 DEAS 1047:2021  
ICS 65.120   
 
© EA C 2021                                                                                                                               First Edition 2021   
 DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD  
Air quality  — Vehicular exhaust emission limits  
EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY  
 
 
 
 DEAS 1047:2021  
ii © EAC  2021  – All rights reserved  
 Copyright notice  
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Reproduction for sales purposes may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.  
Violators may be prosecuted . DEAS 1047:2021  
© EAC 2021  – All rights reserved  iii 
 Contents  Page 
Foreword  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... iv 
1 Scope  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 1 
2 Normative references  ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 1 
3 Terms and definitions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 1 
4 Requirements  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...2 
4.1 General requirements ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 2 
4.1.1 New vehicles  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 2 
4.2 Specific requirements  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 3 
4.2.1  Exhaust emission limits  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 3 
Annex  A (informative)   Vehicle categories  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..7 
Annex  B (Informative)  Emissions inspection schedule  ................................ ................................ ............. 8 
Annex  C (Normative)  Tests for new vehicles (locally manufactured/assembled or imported )  .......... 9 
C.1 Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP)  ................................ ...................... 9 
C.2 New European Driving Cycle(NEDC)  ................................ ................................ ............................... 9 
C.3 World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC)  ................................ ................................ .................. 9 
C.4 World Motorcycle Test Cycle(WMTC)  ................................ ................................ .............................. 9 
Annex  D (Normative)  Tests for imported used and in -use gasoline and LPG powered vehicles  ...........  10 
D.1 Introduction  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 10 
D.2 Test procedure  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............................  10 
D.2.1  Test for vehicle without advanced emission control  ................................ ................................ .... 10 
D.2.2  Test for vehicle with advanced emission control  ................................ ................................ .........  10 
Annex  E (Normative)  Tests for imported used and in -use diesel powered vehicles  ..............................  12 
E.1 Introduction  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 12 
E.1.1  Test procedure  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............................  12 
 DEAS 1047:2021  
iv © EAC  2021  – All rights reserved  
 Foreword  
Development of the East African Standards has been necessitat ed by the need for harmonizing requirements 
governing quality of products and services in the East African Community. It is envisaged that through 
harmonized standardization, trade barriers that are encountered when goods and services are exchanged 
within the Community will be removed.  
The Community has established an East African Standards Committee  (EASC)  mandated to develop and 
issue East African Standards  (EAS) . The Committee is composed of representatives of the National 
Standards Bodies in Partner St ates, together with the representatives from the public and private sector 
organizations  in the community .  
East African Standards are developed through  Technical Committees that are representative of key 
stakeholders including government, academia, consum er groups, private sector and other interested parties. 
Draft East African Standards are circulated to stakeholders through the National Standards Bodies in the 
Partner States. The comments received are discussed and incorporated before finalization of sta ndards, in 
accordance with the Principles and procedures for development of East African Standards.  
East African Standards are subject to review, to keep pace with technological advances. Users of the East 
African Standards are therefore expected to ensur e that they always have the latest versions of the standards 
they are implementing .  
The committee responsible  for this document is Technical Committee EASC /TC082, Air quality . 
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this documen t may be subject of patent 
rights. EAC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.  
 FINAL DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD  DEAS 1047:2021  
 
© EAC 2021  – All rights reserved  1 
 Air Quality  — Vehicular exhaust emission limits  
1 Scope  
This draft Standard specifies permissible limits for common pollutants found in ex haust emissions of motor 
vehicles, namely carbon monoxide, particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NO X), and hydrocarbons. The 
standard covers emission all types of vehicles namely, passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, heavy -duty 
vehicles, motor cycles and motor tricycles as given in Annex A. This standard covers only vehicle with internal 
combustion Engines . 
2 Normative references  
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes 
requi rements of this document.  For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, 
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.  
ISO 3833, Road vehicles — Types — Terms and definitions  
ISO 16183,  Heavy-duty engines  — Measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions using partial 
flow dilution systems under transient test conditions  
ISO 6460 -2, Motorcycles — Measurement method for gaseous exhaust emissions and fuel consumption — 
Part 2: Test cy cles and specific test conditions  
3 Terms and definitions  
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 3833, and the following apply .  
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following ad dresses:  
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp  
3.1 New vehicle  
any motor vehicle, motor cycle or motor tricycle whose legal title has not been issue d or not been registered in 
any releva nt authority from any  jurisdiction and whose only documentation is the manufacturer’s statement of 
origin  
3.2 Used vehicle  
any motor vehicle, motor cycle or motor tricycle which has previously been owned or registered in relevant 
authority from any jurisdi ction   
3.3 In-use vehicle  
any operating motor vehicle, motor cycle or motor tricycle that is registered in relevant authority from any 
jurisdiction  
3.4 Motor tricycle  
Motor vehicle, other than a motorcycle or a tractor, that  has three  wheels  and that is designed  to be driven  by 
means  of the type of controls  usually  fitted  to a motorcycle  DEAS 1047:2021  
2 © EAC  2021  – All rights reserved  
 3.5 Initial inspection  
inspection which a new motor vehicle, motor cycle or motor tricycle  must be inspected before operation  
3.6 Periodic inspection  
inspection which a m otor vehicle , motor cycle or motor tricycle  must be inspected when it is  in operational on 
EAC roads after the term of validity of its inspection certificate has expired  
3.7 Modifi ed inspection  
inspection which a motor vehicle , motor cycle or motor tricycl e must be inspected when there are changes in 
the length, height, width, maximum payload and any other major modification  
3.8 On-road random inspection  
an inspection which a motor vehicle, motorcycles and moto tricycles must be inspected when it is picked up at 
random on the road by the relevant authority  
3.9 Towed vehicle s 
non powered drive road vehicle s which on account of its design and appointments, is used to transport 
persons or goods and is intended to be towed by a motor vehicle  
3.10 Combin ed vehicl es 
motor vehicle s coupled with one or more towed vehicle(s)  
3.11 Moped vehicles  
two wheeled or three wheeled moto r vehicles with a maximum design ed driving speed not exceeding 50  km/h  
3.12 Motorcycles  
two wheeled motor driven vehicle s or three wheeled moto r driven vehicle s whose unladen weights does not 
exceed 400  kg 
3.12 Emission  
discharge of substances (like gasses, particulate matter, smokes, ) from a road vehicle into the atmosphere  
3.13 Emission limit value  
permissible quantity of a substance contained in the waste gases from a road vehicle which may be 
discharged into the air during a given period of time.  
 4 Requirements  
4.1 General requirements  
4.1.1 New vehicles  
All new diesel powered and petrol (gasoline) powered vehic les shall be type -approved to meet the 
requirements of Euro IV/4. The specific details shall be as given in Table 1 -2. 
4.1.1 All new, imported and in -use motor vehicles, motorcycles and motor  tricycles to be used on roads shall 
be inspected and tested for compliance with exhaust emissions limits in accordance with the relevant 
provisions prescribed in this EAC Draft  standard.  DEAS 1047:2021  
© EAC 2021  – All rights reserved  3 
 4.1.2 No new, imported and in -use motor vehicle, motorcycle or motor tricycle shall be registered for the first 
time in any of EAC Partner State without a certificate  of compliance with exhaust emission limits in addition to 
any other requirements on roadworthiness.  
4.1.3 Imported motor vehicles, motorcycles and motor tricycles shall be accompanied by a certificate of 
compliance with exhaust emission limits issued by a  duly approved agency in the exporting country in 
accordance with this EAC Draft  Standar d.  
4.1.4 Motor vehicles, motorcycles and motor tricycles shall be inspected and tested in inspection centres 
approved by relevant authority  in the respective Partner S tate. 
4.1.5 Emissions inspection and testing may be according to the schedule laid out in Annex B  or according to 
the national legislation of the respective Partner State . 
4.2 Specific requirements  
4.2.1  Exhaust emission limits  
The following exhaust emissi on limits shall apply to the different types and categories of vehicles as outlined 
in Tables 1 – 4. 
 
Table 1: maximum emission limits for new diesel powered vehicles.  
Vehicle Category  Maximum emission limits,  g/km Test method  
CO HC+ 
NOx NOx PM 
 Passenger Cars Class M  
 0.50 0.30 0.25 0.025  Annex C  
 
Light Duty Commercial Vehicles ( N1 Class I,II,  III)  
N1,Class I ( ≤ 1 305 kg)  0.50 0.30 0.25 0.025  Annex C  
N1, Class II(1305 kg - 1 760 kg)  0.63 
 0.39 0.33 0.04 
N1 ,Class III (1760 kg - 3500kg )  0.74 0.46 
 0.39 0.06 
 
Vehicle Category  Maximum emission limits,  g/kWh  Test method  
Heavy Duty Vehicles ( 
N2,N3&O) CO HC+ 
NOx NOx PM  
 
N2 (GVW  > 3 500 kg <  12 000 
kg) 1.50 0.46 3.5 0.02  
ISO 16183  
N3 (GVW  > 12 000 kg)  1.50 3.96 3.5 0.02 
 DEAS 1047:2021  
4 © EAC  2021  – All rights reserved  
 O (Trailers including  
Semi -trailers)  1.50 
 3.96 
 3.5 
 0.02 
 
 
Table 2: maximum emission limits for new gasoline and LPG powered vehicles.  
 
Vehicle Category  Maximum emission limits,  g/km Test method  
CO HC NOx 
Passe nger Cars Class M  
 1.00 0.10 0.08 Annex C  
Light Duty Commercial Vehicles ( N1Class I, II & III)  
 Class I  (≤ 1305 kg)  1.00 0.10 0.08 Annex C  
 Class II  
(1305 kg < RM≤ 1760 kg)  1.81 0.13 
 0.10 
 Class III ( > 1760 kg)  2.27 0.16 
 0.11 
Heavy duty vehicle s                     Maximum emission limits,  g/kWh 
O (Trailers including Semi -
trailers)  4.0 0.55 3.5  
Motor Cycles (Class I & II)               Maximum emission limits,  g/km 
Class I (<150 cc displacement)  
 5.50 1.20 0.30 ISO 6460 -2 
 
Class II (150 cc displacement)  5.50 1.0 0.30 
Motor tricycles                                 Maximum emission limits,  g/km 
All Gasoline  7.0 1.50 0.40 ISO 6460 -2 
 
 
 
 
 DEAS 1047:2021  
© EAC 2021  – All rights reserved  5 
 Table 3: Maximum emission limits for in -use diesel powered vehicles (compression ignition engine)  
Vehicle 
Category  Date of 
manufacture(Y/M)  Maximum smoke density  Test 
method  
 
 
 
All Categories  2005/01 upwards  Light absorption coefficient = 1.5 M-1 Annex E  
 From 1992/07 -  
2004/12  Light absorption coefficient = 2.5 M-1 
Before 1992/07  - 
Table 4: Maxim um emission limits for in use gasoline and LPG vehicles (spark ignition engines)  
Vehicle 
Category  Date of 
manufacture(Y/M)  CO(% 
volume)  HC (ppm)  Test 
method  
Motor Vehicles  
 
All categories  From 2005/01 upwards  1.00 400  
Annex D  
 Before 2005/01  3.0 500 
Before 1992/07  4.5 600 
Motor cycles*  
 After 31/3/2000   
(4 stroke)  3.5 4500   
Annex D  
 After 31/3/2000  
(2 stroke)  3.5 6000  
on or before 31/3/2000 
(2/4 stroke)  4.5 9000  
Motor tricycles  
All  All 3.5 4500   
Annex D  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DEAS 1047:2021  
6 © EAC  2021  – All rights reserved  
  DEAS 1047:2021  
© EAC 2021  – All rights reserved  7 
 Annex  A (informati ve) 
Vehicle categories  
 
Category  Description  
Passenger cars (M)  – Motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of 
passengers.  
M1 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers and comprising no more  than 
eight seats in addition to the driver’s  seat and having a maximum mass (“technically permissible 
maximum laden mass”) not exceeding 3,500 kg.  
 
M2 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers, comprising more than eight 
seats in a ddition to the driver’s seat, and having a maximum mass (“technically permissible 
maximum laden mass”) not exceeding 5,000 kg.  
 
M3 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers, comprising more than eight 
seats in addition to the driver ’s seat, and having a maximum mass exceeding 5,000kg.  
Light Commercial Vehicles (N)  – Motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of 
goods.  
N1 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a  maximum mass not 
exceeding 3 500 kg. Light commercial vehicles Classes for N1 are further divided into three Weight 
classes and two categories based on GVWR and the Reference Mass (RM), defined as the mass of 
the vehicle in running order less the uniform mass of the driver of 75 kg, and increased by a uniform 
mass of 100 kg.  
N1 Weight Classes  
Class I  RM ≤ 1305 kg  
Class II  1305 kg < RM ≤ 1760 kg  
Class III  RM>1760 kg  
Heavy Duty Vehicles  
N2 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and  having a maximum mass 
exceeding 3,500 kg but not exceeding 12,000 kg.  
N3 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass 
exceeding 12,000 kg.  
O Trailers (including semi -trailers)  
Motor cycles  
Class I  
 Two-wheeled motor -driven vehicle whose unladen weight does not exceed 400 kg, with <150 cc 
displacement  
Class II  Two-wheeled motor -driven vehicle whose unladen weight does not exceed 400 kg, with 150 cc 
displacement  
Motor tricycles  
Motor tricycles  Three -wheeled mot or-driven vehicle whose unladen weight does not exceed 400 kg  DEAS 1047:2021  
8 © EAC  2021  – All rights reserved  
 Annex  B 
(Informative ) 
 
Emissions inspection schedule  
Vehicle category  Initial Inspection  Periodic 
Inspection(frequency)  
After every 12 Months  Modification 
Inspection  On-road 
Random  
Inspection  
All  ca tegories  All  All except for private 
passenger vehicles  a  All All 
 
a Private passenger vehicles to be inspected after every 2 years  
 DEAS 1047:2021  
© EAC 2021  – All rights reserved  9 
 Annex  C 
(Normative)  
 
Tests for new vehicles (locally manufactured/assembled or imported)  
C.1 Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Tes t Procedure (WLTP)  
For type approval and certification of all categories of light duty and medium duty vehicles, whether locally 
manufactured/assembled or imported. The WLTP defines a global harmonized standard for determining the 
levels of pollutants and CO 2 emissions, fuel efficiency, and electric range from light -duty vehicles (passenger 
cars and light commercial vehicles),  and was developed under the guidance of UNECE World Forum for 
Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations.  
C.2 New European Driving Cycle (NEDC ) 
For type approval and certification of all categories of light duty and medium duty vehicles, whether locally 
manufactured/assembled or imported  
C.3 World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC)  
For type approval and certification of all categories of heavy -duty v ehicles, whether locally 
manufactured/assembled or imported. The WHSC test is a steady -state engine dynamometer schedule 
defined by the Global Technical Regulation (GTR) No. 4 developed under the guidance of UNECE World 
Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle R egulations. The GTR is covers a world -wide harmonized heavy -duty 
certification (WHDC) procedure for engine exhaust emissions.  
C.4 World Motorcycle Test Cycle(WMTC)  
For type approval and certification of all categories of motorcycles and motor tricycles, whethe r locally 
manufactured/assembled or imported. The WMTC  is a system of  driving cycles used to measure fuel 
consumption and emissions in motorcycles and motor tr icycles. The methods are stipulated as part of the 
Global Technical Regulation established under  the guidance of UNECE World Forum for Harmonization of 
Vehicle Regulations . DEAS 1047:2021  
10 © EAC  2021  – All rights reserved  
 Annex  D 
(Normative)  
 
Tests for i mported used and in -use gasoline and LPG powered vehicles  
D.1 Introduction  
In-use exhaust emissions testing is applied to all petrol and LPG -powered motor vehi cles, motorcycles and 
motor tricycles.  
D.2 Test procedure  
D.2.1   Test for vehicle without advanced emission control  
For all petrol and LPG -powered vehicles which are not equipped with advance emission control systems such 
as catalytic converters the non -catalyst t est procedure will apply . 
D.2.2  Test for vehicle with advanced emission control  
D.2.2.1  Checks on the vehicle before the test  
Before carrying out the test, the Examiner will confirm that the engine is at its normal operating temperature  as 
per the vehicle manufacturer  that, in most cases, will require the use of an oil temperature probe inserted into 
the dipstick tube. Before proceeding, the Examiner will also check that the engine has sufficient oil and fuel to 
complete the test. For vehicles with manual transmission th e test will be carried out with the gear lever in the 
'neutral' position and with the clutch engaged. For vehicles with automatic transmission the gear selector will 
be in either the 'neutral' or 'park' position.  
D.2.2.2  Visual inspection (all vehicles)  
Once the p reliminary checks have been completed, the Examiner will raise the engine speed to around 
2500rpm or a half the maximum engine speed if this is lower. The engine speed will be held steady for 
approximately 20 seconds after which the engine will be allowed to return to its natural idle speed. Once the 
emissions have stabilized the Examiner will assess the smoke emitted from the tailpipe. If the exhaust is 
emitting dense blue or clearly visible black smoke, then the vehicle will fail the test.  Vehicles manuf actured 
before 1960 where emissions of smoke are unavoidable due to the engine design, these vehicles will not fail 
the test.  
Note: For vehicles which not have a RPM gauge tachometers may be used  
D.2.2.3  Standard Emissions Test (SET)  
For vehicles that pass visual inspection (D.2.2.2), emissionslevel will also be checked using an approved (by 
the competent authority) analyzer. After completing the visual test, the Examiner will use the analyzer to 
assess the levels of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) in th e exhaust gases by inserting a 
sample probe into the exhaust tailpipe. The test is carried out with the engine at its normal idling speed and DEAS 1047:2021  
© EAC 2021  – All rights reserved  11 
 the analyzer displays the results continuously. Once a stabilized figure is achieved the tester will record the 
result. The vehicle must comply with the appropriate emissions limits set out in Table 6 of the standard  
D.2.2.4  Basic Emissions Test (BET)  
The basic emissions test (also known as the ‘catalyst test’) will be applied to all petrol and LPG fueled  
manufactured on or after 1st July 1992.  This test is primarily aimed at identifying, and assessing emissions 
from vehicles with advanced emissions control systems such as three -way catalytic converters. As the 
procedure is more complicated than the non -catalyst test, the emi ssions analyzers include computer software 
aimed at guiding the examiner through the test sequence.  The test consists of checking the emissions at 
‘fast-idle speed’ which involves running the engine at a speed between 2500 - 3000 rpm. During this test the  
emissions of CO and HC will be checked. The emission limits to be met are specified in Table 6 . DEAS 1047:2021  
12 © EAC  2021  – All rights reserved  
 Annex  E 
(Normative)  
 
Tests for i mported used and in -use diesel powered vehicles  
E.1 Introduction  
This inspection applies to all imported used and in -use diesel engine veh icles with four or more wheels.  
E.1.1  Test procedure  
E.1.1.1  Checks on the vehicle before the test  
Before carrying out the test, the Examiner must confirm that the engine is at its normal operating temperature  
as per the vehicle manufacturer . In most cases this will req uire the use of an oil temperature probe inserted 
into the dipstick tube. The Examiner will also check that the engine has adequate oil and fuel to complete the 
test before proceeding. In addition, the Tester will check the condition of the camshaft drive belt (where 
visible) and the fuel injection pump (governor) anti -tampering seals. For vehicles with manual transmission the 
test will be carried out with the gear lever in the 'neutral' position and with the clutch engaged. For vehicles 
with automatic tran smission the gear selector will be in either the 'neutral' or 'park' position.  
E.1.1.2  Visual inspection  
For all diesel powered vehicles manufactured before 1st July 1992,  a visual test will be carried out.  The 
Examiner will check the smoke emissions by raising th e engine speed to around2500 rpm or half the 
maximum engine speed if this is lower. This speed will be  maintained for 30 seconds to ensure that the inlet 
and exhaust system has been fully purged. The Examiner will then allow the engine to return to idle. O nce the 
engine has stabilized at this speed, the emissions from the exhaust tailpipe will be assessed. If  the exhaust is 
emitting dense blue or clearly visible black smoke for a period of 5seconds or more the vehicle will fail, the 
test. The Examiner will then rapidly increase the engine speed to around 2500 rpm or half the maximum 
engine speed if this is lower and assess whether the smoke emitted from the exhaust is likely to obscure the 
vision of other road users. If it is likely to do so , the vehicle wil l fail the test.  However, vehicles manufactured 
before 1960 will not be failed if  the smoke is unavoidable due to the engine design.  
E.1.1.3  Metered smoke test  
For all diesel powered vehicles manufactured on or after 1st July 1992,  a metered smoke test will be car ried 
out. Before checking the smoke emissions, the Examiner will firstly ensure that the engine inlet and exhaust 
system is fully purged, and the engine speed governor, where applicable, is functioning correctly. The engine 
speed will then be raised to aro und 2500 rpm or half the maximum engine speed if this is lower. Upon 
reaching this speed, the Examiner will hold the engine speed steady for 30 seconds to purge the inlet and 
exhaust systems, then the engine speed will be slowly increased to maximum to che ck the operation of the 
fuel pump governor. Where the engine speed stabilizes at its maximum speed indicating that the governor is 
working, the engine will then be returned to idle speed. Where it is clear that the governor is not working, the 
engine will be returned to idle speed and stopped, the smoke test will not be carried out and the Examiner will 
be unable to pass the vehicle . Provided the preliminary checks are completed satisfactorily, the Examiner will 
prepare the smoke meter and insert the sampli ng probe into the exhaust tailpipe. Having restarted the engine, 
the Examiner will start the smoke test as follows:  
 DEAS 1047:2021  
© EAC 2021  – All rights reserved  13 
 Diesel Fast Pass  
The smoke meter will indicate to the Examiner to accelerate the engine. The accelerator pedal will be 
depressed quickly a nd continuously but not violently, to reach the full fuel position in less than 1 second. After 
the release prompt is given, the Examiner will immediately release the throttle. The meter will calculate the 
maximum smoke emission during the acceleration and  display the result. If, after the first acceleration, the 
meter reading is at or below the limits specified in Table 5, the vehicle will pass the meter test and a pass 
result will be displayed on the meter; if it exceeds, the vehicle will fail the test an d a fail result will be displayed 
on the meter.  
Standard diesel test  
If the smoke level reading is greater than the limits in Table 5, a further two accelerations will be requested by 
the meter. Provided the average of the 3 tests is at or below the approp riate limit in Table 5, the vehicle will 
have passed the test. The Examiner will stop the engine and remove the smoke meter probe from the tailpipe. 
Where the average smoke emission at the end of the third acceleration exceeds the limit in Table 5, the met er 
will request further tests. This will continue until either the average of the three preceding accelerations is at or 
below the limit in the Table 5, or a maximum of six accelerations have been completed. Once the vehicle has 
either passed the test or a  maximum of six accelerations have been completed the Examiner will stop the test 
and remove the smoke meter probe from the exhaust tailpipe.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DEAS 1047:2021  
14 © EAC  2021  – All rights reserved  
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 FDEAS 751: 2021    
 
© EAC 2021  – All rights reserved  
  
  