Suriname WT/TPR/S/135
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I. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
(1) OVERVIEW
1. Suriname is a small, mining-based economy, highly dependent on trade and on a limited
basket of goods for export. As a result, Suriname's economy is susceptible to fluctuations in world
prices and demand for alumina, its main export. Until recently, poor macroeconomic management,
probably exacerbated the effects of such fluctuations on output and employment. The Government
has sought to rein in the fiscal deficit but the large size of the public service poses a major obstacle to
fiscal sustainability, and could also be distorting the domestic labour market. Average annual
economic growth between 1998 and 2002 was 1.7%. Suriname's per capita GDP was US$2,200 at
end 2002.
2. The Government introduced a series of measures that led to a fiscal surplus in 2001. As a
result, the exchange rate stabilized and inflation eased. However, the worsening of macroeconomic
conditions in 2002 reflects the fragility of the economic reform process in Suriname, and the need to
deepen the process of structural reforms in respect of the public sector, monetary policy-making
institutions, and the legal and regulatory environment to promote trade and investment.
3. Suriname's current account has traditionally posted sizeable deficits, largely financed by
development assistance, and official and private borrowing. The merchandise trade balance has been
positive since 2000. Mining exports, mostly alumina, generate the bulk of merchandise export
earnings. Imports are largely machinery and transport equipment, chemicals and food and beverages.
Suriname's main trading partners are the European Union and the United States; in addition, Norway
is an important destination for Suriname's exports, while Trinidad and Tobago is an important
supplier of imports.
4. Despite improvements in all areas, the quality of economic statistics in Suriname remains
weak, and an impediment to macroeconomic surveillance.
(2) MAINECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS
(i) Structure, output, and employment
5. Suriname's real GDP grew at an annual average rate of 1.7% between 1998 and 2002
(Table I.1). After growing by 2.2% in 1998, real GDP contracted in 1999 and 2000, as the share of
public investment in GDP declined sharply. Growth recovered to 4.5% in 2001, mostly as a result of
a robust increase in private investment and export growth. Economic activity slowed down somewhat
in 2002, when real GDP growth fell to 3%. Although 2003 official GDP figures had not been
released as at April 2004, one estimate has put real GDP growth for that year at 5.6%, reflecting
mainly an increase in construction activity associated with a US$100 million private foreign
investment project in gold mining (Chapter IV(4)).1
6. The share of investment in GDP fluctuated widely between 1998 and 2002, when private
and public investment combined ranged from 12% to 28% (Table I.1). The GDP share of
combined private and public consumption remained relatively stable over this period, at around 100%
of GDP. The contribution of exports of goods and services to GDP averaged 23.5%; that of imports
averaged -42%.
1IMF (2003c), p.8.WT/TPR/S/135 Trade Policy Review
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Table I.1
Basic economic indicators, 1998-02
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002a
I. Gross domestic product
GDP, current, at market prices (Sf million) 445,059 761,482 1,176,909 1,664,355 2,234,399
Real GDP (% change) 2.2 -0.9 -0.1 4.5 3.0
Share of GDP (%)
Agriculture 8.4 8.4 10.1 9.9 9.5
Mining and quarrying 4.7 7.3 8.9 7.4 6.9
Manufacturing 8.1 7.9 8.2 5.8 4.6
Electricity, water, and gas 4.7 3.4 2.9 3.3 2.6
Construction 3.8 3.2 2.9 3.1 2.8
Trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.6 13.8 13.6 11.7 10.8
Transport and communication 4.8 5.9 7.4 7.0 6.7
Finance 11.6 11.9 11.7 11.9 11.3
Government 16.5 13.3 13.8 12.8 16.9
Personal services 1.2 1.7 2.4 1.8 2.0
Imputed service charge -3.7 -4.1 -3.1 -3.0 -3.0
Informal sector 15.0 14.7 12.2 14.2 14.9
Indirect taxes minus subsidies 12.4 12.6 9.0 14.0 14.0
Share of GDP (%)
Private consumption 64.3 63.3 64.5 70.5 66.4
Government consumption 33.0 26.5 37.0 32.4 34.5
Gross fixed capital formation 21.2 16.3 11.9 27.8 22.7
Private 10.2 10.2 9.6 25.4 20.9
Public 11.0 6.1 2.3 2.4 1.8
Exports of goods and services 25.8 27.4 19.6 23.4 21.3
Imports of goods and services 44.3 33.4 33.0 54.1 44.9
II. Money and prices
M1 (annual growth, %) 33.4 48.2 99.2 41.1 40.1
M2 (annual growth, %) 28.1 37.2 93.2 37.1 38.7
CPI (annual average, %) 19.0 98.8 58.9 3.3 15.5
Average interest, deposit rate 15.7 15.9 15.4 11.1 8.4
Average interest, lending rate 25.7 28.5 29.0 23.5 21.3
Stock net foreign assets Central Bank
(million US$)89.3 14.0 12.6 99.5 101.9
III. Fiscal balance
Central Government expenditure (% of GDP) 44.0 33.3 39.3 35.5 36.3
Central Government incomeb(% of GDP) 34.3 23.7 27.2 38.7 29.3
Surplus/deficit (% of GDP) -9.7 -9.6 -12.1 3.2 -7.0
IV. Memo items
Population ('000)c412,820 414,550 417,000 419,660 422,570
Official exchange rate Sf/US$d401 859.90 1,326.30 2,244.96 2,346.75
Parallel exchange rate Sf/$e555.5 1,251.3 1,941.5 2245 2,770.6
a Preliminary.
b Includes grants.
c World Bank data.
d Annual average.
e Annual average, based on IMF estimates from a limited survey of currency traders.
Source: IMF (2003c), Suriname: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix .Suriname WT/TPR/S/135
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7. The mining sector (including mineral processing) contributes some 7% to GDP, and alumina
exports remain Suriname's most important single generator of foreign exchange. The Government,
including public administration, education, health, and social work accounts for 17% of GDP. The
services sector, excluding the Government, represents about one third of Suriname's GDP.2In 2001,
financial services overtook trade, restaurants and hotels as the single most important service activity
in the country. The fastest growing services sectors since 1998 have been personal services and
transport and communications. The share of agriculture in GDP increased slightly between 1998 and
2002, from 8.4% to 9.5%. In contrast, the share of manufacturing in GDP declined steadily over the
same period, even though the sector grew in real terms.
8. In 2002, the total number of formal sector workers in Suriname was 84,172. The Government
is by far the largest employer. Based on data provided by the General Bureau of Statistics, 42% of
workers are employed by the Government, including public administration, education, health, and
social work, roughly twice the share of workers employed in agriculture and manufacturing combined
(Table I.2). The share of public sector employees is larger if account is taken of an estimated 15,000
workers employed by state-owned enterprises (Chapter III(4)(v)). The IMF estimates total public
sector employment at 60% of total formal sector employment.3The size of the public service is a
major burden on Suriname's tax payers and could distort the availability of employment in other
sectors.
9. The shares of agriculture and manufacturing in total employment both fell between 1997 and
2002, from 14.4% to 11.2% for agriculture, and from 10.8% to 8.9% for manufacturing. The share of
workers in most services activities has remained relatively flat or declined slightly since 1997, with
the exception of construction, where it jumped from 4% in 1997 to almost 7% in 2002.
Table I.2
Employment by sector, 1997-02
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001a2002a
Total employment 86,200 87,115 85,562 85,890 86,086 84,172
% share of total
Agriculture, fishery, hunting and forestry14.4 13.1 13.0 13.0 12.9 11.2
Mining and quarrying3.8 3.4 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.5
Manufacturing (excl. bauxite processing)10.8 9.8 9.4 9.0 8.6 8.9
Electricity, gas and water supply1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.0
Construction4.0 5.4 5.9 6.7 6.7 6.9
Trade, hotels and restaurants16.1 16.5 16.8 16.0 15.9 15.6
Transport and communications3.7 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1
Financial intermediation2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1
Real estate, renting and business activities1.0 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1
Public administration21.9 21.8 22.0 22.3 22.8 23.6
Education, health, and social work16.1 16.8 17.2 17.5 17.8 18.4
Other services4.1 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.7
a Tentative figures.
Source: Suriname General Bureau of Statistics.
2The services sector consists of: construction; trade, restaurants and hotels; transport and
communications; financial services; and personal services.
3IMF (2003c), p.3.WT/TPR/S/135 Trade Policy Review
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10. The General Bureau of Statistics has estimated that, between 1995 and 2002, the
informal sector of the Surinamese economy represented between 15% and 24% of GDP. Much of the
informal economic activity centres around small-scale gold mining in the interior of the country
(see Chapter IV(4)).
11. Structurally, the Surinamese economy is highly dependent on both exports and imports. The
export basket of goods is very limited. Imports and exports of goods and services represent some
120% of GDP, and alumina some 65% of total exports. Given these two features, Suriname's
economy is particularly susceptible to fluctuations in world prices and demand for alumina, its main
export.
12. According to a study by the WTO Secretariat, over 1980-00 Suriname experienced the 13th
highest volatility of output among 143 WTO Members, as measured by the standard deviation of per
capita GDP growth rates.4This volatility partly reflects fluctuations in the world price of alumina,
particularly during the 1980s and early 1990s (Chart I.1). At the same time, it has been suggested that
Suriname's poor macroeconomic management record exacerbated the effects of alumina cycles on
GDP.5Suriname's past legal and institutional instability would also help explain the country's overall
modest economic performance; as another WTO study pointed out, the quality of institutions is
crucial, and is what really distinguishes small countries that succeed from those that do not.6
4WTO document WT/COMTD/SE/W/5, 23 October 2002.
5For a detailed analysis of how domestic policies coincided with and amplified the effects of alumina
cycles see Martin (2001), pp. 43-90.
6WTO document WT/COMTD/SE/W/4, 23 July 2002.Chart I.1
Price of alumina, 1980-00a
(US$/per tonne)
120.00140.00160.00180.00200.00220.00240.00260.00280.00300.00320.00
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
a As measured by the average U.S. prices of calcined alumina.
Source: Geological Survey Open File Report 01-006 [Online]. Available at: minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/of01-006/.Suriname WT/TPR/S/135
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(ii) Fiscal policy
13. The Ministry of Finance has leading responsibility for fiscal policy in Suriname.
Traditionally, Suriname has registered very large fiscal deficits. In the context of this Review, the
authorities indicated that the Government's short-term fiscal policy objective to address fiscal deficits
is to synchronize revenues and expenditures. To this end, the authorities noted that they were
considering amendments to several tax laws with a view to enhancing the efficiency of tax collection.
In the medium term, the Government would seek to rein in the fiscal deficits by reforming the public
sector and fostering the development of the private sector.
14. During 1997-00 the fiscal deficit of the Central Government averaged 10.2% of GDP and was
financed mainly by credit from the Central Bank. In 2000, the Government introduced a series of
measures to raise government revenue, including an increase in excise taxes. Together with strong
expenditure control efforts, particularly on goods and services, these measures helped reverse the
fiscal position of the central Government from a deficit of 12.1% in 2000 to a surplus of 3.2% in 2001
(Table I.3).
15. By 2002, however, the fiscal position of the central Government had turned negative again,
and the fiscal deficit reached 7% of GDP. This reflected lower revenue and higher expenditure due to
a large salary increase to public servants. In the first half of 2003, the Government introduced a series
of measures to increase revenue. It raised the sales tax by 3 percentage points to 8% for goods and
10% for services, introduced a casino tax and a temporary tax surcharge on corporate incomes and the
highest personal incomes, and raised gasoline prices. No official data on the 2003 fiscal deficit has
yet been released (as at April 2004). The IMF expected the 2003 fiscal deficit to narrow to 3.6 %.7
Table I.3
Central Government finances, 1998-02
(Per cent of GDP)
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
I. Revenue and grants 34.3 23.7 27.2 38.7 29.3
Revenue 28.4 21.1 25.3 37.0 27.9
Direct taxes 11.4 7.7 12.6 17.4 10.4
Indirect taxes 12.5 12.0 10.5 16.1 14.1
Non-tax revenue 4.6 1.3 2.2 3.6 3.5
Grants 5.9 2.7 1.9 1.6 1.3
II. Expenditure and net lending 44.0 33.3 39.3 35.5 36.3
Current expenditure 33.0 26.5 37.0 32.4 34.5
Wages and salaries 16.5 12.5 13.1 12.0 15.2
Goods and services 10.8 8.0 16.3 8.4 10.3
Subsidies and transfers 4.8 5.6 7.0 9.1 6.5
of which
Private sector 0.2 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.2
Public sector 0.1 0.1 1.1 1.5 1.0
Households 4.6 5.1 5.0 6.7 5.2
Interest 0.9 0.4 0.6 2.9 2.6
Net lending 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.7 0.0
Capital expenditure 11.0 5.7 2.3 2.4 1.8
III. Overall balance -9.7 -9.6 -12.1 3.2 -7.0
Source: IMF (2003c), Suriname: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix .
7IMF (2003b), p. 8.WT/TPR/S/135 Trade Policy Review
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16. Based on IMF data, between 1998 and 2002 government revenue from taxes on international
trade decreased slightly in U.S. dollars terms, from US$87.5 million to US$82.7 million. As a share
of current government revenue, however, the importance of taxes on international trade increased over
the same period. On average, customs duties accounted for some 56% of the total revenue derived
from taxes on international trade between 1998 and 2002, followed by sales tax, at 30% (Table I.4).
The 2002 share of revenue derived from customs duties to total value of imports was 8.1%.
17. Bauxite has traditionally been an important source of income for the Government. In the
context of this Review the authorities have estimated that the bauxite sector contributes about 12% to
total fiscal revenue. Unofficial estimates indicate that in the 1990s the alumina companies' profit
taxes accounted, on average, for 30% of the Governments direct tax revenues.8
Table I.4
Trade-related fiscal revenue, 1998-02
(Sf billion)
Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Customs duty 21.6 34 55.5 91.1 107.2
Sales tax on imports 9.2 22 27.5 51 57.6
Statistical fees and consent tax 4.3 8.6 14.6 25.1 28.7
Wood export tax 0 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.3
Export and re-export taxes 0 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4
Total fiscal revenue from international trade 35.1 65.2 98.2 168.2 194.2
Share of trade-related revenue in total fiscal revenue (%) 27.8 40.7 33 27.3 31.1
Source : IMF (2003c), Suriname: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix .
18. In 2002, public sector debt stood at 51% of GDP. A Public Debt Law adopted in early 2002
sets the ceiling for public debt at 60% of GDP and provides for penalties, including imprisonment, for
the Minister of Finance if the public debt exceeds this ceiling.
19. Reportedly, widespread tax evasion and uneven tax collection efforts are the main factors of
the volatility of Suriname's tax revenues.9In this context, Suriname has received technical assistance
to improve tax administration from the Inter-American Centre for Tax Administrations and the
Government of the Netherlands.
(iii) Monetary and exchange rate policies
20. The legal framework for Suriname's monetary policy is laid out in the Bank Law of 1956,
as amended. The authorities indicate that the Ministry of Finance is responsible for formulating
monetary policy in Suriname, and the Central Bank for implementing that policy. Although
Article 24 of the Bank Law specifies a formal mechanism to settle any divergences that may arise
between the Minister of Finance and the President of the Central Bank as regards monetary policy, the
authorities note that the mechanism has rarely been used. The authorities agree that expansionary
fiscal policy has historically been the main impediment to effective monetary policy in Suriname.
21. The Central Bank is headed by a President appointed by the Government for a renewable
period of five years. A Supervisory Board is responsible for monitoring the management of the
Central Bank and approving its annual balance sheet. The Supervisory Board is also empowered to
propose to the Government the suspension or dismissal of the President of the Central Bank. The
8Martin (2001), pp. 46.
9IMF (2003b), p. 11.Suriname WT/TPR/S/135
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Supervisory Board has between three and seven members, including a Supervisory Director
(appointed by the Government), the Permanent Secretaries of the Ministries of Finance and of Trade
and Industry, and a maximum of four other members appointed by the Minister of Finance in
consultation with the President of the Central Bank.
22. Pursuant to Article 9 of the Bank Law, the Central Bank is responsible for promoting the
stability of the value of the Surinamese currency. The authorities indicate that, in practice, they seek
to attain the lowest possible inflation. The main instrument of monetary policy used by the Central
Bank is the reserve requirement on banks, which is currently 35% of bank accounts denominated in
Surinamese dollars. The Central Bank is also responsible for promoting the development of sound
banking and credit systems, supervising the banking and credit systems, promoting and facilitating the
system of payments between Suriname and foreign States, and promoting the balanced socio-
economic development of the country. The Central Bank is the only entity authorized to issue
banknotes in Suriname.
23. Under the Bank Law, the Central Bank must finance the Government up to a ceiling on the
stock of advances equivalent to 10% of revenues budgeted for the year in which the advances are
made. Up to Sf1 million in advances must be given free of interest; additional advances are subject
to Central Bank interest rates. Amendments to the Bank Law of 1956 have been prepared, but not yet
adopted. The amendments are aimed at strengthening the Central Bank President's authority to limit
financing to the Government in excess of the Central Bank lending limit and establishing penalties for
Central Bank officials found in dereliction of their duties.
24. Suriname's rate of inflation fell from an average of almost 100% in 1999 to 3.3% in 2001,
mostly as a result of the introduction of a tight fiscal policy in 2001, which led to the stabilization of
the guilder. Inflationary pressures re-emerged in 2002, however, as fiscal policy was relaxed and the
resulting depreciation of the guilder was transmitted to domestic prices (Table I.1).
25. Suriname maintains multiple foreign exchange rates. There is a Central Bank exchange rate,
which is pegged to the U.S. dollar at Su$2.65 per US$1. This rate is used for government
transactions, including debt service and export surrender requirements imposed on bauxite and oil
companies (Chapter III(3)(ii)). A special exchange rate of Su$1.40 per US$1 is used for baby milk
imports.
26. Suriname's multiple currency practice is subject to IMF approval under Article VIII of the
IMF Articles of Agreement. In the Staff Report for Suriname's 2003 Article IV Consultation, the IMF
staff did not recommend IMF approval for the retention of Suriname's multiple currency practice, due
to the absence of a definite schedule for its removal.10
27. Foreign currency deposits account for almost half of total banking deposits in Suriname.
28. Based on IMF data, between 1996 and mid-1997, the Central Bank exchange rate remained
relatively close to the exchange rate that prevailed in the parallel market. By end-1998, however, the
parallel exchange rate had depreciated to Sf 713.4 per US$1, whereas the Central Bank rate had
remained at its mid 1996 level of Sf 401 per US$1. At the beginning of 1999, the authorities devalued
the Central Bank rate. By September 2000, the spread between the parallel exchange rate and the
Central Bank rate had widened significantly. Against this backdrop, in October 2000 the Central
Bank devalued the Central Bank rate by 88%. Also, an upper band of Sf 500 was imposed. The
Central Bank relied on moral suasion to encourage commercial banks and foreign exchange bureaux
to operate within the bands. The trading bands were reduced to Sf 200 in December 2000 and Sf 175
10IMF (2003b), p. 19.WT/TPR/S/135 Trade Policy Review
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in February 2001, and phased out in April 2001, as the value of the guilder in the parallel market
converged with the Central Bank rate.
29. The renewed depreciation of the parallel exchange rate between January and August 2002,
which amounted to around 35%, led the Central Bank to introduce a ceiling on the exchange rate used
by commercial banks and foreign exchange bureaux. In April 2004, the ceiling was Su$2.80 per
US$1. To ensure that trade takes place within the ceiling rate, the authorities indicated that they
require commercial banks and foreign exchange bureaux to report their foreign exchange transactions
to the Central Bank on a daily basis.
30. The guilder's real effective exchange rate appreciated steadily between the devaluations of the
Central Bank rate in 1999 and in October 2000. It has appreciated slightly since then.
31. Various capital and current account transactions, including with respect to foreign investment
(Chapter II(3)(i)), are subject to a requirement of prior approval by the Foreign Exchange
Commission.
32. In January 2004, the Government of Suriname introduced the Surinamese dollar, which is
equivalent to 1,000 units of the former currency, the guilder. The purpose of the new currency is to
simplify calculations and transactions.
(iv) Balance of payments
33. Suriname's current account has traditionally posted sizeable deficits (Table I.5). These ranged
from 9% to 20% of GDP between 1998 and 2002, and have been financed through official and private
borrowing, and development assistance from several donors. In addition, the authorities note that
foreign currency deposits represent another important source of financing for the current account.
According to the authorities, this reduces concerns about the sustainability of Suriname's large current
account deficits.
Table I.5
Balance of payments, 1998-02a
(US$ million)
1998b1999 2000 2001 2002c
I. Current account -158.5 -168.2 -83.1 -158.0 -102.4
Trade balanceb-49.4 -29.5 13.3 15.3 52.6
Exports, f.o.b. 510.3 482.5 513.9 449.0 529.4
Imports, f.o.b. -559.7 -512.1 -500.6 -433.7 -476.8
Services, net -124.9 -95.4 -115.0 -115.3 -127.6
Exports 72.0 79.1 91.0 59.4 38.5
Imports -196.9 -174.5 -206.0 -174.7 -166.1
Travel, net -8.9 -3.6 -7.1 -15.0 -6.5
Transportation, net -47.9 -44.0 -43.7 -44.9 -49.1
Government, net -17.9 -8.8 -33.0 -7.2 -10.4
Insurance, net -2.3 0.0 0.0 -2.1 -2.0
Other services, net -50.2 -39.0 -31.2 -46.1 -59.6
Income, net -9.6 -63.9 -1.5 -80.0 -43.6
Private sector -0.5 -57.9 6.0 -67.6 -32.8
Table I.5 (cont'd)Suriname WT/TPR/S/135
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1998b1999 2000 2001 2002c
Public sector -9.1 -6.0 -7.5 -12.4 -10.8
Current transfers, net 25.4 20.6 20.1 22.0 16.2
II. Capital and financial account 77.4 96.9 45.7 184.1 74.7
Capital account (public sector grants) 25.8 22.5 17.3 12.6 22.3
Financial account 51.6 74.4 28.4 171.5 52.4
Public sector 61.2 27.8 -15.9 80.7 -29.6
Non-financial public sector 61.2 27.8 -15.9 80.7 -29.6
Disbursements 66.1 35.0 93.8 123.8 0.8
Amortization -4.9 -7.2 -109.7 -43.1 -30.4
Private sector -7.4 20.4 19.7 50.1 58.1
Direct investments 9.1 24.0 14.0 11.4 14.8
Loans -16.5 -3.6 5.7 38.7 43.3
Short-term flows -2.2 26.2 24.6 40.7 23.9
III. Errors and omissions 48.2 -4.0 36.0 60.8 30.0
IV. Overall balance -17.2 75.3 1.3 -86.9 -2.3
V. Financing -17.2 75.3 1.3 -86.9 -2.3
Net foreign assets of the central bank (-) increase -17.2 75.3 1.3 -86.9 -2.3
VI. Memorandum items
Current account as percent of GDP -14.3 -19.0 -9.4 -20.7 -10.3
Stock of net foreign assets of the central bank 89.3 14.0 12.6 99.5 101.9
Net foreign assets (in months of imports
of goods and services) 1.4 0.2 0.2 2.0 1.9
a Adjusted the cash-based transactions of the Central Bank, with information from the General Bureau of Statistics, and estimates
of unrecorded gold exports.
b According to the authorities, the reason for the inconsistency between the overall balance for 1998 and the current and capital
accounts is the use of different sources, some of which produce data on a cash basis and some on an accrual basis.
c Preliminary.
Source: IMF (2003c), Suriname: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix .
34. Suriname's merchandise trade balance has shown a surplus since 2000, after posting deficits
in 1998 and 1999 (Table I.5). Imports decreased in each year between 1998 and 2001, recovering
somewhat in 2002; exports fluctuated significantly. These fluctuations are strongly linked to the
evolution of world alumina prices, given the continued importance of alumina in Suriname's exports
(Charts I.1 and I.2). Net payments for services have remained relatively stable, except in 1999, when
the fall in economic activity reduced demand for transportation and other services.
35. Reflecting in large part the swings in profit remittances from the bauxite sector, net income
payments have been subject to sharp fluctuations since 1998. Net current transfers amounted to
US$16.2 million in 2002, some 25% less than in the previous year. According to the authorities,
however, transfers from the expatriate Surinamese community are likely to be much higher than the
official figures suggest, since most transfers are transacted outside the banks.
36. Suriname's external public debt stood at about US$349 million in 2002, equivalent to about
35.3% of GDP. Net official international currency reserves of the Central Bank amounted to
US$101.31 million.WT/TPR/S/135 Trade Policy Review
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(3) DEVELOPMENTS IN TRADE
(i) Composition of trade
37. Based on data reported to Comtrade by Suriname's trading partners, Suriname's exports in
2002 consisted mostly of primary products, in particular mining, and to a lesser extent, agricultural
products (Chart I.2). Mining products, mostly alumina, accounted for slightly more than 75% of
exports. Moreover, alumina's share in Suriname's total exports increased by almost 10 percentage
points between 1997 and 2002. Agricultural products, largely food, accounted for some 20% of
exports in 2002, roughly the same share as in 1997. In 2002, agricultural exports comprised mostly
shrimp and fish, and to a lesser extent, rice. Within agricultural products, the shares of shrimp and
fish have increased, while the share of bananas has decreased sharply, from 4.4% in 1997 to less than
1% in 2002 as a result of the temporary suspension of banana production in Suriname
(Chapter IV(2)(iii)).
38. Suriname's import patterns have remained relatively stable over the period 1997-02. Imports
are dominated by manufactured products, particularly machinery and transport equipment (mainly
motor vehicles), and chemicals, which together accounted for almost half of Suriname's total imports.
A wide variety of food products account for another 20%, and fuels for some 8%.
(ii) Direction of trade
39. EFTA (Norway and Iceland) and the United States are the main markets for Suriname's
exports, reflecting the large share of alumina shipments destined to these two markets (Chart I.3).
The shares of exports destined for EFTA and the United States each increased by some 11 percentage
points in 2002, to 29% in both cases. The European Union absorbed 22% of Suriname's exports,
down from almost 40% in 1997. Within the European Union, the Netherlands has been replaced by
France as the main export destination for Suriname's products. Only about 5% of Suriname's exports
are destined for Asia, mostly Japan.
40. Suriname's largest supplier is the European Union, just ahead of the United States. While the
share of Suriname's imports from the United States fell from almost 38% in 1997 to 30% in 2002, the
share of the European Union increased by some 8 percentage points, to 35%. Within the European
Union, the Netherlands is by far the largest source of imports, accounting for one fifth of Suriname's
total imports. Trinidad and Tobago is the second largest supplier of Suriname within the Americas;
its share increased to almost 24% in 2000 and then declined to 13.5% in 2002.Suriname WT/TPR/S/135
Page 11
Chart I.2
Merchandise trade by product, 1997 and 2002
1997 2002
(a) Exports (f.o.b.)
Total: US$552.3 million
(b) Imports (c.i.f.)
Manufactures
Total: US$485.8 million Total: US$412.7 million
Source: UNSD, Comtrade database (SITC Rev.3).Total: US$480.6 millionFood
21.1%Not specified
0.8%
Alumina
55.6%Other
agriculture
1.4%Other mining
11.7%Manufactures
2.6%
AgricultureFuels
6.8%Food
19.0%
Other
agriculture
1.1%
Alumina
64.2%Fuels
3.5%Other mining
8.5%Manufactures
2.6%Not specified
1.2%
MiningAgriculture
Mining
Other
agriculture
0.3%
Chemicals
12.9%
Other semi-
manuf.
8.9%Machinery &
transport eqpt.
31.7%Other manuf.
11.2%
Other mining
1.3%Fuels
10.6%Not specified
5.2% Food
18.0%
Chemicals
13.0%Other
agriculture
0.3%Food
18.7%
Agriculture
ManufacturesMiningAgriculture
MiningFuels
7.8%
Other
mining
0.9%
Other semi-
manuf.
11.4%Machinery &
transport eqpt.
32.3%Other manuf.
11.3%Not specified
4.3%WT/TPR/S/135 Trade Policy Review
Page 12
Chart I.3
Merchandise trade by main origin and destination, 1997 and 2002
1997 2002
(a) Exports (f.o.b.)
Total: US$552.3 million
(b) Imports (c.i.f.)
Total: US$485.8 million Total: US$412.7 million
Source: UNSD, Comtrade database (SITC Rev.3).United Kingdom
5.0%
Total: US$480.6 millionCanada
3.3%Others
2.1%
United States
17.5%
Canada
6.2%Other America
2.0%Trinidad &
Tobago
6.8%Other Europe
4.6%Japan
5.9%
Other EU15
8.6%France
7.4%Other Asia
1.0%
AmericaUnited States
29.0%
EFTA
18.5%
Netherlands
17.2%Trinidad &
Tobago
2.5%
Other America
3.4%France
10.4%Netherlands
4.7%Belgium-Lux.
4.2%Other EU15
2.8%EFTA
29.4%Other Europe
0.2%Japan
3.9%Other Asia
1.6% Others
1.7%
EuropeAsia
America
EuropeAsia
United States
37.7%
Trinidad &
Tobago
14.9%Other America
8.6%Netherlands
17.0%United
Kingdom
5.0%Other EU15
5.9%Other Europe
0.8%Japan
3.4%China
1.2%Other Asia
3.9% Others
2.3%
United States
30.3%
Trinidad &
Tobago
13.5%
Guyana
1.7% Other America
4.6%Netherlands
21.5%United
Kingdom
3.3%Other EU15
9.8%Other Europe
1.0%Japan
7.8%China
3.7%Other Asia
2.5%
Others
0.4%
AmericaAmerica Europe
EuropeAsia
AsiaSuriname WT/TPR/S/135
Page 13
(4) DEVELOPMENTS IN INVESTMENT
41. During the period 1990-00, Suriname received US$770 million in FDI, of which the bauxite
industry accounted for about 56%, followed by petroleum (13%), gold (19%), financial services
(3.2%), and forestry (1.9%).11On a net basis, however, FDI inflows into Suriname have almost
consistently been negative since the late 1980s.12Suriname ranked last of 140 economies in
UNCTAD's FDI Performance Index in 1992-94, 1993-95, and 1999-2001.13Apart from structural
economic conditions, macroeconomic instability and the presence of a legal and regulatory
environment that is not conducive to private sector development are generally considered to be the
key factors behind Suriname's recent poor record with regard to inward FDI.
(5) OUTLOOK
42. No official macroeconomic forecasts were available to the Secretariat at the time of finalizing
this Report (April 2004). Based on earlier IMF forecasts, real GDP growth is expected to remain
above 5% in 2004, reflecting a large increase in gold and banana production and exports, as well as
planned foreign investment in the bauxite industry. Inflation is projected to fall from 20% in 2003 to
13% in 2004, and the current account deficit from 20% of GDP to 11.7%. The fiscal deficit is
expected to remain slightly below 4% of GDP in 2004.
11Government of Suriname (2001).
12UNCTAD (2003b), p. 250, Table B.1. See also ECLAC (2002), p.25, Table I.2.
13UNCTAD (2003b), pp. 10 and 195. The FDI Performance Index is calculated as the ratio of a
county's share in global FDI inflows to its share in global GDP. It is also notable that while Suriname ranks
76th in UNCTAD's Inward FDI Potential Index for 1999-2001, this rank is considerably lower than in 1988-
1998 (UNCTAD, 2003b, p. 2002, Table A.I.8).