deep green and bluish color , typical phosphorus deficiency symptoms.",India,Bihar
images/00372.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Typical symptoms of Fall Armyworm, leaves damage from the core inside eaten up by the larvae.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00004.jpg,Cauliflower,Boron Deficiency,"Browning of curds may be due to imbalance nutrition, Nitrogen or Boron deficiency, climatic factors like high humidity and temperature",India,Bihar
images/00711.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Presence of Irregular holes on the leaves, larval fee leaf margins and  Presence of excreta on the leaves as well as whorls.",India,Bihar
images/00331.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Miner,Silvery mines present on the leaves,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00065.jpg,Paddy,Stem Borer,"Paddy tillers infested with stem borer, white ear-heads visible",India,Telangana
images/00754.jpg,Cauliflower,Black Rot,"yellowing, browning/wilting from the edges and restricted to the veins 
or V shaped lesions on seedlings",India,Bihar
images/00829.jpg,Brinjal,Wilt,"-white powdery patches are noticed on the leaves 
-this comes under the disease, since not able to select the option disease I hv to select this wilt option",India,Bihar
images/00776.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,aphid and thrips damage symptoms on backside of the leaves,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00969.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"-silvering ang bronzing of leaf upper surface
-strippling: i.e. small dark spots
-elongated petioles",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00118.jpg,Okra,Powdery Mildew,white powdery growth is noticed on the leaves,India,Bihar
images/00323.jpg,Guava,Rust,"Rust symptoms and leaf eating caterpillar infested, leaves eaten by caterpillars also",India,Bihar
images/00108.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"Aphids affected lower leaves in Potato crop, leaves curling upward and drying from margin",India,Bihar
images/00272.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"Aphid insects in young potato plants, leaves have aphid damage symptoms, leaves curling upwards",India,Bihar
images/00902.jpg,Mango,Mealybugs,Mealybugs infested in Mango leaves,India,Bihar
images/00499.jpg,Pea,Powdery Mildew,White powdery patches on leaves and on whole plants,India,Bihar
images/00954.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,"Mites infested leaves, yellowish brown dots and parts of leaves brownish",India,Bihar
images/00149.jpg,Okra,Thrips,"Damage by thrips in young Okra/Bhindi plants, typical symptoms of leaf deformation, curling upward and mottling of older leaves",India,Bihar
images/00532.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,symptoms of leaf curl virus in chilli plants at flowering stage,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00755.jpg,Potato,Early Blight,Leaf spots visible are signs of early blight in initial stage of potato crop,India,Bihar
images/00663.jpg,Pumpkin,Cucumber Beetle,"Young leaves damaged by beetles, leaves eaten and holes are visible",India,Bihar
images/00915.jpg,Onion,Thrips,"Typical thrips damage symptoms ,leaf tips are drying and proceeding to whole leaves and drying up",India,Bihar
images/00691.jpg,Mustard,Aphids; Nitrogen Deficiency,Mustard field,India,Bihar
images/00100.jpg,Bean,Aphids,aphids,India,Bihar
images/00315.jpg,Chilli,Thrips; Nitrogen Deficiency,test,India,Bihar
images/00307.jpg,Chickpea,Thrips,"Thrips damage symptoms , the plant tips whitened as thrips suck the saps turning grey and white",India,Bihar
images/00359.jpg,Mango,Anthracnose; Boron Deficiency,"Mango malformation symptoms ,with boron deficiency",India,Bihar
images/00213.jpg,Tobacco,Tobacco Mosaic Virus,"necrotic (dead) spots or streaks on the leaves, Stunted plant growth",India,Bihar
images/00014.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Irregular Holes in the leaves, excreta present in whorls, fed leaf margins",India,Bihar
images/00338.jpg,Mango,Potassium Deficiency,"Leaf tip and margin burn symptoms, primarily caused by potassium deficiency and salt stress, were prominently observed. In addition, gall midge damage symptoms were noted on a few leaves",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00554.jpg,Brinjal,Wilt,"Complete wilting of the plant was observed, while yellowing symptoms were noted on an adjacent plant (plant on the top edge), indicating possible damage due to Fusarium wilt",India,Bihar
images/00665.jpg,Pea,Rust,"Pustule symptoms on the underside of pea leaves are typically associated with pea rust, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae.",India,Bihar
images/00794.jpg,Brinjal,Wilt,"Upper leaf surface: White to gray powdery fungal growth was observed on majority of the leaves 
(this disease can be added and selection options can be made it proper though option of disease is there we are not able to select the options)",India,Bihar
images/00973.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Curl Virus,"Tomato Leaf Curl Virus (TLCV) symptoms like Upward curling and cupping of leaves. 
-Leaf thickening and leathery texture.
-Shortened internodes, stunted plant growth.
-Reduced flowering and fruit set.",India,Bihar
images/00050.jpg,Bean,Mites,"(kindly update the crop Dolichus bean and scale insect damage in this crop)
(option mite was selected since we cannot bale to find the scale damage so kindly add the damage option)

Dolichus bean scale:
On stems and leaves scales appear as tiny raised spots or crust-like growths
-Heavy infestations make stems appear whitish or encruste",India,Bihar
images/00967.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"upward leaf curling, leaf distortion, and stunted growth are most often symptoms of chilli leaf curl disease caused by Chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV)",India,Telangana
images/00388.jpg,Potato,Common Scab,"young leaf curling and reduced leaf size are commonly linked to potato leaf roll disease, caused by Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV)
(option of PLRV can be added to the list of diseases this option can be added instead of scab)",India,Bihar
images/00082.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,leaf cuts and holes on multiple leaves are usually symptoms of foliar-feeding insect pests most often fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) or common armyworm (Mythimna separata) damage,India,Bihar
images/00709.jpg,Papaya,Powdery Mildew,"White, powdery fungal growth on both sides of young leaves, older leaves and petioles",India,Bihar
images/00848.jpg,Mustard,White Rust,"Symptoms:  stunted growth, white, powdery pustules (blisters) on the underside of leaves; thickening and deformation of inflorescences (“staghead”)",India,Bihar
images/00941.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"symptoms:
-Leaf cupping: Upward or downward curling of leaves.
-Little leaf: Reduced leaf size.
-Discoloration: Pale green or yellowing between veins.
-Stunted plant growth and reduced fruit set in severe infections.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00258.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Ring Spot Virus,only slight narrowing of leaf blades are seen in leaves,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00832.jpg,Chilli,Mites,"Dark bluish-green older leaves, silvery-white patches, and distortion of older leaves in chilli are typical symptoms of mite infestation",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00294.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Borer larvae bore into tender shoots, creating tunnels inside.
Infested shoots become hollow, dry out, and wilt (often called ""deadheart"").",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00406.jpg,Tomato,Nitrogen Deficiency,symptoms of nitrogen and phosphorous deficiency was noticed in Tomato seedlings,India,Bihar
images/00244.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"-Distorted younger leaves: Leaves may curl upwards or downwards, become puckered or crinkled.
-Long petioles: Stretched leaf stalks (petioles) leading to a “loose” leaf arrangement.
-Broadened older leaves: Older leaves become thicker, wider, and sometimes leathery.
-Stunted growth, reduced flowering, and poor fruit development.",India,Bihar
images/00877.jpg,Mustard,Alternaria Blight,"-Small, round to irregular brown to black spots on leaves.
-Spots often have concentric rings, giving a “target spot” or “bull’s eye” appearance",India,Bihar
images/00363.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Leaf curling: Leaves curl upward prominently.

Leathery texture: Leaves become thick and tough.

Glossy appearance: Leaves often appear shiny due to altered cell structure.

Distortion: Leaves may be puckered, crinkled, or malformed.

Plant growth: Stunted growth with reduced flowering and fruiting.",India,Telangana
images/00247.jpg,Bottle gourd,Aphids,"Aphid infestation on the leaves 
secondary infection of black mold on above the leaves",India,Bihar
images/00538.jpg,Watermelon,Mosaic Virus,"cucumber mosaic virus symptoms:
-Crinkled, curled, or distorted leaves.
-Mosaic patterns (light and dark green patches).",India,Odisha
images/00398.jpg,Citrus,Leaf Miner,"-Leaf mining: Winding, silvery-white trails on the upper surface of young leaves.

-Leaf curling and distortion near mining areas.

-Reduced leaf expansion and premature leaf drop.",India,Telangana
images/00950.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Mealybug,"-Small, soft-bodied insects covered with white, powdery wax (giving a “mealy” appearance).

These insects produce sticky honeydew that encourages sooty mold growth.",India,Bihar
images/00652.jpg,Bean,Powdery Mildew,"Crop name: Dolichos Bean 
white powdery patches are seen on the leaves",India,Bihar
images/00920.jpg,Potato,Common Scab,"Rough, corky, and scabby lesions on the skin",India,Bihar
images/00432.jpg,Bitter gourd,Whiteflies,Whitefly damage and secondary infection by sooty mold due to honeydew secretion from whiteflies are visible in the image,India,Bihar
images/00815.jpg,Bean,Powdery Mildew,"-crop name: Dolichos Bean/ Lab lab Bean
-Damage symptom: Powdery mildew, powdery growth on leaves and distortion and crinkling of younger leaves are seen",India,Bihar
images/00858.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"leaf crinkling, curling, stunted growth and wilting symptoms are noticed in the given image",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00409.jpg,Bean,Mosaic Virus,Dolichos bean: intertwined with cucumber which is completely dried off; on bean mosaic viral infection is observed,India,Bihar
images/00290.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Young leaves curl upward 
Leaves become thickened, leathery and slightly giving glossy look",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00509.jpg,Bean,Powdery Mildew,"Crop: Dolichos bean

Downey mildew 
-Pale yellow to light green angular spots on the upper leaf surface.
-On the underside of infected leaves, a downy, grayish to purplish fungal growth appears

Powdery mildew: White, powdery fungal growth appears on the upper surface of leaves, stems",India,Bihar
images/00977.jpg,Cauliflower,Black Rot,"dark, sunken, water-soaked lesions on curds and leaves",India,Bihar
images/00165.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"leaf curling, crinkling, distorted and stunted growth poor flowering and fruiting",India,Bihar
images/00241.jpg,Mango,Potassium Deficiency,Leaf tip drying or burning in mango is commonly caused by potassium deficiency or salt stress,India,Bihar
images/00866.jpg,Chilli,Mites,Downward curling of dark green leaves in chilli is often a symptom of mite infestation,India,Bihar
images/00921.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Miner,Tomato Leaves with serpentine/zig zag mines.,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00834.jpg,Guava,Phosphorus Deficiency,A purplish or reddish discoloration of older Guava leaves,India,Bihar
images/00522.jpg,Rice,Stem Borer,Presence of white ear or chaffy grains during the reproductive stage of Rice crop.,India,Telangana
images/00464.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Papery spots/patches and Irregular holes on the leaves, Presence excreta in whorl of maize leaves.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00888.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Upward curling, cup shaped leaves, Stunted Plant Growth.",India,Bihar
images/00271.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,presence of holes on brinjal fruits which is the sign of shoot and fruit borer in,India,Odisha
images/00740.jpg,Arhar,Sterility Mosaic,the visible issue in the crop appears to be related to sterility mosaic disease which leads to leaf damage specifically distortion of leaves. small spots can also be seen,India,Bihar
images/00454.jpg,Bean,Nitrogen Deficiency,yellow discoloration and leaf damage is seen. it may be a nutrient deficiency or disease,India,Bihar
images/00506.jpg,Potato,Late Blight,the visible issue in the potato field appears to be late blight exhibiting discoloration leading to rapid wilting and defoliation,India,Bihar
images/00743.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"the curling, crinkling and distortion of leaves, often accompanied by stunted growth can be seen",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00250.jpg,Maize,Stem Borer,larvae excreta can be seen and irregular holes,India,Bihar
images/00649.jpg,Brinjal,Phomopsis Blight,"symptom: Brinjal leaf spot (option is not there for selection)
symptoms:
Small, brown or gray spots on leaves, often with a yellow halo. 
with progression spots may expand, become irregular, and develop concentric rings. 

Control measures:
-Cultural: Remove and destroy infected leaves, ensure proper spacing, avoid overhead irrigation.
-Organic/Biological: Neem oil spray, copper-based fungicides (Bordeaux mixture), potassium bicarbonate.
-Chemical (if needed): Mancozeb or copper oxychloride as per label instructions.
-Preventive: Use resistant varieties, maintain balanced nutrition, rotate crops",India,Bihar
images/00672.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Identification: symptoms of mites, thrips and leaf curl diseases were seen in the image 

Different symptoms observed:
-Mites: Yellow/white speckles, fine webbing, leaf yellowing and drop.

-Thrips: Silver streaks, distorted new growth, black fecal spots.

-Leaf Curl Disease: Leaf curling, thickened/puckered leaves, stunted growth, reduced fruit set

Control Measures for Mites, Thrips, and Leaf Curl Disease:
-Cultural: Remove and destroy infected leaves, maintain proper spacing, avoid excessive nitrogen, and keep the field weed-free.

-Biological/Organic: Spray neem oil, insecticidal soaps, or botanical extracts; release predatory insects (e.g., ladybugs, predatory mites).

-Chemical (if needed): Use selective acaricides for mites and approved insecticides for thrips; control vectors for leaf curl disease (e.g., whiteflies) with systemic insecticides.

-Preventive: Use resistant or tolerant varieties, practice crop rotation, and monitor regularly for early detection.",India,Bihar
images/00769.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Curl Virus,"Tomato Leaf Curl Virus (TLCV): slightest symptoms of TLCV symptoms were seen 

Symptoms:
-Upward or downward curling of young leaves.
-Thickened, puckered, or distorted leaf growth

Control measures:
-Cultural: Remove infected plants, maintain spacing, rotate crops.
-Biological/Organic: Neem oil, insecticidal soaps, encourage natural predators.
-Chemical: Systemic insecticides (Imidacloprid 0.3-0.5 ml/L) to control whitefly vectors.
-Preventive: Use resistant varieties, protect seedlings with insect-proof nets.",India,Jharkhand
images/00926.jpg,Onion,Thrips,"Onion thrips infestation: 
Symptoms: Onion tip burning and slight leaf curling at the tips

control measures: 
-Spray Neem oil or insecticidal soap.
-Encourage natural predators like ladybugs.
-Maintain proper plant spacing and field hygiene.",India,Bihar
images/00531.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Curl Virus,"Initial symptoms of Tomato leaf curl virus is observed 

-observed symptoms: leaf curling and distortion of leaves 

-Control measures:
Cultural: Remove infected plants, maintain spacing, rotate crops.

Biological/Organic: Neem oil, insecticidal soaps, encourage natural predators.

Chemical: Systemic insecticides to control whitefly vectors.

Preventive: Use resistant varieties, protect seedlings with insect-proof nets",India,Bihar
images/00646.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Ring Spot Virus,"symptom: Papaya bunchy top disease(this disease is  not listed in the above options)

symptoms: Stunted growth and shortened internodes.
Leaves appear small, narrow, and clustered at the top (bunchy appearance).
Leaf curling, yellowing, or chlorosis.
Reduced flowering and fruiting; fruits may be malformed.

Control measures:
Cultural: Remove infected plants, use virus-free seedlings, maintain spacing and sanitation, control weeds.

Biological/Organic: Encourage natural aphid predators, spray neem oil or insecticidal soaps.

Chemical: Systemic insecticides like imidacloprid for aphid control.

Preventive: Use resistant varieties, protect young plants with insect-proof nets",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00543.jpg,Papaya,Nitrogen Deficiency,Yellow of leaves and interviews,India,Bihar
images/00202.jpg,Pumpkin,Powdery Mildew,"Visible symptom is the appearance of white, powdery spots on the upper surfaces of leaves in Pumpkin. Typical signs of Powdery mildew disease",India,Bihar
images/00051.jpg,Arhar,Aphids,"Aphids infested Arhar(Pigeon Pea) plants at flowering stage ,is very damage causing at this stage of the crop.",India,Odisha
images/00880.jpg,Maize,Nitrogen Deficiency,Yellowing of leaf (Chlorosis),India,Bihar
images/00349.jpg,Potato,Aphids,Potato leaves curling and yellow patches on leaves show that it could be aphids.,India,Bihar
images/00590.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"A very low population of thrips, which typically attack chilli during the flowering stage, has been observed on the flowers",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00190.jpg,Rice,Blast,Rice blast diseases : This is fungal diseases caused spindle-shaped spots with grayish center and brown margins on leaves,India,Bihar
images/00044.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,Damage caused by Fall Armyworm .Holes and ragged edges on the leaves and the presence of frass may also be visible in the whorl.,India,Bihar
images/00835.jpg,Potato,Magnesium Deficiency,Leaves showing interveinal yellow colour (chlorosis) with veins remaining green,India,Bihar
images/00840.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Leaves with holes and irregular feeding damage, crinkled young leaves",India,Bihar
images/00723.jpg,Papaya,Powdery Mildew,"White, powdery patches on the leaf surface, typical of the fungus, growth is spread all over the leaf.",India,Bihar
images/00896.jpg,Potato,Cutworms,Some leaves have cut pattern on them which could be resultant of cutworm.,India,Bihar
images/00940.jpg,Cabbage,Nitrogen Deficiency,Yellowing of the older leaves with a bit of pale/light green color is a symptom of nitrogen deficiency.,India,Bihar
images/00242.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,It usually creates a “window pane” effect on leaves at an early stage and then irregular large holes with frass (insect waste) in the whorl.,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00897.jpg,Cabbage,Diamondback Moth,"Damage symptom of DBM - Plutella xylostella, holes on leaves and feeding damage on central leaves.",India,Bihar
images/00012.jpg,Groundnut,Collar Rot,"wilting, drying and drooping of leaves.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00903.jpg,Pigeon Pea,Phytophthora Blight,"Pods turned black, shriveled, and rotten, resulting in an impact on yield.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00785.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,The caterpillar in the image resembles the larvel stage of the moths in the known as Fall Armyworm . The leaf structure suggests a monocotyledonus plant such as Maize. the feeding habit leads to various forms of damage depending on crop and larval stage including defoliation.,India,Bihar
images/00362.jpg,Squash,Powdery Mildew,The leaves shows white fuzzy coating which is know as fungal diseases like powdery mildew.,India,Bihar
images/00811.jpg,Rice,Nitrogen Deficiency,"yellowing in rice nitrogen deficiency  , certain rice diseases can cause yellowing of leaves, environmental stress , weedy rice infestation",India,Bihar
images/00060.jpg,Watermelon,Mosaic Virus; Nitrogen Deficiency,"The raised lesions and discoloration on the leaves could be mosaic virus, fungal diseases can cause lesion and discoloration on stem and leaves ,Nutrient defiency for yellowing of leaves , Insect damage holes on edge on the leaves",India,Odisha
images/00057.jpg,Cabbage,Nitrogen Deficiency,"the symptom start from the older leaves, the foliage becomes yellowish-green, crop development delayed",India,Bihar
images/00497.jpg,Sponge gourd,Powdery Mildew,white patches on the leaves caused by fungal infection,India,Bihar
images/00064.jpg,Chilli,Nitrogen Deficiency,"yellowing of leaves 
falling of flowers",India,Telangana
images/00023.jpg,Cucumber,Downy Mildew,Yellowish angular spots in the initial stage.,India,Bihar
images/00587.jpg,Citrus,Leaf Miner; Nitrogen Deficiency,"discoloration of leaves-pale green 
stunted leaf growth 
long and thin appearance of the plant  
leaf deformation -twisted or curled appearance",India,Telangana
images/00944.jpg,Chilli,Nitrogen Deficiency,yellowing of the plant leaves or insufficient light can aslo  lead their leaves can turn pale or yellowish as they struggle to produce chlorophyll,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00248.jpg,Medicinal plants,Potassium Deficiency,"yellowing of leaves starts from margins, main venis remain dark green , curled leaves, stunted growth",India,Bihar
images/00539.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"basically it as potato leafroll virus so it is due to aphids 
Upturned leaf margins 
stiff and upward pointing stalks 
stunted growth",India,Bihar
images/00089.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Ring Spot Virus,"yellow mosaic pattern on leaves 
water-soaked spots and streaks on trunk and stem it is a virus caused by aphids (or) it may be a herbicide growth damage",India,Bihar
images/00252.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"leaves curl upwards 
early defoliation of plant 
flowers",India,Bihar
images/00093.jpg,Tobacco,Whiteflies,"leaf thickening, downward leaf curling, vein swelling as well as stunting symptoms 
Plant height is reduced and internodes are shortened",India,Bihar
images/00081.jpg,Wheat,Armyworm,"feeding damage on all plant parts 
frass can be found on leaves",India,Karnataka
images/00400.jpg,Mango,Anthracnose,"It is fungal diseases causing white spots on leaves potentially leading to defoliation 
Anthracnose may also cause black irregularly shaped lesions on leaves and fruits",India,Bihar
images/00192.jpg,Potato,Aphids; Potassium Deficiency,"for k deficiency 
yellowing of leaves start from margins
main veins remain dark green 

PLRV :-
upturned leaf margins 
yellowing between younger leaf veins 
older leaves are stiff and brittle with a purple underside",India,Bihar
images/00681.jpg,Chilli,Nitrogen Deficiency,yellowing of leaves are seen in the picture,India,Bihar
images/00222.jpg,Mango,Mealybugs,"the mango plant shows mealy bug infestation which looks like white, waxy colonies on stem",India,Bihar
images/00159.jpg,Chickpea,Fusarium Wilt,the yellowing and wilting in chickpea is caused by fusarium wilt,India,Bihar
images/00046.jpg,Tomato,Potassium Deficiency,the image suggests that tomato plant is likely suffering from potassium defeciency and symptoms of blossom drop and early blight disease can also be seen,India,Bihar
images/00799.jpg,Maize,Nitrogen Deficiency,the image shows nitrogen deficiency with the maize crop identified by yellowing of leaves,India,Bihar
images/00526.jpg,Bean,Mosaic Virus,"irregular yellow green mottling on leaves with puckered appearence
lesions enlarge becoming dark brown 
stunted growth",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00819.jpg,Cauliflower,Boron Deficiency,the image shows browning or discoloration on its head and potentially uneven or loose curd formation,India,Bihar
images/00583.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,the issue in the image is leaf curl disease caused by whitefly. the leaves are upward curling and sometimes inward curling can also be seen,India,Telangana
images/00702.jpg,Banana,Calcium Deficiency,the image shows calcium deficiency which leads to improper leaf development and crinkling of leaf,India,Bihar
images/00673.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Curl Virus; Nitrogen Deficiency,the visible issue is leaf curl and possibly some yellowing or stunted growth,India,Bihar
images/00847.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"the issue is leaf curl virus of chilli,",India,Jharkhand
images/00860.jpg,Mango,Powdery Mildew,powdery mildew observed on inflorescence and stalks of mango,India,Jharkhand
images/00908.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,the symptoms shows leaf curl and distortion and characterstic leaf spots and blight,India,Bihar
images/00965.jpg,Brinjal,Phomopsis Blight,the issue here is powdery mildew of brinjal,India,Bihar
images/00768.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,here both powdery mildew and fruit and shoot borer attack can be seen by identification of small to large irregular holes and white powdery deposition on leaves can also be seen,India,Bihar
images/00484.jpg,Brinjal,Potassium Deficiency,purplish border can be seen on the edges which is a potassium deficiency,India,Bihar
images/00902.jpg,Mango,Mealybugs,small white soft bodied patches can be seen with honey dew appearance can be seen,India,Bihar
images/00648.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,curling of leaves can be seen yellowing of leaves can also be seen,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00974.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,downward curling of leaves seen in chilli,India,Jharkhand
images/00886.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm; Phosphorus Deficiency,here we can see phosphorus deficiency ad large irregular holes,India,Bihar
images/00857.jpg,Maize,Nitrogen Deficiency,yellowing of leaves,India,Bihar
images/00334.jpg,Mango,Powdery Mildew,"Mango plant having powdery mildew disease, which appears as white, powdery patches on leaves, flowers, and fruits. The disease causes premature dropping of flowers and young fruits, reducing crop yields. Apply fungicides such as wettable sulfur @ 2gm per liter of water foliar spray.",India,Bihar
images/00433.jpg,Wheat,Loose Smut,"Loose Smut transforms entire heads of wheat into black, powdery masses of spores, diseases are seed-borne and spread by spores, with symptoms appearing during or after the plant's heading stage. Foliar spray of fungicides like triadimefon can be used to cure existing infections and prevent further spread, particularly at the early stem extension stage. Treat the seeds with Carbendazim (2.5 g/kg seed)
Use of smut resistant varieties.",India,Bihar
images/00916.jpg,Mango,Anthracnose,"Mango leaves affected by anthracnose, to control remove infected debris and prune for good air circulation. 
Fungicides:
Rotation: Alternate between different fungicides to prevent resistance, including contact (e.g., copper-based) and systemic types.",India,Telangana
images/00613.jpg,Potato,Aphids; Potassium Deficiency,"yellowing of leaves at the tips and margins and stunted growth leads to potassium deficiency 
it aslo have potato leaf roll virus upward rolling and yellowing of the leaves  
it also have mosaic virus  causes yellow green mosaic patterns",India,Bihar
images/00434.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Ring Spot Virus,upper leaves browning wilting and a dried appearence,India,Bihar
images/00842.jpg,Potato,Early Blight,"Potato plants having small water soaked patches on the leaves, on close observation few leaves started turning brownish, symptoms of early blight. To control early blight Spray Carbendazim or Chlorothalonil 1ml per liter of water, spray 8 to 10 days interval.",India,Bihar
images/00851.jpg,Bottle gourd,Red Pumpkin Beetle,"The caterpillar is thorny, seems venomous and stingy. Could be a type of Bihar Hairy caterpillar on leaves of Bottle gourd plant. To control these type caterpillars spray Chlorpyriphos or Propenophos 30% EC @2ml per liter of water or 2% powder could be dusted over the foliage and base of the plant.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00335.jpg,Tobacco,Potassium Deficiency,"Younger leaves of Tobacco are turning yellow, which is symptoms of Potassium deficiency. To recover at this stage foliar spray of KNO3 or MOP(Murate of Potash) @ 1gm per liter of water is advised.",India,Bihar
images/00318.jpg,Chikoo,Cutworms,"The Chikoo plant Leaves are affected with cutworm insects, the damage to leaves are clearly seen in the image. it can be controlled by spray of Chloropyriphos or Prophenophos@ 2ml per liter of water at regular interval of 8 to 10 days.",India,Bihar
images/00517.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"curling of leaves downward can be cause of leaf curl virus caused by white fly, we can use pesticide or yellow sticky trap to control these pest",India,Bihar
images/00933.jpg,Paddy,Blast,"Typical Blast disease symptoms in Paddy. Which can be controlled by use of resistant rice varieties, apply seed treatments, maintain consistent field flooding to prevent disease development, and apply fungicides like tricyclazole or azoxystrobin @ 1ml per liter of water during critical growth stages.",India,Bihar
images/00045.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"The brinjal plant affected with Shoot and Fruit borer, wilted plant top portion to be cut and destroyed. At initial stages Neem oil,1500ppm Azhadiractin @1ml per liter of water to be sprayed at 8-days interval. In case of severe infestation Emamectin Benzoate or Lambda-Cyhalothrin to be applied @1.5ml per liter of water at 8 to 10 days interval.",India,Bihar
images/00815.jpg,Cowpea,Leaf Hopper,"Leaves are damaged by Leaf hoppers and also leaf eating caterpillars. At early stages apply Neem oil, 300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water or for chemical control spray Chlorpyrifos with Cypermethrin @ 2ml per liter of water at every 8-days interval",India,Bihar
images/00199.jpg,Papaya,Anthracnose,"Papaya fruits infected with anthracnose disease, which can be checked by spraying  Mancozeb 0.2 % at 10 days interval controls the disease. Fumigation with bezyl-isothiocyanate controls post harvest spots and rots.",India,Karnataka
images/00698.jpg,Pumpkin,Aphids,"leaf curl viral disease is visible, yellowing of leaves and upwward curlling of leaves are the symptoms of leaf curl virus",India,Bihar
images/00844.jpg,Guava,Bark Eating Caterpillar,Caterpillar feeds on the leaves surfaces and reduces the growth,India,Bihar
images/00552.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,"Symptoms:
-Pin head size spots on the the leaves especially underside of the leaves, fine webbing
-Yellowing and bronzing of leaves

Brinjal Mite Control:
-Cultural: Remove infested leaves, maintain irrigation, avoid excess N, rotate crops.
-Biological: Conserve predatory mites and ladybird beetles.
-Botanical: Spray Neem oil 3% or NSKE 5%.
-Chemical: Use Propargite (2 ml/L) or Fenpyroximate (1 ml/L) on leaf undersides.
-Preventive: Keep field clean, moist, and weed-free",India,Bihar
images/00688.jpg,Bean,Root Rot,"Symptoms: Yellowing and wilting of lower leaves.

Bean Root Rot Control:
-Cultural: Use well-drained soil, avoid waterlogging, rotate crops.
-Seed: Treat with Trichoderma viride (4 g/kg) or Carbendazim (2 g/kg).
-Soil: Apply Trichoderma compost or neem cake.
-Chemical: Drench with Carbendazim 0.1% or Copper oxychloride 0.25%.
-Sanitation: Remove and destroy infected plants.",India,Bihar
images/00275.jpg,Cabbage,Cabbage Looper,"-Cabbage Head Borer (Hellula undalis): Tthe pest that bores into cabbage heads and leaves fecal matter inside
-Control measures:
Cultural: Remove infested plants; rotate crops.
Biological: Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 50,000/ha.
Botanical: Spray Neem oil 3% or NSKE 5%.
Chemical: Use Spinosad 0.3 ml/L or Emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L.",India,Bihar
images/00420.jpg,Guava,Bark Eating Caterpillar; Potassium Deficiency,"As per symptoms the guava plant leaves are having Potassium deficiency as well as leaf and bark eating caterpillar infestation. Spray water soluble Potash(KCL or KNO3)@ 2gm per liter of water. To control caterpillars spray Neem oil, 300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water or Chlorpyrifos, 20 EC@ 2ml per liter of water.",India,Bihar
images/00273.jpg,Mango,Bacterial Canker,leaf burning symptoms is visible in the image  and,India,Bihar
images/00533.jpg,Lemon,Leaf Miner,"leaf miner that feed on leaves are seen, eaten leaves like structure is visible",India,Bihar
images/00463.jpg,Bottle gourd,Powdery Mildew,"discoloration of leaves, curling and white powdery substance like visible sign make it appear to be infected",India,Bihar
images/00441.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,upward curling of leaves,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00136.jpg,Mango,Boron Deficiency,"Mango flowers have dried up with poor fruit setting and fruit dropping.
Spray the tree with Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) at the pea-sized fruit stage to increase fruit retention. Gibberellic Acid (GA3) can also be used to aid retention.
Apply Boron (e.g., Borax 0.2%) before flowering to improve pollination. During fruit development, spray with Calcium (e.g., Calcium Nitrate 1%) to strengthen fruit walls and Potassium (e.g., Potassium Nitrate 1-1.5%) to reduce fruit drop.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00918.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"The symptoms are of typical Chilli Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) cannot be cured, but its spread can be managed through preventative measures and control of whiteflies, the primary vectors of the virus. 
To control whitefly (vector of chili leaf curl virus) spray Imidacloprid @3ml /10 liters of water, or Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00524.jpg,Banana,Sigatoka Leaf Spot,"Sigatoka disease in Banana-Spray 3 times with Carbendazim 0.1 per cent or Propicanozole 0.1 % or Mancozeb 0.25% and teepol (sticking agent) at 10-15 days interval, as the disease starting from initial appearance of leaf specks",India,Bihar
images/00120.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Fall armyworm (FAW) management in maize requires an integrated approach combining cultural practices, biological control, and chemical control.
For early infestations, apply biopesticides like azadirachtin or chemical insecticides such as chlorantraniliprole or flubendiamide to the plant's whorl.",India,West Bengal
images/00112.jpg,Chickpea,Nitrogen Deficiency,Typical Nitrogen deficiency with yellowing of leaves and crop health is poor. Which can be controlled by use of balance fertiliser having Nitrogen. For immediate result apply foliar spray of Nano DAP@ 2.5 ml per liter of water.,India,Bihar
images/00161.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"The brinjal plant affected with Shoot and Fruit borer, wilted plant top portion to be cut and destroyed. At initial stages Neem oil,1500ppm Azhadiractin @1ml per liter of water to be sprayed at 8-days interval. In case of severe infestation Emamectin Benzoate or Lambda-Cyhalothrin to be applied @1.5ml per liter of water at 8 to 10 days interval.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00096.jpg,Groundnut,Aphids,"Aphids infestation symptoms along with caterpillar damage also seen. For organic control of these common pests spray Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water at 8 to 10 days  interval in early stages of growth.
In cases of high infestation, spray an insecticide such as Thiamethoxam (12.6%) + Lambda-cyhalothrin (9.5%) at 5 ml per 10 liters of water.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00580.jpg,Potato,Early Blight,"The symptoms are of Potassium deficiency as leaves curled up with mid rib green, along with there is early blight infection with small dot like blight symptoms.
For K-deficiency apply water soluble Potash@ 2gm per liter of water as foliar spray. For early blight control spray Carbendazim or Mancozeb @ 2ml per liter of water.",India,Bihar
images/00671.jpg,Potato,Early Blight,Typical early blight symptoms on Potato leaves. Very early spraying with Zineb or captan 0.2% and repeating it for every 15 – 20 days gives effective control. Removal and destruction of infected plant debris should be done because the spores lying in the soil are the primary source of infection.,India,Bihar
images/00352.jpg,Pumpkin,Aphids,"Curling and cupping of Pumpkin leaves may be due to Calcium deficiency. Use a foliar spray of calcium sulfate (CaSO4) @ 2gm per liter of water. Twisting of leaves, stunted growth also due to aphids infestation. Aphid can be controlled by Use reflective mulch, sticky traps, or biological controls like ladybugs. You can also spray with neem oil extracts, 300ppm @5ml per liter of water.",India,Bihar
images/00763.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Twisting of leaves, stunted growth  due to Thrips infestation. Thrips can be controlled by Use reflective mulch, sticky traps, or biological controls like ladybugs. You can also spray with neem oil 300ppm @5ml per liter of water.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00399.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Early stage of shoot and fruit borer in Brinjal crop. At Initial stages Neem oil,1500ppm Azhadiractin @1ml per liter of water to be sprayed at 8-days interval. At severe case, you can use Emamectin Benzoate or Lambda-Cyhalothrin @ 1ml per liter of water at 8-days interval.",India,Bihar
images/00211.jpg,Spinach,Aphids,"The spinach leaves are affected by aphids, which can be controlled by spray of Neem oil, 300ppm@ 5ml per liter of water by organic method. Also control by Soap spray: Mix 1-2 tablespoons of mild liquid soap with one gallon of water. Spray it directly on the aphids, covering the tops and undersides of leaves, as the soap suffocates them by breaking down their protective coating.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00684.jpg,Guava,Mealybugs,"Pest: Whitefly; Disease: Sooty mold

The front right part of the guava fruit shows black sooty mold, which may have been caused by a secondary infection following a whitefly infestation.
To control the sooty mold first we have to control the while fly infestation, this can be done by different means
Whitefly control – Use yellow sticky traps or insecticidal soaps/neem oil.

Pruning & sanitation – Remove heavily infested branches and fallen debris.

Fungicide application – Apply suitable fungicides if mold is severe.

Maintain plant health – Proper irrigation and balanced fertilization to reduce susceptibility.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00402.jpg,Potato,Early Blight,"Symptoms: Notable symptoms include yellowing of the lower leaves, accompanied by the appearance of brown spots on them

Control measures: Remove and destroy infected leaves; practice crop rotation and proper spacing for good air circulation.

Apply recommended fungicides (e.g., mancozeb or chlorothalonil) at regular intervals.",India,Bihar
images/00245.jpg,Cauliflower,Downy Mildew,"The lower leaves show powdery symptoms with the initiation of necrotic spots on the upper surface, and downy mildew symptoms have also begun to appear on the lower leaves

Control measures:
Spray appropriate fungicides like Mancozeb or Copper oxychloride at recommended intervals and remove severely affected leaves to reduce disease spread",India,Bihar
images/00805.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Symptoms: Larvae feed on leaves, creating irregular holes and defoliation; severe infestations can damage tassels and cob formation.

Control measures:
Handpick larvae in small fields.

Spray Neem-based insecticides or chemical insecticides like Emamectin benzoate or Chlorantraniliprole as per recommendation.

Use pheromone traps for monitoring and early control",India,Bihar
images/00139.jpg,Onion,Thrips,"Symptom: The onion leaves show tip drying and curling, often indicating nutrient deficiency (like potassium or water stress) or early thrips infestation.
 
control measures
Pest control: If thrips are present, spray Neem oil or recommended insecticides.
Cultural practices: Remove severely affected leaves and maintain field hygiene.
Water and nutrient management: Ensure proper irrigation and balanced fertilization, especially potassium",India,Bihar
images/00640.jpg,Potato,Common Scab,"symptom is not a scab 

Potato Leaf Roll Virus: younger leaves showing rolling 

control measures:
Use virus-free tubers, control aphids, and remove infected plants",India,Bihar
images/00255.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Ring Spot Virus,"Identified symptoms are Papaya Bunchy Top: New leaves appear short, clustered, and upright, giving a bunched appearance at the top of the plant, with stunted overall growth

Control measures:
Use disease-free planting material.
Control vector insects like whiteflies using insecticides or Neem-based sprays.

Remove and destroy severely affected plants to prevent spread.",India,Bihar
images/00256.jpg,Mango,Mango Hopper,"Symptoms:
black sooty mold on inflorescences, and flower drop, leading to reduced fruit set.

Control measures:
Spray insecticides like Imidacloprid o on affected shoots and inflorescences.
Remove and destroy affected shoots.
Encourage natural predators like spiders and ladybirds.",India,Bihar
images/00810.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize fall army warm damage:
Scrapping of leaf surface by young larvae.
Older larvae, feeds upon central whorl, causing extensive defoliation.
Whorl, tassel and cob fed by larva.

Control measures:
Biological: Use natural enemies like Trichogramma, Telenomus, or Beauveria bassiana fungus.

Chemical: Apply recommended insecticides (e.g., Spinosad, Chlorantraniliprole) at early larval stage",India,Bihar
images/00502.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,"Symptoms: (mites and mildew)
Leaves turn yellowish or bronze, curl, and become scorched.
Severe infestation leads to stunted growth and reduced fruit yield.
Tiny mites may be visible on the underside of leaves as fine webbing.
-symptoms of mildew also noticed along with the mites 

Control measures:
Mite: Remove infested leaves; spray miticides like Dicofol/Propargite; use predatory mites.

Powdery Mildew: Remove affected leaves; apply fungicides like Sulphur or Carbendazim; ensure proper spacing and ventilation.",India,Bihar
images/00655.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Symptoms:
Chewed or ragged leaves with holes or irregular edges.
Larvae or caterpillars may be visible on the leaves.
Severe feeding can reduce photosynthesis and yield

Control Measures:

Handpick larvae if infestation is small.

Biological control: Trichogramma, Beauveria bassiana.

Chemical control: Spray Spinosad or Chlorantraniliprole at early larval stage",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00128.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,"Brinjal Mite Damage Symptoms:

Leaves turn yellowish or bronze, curl, and become scorched.

Severe infestation leads to stunted growth and reduced fruit yield.

Tiny mites may be visible on the underside of leaves as fine webbing

Control measures:
Cultural: Remove and destroy infested leaves, maintain proper plant spacing, avoid excessive nitrogen.

Biological: Release predatory mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis).

Chemical: Spray miticides like Propargite or Dicofol, following recommended doses.",India,Bihar
images/00268.jpg,Mango,Mango Hopper,"Mango hopper and sooty mold:
Symptoms:
Mango Hopper: Tiny insects on inflorescences and young shoots; causes flower drop, leaf curling, and sticky honeydew.

Sooty Mold: Black fungal growth on leaves, stems, and fruits; grows on honeydew excreted by hoppers; reduces photosynthesis.

Control measures:
Cultural: Prune infested shoots, maintain tree hygiene.

Biological: Use predators like ladybirds or Green lacewing.

Chemical: Spray systemic insecticides (e.g., Imidacloprid) for hoppers and remove sooty mold manually or use fungicides if severe",India,Bihar
images/00437.jpg,Onion,Healthy,"Symptom:
Slight tip burn along the leaf edges may be caused by potassium deficiency.

control: potash fertilizers can be applied",India,Bihar
images/00653.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Identified pest: Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer 
Symptoms:
Wilting of young shoots due to larval boring.

Small holes on fruits with excreta (frass) sticking at the entry point.

Infested fruits become unfit for consumption and drop prematurely.

Control Measures:
Collect and destroy affected shoots and fruits.

Install pheromone traps @ 12–15/acre to monitor and trap moths.

Use neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5% or neem oil 2%.

Spray insecticides like Emamectin benzoate 5SG @ 0.4 g/L or Cypermethrin 25EC @ 0.5 ml/L if infestation is severe.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00166.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,"Brinjal Mite (Red Spider Mite) and Powdery mildew disease

Symptoms of mites:
Yellowing and bronzing of leaves, especially on the underside.
Fine webbing seen on lower leaf surfaces.
Leaves curl, dry, and fall off in severe cases.
Plant growth and yield are reduced.
Control Measures:
Spray water on plants regularly to reduce mite build-up.
Remove and destroy heavily infested leaves.
Use neem oil 2% or NSKE 5%.
If severe, spray with Dicofol 18.5EC @ 2.5 ml/L or Fenazaquin 10EC @ 2 ml/L.

Powdery mildew symptoms:
White, powdery or hairy fungal growth on upper and lower surfaces of leaves.

Affected leaves gradually turn yellow, shrivel, and dry.

Severe infection weakens the plant and reduces yield.

Control measures:
Spray wettable sulphur 0.3% or carbendazim 0.1%.
Apply neem oil 2% as a preventive measure.",India,Bihar
images/00668.jpg,Rice,Rice Bug,"Rice False Smut (caused by Ustilaginoidea virens)

Symptoms:
Some grains in a panicle are replaced by greenish spore balls.
These spore balls later turn yellowish-orange, then greenish-black.
Affected grains become chaffy, reducing yield and grain quality.

Control Measures:
Use disease-free seeds and resistant varieties.
Treat seeds with Carbendazim 2 g/kg before sowing.
Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizer.
Spray Propiconazole 25EC @ 1 ml/L at booting stage if disease appears.",India,Odisha
images/00823.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Miner,"Tomato Leaf Miner (Tuta absoluta)
Symptoms:
Small, irregular mines or blotches on leaves caused by larvae feeding inside.

Leaves dry and curl due to extensive mining.

Larvae bore into stems and fruits, causing holes and fruit rotting.

Reduced photosynthesis and yield loss.

Control Measures:
Remove and destroy infested leaves and fruits.

Use pheromone traps @ 12–15/acre for monitoring and mass trapping.

Spray neem oil 2% or NSKE 5% as a preventive measure.

Release biological control agents like Trichogramma chilonis.

If severe, spray Emamectin benzoate 5SG @ 0.4 g/L or Spinosad 45SC @ 0.3 ml/L",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00592.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Chilli Black Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis)
Symptoms:
Silvery or brownish patches on tender leaves
Leaf curling and distortion, especially at the top
Buds and flowers drop prematurely.
In severe cases, plants become stunted and yield decreases.

Control Measures:
Remove and destroy infested plant parts.
Avoid excess nitrogen and maintain field sanitation.
Spray neem oil 2% or NSKE 5%.
If severe, spray Fipronil 5SC @ 1 ml/L or Imidacloprid 17.8SL @ 0.3 ml/L.",India,Bihar
images/00123.jpg,Ridge gourd,Downy Mildew,"Ridge Gourd Downy Mildew 
Symptoms:
Yellow angular spots appear on upper leaf surfaces.

Greyish or purplish mold growth on the lower side of leaves.

Infected leaves turn brown, curl, and dry up.

Reduces photosynthesis and fruit yield.

Control Measures:
Remove and destroy infected leaves.

Ensure good air circulation and avoid overhead irrigation.

Spray Mancozeb 0.25% or Metalaxyl + Mancozeb 0.2%.

Grow resistant or tolerant varieties if available.",India,Bihar
images/00533.jpg,Lemon,Leaf Miner,"The citrus plants affected with leaf miner and leaf eating caterpillars. For leaf miner control apply Neem oil, 300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water. synthetic insecticides like spinosad or imidacloprid as a last resort. For caterpillar control manual removal and use organic sprays like neem oil or a soap and water solution. For persistent problems, consider biological controls such as Bacillus thuringiensis or use chemical sprays as a last resort.",India,Bihar
images/00378.jpg,Cauliflower,Cutworms,"The cauliflower plants affected with cutworm and caterpillars. For  control at early growing stage of Cauliflower apply, Neem oil and neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 300ppm@5ml per liter of water are effective.",India,Bihar
images/00238.jpg,Rose,Powdery Mildew,"The Rose plants have powdery mildew, a common fungal disease that appears as a white, powdery coating on leaves, stems, and buds. Powdery mildew can be controlled by application of wettable Sulphur @ 0.2%. Preventive measures by spray of Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water at early stages of growth.",India,Bihar
images/00288.jpg,Groundnut,Leaf Spot,"Symptoms of Leaf spot with rust in Groundnut. At present  condition it can be controlled by foliar spray of Tebuconazole or Chlorothalonil@ 1ml per liter of water. For preventive measures
Seed treatment: Before sowing, treat seeds with Trichoderma or Pseudomonas powder, or fungicides like Thiram (75%) or Indofil M-45 (75%) is very effective.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00192.jpg,Potato,Early Blight,"Early blight on potato plants, appears as small, dark brown-to-black spots on the older leaves, which grow into larger lesions. To control,Use fungicides like mandipropamid, chlorothalonil, fluazinam, or mancozeb.
Seed treatment with fungicides like mancozeb before sowing.",India,Bihar
images/00498.jpg,Mango,Mealybugs,"Identified issue is mango mealybugs damage: Presence of white wooly growth on leaves and presence of Sooty mold on leaves, stems due to honeydew secretion.
subsequently leaves turn yellow, curl, or drop prematurely.

Control Measures:
Cultural: Prune and destroy infested shoots; remove weeds; maintain orchard hygiene.

Biological: Release natural enemies like Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (mealybug destroyer).

Chemical: Spray systemic insecticides (e.g., Imidacloprid) or contact insecticides (e.g., Malathion) during early infestation.",India,Bihar
images/00230.jpg,Tomato,Bacterial Wilt,"In the given image tomato wilt symptoms are noticed:
Yellowing of lower leaves, wilting, and drooping. Plants may die in severe cases.

Control Measures:
Cultural: Use resistant varieties; rotate crops; remove and destroy infected plants; avoid waterlogging.
Biological: Apply antagonistic fungi like Trichoderma spp. to soil.

Chemical: Soil drenching with fungicides like Carbendazim or Thiophanate-methyl (follow label instructions).",India,Jharkhand
images/00742.jpg,Brinjal,Phomopsis Blight,"The white powdery patches and spots on brinjal (eggplant) leaves indicate Powdery Mildew.

Symptoms:
White, powdery fungal growth on both leaf surfaces.

Leaves may curl, turn yellow, and drop prematurely.

Severe infection can reduce flowering and fruiting.

Control Measures:
Cultural: Remove and destroy infected leaves; ensure proper plant spacing for air circulation; avoid overhead irrigation.

Biological: Use biocontrol agents like Trichoderma spp.

Chemical: Spray fungicides such as Sulphur, Carbendazim, or Hexaconazole at early stages.",India,Bihar
images/00932.jpg,Chili,Mosaic Virus; Whiteflies,"Chilli Leaf Curl Virus (ChiLCV):
Symptoms:
Leaves curl upward and become thickened or leathery.
Yellowing (chlorosis) along veins.
Stunted plant growth and reduced flowering/fruiting.
Fruits may be small, deformed, or drop prematurely.

Control Measures:
Cultural: Remove and destroy infected plants; use virus-free seedlings; maintain field hygiene; control weed hosts.

Vector Management: Control whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) using yellow sticky traps or insecticides.

Resistant Varieties: Grow tolerant or resistant chilli varieties.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00075.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Thrips,"Identified symptom: Chili leaf curl virus
Symptoms:
Leaves curl upward and become thickened or leathery.

Yellowing (chlorosis) along veins.

Stunted plant growth and reduced flowering/fruiting.

Fruits may be small, deformed, or drop prematurely.

Control Measures:
Cultural: Remove and destroy infected plants; use virus-free seedlings; maintain field hygiene; control weed hosts.

Vector Management: Control whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) using yellow sticky traps or insecticides.

Resistant Varieties: Grow tolerant or resistant chilli varieties.",India,Bihar
images/00952.jpg,Guava,Rust,"Symptoms: Guava Rust

Yellow-orange pustules on leaves, especially the underside.

Leaves may curl, dry, and drop prematurely.

Severe infection reduces flowering and fruit set.

Control Measures:
Cultural: Remove and destroy infected leaves; maintain proper tree spacing and hygiene.

Chemical: Spray fungicides like Copper Oxychloride or Mancozeb at early stages.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00876.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda):

Damage Symptoms:
Larvae feed on leaves, creating irregular holes and ragged edges.

“Windowpane” effect on young leaves (transparent patches).

Damaged whorl leaves may dry; severe infestation can damage cobs and reduce yield.

Frass (insect excreta) visible on leaves.

Control Measures:
Cultural: Remove and destroy affected plants; maintain weed-free fields; practice crop rotation.

Biological: Use natural enemies like Trichogramma spp., Bracon spp., or entomopathogenic fungi.

Chemical: Apply selective insecticides such as Spinosad, Emamectin benzoate, or Chlorantraniliprole at early infestation.",India,Bihar
images/00452.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Chili mosaic virus and leaf curl symptoms are noticed

Symptoms:
Mottled or mosaic patterns on leaves (light and dark green patches).

Leaf curling, distortion, and stunted growth.

Reduced flowering and fruit set; fruits may be small, malformed, or drop prematurely.

Control Measures:
Cultural: Remove and destroy infected plants; use virus-free seedlings; maintain field hygiene; control weed hosts.

Vector Control: Manage aphids (Myzus persicae), which transmit the virus, using insecticides or yellow sticky traps.

Resistant Varieties: Grow tolerant or resistant chilli varieties if available.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00189.jpg,Chilli,Mites,"Damage Symptoms: Chilli mites

-inverted boat shaped leaves, leaf curling and distortion
-Leaves show yellowing, bronzing, or silvery patches.
-Severe infestation reduces flowering, fruit set, and yield.

Control Measures:
Cultural: Remove and destroy heavily infested leaves; maintain proper spacing and irrigation; avoid water stress.

Biological: Release predatory mites like Phytoseiulus persimilis.

Chemical: Spray miticides such as Abamectin, Spiromesifen, or Fenpyroximate at early infestation.",India,Bihar
images/00564.jpg,Citrus,Citrus Psyllid,"Citrus Psyllid (Diaphorina citri):

Symptoms:
Nymphs and adults suck sap from young shoots and leaves.

Leaves show curling, yellowing, and distorted growth.

Honeydew secretion leads to sooty mold on leaves and fruits.

Can transmit Huanglongbing (citrus greening disease), causing stunted growth and poor fruit quality.

Control Measures:

Cultural: Prune and destroy infested shoots; maintain orchard hygiene; remove alternate host plants.

Biological: Encourage natural enemies like ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) and parasitic wasps (Tamarixia radiata).

Chemical: Spray systemic insecticides such as Imidacloprid or Thiamethoxam on early infestation.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00243.jpg,Potato,Late Blight,"Potato Late Blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans):

Water-soaked, dark green or brown lesions on leaves, often along leaf margins.

Rapid spread of lesions under humid conditions; leaves may collapse and die.

Control Measures:
Cultural:
Use certified disease-free seed tubers.

Ensure proper spacing and avoid waterlogging.

Remove and destroy infected plants and crop debris.

Practice crop rotation with non-host crops.

Chemical:

Apply fungicides such as Mancozeb, Metalaxyl, or Copper Oxychloride at early disease stages.

Repeat sprays at recommended intervals, especially during humid conditions.

Resistant Varieties:
Grow late-blight-resistant potato varieties where available.",India,Bihar
images/00259.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,"Brinjal aphids are noticed:
Aphids: Small, soft-bodied insects on leaf undersides 
-Also ants eating on honeydew secretion underside of the leaves noticed 

Control Measures:
Cultural: Remove heavily infested leaves; maintain plant spacing; avoid excessive nitrogen.

Biological: Encourage ladybird beetles, lacewings, and Aphidius wasps.

Chemical: Spray insecticides such as Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam, or Acephate at early infestation.",India,Odisha
images/00773.jpg,Guava,Healthy,"Iron
Deficiency Symptoms :
Interveinal chlorosis in younger leaves. The youngest leaves become pale yellow.

Corrective Measure :
Soil application of FeSO4 @ 10 kg/ha.

Magnesium
Deficiency Symptoms :
The deficiency symptom of interveinal chlorosis first appears in older leaves. Leaf tissue between the veins may be yellowish, bronze or reddish, while the leaf veins remain green. In severe cases, symptoms may appear on younger leaves and cause premature leaf drop. Symptoms occur most frequently in acid soils and soils receiving high amounts of K fertilizer or Ca.

Correction Measure :
Foliar spray of MgSO4 2% at fortnightly interval.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00347.jpg,Cucumber,Squash Bug,"Fruits are damaged by Bugs and fruit fly insects, removing infested and fallen fruits, using food-based traps or pheromone traps with attractants like methyl eugenol, and applying chemical or botanical sprays.
In small gardens, cover young cucumbers with newspapers or cloth to physically prevent flies from laying eggs on them.",India,Odisha
images/00661.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Symptoms of FAW damage, For early infestations, apply biopesticides like azadirachtin or chemical insecticides such as chlorantraniliprole or flubendiamide to the plant's whorl.",India,Bihar
images/00623.jpg,Potato,Late Blight,"Late blight symptoms with water soaked spots appear on leaves, increase in size, turn purple brown& finally black colour
White growth develops on under surface of leaves.
Control measures: spraying with mancozeb or zineb 0.2 % should be done to prevent infection of tubers.",India,Bihar
images/00227.jpg,Groundnut,Leaf Spot; Leaf Miner,"leaf spot and sunken, brown  spots on the leaves of the plant and also leaf miner infestation is visible",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00020.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Mites,yellowing of leaves and upward curling of the leaves are the main identifical marks of leaf curl virus infestation in the chilli plant. vector for this is white fly,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00710.jpg,Tobacco,Tobacco Mosaic Virus; Whiteflies,"leaf curl virus infected tobaco leaves are seen with appearance of leafy outgrowths, stunting and curled leaves are the major symptoms as visible in leaves. leaf curl virus is caused by white fly and can be controled by destruction and use of yellow sticky trap",India,Bihar
images/00856.jpg,Guava,Healthy,"Symptoms:
 Purple or reddish-purple coloration between the veins of older leaves.
some time Potash and cold stress to the plants also leads to similar symptoms in this plant

Measures:
Apply Phosphorus-based Fertilizers: Use a phosphorus-rich fertilizer, such as superphosphate, bone meal, or rock phosphate. These fertilizers are good sources of phosphorus and help in improving root development and overall plant health
-Potassium Fertilizers: Apply a potassium-rich fertilizer like potassium sulfate or muriate of potash to correct the deficiency
-Check Soil pH: Phosphorus availability decreases in very acidic or alkaline soils so, rectification of soil pH with amendments will help in correcting the symptoms some extant
-Protection: If the purple coloration is due to cold weather, consider providing protection for your guava trees",India,Bihar
images/00899.jpg,Onion,Healthy,"Leaf Symptoms:
Older leaves show marginal chlorosis (yellowing at leaf edges).
Leaves develop necrotic spots or die back from the tip.
Leaf tips may curl or scorch.
Stunted leaf growth, pale green color.
measures:
Apply potassium fertilizers such as:
Muriate of Potash (KCl) – commonly used.
Sulfate of Potash (K2SO4) – preferred if sulfur is also needed.
Dosage: Typically, 30–60 kg K₂O/ha depending on soil test results.",India,Bihar
images/00067.jpg,Tomato,Fruit Borer,"Symptoms :
Fruit borers (Helicoverpa armigera / tomato fruit borer):

Caterpillars bore holes into immature fruits, leaving frass (excrement) inside.
Fruits may rot quickly after entry

measures:
Cultural: Rotate crops, remove affected fruits.

Biological: Release Trichogramma wasps, encourage predators.

Chemical: Use Bt, Neem oil, or pyrethroids.

Barriers: Use insect netting and fruit bagging.

Monitor: Use pheromone traps, check for pests.

Preventive: Keep plants healthy, harvest early.",India,Bihar
images/00801.jpg,Onion,Healthy,"the symptoms are 
leaf tip yellowing and drying
slight curling of leaves (even younger)
slight discolored spots 

the possible reasons for symptoms are;
Water Stress: Dry tips, curling leaves.
Potassium Deficiency: Yellow/brown tips, curling of older leaves.
Excess Nitrogen: Curling, yellowing tips.
Heat Stress: Dry tips, curling during hot weather.

Pests/Disease: Curling, discoloration, spots (e.g., thrips or fusarium wilt).

measures for the above symptoms:
Water Stress: Ensure consistent and deep irrigation, especially during dry periods.

Excess Nitrogen: Reduce nitrogen fertilizer application and use balanced fertilization.

Potassium Deficiency: Apply potassium-rich fertilizers like muriate of potash based on soil test recommendations.

Thrips: Use insecticidal soap or neem oil, and introduce natural predators like predatory mites.",India,Bihar
images/00584.jpg,Groundnut,Leaf Spot,"the identified symptoms are 
-small holes on the leaves 
-leaf spots on the leaves 

possible causes  are;
for leaf holes are;
Pests:
Caterpillars (e.g., Spodoptera): They feed on leaves, causing small holes.

Control: Use Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Neem oil, or pyrethroids for caterpillar control.

Leafhoppers: They cause leaf spots and small holes due to feeding.

Control: Apply insecticidal soap or systemic insecticides for leafhopper management

leaf spot symptoms are due to;
Early Leaf Spot (Cercospora arachidicola): Small spots that may grow larger, with yellow halos around them.
Control: Apply fungicides (e.g., chlorothalonil) and practice crop rotation",India,Telangana
images/00122.jpg,Brinjal,Wilt,"Identified symptoms:
wilting and yellowing and drying of leaves 
Wilting:
Cause: Transplant shock due to root disturbance or inadequate water uptake after transplanting.

Symptoms: Leaves droop or wilt, especially during hot or dry 
conditions.
Solution: Ensure consistent moisture and shade during the first few days after transplanting to help seedlings acclimatize.
 (or)
Root Rot:
Cause: Waterlogged soil or fungal infections (e.g., Pythium, Fusarium).

Symptoms: Yellowing of leaves, wilting, and possible plant death.

Solution: Avoid overwatering, improve soil drainage, and treat with appropriate fungicides if necessary.",India,Bihar
images/00911.jpg,Onion,Healthy,"Symptoms:
Leaf tip drying and  slight curling of older leaves

possible causes for the symptoms are;

Water Stress
Cause: Inconsistent watering, either too much or too little, can lead to leaf tip drying and curling.

Symptoms: Dry, crispy tips on older leaves, possibly curling.

Solution: Maintain consistent soil moisture, avoid waterlogging, and ensure good drainage. Water deeply but infrequently to encourage strong root development.

(or)
Potassium Deficiency:
Cause: Potassium is crucial for leaf health and water regulation, and its deficiency often causes tip burn.

Symptoms: Yellowing or browning of leaf tips, curling of older leaves.

Solution: Apply potassium fertilizers (e.g., muriate of potash) according to soil test recommendations.",India,Bihar
images/00800.jpg,Maize,Healthy,"The symptoms are;
purplish colouration on the interveinal areas 

Possible causes are;
- phosphorus deficiency, which inhibits normal growth and leads to the accumulation of anthocyanin pigments. Other factors, such as genetic predisposition, cool weather, iron deficiency, or diseases, can also contribute to purpling, especially in young plants. 
-Cool temperatures: Cool nights can slow down the plant's ability to metabolize sugars, leading to a buildup of sugars that promotes anthocyanin production and purpling

-Diseases: Conditions like the Corn Stunt Spiroplasma Disease can cause stunting and reddening of leaves

Control measures:
Confirm the cause: The specific pattern of purpling (e.g., only on old leaves, only on young leaves) can help narrow down the cause. A soil and tissue test can confirm nutrient deficiencies, advises

-Improve phosphorus uptake: Apply appropriate phosphorus fertilizers, especially if soil tests indicate a deficiency.
-Improve soil conditions: Amend the soil with organic matter, which can improve nutrient availability and soil structure",India,Bihar
images/00806.jpg,Maize,Downy Mildew; Fall Armyworm,"aphid attack visible in maize leaf surface with symptoms like yellowing of leaves, the pest is not listed in the crop. which can controlled by seed treatment of thiamethoxam @3.5 gm/kg seed and conservation of natural enemies as coccinellids, chrysopids and syphids",India,Bihar
images/00714.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Ring Spot Virus; Fruit Fly; Papaya Mealybug,"papaya leaf curlvirus like symptoms is visible which is nto mentioned in the list. dead leaves, curling of leaves are the symptoms for leaf curl virus
the control measure are use of yellow sticky trap and avoid growing of crop like chilli, tomato, gooseberry near by crop",India,Bihar
images/00854.jpg,Banana,Sigatoka Leaf Spot,"Symptoms:
Rusty spots on the underside of banana leaves are usually caused by Sigatoka disease (Yellow Sigatoka), a fungal infection caused by Mycosphaerella musicola.

-Symptoms: Rusty or yellow streaks/spots on the underside of leaves, later turning brown.
Cause: High humidity and poor air circulation favor fungal growth.

-Management:
Remove and destroy infected leaves.
Apply fungicides like mancozeb or copper-based sprays as per recommended guidelines.
Improve spacing and drainage to reduce humidity.",India,Kerala
images/00327.jpg,Groundnut,Collar Rot,"Symptom: Root Rot in Groundnut
Cause: Macrophomina phaseolina fungus.

Symptoms: Drying of plants, black discoloration of roots, hollow stem.

Control:
Seed treatment with Thiram or Carbendazim.
Crop rotation and soil solarization.
Apply Trichoderma in soil for biological control.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00632.jpg,Cauliflower,Black Rot,"symptom: Black Rot (Xanthomonas campestris):

Symptoms: Black discoloration on curd and stem, slimy decay.
Control: Store at low temperature (0–2 °C), maintain hygiene, avoid mechanical injury.",India,Bihar
images/00783.jpg,Gram,Powdery Mildew,"Powdery Mildew in Blackgram

Symptoms:
White, powdery fungal growth on upper leaf surfaces.
Leaves turn yellow, curl, and dry prematurely.
Severe infection reduces pod formation and yield.

Control Measures:
Cultural: Use resistant varieties, avoid dense planting, and ensure good air circulation.
Biological: Spray neem oil (2%) or Trichoderma-based formulations.
Chemical: Apply wettable sulfur (0.2%) or carbendazim (0.1%) at early stages; repeat if needed.",India,Bihar
images/00178.jpg,Onion,Downy Mildew,"Identified symptoms:
White powdery and greyish spots on onion leaves indicate fungal diseases:
Possible Causes
Powdery Mildew (Leveillula taurica):

White powdery growth on leaf surface.
Leaves turn yellow and dry prematurely.

Downy Mildew (Peronospora destructor):
Greyish-purple mold on leaves, often with yellow patches.
Leaves collapse under humid conditions.

Control Measures
Cultural: Ensure good drainage, avoid overhead irrigation, and rotate crops.
Biological: Spray neem oil (2%) or garlic extract as preventive.
Chemical:
For Powdery Mildew: Wettable sulfur (0.2%) or carbendazim (0.1%).
For Downy Mildew: Mancozeb (0.25%) or metalaxyl + mancozeb at 10–15 day intervals.",India,Bihar
images/00284.jpg,Citrus,Citrus Psyllid,"Citrus Psyllid Damage:
Nymphs and adults suck sap from young shoots and leaves, causing leaf curling, yellowing, and stunted growth.

They transmit Citrus Greening (Huanglongbing), a severe disease that reduces fruit quality and tree lifespan.

Control Measures:
Cultural: Prune infested shoots, maintain orchard hygiene, and avoid dense planting.
Biological: Release predators like Tamarixia radiata and use neem-based sprays.
Chemical: Apply imidacloprid or thiamethoxam as soil drench or foliar spray at recommended doses; rotate chemicals to prevent resistance.",India,Telangana
images/00380.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize Fall Armyworm (FAW)

Symptoms:
Leaf Damage: Window-pane feeding on young leaves; later, large irregular holes.
Frass: Sawdust-like droppings in leaf whorls.
Larvae Presence: Caterpillars hiding in whorls during the day.
Severe Infestation: Stunted growth and poor cob development.

Control Measures:
Cultural: Early sowing, deep ploughing, and crop rotation.
Mechanical: Hand-pick larvae and destroy egg masses.

Biological:
Release Trichogramma egg parasitoids.
Spray neem-based formulations (5%) or Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis).

Chemical:
Apply spinosad (0.3 ml/L) or emamectin benzoate (0.4 g/L) when infestation crosses threshold (5% plants damaged).
Rotate insecticides to prevent resistance.",India,Bihar
images/00376.jpg,Potato,Potato Tuber Moth; Cutworms,"Potato leaves with holes from the edges usually indicate leaf-feeding pests, mainly:
Likely Cause
Potato Tuber Moth larvae or leaf-eating caterpillars feed on leaf margins.
Sometimes beetles (e.g., Epilachna beetle) cause similar damage.

Symptoms
Irregular holes starting from leaf edges.
Skeletonized leaves in severe cases.
Presence of larvae or beetles on underside of leaves.

Control Measures
Cultural: Remove infested leaves, maintain field hygiene, and rotate crops.
Biological: Spray neem oil (2–3%) or Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) for caterpillars.
Chemical: If severe, apply spinosad (0.3 ml/L) or cypermethrin (as per label), following safety guidelines.",India,Bihar
images/00296.jpg,Bean,Mosaic Virus,"Dolichos Bean Mosaic Virus

Symptoms:
Light green or yellow mosaic patterns on leaves.
Leaf distortion, curling, and stunted growth.
Reduced flowering and pod formation.
Control Measures:
Cultural:
Use virus-free seeds and resistant varieties.
Remove and destroy infected plants.
Control weeds that act as virus hosts.

Vector Control:
The virus spreads through aphids and whiteflies.
Spray neem oil (2%) or soap solution to manage vectors.

Chemical:
Apply systemic insecticides like imidacloprid or thiamethoxam for severe vector infestation (as per label).",India,Bihar
images/00704.jpg,Brinjal,Wilt; Mites,"mites infection is visible, making a web like appearance all over the leaves. mites can be controlled by application of wettable sulfur or dicofol and biologically can be controlled by spraying predatory mites, lady beetles and lacewings",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00657.jpg,Tobacco,Tobacco Mosaic Virus; Whiteflies,"tobacco mosaic virus appears which is caused by whitefly, the symptoms include discoloration and downward curling and pluffy leaves. this can be controlled by application of imidacloprid and through placing yellow sticky trap in the field",India,Bihar
images/00265.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Thrips; Mites,"the plant is infected with leaf curl virus caused by whitefly. symptoms include upwrad curling, discolorationa nd leaf deformities. can be controled through use of pesticides like imidacloprid, thiamethoxam.",India,Bihar
images/00126.jpg,Mango,Bacterial Canker; Mealybugs; Mango Hopper,"leaves and leaf stalks are infected, severe infection cause defoliation and leaves may drop. control measure",India,Bihar
images/00556.jpg,Banana,Sigatoka Leaf Spot; Banana Weevil,"leaves show ellipthical spots where the centre of these spots turns to light grey color surrounded byhalo. forms irregular patches, rapid drying occurs
can be controlled by spraying propiconazole and mancozeb at 10-15 days interval",India,Bihar
images/00124.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Infestation of borer and caterpillars(spodoptera) on plants of brinjal. Initial stages Neem oil,1500ppm Azhadiractin @1ml per liter of water to be sprayed at 8-days interval.
For managing fruit borer infestations in brinjal, you can use Emamectin Benzoate or Lambda-Cyhalothrin.",India,Bihar
images/00878.jpg,Soybean,Healthy,"its seems like nitrogen or potassium deficiency, symptoms include yellowing of leaves and mainly effect older leaves.
can spray mop or urea based on the recommendation 100:80:80",India,Bihar
images/00045.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"In the given image brinjal shoot and fruit borer damage is identified 
Symptoms in shoots are ;
Larvae bore into tender shoots, causing wilting and drying of terminal shoots.
Drooping of leaves and “dead hearts” in severe cases.

Control measures:
Cultural: Remove and destroy infested shoots/fruits; rotate crops; maintain field sanitation.
Mechanical: Hand-pick larvae; install pheromone traps (10–12 per acre).
Biological: Spray Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt); apply neem-based products (NSKE 5%, neem oil); encourage natural parasitoids.
Chemical: Use insecticides like Carbaryl (3 g/l), Profenofos (2 ml/l), or Cypermethrin (1 ml/l) judiciously; avoid residues near harvest.
IPM: Combine all methods with regular monitoring for sustainable control.",India,Bihar
images/00313.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"The identified symptom in the given image is Potato leaf curl virus; and vector for this is Aphid 

Symptoms
Leaves: Upward rolling of margins, stiff and leathery texture, chlorosis or purple tint on edges.
Plants: Stunted growth, erect appearance.
Tubers: Net necrosis (brown strands in vascular tissue), smaller size, poor market quality.


Control Measures
Use Certified Seed: Plant virus-free seed tubers to prevent primary infection.
Rogueing: Remove and destroy infected plants early.
Vector Management: Control aphids (main carriers) using systemic insecticides early in the crop cycle.
Cultural Practices: Eliminate volunteer plants and avoid planting near infected fields.
Resistant Varieties: Prefer varieties with tolerance to PLRV where available.
Integrated Approach: Combine clean seed, aphid control, and field sanitation for effective management.",India,Bihar
images/00007.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Thrips,"yellowing and upward curling of leaves are the main symptoms of chilli leaf curl virus. which can be controlled by using by applying carbofuron @4-5 kg/ha, can also be controlled by using yellow sticky trap and intercrop with pest repellant crop",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00203.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Ring Spot Virus; Papaya Mealybug,"picture seems ot be of papaya stem root which basically includes symptooms of  black or browing of stems and drooping of  affected leaves. which can be controlled by using fingicide like metalaxy, cooper oxychloride and biological control like trichoderma viride",India,Bihar
images/00739.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,"Wheat seedlings having symptoms of Nitrogen deficiency, which can be controlled by soil application of Urea(Neem coated )@20kg per acre or foliar spray of Liquid Nano Urea @ 2.5 ml per liter of water is advised for the standing crop.",India,Bihar
images/00736.jpg,Bhindi,Healthy,"Apply calcium-rich amendments like lime, gypsum, or calcium nitrate to the soil. Foliar Sprays: Use foliar sprays containing calcium chloride, calcium acetate, or calcium nitrate to provide a quick boost of calcium to the plant.",India,Bihar
images/00487.jpg,Garlic,Healthy,Nitrogen top dressing in the form of Urea or Neem coated Urea is also applicable to the soil after weeding during earthing up.,India,Bihar
images/00266.jpg,Groundnut,Leaf Spot,Symptoms of Leaf spot in Groundnut. At present  condition it can be controlled by foliar spray of Tebuconazole or Chlorothalonil@ 1ml per liter of water.,India,Bihar
images/00731.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,The brinjal plant is affected with mites as per symptoms. Acaricides like Dicofol (0.05%) and Wettable Sulphur (0.3%) gives effective control of mites. Collection and burning of severely infested plant parts reduces further multiplication of mites.,India,Bihar
images/00292.jpg,Papaya,Healthy,"Papaya plant shows Potassium deficiency, yellowing (chlorosis) on older leaves, starting at the edges and between veins, developing into dead (necrotic) spots and drying from tips inward, causing poor growth, small leaves, and bad fruit quality.  K-deficiency corrected with Potassium Chloride (KCl) foliar sprays@2gm per liter of water or application of K-rich fertilizers, as K is vital for sugars and fruit size.",India,Bihar
images/00350.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Fall armyworm in Maize plant, to control for early infestations, apply biopesticides like Neem azadirachtin,1500ppm@3ml per liter of water or chemical insecticides such as chlorantraniliprole or flubendiamide@1ml per liter of water to the plant's whorl.",India,Bihar
images/00218.jpg,Cauliflower,Healthy,"Symptoms are of Molybdenum deficiency ,having whiptail like signs, the curds are deformed and not in proper shape and stunted growth. Control measure by applying Lime to reduce acidity thus making Molybdenum available or Apply sodium molybdate or ammonium molybdate (e.g., 1-2 kg/acre or 10-15 kg/ha) as a soil application or foliar spray.",India,Bihar
images/00253.jpg,Potato,Bacterial Wilt,"Potato wilt
Observed symptoms: 
-Sudden -wilting of plants, even when soil has moisture
-Yellowing and drying of lower leaves first
-Brown discoloration in stem/vascular tissue when cut
-Plants may collapse and die early
-In bacterial wilt, milky ooze may come out when stem is cut and dipped in water

Control / Management
-Use disease-free, certified seed tubers
-Follow crop rotation (3–4 years) with non-host crops
-Ensure good drainage; avoid waterlogging
-Remove and destroy infected plants immediately
-Seed treatment with bioagents (Trichoderma)
-For fungal wilt: soil drenching with Carbendazim
-Maintain field sanitation and balanced nutrition",India,Bihar
images/00219.jpg,Chilli,Mites,"Chilli mites – symptoms and control measures

Symptoms

Young leaves become small, thick, curled and brittle

Crinkled, wrinkled appearance of leaves

Shortened internodes, bushy growth

Flower and fruit drop

Fruits become small, rough or deformed

Overall stunted plant growth

Control measures

Remove and destroy heavily infested plant parts

Maintain proper irrigation and field sanitation

Spray neem oil (2–3 ml/L) or azadirachtin

Use wettable sulphur (2 g/L) or miticides as recommended

Encourage natural predators (lady beetles, predatory mites)

Avoid excess nitrogen fertilization",India,Telangana
images/00728.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,"Brinjal (eggplant) mites – symptoms and control measures

Symptoms

Leaves show yellow or pale specks that later turn bronze

Downward curling and drying of leaves

Fine webbing on underside of leaves in severe cases

Stunted plant growth

Reduced flowering and fruit size

Leaves may drop prematurely

Control measures

Remove and destroy heavily infested leaves

Maintain proper irrigation; avoid drought stress

Spray neem oil (2–3 ml/L) or azadirachtin

Use wettable sulphur (2 g/L) or recommended acaricides if infestation is severe

Encourage natural enemies (predatory mites)

Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizers

Early detection and timely spraying help prevent yield loss",India,Bihar
images/00536.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Curl Virus,"Tomato Leaf Curl Disease – Overview

Symptoms:

Leaves become small, thick, curled, and distorted

Yellowing of leaves, especially older ones

Stunted growth of plants

Reduced flowering and fruit set

In severe cases, plants may stop growing and yield drops significantly

Causes:

Caused by Tomato Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV)

Transmitted by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci)

Control / Management:

Use resistant tomato varieties

Control whiteflies with neem oil, sticky traps, or insecticidal sprays

Remove and destroy infected plants to prevent spread

Avoid excess nitrogen, which favors vector multiplication

Practice crop rotation and field sanitation

Tip: Early detection and vector management are crucial to reduce disease impact.",India,Odisha
images/00330.jpg,Chilli,Anthracnose,"chilli leaf spot:
Chilli Leaf Spot (caused by Cercospora spp.)

Symptoms:

Small, circular, brown or dark spots on leaves

Spots may have yellow halos

Severe infection causes leaf drying and defoliation

Can also affect stems and fruits

Control Measures:

Use disease-free seeds and resistant varieties

Remove and destroy infected leaves

Maintain good spacing and ventilation

Spray copper oxychloride (0.25–0.3%) or mancozeb (0.25%) at 10–15 day intervals

Avoid excess nitrogen fertilization",India,Telangana
images/00469.jpg,Cauliflower,Downy Mildew,"Bolting & Blackening of Heads and slight symptoms of downy mildew

Symptoms:
Premature flower stalk elongation

Head formation is delayed or incomplete

Leaves may appear elongated and loose

Causes:

Low temperatures after seedlings are 4–6 weeks old

Variety sensitivity to cold

Water stress or irregular irrigation

Management:

Choose bolt-resistant varieties

Sow at the correct season to avoid cold stress

Maintain consistent irrigation and nutrition

Avoid delays in transplanting

2. Blackening of Heads

Symptoms:

White cauliflower head develops black or brown patches

Tissue becomes discolored and decayed

Affects marketable quality

Causes:

Fungal infections (Alternaria, Sclerotinia)

Waterlogging or poor drainage

Excess nitrogen or prolonged leaf wetness

Management:

Ensure proper drainage and avoid waterlogging

Remove infected leaves promptly

Spray fungicides like mancozeb (0.25%) or copper oxychloride

Practice crop rotation and maintain field hygiene

Tip: Timely transplanting, balanced fertilization, and good field sanitation reduce both problems.",India,Bihar
images/00277.jpg,Bitter gourd,Healthy,"Bitter Gourd – Leaf Spot, Yellowing, and Downy Mildew: Symptoms & Control

1. Leaf Spot

Symptoms:

Small brown or black spots on leaves

Spots may merge, causing leaf blight

Severe infection leads to premature leaf drop

Control Measures:

Use disease-free seeds

Remove and destroy infected leaves

Spray copper oxychloride (0.25%) or mancozeb (0.25%) at 10–15 day intervals

Maintain proper spacing and ventilation

2. Yellowing of Leaves

Symptoms:

Leaves turn yellow starting from older leaves

May be associated with nutrient deficiency (N, Mg, Fe), water stress, or early disease

Control Measures:

Apply balanced NPK based on soil test

Correct micronutrient deficiencies (e.g., Fe chelates for iron)

Maintain consistent irrigation

Control pests causing yellowing (aphids, whiteflies)

3. Downy Mildew (Early Symptoms)

Symptoms:

Light yellow patches on upper leaf surface

Grayish or purplish fuzzy growth on the underside of leaves

Leaves may curl or wither in severe cases

Control Measures:

Spray mancozeb (0.25%) or metalaxyl + mancozeb at early stage

Ensure good air circulation and sunlight

Avoid overhead irrigation; water early in the day

Remove severely infected leaves

Tip: Early detection and regular fungicide sprays, along with proper nutrient and water management, reduce disease spread and protect yield.",India,Bihar
images/00407.jpg,Ridge gourd,Powdery Mildew,"Ridge Gourd – Powdery Mildew:
Symptoms

White, powdery coating on upper and lower leaf surfaces

Leaves may curl, become yellow, and dry

Severe infection can affect flowers and young fruits, reducing yield

Stunted plant growth in heavy infestation

Control Measures

Use resistant varieties if available

Ensure proper plant spacing for good air circulation

Remove and destroy infected leaves

Spray fungicides:

Wettable sulphur (2–3 g/L)

Mancozeb (0.25%) or triforine as per recommendations

Apply potash-rich fertilizers to strengthen plants

Avoid excessive nitrogen, which favors fungal growth",India,Bihar
images/00548.jpg,Rice,Brown Spot,"Rice – Narrow Brown Leaf Spot: Symptoms & Control

Symptoms

Small, narrow, brown lesions on leaf blades

Lesions may elongate and merge, causing leaf drying

Severe infection can reduce photosynthesis and yield

Usually appears during tillering to flowering stage

Cause:

Fungal disease caused by Cercospora oryzae

Control Measures

Use disease-free seeds and resistant varieties

Practice proper spacing and avoid dense planting

Remove and burn infected straw and plant debris

Maintain balanced nitrogen application

Spray fungicides:

Mancozeb (0.25%)

Copper oxychloride (0.25%) at 10–15 day intervals if infection appears

Avoid prolonged leaf wetness and water stagnation",India,Odisha
images/00782.jpg,Papaya,Powdery Mildew,"Papaya – Powdery Mildew: Symptoms & Control

Symptoms

White, powdery fungal growth on leaves, stems, and young fruits

Leaves may curl, yellow, and dry in severe infection

Reduced photosynthesis and fruit size

Young fruits may develop scabby patches

Cause:

Fungal infection caused by Oidium caricae

Control Measures

Use resistant or tolerant varieties

Ensure good air circulation and proper spacing

Remove and destroy infected leaves

Spray sulphur (2–3 g/L) or wettable sulphur

For severe cases, use triforine or systemic fungicides as recommended

Avoid over-fertilization with nitrogen, which favors fungal growth",India,Bihar
images/00781.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Chilli Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) – Symptoms & Control

Symptoms

Leaves become small, thick, and curled

Yellowing of young leaves

Stunted plant growth

Reduced flowering and fruit set

Severe infection may cause plant death or complete yield loss

Cause:

Caused by begomovirus

Transmitted by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci)

Control Measures

Use virus-free, resistant/tolerant varieties

Control whiteflies using neem oil, insecticidal sprays, or sticky traps

Remove and destroy infected plants promptly

Maintain field sanitation and avoid nearby host weeds

Practice crop rotation and avoid continuous chilli cultivation

Tip: Early detection and vector management are critical to minimize losses.",India,Odisha
images/00888.jpg,Chilli,Mites,"mite Symptoms

Leaves become small, curled, and thickened

Yellow or bronze patches appear on leaves

Stunted plant growth

Flower and fruit drop

Severe infestation may reduce yield significantly

Control Measures

Remove and destroy heavily infested leaves

Maintain proper irrigation and field hygiene

Spray neem oil (2–3 ml/L) or azadirachtin

Use wettable sulphur (2 g/L) or recommended acaricides for severe infestation

Encourage natural predators like ladybugs and predatory mites

Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilization, which favors mite multiplication",India,Bihar
images/00945.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm; Stem Borer,"Corn Leaf Whorl Cut – Causes

Stem borer larvae (e.g., Asian Corn Borer): Feed inside the whorl, cutting or scraping young leaves

Fall armyworm: Chews through emerging leaves in the whorl

Leaf-feeding caterpillars: Damage new leaves in early stages

Mechanical injury: Wind, hail, or handling can also cause cuts

Management:

Monitor whorls regularly for larvae presence

Apply biopesticides like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for caterpillars

Use recommended insecticides if infestation is severe

Remove infested leaves to reduce pest load",India,Bihar
images/00466.jpg,Potato,Late Blight,"Potato Blight (Phytophthora infestans)

Symptoms:

Leaves: Water-soaked, dark green patches → turn brown and necrotic; white fungal growth may appear underneath in humid conditions

Stems: Dark lesions, softening, or rotting

Tubers: Brown/black sunken spots; may rot internally

Spread: Rapid in cool, wet, and humid conditions

Control Measures:

Use disease-free, certified seed tubers

Crop rotation with non-host crops (e.g., cereals)

Ensure good drainage; avoid waterlogging

Remove and destroy infected leaves and tubers

Apply fungicides:

Mancozeb (0.25%) or chlorothalonil for prevention

Metalaxyl + Mancozeb for curative action

Maintain field sanitation and avoid dense planting

Irrigate early in the day to allow leaves to dry quickly",India,Bihar
images/00341.jpg,Rice,Rice Bug,"Rice – Yellow Hairy Caterpillar (Psalis pennatula)

Symptoms

Caterpillars feed on leaf blades, leaving irregular holes

Young seedlings may be completely defoliated

Leaves appear ragged and skeletonized

Caterpillars are yellowish with long hair

Severe infestation can stunt plant growth and reduce yield

Control Measures

Handpick and destroy caterpillars in small fields

Encourage natural predators (birds, spiders)

Spray Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for early-stage larvae

Use recommended insecticides if infestation is severe

Maintain field sanitation and remove weeds that host larvae",India,Telangana
images/00938.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize – Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)

Damage Symptoms

Leaf feeding: Leaves have irregular, ragged holes; often look “shredded”

Whorl damage: Young leaves in the whorl are cut, causing torn, folded leaves

Frass (droppings): Dark green/black droppings visible on leaves and whorls

Cob damage: Larvae may bore into developing cobs, reducing grain quality

Plant stunting: Severe infestation can stunt growth and reduce yield

Control Measures

Early monitoring of whorls for larvae

Handpick and destroy egg masses or small larvae in small fields

Encourage natural predators like ladybugs, lacewings, and parasitic wasps

Spray Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or spinosad for early-stage larvae

Use recommended chemical insecticides for heavy infestations

Practice field sanitation and remove weed hosts",India,Telangana
images/00703.jpg,Paddy,Healthy,"The symptoms are of typical Nitrogen deficiency, lower leaves turning yellow, starting from margin.
Nitrogen top dressing in the form of Urea@6kg per acre or  Foliar spray of Liquid Nano Urea @ 2.5 ml per liter of water is advised for the standing crop.",India,Telangana
images/00560.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Chilli leaf curl virus infestation, it can not be cured, the severely affected plants are uprooted and destroyed. To control whitefly (vector of chili leaf curl virus) spray Imidacloprid @3ml /10 liters of water, or Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00508.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"Potato plants affected with Leaf roll virus with Aphids infestation.
An integrated approach focusing on reducing the aphid vector and using certified, disease-free seed tubers.Removing affected plants and controlling aphid populations with insecticides(Imidachloprid 3ml/10liters of water or Neem oil,300ppm@5ml /liter of water) to prevent virus spread.",India,Bihar
images/00125.jpg,Mango,Powdery Mildew,"Mango plant having severe powdery mildew. Apply neem oil, carbonic acid, or even milk (whey) for natural control. Dust with fine sulfur powder or spray Wettable Sulfur (0.2%) before flowering starts for chemical control.",India,Bihar
images/00114.jpg,Cotton,Jassids,"Cotton leaves pale yellow, with margins developing reddish or bronze patches. ""Hopper Burn"": A signature symptom where leaves dry, turn brown, crumble, and fall off.
Apply targeted insecticides (like imidacloprid, thiamethoxam) to leaf undersides, or use neem oil for organic control.",India,Gujarat
images/00006.jpg,Tomato,Fruit Borer,"Tomato plant affected by flea beetle adults cause the majority of injury to plants by causing defoliation known as “shot hole” injury. This occurs when the beetles chew numerous small holes on the leaves of infested plants or there is presence of shoot and fruit borer caterpillars. Control by spray of Neem oil,300ppm@5ml per liter of water or chemical control by applying Spinosad or Emamectin benzoate @ 3ml in 10-liters of water.",India,Bihar
images/00289.jpg,Maize,Turcicum Leaf Blight; Stem Borer,"stem borer like pest appears with visible symptoms of hole and feeding damage on leaves 
can spray benzoate to control it",India,Bihar
images/00438.jpg,Brinjal,Phomopsis Blight; Mites,"the image looks like hadda bettle/ spotted lady bird beetle which is not included i list- the leaves appear les cholorophyl/hopper burn symptoms and skeletonize entire surface.
control measure include carbaryl @3g/lt",India,Bihar
images/00173.jpg,Brinjal,Phomopsis Blight; Mites,"leaf curl virus like symptoms are visible which are not listed 
discoloration and upward curling of leaves are the symptoms of leaf curl virus.
crop rotation, mulching can help in controlling",India,Bihar
images/00435.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize Fall Armyworm Damage Symptoms:

Leaf damage: Irregular holes, particularly on younger leaves.

Feeding on whorls: Larvae feed on maize whorls, causing the plant to appear “tattered”.

Root and ear damage: The larvae can bore into the ears, reducing kernel development.

Stunted growth: Plants may become stunted due to continuous feeding.

Control Measures:

Insecticidal sprays: Use spinosad or Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for effective control.

Neem oil: Natural option to repel and disrupt pest feeding.

Pheromone traps: To monitor and reduce adult moth populations.

Biological control: Introduce natural predators like parasitoid wasps.

Handpicking: Manually remove visible larvae and eggs.

Crop rotation: Prevent pest buildup by rotating crops.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00235.jpg,Mango,Healthy,"Stunted growth and excessive vegetative branching in mango can be caused by:

Excess nitrogen – Promotes excessive branching, reducing fruiting.

Zinc deficiency – Leads to stunted growth and weak plants.

Phosphorus deficiency – Results in poor root and plant development.

Control Measures:

Balanced fertilization – Avoid excess nitrogen; ensure phosphorus and potassium.

Zinc supplementation – Apply zinc sulfate or zinc chelate.

Pruning – Trim excess growth to encourage fruiting.

Soil testing – Adjust fertilizers based on nutrient levels.

Proper irrigation – Avoid over-watering to prevent nutrient imbalances.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00069.jpg,Chilli,Anthracnose,"Chili Wilt Symptoms:

Wilting of leaves: Leaves droop and curl, especially during the heat of the day.

Yellowing: Yellowing of older leaves, starting from the tips.

Stunted growth: Plants may become stunted or fail to thrive.

Root rot: Dark, mushy roots when pulled from the soil, often accompanied by a foul smell.

Dieback: Death of growing tips or branches.

Control Measures:

Resistant varieties: Use disease-resistant chili varieties.

Soil drainage: Improve drainage to prevent waterlogging, which can lead to root rot.

Fungicide application: Apply fungicides like copper-based products or mancozeb to control fungal infections.

Soil solarization: Heat the soil by covering it with plastic to kill pathogens.

Crop rotation: Rotate crops to reduce pathogen buildup in the soil.

Proper irrigation: Avoid over-watering and ensure deep, infrequent watering.",India,Bihar
images/00158.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,"Brinjal Leaf crinkling and bronzing in brinjal can be caused by:

Aphids, whiteflies, or spider mites – Feed on leaves, causing crinkling and bronzing.

Nutrient deficiencies – Lack of potassium or magnesium.

Viral infections – Can cause leaf distortion.

Control Measures:

Neem oil or insecticidal soap for pest control.

Miticides for spider mites.

Fertilize with potassium and magnesium.

Prune infected leaves and ensure proper water management.",India,Bihar
images/00453.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Ring Spot Virus,"Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV) Symptoms:

Yellowing of leaves, especially older ones.

Deformed, distorted leaves with a mottled appearance.

Dark green spots or rings on yellowed leaves.

Stunted growth and reduced fruit yield.

Widespread plant decline in advanced stages.

Control Measures:

Remove and destroy infected plants to prevent spread.

Use resistant varieties of papaya.

Control aphid vectors with insecticides or neem oil.

Proper spacing and crop rotation to reduce virus transmission.

Disinfect tools to avoid cross-contamination.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00904.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Large holes on brinjal (eggplant) leaves are often caused by:
Causes:
Caterpillars (e.g., armyworms, fruit and shoot borer) – Feed on leaves, causing large holes.

Snails and slugs – They chew holes in soft tissue.

Grasshoppers – Can cause significant leaf damage by eating large chunks.

Control Measures:
Handpicking – Remove caterpillars, snails, and slugs manually.

Neem oil or spinosad – Organic pesticides for caterpillars and insects.

Diatomaceous earth – Apply around plants to control slugs and snails.

Insecticidal soap – For soft-bodied pests like aphids or larvae.

Crop rotation – Helps reduce pest buildup and prevents repeated infestations.",India,Bihar
images/00207.jpg,Onion,Downy Mildew,"Watery onion leaves with fuzzy growth are likely caused by:

Downy Mildew: Yellowing and fuzzy gray growth on leaf undersides.

Control: Apply fungicides like mancozeb, remove infected leaves, improve air circulation.

White Rot: Cotton-like fungal growth at the base and on roots.

Control: Remove and destroy infected plants, apply Chlorothalonil, rotate crops.

Bacterial Soft Rot: Soft, watery leaves with a foul smell.

Control: Prune infected leaves, improve drainage, reduce watering.",India,Bihar
images/00266.jpg,Potato,Late Blight; Aphids,"Dark spots, yellowing and leaf edges drying is symptoms.",India,Bihar
images/00185.jpg,Turmeric,Healthy,"Turmeric leaves having potassium deficiency the yellowing is often more pronounced at the leaf edges.
Apply MOP(Muriate of potash)@ 10 to 15kg per acre after soil test, Foliar spray of  potassium nitrate@ 2gm per liter of water is advised for standing crop",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00730.jpg,Potato,Healthy,"Potato plants showing Calcium deficiency, young leaves drying with twisted margins.
Apply calcium-rich amendments like lime, gypsum, or calcium nitrate to the soil. Foliar Sprays: Use foliar sprays containing calcium chloride, calcium acetate, or calcium nitrate to provide a quick boost of calcium to the plants.",India,Bihar
images/00765.jpg,Potato,Bacterial Wilt,"Bacterial wilt – symptoms and control measures 

Symptoms:
Sudden wilting of young leaves during the day, with partial recovery at night

Permanent wilting of the entire plant without yellowing

Brown discoloration of vascular tissues in stem

Milky white bacterial ooze from cut stem when placed in water

Poor root development and eventual plant death

Control measures:
Use disease-free and resistant/tolerant varieties

Practice crop rotation with non-host crops (cereals, legumes)

Ensure good drainage; avoid waterlogging

Remove and destroy infected plants

Soil solarization or application of bleaching powder/lime in infested fields

Use biocontrol agents like Pseudomonas fluorescens or Bacillus spp.

Maintain field sanitation and avoid movement of contaminated soil",India,Bihar
images/00891.jpg,Tobacco,Tobacco Mosaic Virus,"the identified disease is leaf curl which is not listed in the given options above 

Tobacco leaf curl – symptoms and control

Symptoms:
Upward or downward curling of leaves

Thickened, leathery, and crinkled leaves

Stunted plant growth and shortened internodes

Reduced leaf size and poor leaf quality

Heavy infestation leads to severe yield reduction

Control measures:
Use healthy, virus-free seedlings

Rogue out and destroy infected plants at early stages

Control whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), the vector, using need-based insecticides

Use yellow sticky traps to monitor and reduce whitefly population

Remove weed hosts around the field

Grow tolerant/resistant varieties if available

Maintain proper spacing and balanced fertilization",India,Bihar
images/00779.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Ring Spot Virus,"Reasons:
Viral infection (leaf curl/mosaic), nutrient deficiencies (N, Zn, B), poor drainage or root damage, and herbicide injury cause poor leaves and weak stem in papaya.

Control measures:
Use healthy seedlings, control vectors (whiteflies/aphids), apply balanced nutrients with micronutrients, ensure good drainage and avoid herbicide drift.",India,Bihar
images/00851.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Brinjal leaf roller – damage symptoms and control measures

Damage symptoms:

Leaves rolled and webbed together by larvae

Larvae feed inside rolled leaves, causing skeletonization

Reduced photosynthetic area and stunted plant growth

Severe infestation leads to poor flowering and yield loss

Control measures:
Collect and destroy rolled leaves with larvae

Install pheromone or light traps for monitoring

Encourage natural enemies (parasitoids, predators)

Spray neem oil/neem-based formulations or need-based recommended insecticides",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00482.jpg,Chilli,Mites,"Cutworms damage:
Chilli leaf cutting from the edges is mainly caused by cutworms (Agrotis spp.).

They feed at night and cause irregular, semicircular cuts along the leaf margins, especially on young plants.

Control measures for cutworm in chilli:
Collect and destroy larvae and damaged plants during evening hours

Keep field clean; remove weeds and crop residues

Light irrigation to expose larvae to predators

Apply neem cake in soil before transplanting

Use bait (rice bran + jaggery + recommended insecticide) in the evening

Soil application or spray of recommended insecticides around plant base, if infestation is severe",India,Bihar
images/00790.jpg,Maize,Stem Borer,"Leaf minor symptoms: White scratchy symptoms on maize leaves are usually caused by leaf miner damage.

Symptoms:
Irregular white or silvery streaks/tunnels on leaves

Larvae feed inside leaf tissue, leaving scratch-like marks

Severe infestation reduces photosynthesis and stunts growth

Control:
Remove and destroy affected leaves

Encourage natural enemies (parasitoids)

Spray neem-based insecticides or recommended chemical insecticides if infestation is high",India,Bihar
images/00693.jpg,Groundnut,Leaf Miner,"Groundnut – Tobacco caterpillar damage 

Damage symptoms:
Larvae feed on leaves, leaving large irregular holes

Young leaves may be completely eaten, leaving only midrib

Plants appear defoliated, stunted, and weakened

Heavy infestation reduces pod formation and yield

Control measures:
Handpick and destroy larvae in small fields

Encourage natural enemies (parasitic wasps, birds)

Spray Neem oil or neem-based formulations

Use recommended insecticides if infestation is severe

Maintain field sanitation and remove weeds that harbor larvae",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00262.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Thrips,"Tobacco Leaf Curl Virus (TLCV) infection:

Symptoms:
Leaves curl backwards (abaxial curling) and become crinkled

Leaves turn dark green, thick, and leathery

Leaf size may become elongated

Plant growth is stunted, flowering is reduced, and yield drops

Control measures:
Use virus-free seedlings and resistant/tolerant varieties

Control whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), the vector, with insecticides or yellow sticky traps

Rogue out and destroy infected plants immediately

Maintain field hygiene and remove weed hosts around the field

Balanced fertilization to keep plants healthy and reduce stress",India,Bihar
images/00397.jpg,Mango,Anthracnose,"Mango malformation – Vegetative

Symptoms: Deformed shoots and flowers, dense bushy growth, twisted leaves, and reduced fruit set.

Control: Prune and destroy affected parts, use healthy grafts, apply copper fungicides, and maintain proper nutrition and spacing.",India,Bihar
images/00002.jpg,Guava,Healthy,"Purple or reddish coloration on the upper leaf surface is usually due to phosphorus deficiency or sometimes viral infection.

Cold or environmental stress – low temperatures can trigger anthocyanin accumulation, giving a purple tinge.

Magnesium deficiency – sometimes causes interveinal purpling in older leaves.

Excess sunlight or water stress – can lead to reddish or purplish leaves due to anthocyanin production

Control: Apply phosphatic fertilizers for P deficiency, magnesium sulfate for Mg deficiency, and use mulching, windbreaks, or covers to reduce cold stress.",India,Bihar
images/00130.jpg,Maize,Stem Borer; Fall Armyworm,"Maize – Heart Shoot Damage (Cutting):  Fall army warm or Stem borer

Cause/Symptoms:
Damage is caused by stem borers or cutworms cutting the central growing shoot (heart) of young maize plants.

The central shoot is cut or destroyed, leading to wilting of the plant.

Leaves may appear chewed, and seedlings may collapse.

Severe damage can kill the plant or stunt growth.

Control Measures:

Handpick and destroy larvae in small fields

Use recommended insecticides at the base of seedlings for severe infestation

Maintain field hygiene, remove weeds and crop residues

Use pest-resistant varieties if available",India,Bihar
images/00930.jpg,Maize,Stem Borer; Fall Armyworm,"Chewing damage in leaf whorls of maize:
Irregular holes and ragged margins on emerging leaves

Shot-hole appearance when leaves unfurl

Presence of frass (insect excreta) inside the whorl

Usually caused by fall armyworm or stem borer larvae

Control measures for chewing damage in maize leaf whorls:

Handpick and destroy larvae and egg masses

Apply neem-based formulations (neem oil/neem seed kernel extract) into whorls

Release biocontrol agents (Trichogramma spp.)

Apply recommended insecticides directed into the whorl in severe infestation

Maintain field sanitation and regular monitoring",India,Bihar
images/00551.jpg,Mango,Anthracnose,"Mango anthracnose – symptoms:
Dark brown to black sunken spots on leaves, flowers, and fruits
Blighting of panicles and flower drop


Mango gall fly – symptoms:
Formation of conical or horn-shaped galls on leaves and midribs
Leaves become deformed and curled
Severe infestation reduces photosynthetic area and weakens trees

Control measures
Mango anthracnose:
Prune and destroy infected twigs and panicles

Spray copper fungicides or Bordeaux mixture at flowering and fruit set

Ensure good aeration and avoid overhead irrigation

Mango gall fly:
Collect and destroy galled leaves during early stages

Deep ploughing to expose pupae in soil

Spray recommended systemic insecticides during new leaf flush",India,Bihar
images/00942.jpg,Bhindi,Jassids,"Bhendi (okra) jassid – damage

Symptoms:
Yellowing and curling of leaf margins (“hopper burn”)
Leaves turn brown, dry, and curl downward
Reduced plant vigor and stunted growth

Control measures:
Remove weeds and maintain field sanitation
Encourage natural enemies
Spray neem oil/neem-based formulations
Apply recommended systemic insecticides if infestation is severe",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00428.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Symptoms of early infestations of FAW, apply biopesticides like azadirachtin or chemical insecticides such as chlorantraniliprole or flubendiamide to the plant's whorl.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00892.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Early infestations of FAW, apply biopesticides like azadirachtin or chemical insecticides such as chlorantraniliprole or flubendiamide to the plant's whorl.",India,Bihar
images/00019.jpg,Groundnut,Leaf Spot,"Symptoms-Leaf spot
Small, circular to irregular brown to dark brown spots on leaves

Yellow halo around spots (more prominent in early leaf spot)

Spots enlarge and may coalesce, causing premature defoliation

Late leaf spot shows dark spots mainly on the lower leaf surface

Severe infection leads to reduced photosynthesis and yield loss

Management
Cultural practices
Use disease-free and resistant varieties

Follow crop rotation with non-legume crops

Avoid dense planting; ensure good aeration

Collect and destroy infected crop residues

Chemical control
Spray Mancozeb 75 WP @ 2–2.5 g/L or

Chlorothalonil 75 WP @ 2 g/L

Systemic fungicides: Hexaconazole or Tebuconazole @ 1 ml/L

First spray at 30–35 DAS, repeat at 10–15 day intervals (2–3 sprays)

Integrated approach
Seed treatment with Trichoderma spp.

Balanced fertilization, especially adequate potassium",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00624.jpg,Onion,Healthy,"Drying of older onion leaves from the tip is mainly due to nutrient deficiencies (nitrogen or potassium), moisture stress, excess salts, or thrips infestation.
It may also occur due to early disease infection or natural aging of older leaves during bulb development.",India,Odisha
images/00669.jpg,Maize,Healthy,"Corn plants may appear normal but remain stunted due to nutrient deficiencies (especially nitrogen, phosphorus or zinc), compacted soil restricting roots, moisture stress, or poor root development.
Early root damage by pests, low soil temperature, or uneven fertilizer placement can also limit plant height without visible leaf symptoms.",India,Bihar
images/00116.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Upward curling and crinkling of chilli leaves with light mosaic symptoms on younger leaves indicate chilli leaf curl virus infection, usually transmitted by whiteflies.
Infected plants show stunted growth and distorted leaves, especially at early stages

Control measures for chilli leaf curl disease:

Use virus-free, resistant/tolerant seedlings and remove infected plants early.

Control whiteflies by spraying imidacloprid / thiamethoxam or neem oil at recommended doses.

Maintain field sanitation, weed control, and avoid overlapping chilli crops.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00986.jpg,Groundnut,Leaf Spot,"Groundnut Tikka leaf spot
Symptoms: Brown to black circular spots on leaves with yellow halo; severe infection causes defoliation.

Control: Spray mancozeb or chlorothalonil; follow crop rotation and field sanitation.

Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera)

Symptoms: Irregular holes on leaves; larvae feed gregariously and cause heavy defoliation.

Control: Install pheromone traps, use neem-based biopesticides, or spray recommended insecticides at early larval stages.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00312.jpg,Groundnut,Leaf Miner,"Groundnut leaf miner
Symptoms:
Zig-zag or blotch-like mines on leaves

Leaflets turn yellow, dry, and fall prematurely

Control:
Remove and destroy affected leaves; install pheromone traps

Spray neem oil/NSKE or recommended insecticides at early infestation stages",India,Telangana
images/00606.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,"Young leaves bunching with grey discoloration of older leaves in brinjal is mainly due to brinjal little leaf disease or severe mite/thrips infestation.
Affected plants show rosetting (bunchy top), reduced leaf size, greyish or dull leaves, and stunted growth

Control measures for brinjal little leaf / mite–thrips problem:

Remove and destroy affected plants early.

Control vectors (leafhopper / mites / thrips) by spraying imidacloprid or thiamethoxam; use dicofol or spiromesifen if mites are present.

Maintain field sanitation and avoid using infected seedlings.",India,Bihar
images/00645.jpg,Banana,Panama Wilt,"Panama wilt or Fusarium wilt symptoms, management relies on an integrated approach including planting resistant varieties, using clean planting material and tissue culture plants, practicing crop rotation, incorporating biological controls like beneficial fungi and bacteria, applying organic amendments, using chemical fungicides with caution, maintaining clean farming practices to prevent spread through water and tools, and monitoring for and managing weevil borers that can aid pathogen dispersal.",India,Haryana
images/00283.jpg,Pumpkin,Powdery Mildew,"Typical powdery mildew in Pumpkin plants at growing stage. At initial stage powdery mildew can be controlled by spraying Neem oil, 300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water or application of Sulfur: Wettable sulfur (2000 ppm)@ 1gm per liter of water is effective.",India,Bihar
images/00807.jpg,Mango,Powdery Mildew,Mango Malformation: Pruning of diseased parts along the basal 15-20 cm apparently healthy portions. This is followed by the spraying of Carbendazim (0.1%) or Captafol (0.2%),India,Bihar
images/00022.jpg,Mango,Powdery Mildew,"Powdery mildew can be controlled by application of Wettable sulphur @ 0.2%.. Preventive measures by spray of Neem oil, 300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water at early stages of growth.",India,Bihar
images/00945.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Fall armyworm (FAW) management in maize requires an integrated approach combining cultural practices, biological control, and chemical control. Key strategies include early planting, intercropping, pheromone trapping, biological control agents, and targeted insecticide applications. For early infestations, apply biopesticides like azadirachtin or chemical insecticides such as chlorantraniliprole or flubendiamide to the plant's whorl.",India,Bihar
images/00206.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,Nitrogen top dressing in the form of Urea or Neem coated Urea is also applicable to the soil after weeding during earthing up. Foliar spray of Liquid Nano Urea @ 2.5 ml per liter of water is advised for the standing crop.,India,Bihar
images/00717.jpg,Kidney bean,Aphids,"Aphids infestation on growing parts of country bean at flowering and fruiting stage. Apply Neem oil, 300ppm @5ml per liter of water or Imidacloprid @1ml in one liter of water as chemical control.",India,Bihar
images/00474.jpg,Cauliflower,Healthy,"Apply a foliar boron spray, such as YaraVita BORTRAC 150, at the 4-6 leaf stage and repeat every 10-14 days for moderate to severe deficiency.",India,Bihar
images/00278.jpg,Kidney bean,Cutworms,"Spodoptera species infestation which can be controlled at initial stages by spray of Neem oil, 300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water or by chemical method use Emamectin Benzoate or Lambda-Cyhalothrin.",India,Bihar
images/00957.jpg,Arhar,Pod Borer,"Pod borer and Leaf Folder, which feed on leaves, flowers, and pods, causing significant yield loss by damaging developing seeds and foliage. Management involves Integrated Pest Management (IPM) with cultural practices, biological controls, and targeted chemical sprays like Imamectin Benzoate or Spinosad is effective..",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00784.jpg,Groundnut,Collar Rot,"Peanut wilt, which could be due to collar rot, fusarium wilt or bacterial wilt can be managed through resistant varieties and crop rotation. Management involves seed treatment, resistant cultivars, biological controls (like Pseudomonas fluorescens), and good cultural practices.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00637.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Spodoptera infestation in brinjal, also shoot and fruit borer , can be managed by at Initial stages Neem oil,1500ppm Azhadiractin @1ml per liter of water to be sprayed at 8-days interval. For managing shoot and fruit borer infestations in brinjal, you can use Emamectin Benzoate or Lambda-Cyhalothrin as chemical control.",India,Bihar
images/00913.jpg,Paddy,Healthy,"Yellowing of leaves starting from the margins, main veins remain dark green, curled and crinkled leaves with stunted growth. Apply MOP(Muriate of potash)@ 10 to 15kg per acre after soil test, Foliar spray of  potassium nitrate@ 2gm per liter of water is advised for standing crop.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00689.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Symptoms noticed: 
slight yellowing of leaves, slight curling and light brown patches and weak symptoms 

Possible Cause:
Nitrogen deficiency
Root rot due to overwatering
Viral infection (like mosaic virus)

Control:
Apply a balanced fertilizer with nitrogen.
Ensure proper drainage and avoid waterlogging.
If viral infection is suspected (mottled leaves, stunted growth), remove and destroy affected plants to prevent spread.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00427.jpg,Wheat,Stripe Rust,"Symptoms:
White powdery patches on leaves and stems
Leaf curling or yellowing
Stunted growth in severe cases

Control:
Use resistant varieties
Rotate crops and avoid continuous wheat
Avoid excess nitrogen; ensure proper spacing
Apply fungicides like Propiconazole, Tebuconazole, or Sulphur at first sign

Early detection is key, especially in cool, humid conditions.",India,Bihar
images/00107.jpg,Mango,Anthracnose,"Symptoms
Floral: Flower clusters become thick, fleshy, and ""bunched up"" (witches' broom). They are sterile and bear no fruit.

Vegetative: Shoot tips grow small, crowded leaves in a ""bunchy top"" pattern, stunting growth.

Control Measures
Pruning: Cut off affected panicles 15–20 cm below the cluster into healthy wood.

Sanitation: Burn or deeply bury all pruned material immediately.

Hormonal: Spray NAA (200 ppm) during the flower bud differentiation stage (typically Oct/Nov).

Chemical: Apply a fungicide like Carbendazim (0.1%) after pruning to prevent reinfection.

Mite Control: Use a miticide (e.g., Ethion) to kill bud mites that help spread the fungus.",India,Bihar
images/00573.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Leaf curl and yellow mosaic virus in chilli plant, virus is transmitted by thrips as vector. To control Thrips spray Imidacloprid, or Acetamiprid @1ml per one liter of water, repeat spray in a gap of 8 to 10 days interval. Remove and destroy severely affected plants.",India,Telangana
images/00078.jpg,Pumpkin,Powdery Mildew,"Powdery mildew on pumpkin leaves. At initial stage powdery mildew can be controlled by spraying Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water or application of Sulfur: Wettable sulfur (2000 ppm)@ 1gm per liter of water is effective.",India,Bihar
images/00059.jpg,Kidney bean,Aphids,"Controlling aphids in country beans (Lablab purpureus) involves an integrated approach using yellow sticky traps (5/acre), encouraging natural predators like ladybird beetles, and applying biopesticides like 5% neem extract or 2% neem oil.
For severe infestations, insecticides such as Imidacloprid (40 ml/ac) or Acetamiprid (20 g/ac) can be used, with applications typically made in early morning or evening.",India,Bihar
images/00919.jpg,Rose,Thrips,"Thrip infestation in rose can be controlled by use of yellow/blue sticky traps, strong water sprays, and remove infested parts; apply neem oil, insecticidal soap, or Spinosad for organic control; and introduce beneficials like predatory mites or lacewings for biological management.
Cultural changes like reducing nitrogen fertilizer and maintaining weed-free gardens also help.",India,Bihar
images/00988.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Controlling the primary vector for Chilli Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) is the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), thrips (like Scirtothrips dorsalis) can also transmit these begomoviruses.
Controlling whiteflies and thrips with appropriate insecticides is crucial.",India,Bihar
images/00818.jpg,Cauliflower,Healthy,"Smaller size curd could be due to boron deficiency, the plant can be supplemented with a borax-based fertilizer or a borax spray @ 1gm per liter of water for flowering and better curd formation. Balance nutrition application at growing stage before curd formation is important for bigger size cauliflower.",India,Bihar
images/00761.jpg,Cauliflower,Healthy,"Browning disease in cauliflower, often called Brown Heart or Hollow Stem, is primarily caused by a boron deficiency, leading to water-soaked spots on the stem and curd that turn brown, causing bitterness and a hollow texture; it's corrected by applying borax or sodium borate to the soil or as a foliar spray@1gm per liter of water.",India,Bihar
images/00979.jpg,Cowpea,Mosaic Virus,"Yellow mosaic virus in cowpea plants at flowering stage.  transmitted primarily by leaf beetles and mechanically, with symptoms including mosaic patterns, chlorosis, and potential root issues, managed through resistant varieties, vector control, and virus-free seeds. Vector Control: Managing the beetle vectors through insecticides (e.g., monocrotophos, methyl demeton@1gm per liter of water.",India,Bihar
images/00631.jpg,Moong,Cercospora Leaf Spot,"Cercospora leaf spot disease in Moong plants. Cercospora leaf spot , is a major, often devastating, fungal disease in mung bean, causing up to 50-70% yield losses. Use resistant or tolerant cultivars. Foliar spray with fungicides like chlorothalonil, mancozeb, or benomyl at the first sign of symptoms (usually at 35-45 days old) to protect the crop.
Use healthy, certified seeds and treat them with fungicides to prevent the spread of the seed-borne disease.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00418.jpg,Brinjal,Wilt,"Brinjal plants infested with powdery mildew and wilting is found. At initial stage powdery mildew can be controlled by spraying Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water or application of Sulfur: Wettable sulfur (2000 ppm)@ 1gm per liter of water is effective.",India,Bihar
images/00523.jpg,Mango,Powdery Mildew,"Sooty mold on Mango leaves appears as a black, velvety coating on leaves, stems, and sometimes fruits, caused by fungi that grow on honeydew secreted by insects like aphids and scale insects. While not directly harmful to the plant, it reduces photosynthesis and can impact fruit quality. The primary control method is eliminating the sap-sucking insects (aphids, mealybugs, hoppers) that produce the honeydew.
Spraying insecticides (e.g., Dimethoate) to control pests reduces the honeydew, preventing further mould growth.",India,Bihar
images/00696.jpg,Ridge gourd,Mosaic Virus,"Mosaic virus in ridge gourd plants, transmitted primarily by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) or sap, leading to severe economic losses, though resistant varieties and management practices offer control.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00473.jpg,Mustard,Aphids,"Symptoms:
Flower buds and inflorescence shrivel and dry
Flower drop and poor pod (siliqua) formation
Sticky honeydew on stem and flowers
Clusters of aphids on tender shoots and flowers

Control measures:
Cultural: Remove heavily infested shoots; avoid excess nitrogen
Biological: Spray Neem oil 0.5–1% or NSKE 5%
Chemical (if severe):
Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/L or
Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.2 g/L
Spray in early morning or evening to protect pollinators",India,Bihar
images/00879.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Miner,"Symptoms:
Irregular whitish to brown blotch mines on leaves
Affected areas turn dry, papery, and necrotic
Leaves curl, wither, and may drop in severe cases
Reduced photosynthesis, leading to poor plant vigor and yield

Control measures:
Cultural: Remove and destroy mined leaves; avoid excess nitrogen
Biological: Spray Neem oil 0.5–1% or NSKE 5%
Chemical (if severe):
Abamectin 1.9 EC @ 0.5 ml/L or
Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml/L
Spray at early infestation stage and rotate molecules to avoid resistance",India,Bihar
images/00802.jpg,Mango,Anthracnose,"Symptoms:
Abnormal growth of shoots – excessive, twisted, and clustered shoots called “witches’ broom.”

Small, narrow leaves with reduced leaf lamina.

Reduced flowering – flowers may be sparse or absent.

Stunted growth – affected shoots are weak and bushy.

Control Measures:

Prune and destroy affected shoots to prevent spread.

Maintain tree nutrition – apply balanced fertilizers, especially nitrogen carefully.

Avoid excessive nitrogen as it promotes vegetative malformation.

Apply growth regulators like paclobutrazol in severe cases to reduce abnormal shoot growth.

Use clean planting material and maintain proper orchard hygiene.",India,Bihar
images/00303.jpg,Potato,Common Scab,"Symptoms:
White powdery growth on leaves, stems, and sometimes tubers.

Yellowing of leaves followed by premature leaf drop.

Stunted plant growth in severe cases.

Reduced yield due to poor photosynthesis.

Control Measures:

Use resistant/tolerant varieties if available.

Ensure proper spacing and good air circulation to reduce humidity.

Avoid excessive nitrogen which favors disease.

Remove and destroy infected plant parts.

Fungicide sprays – apply sulfur-based or systemic fungicides as recommended.

Practice crop rotation to reduce pathogen buildup in soil.",India,Bihar
images/00209.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis):
Symptoms:
On shoots:
Tiny holes and bore marks on young shoots.
Wilting of shoots – “shoot tip drying.”
Presence of larvae inside bored shoots.

Brinjal Shoot & Fruit Borer – Control (Concise):

Cultural: Remove infested shoots/fruits, practice crop rotation, maintain field hygiene.

Chemical: Spray approved insecticides (spinosad, Bt) at recommended intervals.

Biological: Use Trichogramma or encourage natural predators.

Varieties: Plant resistant/tolerant types.",India,Bihar
images/00873.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda):
Symptoms:
Leaf damage: Irregular, ragged holes starting from leaf edges (“window pane” effect).

Frass (caterpillar droppings) on leaves.

Larvae feeding inside whorls of young plants.

Stunted growth and sometimes tassel damage.

Control Measures:

Cultural: Remove weeds and crop residues; destroy infested plants.

Chemical: Spray approved insecticides (spinosad, emamectin benzoate, or chlorantraniliprole).

Biological: Use Trichogramma, parasitoids, or Bt formulations.

Resistant Varieties: Plant tolerant maize hybrids if available.",India,Bihar
images/00602.jpg,Bean,Mosaic Virus,"Dolichos Bean Mosaic Virus (DBMV):

Symptoms:

Mosaic pattern on leaves – light and dark green patches.

Leaf distortion – curling, puckering, or stunted leaves.

Stunted growth and reduced vine development.

Reduced flowering and pod formation, leading to lower yield.

Control Measures:

Use virus-free seeds and resistant varieties.

Rogue out and destroy infected plants to prevent spread.

Control aphid vectors with insecticides or natural predators.

Weed management – remove alternate host plants.

Maintain field hygiene and avoid mechanical transmission.",India,Bihar
images/00963.jpg,Potato,Late Blight,"Potato Late Blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans):

Symptoms:

Leaves: Water-soaked spots that turn brown, often with a pale green border; white fungal growth may appear under humid conditions.

Stems: Dark lesions, sometimes leading to stem collapse.

Tubers: Firm, brown, dry rot inside, often with reddish-brown edges.

Rapid disease spread in cool, wet conditions.

Control Measures:

Cultural: Use certified disease-free seed; practice crop rotation; remove and destroy infected plants; ensure proper spacing for air circulation.

Chemical: Apply fungicides like mancozeb, metalaxyl, or chlorothalonil as preventive sprays.

Resistant varieties: Plant late blight-tolerant potato varieties.",India,Bihar
images/00282.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Thrips along with Mealybugs seen on chilli plant leaves. They are commonly managed by spraying neem oil (mixed with water), soapy water solutions, or alcohol-dipped swabs to destroy the nymphs and adults, particularly in the evening.",India,Bihar
images/00804.jpg,Pumpkin,Mosaic Virus,"Pumpkin plants affected with mosaic virus, preventing its spread by controlling aphids (the primary vectors) using reflective mulches, mineral oils, or insecticidal soaps, removing host weeds, practicing crop rotation, planting virus-resistant varieties, and ensuring sanitation by destroying infected plants and disinfecting tools to stop the virus from spreading from plant to plant.",India,Bihar
images/00635.jpg,Maize,Banded Leaf and Sheath Blight,"Maize streak virus affected plants. Early symptoms appear 3-7 days post-infection as tiny, pale, circular spots on young leaves, which later develop into streaks. Severe infections lead to dramatic stunting, reduced grain filling, and potential plant death, especially if infected before the 4-5 leaf stage.",India,Bihar
images/00639.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"Potato crop having aphids and leaf roll virus. An integrated approach focusing on reducing the aphid vector and using certified, disease-free seed tubers.Removing affected plants and controlling aphid populations with insecticides(Imidachloprid 3ml/10liters of water or Neem oil,300ppm@5ml /liter of water) to prevent virus spread.",India,Bihar
images/00698.jpg,Pumpkin,Powdery Mildew; Mosaic Virus,"Pumpkin plants affected with both diseases, Mosaic virus, and powdery mildew. As mosaic Virus (CMV) can not be cured, treatment focuses on prevention and managing spread by controlling aphids (the main vectors) and removing infected plants immediately.
Powdery mildew can be controlled by application of Wettable sulphur @ 0.2%.. Preventive measures by spray of Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water at early stages of growth.",India,Bihar
images/00416.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Chilli leaf curl virus infestation, it can not be cured, the severely affected plants are uprooted and destroyed. To control whitefly (vector of chili leaf curl virus) spray Imidacloprid @3ml /10 liters of water, or Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00104.jpg,Cauliflower,Healthy,"Boron (B) and molybdenum (Mo) deficiencies in cauliflower cause browning, hollow stems, and whiptail (deformed, strap-like leaves), significantly reducing yield. The most effective treatment is a combination of 50 ppm Boron and 50 ppm Molybdenum applied as a foliar spray every 10 days. Soil applications of 10-20 kg/ha of Borax and 1-2 kg/acre of sodium/ammonium molybdate also correct these deficiencies.",India,Bihar
images/00682.jpg,Groundnut,Leaf Spot,"There is start of leaf spot disease  in groundnut crop as seen from the image, few leaves are affected. At present  condition it can be controlled by foliar spray of Tebuconazole or Chlorothalonil@ 1ml per liter of water.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00719.jpg,Potato,Bacterial Wilt,"Potato leaves wilting and dying from one side of the plants, it is due to diseases like Verticillium wilt, It seems the plants are near the end of the season, then potato harvesting to be done.
Affected plants to be uprooted and destroyed , field sanitation and crop rotation helps control this disease.",India,Bihar
images/00887.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Seems the farmer wanted to show the FAW insect which has entered the whorl of the maize plant. For early infestations, apply biopesticides like azadirachtin or chemical insecticides such as chlorantraniliprole or flubendiamide to the plant's whorl.",India,Bihar
images/00332.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,The wheat crop showing Nitrogen deficiency symptoms due to water run off in part of the field. Apply Nitrogen top dressing in the form of Urea@6kg per acre or  Foliar spray of Liquid Nano Urea @ 2.5 ml per liter of water is advised for the standing crop.,India,Bihar
images/00269.jpg,Turmeric,Scale Insects,"Turmeric leaves are damaged by caterpillars and  insects like grasshoppers have cut leaves and eaten. To check apply by spraying 0.5% neem oil, 0.1% malathion, or 0.1% carbaryl at 30-day intervals from July to October. Manual removal of affected, folded leaves and using light traps (1/acre) also helps manage populations. For severe infestations, apply Chlorpyriphos (1.5 l/ha)",India,Bihar
images/00348.jpg,Banana,Sigatoka Leaf Spot,"Young  banana plants, having signs of Sigatoka leaf spot at early stage with speck mark on leaves. Spray 3 times with Carbendazim 0.1 per cent or Propicanozole 0.1 % or Mancozeb 0.25% and teepol (sticking agent) at 10-15 days interval, as the disease starting from initial appearance of leaf specks .",India,Bihar
images/00695.jpg,Potato,Early Blight,"Early blight on potatoes appears as small, dark brown-to-black spots on the older leaves, which grow into larger lesions with characteristic concentric ""bullseye"" rings. Early blight management in Potato involves crop rotation, using disease-free seed, proper fertilization, irrigation, and sometimes fungicides, as the fungus overwinters in plant debris.",India,Bihar
images/00791.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"Potato leaf folding, or rolling, is primarily caused by the Potato Leafroll Virus (PLRV), resulting in upward curling of leaves, stunting, and up to 50% yield loss. Often transmitted by aphids (e.g., green peach aphid), it causes leaves to turn pale, brittle, and sometimes purple, starting from the bottom.
Plant certified, virus-free tubers to prevent primary infections.
Control Aphids: Apply insecticides or use natural predators like ladybirds to reduce aphid populations.",India,Bihar
images/00989.jpg,Ridge gourd,Mosaic Virus,"Ridge gourd mosaic virus (RgMV / commonly due to CMV, WMV, ZYMV)

Symptoms

Light and dark green mosaic mottling on leaves

Leaf curling, puckering, blistering and distortion

Reduced leaf size, stunted vine growth

Yellow streaks or vein banding on young leaves

Malformed, small fruits with mottling; poor market quality

Early infection → severe yield reduction

Control Measures
Use virus-free seeds and healthy seedlings

Rogue out infected plants early to prevent spread

Control vectors (aphids, whiteflies)

Spray Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L

Neem oil 3–5 ml/L as eco-friendly option

Grow barrier crops (maize, sorghum) around fields

Use silver reflective mulch to repel aphids

Maintain field sanitation and remove weed hosts",India,Bihar
images/00511.jpg,Cauliflower,Healthy,"Small cauliflower curd with reddish/pink tinge – causes

Boron deficiency (most common cause)

Phosphorus deficiency (sometimes contributes)

Low temperature stress during curd development

Varietal response under stress conditions

Imbalanced fertilization (excess N, low micronutrients)
 Key point:
A reddish / pink tinge with small curd is typically due to Boron deficiency.

Corrective measures

Soil application: Borax 10–15 kg/ha

Foliar spray: Borax 0.25% (2.5 g/L) or Solubor 0.1–0.2%

Apply 2 sprays at 10–15 day intervals

Maintain balanced NPK and proper irrigation",India,Bihar
images/00712.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,"Brinjal (eggplant) mite infestation – symptoms & control

Symptoms
Yellowing and bronzing of leaves
Downward curling, crinkling and thickening of leaves
Silvery sheen on leaf surface
Leaves become dry, brittle and may fall
Stunted plant growth, poor flowering and fruit set
Severe attack → webbing on underside of leaves

Control measures
Remove and destroy heavily infested leaves

Spray Dicofol 2.5 ml/L or Propargite 2 ml/L

Alternatives: Spiromesifen 1 ml/L or Fenazaquin 1.5 ml/L

Eco-friendly: Neem oil 3–5 ml/L or NSKE 5%

Maintain proper irrigation and avoid dust stress

Encourage natural enemies (predatory mites)",India,Bihar
images/00379.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Chilli Leaf Curl Disease

Symptoms:

Leaf curling, thick and leathery leaves

Stunted, bushy plants

Flower drop, deformed small fruits

Control:

Use healthy seedlings, resistant varieties

Rogue infected plants

Control whitefly (yellow sticky traps + Imidacloprid/Thiamethoxam)

Neem oil/neem formulations, keep field weed-free",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00229.jpg,Potato,Common Scab; Aphids,"Potato Leaf Curl Disease

Symptoms:

Upward rolling and curling of leaves

Thick, leathery leaves with pale margins

Stunted plants, reduced tuber size and yield

Control Measures:

Use certified, virus-free seed tubers

Remove infected plants early

Control aphids/whiteflies (Imidacloprid or Thiamethoxam)

Maintain field sanitation and remove weeds",India,Bihar
images/00614.jpg,Cauliflower,Healthy,"small curd formation in cauliflower
Curds remain small, loose or poorly compact
Premature curd formation (buttoning)

Main Causes:
Nutrient imbalance (low nitrogen, boron or molybdenum)

Temperature stress (low/high during curd initiation)

Poor irrigation or stress conditions

Over-aged or weak seedlings

Control Measures:
Use healthy seedlings of right age (25–30 days)

Apply balanced fertilization (adequate N, B @ 1 kg/ha, Mo @ 0.5 kg/ha)

Maintain uniform irrigation and proper spacing

Grow season-specific varieties",India,Bihar
images/00542.jpg,Chilli,Healthy,"Chilli Fruit End Rot (Blossom End Rot)

Symptoms:

Dark, sunken, water-soaked patch at fruit tip

Tissue turns brown to black, fruit shrivels

Affects green and red fruits

Causes:

Calcium deficiency

Irregular irrigation / moisture stress

Excess nitrogen or salinity

Control Measures:

Maintain uniform irrigation

Avoid excess nitrogen

Foliar spray Calcium nitrate 0.5–1% or Calcium chloride 0.2–0.4%

Improve soil organic matter and drainage",India,Bihar
images/00853.jpg,Bean,Mosaic Virus,"Dolichos Bean Mosaic Virus

Symptoms:
Light and dark green mosaic on leaves

Leaf distortion, puckering and curling

Stunted plant growth, reduced flowering and pod set

Control Measures:

Use healthy, virus-free seed

Rogue out infected plants early

Control aphids (vector) using Imidacloprid/Thiamethoxam

Spray neem oil 3–5 ml/L

Keep field weed-free and follow crop rotation",India,Bihar
images/00827.jpg,Guava,Anthracnose; Fruit Fly,"brow sunken spots are visible in the leaves of guava, the control measure for this is through spray of copper oxycloride 50% WP@4gm/lt and captan and mancozeb at 2.5 gm/lt",India,Bihar
images/00448.jpg,Sponge gourd,Powdery Mildew,"Sponge gourd – Powdery mildew 

Symptoms
White powdery patches on leaves and stems

Yellowing, drying and leaf fall

Reduced growth and yield

Control measures
Remove infected leaves, ensure good spacing

Wettable sulphur 2–3 g/L or neem oil 3–5 ml/L

Hexaconazole / Penconazole 1 ml/L if severe",India,Bihar
images/00834.jpg,Guava,Anthracnose; Fruit Fly,"algal leaf spot diseases symptoms can be observed like spots of grayish white to dark coloured, necrotic crust remains on the leaf, spots are irregular and large. It can be controlled by spraying copper oxychloride 0.25%",India,Bihar
images/00875.jpg,Mango,Anthracnose; Mango Hopper,small blister like spots develop on the leaves and twigs. young leaves wither and dry tender twigs wither and dieback symptom appears. it can be managed by spraying P.flourescens at 3 weeks interval at 5g/ltr on flower brances also spray thiobendazole for 5 min.,India,Bihar
images/00183.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Curl Virus; Fruit Borer,"cucumber mosaic virus symptoms include light and dark green mottling on leaves, stunted growth and leaflets distorted and puckered. it can be controlled by using disease free seeds, removal of infected plants. its causal organism is tomato mosaic virus",India,Bihar
images/00664.jpg,Brinjal,Wilt; Shoot and Fruit Borer,"actual disease is not listed, symptoms include that of tobacco mosaic virus like deformed leavs, small leathery and mottling of leaves and blister development. it is caused by aphids. control measures include dimethoate spray at 2ml/ltr, and avoid planting of cucumber, tobacco, tomato near brinjal plant",India,Bihar
images/00788.jpg,Bean,Leaf Miner,"Leaf miner – Symptoms
White, zigzag mines on leaves
Yellowing, curling, and drying of leaves
Reduced plant growth and photosynthesis

Leaf miner – Control
Remove and destroy infested leaves
Spray Neem oil 2–3 ml/L or Azadirachtin 3 ml/L
For severe cases: Spinosad 0.3 ml/L or Abamectin 0.5 ml/L",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00749.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize fall armyworm – Symptoms

Window panes and ragged holes on young leaves

Frass (sawdust-like excreta) inside the whorl

Severe feeding causes dead heart and poor cob formation

Heavy infestation leads to stunted plants and yield loss

Control Measures
Handpick and destroy egg masses and larvae

Apply Neem oil 3 ml/L or Azadirachtin 0.03% – 3 ml/L

Release Trichogramma spp. (biological control)

For severe infestation: Spinetoram / Spinosad / Emamectin benzoate (as per label dose)",India,Bihar
images/00092.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"Leaf crinkling in young potato plants
Causes
Aphids / thrips
Leaf curl or mosaic virus
Nutrient imbalance (Ca, B)

Symptoms
Young leaves crinkled, curled, puckered
Stunted growth

Control
Control aphids: Imidacloprid / Thiamethoxam (label dose)
Spray Neem oil 2–3 ml/L
Apply Calcium + Boron spray",India,Bihar
images/00906.jpg,Cucumber,Powdery Mildew; Mosaic Virus,"Cucumber – Powdery mildew

Symptoms

White, powdery patches on leaves

Yellowing, drying, and premature leaf fall

Reduced vine growth and yield

Control
Spray Wettable sulphur 2 g/L or Hexaconazole 1 ml/L

Avoid overcrowding; ensure good air circulation

Cucumber – Mosaic virus
Symptoms
Light and dark green mosaic pattern on leaves

Leaf curling, distortion, and reduced leaf size

Stunted plants and deformed fruits

Control
Remove and destroy infected plants

Control aphids: Imidacloprid / Thiamethoxam (label dose)

Spray Neem oil 2–3 ml/L regularly",India,Bihar
images/00445.jpg,Brinjal,Mites; Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Brinjal – Shoot & fruit borer

Symptoms
Wilting and drying of young shoots
Holes on fruits with frass extrusion
Damaged, unmarketable fruits

Control
Remove and destroy affected shoots and fruits
Install pheromone traps (4–5/acre)
Spray Emamectin benzoate / Spinosad (label dose)

Brinjal – Mites
Symptoms
Yellow specks on leaves
Leaves become bronzed, curled, and dry
Fine webbing on underside of leaves

Control
Spray Neem oil 3 ml/L
For severe cases: Abamectin / Spiromesifen (label dose)",India,Bihar
images/00608.jpg,Chilli,Anthracnose,"Chilli – Anthracnose

Symptoms
Small sunken dark brown to black lesions on fruits
Lesions enlarge with concentric rings
Fruits rot, shrivel, and drop prematurely

Control
Use disease-free seeds
Remove and destroy infected fruits

Spray Carbendazim + Mancozeb (1 g + 2 g/L) or Azoxystrobin / Hexaconazole (label dose)",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00550.jpg,Chickpea,Dry Root Rot,"Chickpea – Pale leaves with grey shade

Possible causes

Nitrogen or iron deficiency

Root rot / wilt stress

Cold stress or moisture stress

Early stage of fungal infection

Symptoms

Leaves turn pale green to greyish

Reduced plant vigor and slow growth

Management
Apply balanced N fertilizer
Foliar spray Ferrous sulphate 0.5%

Ensure proper drainage and avoid waterlogging

If disease suspected, drench with Carbendazim (label dose)",India,Bihar
images/00224.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,"Holes on brinjal leaves

Causes
Flea beetles

Leaf-eating caterpillars

Early stage of shoot & fruit borer

Symptoms
Small to large irregular holes on leaves

Severe attack causes skeletonized leaves

Control

Handpick and destroy larvae

Spray Neem oil 3 ml/L

If severe: Spinosad / Emamectin benzoate (label dose)",India,Bihar
images/00838.jpg,Mango,Mango Hopper,"Mango – Malformation of inflorescence

Symptoms

Compact, bushy, malformed panicles

Flowers mostly male or sterile, poor fruit set

Panicles remain green and do not dry normally

Control Measures

Prune and destroy malformed panicles well below affected portion

Spray NAA 200 ppm during bud initiation

Apply Carbendazim 1 g/L at panicle emergence

Maintain orchard sanitation and balanced nutrition",India,Jharkhand
images/00301.jpg,Red gram,Powdery Mildew,"Pigeon pea – Yellowing leaves & whitish stem patches

Causes
Stem borer / girdle beetle
Powdery mildew
Nutrient stress

Control
Remove affected parts
Spray Wettable sulphur 2 g/L

For insects: Chlorantraniliprole / Emamectin (label dose)",India,Bihar
images/00507.jpg,Citrus,Citrus Psyllid,"Citrus psyllid – Symptoms
Leaf curling and distortion of young flush

Yellowing and stunted growth

White waxy secretions and honeydew on leaves

Sooty mould development; vector of citrus greening (HLB)

Control Measures
Prune and destroy infested shoots
Spray Neem oil 3 ml/L

If severe: Imidacloprid / Thiamethoxam (label dose)",India,Bihar
images/00455.jpg,Mango,Anthracnose,"Mango – Vegetative malformation

Symptoms
Short internodes with dense, bunchy growth

Small, narrow, thickened leaves

Shoots form a witches’ broom appearance

Affected branches show poor or no flowering

Control Measures
Prune and destroy malformed shoots 10–15 cm below affected portion

Spray Carbendazim 1 g/L after pruning

Apply NAA 200 ppm during vegetative flush

Maintain orchard sanitation and balanced nutrition",India,Jharkhand
images/00354.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Brinjal fruit upside damage + zigzag marks 

Cause
Fruit & shoot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis)
Hole near fruit stalk (upper side), frass coming out.

Control
Remove infested fruits regularly
Pheromone traps: 10–12/acre
Fruit borer: Emamectin benzoate 5 SG 0.4 g/L or Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 0.3 ml/L",India,Bihar
images/00561.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize Fall Armyworm – concise

Symptoms

Window-pane feeding, shot holes on leaves

Frass (sawdust-like) in whorl

Ragged leaves, stunted plants

Cob/husk damage in severe cases

Control

Destroy egg masses & larvae

Pheromone traps: 5–10/acre

Neem oil 3 ml/L (early stage)

Spray into whorl (evening):

Emamectin benzoate 5 SG 0.4 g/L

Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 0.3 ml/L

Spinetoram 11.7 SC 0.5 ml/L",India,Bihar
images/00321.jpg,Maize,Healthy,"yellowing of leaves and reddish stalks are the symptoms of maize.
it can be controlled by Spraying a 2% Urea solution ((20g of Urea/liter of water) can provide rapid, temporary recovery.",India,Bihar
images/00447.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Mites,"Slight leaf crinkling in chilli

Reasons
Early thrips or mite infestation

Nutrient imbalance (Ca / B deficiency, excess N)

Moisture or temperature stress

Early leaf curl virus (whitefly-borne)

Symptoms
Mild crinkling or wrinkling of young leaves

Slight twisting, rough or leathery texture

No severe curling or stunting (initial stage)

Control measures
Inspect underside of leaves for pests

Spray Neem oil 3 ml/L (preventive)

If pests present:

Thrips → Spinosad 0.3 ml/L

Mites → Abamectin 0.5 ml/L

Foliar nutrition: Calcium nitrate 1 g/L + Boron 0.2 g/L

Maintain uniform irrigation; avoid excess nitrogen

Control whiteflies to prevent virus spread",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00228.jpg,Potato,Bacterial Wilt; Cutworms,"Potato plant dried up completely while neighboring plants are healthy

Probable reasons
Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) – very common; sudden drying of a single plant

Stem/black scurf or collar rot (Rhizoctonia)

Tuber or stem borer damage (internal feeding cuts water flow)

Severe root injury during interculture or hoeing

Key symptoms to check

Sudden wilting and complete drying without yellowing of nearby plants

When stem is cut and dipped in water → milky bacterial ooze (bacterial wilt)

Black lesions at collar region (Rhizoctonia)

Holes or tunneling in stem (borer)

Control / management

Uproot and destroy affected plant immediately

Soil drench around affected spot with

Bleaching powder 10–12 kg/acre or

Copper oxychloride 3 g/L (if fungal suspected)

Avoid waterlogging; ensure good drainage

Follow crop rotation with non-solanaceous crops

Use disease-free seed tubers",India,Bihar
images/00634.jpg,Garlic,Thrips,"Garlic leaf tips slightly dried

Reasons

Moisture stress (irregular or low irrigation)

Potassium deficiency

Salt injury / high EC

Early thrips damage

Symptoms

Drying and browning of leaf tips

Tips may curl slightly; rest of leaf remains green

No major wilting at early stage

Control measures

Maintain uniform irrigation

Apply MOP (potash) 20–25 kg/acre or foliar KNO₃ 1%

Avoid excess fertilizer salts

If thrips present: Spinosad 0.3 ml/L or Neem oil 3 ml/L",India,Bihar
images/00597.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"Potato – slight leaf crinkling

Reasons
Early aphid or thrips infestation

Mild nutrient imbalance (Ca / Mg deficiency, excess N)

Moisture or temperature stress

Early viral infection (leaf roll / mosaic – initial stage)

Symptoms
Mild crinkling or wrinkling of young leaves

Slight twisting; leaves remain green

No severe rolling or stunting (early stage)

Control measures
Check underside of leaves for aphids/thrips

Spray Neem oil 3 ml/L (preventive)

If aphids present: Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L

Foliar spray Calcium nitrate 1 g/L + Magnesium sulphate 1 g/L

Maintain uniform irrigation and balanced nutrition",India,Bihar
images/00600.jpg,Banana,Banana Weevil,"Black patches on banana stem with shattering/splitting of leaves and stem

Probable reasons

Banana pseudostem weevil (Odoiporus longicollis)

Bacterial soft rot (favoured by injuries + waterlogging)

Mechanical injury with secondary infection

Nutrient imbalance (K deficiency) + stress (aggravates splitting)

Key symptoms

Black or dark brown patches on pseudostem

Cracks/splitting and weakening of stem

Leaves tear or shatter easily

Foul smell, soft tissue inside stem (if bacterial rot)

Holes/frass inside stem (if weevil)

Control measures

Uproot and destroy severely affected plants

For weevil:

Pseudostem traps @ 10–15/acre

Chlorpyrifos 2.5 ml/L or Fipronil 1 ml/L (pseudostem drenching)

For rot:

Improve drainage; avoid waterlogging

Bleaching powder 10–12 kg/acre in soil

Nutrition:

Apply MOP (potash) 50–60 kg/acre

Maintain field sanitation; avoid stem injuries",India,Bihar
images/00791.jpg,Potato,Bacterial Wilt,"Potato – yellowing with sudden wilting and light-green leaves

Probable reasons

Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum)

Waterlogging / poor drainage

Root damage or early root rot

Nitrogen deficiency (if wilting is mild)

Symptoms
Sudden wilting even when soil has moisture

Leaves turn light green to yellow

One or few plants affected initially; nearby plants look normal

On cutting stem and placing in water → milky bacterial ooze (bacterial wilt)

Control measures

Uproot and destroy affected plants immediately

Improve drainage; avoid over-irrigation

Soil drench around affected spot with Bleaching powder 10–12 kg/acre or

Copper oxychloride 3 g/L (if rot suspected)

Follow crop rotation with non-solanaceous crops

Use disease-free seed tubers",India,Bihar
images/00117.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,"Brinjal – leathery patches on fruits & greying of calyx

Probable reasons

Thrips damage (most common)

Mite infestation

Early fruit rot infection (secondary)

Nutrient stress (especially calcium deficiency)

Symptoms

Hard, leathery, corky patches on fruit surface

Greying / drying of calyx

Loss of fruit shine; rough texture

Scarring may increase as fruit grows

Control measures

Monitor and control sucking pests:

Spinosad 0.3 ml/L or Fipronil 1 ml/L

Neem oil 3 ml/L (preventive)

For mites: Abamectin 0.5 ml/L

Improve nutrition: Calcium nitrate 1 g/L (foliar spray)

Maintain uniform irrigation and field sanitation",India,Bihar
images/00928.jpg,Garlic,Thrips,"Garlic – slight yellowing

Probable reasons

Nitrogen deficiency (most common)

Early moisture stress

Sulphur deficiency

Thrips (early stage)

Symptoms
Light yellowing of older leaves first

Tips may dry slightly; growth slows

No severe wilting at early stage

Control measures

Apply Urea 20–25 kg/acre or foliar Urea 1%

For sulphur: Gypsum 25–30 kg/acre or Sulphur 2 g/L (foliar)

Maintain uniform irrigation

If thrips present: Neem oil 3 ml/L or Spinosad 0.3 ml/L",India,Bihar
images/00401.jpg,Potato,Bacterial Wilt,"Fusarium wilt (Potato)

Symptoms
Gradual yellowing starting from lower leaves

Wilting during hot hours

Brown discoloration of vascular tissues in stem

Dry rot may appear on tubers

Control measures
Seed tuber treatment with Trichoderma viride / T. harzianum
(or carbendazim + mancozeb where permitted)

Use healthy, disease-free seed tubers

Avoid mechanical injury during planting and harvest
Follow crop rotation
Maintain balanced nutrition and good soil drainage",India,Bihar
images/00510.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"Slight crinkling of potato leaves

Causes: Aphids/mites, early viral infection, nutrient imbalance (Ca/B), heat or moisture stress

Control:

Manage aphids/mites (neem oil 3 ml/L or suitable insecticide)

Foliar spray Calcium nitrate 1% + Boron 0.2%

Maintain uniform irrigation

Remove severely affected plants if viral symptoms appear",India,Bihar
images/00325.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Chilli: black leathery leaves & excessive branching

Cause: Chilli leaf curl virus (whitefly-borne)

Symptoms: Small thick dark leaves, curling, bunchy top, stunted growth

Control: Rogue infected plants, control whiteflies (sticky traps, neem oil 3 ml/L or suitable insecticide), use healthy seedlings",India,Bihar
images/00197.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Grasshoppers

Symptoms: Clean-cut large holes; insects seen during day.

Control:
Field sanitation
Neem spray
Light traps
General management
Remove heavily damaged leaves
Maintain proper spacing
Avoid excess nitrogen
Encourage natural enemies",India,Bihar
images/00493.jpg,Mango,Anthracnose,"Mango Leaf Gall (Psyllid – Apsylla cistellata) 

Symptoms:

Small raised blisters / pouch-like galls

Green → reddish → brown

Mostly on young tender leaves

Leaves become distorted

Control:

Prune and destroy affected shoots

Spray Imidacloprid / Thiamethoxam during new flush

Spray at early stage of leaf emergence",India,Bihar
images/00308.jpg,Tomato,Early Blight,"Slight curling + dry patches + leathery black leaves in tomato – 

Causes & Control 
Late blight (Phytophthora) – 

Symptoms:
Dark brown to black patches

Leaves become leathery

Curling and rapid drying

Humid / rainy weather

Control:

Remove affected leaves

Spray Metalaxyl + Mancozeb or Cymoxanil + Mancozeb

Avoid overhead irrigation",India,Bihar
images/00038.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,"Common mite: Red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae)

Symptoms
Yellow specks (stippling) on upper leaf surface

Leaves turn bronze → reddish → dry

Curling downward

Fine webbing on underside

Severe case: leaf drying & yield reduction

Control Measures

 Cultural
Avoid excess nitrogen
Maintain field humidity (mites increase in hot, dry weather)
Remove heavily infested leaves

 Chemical / Biological
Spray Abamectin (0.5 ml/L)
Or Spiromesifen / Fenpyroximate / Propargite (as per label)
Neem oil 3–5 ml/L (early stage)
Rotate chemicals to avoid resistance",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00596.jpg,Chickpea,Fusarium Wilt,"Fusarium Wilt (most common)

Symptoms:

Sudden drying of whole plant

Yellowing of lower leaves first

Brown discoloration in stem (cut stem shows browning)

Plants dry in patches

Control:

Seed treatment: Trichoderma 4 g/kg or Carbendazim 2 g/kg

Crop rotation (3–4 years)

Avoid water stress",India,Bihar
images/00598.jpg,Brinjal,Phomopsis Blight,"Ash-like coating + small leaves cupped upward in brinjal – 

Causes & Control 

Powdery mildew (ash-like coating)

Symptoms:

White/grey powder on leaf surface

Leaves curl slightly

Severe case → drying

Control:

Spray Wettable sulphur (2–3 g/L)

Or Hexaconazole / Tebuconazole

Avoid excess humidity",India,Bihar
images/00216.jpg,Cabbage,Healthy,"Small / No curd formation in cabbage – Main causes 

High temperature (>25°C)

Excess nitrogen (more leaves, no head)

Boron / Molybdenum deficiency

 Water stress

Close spacing

Wrong variety / off-season

 Most common: High temperature or excess nitrogen.

Management
Maintain optimum temperature (15–20°C ideal)

Balanced fertilizer (avoid excess N)

Spray Boron 0.2% if deficiency suspected

Regular irrigation

Proper spacing",India,Bihar
images/00033.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Chilli Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) – 

Symptoms

Upward / downward leaf curling

Small, thick, crinkled leaves

Yellowing of veins

Stunted plant growth

Reduced flowering & fruiting

Whiteflies present

Control Measures
 Preventive
Use virus-free seedlings

Remove infected plants early

Install yellow sticky traps (8–10/acre)

Use resistant varieties

Vector control (Whitefly)

Spray Imidacloprid / Thiamethoxam (early stage)

Or Spiromesifen

Neem oil 3–5 ml/L (initial stage)

Rotate insecticides",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00495.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Chilli leaf curl virus (if severe curling + stunting)

Symptoms:

Thickened, small leaves

Strong upward curling

Reduced flowering

Whiteflies present

Control:

Remove infected plants

Control whiteflies (Imidacloprid / Thiamethoxam)

Yellow sticky traps",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00028.jpg,Maize,Stem Borer,"Aphids

Symptoms:

White waxy coating

Sticky leaves

Sooty mould later

Control:

Imidacloprid / Acetamiprid

Yellow sticky traps",India,Bihar
images/00686.jpg,Potato,Late Blight,"Potato – Holes from leaf edges + medium holes on older leaves 
and wilting symptoms due to late blight

Late blight infection:
Late blight in potato 

Symptoms:
Water-soaked spots → brown/black lesions
White growth underside (humid weather)
Rapid leaf blighting
Brown rot in tubers

Control:
Spray Metalaxyl + Mancozeb or Cymoxanil + Mancozeb
Repeat 7–10 days in humid weather
Avoid overhead irrigation.
 

Epilachna beetle (Hadda beetle) 
Symptoms:
Irregular holes starting from edges
Older leaves more affected
Yellow spiny grubs on underside
Leaves may get skeletonized

Control:
Handpick beetles & grubs
Spray Neem oil (3–5 ml/L)
If severe: Spinosad / Emamectin benzoate",India,Bihar
images/00094.jpg,Chickpea,Healthy,"Purpling of lower leaves in chickpea 

Cause:

Phosphorus deficiency (most common)

Sometimes cold stress

Control:

Apply DAP/SSP

Maintain proper soil moisture

Correct soil pH (6–7.5)",India,Bihar
images/00778.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Large irregular holes in brinjal – concise

Cause:
Tobacco caterpillar / Spodoptera (most common)

Epilachna beetle

Control:
Handpick larvae
Install pheromone traps
Spray Bt (early stage)
If severe: Emamectin benzoate / Spinosad
Neem oil 3–5 ml/L (mild attack)",India,Bihar
images/00700.jpg,Pumpkin,Cucumber Beetle,"Pumpkin beetle damage in pumpkin crop

Symptoms
Irregular holes on leaves
Severe damage on seedlings
Leaves skeletonized
Flowers also eaten
Adults (orange/red beetles) visible

Control
Handpick beetles (early stage)
Neem oil 3–5 ml/L
Install yellow sticky traps
If severe: Imidacloprid / Thiamethoxam (as per label)
Soil application of insecticide at sowing (for heavy infestation)",India,Bihar
images/00869.jpg,Rose,Thrips; Spider Mites,"Slight leaf crinkling in rose leaves – concise

Possible causes:
Thrips – mild crinkling, insects on buds
Mites – slight curling + rough surface
Nutrient deficiency (Ca/Zn) – distorted young leaves
Spray/heat stress – temporary crinkling

Control:
Spray Neem oil (3–5 ml/L) (early stage)
If mites → Abamectin
If aphids/thrips → Imidacloprid / Spinosad
Foliar micronutrient spray if deficiency suspected",India,Bihar
images/00461.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Transparent leaf patches in maize (corn) – concise
Fall armyworm (early stage) – most common

Symptoms:
Window-pane/transparent patches
Later holes with ragged edges
Frass (sawdust-like) in whorl

Control:
Check whorl for larvae
Spray Emamectin benzoate / Chlorantraniliprole
Apply spray into whorl",India,Bihar
images/00527.jpg,Potato,Early Blight,"Early blight (Alternaria) – 

Symptoms:
Small brown spots with concentric rings
Starts on lower leaves
Yellowing around spots

Control:
Spray Mancozeb / Chlorothalonil
If severe: Azoxystrobin / Tebuconazole
Remove infected leaves",India,Bihar
images/00562.jpg,Potato,Early Blight,"White spots / waxy symptoms on young potato leaves 

Powdery mildew

Symptoms:

White powdery patches

Mostly on young leaves

May spread quickly in dry weather

Control:

Spray Wettable sulphur (2–3 g/L)

Or Hexaconazole / Tebuconazole",India,Bihar
images/00133.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Mites; Thrips,"Chilli – Leaf Curl Virus vs Mites vs Thrips

 Leaf Curl Virus
Upward curling, small thick leaves
Severe stunting
Whiteflies present
Control: Remove infected plants + spray Imidacloprid/Thiamethoxam + sticky traps

Mites
Curling + bronzing
Rough leaves, webbing

No severe stunting
Control: Abamectin / Spiromesifen (spray underside)

Thrips
Silvery streaks on leaves
Upward curling of young leaves
Flower drop
Control: Spinosad / Fipronil / Cyantraniliprole + blue sticky traps",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00924.jpg,Mango,Healthy,"Mango – Leaf edge burning & inward curling

Cause:
Potassium deficiency (common)
Water stress / salinity

Control:
Apply MOP + spray 1% SOP
Ensure proper irrigation & drainage",India,Bihar
images/00467.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Thrips; Mites,"Chilli – Leaf Curl Virus vs Mites vs Thrips (very concise)

1️⃣ Leaf Curl Virus

Upward curling, small thick leaves

Severe stunting

Whiteflies present
Control: Remove infected plants + spray Imidacloprid/Thiamethoxam + sticky traps

2️⃣ Mites

Curling + bronzing

Rough leaves, webbing

No severe stunting
Control: Abamectin / Spiromesifen (spray underside)

3️⃣ Thrips

Silvery streaks on leaves

Upward curling of young leaves

Flower drop
Control: Spinosad / Fipronil / Cyantraniliprole + blue sticky traps",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00217.jpg,Papaya,Healthy,"Interveinal chlorosis due to Iron and Magnesium deficiency. Management includes adjusting soil pH (6.0–6.5), applying micronutrients (iron/magnesium sprays), improving drainage, and controlling pests like aphids.",India,Bihar
images/00737.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"There is infestations of FAW(Fall Armyworm), apply biopesticides like azadirachtin or chemical insecticides such as chlorantraniliprole or flubendiamide to the plant's whorl.",India,Bihar
images/00757.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Miner,"Early infestation of leaf minor in Tomato plants. For control by Organic methods, Apply Neem Oil: Spray Azadirachtin (neem oil), 300ppm, in the early morning or late evening, ensuring good leaf coverage (e.g., 5ml/L water with soap).",India,Bihar
images/00471.jpg,Papaya,Healthy,"Papaya plants having very poor growth, Apply FYM 10 Kg/plant as basal and 50 g in each of N, P and K per plant at bi-monthly intervals from the third month of planting after removing unwanted male or sterile plant forms.",India,Bihar
images/00076.jpg,Paddy,Blast,"Blast disease in Paddy, to control maintain consistent field flooding to prevent disease development, and apply fungicides like tricyclazole or azoxystrobin during critical growth stages.",India,Bihar
images/00326.jpg,Strawberry,Thrips,"Thrips infestation in strawberry plants. Use sprays of the Entrust formulation of spinosad, azadirachtin (Neemix), Isaria fumosorosea (PFR-97), Beauveria bassiana (Botanigard), or combinations of these products on strawberry plants.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00306.jpg,Potato,Healthy,"Potato plants having deep green color leaf with purple tinges is due to Phosphorus deficiency, soil application of DAP @ 10 to 15kg per acre is advised or foliar spray of Nano DAP@ 2ml per liter of water will be effective.",India,Bihar
images/00085.jpg,Cotton,Bollworm,"Cotton bollworm control involves a combination of cultural (like crop rotation, early sowing, and sanitizing fields), biological (using natural predators or parasitoids), mechanical (pheromone traps and destroying infested bolls), and chemical methods (using specific insecticides at the right time).",India,Uttar Pradesh
images/00956.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"For early infestations of FAW(Fall armyworm), apply biopesticides like azadirachtin or chemical insecticides such as chlorantraniliprole or flubendiamide to the plant's whorl.",India,Bihar
images/00868.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Chilli leaf curl virus infestation, it can not be cured, the severely affected plants are uprooted and destroyed. To control whitefly (vector of chili leaf curl virus) spray Imidacloprid @3ml /10 liters of water, or Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00970.jpg,Banana,Sigatoka Leaf Spot,"The symptoms as visible are most likely caused by Sigatoka, a fungal disease. Spray 3 times with Carbendazim 0.1 per cent or Propicanozole 0.1 % or Mancozeb 0.25% and teepol (sticking agent) at 10-15 days interval, as the disease starting from initial appearance of leaf specks.",India,Bihar
images/00419.jpg,Brinjal,Healthy,"Brinjal plants having symptoms of phosphorous deficiency. To control Phosphorus deficiency, spray Nano DAP @ 2.5ml per liter of water in morning or evening when there is no Dew/ on dry leaves, always use Flat Fan Nozzle.",India,Bihar
images/00097.jpg,Maize,Turcicum Leaf Blight,"These spots are long, elliptical, grayish-green or tan lesions ranging from 2.5 to 15 cm in length. Spray Mancozeb or Zineb @2-4 g/litre at 10 days interval after first appearance of the disease.",India,Bihar
images/00027.jpg,Garlic,Healthy,"The symptoms are of Nutrient  deficiency , leaf tips are yellowing drying at early stage of the crop. To correct the nutrient deficiency, apply a balanced fertilizer to your garlic plants. Garlic needs a variety of nutrients to grow properly, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Water regularly to maintain soil moisture at bulb development stage.",India,Bihar
images/00201.jpg,Maize,Turcicum Leaf Blight,"Turcicum blight in Maize, in severe case ,these spots are long, elliptical, grayish-green or tan lesions ranging from 2.5 to 15 cm in length, whole plant is affected along with cobs and plant drying up completely. Spray Mancozeb or Zineb @2-4 g/litre of water at 10 days interval after first appearance of the disease symptoms.",India,Bihar
images/00459.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,Wheat plants showing Nitrogen deficiency symptoms. Apply Nitrogen top dressing of Urea is also applicable to the soil after weeding. Foliar spray of Liquid Nano Urea @ 2.5 ml per liter of water is advised for the standing crop.,India,Bihar
images/00898.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Thrips infested in chili plants at flowering stage. Apply neem oil(300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water), spinetoram, or spinosad @1ml per liter of water to both sides of the leaves to control Aphids along with installation of Yellow sticky traps to control aphids population.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00494.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"The symptoms are of PLCV(Potato Leaf curl virus) at early stages, transmitted by Aphids. An integrated approach focusing on reducing the aphid vector and using certified, disease-free seed tubers. Removing affected plants and controlling aphid populations with insecticides(Imidachloprid 3ml/10liters of water or Neem oil,300ppm@5ml /liter of water) to control aphids ,to prevent virus spread.",India,Bihar
images/00204.jpg,Banana,Sigatoka Leaf Spot; Banana Weevil,"Symptoms include streaks that turn into necrotic, gray-centered, yellow-haloed spots, eventually causing widespread defoliation. Management requires integrated strategies, including fungicide sprays, improved drainage, and deleafing.",India,Bihar
images/00741.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Curl Virus; Fruit Borer,"Young larva feeds on the leaves for some time and then attacks fruits. Internal tissues are eaten severely and completely hollowed out. While feeding the caterpillar thrust its head inside leaving the rest of the body outside.
control measures : For effective control of Caterpillar in Tomato  we can use bio pesticide like “LARVEX 250 ml / acre”.
Provide poison bait with carbaryl 50 WP 1.25 kg, rice bran 12.5 kg, jaggery 1.25 kg and water 7.5 lit/ha",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00003.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Curl Virus; Whiteflies,"causing severe leaf curling, puckering, and stunting.
control measure include
Use of disease free seeds
intercrop with pest resistant crop
Crop rotation with non host crops",India,Bihar
images/00477.jpg,Lemon,Melanose; Leaf Miner,"Making silvery appearance presence on the lower surface of leaves, Leaves-distorted and crinkled
control measures: Spraying of fenvalerate 0.2ml or dimethoate [Rogor] 2ml/l
Spray application of NSKE 5%",India,Bihar
images/00870.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,crop is not shown but in the given image we can see the larvae of Spodoptera or fall army warm,India,Bihar
images/00923.jpg,Bhindi,Shoot and Fruit Borer,the image shows the bhindi plant is affected by fruit and shoot borer where we can see the irregular holes,India,Telangana
images/00384.jpg,Onion,Thrips,yellowing of leaves and white patches can also be seen this is due to both nutrient deficiency and thrips attack where we can see the white patches,India,Bihar
images/00458.jpg,Tobacco,Healthy,"leaf crinkling  symptoms are on both young and old leaves and no mosaic pattern, it is unlikely viral (like Tobacco Mosaic Virus).

Most Likely Cause:
Excess Nitrogen

Uniform dark green leaves

Slight crinkling

Soft, lush growth

Action:
Stop nitrogen fertilizer. Improve drainage. Apply potash if not given.

Other Possibility:

Mild Potassium deficiency

Slight distortion initially

Action:
Spray 1% SOP (10 g/L).

If recently fertilized with urea/DAP → very likely nitrogen excess.",India,Bihar
images/00864.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,the crop identified here is chilli which is majorly attacked by thrips which is identified by upward curling,India,Jharkhand
images/00030.jpg,Tobacco,Healthy,the crop identified here is tobacco which is characterized by yellowing of leaves which is a symptom of nutrient deficiency,India,Bihar
images/00370.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,"Epilachna Beetle damage  in Brinjal
(Caused by Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata)

symptoms of spray residue presence can also be seen in some leaves
Damage:
Leaves scraped and skeletonized
Brown dry patches
Severe attack reduces yield

Control:
Handpick adults & egg clusters
Spray Neem oil 3–5 ml/L
If severe: Emamectin benzoate or Chlorantraniliprole",India,Bihar
images/00291.jpg,Onion,Thrips,"Onion Leaf Break & Fall
-Thrips – Thrips tabaci
Silvery streaks → leaves weaken & break
Control: Neem oil or Spinosad.

-Potassium deficiency
Weak leaves
Control: Spray 1% SOP.",India,Jharkhand
images/00481.jpg,Potato,Bacterial Wilt,"Potato Wilt

Bacterial Wilt – Ralstonia solanacearum

Sudden wilting, green leaves
Brown vascular ring
Control: Remove plants, improve drainage, crop rotation.",India,Bihar
images/00385.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,"Wheat crop having from nitrogen deficiency as clearly visible from the image. Nitrogen top dressing in the form of Urea is applicable @ 10 to 15kg per hactare to the soil after weeding-OR-
Foliar spray of Liquid Nano Urea @ 2.5 ml per liter of water is advised for the standing crop.",India,Bihar
images/00300.jpg,Citrus,Leaf Miner,"Citrus plant affected with leaf miner and leaf folder larvae, that roll or mine into young citrus leaves, feeding on tissues and causing leaves to curl, dry out, and turn brown.
Prune infested leaves and destroy them to reduce populations. Apply horticultural oils, neem oil, or insecticides containing spinosad on new growth to kill larvae.",India,Bihar
images/00777.jpg,Cotton,Jassids,"Jassids infested Cotton leaves turning pale, then yellow, with margins developing reddish or bronze patches. ""Hopper Burn"": A signature symptom where leaves dry, turn brown, crumble, and may fall off. 
Effective control of cotton jassids is achieved using systemic insecticides applied to the undersides of leaves, with top recommendations including Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (3 ml/10 L water), Acetamiprid 20% SP (20 g/acre), Flonicamid 50% WG (60 g/acre).",India,Bihar
images/00762.jpg,Peas,Healthy,"Pea plant leaves turning yellow and folding (or curling) is commonly caused by overwatering, which causes root rot, or by pests like aphids or spider mites, which feed on nutrients. Other causes include Nitrogen deficiency, fungal diseases, or extreme temperatures. 
As there are cracks visible on the soil, regular irrigation is advised to saturate the soil.
Treat with insecticidal soap or neem oil if necessary to control insects.
Apply a balanced fertilizer to address nutrient deficiencies (especially Nitrogen as recommended)",India,Bihar
images/00169.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"Potato crop is affected with Leaf curl virus which is transmitted by various Aphids. 
An integrated approach focusing on reducing the aphid vector and using certified, disease-free seed tubers. Removing affected plants and controlling aphid populations with insecticides(Imidachloprid 3ml/10liters of water or Neem oil,300ppm@5ml /liter of water) to prevent virus spread.",India,Bihar
images/00456.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Fall armyworm (FAW) affected Maize plants. For early infestations, apply biopesticides like azadirachtin or chemical insecticides such as chlorantraniliprole or flubendiamide to the plant's whorl as recommended doses.",India,Bihar
images/00196.jpg,Tobacco,Tobacco Mosaic Virus,"Viral Infection (Most Common Cause):
Tobacco Leaf Curl Virus (TLCV) – transmitted by whiteflies
Symptoms:
Upward/downward curling of leaves
Thickened veins
Stunted growth
Reduced leaf size

Control:
-Rogue infected plants early
-Control whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci)
-Yellow sticky traps (10–15/acre)
-Neem oil (2–3 ml/L)
-Imidacloprid / Thiamethoxam / Acetamiprid (rotate molecules)
-Raise nursery under insect-proof net
-Remove weed hosts
-Avoid excess nitrogen
-Use tolerant varieties",India,Bihar
images/00134.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Mealybug,"Symptoms notices: Gummy & Powdery Residues on Papaya Fruits (Latex Marks)
Most commonly seen in Papaya mealybug infestation or sap-sucking pests.

-Papaya Mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus):
White cottony masses on fruits
Sticky honeydew → sooty mold (black powdery layer)
Fruit surface shows gummy / latex exudation

Control:
-Spray Neem oil (3 ml/L)
-Release Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (predator beetle)
- If severe: Spray systemic insecticide (Thiamethoxam / Imidacloprid as per label)
-Remove heavily infested fruits
- Maintain field sanitation",India,Bihar
images/00168.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"In the given image symptoms caused by Epilachna beetle (Hadda beetle) and Caterpillars (Spodoptera)

In the given image we can observe the symptoms like leaf scraping, holes and irregulate holes on leaves 
-Epilachna beetle (Hadda beetle)
Scrapes leaf surface first
Later leaves develop round holes
Yellowish grubs seen underside

-Caterpillars (Spodoptera)
Larger irregular holes
Frass (insect droppings) visible

Control
- Hand pick beetles/grubs in early stage
- Spray Neem oil (2–3 ml/L)
- If severe: Emamectin benzoate or Spinosad (as per label)
- Maintain field sanitation",India,Bihar
images/00555.jpg,Groundnut,Leaf Miner,"slight symptoms of leaf minor is observed in one or two leaves

Leaf miner control in groundnut:
Spray Neem oil 2–3 ml/L (early stage).
At 15% damage:
Chlorantraniliprole 0.3 ml/L or
Emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L or
Spinosad 0.3 ml/L.
Rotate insecticides to prevent resistance.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00113.jpg,Potato,Healthy,"Lanky growth + slight yellowing in potato:

Excess nitrogen → Tall, soft, pale plants. Stop N; apply potash.

Low sunlight / dense crop → Stretching. Improve spacing/light.

Nitrogen deficiency → Light green plants. Apply N in split dose.

Early virus → Remove infected plants; control aphids.",India,Bihar
images/00515.jpg,Chickpea,Botrytis Gray Mold,"Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe pisi)
Symptoms:
White powdery / hair-like fungal growth on leaves, stems, flowers

Common during flowering under cool, dry weather

Control:
Spray Wettable Sulphur 2 g/L
or
Hexaconazole 1 ml/L
Repeat after 10–14 days if needed",India,Bihar
images/00729.jpg,Chickpea,Healthy,"Pale leaves in chickpea :

Nitrogen deficiency → Apply starter N / 2% urea spray.

Iron deficiency (young leaves) → Spray FeSO₄ 0.5% + lime 0.25%.

Zinc deficiency → Spray ZnSO₄ 0.5%.

Poor nodulation/root issue → Improve drainage; use Rhizobium treatment.",India,Bihar
images/00382.jpg,Banana,Healthy,"Splitting of pseudostem in banana – causes:

Sudden excess irrigation after dry spell → Rapid growth causes splitting.
➜ Maintain uniform irrigation.

High nitrogen / low potassium → Soft tissues prone to cracking.
➜ Reduce N; apply adequate potash (MOP).

Boron deficiency → Tissue cracking and deformities.
➜ Spray Boron 0.1–0.2% (Boric acid 1–2 g/L).

Strong wind / mechanical injury
➜ Provide support (propping).

Maintain balanced nutrition and uniform moisture to prevent recurrence",India,Bihar
images/00545.jpg,Maize,Downy Mildew,"White powdery patches on older leaves + leaf crinkling – likely:

Powdery mildew (fungal infection)

White powder-like coating on leaf surface

Affects older leaves first

Leaves may curl, crinkle, and dry

Control:

Spray Wettable sulphur 2 g/L
or
Hexaconazole 1 ml/L

Repeat after 10–14 days if needed.

Ensure good air circulation and avoid excess nitrogen",India,Bihar
images/00603.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Leaf cutting & leaf damage in maize – likely pests:

Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)

Irregular holes, window-pane damage

Frass (sawdust-like) in whorl

Control :
Apply Emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L or Chlorantraniliprole 0.3 ml/L into whorl

Install pheromone traps (for FAW)

Remove heavily infested plants early.",India,Bihar
images/00167.jpg,Brinjal,Phomopsis Blight,"Watery round big spots on brinjal leaves + browning & drying – likely cause:
- Phomopsis blight (Phomopsis vexans)

Large circular watery spots

Later turn brown with concentric rings

Leaves dry and may drop

Control :
Remove affected leaves
Spray Mancozeb 2–2.5 g/L
or
Carbendazim + Mancozeb 2 g/L
Repeat after 10–12 days
Avoid overhead irrigation and dense crop.",India,Bihar
images/00576.jpg,Guava,Fruit Fly,"Whiteflies
Main species: Bemisia tabaci
Symptoms:
Tiny white insects on underside of leaves
Yellowing, curling of leaves
Sticky honeydew secretion
Leads to sooty mold development

Control:
Spray Neem oil 3 ml/L (early stage)
If severe: Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L
Install yellow sticky traps",India,Bihar
images/00356.jpg,Potato,Common Scab,"Potato Leaf Curl
Main cause: Potato leafroll virus (spread by aphids)

Symptoms:
Upward rolling of leaf margins

Stiff, thick leaves

Yellowing and stunted growth

Reduced tuber size

Control:
Remove infected plants early

Control aphids: Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L

Use certified disease-free seed tubers

Avoid late planting.",India,Bihar
images/00569.jpg,Mango,Mango Hopper,"Mango Hopper

Main species: Idioscopus clypealis

Symptoms:
Nymphs & adults suck sap from panicles and tender shoots

Flower drying and poor fruit set

Honeydew secretion → sooty mold

Control:

Spray Neem oil 3 ml/L at flowering (early stage)

If severe: Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L

Avoid spraying during full bloom to protect pollinators

Maintain orchard sanitation",India,Bihar
images/00734.jpg,Potato,Late Blight,"Potato Late Blight
Cause: Phytophthora infestans

Symptoms:
Water-soaked spots on leaves
Brown/black lesions spreading fast White fungal growth on underside
Tuber brown rot

Control:
Preventive: Mancozeb 2–2.5 g/L
After appearance: Metalaxyl + Mancozeb 2 g/L
Spray every 7–10 days in cool, humid weather
Early control is essential.",India,Bihar
images/00770.jpg,Mango,Healthy,"Mango – Bunches of Leaves at Shoot Nodes

Likely Causes:
Mango malformation
Bud mite attack

Control:
Prune affected shoots (15–20 cm below)
Spray Carbendazim 1 g/L
If mites: Propargite 2 ml/L
Early pruning is important",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00132.jpg,Bean,Mosaic Virus,"Bean Mosaic Virus 
Symptoms:
Light & dark green mosaic pattern on leaves
Leaf curling / distortion
Stunted growth
Reduced pod formation

Spread By:
Aphids (sucking insects)
Infected seeds

Control:
Remove infected plants immediately
Spray Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L to control aphids
Use virus-free certified seeds
Install yellow sticky traps
No direct cure — control vectors early.",India,Bihar
images/00109.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Ring Spot Virus,"papaya Leaf Curl Virus (PLCV)
Symptoms:
Severe leaf curling and crinkling
Leaves become small, thick, and leathery
Yellowing between veins
Stunted plant growth
Reduced fruit set

Spread By:
-Whiteflies

-Control Measures:
-Remove and destroy infected plants early
-Spray Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L
OR Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L (to control whiteflies)
-Install yellow sticky traps
-Maintain field sanitation
-Avoid continuous cropping of papaya
-No direct cure — early vector control is essential.",India,Bihar
images/00155.jpg,Rice,Blast,"Dark Brown Spindle-Shaped Spots with Yellow Halo symptoms are like Disease: Leaf Blast
Cause: Magnaporthe oryzae

Symptoms:
Spindle (eye-shaped) dark brown spots
Grey/whitish centre
Yellow halo around lesions
Spots enlarge and may merge
Severe cases → leaf drying

Control:
Spray Tricyclazole 0.6 g/L
OR Isoprothiolane 1.5 ml/L
Repeat after 7–10 days if needed
Avoid excess nitrogen
Ensure good field drainage
Early control is important as blast spreads fast in humid weather.",India,Telangana
images/00612.jpg,Banana,Healthy,"Banana – Marginal yellowing, drying of older leaves & leaf hanging

Most common cause: Potassium deficiency
Yellowing starts at margins of older leaves
Edges turn brown and dry (scorching)
Leaves droop

Control:
Apply MOP 100–150 g/plant (split dose)
Spray 1% 13:0:45 (2 sprays, 10–15 days interval)
Maintain proper irrigation
If whole plant wilts → check for wilt (e.g., Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense).",India,Bihar
images/00901.jpg,Mustard,Alternaria Blight,"Mustard –Black Rot (Bacterial)
Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

Symptoms:
V-shaped yellow to brown lesions starting from leaf margins
Veins turn black
Leaves dry and fall in severe cases

Management:
Use disease-free seed
Seed treatment with Streptocycline (as recommended dose)
Spray Copper oxychloride 0.3%
Ensure proper drainage & crop rotation",India,Uttar Pradesh
images/00978.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Mealybug,"Papaya Mealy Bug
Pest: Paracoccus marginatus

Symptoms:
• White cottony masses on leaves, stems, fruits
• Leaf yellowing & curling
• Stunted growth
• Sooty mould due to honeydew

Control:
Remove infested parts
Release Acerophagus papayae
Spray Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L (if severe)
Repeat after 10–14 days if needed.",India,Bihar
images/00674.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Curl Virus; Thrips,"Tomato – Slight Upward Leaf Cupping

Causes:
• Heat / moisture stress (most common)
• Thrips / whiteflies
• Early Tomato leaf curl virus (if stunting present)

Control:
Maintain uniform irrigation
Control sucking pests
Remove infected plants if viral symptoms appear

If plant growth is normal → usually stress-related.",India,Bihar
images/00444.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize – Fall Armyworm
Pest: Spodoptera frugiperda

Symptoms:
• Window-pane damage on young leaves
• Irregular holes in whorl leaves
• Frass (sawdust-like excreta) inside whorl
• Severe attack → damaged growing point

Control:
Cultural:
-Early sowing
-Destroy egg masses & larvae

Biological:
-Spray Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)
-Release Trichogramma

Chemical (whorl application):
-Emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L
-Chlorantraniliprole 0.3 ml/L

Spray directed into whorl; repeat after 10–12 days if needed.",India,Bihar
images/00830.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,"Brinjal – scrapping of green matter and Big Holes on Leaves
Epilachna Beetle
-Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata
Symptoms:
• Scraping of leaf surface (skeletonization)
• Large irregular holes
• Yellow spiny grubs underside

Control:
Hand pick beetles & grubs
Spray Neem oil 3–5 ml/L
Severe: Emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L",India,Bihar
images/00044.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize – Fall Armyworm
Pest: Spodoptera frugiperda

Symptoms:
• Window-pane damage on young leaves
• Irregular holes in whorl leaves
• Frass (sawdust-like excreta) inside whorl
• Severe attack → damaged growing point

Control:
Cultural:
Early sowing
Destroy egg masses & larvae

Biological:
Spray Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)
Release Trichogramma

Chemical (whorl application):
Emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L
Chlorantraniliprole 0.3 ml/L

Spray directed into whorl; repeat after 10–12 days if needed.",India,Bihar
images/00789.jpg,Potato,Bacterial Wilt,"Bacterial Wilt
Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum
• Sudden wilting, no initial yellowing
• Brown vascular tissue
• Milky ooze from cut stem

Control:
Remove infected plants
Good drainage
Crop rotation",India,Bihar
images/00490.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"Potato – Glossy, Slightly Rough & Crinkled Leaves
Likely Cause: Leaf Curl Virus
Caused by Potato leafroll virus

Symptoms:
• Leaves slightly glossy
• Mild crinkling / upward rolling
• Stiff texture
• Stunted growth (later stage)

Management:
-Control aphids (vector)
-Remove infected plants
-Use certified seed tubers

If no stunting and only mild roughness → could be minor nutrient stress.",India,Bihar
images/00961.jpg,Citrus,Citrus Canker; Citrus Psyllid,"Citrus Canker
Cause: Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri

Symptoms:
• Raised corky lesions on leaves, stems & fruits
• Yellow halo around spots
• Premature leaf & fruit drop

Control:
Prune infected parts
Spray Copper oxychloride 0.3%
Avoid overhead irrigation
Use disease-free planting material

-Sooty Mold (Citrus)
Develops on honeydew from sucking pests like:
• Toxoptera citricida
• Aleurocanthus woglumi

Symptoms:
• Black powdery coating on leaves
• Sticky surface
• Reduced photosynthesis

Control:
-Control sucking pests (Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L)
-Spray neem oil 3 ml/L
-Wash leaves in mild cases

Main difference:
Canker → raised corky lesions
Sooty mold → black surface coating only.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00831.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Ring Spot Virus,"Papaya Leaf Curl Virus

Cause: Papaya leaf curl virus
(Transmitted by whitefly)

Symptoms:
• Upward leaf curling
• Leaf thickening & crinkling
• Vein clearing
• Reduced leaf size
• Stunted growth
• Poor fruit set

Control:
-Remove infected plants early
-Control whiteflies (Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L)
-Spray Neem oil 3 ml/L
-Use tolerant varieties

Early removal + vector control is key.",India,Bihar
images/00976.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Ring Spot Virus,"Papaya – Dieback & Leaf Curl Virus
 Dieback (Phytophthora Blight)
Cause: Phytophthora palmivora

Symptoms:
• Tip drying (pencil tip appearance)
• Sudden drooping of leaves
• Water-soaked stem lesions
• Fruit drop in severe cases

Control:
-Improve drainage
-Drench Metalaxyl + Mancozeb (2 g/L)
-Spray Copper oxychloride 0.3%
 -Remove severely infected plants

-Leaf Curl Virus
Cause: Papaya leaf curl virus (whitefly transmitted)

Symptoms:
• Upward curling & crinkling
• Mosaic/mottling
• Small, thickened leaves (bunchy top)
• Stunted growth

Control:
-Remove infected plants early
-Control whiteflies (Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L)
-Spray Neem oil 3 ml/L
-Maintain field sanitation

Difference:
Dieback → tip drying & stem rot
Leaf curl → crinkled, bunchy crown leaves.",India,Bihar
images/00365.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,"Brinjal – Mite Infestation
Common pest: Polyphagotarsonemus latus

Symptoms:
• Leaves become small, thick & crinkled
• Upward curling of young leaves
• Bronzing / rough leaf surface
• Stunted plant growth
• Poor flowering

Control:
-Spray Wettable sulphur 2 g/L (early stage)
-Spray Abamectin 0.5 ml/L or Spiromesifen 1 ml/L
-Spray directed to underside of leaves
-Avoid excess nitrogen

Repeat after 7–10 days if needed.",India,Bihar
images/00457.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Thrips,"Chilli – Thrips & Leaf Curl 
Thrips
Pest: Scirtothrips dorsalis
Symptoms:
• Silvery streaks
• Upward curling
• Leaf tip drying

Control:
-Spinosad 0.3 ml/L
-Neem oil 3 ml/L
-Blue sticky traps

Leaf Curl Virus
Cause: Chilli leaf curl virus
Symptoms:
• Severe curling
• Small thick leaves
• Stunted growth

Control:
-Remove infected plants
-Control whiteflies (Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L)
-Yellow sticky traps

Thrips → silvery marks
Virus → stunting + severe curl.",India,Bihar
images/00101.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Mealybug,"Papaya – Mealybug & Leaf Curl  Mealybug
Pest: Paracoccus marginatus
Symptoms:
• White cottony masses
• Yellowing, curling
• Sooty mold

Control:
-Neem oil 3 ml/L
-Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L
-Release Acerophagus papayae

Leaf Curl Virus
Cause: Papaya leaf curl virus
Symptoms:
• Upward curling
• Small thick leaves
• Stunted growth

Control:
 -Remove infected plants
 -Control whiteflies",India,Bihar
images/00058.jpg,Groundnut,Collar Rot; Leaf Spot,"Stem Rot
Pathogen: Sclerotium rolfsii
Symptoms: Sudden wilting, brown collar rot, white fungal growth at base, mustard-like sclerotia.

Control:
Seed treat with Trichoderma harzianum (4 g/kg) or Carbendazim (2 g/kg)
Good drainage & crop rotation
Soil drench with Tebuconazole if severe

Leaf Spot
Pathogens: Cercospora arachidicola (early), Phaeoisariopsis personata (late)
Symptoms: Brown/black spots → defoliation

Control:
Spray Mancozeb 2–2.5 g/L at 30 DAS

Repeat with Chlorothalonil/Tebuconazole at 10–15 days interval",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00036.jpg,Groundnut,Leaf Miner,"Big Irregular Holes in Groundnut

Main pests:
Spodoptera litura
Helicoverpa armigera

Symptoms: Large round/irregular holes, heavy defoliation.

Control:
Pheromone traps (5/acre)
NSKE 5% or Bt spray
If severe: Emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L or Spinosad 0.3 ml/L",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00813.jpg,Citrus,Citrus Psyllid,"Citrus Psyllid – Symptoms & Control
Pest: Diaphorina citri
(Transmits Citrus Greening / Huanglongbing)

Symptoms:
Leaf curling and twisting
Yellowing of leaves
Stunted growth
Multiple water shoots (excess tender flush)
Honeydew → sooty mold

Control:
Cultural:
Prune and remove water shoots
Remove severely infected plants

Biological:
Spray Neem oil 2–3 ml/L
Chemical (during new flush):
Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L
Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L

-Spray at early flushing stage for best control.",India,Telangana
images/00017.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Thrips,"Chilli Thrips
Chilli Thrips
Pest: Scirtothrips dorsalis
- Symptoms:
Upward leaf curling
Silvery streaks on leaves
Leaf narrowing and distortion
Stunted plant growth
Flower drop

-Control:
Install blue sticky traps
Spray Neem oil 2–3 ml/L
If severe: Spinosad 0.3 ml/L or Fipronil 1 ml/L",India,Bihar
images/00540.jpg,Tobacco,Tobacco Mosaic Virus,"Tobacco Leaf Curl Virus 

Virus: Tobacco leaf curl virus
Vector: Bemisia tabaci

Symptoms: Upward curling, thick small leaves, vein thickening, stunted plants.

Control:
Remove infected plants
Yellow sticky traps
Spray Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L
Maintain field sanitation",India,Bihar
images/00011.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Curl Virus,"Tomato mosaic virus (most commonly) or tobacco mosaic virus:
Symptoms depend on the virus strain. Often, foliage mottles with alternating light and dark green areas. New leaflets curl and are slightly malformed. More severely affected leaves are badly distorted and rather fern-like. Plants usually are somewhat stunted and bear few fruit if infected when young. Plants and fruit are not much smaller if plants are infected after they reach fruiting stage. Occasionally necrotic spots or streaks develop on stems and leaves. Sometimes fruit ripens unevenly, or the fruit wall turns brown internally.

Cultural control
Use resistant varieties.
Use healthy transplants and pathogen-free seed.
Wash hands with soap and water before handling plants.
Disinfect equipment.
Use clean soil each year in seedbeds, or sterilize old soil.
Do not plant in a field with infected debris.
Do not smoke while handling tomato plants.",India,Bihar
images/00184.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Pale plants in chilli 

Main causes & control:

Nitrogen deficiency: Whole plant light green → Apply urea/NPK; foliar 1% urea

Root stress (waterlogging): Plants weak and pale → Improve drainage, avoid excess irrigation

Sucking pests: Pale/silvery leaves → Spray neem oil; control whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) if severe",India,Bihar
images/00696.jpg,Bitter gourd,Mosaic Virus; Whiteflies,"The virus is readily transferred by aphids and survives on a wide variety of plants.
New growth is cupped downward, and leaves are severely mottled with alternating light green and dark green patches.
can be controlled by using systemic insecticide such as Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Dinotefuran, and Clothianidin.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00393.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Ring Spot Virus,"Leaf margin yellowing (chlorosis)

Small brown spots or necrotic patches

Slight curling at the edges",India,Bihar
images/00115.jpg,Soybean,Bacterial Blight; Aphids,"disease looks like anthracnose/pod blight 
symptoms as dark brown sunken cankers and  irregular brown lesions appear on leaves, stems and pods.
control measures include Seed treatment with Thiram or Captan or Carbendazim 3 g/kg and
Use Mancozeb @ 2.5g/l as spray or Carbendazim 1g/L.",India,Uttar Pradesh
images/00105.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Thrips,"Chilli plants having leaf curl virus affected which is transmitted by white flies and thrips as vector. 
Chilli leaf curl virus infestation, it can not be cured, the severely affected plants are uprooted and destroyed. To control whitefly (vector of chili leaf curl virus) spray Imidacloprid @3ml /10 liters of water, or Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water.",India,Karnataka
images/00223.jpg,Tomato,Early Blight; Fruit Borer,"symptoms include at early stage leaves get infected with sunken spots and later the lateral branches are infected and fruits has Concentric ring.
control measure include Seed treatment: Trichoderma asperellum @ 4g/kg seeds and then Spray Iprodione 50% WP @ 600 g/ac or Azoxystrobin 23% SC @ 200 ml/ac or Mancozeb 35% SC @ 1 kg/ac or Metiram 70% WG @ 1.0 kg/ac or Pyraclostrobin 20% WG @ 200 g/ac or Zineb 75% WP @ 800 g/ac or Azoxystrobin 18.2%+Difenoconazole 11.4% SC @ 200 ml/ac or Metiram55% + Pyraclostrobin5% WG @ 600 g/ac or Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG@ 140g/ac",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00852.jpg,Brinjal,Phomopsis Blight; Mites,"tobacco mosaic virus disease appeared on brinjal plant  and it is not listed. 
symptoms include conspicuous mottling of leaves. Severely infected leaves become small and misshapen. Plants infected early remain stunted.
Control Measures include Spray insecticides like Dimethoate 2 ml/litre or Metasystox 1 ml/litre of water to control the insect vectors.",India,Bihar
images/00656.jpg,Rice,Sheath Blight; Rice Bug,"disease appears like bacterial leaf streaks with symptoms as small, water-soaked, linear, translucent, yellowish-orange to brown streaks on leaves, which can coalesce
control measures include spray of bactericides like streptomycin sulfate and copper oxychloride. and Use of resistant varieties (e.g., IR 20, TKM 6), strict field sanitation (burning stubble), managing insect vectors (planthoppers), and avoiding excessive nitrogen fertilizer.",India,Odisha
images/00424.jpg,Bean,Bacterial Blight,"Crop: Bush bean

-Brown spots with yellow halo in beans  indicate bacterial blight (common bacterial blight or halo blight).

-Symptoms
Small brown, water-soaked spots on leaves
Distinct yellow halo around spots
Spots enlarge and may merge
Severe cases → leaf drying and defoliation
Pods may show greasy lesions

-Cause
Bacterial infection (favored by rain, overhead irrigation, high humidity)

-Control:
Use disease-free seed
Avoid overhead irrigation
Remove and destroy infected plants
Ensure proper spacing for airflow
Spray copper oxychloride 3 g/L or copper hydroxide 2 g/L
For biological option: spray Pseudomonas fluorescens 5–10 g/L",India,Jharkhand
images/00208.jpg,Onion,Purple Blotch; Stemphylium Blight,"Bacterial blight / soft rot in onion 

Symptoms
Water-soaked, translucent leaf patches
Tip yellowing and rapid leaf collapse
Soft, mushy bulb or neck rot
Slimy tissue with foul smell
Outer scales slip off easily

Control
Ensure good drainage; avoid waterlogging
Avoid overhead irrigation and injuries
Remove infected plants
Spray copper oxychloride 3 g/L + streptocycline 0.5 g/10 L
Maintain proper spacing and aeration",India,Bihar
images/00151.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize fall armyworm 

Symptoms
Window-pane scraping on young leaves
Irregular holes and ragged leaf feeding
Whorl filled with frass (sawdust-like excreta)
Shot holes when leaves unfurl
Severe cases: dead heart in young plants
Large green-brown caterpillar with inverted Y on head

Control
Monitor early (seedling to whorl stage)
Handpick and destroy larvae in whorl (small fields)
Apply sand + lime/ash in whorl (early stage)
Spray emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L or spinosad 0.3 ml/L

Biological: Metarhizium/Beauveria or NPV formulations
Install pheromone traps (5/acre)
Maintain field sanitation and timely sowing",India,Bihar
images/00492.jpg,Cauliflower,Healthy,"No head formation in cauliflower 

Causes
Wrong season/variety (temperature mismatch)
Excess nitrogen
Over-aged seedlings
Boron or molybdenum deficiency
Moisture stress
Dense planting or shade
Pest/disease stress

Quick fix
Use season-suitable variety
Apply balanced fertilizer (reduce excess N)
Spray borax 0.2% if boron deficient
Transplant young seedlings (4–5 weeks)
Maintain proper spacing and irrigation",India,Bihar
images/00708.jpg,Gram,Whiteflies,"Blackgram yellow mosaic virus 

Symptoms
Yellow mosaic mottling on leaves
Leaf puckering and stunting
Reduced pod formation

Vector
Whitefly

Control
Use resistant varieties
Remove infected plants
Install yellow sticky traps
Spray imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L+
Spray neem oil 2–3 ml/L",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00984.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Chilli black thrips 

Symptoms
Silvery/bronzed streaks on leaves
Leaf curling and crinkling
Black thrips visible on undersides
Scarring on buds and fruits
Severe attack → stunted plants

Control
Install blue sticky traps
Spray spinosad 0.3 ml/L or fipronil 1 ml/L
Alternative: emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L
Biological: neem oil 2–3 ml/L
Avoid excess nitrogen and maintain field sanitation",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00423.jpg,Potato,Common Scab,"Potato leaf curl disease

Cause
Viral disease (spread by whitefly)

Symptoms
Upward leaf curling
Thick, leathery leaves
Yellowing and stunting
Reduced tuber size and yield

Control
Use healthy, virus-free seed tubers
Rogue infected plants early
Install yellow sticky traps
Spray imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L
Spray neem oil 2–3 ml/L
Control weeds (alternate hosts)",India,Bihar
images/00016.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,"Brinjal mites 

Symptoms
Leaves curl downward and become thick
Silvery/bronzed leaf surface
Leaf crinkling and narrowing
Stunted plant growth
Poor flowering and fruit set
Mites seen on leaf underside (with lens)

Control
Spray spiromesifen 1 ml/L or propargite 2 ml/L
Alternative: abamectin 0.5 ml/L
Biological: neem oil 2–3 ml/L
Remove heavily infested leaves
Avoid excess nitrogen",India,Bihar
images/00483.jpg,Citrus,Scale Insects,"Scale insects in citrus

Symptoms
Small brown/black shell-like scales on leaves, twigs, fruits
Yellowing of leaves
Sticky honeydew and sooty mold
Twig drying in severe cases
Poor plant vigor

Control
Prune and destroy heavily infested twigs
Spray horticultural mineral oil 2 ml/L (thorough coverage)
Follow with imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L
Biological: release ladybird beetles (natural predators)
Avoid dust and maintain field sanitation",India,Bihar
images/00179.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Chilli leaf curl virus 

Symptoms
Upward leaf curling and puckering
Thick, small leaves
Vein swelling
Stunted plants
Flower drop and poor fruit set

Vector
Whitefly

Control
Use tolerant varieties
Remove infected plants early
Install yellow sticky traps
Spray imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L
Spray neem oil 2–3 ml/L
Control weeds and maintain sanitation",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00744.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Curl Virus; Whiteflies,"Tomato leaf curl virus 

Symptoms
Upward leaf curling and puckering
Leaves become small and thick
Vein thickening
Stunted plants
Flower drop and poor fruit set

Vector
Whitefly

Control
Use resistant/tolerant varieties
Remove infected plants early
Install yellow sticky traps
Spray imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L
Spray neem oil 2–3 ml/L
Keep field weed-free",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00724.jpg,Mango,Anthracnose,"Mango anthracnose 

Symptoms
Small black/brown sunken spots on leaves
Dark lesions on panicles → flower drying
Dieback of tender shoots in severe cases

Control
Prune and destroy infected parts
Maintain canopy aeration
Spray mancozeb 2.5 g/L or chlorothalonil 2 g/L (pre-flowering)
During flowering/fruit set: carbendazim 1 g/L or azoxystrobin 0.5 ml/L
Avoid overhead irrigation and maintain orchard sanitation",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00274.jpg,Chilli,Mites,"Chilli mites-severe infection

Symptoms
Downward leaf curling
Leaves become thick, narrow, and crinkled
Bronzing/silvery appearance
Stunted plants and shortened internodes
Poor flowering and fruit set

Control
Spray spiromesifen 1 ml/L or propargite 2 ml/L
Alternative: abamectin 0.5 ml/L
Biological: neem oil 2–3 ml/L
Remove heavily infested leaves
Avoid excess nitrogen",India,Bihar
images/00267.jpg,Bean,Powdery Mildew,"Dolichos bean-Powdery mildew 

Symptoms
White powdery patches on leaves
Spots enlarge and cover leaf surface
Leaves yellow and dry prematurely
Severe cases → poor flowering and pod set

Control

Ensure good spacing and airflow

Spray wettable sulphur 2 g/L

Alternative: hexaconazole 1 ml/L or penconazole 0.5 ml/L

Remove heavily infected leaves

Avoid excess nitrogen",India,Bihar
images/00121.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Chilli thrips 

Symptoms
Silvery streaks or patches on leaves
Leaf curling upward/downward
Leaf crinkling and distortion
Flower drop
Scarring on fruits
Stunted plant growth

Control
Install blue sticky traps
Spray spinosad 0.3 ml/L or fipronil 1 ml/L
Alternative: emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L
Biological: neem oil 2–3 ml/L
Avoid excess nitrogen and keep field clean",India,Bihar
images/00836.jpg,Mango,Anthracnose,"Mango malformation (vegetative) or boron deficiency

Symptoms
Death of terminal (apical) bud
Bunching/rosetting of small leaves at shoot tip
Short internodes
Bushy appearance of shoots
Poor flowering in affected shoots

Control
Prune and destroy malformed shoots 15–20 cm below affected part
Spray NAA 200 ppm in October (for malformation-prone orchards)
Spray borax 0.2% if boron deficiency suspected
Maintain balanced nutrition
Avoid excess nitrogen",India,Jharkhand
images/00694.jpg,Canola,Aphids,"Canola aphids

Symptoms
Colonies of small green/black aphids on shoots and undersides
Leaf curling and yellowing
Sticky honeydew and sooty mold
Stunted growth and poor pod filling

Control
Encourage natural enemies (ladybird beetles)
Install yellow sticky traps
Spray imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L
Biological: neem oil 2–3 ml/L
Avoid excess nitrogen",India,Bihar
images/00232.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Brinjal fruit & shoot borer 

Symptoms
Drooping and drying of tender shoots
Entry holes with frass on shoots/fruits
Boreholes on fruits with internal feeding
Premature fruit drop
Poor fruit quality

Control
Remove and destroy affected shoots/fruits regularly
Install pheromone traps (10–12/acre)
Release Trichogramma egg parasitoids (if available)
Spray emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L or spinosad 0.3 ml/L
Alternative: chlorantraniliprole 0.3 ml/L
Maintain field sanitation",India,Bihar
images/00660.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Chilli black thrips 

Symptoms
Silvery to bronze streaks on leaves

Leaf curling and crinkling
Black thrips on leaf underside
Bud and fruit scarring
Stunted plants

Control
Install blue sticky traps
Spray spinosad 0.3 ml/L or fipronil 1 ml/L
Alternative: emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L
Biological: neem oil 2–3 ml/L
Avoid excess nitrogen and keep field clean",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00221.jpg,Brinjal,Wilt,"Fusarium wilt / root rot in brinjal 

Symptoms
Gradual yellowing of lower leaves
Progressive wilting of plant
Brown vascular discoloration in stem
Root browning/rot
Plants remain stunted

Control
Use healthy seedlings
Ensure good drainage
Soil application/drench Trichoderma viride 5 g/L
Drench carbendazim 1 g/L or thiophanate methyl 1 g/L
Follow crop rotation
Avoid waterlogging",India,Bihar
images/00395.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize fall armyworm 

Symptoms
Window-pane feeding on young leaves
Shot holes and ragged leaf damage
Frass (sawdust-like) in whorl
Whorl feeding and leaf shredding
Severe cases: dead heart in young plants
Caterpillar with inverted Y mark on head

Control
Monitor from seedling stage
Handpick larvae in whorl (small fields)
Apply sand + ash/lime in whorl (early stage)
Install pheromone traps (5/acre)
Spray emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L or spinosad 0.3 ml/L
Biological: Beauveria/Metarhizium or NPV formulations
Maintain field sanitation",India,Bihar
images/00677.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Chilli black thrips 

Symptoms
Silvery/bronze streaks on leaves

Leaf curling and crinkling

Black thrips on leaf underside

Bud and fruit scarring

Stunted plant growth

Control
Install blue sticky traps
Spray spinosad 0.3 ml/L or fipronil 1 ml/L
Alternative: emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L
Biological: neem oil 2–3 ml/L
Avoid excess nitrogen and keep field clean",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00260.jpg,Banana,Sigatoka Leaf Spot,"Banana Sigatoka leaf spot 

Symptoms
Small yellow specks on older leaves
Specks enlarge into brown elongated spots
Spots develop grey center with dark margin
Leaves turn yellow and dry prematurely
Severe cases → reduced bunch size

Control
Remove and destroy heavily infected leaves
Maintain good spacing and aeration
Avoid overhead irrigation
Spray mancozeb 2.5 g/L or chlorothalonil 2 g/L
Systemic option: propiconazole 1 ml/L or hexaconazole 1 ml/L
Follow regular spray schedule in humid weather",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00883.jpg,Bottle gourd,Mosaic Virus; Aphids,"Bottle gourd mosaic virus 

Symptoms
Light and dark green mosaic on leaves
Leaf puckering and distortion
Reduced leaf size
Stunted vines
Deformed or mottled fruits
Poor yield

Vector
Aphids (mainly)

Control
Use virus-free seed
Remove infected plants early
Install yellow sticky traps
Spray imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L
Spray neem oil 2–3 ml/L
Control weeds and maintain field sanitation",India,Bihar
images/00633.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Curl Virus; Whiteflies,"Tomato leaf curl virus 

Symptoms
Upward leaf curling and puckering
Leaves small, thick, and leathery
Vein thickening
Stunted plants
Flower drop and poor fruit set

Vector
Whitefly

Control
Use resistant/tolerant varieties
Remove infected plants early
Install yellow sticky traps
Spray imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L
Spray neem oil 2–3 ml/L
Keep field weed-free",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00263.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize fall armyworm 

Symptoms
Window-pane feeding on young leaves
Shot holes and ragged damage
Frass (sawdust-like) in whorl
Leaf shredding from whorl
Severe cases: dead heart
Caterpillar with inverted Y on head

Control
Monitor from seedling stage
Handpick larvae in whorl (small fields)
Apply sand + ash/lime in whorl (early stage)
Install pheromone traps (5/acre)
Spray emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L or spinosad 0.3 ml/L

Biological: Beauveria/Metarhizium or NPV
Maintain field sanitation",India,Bihar
images/00345.jpg,Mango,Anthracnose,"Mango malformation (floral & vegetative) 

Symptoms
Deformed, compact inflorescences from internodes
Bunching (rosetting) of small leaves
Short, thick malformed shoots/branches
Excessive branching giving “witches’ broom” look
Poor or no fruit set on affected panicles

Control
Prune and destroy malformed shoots/panicles 15–20 cm below affected part

Spray NAA 200 ppm in October (pre-flowering)

Maintain balanced nutrition (avoid excess nitrogen)

Keep orchard clean and well aerated

Follow regular monitoring and early removal",India,Jharkhand
images/00024.jpg,Mango,Healthy,"Uniform pale green in mango seedlings — Nitrogen deficiency 

Symptoms

Entire leaf uniformly light green

Older leaves affected first

Slow, weak growth

Thin stems and small leaves

Correction
Soil apply urea or ammonium sulphate (light dose)

Foliar spray urea 1% (10 g/L)

Add organic manure (FYM/vermicompost)

Maintain proper irrigation and drainage",India,Telangana
images/00055.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize fall armyworm damage 

Damage symptoms
Window-pane feeding on young leaves

Irregular holes and ragged leaf margins

Shot holes after leaf unfurling

Whorl packed with frass (sawdust-like)

Central whorl feeding and leaf shredding

Severe attack → dead heart in seedlings

Poor cob development in heavy infestation

Management

Scout from seedling to whorl stage

Handpick larvae in small fields

Apply sand + ash/lime in whorl (early stage)

Install pheromone traps (5/acre)

Spray emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L or spinosad 0.3 ml/L

Biological: Beauveria/Metarhizium or NPV formulations",India,Bihar
images/00980.jpg,Mango,Anthracnose,"Mango malformation (vegetative) 

Symptoms
Deformed, compact inflorescences from internodes

Bunching (rosetting) of small leaves

Short, thick malformed shoots/branches

Excessive branching giving “witches’ broom” look

Poor or no fruit set on affected panicles

Control
Prune and destroy malformed shoots/panicles 15–20 cm below affected part

Spray NAA 200 ppm in October (pre-flowering)

Maintain balanced nutrition (avoid excess nitrogen)

Keep orchard clean and well aerated

Follow regular monitoring and early removal",India,Bihar
images/00233.jpg,Mango,Anthracnose,"Mango malformation (vegetative) 

Symptoms
Deformed, compact inflorescences from internodes

Bunching (rosetting) of small leaves

Short, thick malformed shoots/branches

Excessive branching giving “witches’ broom” look

Poor or no fruit set on affected panicles

Control
Prune and destroy malformed shoots/panicles 15–20 cm below affected part

Spray NAA 200 ppm in October (pre-flowering)

Maintain balanced nutrition (avoid excess nitrogen)

Keep orchard clean and well aerated

Follow regular monitoring and early removal",India,Bihar
images/00375.jpg,Brinjal,Wilt,"Brinjal little leaf 

Cause
Phytoplasma (spread by leafhopper)

Symptoms

Very small, narrow leaves

Bunching/rosetting at shoot tips

Short internodes (bushy plant)

Reduced or no flowering

Flowers turn green and sterile

Severe stunting

Control
Remove and destroy infected plants early

Control leafhopper vector

Spray imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L

Install yellow sticky traps

Maintain field sanitation and remove weeds",India,Bihar
images/00378.jpg,Cabbage,Diamondback Moth,"Leaf-eating caterpillars (diamondback moth)

Symptoms:
Large irregular holes on outer leaves
Larvae and black droppings present
Poor or no head formation

Control:
Spray Bt @ 1–2 g/L or Spinosad @ 0.3 ml/L
If severe: Emamectin benzoate @ 0.4 g/L
Spray evening; cover leaf undersides.",India,Bihar
images/00080.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Thrips,"Chilli thrips & leaf curl virus

Symptoms
Thrips: silvery streaks, leaf curling, flower drop
Leaf curl virus: upward curling, thick puckered leaves, stunted plants, poor fruit set

Control
Remove infected plants
Yellow/blue sticky traps (8–10/acre)
Neem oil @ 3 ml/L or Beauveria @ 5 g/L
If severe: Spinosad @ 0.3 ml/L (thrips)
Whiteflies: Imidacloprid @ 0.3 ml/L",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00871.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Chilli bacterial wilt

Symptoms
Sudden wilting of whole plant (no yellowing initially)
Leaves droop but remain green
Brown vascular tissue in stem
Milky ooze from cut stem in water test
Plant death in severe cases

Control
Use disease-free seedlings
Remove and destroy infected plants
Improve drainage; avoid waterlogging
Crop rotation with cereals (2–3 years)
Soil drench: Copper oxychloride @ 2.5 g/L or Streptocycline + copper oxychloride
Apply Pseudomonas fluorescens or Trichoderma in soil",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00971.jpg,Groundnut,Leaf Spot,"Cercospora leaf spot in groundnut

Symptoms
Small circular brown spots on leaves
Spots with yellow halo (early leaf spot)
Dark brown to black spots (late leaf spot)
Severe infection → premature leaf fall and yield loss

Control
Use resistant varieties
Remove crop debris
Spray Mancozeb @ 2.5 g/L
or Chlorothalonil @ 2 g/L
Severe: Tebuconazole @ 1 ml/L or Hexaconazole @ 1 ml/L
Repeat spray every 10–14 days",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00882.jpg,Tobacco,Tobacco Mosaic Virus,"Symptoms of TMV in tobacco. The virus affected plants to be uprooted and destroyed immediately, to control whitefly (vector of TMV)spray Imidacloprid @3ml /10 liters of water or Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water as preventive measures at early stage of the crop.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00865.jpg,Bean,Mosaic Virus,"Bean Mosaic Virus

Symptoms
Green mosaic/mottling on leaves
Leaf curling and distortion
Stunted plants
Deformed pods, poor yield
Spread by aphids and infected seed

Control
Use certified virus-free seed
Remove infected plants early
Control aphids: Neem oil 2–3 ml/L or Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L
Keep field weed-free
Grow resistant varieties (if available)",India,Bihar
images/00641.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Chilli Thrips – Symptoms

Symptoms
Silvery streaks/bronzing on leaves
Leaf curling upward, crinkling
Leaf margins dry and turn brown
Stunted plants; flower drop
Severe attack → leaf curl–like appearance

Control
Install blue sticky traps (10–12/acre)
Spray Neem oil 2–3 ml/L or NSKE 5%
If severe: spray Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml/L or Fipronil 5 SC @ 1 ml/L or Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/L
Avoid excess nitrogen; keep field weed-free",India,Telangana
images/00279.jpg,Mango,Powdery Mildew,"Symptoms of powdery mildew and leaf curling due to sucking pest infestations. Spray sulfur-based fungicides @1gm per liter of water to combat powdery mildew. Use neem oil or appropriate insecticides (e.g., Fipronil for thrips) to manage insect populations.",India,Bihar
images/00745.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Twigs which are infected with brinjal fruit and shoot borer damage 

Brinjal Fruit & Shoot Borer

Symptoms
Tender shoots wilt and droop (borer inside)
Small hole with frass (sawdust-like excreta) on shoots/fruits
Bored fruits, rotting from inside
Poor fruit quality and yield loss

Control
Remove and destroy affected shoots and fruits regularly
Install pheromone traps (Leucinodes lure) 10–12/acre
Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 50,000/acre weekly
Spray Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5% or Neem oil 3 ml/L
If severe: spray Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.4 g/L or Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml/L
Avoid continuous brinjal cropping; maintain field sanitation",India,Bihar
images/00675.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Chilli thrips 

Cause: Thrips feeding  on the underside of leaves.

Symptoms:
Silvery or bronzed patches on leaf underside
Leaf margins curl upward
Rough, scarred leaf surface
Leaves become narrow, distorted
Heavy attack → stunted plants, flower drop

Management:
Remove heavily infested leaves early
Install blue/yellow sticky traps (10–15/acre)
Spray neem oil 2–3 ml/L or azadirachtin 1500 ppm
If severe: spray spinosad 0.3 ml/L or fipronil 1 ml/L (rotate chemicals)
Avoid excess nitrogen and dusty conditions",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00748.jpg,Mango,Healthy,"Mango leaf tip drying 

Likely causes
Potassium deficiency
Water/salt stress

Control
Apply potash (MOP) to soil
Spray KNO₃ or SOP 1% (2 sprays)
Maintain proper irrigation",India,Bihar
images/00518.jpg,Banana,Panama Wilt,"The fungus is soil-borne and can survive in soil for years, making integrated management strategies like using resistant varieties, proper soil hygiene, and seed treatment crucial for control of panama wilt.",India,Bihar
images/00383.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Chilli thrips
Cause: Thrips feeding (mostly Scirtothrips dorsalis) on the underside of leaves.

Symptoms:
Silvery or bronzed patches on leaf underside
Leaf margins curl upward
Rough, scarred leaf surface
Leaves become narrow, distorted
Heavy attack → stunted plants, flower drop

Management:
Remove heavily infested leaves early
Install blue/yellow sticky traps (10–15/acre)
Spray neem oil 2–3 ml/L or azadirachtin 1500 ppm
If severe: spray spinosad 0.3 ml/L or fipronil 1 ml/L (rotate chemicals)
Avoid excess nitrogen and dusty conditions",India,Telangana
images/00193.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Chilli thrips

Cause: Thrips feeding on the underside of leaves.

Symptoms:
Silvery or bronzed patches on leaf underside
Leaf margins curl upward
Rough, scarred leaf surface
Leaves become narrow, distorted
Heavy attack → stunted plants, flower drop

Management:
Remove heavily infested leaves early
Install blue/yellow sticky traps (10–15/acre)
Spray neem oil 2–3 ml/L or azadirachtin 1500 ppm
If severe: spray spinosad 0.3 ml/L or fipronil 1 ml/L (rotate chemicals)
Avoid excess nitrogen and dusty conditions",India,Bihar
images/00439.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize Fall Armyworm 

Symptoms
Window-pane feeding on young leaves
Large irregular holes and ragged leaves
Frass (sawdust-like) in whorl
Larva with inverted Y mark on head
Severe attack → dead heart in young plants

Control
Install pheromone traps 5/acre
Apply sand + ash or sand + lime into whorl (early stage)
Spray Neem oil 3 ml/L (early infestation)
If severe: spray Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.4 g/L or Spinetoram 11.7 SC @ 0.5 ml/L or Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/L
Encourage natural enemies; keep field weed-free",India,Bihar
images/00177.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Curl Virus,"Tomato Leaf Curl Virus 

Symptoms
Upward leaf curling and crinkling
Leaves become small, thick, yellowish
Stunted plants with short internodes
Poor flowering and fruit set
Spread by whiteflies

Control
Use resistant/tolerant varieties
Remove infected plants early
Install yellow sticky traps (10–12/acre)
Spray Neem oil 2–3 ml/L
If severe: spray Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L
Keep nursery and field weed-free",India,Bihar
images/00346.jpg,Citrus,Citrus Canker,"Citrus Canker 

Symptoms
Small raised corky lesions with yellow halo on leaves
Similar rough lesions on twigs and fruits
Lesions become crater-like with cracks
Severe infection → leaf drop, fruit blemishes

Control
Use disease-free planting material
Prune and destroy infected twigs
Avoid overhead irrigation and injuries
Spray Copper oxychloride 3 g/L or Bordeaux mixture 1% at 20–25 day intervals
Add Streptocycline 0.1 g/L + copper spray in severe cases
Maintain good orchard sanitation",India,Bihar
images/00935.jpg,Cauliflower,Healthy,"Cauliflower leaf margin burning – small curds

Likely causes
Potassium deficiency (most common)
Boron deficiency (often with small curds)
Salt or water stress

Control
Apply MOP (potash) as recommended
Spray SOP or KNO₃ 1% (2 sprays)
Spray Borax 0.2% if curds are small
Maintain proper irrigation; avoid saline water and excess fertilizer",India,Bihar
images/00500.jpg,Bean,Mosaic Virus,"Bean Mosaic Virus 

Symptoms
Light and dark green mosaic/mottling
Leaf curling, puckering
Stunted plants
Deformed pods, poor seed set
Spread by aphids and infected seed

Control
Use certified virus-free seed
Remove infected plants early
Control aphids: Neem oil 2–3 ml/L or Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L
Keep field weed-free
Grow resistant varieties",India,Bihar
images/00285.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"Potato leaf curl 

Cause: Viral disease transmitted mainly by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci).

Symptoms:
Upward curling and cupping of leaves
Leaves become thick, leathery
Yellowing or pale green leaves
Shortened internodes → bushy plants
Stunted growth and poor tuber yield
Heavy infestation → plant remains dwarf

Management:
Use certified virus-free seed tubers
Remove and destroy infected plants early
Install yellow sticky traps (12–15/acre)
Control whiteflies:
Neem oil 2–3 ml/L or azadirachtin spray
If severe: imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L (rotate)
Avoid overlapping crops of tomato/chilli nearby
Maintain field sanitation and remove weeds (virus hosts)",India,Bihar
images/00031.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Ring Spot Virus,"Papaya Leaf Curl Virus – 

Symptoms
Upward leaf curling and crinkling

Leaves become small, thick, and distorted

Vein thickening and yellowing

Stunted plants, bunchy top appearance

Poor flowering and fruit set

Spread by whiteflies

Control
Remove and destroy infected plants early

Install yellow sticky traps (10–12/acre)

Spray Neem oil 2–3 ml/L

If severe: spray Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L

Keep field and surroundings weed-free",India,Bihar
images/00174.jpg,Ridge gourd,Powdery Mildew,"Ridge Gourd Powdery Mildew 

Symptoms
White powdery patches on leaves and stems

Leaves turn yellow, dry, and curl

Poor fruit development in severe cases

Control
Spray Wettable sulphur 2–3 g/L or Potassium bicarbonate 5 g/L

If severe: spray Hexaconazole 1 ml/L or Tebuconazole 1 ml/L

Ensure good spacing and air circulation

Avoid excess nitrogen

Repeat spray at 7–10 day interval if needed",India,Bihar
images/00572.jpg,Groundnut,Leaf Spot,"Groundnut Leaf Spot 

Symptoms
Small brown to dark spots on leaves

Spots enlarge with yellow halo

Severe cases → leaf drying and defoliation

Yield reduction

Control
Use resistant varieties

Remove crop debris; follow crop rotation

Spray Mancozeb 2.5 g/L or Chlorothalonil 2 g/L

If severe: Tebuconazole 1 ml/L or Hexaconazole 1 ml/L

Start spray at first appearance; repeat every 10–14 days",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00404.jpg,Bean,Mosaic Virus,"Bean Mosaic Virus

Symptoms
Green mosaic/mottling on leaves

Leaf curling and puckering

Stunted plants

Deformed pods, poor yield

Spread by aphids and infected seed

Control
Use certified virus-free seed

Rogue and destroy infected plants

Control aphids: Neem oil 2–3 ml/L or Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L

Keep field weed-free

Grow resistant varieties if available",India,Bihar
images/00643.jpg,Bean,Powdery Mildew,"Bean Powdery Mildew 
Symptoms
White powdery patches on leaves and stems

Leaves turn yellow and dry

Premature leaf fall

Poor pod filling in severe cases

Control
Spray Wettable sulphur 2–3 g/L

If severe: spray Hexaconazole 1 ml/L or Tebuconazole 1 ml/L

Maintain good spacing and air circulation

Avoid excess nitrogen

Repeat spray at 7–10 day interval if needed",India,Bihar
images/00309.jpg,Bean,Powdery Mildew,"Bean Powdery Mildew 

Symptoms

White powdery growth on leaves/stems

Yellowing and drying of leaves

Premature leaf fall

Reduced pod yield

Control
Spray Wettable sulphur 2–3 g/L

If severe: Hexaconazole 1 ml/L or Tebuconazole 1 ml/L

Ensure good air circulation

Avoid excess nitrogen

Repeat spray every 7–10 days if needed",India,Bihar
images/00909.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Chilli thrips

Symptoms:

Silvery/bronzed patches (leaf underside)

Upward curling, distorted leaves

Flower drop, stunting

Control:

Blue sticky traps (10–15/acre)

Neem oil 2–3 ml/L

If severe: spinosad 0.3 ml/L or fipronil 1 ml/L

Spray underside of leaves and rotate chemicals",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00175.jpg,Mango,Mango Hopper,"Mango Hopper 


Symptoms

Sap sucking on panicles

Flower drying and drop

Honeydew and sooty mould

Poor fruit set

Control
Spray Neem oil 2–3 ml/L

If severe: Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L

Prune canopy; keep orchard clean

Spray at panicle emergence and pea stage",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00226.jpg,Tobacco,Tobacco Mosaic Virus,"Tobacco Leaf Curl Virus

Symptoms
Upward leaf curling
Thick, crinkled leaves
Vein swelling, yellowing
Stunted plants, bunchy top
Whiteflies present

Control
Remove infected plants
Control whiteflies (yellow traps, neem oil)
If severe: spray imidacloprid/thiamethoxam
Keep field weed-free
Use healthy seedlings",India,Bihar
images/00750.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Brinjal Fruit & Shoot Borer- wilting and drying of young shoots

Cause: Leucinodes orbonalis

Symptoms

Wilting/drooping of tender shoots

Entry holes on fruits with frass (excreta)

Fruits become unmarketable

Larva found inside shoots/fruits

Control
Remove and destroy affected shoots/fruits regularly

Install pheromone traps (10–12/acre)

Release Trichogramma if available

Spray neem oil (2–3 ml/L)

If severe: spray emamectin benzoate or spinosad as recommended",India,Bihar
images/00568.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Curl Virus,"Tomato Leaf Curl Virus

Symptoms
Upward curling of leaves

Thick, leathery leaves

Yellowing and vein swelling

Stunted plants, reduced fruit set

Whiteflies present

Control
Remove infected plants early

Control whiteflies (yellow traps, neem oil)

If severe: spray imidacloprid/thiamethoxam

Use healthy seedlings

Keep field weed-free",India,Bihar
images/00549.jpg,Potato,Bacterial Wilt,"Wilting of potato plants, sudden wilting and no yellowing

Most likely: Bacterial wilt

symptoms

Single plant suddenly wilts

Leaves stay green but droop

Brown vascular tissue in stem

Milky ooze in water test

Control:

Uproot and destroy affected plant with surrounding soil

Avoid excess irrigation and water stagnation

Disinfect tools and avoid field spread

Use disease-free seed in future",India,Bihar
images/00135.jpg,Maize,Turcicum Leaf Blight,"Maize – Yellowing, Browning & Necrotic Patches

Most likely: Turcicum leaf blight (Northern corn leaf blight)

Symptoms

Long yellow-brown lesions on leaves

Lesions turn necrotic (dry brown)

Starts on lower leaves and spreads upward

Severe cases cause leaf drying

Control
Grow resistant hybrids

Avoid dense planting and excess nitrogen

Remove crop residues

Spray mancozeb or propiconazole at early stage (repeat if needed)*",India,Bihar
images/00713.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize Fall Armyworm

Cause: Spodoptera frugiperda

Symptoms

Window-pane feeding on young leaves

Irregular large holes in whorl leaves

Sawdust-like frass inside whorl

Ragged, shredded leaves

Control

Regular field scouting (early stage)

Install pheromone traps (5/acre)

Apply neem seed kernel extract (NSKE 5%)

Apply sand + lime/ash in whorl (early stage)

If severe: spray emamectin benzoate or spinetoram into whorl as recommended",India,Telangana
images/00403.jpg,Citrus,Leaf Miner,"Citrus Leaf Miner

Cause: Phyllocnistis citrella

Symptoms

Silvery zig-zag mines on young leaves

Leaf curling and distortion

Twisted tender flush

Reduced plant vigor

Control

Avoid excess nitrogen (reduces flush)

Prune heavily infested shoots

Spray neem oil (2–3 ml/L) on new flush

Install yellow sticky traps

If severe: spray abamectin or imidacloprid on tender leaves",India,Telangana
images/00450.jpg,Cauliflower,Healthy,"Cauliflower – Small Curd with Pinkish Tinge

Most likely cause: Pink curd disorder (often linked to nutrient imbalance & temperature stress)

Symptoms

Small, poorly developed curd

Pink to purplish discoloration on curd


Control

Maintain proper planting season (avoid temperature stress)

Ensure balanced fertilization (especially boron & potassium)

Spray borax 0.25% (2.5 g/L) if boron deficiency suspected

Maintain regular irrigation (avoid moisture stress)

Use recommended varieties for the season",India,Bihar
images/00148.jpg,Papaya,Anthracnose,"Papaya – Light Green Leaves, Edge Drying & Light Gray Spots

Most likely: Cercospora leaf spot

Symptoms

Light gray to ash-colored spots on leaves

Yellowing/light green foliage

Leaf margins dry and scorch

Spots enlarge and leaves dry prematurely

Control

Remove heavily infected leaves

Avoid overhead irrigation

Improve spacing and aeration

Spray mancozeb or chlorothalonil at 7–10 day interval

Maintain balanced nutrition (especially potassium)",India,Bihar
images/00585.jpg,Chilli,Mites,"Mites (yellow mites)
Cause: Polyphagotarsonemus latus
Symptoms
Downward curling, puckered leaves

Leaf bronzing and thickening

Stunted top growth

Control
Spray spiromesifen or propargite

Neem oil (2–3 ml/L) in early stage

Avoid excessive nitrogen",India,Bihar
images/00026.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Thrips; Mites,"Chilli – Whiteflies, Thrips & Mites 

Symptoms:

Whiteflies: yellowing, leaf curl, sticky honeydew.

Thrips: silvery streaks, upward leaf curl, flower drop.

Mites: yellow specks, bronzing, downward curl, fine webbing.

Control:
Install yellow/blue sticky traps.

Spray neem oil or azadirachtin regularly.

If severe: use imidacloprid/thiamethoxam (whiteflies), spinosad/fipronil (thrips), propargite/spiromesifen or wettable sulphur (mites) as per label.

Maintain field sanitation and proper irrigation.",India,Bihar
images/00872.jpg,Groundnut,Leaf Spot,"Groundnut Leaf Spot (Tikka) 

Symptoms:
Small brown to dark circular spots on leaves, yellow halo around lesions, heavy infection causes premature leaf fall and yield loss.

Control:
Grow tolerant varieties and maintain field sanitation.

Spray mancozeb or chlorothalonil at first appearance.

If severe: spray carbendazim + mancozeb or tebuconazole (as per label) at 10–14 day intervals.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00692.jpg,Chickpea,Botrytis Gray Mold,"Chickpea – Powdery Mildew (Graying/Powdery Leaves) 

Symptoms:
Gray-white powdery coating on leaves, stems, and pods; leaves turn dull, dry, and may drop in severe cases.

Control:
Ensure good air circulation; avoid dense crop.
Spray wettable sulphur (2 g/L) or neem oil at early stage.
If severe: spray hexaconazole or tebuconazole (as per label) at 10–14 day interval.",India,Bihar
images/00013.jpg,Coriander,Healthy,"Coriander – Yellowing due to Nitrogen Deficiency & Water Stress/Root Rot

Nitrogen Deficiency
Symptoms:
Older leaves turn uniformly pale yellow.
Slow growth, thin stems, poor leaf development.

Control:
Apply nitrogenous fertilizer (e.g., urea 20–30 kg/acre) in split doses.
Incorporate well-decomposed organic manure or compost.

Water Stress / Root Rot
Symptoms:
Yellowing of leaves with wilting.
Roots may be dark, soft, or rotten; plants may collapse in severe cases.

Control:
Avoid waterlogging; ensure proper drainage.
Irrigate evenly, do not let soil dry excessively.
Remove affected plants and avoid replanting in infected soil.
If fungal, drench soil with carbendazim or metalaxyl (label dose).",India,Bihar
images/00525.jpg,Chilli,Mites,"Chilli – Mite Infestation 

Symptoms:
Tiny specks on leaf surface → leaves turn yellow or bronze.

Leaves curl, dry, and drop in severe attack.

Fine webbing may appear on underside of leaves.

Control:

Spray wettable sulphur (2 g/L) or neem oil.
If severe: use propargite or spiromesifen (follow label dose).

Keep field weed-free and maintain proper irrigation.",India,Bihar
images/00261.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"Potato – Leaf Curl 

Symptoms:
Young leaves curl upward, become thickened and leathery.

Stunted growth, reduced leaf size, and poor tuber development.

Yellowing may appear on older leaves in severe cases.

Control:
Use virus-free seed tubers.

Control whiteflies (vector) with yellow sticky traps or neem oil.

Rogue and destroy infected plants.

Spray imidacloprid or thiamethoxam if whitefly population is high (follow label instructions).",India,Bihar
images/00893.jpg,Mango,Healthy,"Mango – Leaf Tip Drying 

Symptoms:
Leaf tips turn brown and dry, progressing toward the base.

May affect older leaves first; sometimes accompanied by leaf curl or marginal scorch.

Stunted growth if severe.

Causes & Control:
Nutrient deficiency (potassium, magnesium): Apply potassium sulfate or magnesium sulfate as foliar spray.

Water stress: Ensure regular irrigation and avoid waterlogging.

Maintain good drainage and mulching to conserve soil moisture.",India,Bihar
images/00251.jpg,Bitter gourd,Powdery Mildew,"leaf minor and powdery mildew infections are seen

Bitter Gourd – Leaf Minor & Powdery Mildew

Symptoms:
Leaf Minor: serpentine tunnels, silvery patches, leaf drying.

Powdery Mildew: white powdery coating, leaf curl, distortion.

Control:
Remove affected leaves, maintain spacing.
Spray neem oil or wettable sulphur.
If severe: abamectin/emamectin (leaf minor), hexaconazole/tebuconazole (powdery mildew).",India,Bihar
images/00254.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize – Fall Armyworm 

Symptoms:
Chewed leaves with ragged edges, “windowpane” feeding.

Caterpillars bore into whorl and cob, causing stunted growth.

Frass (excreta) visible in whorls and on ground.

Control:
Handpick and destroy larvae in small fields.

Spray neem oil or azadirachtin for early infestations.

If severe: use spinosad (follow label dose).

Maintain weed-free fields and crop rotation to reduce pest buildup.",India,Bihar
images/00270.jpg,Potato,Early Blight,"Early Blight (Alternaria solani)

Symptoms: Small dark-brown spots on older leaves, often with concentric rings (“target spots”). Leaves may yellow and wilt.

Conditions: Warm, humid weather.

Control:
Remove infected leaves.

Apply fungicides like chlorothalonil or mancozeb.

Practice crop rotation.",India,Bihar
images/00488.jpg,Onion,Thrips,"Onion – Thrips 

Symptoms:
Tiny yellow-white insects on leaf surface and underside.

Leaves develop silvery streaks, curl, and may dry.

Severe attack reduces bulb size and yield.

Control:
Spray neem oil or azadirachtin early.
If severe: use spinosad or imidacloprid (follow label dose).
Maintain proper spacing and weed-free fields.",India,Jharkhand
images/00618.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"Potato – Leaf Curl

Symptoms:
Young leaves curl upward, become thickened and leathery.

Stunted growth and reduced tuber size.

Yellowing may appear on older leaves in severe cases.

Control:
Use virus-free seed tubers.
Control whiteflies (vector) with yellow sticky traps or neem oil.
Remove and destroy infected plants.
Spray imidacloprid or thiamethoxam if whitefly population is high (follow label instructions).",India,Uttar Pradesh
images/00922.jpg,Bean,Pod Borer,"Dolichos Bean – Flower-Eating 

Symptoms:

Caterpillars feed on flowers, buds, and young pods.

Flowers drop prematurely → poor pod set.

Chewed petals and visible larvae on plants.

Control:
Handpick and destroy larvae in small fields.

Spray neem oil or azadirachtin early.

If severe: use Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or chlorantraniliprole (follow label dose).

Maintain field hygiene and remove weed hosts.",India,Bihar
images/00368.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Chilli leaf curl virus infestation, it can not be cured, the severely affected plants are uprooted and destroyed. To control whitefly (vector of chili leaf curl virus) spray Imidacloprid @3ml /10 liters of water or Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water.",India,Bihar
images/00037.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,"Wheat crop having Nitrogen deficiency symptoms. Nitrogen top dressing in the form of Urea is applicable @ 10 to 15kg per hactare to the soil after weeding-OR-
Foliar spray of Liquid Nano Urea @ 2.5 ml per liter of water is advised for the standing crop.",India,Bihar
images/00236.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Infestation of FAW, For early infestations, apply biopesticides like azadirachtin or chemical insecticides such as chlorantraniliprole or flubendiamide to the plant's whorl as recommended doses.",India,Bihar
images/00322.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Ring Spot Virus,"Symptoms of Papaya Leaf Curl Virus. It causes upward or inward curling, leaf reduction, and twisted petioles. Immediately remove and destroy any infected plants to prevent the virus from spreading to healthy ones.
Control the whitefly population, which is the primary vector, can be controlled by spraying Neem oil,300ppm @5ml per liter of water, or Spinosad@ 3ml in 10-liters of water at 8 days interval.",India,Bihar
images/00593.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"There is aphids infestation in potato plants. Removing affected plants and controlling aphid populations with insecticides(Imidachloprid 3ml/10liters of water or Neem oil,300ppm@5ml /liter of water)",India,Bihar
images/00664.jpg,Brinjal,Phomopsis Blight,"There's no chemical cure for Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in brinjal; management focuses on prevention and cultural practices like destroying infected plants, using certified seeds, sanitizing tools (bleach/boiling water), controlling insect vectors (aphids)",India,Bihar
images/00170.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Thrips,"Chilli leaf curl virus has no direct chemical cure, making management entirely dependent on controlling the whitefly and aphids vector and removing infected plants. Control measures include using virus-resistant varieties, installing net barriers, deploying yellow sticky traps, and applying systemic insecticides like imidacloprid or neem oil.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00811.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,"The symptoms are of typical Nitrogen deficiency, lower leaves turning yellow, starting from margin.
Nitrogen top dressing in the form of Urea@6kg per acre or  Foliar spray of Liquid Nano Urea @ 2.5 ml per liter of water is advised for the standing crop.",India,Bihar
images/00468.jpg,Mango,Bacterial Canker; Mango Hopper,"symptoms looks like mango malformation appears as a ""bunchy top"" appearance where thickened, small shoots with rudimentally leaves form.Affects inflorescence (panicles), creating thick, compact, and deformed clusters that do not set fruit, often turning into a black, dry mass.control measure include spray of NAA @2/ltr",India,Jharkhand
images/00442.jpg,Banana,Sigatoka Leaf Spot; Banana Weevil,"Rapid drying and defoliation of leaves are the characteristic feature of this disease.
Leaves show ellipthical spots where the centre of these spots turns to light grey colour surrounded by yellow halo
control measures include Spray   3 times with Carbendazim 0.1 per cent or Propicanozole 0.1 % or Mancozeb 0.25% and teepol (sticking agent) at 10-15 days interval, as the disease starting from initial appearance of leaf specks .",India,Bihar
images/00176.jpg,Cabbage,Downy Mildew; Diamondback Moth,"Downy mildew can cause much of a field of milkwhite cauliflower curds to develop superficial discolored spots that renders the disease damage heads unmarketable.
control measures include Seed treatment with Metalaxyl (Apron 6g/kg) and Foliar spray with Metalaxyl  (Ridomil) @ 0.4 %",India,Bihar
images/00237.jpg,Brinjal,Phomopsis Blight; Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Mosaic mottling of leaves and stunting of plants are the characteristic symptoms of potato virus Y Mosaic symptoms are mild in early stages but later become severe.
Infected leaves are deformed, small and leathery. Very few fruits are produced on infected plants.
control measure includes Spray insecticides like Dimethoate 2 ml/litre or Metasystox 1 ml/litre of water to control the insect vectors.",India,Bihar
images/00386.jpg,Pomegranate,Scale Insects,"Pomegranate plant at flowering stage, few leaves are twisted and deformed may be due to sucking pests like aphids, scale insects. which can be controlled by spray of Neem oil, 300ppm@ 5ml per liter of water.",India,Bihar
images/00357.jpg,Tomato,Late Blight; Leaf Miner,"Water-soaked black lesions on leaves and stems
Lesions expand rapidly and the entire leaf becomes necrotic.Dark brown lesions on fruit
Soft rot and disintegration of fruits.
control measure includes Soil application of Trichoderma asperellum (viride) @ 1.0 kg/ac
Spray Cyazofamid 34.5% SC @ 80 ml/ac or Azoxystrobin 23% SC @ 200 ml/ac or Mancozeb 35% SC @ 1000 g/ac or Zineb 75% WP @ 800 g/ac or Azoxystrobin 18.2%+ Difenoconazole 11.4% SC @ 200 ml/ac",India,Bihar
images/00803.jpg,Papaya,Healthy,"Papaya plant having poor growth, apply balance NPK nutrition and papaya tree needs an adequate supply of moisture in the soil to keep it growing vigorously all the time for better flowering and fruit setting.",India,Bihar
images/00366.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Chilli leaf curl virus infestation, it can not be cured, the severely affected plants are uprooted and destroyed. To control whitefly (vector of chili leaf curl virus) spray Imidacloprid @3ml /10 liters of water, or Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00951.jpg,Rose,Healthy,"Rose plants leaves yellowing, may be due to Nitrogen deficiency, Application of FYM or nitrogen rich fertilisers helps to improve the fertility status of soil. Spray liquid nano urea@ 2.5 ml per liter of water to the rose plants.",India,Bihar
images/00478.jpg,Paddy,Healthy,"The symptoms are of typical Nitrogen deficiency in Paddy, lower leaves turning yellow, starting from margin.
Nitrogen top dressing in the form of Urea@6kg per acre or  Foliar spray of Liquid Nano Urea @ 2.5 ml per liter of water is advised for the standing crop.",India,Telangana
images/00565.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis)

Symptoms
Wilting and drying of tender shoots (“dead heart”).

Entry holes on shoots and fruits with frass (insect excreta) outside.

Fruits show internal tunneling and rotting.

Deformed, unmarketable fruits and heavy yield loss.

Control Measures
Remove and destroy infested shoots and fruits regularly.

Install pheromone traps (12–15/acre) for monitoring and mass trapping.

Encourage natural enemies (e.g., Trichogramma release).

Spray neem oil (2–3 ml/L) or NSKE 5%.

If severe: spray emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L or spinosad 0.3 ml/L.

Follow crop rotation and avoid continuous brinjal cropping.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00186.jpg,Mango,Healthy,"Potassium Deficiency in Mango

Symptoms
Yellowing starts at leaf margins and tips (older leaves first).

Leaf edges become brown and scorched (marginal burn).

Leaves may curl downward and become brittle.

Weak shoots, poor flowering and fruit set.

Fruits small, poor quality, low sweetness.

Control Measures
Apply MOP (Muriate of Potash) to soil as per tree age (generally 200–500 g/tree/year for bearing trees, split doses).

Foliar spray: 1% potassium nitrate (10 g/L) or 1% SOP during active growth.

Maintain proper irrigation and soil moisture.

Apply balanced fertilizers with recommended NPK.

Add organic matter (FYM/compost) to improve nutrient uptake.",India,Bihar
images/00396.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Fruit & Shoot Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) and Brinjal leaf curl virus

Symptoms
Tender shoots wilt and dry (dead heart).

Small holes on fruits with frass outside.

Larva tunnels inside shoots and fruits.

Fruits become deformed and unfit for market.

Control
Remove and destroy infested shoots and fruits weekly.

Install pheromone traps (12–15/acre).

Spray neem oil 2–3 ml/L or NSKE 5%.

If severe: spray emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L or spinosad 0.3 ml/L at 7–10 day interval.

Avoid continuous brinjal cropping.

2) Leaf Curl Virus (Whitefly-borne)

Symptoms

Upward curling and crinkling of young leaves.

Leaves become small, thick and puckered.

Plant becomes stunted and bushy.

Poor flowering and fruit set.

Control
Rogue and destroy infected plants early.

Control whiteflies:
Neem oil 2–3 ml/L

Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L

Install yellow sticky traps (8–10/acre).

Maintain weed-free field.",India,Bihar
images/00342.jpg,Tobacco,Tobacco Mosaic Virus; Whiteflies,"Tobacco Leaf Curl Virus (TLCV)

Cause: Virus transmitted mainly by whiteflies.

Symptoms
Upward curling and crinkling of young leaves.
Leaves become thick, small and leathery.
Vein thickening and vein clearing.
Plant becomes stunted and bushy.
Poor leaf size and reduced yield.

Control Measures
Remove and destroy infected plants early.
Control whiteflies:
Neem oil 2–3 ml/L
Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L
Install yellow sticky traps (8–10/acre).
Maintain weed-free field (remove alternate hosts).
Avoid excess nitrogen",India,Bihar
images/00591.jpg,Potato,Early Blight,"Potato Powdery Mildew — Symptoms and Control

Symptoms
White, powdery patches on leaves (mainly upper surface).

Patches enlarge and cover leaf surface.

Leaves turn yellow, dry and fall early.

Severe cases reduce tuber yield.

Favouring Conditions
Cool, dry weather with high humidity.
Dense crop canopy and poor air circulation.

Control Measures
Ensure proper spacing and field aeration.
Avoid excess nitrogen fertilizer.
Spray wettable sulphur 2 g/L at early stage.
If severe: spray hexaconazole 1 ml/L or penconazole 1 ml/L.
Repeat spray at 10–12 day interval if needed.
Remove heavily infected leaves.",India,Bihar
images/00721.jpg,Mango,Anthracnose,"Likely Cause: Mango malformation
Symptoms
Vegetative buds become bushy, bunchy (witches’ broom).

Leaves crowded and small at shoot tips.

Tip drying of leaves/shoots.

Short internodes and abnormal vegetative growth.

Poor or no flowering on affected shoots.

Control Measures

Prune and destroy malformed shoots 15–20 cm below affected portion.

After pruning, spray carbendazim 1 g/L on cut ends.

Spray NAA 200 ppm in October (helps reduce malformation).

Maintain balanced nutrition (especially potassium).

Avoid excess nitrogen fertilizer.

Keep orchard well aerated.",India,Bihar
images/00601.jpg,Brinjal,Healthy,"Purplish and Gray Colouration in Old Brinjal Leaves

Most Likely Cause: Phosphorus deficiency

Symptoms

Older leaves show purplish or reddish tinge.

Leaves may appear dull gray-green.

Slow plant growth and weak stems.

Poor flowering and fruit set.

Symptoms start from older leaves first.

Why It Happens

Low phosphorus in soil.

Cold or waterlogged soils reduce uptake.

Imbalanced fertilizer use.",India,Bihar
images/00489.jpg,Potato,Early Blight,"Potato Powdery Mildew

Symptoms
White, powdery fungal growth on leaf surface (usually upper side).

Patches enlarge and may cover entire leaf.

Leaves turn yellow, then dry and drop early.

In severe cases, stems may also show powdery coating.

Reduced tuber size and yield.

Favouring Conditions
Cool (18–25 °C), dry weather with high humidity.
Dense canopy and poor air circulation.

Control Measures
Maintain proper plant spacing and field aeration.

Avoid excess nitrogen fertilizer.

Remove heavily infected leaves.

Spray wettable sulphur 2 g/L at first appearance.

If disease is severe: spray hexaconazole 1 ml/L or penconazole 1 ml/L.

Repeat spray at 10–12 day interval if needed.",India,Bihar
images/00412.jpg,Bean,Powdery Mildew; Mosaic Virus,"Dolichus Bean — Powdery Mildew & Mosaic Virus 

1) Powdery Mildew

Symptoms
White powdery patches on leaves, stems, pods.

Leaves turn yellow, dry and fall early.

Poor flowering and pod formation.

Control
Ensure good spacing and air movement.

Spray wettable sulphur 2 g/L at first appearance.

If severe: spray hexaconazole 1 ml/L or penconazole 1 ml/L.

Repeat at 10–12 day interval if needed.

Avoid excess nitrogen.

2) Mosaic Virus (aphid-borne)

Symptoms

Light and dark green mosaic mottling on leaves.

Leaf puckering and slight curling.

Stunted plants and poor pod set.

Leaves may become narrow and distorted.

Control
Rogue and destroy infected plants early.

Control aphids:
Neem oil 2–3 ml/L
Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L
Install yellow sticky traps (8–10/acre).

Keep field weed-free.",India,Bihar
images/00833.jpg,Chilli,Anthracnose,"If Dieback / Anthracnose

Symptoms
Drying starts from tip and moves backward.

Branches show dark lesions and rot.

Twigs dry and break easily.

Fruit may also show sunken spots.

Control
Prune and destroy affected branches.

Spray carbendazim 1 g/L or mancozeb 2.5 g/L.

If severe: azoxystrobin + difenoconazole as per label.

Avoid overhead irrigation and maintain spacing.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00726.jpg,Coriander,Powdery Mildew,"Powdery Mildew in Coriander 

Symptoms
White powdery coating on leaves and stems.
Leaves turn yellow and dry.
Poor growth and reduced seed yield.
Severe cases → premature drying.

Control
Ensure good spacing and air circulation.
Avoid excess nitrogen.
Spray wettable sulphur 2 g/L at first appearance.
If severe: spray hexaconazole 1 ml/L or penconazole 1 ml/L.
Repeat after 10–12 days if needed.",India,Bihar
images/00821.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Chilli — Nitrogen + Potassium Deficiency with Thrips 

Symptoms

Nitrogen deficiency

Uniform pale green/yellow older leaves.

Slow, weak growth.

Potassium deficiency
Leaf margins yellow → brown scorch.
Leaves curl and become brittle.
Poor fruit size and quality.

Thrips damage
Silvery streaks/patches on leaves.
Leaf curling and crinkling.
Tiny slender insects on underside.

Control Measures
Nutrient correction
Apply recommended NPK (balanced dose).

Foliar spray:
2% urea (20 g/L)

1% potassium nitrate or SOP (10 g/L)

Apply FYM/compost and maintain moisture.

Thrips management
Install blue sticky traps (8–10/acre).
Spray neem oil 2–3 ml/L.
If severe: spinosad 0.3 ml/L or fipronil 1 ml/L.

Ensure spray covers leaf underside.",India,Bihar
images/00867.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Small Hole on Chilli Fruits & Premature Fruit Drop 

Most likely cause: Fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera)

Symptoms

Small round holes on fruits.

Larva feeds inside fruit.

Frass (insect waste) near hole.

Premature fruit drop and damaged pods.

Control
Handpick and destroy damaged fruits.

Install pheromone traps (5–8/acre).

Spray neem oil 2–3 ml/L at early stage.

If severe: spray emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L or spinosad 0.3 ml/L.

Spray in evening and cover fruits well.

Repeat after 7–10 days if needed.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00048.jpg,Mango,Powdery Mildew,"A white powdery fungal coating appears on leaves, and tender shoots.",India,Bihar
images/00425.jpg,Onion,Purple Blotch,"Onion Purple Blotch
Symptoms:
Purple-brown concentric spots with yellow halo on leaves → tip drying and blight.

Control:
Use clean seed, proper spacing, avoid leaf wetness. Spray Mancozeb 2–2.5 g/L or Azoxystrobin 1 ml/L at 10–12 day interval.",India,Bihar
images/00305.jpg,Cabbage,Diamondback Moth,"Small ragged holes on cabbage leaves

Likely cause: Leaf-eating caterpillars (e.g., Diamondback moth larvae, cabbage butterfly).

Symptoms:
Irregular small holes, window-pane feeding, green larvae on underside.

Control:

Hand pick larvae; use netting.

Spray Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) @ 1 g/L or

Spinosad @ 0.3 ml/L or

Emamectin benzoate @ 0.4 g/L.
Repeat at 7–10 days.",India,Odisha
images/00460.jpg,Chickpea,Ascochyta Blight; Botrytis Gray Mold,"Chickpea leaves turning brown and crispy is a common symptom indicating significant stress, usually driven by fungal diseases, water issues, or environmental stress. The most likely causes are Ascochyta blight, Botrytis grey mold, Fusarium/Dry Root Rot, or severe under-watering.",India,Bihar
images/00068.jpg,Garlic,Healthy,"Nitrogen Deficiency: Yellowing tips indicate a lack of nitrogen, crucial for green growth. Apply a nitrogen-rich fertilizer or compost. Foliar spray of liquid nano urea@2ml per liter of water is advised.",India,Bihar
images/00010.jpg,Mustard,Aphids,"Aphids infestation in Mustard at flowering and pod filling stage. A key sign is the sticky ""honeydew"" they excrete, which promotes sooty mold growth, giving the plant a black, blighted appearance and reducing photosynthesis. foliar spray of Neem oil,300ppm @5ml per liter of water, balance NPK nutrition and timely irrigation is advised.",India,Bihar
images/00047.jpg,Tomato,Leaf Curl Virus,"Typical symptoms of Tomato Leaf Curl Virus (ToLCV) cannot be cured once infected, so treatment focuses on removing infected plants to prevent spread and controlling the whitefly vector. Effective management includes using yellow sticky traps, applying insecticides (e.g., imidacloprid, thiamethoxam), utilizing resistant varieties, and removing weeds.",India,Bihar
images/00146.jpg,Pumpkin,Powdery Mildew,"Pumpkin plants severely affected with Powdery mildew, can be controlled by application of Wettable sulphur @ 0.2%.. Preventive measures by spray of Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water at early stages of growth.",India,Bihar
images/00090.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,"The wheat leaves are of deep green color with bluish too, this is due to symptoms of phosphorous deficiency. For control of Phosphorus deficiency, spray liquid Nano DAP @ 2.5ml per liter of water in morning or evening when there is no Dew/ on dry leaves, always use Flat Fan Nozzle.",India,Bihar
images/00738.jpg,Mango,Anthracnose,"Mango leaf deformation, often characterized by small, brittle, and curled leaves, is primarily caused by Mango Malformation Disease (MMD) (a Fusarium fungus) or pest infestations like bud mites. Symptoms include ""bunchy top"" growth, shortened internodes, and stunted, twisted foliage.
Pruning: Remove and burn infected branches, specifically cutting below the affected area.
Chemical Control: Spray fungicides (like Carbendazim or Copper Oxychloride) or insecticides for mites (e.g., Bifenthrin) during early stages.",India,Bihar
images/00373.jpg,Moringa,Aphids,"Thrips feeding

Symptoms
Silvery-white patches
Leaves look scraped
Curling of leaves

Control
Spray Fipronil 5% SC @ 1 ml/L
Or Neem oil 3 ml/L",India,Bihar
images/00367.jpg,Bean,Mosaic Virus,"Bean Mosaic Virus 

Symptoms
Light & dark green mosaic on leaves

Leaf curling and distortion

Stunted plants, poor pod set

Mottled/malformed pods

Spread

Aphids and infected seed

Control

Use certified virus-free seed

Remove infected plants early

Control aphids:

Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/L or

Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.25 g/L

Neem oil @ 3 ml/L (preventive)

Keep field weed-free",India,Bihar
images/00496.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"The symptoms are of typical Chilli Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) cannot be cured, but its spread can be managed through preventative measures and control of whiteflies, the primary vectors of the virus. Focus on preventing whitefly infestations and eliminating infected plants.",India,Uttar Pradesh
images/00626.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"On close observation, there is infestation of aphids in potato crop at early stage. This can be controlled by an integrated approach focusing on reducing the aphid vector and using certified, disease-free seed tubers. Removing affected plants and controlling aphid populations with insecticides(Imidachloprid 3ml/10liters of water or Neem oil,300ppm@5ml /liter of water) to prevent virus spread.",India,Bihar
images/00654.jpg,Paddy,Stem Borer,"The paddy panicles are of white ear heads having stem borer infestation at grain filling stage. which to be controlled from the beginning of paddy cultivation starting from using- resistant varieties, timely planting, crop rotation, and field sanitation. Biological control includes using Trichogramma egg parasitoids. For chemical control, apply granular Chlorantraniliprole before infestation or foliar sprays like Flubendiamide. Monitoring with light or pheromone traps is also effective for timely intervention.",India,Telangana
images/00336.jpg,Custard apple,Powdery Mildew,"Powdery mildew symptoms having white, talcum-like patches on leaves, young shoots, and sometimes fruit, leading to leaf distortion, premature drop, and fruit deformation. Management involves pruning infected twigs and applying sulfur-based fungicides to reduce infection.",India,Bihar
images/00111.jpg,Peas,Healthy,"The peas plants are deeper green having bluish appearance, this may be due to Phosphorous deficiency, for which spray Nano DAP @ 2.5ml per liter of water in morning or evening when there is no Dew/ on dry leaves, always use Flat Fan Nozzle.",India,Bihar
images/00966.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"Leaf curl virus due to aphids vector. An integrated approach focusing on reducing the aphid vector and using certified, disease-free seed tubers.Removing affected plants and controlling aphid populations with insecticides(Imidachloprid 3ml/10liters of water or Neem oil,300ppm@5ml /liter of water) to prevent virus spread.",India,Bihar
images/00388.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"Leaf curl virus due to aphids infestation. An integrated approach focusing on reducing the aphid vector and using certified, disease-free seed tubers.Removing affected plants and controlling aphid populations with insecticides(Imidachloprid 3ml/10liters of water or Neem oil,300ppm@5ml /liter of water) to prevent virus spread.",India,Bihar
images/00098.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Early infestation of Thrips in chilli plants. To control Thrips spray Imidacloprid, or Acetamiprid @1ml per one liter of water, repeat spray in a gap of 8 to 10 days interval.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00377.jpg,Guava,Healthy,"Purplish interveinal colouration in guava is usually due to phosphorus deficiency (sometimes magnesium).

Control:
Soil apply SSP/DAP as per tree age
Foliar spray 2% DAP (20 g/L), 2 sprays at 10–15 days

If Mg deficiency suspected: spray MgSO₄ 1–2%

Ensure good drainage and balanced fertilization.",India,Bihar
images/00042.jpg,Guava,Healthy,"Marginal purplish coloration in leaves (guava) is mainly due to phosphorus deficiency (sometimes potassium stress).

Control:

Soil apply SSP/DAP as per tree age

Foliar spray 2% DAP (20 g/L), repeat after 10–15 days

Maintain balanced NPK and good drainage",India,Bihar
images/00326.jpg,Bhindi,Aphids; Jassids,"Bhendi (okra) aphids and jassids infestation

Symptoms

Leaf curling, yellowing, sticky honeydew (aphids)

Leaf margin yellowing and hopper burn (jassids)

Stunted plants

Control
Spray Neem oil 2–3 ml/L (early stage)

For heavy attack:
Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/L or
Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.25 g/L
Remove heavily infested leaves
Encourage natural predators (ladybird beetles)
Repeat spray after 10–12 days if needed.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00558.jpg,Rose,Thrips,"Rose thrips

Symptoms

Silvery streaks or patches on petals/leaves

Flower buds distorted, petals brown at edges

Leaves curl and show scarring

Poor flower quality

Control

Spray Neem oil 2–3 ml/L (early stage)

For heavy infestation:

Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml/L or

Fipronil 5 SC @ 1 ml/L or

Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/L

Install blue sticky traps (8–10 per acre)

Remove heavily infested buds

Repeat spray after 7–10 days if needed.",India,Bihar
images/00662.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Brinjal shoot & fruit borer

Symptoms

Wilting/drooping of tender shoots (with entry hole)

Bore holes on fruits with frass (excreta) outside

Damaged, unmarketable fruits

Larva inside shoot or fruit

Control

Remove and destroy infested shoots and fruits regularly

Install pheromone traps (12/acre)

Spray at flowering/fruiting:

Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.4 g/L or

Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml/L or

Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.3 ml/L

Use neem oil 3 ml/L in early stage

Repeat spray every 10–12 days during infestation",India,Bihar
images/00106.jpg,Mango,Mealybugs,"Mango mealy bug

Symptoms

White cottony masses on shoots, panicles, and fruits

Sap sucking → leaf yellowing and drying

Honeydew → sooty mold development

Poor flowering and fruit drop

Ant activity around trees

Control

Cultural:

Plough orchard in Nov–Dec to expose eggs

Apply alkathene (polythene) band (20–25 cm) around trunk to stop nymphs

Destroy infested plant parts

Biological: Encourage predators (ladybird beetles)

Chemical (severe attack):

Spray Buprofezin 25 SC @ 1 ml/L or

Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/L

Control ants using sticky bands or bait

Repeat spray after 10–14 days if needed.",India,Bihar
images/00616.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Mealybug,"sooty mold development on leaves due to mealybugs or whiteflies 
Papaya: Mealybugs, whiteflies & sooty mold

Symptoms

Mealybugs: White cottony clusters on leaves/stems, leaf yellowing, stunted growth

Whiteflies: Tiny white insects on leaf underside, leaf yellowing, sticky honeydew

Sooty mold: Black fungal coating on leaves due to honeydew, reduces photosynthesis

Ant movement common

Control

Remove heavily infested leaves

Spray Neem oil 2–3 ml/L (early stage)

For heavy infestation:

Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/L or

Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.25 g/L or

Buprofezin 25 SC @ 1 ml/L (good for mealybugs)

Install yellow sticky traps (8–10/acre)

Control ants and wash sooty mold with plain water spray

Repeat spray after 10–12 days if needed",India,Bihar
images/00936.jpg,Chilli,Mites,"Chilli mite infestation

Symptoms
Leaf curling downward (cup-shaped)

Leaves become thick, brittle, and bronzed

Shortened internodes, bushy top

Flower drop and poor fruit set

Mites seen on leaf underside (with lens)

Control

Remove heavily infested shoots

Spray Neem oil 2–3 ml/L (early stage)

For severe attack:

Spiromesifen 22.9 SC @ 1 ml/L or

Propargite 57 EC @ 2 ml/L or

Fenazaquin 10 EC @ 1 ml/L

Ensure good field sanitation and avoid excess nitrogen

Repeat spray after 7–10 days if needed.",India,Telangana
images/00512.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Brinjal shoot & fruit borer

Symptoms

Tender shoots wilt with small entry hole

Bore holes on fruits with frass outside

Larva present inside shoot/fruit

Damaged, unmarketable fruits

Control

Regularly remove and destroy infested shoots/fruits

Install pheromone traps (12/acre)

Spray:

Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.4 g/L or

Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml/L or

Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.3 ml/L

Neem oil 3 ml/L at early stage

Repeat every 10–12 days during infestation.",India,Bihar
images/00766.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Chilli fruits deformed and of small size, this is due to infestation of fruit flies and sucking pests like aphids, thrips. An integrated approach is required by
1-Covering fruits or using poison bait sprays (protein bait + insecticide).
2-Traps: Use Methyl Eugenol pheromone traps to attract and kill male fruit flies
3-Apply insecticides like deltamethrin (used in traps) or, for severe infestations, systemic insecticides as last resort.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00617.jpg,Garlic,Healthy,"Leaf of garlic plants yellowish and tips drying, this seems like nitrogen deficiency, apply foliar spray of liquid nano urea@ 2ml per liter of water to the standing crop for recovery.",India,Bihar
images/00061.jpg,Tomato,Late Blight,"To treat tomato blight, immediately remove and destroy infected leaves, apply fungicides (like copper or chlorothalonil), and mulch soil to prevent splash-back.",India,Bihar
images/00485.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"On close observation there is leaf curls in potato plants, which is a virus disease transmitted by Aphids, this is controlled by managing aphid vectors, using certified disease-free seeds and removing infected plants. Since no direct chemical cure exists, control focuses on prevention, such as applying insecticides and using resistant varieties.",India,Bihar
images/00546.jpg,Pumpkin,Powdery Mildew,"Powdery mildew infestation in pumpkin, which can be controlled by  application of Wettable sulphur @ 0.2%.. Preventive measures by spray of Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water at early stages of growth.",India,Bihar
images/00449.jpg,Papaya,Anthracnose,"To control anthracnose use-
Cultural Practices: Remove and destroy infected plant debris, prune affected leaves, ensure proper spacing for airflow, and avoid fruit wounding during harvest
Chemical Control: Apply protective fungicides like Mancozeb, Chlorothalonil, or Copper-based sprays (e.g., Copper hydroxide) every 2-4 weeks, starting when fruit set begins.",India,Bihar
images/00846.jpg,Potato,Common Scab,"Rotting of stored potatoes, typically caused by Fusarium (dry rot) or bacteria (soft rot), occurs due to high moisture, improper ventilation, and infection of wounded tubers. Prevent decay by curing at 10-15 degree centigrade
 for 10-14 days, maintaining cool (7–10°C) in dark, dry, and well-ventilated storage and promptly removing spoiled potatoes.",India,Bihar
images/00276.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"An integrated approach focusing on reducing the aphid vector and using certified, disease-free seed tubers.Removing affected plants and controlling aphid populations with insecticides(Imidachloprid 3ml/10liters of water or Neem oil,300ppm@5ml /liter of water) to prevent virus spread.",India,Bihar
images/00905.jpg,Paddy,Blast,"To check the spread of blast disease maintain consistent field flooding to prevent disease development, and apply fungicides like tricyclazole or azoxystrobin(1gm/liter of water) during critical growth stages.
Use resistant rice varieties, apply seed treatments for the next crop.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00129.jpg,Cauliflower,Healthy,"Whiptail like symptoms due to Molybdenum deficiency. Control measure by applying Lime to reduce acidity thus making Molybdenum available or Apply sodium molybdate or ammonium molybdate (e.g., 1-2 kg/acre or 10-15 kg/ha) as a soil application or foliar spray.",India,Bihar
images/00752.jpg,Paddy,Healthy,"The symptoms are of typical Nitrogen deficiency, lower leaves turning yellow, starting from margin.
Nitrogen top dressing in the form of Urea@6kg per acre or  Foliar spray of Liquid Nano Urea @ 2.5 ml per liter of water is advised for the standing crop.",India,Bihar
images/00360.jpg,Tobacco,Tobacco Mosaic Virus,"Typical symptoms of TMV, it can not be cured but can be prevented by using resistant cultivars (e.g., TMVRR-2, NC 567), strict sanitation to prevent mechanical spread (disinfecting tools with 10% bleach/soap, washing hands), and removing infected plants.",India,Bihar
images/00625.jpg,Barley,Smut,"Barley crop at grain filling stage having smut. Smut control in barley is best achieved through a combination of using certified disease-free, resistant seeds and applying systemic fungicide seed treatments (e.g., carboxin, tebuconazole, or triadimenol) to manage both loose and covered smuts.",India,Bihar
images/00041.jpg,Cowpea,Mosaic Virus,"Managing Cowpea Mosaic Virus (CPMV) involves an integrated approach focusing on controlling beetle vectors, using resistant varieties, and removing infected plants early. Key strategies include spraying insecticides like imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, or neem oil, rogueing infected plants within 30 days, using virus-free seeds and managing alternate weed hosts",India,Bihar
images/00610.jpg,Potato,Healthy,"Potato leaves yellowing and drying out, usually indicates they are nearing maturity (90–120 days) and ready for harvest. However, if this happens prematurely, causes include water stress (too much or too little), nutrient deficiencies",India,Bihar
images/00205.jpg,Chilli,Anthracnose,"Typical symptoms of Cercospora Leaf Spot in chilli: centers and dark margins, developing on older leaves. For chemical control Spray Mancozeb (0.25%) or Chlorothalonil (0.1%) at 10-15 day intervals. Copper-based fungicides (Copper Hydroxide or Oxychloride) are also effective.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00233.jpg,Mango,Bacterial Canker,"Mango malformation, caused by Fusarium species, is controlled through an integrated approach involving pruning diseased panicles/shoots 15-20 cm below the infection point, applying 100-200 ppm NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) in October, and spraying fungicides like 0.1% Carbendazim or 0.2% Captafol",India,Bihar
images/00982.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"The symptoms are of typical Chilli Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) cannot be cured, but its spread can be managed through preventative measures and control of whiteflies, the primary vectors of the virus. Focus on preventing whitefly infestations and eliminating infected plants and destroying them.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00137.jpg,Chickpea,Botrytis Gray Mold,"Powdery Mildew in Chickpea – Symptoms & Control

Symptoms

White, powdery fungal growth on leaves, stems, and pods

Starts as small white spots, later covers entire leaf surface

Leaves turn yellow, dry, and may fall prematurely

Pods become small and poorly filled

Severe infection reduces yield and seed quality

Control Measures

Cultural

Use resistant/tolerant varieties

Maintain proper plant spacing for air circulation

Avoid excess nitrogen fertilizer

Remove and destroy infected plant debris

Timely sowing to escape severe infection

Chemical

Spray Wettable Sulphur 80 WP @ 2–3 g per liter of water
or

Spray Hexaconazole 5 EC @ 1 ml per liter
or

Spray Tebuconazole 250 EC @ 1 ml per liter

Repeat spray at 10–15 day intervals if needed.

Biological (optional)

Spray Ampelomyces quisqualis or Bacillus subtilis formulations where available.",India,Bihar
images/00534.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Chilli Leaf Curl Virus (ChiLCV) – Symptoms & Control

Symptoms

Upward curling and puckering of leaves

Leaves become small, thick, and leathery

Veins become prominent and yellowish

Plants show stunted growth

Flower drop and very poor fruit set

Fruits (if formed) are small and deformed

Control Measures

Cultural

Use virus-free, healthy seedlings

Remove and destroy infected plants early

Install yellow sticky traps (8–10/acre) to monitor whiteflies

Maintain field sanitation and remove weeds (alternate hosts)

Use tolerant/resistant chilli varieties if available

Vector Management (Whitefly control)
Very important — virus spreads through whiteflies.

Chemical (spray any one)

Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/liter

Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.25 g/liter

Acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.2 g/liter

Spray at 10–12 day intervals based on infestation.

Botanical/Integrated

Neem oil 2–3 ml/liter

NSKE 5% spray

Use reflective mulch to repel whiteflies

Note: Virus cannot be cured once inside the plant — only spread can be managed.",India,Bihar
images/00588.jpg,Tobacco,Tobacco Mosaic Virus,"Tobacco Leaf Curl Virus – Symptoms & Control

Symptoms

Severe upward or downward curling of leaves

Leaves become thick, crinkled, and leathery

Yellowing of veins and leaf margins

Plants become stunted and bushy

Reduced leaf size and poor leaf quality

In severe cases, plants show bunchy top appearance

Control Measures

Cultural

Use healthy, virus-free seedlings

Remove and destroy infected plants early

Maintain proper spacing for good aeration

Keep field weed-free (remove alternate hosts)

Use tolerant varieties where available

Vector Management (Whitefly control – very important)
The virus spreads mainly through whiteflies.

Chemical (spray any one)

Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/liter

Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.25 g/liter

Acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.2 g/liter

Repeat spray at 10–12 day intervals depending on whitefly population.

Botanical / Integrated

Neem oil @ 2–3 ml/liter

NSKE 5% spray

Install yellow sticky traps (8–10 per acre)

Use reflective (silver) mulch to repel whiteflies

Important: Virus cannot be cured after infection — only prevent spread by controlling whiteflies",India,Bihar
images/00820.jpg,Brinjal,Shoot and Fruit Borer,"Fruit and Shoot Borer in Brinjal – Symptoms & Control
(Caused by the caterpillar of Leucinodes orbonalis)

Symptoms

On shoots

Tender shoots droop and wilt suddenly

Small entry hole with frass (insect excreta) near the tip

Drying of terminal shoots (dead heart appearance)

Side branching increases

On fruits

Small round holes on fruits

Frass seen near the hole

Internal feeding makes fruits unfit for market

Premature fruit drop in severe attack

Control Measures

Cultural

Remove and destroy affected shoots and fruits regularly (weekly)

Avoid continuous brinjal cropping

Use pheromone traps @ 12 traps/acre for monitoring and mass trapping

Maintain field sanitation

Prefer tolerant varieties if available

Mechanical

Clip and destroy infested shoots during early stage

Collect and destroy damaged fruits

Biological

Spray Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) @ 1–2 g/liter

Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 50,000/acre at weekly intervals

Neem oil @ 2–3 ml/liter

Chemical (spray any one when infestation is high)

Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.4 g/liter

Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml/liter

Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.3 ml/liter

Spray at 10–12 day intervals and rotate chemicals to avoid resistance.",India,Bihar
images/00759.jpg,Cauliflower,Healthy,"Curd discoloration in cauliflower reduces market value and is usually caused by environmental stress, nutrient issues, or physiological disorders.

Symptoms
Yellowing or creamy colour instead of pure white curd

Pink, purple, or brown patches on curd

Uneven or dull curd appearance

In severe cases, small spots or rotting on curd surface

Reasons

Sun exposure (most common)

Lack of leaf cover exposes curd to direct sunlight

Causes yellowing or pink/purple tint

 Nutrient imbalance
Boron deficiency → browning, water-soaked patches
Nitrogen excess → loose and off-colour curd

Calcium deficiency → tip burn and discoloration

Temperature stress
High temperature during curd formation

Wide day–night temperature fluctuation

Water stress
Irregular irrigation
Drought followed by heavy watering

Pest and disease damage
Insect feeding or fungal infection may cause brown spots

Variety sensitivity / over maturity
Delayed harvest leads to yellowing and fuzziness

Management Measures
🔹 Cultural practices
Practice blanching (tie outer leaves over the curd) when curd is 5–7 cm

Maintain uniform irrigation (avoid moisture stress)

Harvest at proper maturity

Use recommended seasonal varieties

🔹 Nutrient management

Apply balanced fertilizers

Spray boron (Borax 0.2% = 2 g/L) at curd initiation

Ensure adequate calcium (gypsum or calcium nitrate if deficient)

🔹 Temperature & field care

Prefer timely sowing according to season

Provide good plant spacing and field hygiene

🔹 Pest and disease control

Monitor for caterpillars and fungal spots",India,Bihar
images/00659.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Thrips,"Thrips damage
Silvery or whitish streaks on leaves
Leaf margins curl upward
Leaves become narrow and distorted
Flower drop in severe cases
Tiny slender insects on leaf underside
Damage more in dry, hot weather

 Leaf curl (viral) symptoms
Severe upward/downward curling of leaves
Leaves become small, thick, and puckered
Plant becomes bushy and stunted
Reduced flowering and fruit set
No recovery once virus infects plant

-Causes
Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis) – direct feeding injury
Chilli leaf curl virus – transmitted mainly by whiteflies
Excess nitrogen and dry weather increase pest attack
Continuous chilli cropping favors buildup

-Management Measures
🔹 Cultural practices
Remove and destroy heavily virus-infected plants
Maintain proper spacing and field sanitation
Install yellow and blue sticky traps (10–12/acre)
Avoid excess nitrogen fertilizer
Maintain adequate irrigation (reduce dry stress)

🔹 Chemical / biological control for thrips
Early stage (preferred):
Spray Spinosad 0.3 ml/L
or
Fipronil 1 ml/L
or
Emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L

Heavy infestation:
Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L
or
Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L
Spray in early morning or evening
Ensure good coverage on leaf underside
 Repeat at 7–10 day interval if needed",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00519.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"Potato leaf folding, or rolling, is primarily caused by the Potato Leafroll Virus (PLRV), resulting in upward curling of leaves, stunting, and up to 50% yield loss. Often transmitted by aphids (e.g., green peach aphid), it causes leaves to turn pale, brittle, and sometimes purple, starting from the bottom.
Plant certified, virus-free tubers to prevent primary infections.
Control Aphids: Apply insecticides or use natural predators like ladybirds to reduce aphid populations.",India,Bihar
images/00934.jpg,Mango,Healthy,"Mango seedings at nursery stage, leaves are pale yellow may be due to nitrogen deficiency. This can be controlled by Foliar spray of Liquid Nano Urea @ 2.5 ml per liter of water is advised for the mango plants.",India,Bihar
images/00678.jpg,Paddy,Healthy,"The symptoms are of typical Nitrogen deficiency in paddy, lower leaves turning yellow, starting from margin.
Nitrogen top dressing in the form of Urea@6kg per acre or  Foliar spray of Liquid Nano Urea @ 2.5 ml per liter of water is advised for the standing crop.",India,Telangana
images/00843.jpg,Brinjal,Wilt,"Powdery mildew in Brinjal crop, powdery mildew can be controlled by spraying Neem oil, 300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water or application of wettable sulfur (2000 ppm)@ 1gm per liter of water is effective.",India,Bihar
images/00410.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"Aphids in potato causing leaf curl and roll . An integrated approach focusing on reducing the aphid vector and using certified, disease-free seed tubers. Removing affected plants and controlling aphid populations with insecticides(Imidachloprid 3ml/10liters of water or Neem oil,300ppm@5ml /liter of water) to prevent virus spread.",India,Bihar
images/00426.jpg,Tomato,Early Blight,"Symptoms appears at the edge of tomato leaves, with dark, damaged plant tissue that spreads through the leaves toward the stem. Use fungicide sprays based on mandipropamid, chlorothalonil, fluazinam, mancozeb to combat blight disease at recommended dose.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00894.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"The symptoms are of typical Chilli Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) cannot be cured, but its spread can be managed through preventative measures and control of whiteflies, the primary vectors of the virus. Focus on preventing whitefly infestations and eliminating and destroying  infected plants.",India,Telangana
images/00943.jpg,Mango,Powdery Mildew,Symptoms of powdery mildew disease in mango plant. Spray sulfur-based fungicides @1gm per liter of water to combat powdery mildew.,India,Bihar
images/00589.jpg,Papaya,Healthy,"The Papaya plants are of poor growth due to nutrient deficiency at growing stage. Application of balance nutrition, apply FYM 10 Kg/plant as basal and 50 g in each of N, P and K per plant at bi-monthly intervals from the third month of planting.",India,Bihar
images/00029.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize fall armyworm 

Symptoms
Pinholes and window-pane feeding on young leaves

Ragged holes and shredded leaves

Sawdust-like frass inside whorl

Larva hidden deep in whorl

Control
Early sowing and field sanitation

Install pheromone traps (5/acre)

Release Trichogramma pretiosum

Spray Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)

If severe: Emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L or Chlorantraniliprole 0.4 ml/L

Direct spray into whorl",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00968.jpg,Brinjal,Mites,"Big holes on brinjal leaves – 
Reason
Spodoptera litura (tobacco caterpillar) – large irregular holes
or
Grasshoppers or leaf-eating caterpillars

Control
Cultural
Handpick larvae and egg masses
Keep field weed-free
Install light traps

Biological
Spray Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
Encourage natural predators

Chemical (if severe)
Emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L
Spinosad 0.3 ml/L
Chlorantraniliprole 0.4 ml/L",India,Bihar
images/00949.jpg,Brinjal,Wilt,"Brinjal powdery mildew – symptoms & control

Symptoms
White powdery patches on upper leaf surface
Leaves turn yellow and dry gradually
Severe infection causes leaf curling and premature drop
Poor plant vigour and reduced yield

Control
Cultural
Maintain proper spacing and aeration
Avoid excess nitrogen
Remove heavily infected leaves

Biological
Spray Ampelomyces quisqualis (where available)

Chemical
Wettable sulphur 2 g/L
Hexaconazole 1 ml/L
Tebuconazole 1 ml/L

Spray at first appearance and repeat after 10–14 days if needed.",India,Bihar
images/00220.jpg,Brinjal,Wilt,"Brinjal powdery mildew – symptoms & control

Symptoms
White powdery patches on upper leaf surface
Leaves turn yellow and dry gradually
Severe infection causes leaf curling and premature drop
Poor plant vigour and reduced yield

Control
Cultural
Maintain proper spacing and aeration
Avoid excess nitrogen
Remove heavily infected leaves

Biological
Spray Ampelomyces quisqualis (where available)
Chemical
Wettable sulphur 2 g/L
Hexaconazole 1 ml/L
Tebuconazole 1 ml/L
Spray at first appearance and repeat after 10–14 days if needed.",India,Bihar
images/00859.jpg,Brinjal,Phomopsis Blight,"Leaf spot in brinjal – symptoms & control

Symptoms
Small circular brown to dark spots on leaves

Spots enlarge with yellow halo

Severe cases: spots merge and leaves dry/fall

Reduced plant vigour

Control
Cultural
Remove and destroy infected leaves
Avoid overhead irrigation
Maintain proper spacing and field sanitation

Chemical
Mancozeb 2–2.5 g/L
Chlorothalonil 2 g/L
Carbendazim 1 g/L (if fungal leaf spot suspected)

Start spray at first appearance and repeat at 10–12 day intervals if needed.",India,Bihar
images/00143.jpg,Bitter gourd,Downy Mildew,"Bottle gourd downy mildew – symptoms & control

Symptoms
Yellow angular spots on upper leaf surface
Grey-purple fuzzy growth on leaf underside
Spots enlarge and leaves turn brown and dry
Severe infection causes rapid leaf blighting and yield loss

Control
Cultural
Ensure good spacing and air circulation
Avoid late evening irrigation and leaf wetness
Remove badly infected leaves
Grow tolerant varieties if available

Chemical
Metalaxyl + Mancozeb @ 2 g/L

Fosetyl-Al @ 2 g/L

Cymoxanil + Mancozeb @ 2 g/L

 Spray at first appearance and repeat every 7–10 days during favourable humid weather",India,Bihar
images/00988.jpg,Chilli,Mites,"Chilli mites – symptoms & control

Symptoms
Leaves curl downward and become crinkled
Leaf margins turn bronze/brown
Young leaves become narrow and distorted
Stunted plant growth and poor flowering
Mites usually on leaf undersides (not easily visible)

Control
Cultural
Avoid excess nitrogen
Remove heavily infested shoots
Maintain field sanitation
Biological
Encourage predatory mites like Amblyseius swirskii

Chemical
Spiromesifen 1 ml/L

Fenazaquin 1 ml/L

Propargite 2 ml/L

Abamectin 0.5 ml/L

Spray thoroughly on leaf undersides and repeat after 7–10 days if needed.",India,Bihar
images/00828.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Maize fall armyworm – symptoms & control

 Symptoms
Pinholes and window-pane feeding on young leaves

Ragged holes and shredded leaves

Whorl filled with sawdust-like frass

Larva hidden deep inside whorl

Severe cases: tassel/cob damage

Control
Cultural
Early sowing and field sanitation

Install pheromone traps (5/acre)

Apply sand + ash into whorl (early stage)

Biological

Release Trichogramma pretiosum

Spray Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)

Chemical (if ≥10% plants infested)

Emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/L

Chlorantraniliprole 0.4 ml/L

Spinetoram 0.5 ml/L",India,Bihar
images/00798.jpg,Brinjal,Wilt,"Brinjal wilt – symptoms & control

Symptoms

Sudden drooping and wilting of plants

Leaves remain green initially but plant collapses

Vascular browning when stem is cut

Patchy drying of plants in field

In bacterial wilt: milky ooze from cut stem in water

 Control
Cultural
Use resistant/tolerant varieties

Follow crop rotation (avoid solanaceous crops for 2–3 years)

Ensure good drainage; avoid waterlogging

Remove and destroy infected plants

Biological

Soil application of Pseudomonas fluorescens

Apply Trichoderma viride in nursery and main field

Chemical (mainly for fungal wilt)

Carbendazim 1 g/L soil drench

Copper oxychloride 2.5 g/L (supportive)

Start management early; wilt is difficult to cure once severe.",India,Bihar
images/00008.jpg,Curry leaf,Sooty Mold; Scale Insects,"Curry leaf sooty mold – symptoms & control

Symptoms

Black, soot-like coating on leaves and stems

Leaves look dirty but tissue usually remains green

Reduced photosynthesis and plant vigour

Often associated with honeydew from sucking pests (aphids, whiteflies, scale insects)

Control
Cultural

Wash leaves with plain water or mild soap solution

Prune heavily affected twigs

Improve air circulation

Key step: Control sucking pests

Spray neem oil 2–3 ml/L

Yellow sticky traps for whiteflies

Biological

Apply Pseudomonas fluorescens (supportive)

Chemical (if severe pest infestation)

Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L

Once sucking pests are controlled, sooty mold gradually disappears.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00389.jpg,Maize,Turcicum Leaf Blight,"Maize streak virus – symptoms & control

Symptoms
Narrow yellow to white streaks parallel to leaf veins

Mosaic or striped appearance on leaves

Stunted plant growth

Poor cob development and low yield

Symptoms appear first on young leaves

Control
Cultural
Use resistant/tolerant maize varieties

Early sowing to escape vector peak

Remove and destroy infected plants

Maintain field sanitation and weed control (especially grasses)

Vector management (leafhoppers)

Install yellow sticky traps

Avoid continuous maize cropping

Chemical (for vector control)

Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L

Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L

Acetamiprid 0.2 g/L

 Focus on controlling the leafhopper vector; virus itself cannot be cured.",India,Bihar
images/00127.jpg,Mustard,Aphids,"Mustard aphid – symptoms & control

Symptoms

Clusters of small green aphids on tender shoots, buds, and leaf undersides

Leaves curl, wrinkle, and turn yellow

Sticky honeydew and black sooty mold

Poor pod formation and shriveled seeds

Heavy infestation causes stunted plants

Control

Cultural

Early sowing

Remove heavily infested plant parts

Install yellow sticky traps

Biological

Conserve predators like Coccinella septempunctata

Spray neem oil 2–3 ml/L

Chemical (if severe)

Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L

Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L

Dimethoate 2 ml/L

Spray on leaf undersides and repeat after 10 days if needed",India,Bihar
images/00609.jpg,Chili,Thrips,"नई पत्तियाँ ऊपर की ओर मुड़ी हुई और संकरी दिखाई दे रही हैं।

पत्तियों की सतह पर चांदी जैसी चमक (सिल्वरिंग) स्पष्ट दिख रही है।

पत्तियाँ सिकुड़ी हुई तथा किनारों से मुड़ी हुई नजर आ रही हैं।

ऊपरी भाग की बढ़वार असामान्य और झाड़ीदार दिखाई दे रही है।",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00861.jpg,Mango,Powdery Mildew,"Mango malformation disease, often characterized by small, brittle, and curled leaves, is primarily caused by Mango Malformation Disease (MMD) (a Fusarium fungus) or pest infestations like bud mites. Symptoms include ""bunchy top"" growth, shortened internodes, and stunted, twisted foliage.
It is controlled through an integrated approach involving pruning diseased panicles/shoots 15-20 cm below the infection point, applying 100-200 ppm NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) in October, and spraying fungicides like 0.1% Carbendazim or 0.2% Captafol.",India,Jharkhand
images/00298.jpg,Bean,Powdery Mildew,"Powdery mildew in bean plants. At initial stage powdery mildew can be controlled by spraying Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water or application of Sulfur: Wettable sulfur (2000 ppm)@ 1gm per liter of water is effective.",India,Bihar
images/00070.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Chilli Leaf Curl Virus – Symptoms and Control

Symptoms
Young leaves curl upward and become distorted.

Leaves become small, thick and wrinkled.

Leaf margins roll upward forming a cup-like shape.

Plants show stunted growth and remain short.

Reduced flowering and fruit set.

In severe cases, plants produce very few or no fruits.

Spread
The virus is mainly transmitted by Whitefly.

Control Measures
Cultural control
Remove and destroy infected plants from the field.

Remove weed hosts around the crop.

Install yellow sticky traps to monitor and reduce whitefly population.

Biological / Botanical control
Spray Azadirachtin (1500 ppm) @ 2–3 ml per liter of water.

Chemical control
Spray Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L
or
Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L.
 Controlling the whitefly vector helps in reducing the spread of the virus",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00344.jpg,Gram,Scale Insects,"Scale insects in Green Gram – Symptoms and Control

Symptoms

Small round or oval scale-like insects appear on stems and leaves.

Insects suck sap from plant tissues, causing yellowing and weakening of plants.

Leaves may curl, dry and fall prematurely.

A sticky substance called honeydew may appear on leaves, which later leads to Sooty Mold.

Heavy infestation results in reduced plant growth and yield.

Control Measures
Cultural control
Remove and destroy heavily infested plant parts.

Maintain field sanitation and remove weeds around the crop.

Biological / Botanical control
Spray Azadirachtin 2–3 ml/L of water.

Chemical control
Spray Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L
or
Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L.
Repeat the spray after 10–14 days if infestation continues.",India,Bihar
images/00257.jpg,Mango,Mango Hopper,"Mango Hopper and Sooty Mold in Mango – Symptoms and Control

Symptoms

Mango Hopper

Small brownish jumping insects are seen on tender leaves, shoots, and flower panicles.

Both nymphs and adults suck sap from young tissues.

Flower panicles dry and fall, leading to poor fruit set.

Sticky honeydew secretion appears on leaves and panicles.

Sooty Mold Development

Black sooty fungal layer develops on leaves, shoots, and fruits.

It grows on the honeydew secreted by hoppers and other sucking insects.

Leaves appear black and dirty, reducing photosynthesis.

Severe infection may affect plant growth and fruit quality.

Control Measures
Cultural control
Maintain proper orchard sanitation and remove heavily affected plant parts.

Encourage good air circulation by pruning.

Biological / Botanical control
Spray Azadirachtin 2–3 ml/L of water.

Chemical control
Spray Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L
or
Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L to control hoppers.

For Sooty Mold
After controlling insects, spray Copper Oxychloride 2 g/L or wash leaves with mild soap solution to remove the fungal layer.
 Controlling mango hoppers reduces honeydew secretion and prevents sooty mold development.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00141.jpg,Bean,Bean Beetle; Pod Borer,"Few large holes on foliage in Dolichos Bean – Symptoms and Control

Possible Cause

Large holes on leaves are usually caused by leaf-feeding caterpillars such as Tobacco Caterpillar or Gram Pod Borer.

Symptoms

Few large irregular holes on leaves due to chewing.

Leaves appear partially eaten.

Caterpillars may be visible on foliage during early morning or evening.

Severe infestation can cause defoliation and reduced plant growth.

Control Measures

Cultural control

Regularly monitor plants and remove caterpillars manually.

Maintain field sanitation and remove weeds.

Biological / Botanical control

Spray Bacillus thuringiensis 1–2 g/L.

Spray Azadirachtin 2–3 ml/L.

Chemical control

Spray Emamectin Benzoate 0.4 g/L
or
Spinosad 0.3 ml/L.
 Early detection and control helps prevent severe leaf damage and yield loss.",India,Bihar
images/00962.jpg,Rice,Healthy,"Yellowing of Leaves and Weak Growth in Rice – Symptoms and Control

Possible Cause

This condition is commonly due to Nitrogen Deficiency.

Symptoms

Older leaves turn pale green to yellow.

Entire plant appears light green and weak.

Slow and stunted plant growth.

Reduced tillering and poor crop vigor.

In severe cases, lower leaves dry early.

Control Measures

Apply Nitrogen fertilizer such as Urea @ recommended dose.

Apply nitrogen in split doses (basal, tillering stage, and panicle initiation stage).

Maintain proper water management in the field.

Use balanced fertilization along with phosphorus and potassium.

Proper nitrogen management improves leaf color, plant growth, and yield in rice",India,Bihar
images/00822.jpg,Chickpea,Ascochyta Blight,"Graying and Drying of Leaves in Chickpea – Symptoms and Control

Possible Cause

This symptom is commonly associated with Chickpea Ascochyta Blight.

Symptoms

Grayish or light brown spots appear on leaves.

Spots may enlarge and merge, causing leaves to turn gray and dry.

Lesions may also appear on stems and pods.

In severe cases, leaves dry and fall, weakening the plant.

Control Measures

Cultural control

Use disease-free seeds.

Maintain proper spacing and field sanitation.

Remove and destroy infected plant parts.

Chemical control

Spray Mancozeb 2 g/L of water.

Or spray Carbendazim 1 g/L of water.

Timely fungicide application helps prevent spread of the disease and protect the crop.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00697.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Fall Armyworm in Maize – Symptoms and Control

Symptoms

Small pin holes or window-like feeding marks on young leaves.

Irregular large holes and ragged leaves as larvae grow.

Presence of caterpillars inside the leaf whorl.

Frass (insect excreta) seen inside the whorl.

Severe infestation causes damaged central whorl and poor plant growth.

Control Measures

Cultural control

Regular field monitoring, especially during early crop stages.

Hand pick and destroy larvae in early infestation.

Install pheromone traps to monitor pest population.

Biological / Botanical control

Spray Bacillus thuringiensis 1–2 g/L.

Spray Azadirachtin 2–3 ml/L.

Chemical control

Spray Emamectin Benzoate 0.4 g/L
or

Chlorantraniliprole 0.3 ml/L into the leaf whorl.

Early detection and proper control help reduce crop damage and yield loss in maize",India,Bihar
images/00578.jpg,Groundnut,Leaf Miner,"Spodoptera litura in Groundnut – Symptoms and Control

Symptoms
Young larvae scrape the leaf surface, causing window-like feeding.

Older caterpillars eat large portions of leaves, leaving irregular holes.

Severe infestation leads to heavy defoliation.

Presence of green to dark brown caterpillars on leaves.

Crop growth becomes weak due to loss of leaf area.

Control Measures

Cultural control

Deep summer ploughing to destroy pupae in soil.

Hand pick and destroy egg masses and larvae in early stages.

Install pheromone traps to monitor pest population.

Biological control

Spray Bacillus thuringiensis 1–2 g/L.

Release Trichogramma chilonis for biological control.

Botanical control

Spray Azadirachtin 2–3 ml/L.

Chemical control

Spray Emamectin Benzoate 0.4 g/L
or
Spinosad 0.3 ml/L.

 Early management helps prevent severe leaf damage and yield loss in groundnut.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00981.jpg,Mango,Healthy,"Yellowing of Young Leaves in Mango – Symptoms and Control

Possible Cause

This condition is commonly due to Iron Deficiency.

Symptoms

Young leaves turn yellow while the veins remain green (interveinal chlorosis).

Leaves appear pale yellow or light green.

New flush growth becomes weak.

In severe cases, leaf size becomes smaller and growth slows down.

Control Measures

Spray Ferrous Sulphate 0.5% (5 g/L water) as foliar spray.

Apply Fe-EDTA to soil or as foliar spray.

Improve soil drainage and organic matter in the orchard.

Maintain balanced fertilization with micronutrients.

Correcting iron deficiency helps restore normal green color and healthy growth of mango leaves",India,Bihar
images/00353.jpg,Bean,Aphids,"Aphids on Cluster Bean Flowers – Symptoms and Control

Symptoms

Small green or black aphids cluster on flower buds, flowers, and tender shoots.

Aphids suck plant sap, causing yellowing and curling of leaves.

Sticky honeydew secretion appears on plant parts.

Presence of Ants around flowers and shoots (ants feed on honeydew).

Heavy infestation may cause poor flowering and reduced pod formation.

Control Measures

Cultural control

Remove heavily infested plant parts.

Control ant movement by maintaining field sanitation.

Biological / Botanical control

Spray Azadirachtin 2–3 ml/L of water.

Chemical control

Spray Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L
or

Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L.

Controlling aphids will reduce honeydew secretion and ant activity and improve flowering and pod set",India,Bihar
images/00574.jpg,Bottle gourd,Mosaic Virus,"Leaf Crinkling in Bottle Gourd – 


Possible Cause 
Cucurbit Leaf Curl Virus.

Symptoms
Leaves become crinkled, curled, and distorted.

Leaf margins curl upward or downward.

Young leaves appear small and wrinkled.

Plants show slow growth and poor vine development.

Severe infection may lead to reduced flowering and fruit set.

Control Measures
Cultural control

Remove and destroy virus-infected plants.

Remove weed hosts around the crop.

Install yellow sticky traps to monitor whiteflies.

Biological / Botanical control

Spray Azadirachtin 2–3 ml/L of water.

Chemical control

Spray Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L
or

Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L.

Controlling thrips and whiteflies helps reduce leaf crinkling and virus spread in bottle gourd.",India,Bihar
images/00927.jpg,Citrus,Healthy,"Interveinal Chlorosis on Young Leaves in Citrus – Symptoms and Control

Possible Cause

This condition is commonly caused by Iron Deficiency.

Symptoms

Young leaves turn yellow while the veins remain green (interveinal chlorosis).

Leaves appear pale yellow or light green.

New flush growth becomes weak and small.

In severe cases, leaves may become almost white and plant growth reduces.

Control Measures

Spray Ferrous Sulphate 0.5% (5 g/L water) as foliar spray.

Apply Fe-EDTA as foliar spray or soil application.

Improve soil drainage and organic matter in the orchard.

Maintain balanced fertilization with micronutrients.

Correcting iron deficiency helps restore normal green color and healthy growth of citrus leaves.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00985.jpg,Onion,Thrips,"Tip Yellowing and Curling in Onion – Symptoms and Control

Possible Cause

This symptom is commonly associated with Thrips tabaci infestation.

Symptoms
Leaf tips turn yellow and gradually dry.

Leaves show curling and twisting at the tips.

Silvery or whitish streaks appear on leaves due to feeding.

Severe infestation leads to leaf drying and reduced bulb development.

Plants appear weak with poor growth.

Control Measures
Cultural control
Maintain field sanitation and remove weeds.

Avoid excess nitrogen fertilization.

Ensure proper irrigation to reduce stress.

Biological / Botanical control
Spray Azadirachtin 2–3 ml/L of water.
Chemical control
Spray Spinosad 0.3 ml/L
or
Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L.

Early control of thrips helps prevent leaf damage and ensures good bulb development in onion",India,Bihar
images/00766.jpg,Chilli,Mites; Thrips,"Curled Fruits and Poor Development in Chilli – Symptoms and Control

Possible Cause
This problem is commonly caused by Thrips or Broad Mite feeding on flowers and young fruits.

Symptoms
Fruits become curled, twisted, or deformed.
Fruits remain small and poorly developed.

Flower drop may occur.

Leaves may show curling, crinkling, and distortion.

Severe infestation leads to reduced yield and poor fruit quality.

Control Measures
Cultural control
Remove and destroy heavily infested plant parts.

Maintain field sanitation and weed control.

Biological / Botanical control

Spray Azadirachtin 2–3 ml/L of water.

Chemical control
Spray Spinosad 0.3 ml/L for thrips control.

Spray Abamectin 0.5 ml/L for mite control.

Controlling thrips and mites during the flowering stage helps prevent fruit curling and poor development in chilli.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00797.jpg,Cauliflower,Healthy,"No Head Formation in Cauliflower – Causes and Control

Possible Causes

High temperature during curd initiation.

Improper variety for the season.

Excess nitrogen fertilization leading to vegetative growth.

Deficiency of micronutrients such as Boron and Molybdenum.

Moisture stress or irregular irrigation.

Poor soil fertility or imbalance of nutrients.

Symptoms

Plants produce only leaves without forming a curd (head).

Plants remain vegetative for a long time.

Overall poor curd development.

Control Measures

Select season-appropriate cauliflower varieties.

Apply balanced fertilizers and avoid excess nitrogen.

Spray Borax 0.2% (2 g/L water) and Ammonium molybdate 0.05% if micronutrient deficiency is suspected.

Maintain regular irrigation and proper field management.

Proper variety selection and balanced nutrition are important for normal curd (head) formation in cauliflower",India,Bihar
images/00786.jpg,Ridge gourd,Aphids,"Aphids and Sooty Mold in Ridge Gourd – Symptoms and Control

Symptoms

Aphid Infestation

Small green or black aphids cluster on tender leaves, shoots, and flower buds.

Aphids suck plant sap, causing leaf curling and yellowing.

Plants show weak growth and reduced flowering.

Aphids secrete sticky honeydew on leaves.

Sooty Mold Development

Black fungal coating develops on leaves and stems.

The fungus grows on the honeydew secreted by aphids.

Leaves appear black and dirty, reducing photosynthesis.

Severe infestation leads to poor plant growth and yield.

Control Measures
Cultural control
Remove heavily infested leaves and shoots.

Maintain field sanitation and remove weeds.

Biological / Botanical control

Spray Azadirachtin 2–3 ml/L of water.

Chemical control
Spray Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L
or
Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L.

Controlling aphids will reduce honeydew secretion and prevent sooty mold development.",India,Bihar
images/00374.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Chilli Leaf Curl Virus – Symptoms and Control in Chilli

Symptoms
Young leaves curl upward or downward and become distorted.

Leaves become small, thick, and wrinkled.

Leaf margins roll upward forming cup-shaped leaves.

Plants show stunted growth and bushy appearance.

Reduced flowering and fruit set.

Fruits, if formed, are small and deformed.

Spread
The virus is mainly transmitted by Whitefly.

Control Measures
Cultural control
Remove and destroy infected plants immediately.

Remove weed hosts around the crop.

Install yellow sticky traps to monitor and reduce whitefly population.

Biological / Botanical control
Spray Azadirachtin 2–3 ml/L of water.

Chemical control
Spray Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L
or
Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00679.jpg,Ridge gourd,Red Pumpkin Beetle,"Leaf Miner Damage in Ridge Gourd – Symptoms and Control

Cause

Damage is caused by Leaf Miner.

Symptoms

White or silvery serpentine (zig-zag) mines on leaves.

Larvae feed inside the leaf tissue, creating winding tunnels.

Affected leaves may turn yellow and dry.

Severe infestation reduces photosynthesis and plant vigor.

Control Measures
Cultural control
Remove and destroy heavily infested leaves.

Maintain field sanitation and remove weeds.

Install yellow sticky traps to monitor adult flies.

Biological / Botanical control

Spray Azadirachtin 2–3 ml/L.

Chemical control

Spray Spinosad 0.3 ml/L
or

Abamectin 0.5 ml/L.

Early management helps prevent severe leaf damage and maintain healthy plant growth.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00358.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Thrips,"Chilli Leaf Curl Virus

Symptoms
Young leaves curl and become distorted.

Leaves small, thick and cup-shaped.

Plants stunted with poor fruit set.

Control
Remove infected plants.
Install yellow sticky traps.
Spray Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L to control Whitefly.

2. Powdery Mildew

Symptoms
White powdery patches on leaves.
Leaves yellow, curl and dry.
Reduced plant growth and yield.

Control
Spray Wettable Sulfur 2 g/L
or Hexaconazole 1 ml/L.

3. Thrips Damage
Symptoms
Silvery streaks on leaves.
Leaves curl upward and become distorted.
Poor flowering and fruit development.

Control

Spray Spinosad 0.3 ml/L
or Azadirachtin 2–3 ml/L.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00845.jpg,Mango,Mango Hopper,"Mango Hopper and Sooty Mold in Mango – Symptoms and Control 

Symptoms
Mango Hopper
Small brown jumping insects on tender leaves

Sticky honeydew secretion on leaves.

Sooty Mold
Black sooty fungal layer on leaves, shoots, and fruits.

Fungus grows on honeydew secreted by hoppers.

Leaves appear black and dirty, reducing photosynthesis.

Control Measures
Maintain orchard sanitation and proper pruning.

Spray Azadirachtin 2–3 ml/L.

Spray Imidacloprid 0.3 ml/L or Thiamethoxam 0.25 g/L to control hoppers.

Controlling mango hoppers prevents honeydew formation and sooty mold development",India,Bihar
images/00287.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Fall Armyworm in Maize – Symptoms and Control (Concise)

Symptoms

Small pin holes and window feeding on young leaves.

Irregular large holes and ragged leaves as larvae grow.

Caterpillars present inside the leaf whorl.

Frass (insect excreta) seen in the whorl.

Severe attack leads to damaged central whorl and poor plant growth.

Control Measures

Regular crop monitoring and remove larvae in early stage.

Install pheromone traps for monitoring.

Spray Azadirachtin 2–3 ml/L.

Spray Emamectin Benzoate 0.4 g/L
or Chlorantraniliprole 0.3 ml/L into the leaf whorl.

Early control prevents severe leaf damage and yield loss in maize.",India,Bihar
images/00443.jpg,Pumpkin,Powdery Mildew,"Pumpkin seedlings at young stage have Powdery mildew disease, which can be controlled by application of Wettable sulphur @ 0.2%.. For Preventive measures, spray of Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water is advised at early stages of growth.",India,Bihar
images/00814.jpg,Tomato,Late Blight,"Blight disease in tomato at fruiting stage is quite harmful, act quickly by removing and disposing of infected leaves or entire plants in sealed bags, and avoid composting them. Copper fungicides to be sprayed as a preventive measure, especially in wet weather, and employ cultural practices such as planting resistant varieties, using drip irrigation to keep foliage dry, pruning for airflow, staking plants, and practicing good sanitation.",India,Bihar
images/00566.jpg,Potato,Late Blight,"Late blight in Potato for control: Use fungicides like mandipropamid, chlorothalonil, fluazinam, or mancozeb.
Seed treatment with fungicides like mancozeb before sowing.
Remove the affected plants immediately and destroy, do not use affected plants for composting.",India,Bihar
images/00083.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"Potato leaf folding, or rolling, is primarily caused by the Potato Leafroll Virus (PLRV), resulting in upward curling of leaves, stunting, and up to 50% yield loss. Often transmitted by aphids (e.g., green peach aphid), it causes leaves to turn pale, brittle, and sometimes purple, starting from the bottom.
Plant certified, virus-free tubers to prevent primary infections.
Control Aphids: Apply insecticides or use natural predators like ladybirds to reduce aphid populations.",India,Bihar
images/00983.jpg,Maize,Healthy,"Maize leaves are yellowing, starting from bottom portion , this is due to Nitrogen deficiency. Which is controlled by Nitrogen top dressing in the form of Urea@6kg per acre or  Foliar spray of Liquid Nano Urea @ 2.5 ml per liter of water is advised for the standing crop.",India,Bihar
images/00619.jpg,Cauliflower,Healthy,"Smaller curd of cauliflower plant, due to imbalance nutrient supply of NPK , particularly Boron deficiency results in poor flowering and small curd development. Apply borax to correct the deficiency. The exact amount needed depends on soil type, soil pH, and the extent of the deficiency. A general guideline is 2-3 lbs of Boron/acre.",India,Bihar
images/00825.jpg,Tobacco,Tobacco Caterpillar,Early stage of damage by leaf eating caterpillar in Tobacco plant. Spray Azadirachtin 1.0 % EC (10000 ppm) 2.0 ml/ lit. or apply Bacillus thuringiensis 2g/lit. during evening hours. Plough the soil to expose and kill the pupae. Grow castor along border and irrigation channel as trap crop.,India,Bihar
images/00413.jpg,Lemon,Scab; Citrus Psyllid,"the symptoms include mealy bugs, which can be identified by  small, white, cottony insects  that feed on sap, causing yellowing leaves, stunted growth, and fruit drop.  
Soft, oval insects covered in white, waxy, cotton-like fluff appear on between stems and leaves.
it control measures include spraying of Spraying of trees with acephate, methomyl, or chlorpyriphos.
Spray dichlorvas 0.2% in combination with fish oil rosin soap 25g/lit.
Use sticky trap (5cm length) on fruit bearing shoots",India,Odisha
images/00579.jpg,Brinjal,Phomopsis Blight; Mites,"Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV): symptoms include Mosaic mottling of leaves and stunting of plants are the characteristic symptoms of potato virus Y Mosaic symptoms are mild in early stages but later become severe.Leaves also develop blisters in advanced cases. Severely infected leaves become small and misshapen. Plants infected early remain stunted.It is transmitted in the field through aphids, Aphis gossypii
control measures: Spray insecticides like Dimethoate 2 ml/litre or Metasystox 1 ml/litre of water to control the insect vectors.",India,Bihar
images/00154.jpg,Papaya,Anthracnose,"Infected Papaya plants exhibit a ""bunchy top"" appearance due to shortened petioles and reduced leaf size, often accompanied by yellowing. It is highly sensitive to tetracycline-based antibiotics, which cause temporary symptom remission, confirming it is not a virus.",India,Bihar
images/00035.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"Chilli leaves affected with thrips, which can be controlled by spray Imidacloprid, or Acetamiprid @1ml per one liter of water, repeat spray in a gap of 8 to 10 days interval.",India,Bihar
images/00001.jpg,Broad bean,Healthy,"mosaic viruses:Mosaic viruses in which the leaves show sharply defined patches of unusual coloration may occur in beans.
control measures:There are no recommended chemical controls for these problems.",India,Bihar
images/00167.jpg,Brinjal,Wilt; Mites,"Bacterial Wilt: Bacterial wilt symptoms on leaf surface Wilting, stunting, yellowing of the foliage and finally collapse of the entire plant are the characteristic symptoms of the disease.
Lower leaves may droop first before wilting occurs.Plant show wilting symptoms at noontime will recover at nights, but die soon.
control measures: Spray Copper fungicides to control the disease (2% Bordeaux mixture.)
The disease is more prevalent in the presence of root knot Nematodes, so control of these nematodes will suppress the disease spread.",India,Bihar
images/00907.jpg,Potato,Aphids,"As per image , potato plants affected with leaf curl virus by  thrips as vector at early stage with leaf seen mottling , curling at the top portion of the plants. Removing affected plants and controlling aphid populations with insecticides(Imidachloprid 3ml/10liters of water or Neem oil,300ppm@5ml /liter of water) to prevent virus spread.",India,Bihar
images/00062.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"FAW damage to the maize plants. For early infestations, apply biopesticides like azadirachtin or chemical insecticides such as chlorantraniliprole or flubendiamide to the plant's whorl.  The field also needs weeding and timely irrigation.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00912.jpg,Banana,Banana Aphid,"Sooty Mold: A secondary fungus that grows on the ""honeydew"" secreted by aphids or mealybugs, appearing as black, velvety, superficial spots. Use plastic bags (sleeving) on bunches to protect them from insects and rain-splashed spores. Remove dead leaves and old flowers from the plantation to reduce spore sources.",India,Bihar
images/00710.jpg,Tobacco,Tobacco Mosaic Virus,"Symptoms of TMV in tobacco. The virus affected plants to be uprooted and destroyed immediately, to control whitefly (vector of TMV)spray Imidacloprid @3ml /10 liters of water or Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water as preventive measures at early stage of the crop.",India,Bihar
images/00650.jpg,Tomato,Early Blight; Thrips,"symptoms include: Brown spots with concentric rings in a bull's eye pattern with yellow margin.
control measure: Seed treatment: Trichoderma asperellum @ 4g/kg seeds
Spray Iprodione 50% WP @ 600 g/ac or Azoxystrobin 23% SC @ 200 ml/ac or Mancozeb 35% SC @ 1 kg/ac or Metiram 70% WG @ 1.0 kg/ac or Pyraclostrobin 20% WG @ 200 g/ac or Zineb 75% WP @ 800 g/ac or Azoxystrobin 18.2%+Difenoconazole 11.4% SC @ 200 ml/ac or Metiram55% + Pyraclostrobin5% WG @ 600 g/ac or Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG@ 140g/ac",Ethiopia,Addis Ababa
images/00445.jpg,Brinjal,Wilt; Shoot and Fruit Borer,"collar rot is seem
symptoms: The lower portion of the stem is affected from the soil borne inoculum (sclerotia).
Decortications is the main symptom.
control measure: Seed treatment with 4 g of Trichoderma viride formulation per kg seed will help in reducing the disease.
Spraying with Mancozeb @ 2g/Litre of water.",India,Bihar
images/00987.jpg,Rice,Blast; Thrips,"symptoms: Symptoms appear on leaves, nodes, rachis, and glumes.
On the leaves, the lesions appear as small bluish green flecks. The lesions soon enlarge under moist weather to form the characteristic spindle shaped spots with grey centre and dark brown margin (Leaf blast). The spots coalesce as the disease progresses and large areas of the leaves dry up and wither. Spots also appear on sheath. Severely infected nursery and field appear as burnt.  
control measure: Use of Tolerant varieties (CO 47, CO 50, ADT 36,ADT 37,ASD 16,ASD 20,ADT 39,ASD 19,TPS 3,White ponni,ADT 44,BPT 5204,CORH , Palghuna, Swarnamukhi, Swathi, Prabhat, IR - 64, , IR - 36, Jaya).
Spraying of Tricyclazole at 1g/lit of water or Edifenphos at 1 ml/lit of water or Carbendazim at 1.0 gm/lit.",India,Bihar
images/00304.jpg,Brinjal,Phomopsis Blight; Shoot and Fruit Borer,"collar rot: Decortications is the main symptom.
control measure: Seed treatment with 4 g of Trichoderma viride formulation per kg seed will help in reducing the disease.
Spraying with Mancozeb @ 2g/Litre of water.",India,Bihar
images/00465.jpg,Cauliflower,Healthy,buttoning:  The plants do not develop normally and leaves remain small and do not cover the developing curds. Deficiency of Nitrogen and planting the early varieties late may cause these symptoms. Avoid transplanting aged seedlings.,India,Bihar
images/00758.jpg,Mango,Powdery Mildew; Mealybugs,"symptoms:  large, wingless, and covered in white waxy powder
control measure: Use 4% neem seed extract, garlic oil, or appropriate systemic insecticides (e.g., dimethoate, chlorpyrifos).",India,Bihar
images/00084.jpg,Onion,Purple Blotch; Onion Maggot,"symptoms: This disease occurs mainly at the top of the leaves, the infection starts with whitish minute dots on the leaves with irregular chlorotic areas on tip portion of the leaves.
control measures: Three foliar sprayings with Copper oxychloride 0.25 % or Chlorothalonil 0.2 % or Zineb 0.2 % or Mancozeb 0.2 %.",India,Bihar
images/00529.jpg,Banana,Panama Wilt; Banana Weevil,"Anthracnose, is the disease, which is not listed.
symptoms:At the initial stage, small, circular, black spots develop on the affected fruits. Then these spots enlarge in size, turn to brown colour  
The skin of the fruit turns black and shrivels and becomes covered with characteristic pink acervuli. Finally the whole finger is affected. Later the disease spreads and affects the whole bunch.
control measures: Avoid damage to fruits at harvest and transit
Burn the infected materials
Proper field sanitation
Keep the field free of weeds and provide good drainage
Fruit should be free from infection and as possible before it is transported, stored and ripened
Banana bunches should be harvested at correct stage of maturity.
Proper fertilization prevents the infection",India,Odisha
images/00939.jpg,Jamun,Leaf Spot; Aphids,"symptoms: Causes circular or irregular brown spots with yellow margins on leaves, resulting in defoliation.
control measures: Spray Mancozeb (2.5 g/L) or Propiconazole (1 ml/L).",India,Bihar
images/00421.jpg,Groundnut,Leaf Spot; Aphids,"symptoms: Tikka leaf spots (early and late), rust, stem rot (white mold), collar rot, and bud necrosis.
control measure: Treat the seeds with Carbendazim or Thiram at 2g/kg.
Spray Carbendazim 500g or mancozeb 2 kg or Chlorothalonil 2 kg/ha and if necessary, repeat after 15 days.
Grow moderately resistant varieties like ALR 1.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00833.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Thrips,"fruit rot/die back :
symptoms: As the fungus causes necrosis of tender twigs from the tip backwards the disease is called die-back Infection usually begins when the crop is in flower. Flowers drop and dry up.
There is profuse shedding of flowers. The flower stalk shrivel and dry up. This drying up spreads from the flower stalks to the stem and subsequently causes die-back of the branches and stem and the branches wither. Partially affected plants bear fruits which are few and of low quality.
control measure: three sprayings with Ziram O. 25% Captan 0.2% or miltox 0.2%. Chemicals like wettable sulphur 0.2%, copper oxychloride 0.25% and Zineb 0.15% not only reduced the disease incidence but also increased the yield of fruits.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00462.jpg,Rice,Sheath Blight; Thrips,"Blast:
Symptoms appear on leaves, nodes, rachis, and glumes.
On the leaves, the lesions appear as small bluish green flecks. The lesions soon enlarge under moist weather to form the characteristic spindle shaped spots with grey centre and dark brown margin (Leaf blast). The spots coalesce as the disease progresses and large areas of the leaves dry up and wither. Spots also appear on sheath. Severely infected nursery and field appear as burnt.  
Black lesions appear on nodes girdling them. The affected nodes may break up and all the plant parts above the infected nodes may die (nodal blast).
control measures:Spraying of Tricyclazole at 1g/lit of water or Edifenphos at 1 ml/lit of water or Carbendazim at 1.0 gm/lit.
3 to 4 sprays each at nursery, tillering stage and panicle emergence stage may be required for complete control.",India,Bihar
images/00917.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Thrips,"symptoms: Leaves curl towards midrib and become deformed.
Stunted plant growth due to shortened internodes and leaves greatly reduced in size.
Flower buds abcise before attaining full size and anthers do not contain pollen grains.
The virus is generally transmitted by whitefly. So control measures of whitefly in this regard would be helpful
control measure:Soaking seeds in a solution containing 150 g Trisodium orthriphosphate per litre of water for 30 minutes inhibits seed - borne inoculum.
Apply Carbofuran 3G @ 4-5 Kg/acre in the mainfield to control sucking complex and insect vectors selectively.",India,Bihar
images/00246.jpg,Groundnut,Leaf Spot; Aphids,"tikka disease
early spot: The lesions are dark brown and appear on the adaxial (upper) surface of the leaflets.
Light brown lesions are found on the abaxial (lower) surface. The lesions are larger than those caused by C. personatum and are surrounded by a bright yellow, circular halo.
late spot: The spots mostly appear on the leaf blades, but at times, they also appear on the petioles and the stem. The infected leaves drop off prematurely.
control measures: Intercrop groundnut and green gram (Vigna radiata) in the ratio of 4:1.
Tolerant varieties like T-64, C-501, MH-4, TMV-6 and TMV-10 can be grown.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00086.jpg,Maize,Banded Leaf and Sheath Blight,"The disease typically appears around the pre-flowering stage (30-40 days after sowing) but can infect plants earlier. It spreads rapidly from the basal leaf sheaths upwards.
1-Cultural Practices: Proper drainage, removing crop debris, and using resistant varieties are essential.
2-Chemical Control: Application of fungicides (e.g., Carbendazim, Validamycin) can help manage the disease, but integrated management is most effective.",India,Bihar
images/00630.jpg,Lemon,Healthy,"Citrus leaves yellowing and curling usually indicate stress from improper watering (too much or too little), nutrient deficiencies (nitrogen, iron, magnesium), or pest infestations like aphids, thrips, or leaf miners. Immediate action includes checking soil moisture, checking for insects, and applying a balanced, micronutrient-rich citrus fertilizer.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00705.jpg,Bitter gourd,Powdery Mildew; Aphids,"The Bitter gourd plants drying, browning and  die due to severe pest infestations (whiteflies, vine borers), fungal diseases (powdery/downy mildew), or improper watering (overwatering/underwatering).
Cut off mildewed leaves or borer-infested stems to stop the spread.
Powdery Mildew: Appears as white powdery spots on leaves, turning them yellow or brown, leading to premature leaf drop and death.",India,Bihar
images/00521.jpg,Bean,Mosaic Virus,"Leaf mosaic disease in beans, caused primarily by viruses like BCMV and BYMV, is characterized by mottled yellow/green leaves, stunted growth, and curled foliage. Transmitted by aphids or whiteflies, it causes significant yield losses and is often seed-borne. Control of vectors by applying Neem oil, Imidachloprid or Spinosad as recommended.",India,Bihar
images/00131.jpg,Banana,Sigatoka Leaf Spot,"The symptoms as visible are most likely caused by Sigatoka, a fungal disease. Spray 3 times with Carbendazim 0.1 per cent or Propicanozole 0.1 % or Mancozeb 0.25% and teepol (sticking agent) at 10-15 days interval, as the disease starting from initial appearance of leaf specks .",India,Bihar
images/00751.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) is a major, highly infectious disease affecting Chilli plants, causing severe stunting, mosaic mottling, and leaf deformation. Spread primarily by aphids, it causes leaves to twist, narrow (shoestring symptom), and turn yellow.
Control Vectors: Use insecticides to manage aphid populations by applying systemic insecticides like Imidacloprid 70% WS-1gm per liter of water.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00249.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus; Mites,"symptoms eaves curl towards midrib and become deformed.
Stunted plant growth due to shortened internodes and leaves greatly reduced in size.
caused by whitefly
control measures : Apply Carbofuran 3G @ 4-5 Kg/acre in the mainfield to control sucking complex and insect vectors selectively.
If it is not possible spray the crop with systemic insecticides. Dimethoate 2ml of Acephate 1g per litre of water.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00570.jpg,Sorghum,Grain Mold; Stem Borer,"symptoms: Withering and drying of central shoot -“dead heart”
Red mining in the midrib
Bore holes visible on the stem near the nodes. Affected parts of stem may show internally tunneling of caterpillars
control measures: Spray on Carbaryl 50 WP 1.00 kg/ha (500 l spray fluid/ ha).
Mix any one of the following insecticides with sand to make
up a total quantity of 50 kg/ha and apply in the leaf whorls :
Phorate 10 G 8 kg/ha
Carbofuran 3 G 17 kg/ha",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00364.jpg,Tomato,Bacterial Wilt; Whiteflies,"symptoms: Lower leaves drop before wilting .
Yellow brown discolouration of tissues.Rapid and complete wilting of plant.
control measure: Drenching with bleaching powder @ 4 kg/ac
Soil application of neem cake @ 100 kg/acre",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00394.jpg,Bottle gourd,Fruit Fly,"Bottle gourd young fruits rotting due to infestation of fruit flies, which can be controlled by using attractants like citronella oil, eucalyptus oil, vinegar (acetic acid), and lactic acid to trap flies. Use poison baiting in severe infestation. Mix methyl eugenol + malathion 50 EC at 1:1 ratio and keep 10 ml of the bait in polythene bags @ 25/ha.",India,Bihar
images/00900.jpg,Mango,Powdery Mildew,"Powdery mildew disease and young mango shoots drying out (dieback) is commonly caused by fungal diseases like Botryosphaeria rhodina or Anthracnose, often triggered by stress, improper watering, or high soil pH. Affected branches should be pruned below the damage, and the tree treated with fungicide.",India,Bihar
images/00340.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Ring Spot Virus,"Leaf curl virus disease in papaya, there is no chemical treatment for viral infections. However, holding the population of whiteflies in check can reduce the severity of the infection. Soil application at the time of sowing and 4-5 foliar sprays of metasystox at an interval of 10 days can effectively control whitefly populations.",India,Bihar
images/00557.jpg,Mango,Anthracnose,"Vegetative Malformation(Bunchy Top) in mango seedlings and young shoots show shortened internodes, swelling of apical buds, and a dense, clustered appearance of small leaves.
Management requires pruning infected parts, using disease-free planting material, and applying fungicides.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00960.jpg,Chilli,Leaf Curl Virus,"The symptoms are of typical Chilli Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) cannot be cured, but its spread can be managed through preventative measures and control of whiteflies, the primary vectors of the virus. Focus on preventing whitefly infestations and eliminating infected plants.",India,Bihar
images/00191.jpg,Maize,Fall Armyworm,"Fall armyworm (FAW) affected Maize plants. For early infestations, apply biopesticides like azadirachtin or chemical insecticides such as chlorantraniliprole or flubendiamide to the plant's whorl as recommended doses.",India,Bihar
images/00890.jpg,Tobacco,Tobacco Mosaic Virus,"Symptoms of TMV in tobacco. The virus affected plants to be uprooted and destroyed immediately, to control whitefly (vector of TMV)spray Imidacloprid @3ml /10 liters of water or Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water as preventive measures at early stage of the crop.",India,Bihar
images/00528.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,"Wheat plants having dark green leaves, which can be due to Phosphorous deficiency. Which can be controlled by application of DAP @ 8 to 10 kg per acre, or spray liquid Nano DAP @ 2.5ml per liter of water in morning or evening when there is no Dew/ on dry leaves.",India,Bihar
images/00021.jpg,Potato,Healthy,"Calcium deficiency symptoms in potato plants. Apply calcium-rich amendments like lime, gypsum, or calcium nitrate to the soil. Foliar Sprays: Use foliar sprays containing calcium chloride, calcium acetate, or calcium nitrate to provide a quick boost of calcium to the plant.",India,Bihar
images/00615.jpg,Chilli,Anthracnose,"Chilli Sudden Wilt 

Disease: Bacterial wilt

Symptoms

Sudden wilting of entire plant

Leaves remain green initially

Browning at stem base

Milky ooze from cut stem in water

Rapid plant death

-Control Measures

Use resistant varieties and healthy seedlings

Follow crop rotation with non-solanaceous crops

Remove and destroy infected plants

Provide good drainage; avoid waterlogging

Soil drenching with Copper oxychloride or Streptocycline

Apply bio-agents like Trichoderma

Common in warm, moist soil conditions.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00327.jpg,Groundnut,Collar Rot,"Collar rot symptoms in groundnut plants, caused by the soil and seed-borne fungus Aspergillus niger, is a destructive disease causing 28–50% yield losses, particularly in sandy loam soils. It affects seedlings and adult plants, showing symptoms like yellowing, browning/rotting at the collar region, and wilting. Management includes seed treatment with Trichoderma viride (@ 4 g/kg), tebuconazole (@ 1.5 g/kg), or soil application of biocontrol agents.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00153.jpg,Papaya,Papaya Ring Spot Virus,"Symptoms of Papaya mosaic virus (PapMV). It manifests as yellowish-green mottling, dark green blister-like patches, and leaf distortion on young leaves, often leading to stunted growth and reduced fruit yields. Because there is no chemical treatment, you must manage it by roguing (destroying) infected plants, disinfecting pruning tools, and using certified, virus-free planting material. It spreads primarily through mechanical injury and handling.",India,Bihar
images/00629.jpg,Guava,Rust,"Treat powdery mildew on guava by pruning infected leaves and applying neem oil or a mixture of baking soda (1–2 tbsp/gallon of water) and soap. Thoroughly spray both the tops and undersides of leaves, where the fungus often thrives. For severe infestations, use commercial fungicides containing sulfur or systemic options like difenoconazole.",India,Bihar
images/00824.jpg,Guava,Rust,"Guava plants having ""red rust"" (often algal), copper fungicides remain the most effective control. Always remove severely infected plant material immediately.
Copper-Based Fungicides: Products containing copper oxychloride, copper hydroxide, or cuprous oxide are highly effective against both rust and algal leaf spot.",India,Bihar
images/00579.jpg,Brinjal,Wilt,"Typical powdery mildew in brinjal characterized by white, powdery spots on leaves, stems, and fruit. It reduces photosynthesis, stunts growth, causes defoliation, and can cause 40-60% yield losses. Management includes removing infected debris, ensuring good ventilation, and using sulfur-based or neem-based fungicides.",India,Bihar
images/00297.jpg,Chilli,Anthracnose,"Powdery mildew in chilli, caused primarily by Leveillula taurica, appears as white, powdery patches on the lower leaf surface, often leading to severe defoliation and up to 50% yield loss. Effective control involves spraying wettable sulphur@ 2gm per liter of water.",India,Bihar
images/00053.jpg,Chilli,Thrips,"To control Thrips in chilli, spray Imidacloprid, or Acetamiprid @1ml per one liter of water, repeat spray in a gap of 8 to 10 days interval.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00479.jpg,Paddy,Healthy,"The symptoms are of typical Nitrogen deficiency, lower leaves turning yellow, starting from margin.
Nitrogen top dressing in the form of Urea@6kg per acre or  Foliar spray of Liquid Nano Urea @ 2.5 ml per liter of water is advised for the standing crop.",India,Bihar
images/00707.jpg,Potato,Healthy,"No such symptoms , potato plants looks healthy but weeds are many along with potato plants",India,Bihar
images/00808.jpg,Cowpea,Healthy,"Powder like deposition on leaves, symptoms of Powdery mildew",India,Jharkhand
images/00581.jpg,Tomato,Healthy,"The soil have cracks seen and the tomato plants wilted and drooping due to dry soil, requires irrigation",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00486.jpg,Rahi,Healthy,nothing,India,Bihar
images/00964.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,healthy mustard flowering crop,India,Bihar
images/00032.jpg,Cowpea,Healthy,"nothing,clear healthy plant",India,Bihar
images/00480.jpg,Chilli,Healthy,green leave,India,Bihar
images/00087.jpg,Cowpea,Healthy,The plants have nutrient deficiency,India,Bihar
images/00544.jpg,Papaya,Healthy,"stunted plant of Papaya, poor growth",India,Bihar
images/00733.jpg,Brinjal,Healthy,Leaf mosaic virus,India,Bihar
images/00240.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,picture is not clear,India,Bihar
images/00647.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,"Mustard pods are nearing maturity and still flowers are seen, crop is in good condition.",India,Bihar
images/00471.jpg,Papaya,Healthy,green leaf,India,Bihar
images/00210.jpg,Rose,Healthy,no disease or nutrient deficiency in plant,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00692.jpg,Red gram,Healthy,no deficiency,India,Bihar
images/00501.jpg,Groundnut,Healthy,none,India,Bihar
images/00339.jpg,Brinjal,Healthy,"The purplish tinge on the leaves may be due to varietal characteristics. Additionally, localized mechanical damage is observed on two to three leaves",India,Bihar
images/00160.jpg,Rice,Healthy,no specific symptoms were observed on either the leaves or the panicles,India,Bihar
images/00451.jpg,Moringa,Healthy,"No mildew symptoms were identified; however, dust deposition was present on the leaf surfaces",India,Bihar
images/00537.jpg,Tomato,Healthy,dust/ soil deposition was noticed on the leaves,India,Bihar
images/00553.jpg,Groundnut,Healthy,no symptoms of disease or pest are seen,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00405.jpg,Bean,Healthy,no signs of pests and diseases are seen,India,Bihar
images/00381.jpg,Potato,Healthy,no symptoms are observed,India,Bihar
images/00910.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,the issue with the crop in the image appears to be related to drought stress or terminal heat stress which can lead to desiccation  or wilting,India,Bihar
images/00605.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,no issue  can be seen,India,Bihar
images/00172.jpg,Tomato,Healthy,No visible symptoms of pests or diseases were observed,India,Bihar
images/00929.jpg,Bottle gourd,Healthy,so signs of pest or disease,India,Bihar
images/00142.jpg,Potato,Healthy,no signs of damage in the given image,India,Bihar
images/00152.jpg,Tomato,Healthy,"One fruit did not develop well; overall, plant is healthy.",India,Bihar
images/00225.jpg,Brinjal,Healthy,lush green field no evident symptom of damage,India,Bihar
images/00503.jpg,Gum,Healthy,"In order to choose a crop, it is not evident, so I had to choose gum. 

Potential case of stem bleeding or gummosis: dark-reddish brown gum oozing out from the bark.",India,Bihar
images/00369.jpg,Aparajita,Healthy,"Seems low nutrition, as leaves are a bit yellowish, Nitrogen deficiency.",India,Bihar
images/00914.jpg,Tobacco,Healthy,the leaves slightly swollen may related to environmental factors and varietal characteristics or any other minor pest damage can cause localized distortions,India,Bihar
images/00816.jpg,Potato,Healthy,Healthy plant,India,Bihar
images/00198.jpg,Tomato,Healthy,Image shows a relatively healthy looking plant without more specific symptoms,India,Bihar
images/00040.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,"healthy plant 
Dark green colored plant 
firm leaves 
brightly colored flowers 
well",India,Rajasthan
images/00747.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,none of the problem is detected in the image of the mustard plant,India,Bihar
images/00925.jpg,Rice,Healthy,there isn't a clear problem with the plant they apper healty young rice seedlingd planted in flooded field,India,Telangana
images/00958.jpg,Mango,Healthy,"In the probelm of the plant section i mentioned none because of  there wilting is not mentioned image appears to be experiencing wilting indicated by drooping , curled leaves and leaf discolaration",India,Bihar
images/00720.jpg,Bean,Healthy,"Healthy plant
 it has dark green colored plant 
firm leaves root system is well developed",India,Bihar
images/00063.jpg,Tomato,Healthy,"Dark green colored plant 
firm leaves 
brightly colored plant 
soil is surface looks dry and lack of moisture",India,Bihar
images/00837.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,the image provided here shows a healthy plant. no issue reported,India,Bihar
images/00392.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,no visible issue can be seen clearly,India,Bihar
images/00317.jpg,Groundnut,Healthy,no visible issue is seen,India,Bihar
images/00567.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,no diseases has found in the plant it looks healthy and green,India,Bihar
images/00839.jpg,Chickpea,Healthy,proper spacing should be maintained in crop field to obtained maximum yield,India,Bihar
images/00504.jpg,Brinjal,Healthy,its looks like brinjal plant and no clear disease of nutrient deficiency is visible,India,Bihar
images/00472.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,"Heavy weed infestation in Mustard field, Manual weeding is advised along with thinning the crowded plants for better growth of the crop.",India,Bihar
images/00009.jpg,Brinjal,Healthy,"The Brinjal plant is infested with Spodoptera leaf eating caterpillar as per holes and cuts in the leaves. Which can be controlled at early stage by spraying Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water at 8 days interval.",India,Bihar
images/00725.jpg,Cowpea,Healthy,no disease or nutrient deficiency is visible in the picture,India,Bihar
images/00756.jpg,Maize,Healthy,"Healthy maize plants, no pest or disease symptoms noticed. Preventive spray of Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water to be done at 8 to 10 days interval.",India,Bihar
images/00144.jpg,Mango,Healthy,"Symptoms:
this is the sap burn or tip burn symptom of the mango crop possible causes are salt injury to roots, occur when salt-based fertilizers or salts in the soil come in contact with the roots of the mango tree. Affected leaves may exhibit necrosis, leading to reduced photosynthesis and stunted growth
control: watering, balanced fertilizer application",India,Bihar
images/00586.jpg,Arhar,Healthy,"Healthy Arhar plants at flowering and pod formation stage. No disease or pest symptoms found. Apply preventive spray of  organic Neem oil ,300ppm @5ml per liter of water and balance dose of NPK fertiliser as recommended with timely irrigation.",India,Bihar
images/00955.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,"Healthy Wheat plants at tillering stage, no disease or pest symptoms found. Apply preventive spray of  organic Neem oil ,300ppm @5ml per liter of water and balance dose of NPK fertiliser as recommended with timely irrigation.",India,Bihar
images/00015.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,"Healthy Mustard plants at flowering stage , no disease or pest infestation observed.  Apply preventive spray of  organic Neem oil ,300ppm @5ml per liter of water and balance dose of NPK fertiliser as recommended with proper irrigation.",India,Bihar
images/00079.jpg,Bottle gourd,Healthy,"Healthy bottle gourd plants,  preventive spray of Neem oil, 300ppm@ 5ml per liter of water to be done with recommended dose of fertiliser and timely irrigation.",India,Bihar
images/00775.jpg,Kidney bean,Healthy,"Healthy plants of Kidney bean, no disease and pest found, preventive spray of Neem oil, 300ppm@ 5ml per liter of water to be done with recommended dose of fertiliser and timely irrigation.",India,Bihar
images/00348.jpg,Banana,Healthy,The spots appearing on the leaves are common and are not caused by any pest or disease.,India,Bihar
images/00215.jpg,Potato,Healthy,no symptom of pest or disease is observed,India,Bihar
images/00415.jpg,Potato,Healthy,"Healthy potato plants, but on close observation powder like deposition observed on leaves. It could be early stage of Powdery mildew infection. 
Control at early stage-Baking soda spray: Mix 1 tablespoon of baking soda and ½ teaspoon of liquid soap in 1 gallon of water and spray affected areas.",India,Bihar
images/00658.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,"The crop is looking healthy, and no deficiency symptoms are visible on the leaves",India,Bihar
images/00140.jpg,Potato,Healthy,the healthy crop growth is observed and no symptoms of pests and diseases are seen,India,Bihar
images/00651.jpg,Maize,Healthy,healthy crop growth is observed in the given image,India,Bihar
images/00595.jpg,Bottle gourd,Healthy,no symptoms are observed,India,Bihar
images/00683.jpg,Tomato,Healthy,no symptoms are observed,India,Bihar
images/00611.jpg,Carrot,Healthy,no signs of pest and diseases are mentioned,India,Jharkhand
images/00722.jpg,Tomato,Healthy,no symptoms are noticed,India,Bihar
images/00547.jpg,Mango,Healthy,no symptoms are noticed,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00430.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,no symptoms,India,Bihar
images/00214.jpg,Bean,Healthy,"Crop: Dolichos bean 
no signs of pest and diseases are notice",India,Bihar
images/00826.jpg,Chilli,Healthy,no symptoms of pest and diseases are notice,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00594.jpg,Kidney bean,Healthy,"Healthy plants at flowering and fruit setting stage. No pest and disease symptoms found. Preventive spray of Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water to be applied.",India,Bihar
images/00787.jpg,Papaya,Healthy,"Healthy Papaya crop at growing stage, needs balance NPK fertiliser and preventive application of Neem oil 300ppm @5ml per liter of water and timely irrigation for better growth and flowering",India,Bihar
images/00667.jpg,Arhar,Healthy,"Matured pods of Arhar  with seeds visible, no symptoms of pest and diseases found. Proper storage to be done in air tight containers to prevent post harvest loss.",India,Bihar
images/00299.jpg,Onion,Healthy,"पौधा स्वस्थ दिख रहा है, पत्तियाँ गहरी हरी और ताजगी भरी हैं, जड़ प्रणाली मजबूत है और विकास नियमित हो रहा है। इस अवस्था में संतुलित नाइट्रोजन युक्त खाद दें और सिंचाई नियमित रखें, लेकिन अधिक पानी से बचें। समय-समय पर खेत की सफाई करें और खरपतवार नियंत्रण पर ध्यान दें, ताकि पौधे का विकास बाधित न हो।",India,Bihar
images/00948.jpg,Rice,Healthy,in the given image rice crop is seen but pest and disease symptoms are not able to found,India,Telangana
images/00182.jpg,Chilli,Healthy,"we could see the pale leaves with the chilli 
this may be due to waterlogging conditions in the filed",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00604.jpg,Bottle gourd,Healthy,only dust accumulations on the leaves of the bottle guard plant is found,India,Bihar
images/00316.jpg,Rose,Healthy,anthocyanin pigmentation in young flesh is common in roses,India,Bihar
images/00699.jpg,Maize,Healthy,"Healthy Maize plants at growing stage, no disease or pest symptoms found, preventive application of Neem oil, 300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water can be sprayed at regular interval of 8 to 10 days. Inspect the crop regularly and monitor for any signs of infestations.",India,Bihar
images/00088.jpg,Bitter gourd,Healthy,"Healthy Bitter gourd plants, no disease or pest symptoms found, preventive application of Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water can be sprayed at regular interval of 8 to 10 days. Inspect the crop regularly and monitor for any signs of infestations.",India,Bihar
images/00074.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,"Healthy wheat plants, no disease or pest symptoms found, preventive application of Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water can be sprayed at regular interval of 8 to 10 days. Inspect the crop regularly and monitor for any signs of infestations.",India,Bihar
images/00095.jpg,Potato,Healthy,"Healthy Potato crop, no disease or pest symptoms found, preventive application of Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water can be sprayed at regular interval of 8 to 10 days. Inspect the crop regularly and monitor for any signs of infestations.",India,Bihar
images/00855.jpg,Cauliflower,Healthy,"Healthy cauliflower plants at flowering stage, curds are smaller, may be due to varietal traits. Smaller curd is due to Boron deficiency. Application of Borax@1gm per liter of water at initiation of flower is recommended.",India,Bihar
images/00881.jpg,Mango,Healthy,"The mango tree appears healthy and normal; however, a considerable amount of dust is observed on the leaf surfaces.",India,Bihar
images/00043.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,none of the symptoms are peculiar,India,Bihar
images/00157.jpg,Rice,Healthy,none,India,Telangana
images/00239.jpg,Groundnut,Healthy,"Groundnut plants get uprooted mainly due to white grub or termite attack, which damages roots and pegs, making plants loose and easily pulled out.
It can also occur due to poor root anchorage from sandy soil, heavy irrigation, or severe wilt/root rot infection.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00627.jpg,Groundnut,Healthy,"Normal yellowing with heavy leaf fall is commonly due to nutrient deficiency (especially nitrogen), moisture stress, or natural senescence of older leaves.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00343.jpg,Arhar,Healthy,"Healthy Arhar crop at flowering stage, no signs of any disease or pest infestation. Preventive spray of Neem oil, 300ppm @5ml per liter of water may be applied.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00039.jpg,Peas,Healthy,"Healthy pea plants, no pest or disease symptoms found. Preventive spray of Neem oil, 300ppm@ 5ml per liter of water to be done with recommended dose of fertiliser and timely irrigation.",India,Bihar
images/00530.jpg,Tobacco,Healthy,"Healthy Tobacco plants at growing stage, no pest or disease symptoms found . Application of balance NPK fertiliser and timely irrigation is required.",India,Bihar
images/00164.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,"No visible signs of powdery mildew, white rust, or insect damage on the flowers.

The plant appears healthy in its flowering stage.",India,Bihar
images/00746.jpg,Papaya,Healthy,"Male flowering papaya plants. Remove excess male trees to maintain a 1:10 to 1:20 ratio with female trees, keep only one plant per pit. Male plants are identified upon flowering (6-7 months) and removed, while female or hermaphrodite plants are kept.",India,Bihar
images/00841.jpg,Tobacco,Healthy,"Healthy tobacco leaves, no pest or disease infestation found. Regular inspection to monitor crop health is advised.",India,Bihar
images/00156.jpg,Bitter gourd,Healthy,Healthy Bitter gourd plants at growing stage. No disease pest infestation found. Apply balance nutrition with NPK fertiliser and timely irrigation for better flowering and fruiting.,India,Bihar
images/00110.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,"Healthy wheat plants at flowering stage. No disease or pest infestation is found, apply balance nutrition and timely irrigation at critical stages of wheat.",India,Bihar
images/00817.jpg,Lemongrass,Healthy,"Healthy Lemon grass plants, no pest or disease symptoms found. As lemon grass have essential oils, which emit scents that repels most of the pests.",India,Bihar
images/00628.jpg,Potato,Healthy,"Healthy potato plants, no symptoms of any disease and pest infestation. Apply preventive organic Neem oil ,300ppm @5ml per liter of water and balance dose of NPK fertiliser as recommended.",India,Bihar
images/00431.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,"Crop looks healthy. So, at this vegetative growth stage, give the recommended dose of fertilizers and irrigation for better growth.",India,Bihar
images/00138.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,Crop looks healthy. There are no visible symptoms of pest or disease.,India,Telangana
images/00718.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,Wheat plant looks heathy at grain formation stage.,India,Bihar
images/00295.jpg,Rose,Healthy,Rose plant looks healthy without any pest or disease symptoms.,India,Bihar
images/00147.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,Mustard plant looks healthy without any pest or disease symptoms.,India,Bihar
images/00281.jpg,Brinjal,Healthy,Brinjal plant at vegetative stage looks healthy without any pest or disease symptoms,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00636.jpg,Potato,Healthy,Potato plant looks healthy without any pest or disease symptoms.,India,Bihar
images/00066.jpg,Crossandra,Healthy,no symptoms are observed,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00607.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,"slight leaf curling in wheat can be common and not always harmful, especially in young seedlings or under certain environmental conditions.",India,Bihar
images/00676.jpg,Radish,Healthy,"Healthy Radish crop, plants are lush green with no disease or pest symptoms found. Preventive spray of natural Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water to be sprayed with balance nutrition and timely irrigation to keep the soil moist and loose for growth of radish.",India,Bihar
images/00760.jpg,Pepper,Healthy,"Pepper plants are lush green with no disease or pest symptoms found. Preventive spray of natural Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water to be sprayed with balance nutrition and timely irrigation.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00946.jpg,Onion,Healthy,"Healthy onion plants with no disease or pest symptoms found. Preventive spray of natural Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water to be sprayed with balance nutrition and timely irrigation.",India,Jharkhand
images/00753.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,Healthy wheat plants but field is infested with severe weed problem. Weeding by manual or herbicide to be used for better growth of wheat crop.,India,Bihar
images/00188.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,"Healthy wheat crops ,requires balanced fertiliser dose along with irrigation at critical stages.. Monitoring the crop for early detection of pest and diseases.",India,Bihar
images/00025.jpg,Canola,Healthy,"Healthy canola plants at flowering stage, requires balanced fertiliser dose. Monitoring the crop for early detection of pest and diseases.",India,Bihar
images/00071.jpg,Pumpkin,Healthy,"Pumpkin leaves curling and drying usually indicate stress from extreme heat, underwatering, pests (aphids/mites), or nutrient deficiencies. Immediately increase water to 1–1.5 inches per week, provide shade during peak sun, check for pests, and apply balanced fertilizer.",India,Bihar
images/00516.jpg,Maize,Healthy,"Healthy Maize plants at growing stage, no pest or disease symptoms found. Preventive spray of Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water is required along with balance dose of fertiliser application and timely irrigation as per requirements.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00895.jpg,Bitter gourd,Healthy,"Healthy bitter gourd plants, at flowering and fruiting stage, no pest or disease symptoms found. Preventive spray of Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water is required along with balance dose of fertiliser application and timely irrigation as per requirements.",India,Bihar
images/00793.jpg,Chickpea,Healthy,"so symptoms of pests and diseases are observed 

but seedlings are germinated spaces that may be due to seed distribution",India,Bihar
images/00102.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,no pest and disease symptoms noticed but germination is not proper in some places,India,Bihar
images/00599.jpg,Chickpea,Healthy,In chickpea no symptoms of pests and diseases are seen but weed infestation is bit more,India,Bihar
images/00319.jpg,Potato,Healthy,no signs of pests and diseases are observed,India,Bihar
images/00577.jpg,Rice,Healthy,no symptoms are identified,India,Bihar
images/00145.jpg,Potato,Healthy,"The plants are showing elongated (lanky) growth, with weakened stems bending and leaning toward one side, indicating uneven growth orientation longing for sunlight",India,Bihar
images/00337.jpg,Onion,Healthy,seedlings are slightly dull and becoming dry due to moisture stress,India,Bihar
images/00361.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,no symptoms are observed and image is also not clear,India,Jharkhand
images/00390.jpg,Chilli,Healthy,"The seedlings appear similar to freshly transplanted ones, and the wilting-like symptoms are likely due to transplanting shock.",India,Bihar
images/00687.jpg,Onion,Healthy,"Onion plants are showing yellowing and wilt-like symptoms. Since algal growth is observed on the soil surface, it indicates that the crop has experienced waterlogging for some time. The wilt-like symptoms are therefore likely due to over-irrigation. These symptoms can be corrected by improving drainage, reducing irrigation frequency, and restoring proper soil aeration

soil application of some of below components can recommended for reviving the crop

Trichoderma (viride/harzianum): 2.5 kg/acre mixed with FYM

Neem cake: 100–150 kg/acre

Gypsum (for heavy soils): 200–250 kg/acre

Humic acid (soil drench): 1–2 ml/L",India,Bihar
images/00520.jpg,Watermelon,Healthy,no symptoms are observed,India,Bihar
images/00975.jpg,Tomato,Healthy,"soft watery lesions on ripe tomato fruit 

Reasons
Mechanical injury during harvesting, packing, or transport

Post-harvest bacterial soft rot entering through wounds

Over-mature fruits with weak skin

High humidity and poor ventilation after harvest

Symptoms
Water-soaked, soft patches on fruits

Tissue becomes mushy and collapses

Foul smell in advanced stages

Rapid spread to nearby fruits

Control / management
Harvest at breaker–pink stage, avoid over-ripening

Handle fruits gently; avoid bruising

Remove damaged fruits immediately

Wash fruits in chlorinated water (100–150 ppm)

Dry and store in cool, well-ventilated conditions

Use clean crates; avoid piling and compression",India,Bihar
images/00119.jpg,Chickpea,Healthy,the crop is looking health,India,Bihar
images/00621.jpg,Onion,Healthy,older leaves are getting dried off,India,Bihar
images/00863.jpg,Pomegranate,Healthy,no symptoms,India,Bihar
images/00716.jpg,Papaya,Healthy,lanky growth with more internodal length,India,Bihar
images/00351.jpg,Tomato,Healthy,crop is looking healthy in the given image,India,Bihar
images/00715.jpg,Cowpea,Healthy,just germinated seedling are shown and are looking healthy,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00163.jpg,Onion,Healthy,"Onion field with white/salt deposition on soil

Cause: Soil salinity (saline water, poor drainage, excess fertilizers)

Symptoms: Poor germination, leaf tip burn, stunted bulbs

Control: Improve drainage, leach salts with good-quality water, add organic matter, apply gypsum (if sodic), reduce fertilizer dose and confirm with soil EC test",India,Bihar
images/00072.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,crop is looking healthy,India,Bihar
images/00884.jpg,Tobacco,Healthy,"Sun scorch / Chemical burn

Symptoms:
Irregular brown patches
Appears suddenly after spraying
Upper exposed leaves affected

Control:
Avoid spraying during hot hours
Use recommended dose",India,Bihar
images/00889.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,we cannot see any pest of disease infection in the given image,India,Bihar
images/00809.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,no symptoms of pest and diseases are noticed,India,Bihar
images/00622.jpg,Papaya,Healthy,In the given image no specific symptoms of pest and diseases are noticed,India,Bihar
images/00231.jpg,Cucumber,Healthy,just germinated seedling,India,Bihar
images/00073.jpg,Potato,Healthy,no symptoms,India,Bihar
images/00264.jpg,Radish,Healthy,"Radish plants heavily infested with weeds, manual weeding or use of mechanical weeder is advised at this stage of the crop as the weeds have grown more. Weeding must be done before flowering stage else the seeds will fall in the field and reemergence of weeds will create more problem for the crop.",India,Bihar
images/00391.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,"Healthy wheat plant at vegetative stage but soil cracks are seen due to water stress. Irrigate the field regularly, particularly at critical stages like tillering, CRI, PI, and grain filling stage.",India,Bihar
images/00091.jpg,Tomato,Healthy,"Tomato leaves whitish and curling . Heat and low moisture can cause the edges of the tomato leaves to die back, then twist and curl. Hot dry weather may also cause a symptom called physiological leaf roll.
Irrigate regularly and do not allow the soil to dry completely to a wilting point.",India,Bihar
images/00735.jpg,Coriander,Healthy,sparce planting or poor germination of seed,India,Bihar
images/00812.jpg,Mango,Healthy,"Multiple Shoots in Young Mango Branches

Possible Causes:
-After pruning/tip damage – Normal lateral bud sprouting.

-Mango malformation (Fusarium mangiferae)
-Bunchy, compact shoots
-Short internodes

- Excess nitrogen – Vigorous clustered growth

If malformation suspected:
Prune 15–20 cm below affected area and spray Carbendazim 1 g/L.",India,Bihar
images/00276.jpg,Potato,Healthy,no symptoms are noticed and the dense crop is seen in the given image,India,Bihar
images/00005.jpg,Paddy,Healthy,paddy panicle with the grains,India,Odisha
images/00187.jpg,Potato,Healthy,"Healthy potato plants, no symptoms of any disease and pest infestation. Apply preventive organic Neem oil ,300ppm @5ml per liter of water and balance dose of NPK fertiliser as recommended.",India,Bihar
images/00171.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,"Healthy mustard plants, no symptoms of any disease and pest infestation. Apply preventive spray of organic Neem oil ,300ppm @5ml per liter of water and balance dose of NPK fertiliser as recommended.",India,Bihar
images/00302.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,Healthy mustard crop at flowering and pod setting stage. No pest or disease symptoms noticed.,India,Bihar
images/00862.jpg,Chilli,Healthy,"Green chilli fruits, seems dehydrated a bit and shriveled. Storage in aerated close containers at lower temperature in refrigerated condition is advised.",India,Bihar
images/00212.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,"Healthy mustard crop at flowering stage, no pest or disease infestations noticed. Preventive foliar spray of Neem oil,300ppm @5ml per liter of water, balance NPK nutrition and timely irrigation is advised.",India,Bihar
images/00931.jpg,Peas,Healthy,"Healthy Pea plants at growing stage, no pest or disease symptoms found. Preventive spray of Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water is required along with balance dose of fertiliser application and timely irrigation as per requirements.",India,Bihar
images/00670.jpg,Papaya,Healthy,Dust accumulation on the leaves,India,Bihar
images/00571.jpg,Pearl millet,Healthy,crop is looking comparatively healthy and normal,India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00408.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,no symptoms observed,India,Bihar
images/00690.jpg,Chickpea,Healthy,crop is looking healthy and normal,India,Madhya Pradesh
images/00436.jpg,Potato,Healthy,No symptoms,India,Bihar
images/00666.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,no symptoms of pest and diseases are seen,India,Bihar
images/00280.jpg,Papaya,Healthy,due to shade the growth is lanky and poor growth,India,Bihar
images/00959.jpg,Potato,Healthy,"Sun Scorch / Heat Injury
• White burnt patches
• No fungal growth
• Occurs during high temperature

✔ Maintain proper irrigation

If patches spread rapidly in cool, humid weather → likely late blight.",India,Bihar
images/00371.jpg,Bitter gourd,Healthy,no symptoms,India,Bihar
images/00796.jpg,Potato,Healthy,no symptoms are seen,India,Bihar
images/00328.jpg,Maize,Healthy,Maize crop looks healthy without any symptoms of pest or disease.,India,Bihar
images/00164.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,Mustard flowers are healthy without any pest or disease symptoms,India,Bihar
images/00103.jpg,Bottle gourd,Healthy,crop is good its in fruiting stage,India,Bihar
images/00701.jpg,Papaya,Healthy,here we can see the male papaya plant,India,Bihar
images/00563.jpg,Potato,Healthy,"Healthy potato plants, no symptoms of any disease and pest infestation. Apply preventive organic Neem oil ,300ppm @5ml per liter of water and balance dose of NPK fertiliser as recommended.",India,Bihar
images/00234.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,"Healthy wheat crop at grain filling stage, no symptoms of any disease and pest infestation. Apply preventive organic Neem oil ,300ppm @5ml per liter of water and balance dose of NPK fertiliser as recommended with timely irrigation.",India,Bihar
images/00052.jpg,Potato,Healthy,"Healthy potato plants, no symptoms of any disease and pest infestation. Apply preventive organic Neem oil ,300ppm @5ml per liter of water and balance dose of NPK fertiliser as recommended with timely irrigation.",India,Bihar
images/00792.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,"Healthy mustard crop at flowering stage, no pest or disease infestations noticed. Preventive foliar spray of Neem oil,300ppm @5ml per liter of water, balance NPK nutrition and timely irrigation is advised.",India,Bihar
images/00414.jpg,Fruit trees,Healthy,early gemination of cloves,India,Bihar
images/00440.jpg,Bottle gourd,Healthy,plant is looking healthy,India,Bihar
images/00470.jpg,Pumpkin,Healthy,"Young pumpkin plant, having 2 to 3 leaves, no disease or pest symptoms found. Apply preventive spray of  organic Neem oil ,300ppm @5ml per liter of water and balance dose of NPK fertiliser as recommended with timely irrigation.",India,Bihar
images/00685.jpg,Maize,Healthy,"Healthy Maize plants at growing stage, no pest or disease symptoms found. Preventive spray of Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water is required along with balance dose of fertiliser application and timely irrigation as per requirements.",India,Bihar
images/00774.jpg,Arhar,Healthy,"Arhar crop at flowering stage, no disease pest symptoms found.  At this stage Pod borer and Leaf Folder can be a problem, which feed on leaves, flowers, and pods, causing significant yield loss by damaging developing seeds and foliage. Preventive spray of Neem oil,300pm@ 5ml per liter of water to be applied in 8 to 10 days interval.",India,Bihar
images/00953.jpg,Banana,Healthy,pigmentation in young banana seedlings is common in,India,Bihar
images/00972.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,Mustard Crop at flowering stage looks healthy without any symptoms of pest or disease.,India,Bihar
images/00706.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,"Healthy wheat crop at flowering stage. No pest or disease symptoms found. Preventive foliar spray of Neem oil,300ppm @5ml per liter of water, balance NPK nutrition and timely irrigation is advised.",India,Bihar
images/00162.jpg,Garlic,Healthy,"Healthy garlic plants, cultivated in ridge and furrow method. No disease or pest infestation visible .",India,Bihar
images/00780.jpg,Green gram,Healthy,"Healthy green gram plants, no disease or pest infestation noticed. Preventive application of Neem oil,300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water can be sprayed at regular interval of 8 to 10 days.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00018.jpg,Marigold,Healthy,"Seems healthy marigold plants, image is not clear for a better observation",India,Bihar
images/00937.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,"Healthy Mustard plants at flowering and pod formation stage, no issues observed.",India,Bihar
images/00314.jpg,Brinjal,Healthy,"Powdery mildew disease in Brinjal : powdery mildew can be controlled by spraying Neem oil, 300ppm @ 5ml per liter of water or application of wettable sulfur (2000 ppm)@ 1gm per liter of water is effective.",India,Bihar
images/00200.jpg,Strawberry,Healthy,"Healthy and quality strawberry fruits after harvest, It should be stored in perforated containers in cooler temperature for longer shelf life and better market price.",India,Bihar
images/00152.jpg,Tomato,Healthy,"Tomato fruit rot is primarily controlled by maintaining dry conditions, using staking to prevent soil contact, and applying fungicides like Dithane M-45, Bordeaux mixture, or copper-based sprays.",India,Bihar
images/00077.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,"Healthy wheat crops at grain filling stage, no disease or pest infestation  symptoms observed.",India,Bihar
images/00355.jpg,Rice,Healthy,germinated seedlings,India,Bihar
images/00874.jpg,Rice,Healthy,no symptoms are noticed,India,Bihar
images/00491.jpg,Potato,Healthy,only beneficial insect lady bird beetle is seen in the image,India,Bihar
images/00417.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,crop is looking healthy,India,Bihar
images/00476.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,crop is looking healthy,India,Bihar
images/00293.jpg,Rice,Healthy,crop is looking healthy,India,Jharkhand
images/00799.jpg,Maize,Healthy,crop is looking healthy and symptoms are not visible clearly in the given image,India,Bihar
images/00514.jpg,Onion,Healthy,crop is comparatively healthy and symptoms are not very clear in the given image,India,Bihar
images/00429.jpg,Red gram,Healthy,crop is looking  healthy and pest and disease symptoms are not visible in the given image,India,Bihar
images/00947.jpg,Capsicum,Healthy,The capsicum plant looks healthy without any symptoms of pest or disease.,India,Bihar
images/00764.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,Mustard crop looks healthy without any symptoms of pest or disease.,India,Bihar
images/00150.jpg,Potato,Healthy,the crop is looking healthy,India,Bihar
images/00732.jpg,Cauliflower,Healthy,"Causes of Riceyness in Cauliflower in Cauliflower: surface of the curd is loose & has velvety appearance due to elongation of pedicel and form  small white flower buds at the curding stage

Riceyness occurs when the curd starts producing small premature flower buds, making the curd loose and grainy.

Main Causes

High temperature during curd formation.

Excess nitrogen fertilization leading to rapid growth.

Improper variety for the season or climate.

Late harvesting of the curd.

Moisture stress or irregular irrigation.

High humidity with warm weather conditions.
 These factors cause premature floral development, resulting in a loose, granular curd instead of a compact head",India,Bihar
images/00333.jpg,Potato,Healthy,the crop is looking healthy and normal,India,Bihar
images/00194.jpg,Mustard,Healthy,crop is looking healthy and normal,India,Bihar
images/00324.jpg,Rice,Healthy,rice crop is healthy and normal,India,Jharkhand
images/00422.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,"Healthy wheat crop at growing stage, no symptoms of any disease and pest infestation. Apply preventive organic Neem oil ,300ppm @5ml per liter of water and balance dose of NPK fertiliser as recommended with timely irrigation.",India,Bihar
images/00850.jpg,Wheat,Healthy,crop is looking healthy,India,Bihar
images/00582.jpg,Canola,Healthy,crops looks healthy,India,Bihar
images/00559.jpg,Banana,Healthy,banana seedling is heathy and pigmentation is common its not due to any pest or disease,India,Maharashtra
images/00099.jpg,Chickpea,Healthy,crop is looking healthy and normal,India,Bihar
images/00775.jpg,Bean,Healthy,Dolichos bean crop is looking healthy and normal,India,Bihar
images/00620.jpg,Arhar,Healthy,"Healthy Arhar crop at flowering and pod setting stage, no symptoms of pest or disease noticed. Preventive spray of Neem oil, 300ppm@ 5ml per liter of water to be done with recommended dose of fertiliser and timely irrigation.",India,Andhra Pradesh
images/00771.jpg,Peas,Healthy,"Healthy Pea plants, no symptoms of pest or disease noticed. Preventive spray of Neem oil, 300ppm@ 5ml per liter of water to be done with recommended dose of fertiliser and timely irrigation.",India,Bihar