RESTRICTEDWORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONWT/GC/W/200
14 June 1999
(99-2362)
General Council Original:  English
PREPARATIONS FOR THE 1999 MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE
Proposals Regarding the Anti-Dumping Agreement in terms of
Paragraph 9(a)(i) of the Geneva Ministerial Declaration
Communication from India
The following communication, dated 7 June 1999, has been received from the Permanent
Mission of India.
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Issues
1. Recent years have seen increasing resort to anti-dumping actions.  In a number of cases
investigations are started even in cases where the industry claiming injury has not been able to
produce, before the investigating authorities, satisfactory evidence of dumping or injury.  New
investigations have often been started on the same products immediately after the termination of an
investigation.  This is particularly true of exports of developing countries which are being subject to
more and more anti-dumping and countervailing measures.  The frequent use of anti-dumping actions
against exports from developing countries by major trading countries has become a matter of seriousconcern.  The uncertainty and restrictiveness of these measures have created trade disruption affecting
not only particular consignments but also longer-term trade in the targeted product.  Benefits from
trade liberalization have been considerably neutralized by the unfair use of anti-dumping measures,
including back-to-back anti-dumping investigations on the same products which have frustrated the
expectations created during the Uruguay Round.
2. The lack of clarity in certain provisions has compounded the problem, including the fact that
Article 15 of the Agreement which provides the only reference to the special situation in developing
countries is ambiguous and practically inoperative.  Furthermore, in cases where there are no sales, or
the sales in the domestic market are low, the investigating authorities rely on "constructed value"
calculated on the basis of cost of production, even where data on price charged by the exporter tothird-country markets may be readily available for price comparison purposes.  Experience has shown
that the determination of the constructed value is often not fair and results in harassment of exporting
firms that are alleged to be dumping. Moreover, certain provisions, particularly those relating to
de minimis  dumping margin and the threshold volume of imports below which no anti-dumping duty
shall be levied, need to be revised in view of the changed global trade and economic scenario,especially for exports from developing countries.  The concerns arising out of increased susceptibility
of developing countries to the incidence of dumping into their economy, as they liberalize their import
regimes, also needs to be addressed.WT/GC/W/200
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3. The special provisions in the Agreement relating  to settlement of disputes in the anti-dumping
area which inter alia  require panels not to challenge "the evaluation of facts" made by the
investigating authorities, where "establishment of facts was proper and the evaluation was unbiased
and objective" needs to be modified to provide that the common rules provided by the Dispute
Settlement Understanding apply to disputes relating to anti-dumping actions.  The followingamendments are therefore necessary in order to ensure that developing countries receive the due
benefits of global trade liberalization.
Proposals
4. Article 15 of the Agreement on Implementation of  Article VI is only a best-endeavour clause.
Consequently, Members have rarely, if at all, explored the possibility of constructive remedies before
applying anti-dumping duties against exports from developing countries.  Hence, the provisions ofArticle 15 need to be operationalized and made mandatory.
5. In order to restrict the initiation of back-to-back investigations, it should be provided that no
investigation would be initiated for a period of 365 days from the date of finalization of a previous
investigation for the same product resulting in non-imposition of duties.  However, if for any
exceptional reasons such an investigation has to be initiated it must have the support of at least 75 percent of the domestic industry.
6. (i)  The existing de minimis  dumping margin of 2 per cent of export price below which no
anti-dumping duty can be imposed (Article 5.8), n eeds to be raised to 5 per cent for developing
countries, so as to reflect the inherent advantages that the industries in these countries enjoy  vis-à-vis
comparable production in developed countries.
(ii)  The major users have so far applied this prescribed de minimis  only in newly initiated
cases, not in review and refund cases.  It is imperative that the proposed de minimis  dumping margin
of 5 per cent is applied not only in new cases but also in refund and  review cases.
7. The threshold volume of dumped imports which shall normally be regarded as negligible
(Article 5.8) should be increased from the existing 3 per cent to 5 per cent for imports from
developing countries.  Moreover, the stipulation that anti-dumping action can still be taken even if the
volume of imports is below this threshold level, provided countries which individually account for
less than the threshold volume, collectively account for more than 7 per cent of the imports, should be
deleted.
8. The lesser duty rule should be made mandatory while imposing an anti-dumping duty against
a developing-country Member by any developed-count ry Member.  Article 9.1 needs to be modified
accordingly.
9. The definition of "substantial quantities" as provided for in Article 2.2.1 (footnote 5) is still
very restrictive and permits unreasonable findings of dumping.  The substantial quantities test should
be increased from the present threshold of 20 per cent to at least 40 per cent.
10. In cases where there are no or low sales of like product in the domestic market, resort to
constructed value on the basis of cost of production (Article 2.3) should only be made where the
investigating authorities find that prices charged by the same exporter to third-country markets are not
available or are not representative.
11. As developing countries liberalize, the incidence of dumping in to these countries is likely to
increase.  It is important to address this concern, since otherwise the momentum of importliberalization in developing countries may suffer.  There should therefore be a provision in theWT/GC/W/200
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Agreement, which provides a presumption of dumping of imports from developed countries into
developing countries, provided certain conditions are met.
12. Presently there is a different and more restrictive standard of review pertaining to adjudication
in anti-dumping cases.  There is no reason why there should be such a discrimination for anti-
dumping investigations.  Hence, Article 17 should be suitably modified so that the general standard ofreview laid down in the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism, applies equally and totally to disputes
in the anti-dumping area.
13. The annual review provided under Article 18.6 has remained a proforma exercise and has not
provided adequate opportunity for Members to address the issue of increasing anti-dumping measures
and instances of abuse of the Agreement to accommodate protectionist pressures.  This Article must
be appropriately amended to ensure that the annual reviews are meaningful and play a role in reducing
the possible abuse of the Anti-Dumping Agreement.
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