  
  
WT/TPR/M/395  
6 May 2020  
(20-3476) Page: 1/86 
Trade Policy Review Body  
18 and 20 February 2020   
 
  
TRADE POLICY REVIEW  
EUROPEAN UNION 
MINUTES OF THE MEETING  
Chairperson: H.E. Mr Manuel A.J. Teehankee (Philippines)  
CONTENTS  
 
1  INTRODUCTORY REMA RKS BY THE CHAIRPERS ON ................................ ......................  2 
2  OPENING STATEMENT  BY THE REPRESENTATI VE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION  ..............  4 
3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  ................................ ................................ ...............  9 
4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS  ................................ ................................ .......................  13 
5  REPLIES BY THE RE PRESENTATIVE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION  AND ADDITIONAL 
COMMENTS  ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................  72 
6  CONCLUDING REMARK S BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ ........................  85 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Note: Advance written questions and additional questions by WTO Members, and the replies provided 
by the European Union  are reproduced in document WT/TPR/M/ 395/Add.1  and will be available 
online at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS  BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
1.1.  The fourteenth Trade Policy Review of the European Union was held on 18 and 20 February 
2020. The Chairperson, H.E.  Mr. Manuel  Teehankee (Philippines), welcomed the delegation of the 
European Union, headed by Mrs. Sabine Weyand, Director -General, Directorate -General for Trade, 
European Commission ; H.E. Ambassador  João Aguiar Machado, Permanent Representative of the 
European Union  to the WTO; the rest of the delegation  from the European Union; and the discussant, 
H.E. Mr. Alexandre Guido Lopes Parola (Brazil).  
1.2.  The Chairperson informed Members that, in agreement with the European  Union, participants 
to an Advanced Trade Policy Course in English would attend the first day meeting.  
1.3.  The Chairperson recalled the purpose of TPRs, and the main elements of procedures for the 
meeting. The report by the European Union was contained in document WT/TPR/G/395, and that of 
the WTO Secretaria t in document WT/TPR/S/395.  
1.4.  Questions by the following delegations were submitted in writing before the deadline: China; 
Japan; New Zealand; Chile; Hong Kong, China; Mexico; United States; Dominican Republic; 
Switzerland; Chinese Taipei; Brazil; Costa Rica ; Canada; Australia; Argentina; Honduras; Colombia; 
Malaysia; Guatemala; Norway; Viet Nam; Russian Federation; Ecuador; Singapore; Uruguay; Israel; 
Korea; and Ukraine. The following delegations submitted written questions after the deadline: Peru; 
Trinidad  and Tobago; Thailand; Philippines; El Salvador; Turkey; India; Paraguay; Kazakhstan; 
Iceland; Indonesia; and Panama.  
1.5.  At the time of its previous Review, the economic recovery across the European Union had been 
weak in general, and uneven among its member States. Members had commended the European 
Union because, despite internal problems and global uncertainty, it had contributed to the successful 
expansion of the Information Technology Agreement, and was engaged in the Environmental Goods 
Agreement and the  plurilateral Trade in Services (TISA) negotiations. Moreover, the European Union 
had pursued trade liberalization through bilateral free trade agreements, while continuing to provide 
non-reciprocal preferential access for developing countries under variou s schemes.  
1.6.  The European Union had also been commended for undertaking several initiatives aimed at 
facilitating trade, including its ratification of the Trade Facilitation Agreement, and the entry into 
force of the Union Customs Code to simplify and modern ize customs procedures. Members had also 
expressed interest in new developments, including the implementation of the new trade and 
investment policy initiatives in the Trade for All strategy of October 2015, the digital single market 
strategy, and the e -commerce package.  
1.7.  However, several concerns raised in previous Trade Policy Reviews had been expressed again 
in 2017, such as agricultural policies, SPS and TBT measures, and the use of trade remedies. 
Furthermore, Members had expressed interest in the pros pect of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal 
from the European Union because of its implications for the European Union’s trading partners and 
the EU’s WTO Schedule of Commitments. In this regard, Members expected that any process to 
make adjustments to the Sch edule of the EU as a result of Brexit would be open, transparent, and 
WTO-compliant, and would include consultations with third countries.  
1.8.  From analysing the reports prepared for the current Review, Members noted that , during the 
period March 2017 to Septe mber 2019, real GDP growth in the EU had been relatively strong at 2% 
per annum in 2017 -18 but slowed somewhat in the second half of 2018 due to several factors 
including escalating trade tensions and global uncertainties, including the Brexit issue.  
1.9.  The review period witnessed significant developments regarding the conclusion and negotiation 
of new EU trade agreements and the adoption of legislation in various policy and regulatory areas, 
including trade defence, foreign direct investment, taxation, intell ectual property rights, energy, 
financial services, electronic commerce, telecommunications and other aspects of the digital single 
market strategy. It was interesting to hear the European Union’s views with respect to these and 
other issues.  
1.10.   Members’ adv ance written questions gave a number of further insights into the main issues 
and developments of the EU’s trade policies and their impact on the multilateral trading system. As WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  in previous Reviews, concerns were raised about high protection in the agricul tural sector. 
Additionally, developments in standardization policies and procedures, for both TBT and SPS, 
remained very important; changes introduced in the investment regime; regulatory and related 
policy issues in several service sectors; and highly tec hnical details in anti -dumping, anti -subsidies, 
and safeguards procedures were of great interest to Members.  
1.11.   And of course, given the timing of this Review, there were several pressing issues that were 
particularly relevant. The Chairperson believed one of these issues was, of course, Brexit, whereby 
Members had some information, but nevertheless some Members underlined in their questions that 
there was still uncertainty how certain elements, such as quotas and trade remedies would be applied  
during the transition period and beyond. There had also been new developments since the reports 
were concluded: these covered issues such as various digital services’ taxes by member States and 
possible policy developments at the EU level; and the “Europe an Green Deal” and all that it 
encompasses for trade and environmental issues.  
1.12.   The European Union received over 1,600 advance written questions from 39 delegations for 
this Review, covering a broad range of topics. The Chairperson looked forward to hearing  the 
European Union’s updates on these issues.  
1.13.   The Chairperson closed his introductory remarks by wishing the European Union a very 
successful fourteenth Trade Policy Review.  
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  2  OPENING STATEMENT BY  THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE EUROPEAN UNIO N 
(MRS.  SABINE WEYA ND) 
2.1.  It is an honour for me to lead the EU delegation at the 14th Trade Policy Review of the European 
Union today. On behalf of the EU, I would like to thank Ambassador Alexandre Guido LOPES PAROLA 
of Brazil for acting as discussant for this review, as well  as the Chair of the TPRB, Ambassador 
Manuel A.J. TEEHANKEE of the Philippines, for his introductory remarks. I would also like to extend 
our appreciation to the WTO Secretariat who has worked in an excellent manner over the last months 
as well as their pr ofessionalism and dedication, which again led to a high -quality Secretariat report 
as basis for our discussions. Indeed, what we have in this report is not a compendium of EU trade 
policy but of all EU policies potentially affecting trade.  
2.2.  The time since t he last EU TPR in July 2017 has been quite eventful, to say the least, both at 
the European and global levels. We appreciate the opportunity that this review provides to take 
stock and exchange views with the WTO Membership about where the EU stands in the  multilateral 
trading system at this 25th anniversary of the WTO.  
2.3.  The last three years were marked by mounting trade tensions, economic uncertainty and 
amplified challenges for multilateralism more generally. Nonetheless, the EU has remained firmly 
anchore d in the rules -based trading system and remains committed to open markets. This is not 
just because of our conviction that global challenges are more effectively tackled through 
cooperation rather than unilateralism, but also because insertion into the glo bal economy has been 
the basis for the EU’s economic success so far, enabling us to stay the number one trading block 
and biggest single market in the world. In fact, as described in the reports, the EU economy 
continued to grow, trade in goods and service s as well as FDI flows expanded considerably, and 
unemployment continued to decrease during the period under review despite various challenges.  
2.4.  The EU economy exchanges goods and services with the rest of the world to the tune of 
14 billion euros per day.  As the world’s second biggest exporter and second biggest importer of 
goods (accounting for 15% of global exports and imports, respectively), the EU existentially depends 
on open and rules -based trade relations. The vast majority of our imports is needed by EU companies 
as input for their production processes. Trade is an integral part of the lives of European citizens, 
defining the choices of consumers and providing livelihoods, exports alone support around on 1 in 
every 7 jobs in the EU.  
2.5.  The EU’s depende ncy on imports is reflected in our tariff structure. The EU’s simple average 
applied MFN tariff rate is relatively low (5.2% in 2018, according to the WTO’s “World Tariff Profiles” 
publication for the EU). While MFN tariffs on agricultural products are som ewhat higher than tariffs 
on non -agricultural products, the EU continues to be the world’s largest importer of agricultural 
goods from developing countries and Least Developed Countries, not least because of our expansive 
preferential schemes and liberalis ation through free trade agreements.  
2.6.  Mr Chairman, the unravelling of the rules -based multilateral trading system has been and 
continues to be a major challenge. Unfortunately, the concerns we expressed in July 2017 about the 
state of affairs in the WTO tur ned out to be justified. The crisis of the multilateral trading system 
has deepened significantly and today, the WTO is facing unprecedented challenges, with its 
fundamental principles put into question. The EU sees no alternative to restoring the effectiv eness 
of the WTO. As the EU has argued in many other meetings in this room, we believe that the WTO 
needs to be reformed in all its core functions in order to become fit for purpose again.  
2.7.  We have been working hard towards this objective over the last thre e years. In September 
2018, the EU set out its views in a concept paper on how to reinvigorate the rulemaking, dispute 
settlement and monitoring functions of the WTO. On this basis, we have been working with WTO 
Members and presented concrete proposals on various topics. The EU’s main efforts have been, and 
continue to be, on relaunching the stalled negotiating function of the WTO.  
2.8.  This is necessary, first and foremost, in order to update the rules that can address the root 
causes of today’s trade tensions , for example on level -playing field issues such as industrial 
subsidies. The statement of the 21st EU -China summit in April 2019 as well as the trilateral 
EU-Japan -US Ministerial statement of January 2020 illustrate the progress achieved with key 
partners  towards our objective of making WTO rules more effective again.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  2.9.  Second, a modernisation of WTO rules is indispensable to ensure the continued relevance of 
those rules in today’s economy, both for business and consumers. An updated rulebook should 
facilit ate all forms of trade and investment, which have been transformed profoundly by 
technological change.  
2.10.   With this in mind, the EU has very actively participated in the ongoing multilateral and 
plurilateral negotiations – fisheries, e -commerce, domestic reg ulation for services, investment 
facilitation – and we hope to harvest the fruits of this work at the upcoming Ministerial Conference 
in Nur -Sultan in June. We have also invested in propping up the monitoring function of the WTO, 
through advocating for pro posals on better notification compliance and guidelines for WTO bodies 
dealing with trade concerns, in the belief that the Organisation cannot function properly without 
proper transparency on trade measures and having a framework for effective dialogue.  
2.11.   The EU takes its notification obligations very seriously. In 2019, again, we fulfilled all our 
obligations in time – with only a delay of government procurement -related statistics which we are 
working on, and the notable exception of the annual notification  of domestic support in agriculture 
(“DS:1” notification) where delays are inevitable because of frankly unrealistic deadlines. Even in 
this isolated case, the EU remains among best performers.  
2.12.   The crisis of the Appellate Body, which unfolded over the past two years, has consumed a lot 
of energy of the EU and other Members. The proposals put forward by the EU and 13 other Members 
in November 2018 to address concerns voiced with the functioning of the Appellate Body led to the 
dedicated process, which ha s become to be known as the Walker process. Despite the commendable 
efforts of the facilitator and all our dedication, we could not avoid that the Appellate Body effectively 
stopped functioning on 11 December last year. Nonetheless, and more than before, t he EU believes 
that an enforceable, 2 -step and independent dispute settlement system is indispensable for ensuring 
open and fair trade. The EU will continue to engage with all Members to find a lasting improvement 
to the Appellate Body situation as a matte r of priority, including through necessary reforms.  
2.13.   In the meantime, however, the EU also needed to take steps to mitigate the effects of the 
blockage of the Appellate Body and to preserve our rights under the WTO Agreement. In anticipation 
of the suspensi on of the functioning of the Appellate Body, the EU proposed interim appeal arbitration 
arrangements to those partners who are willing to continue to resolve disputes in a binding way in 
respect of the WTO rules. On 24 January in Davos, the EU and 16 other  WTO Members agreed to 
develop a multi -party interim appeal arrangement that will allow the participating Members to 
preserve a functioning two -step dispute settlement system at the WTO in disputes among them. The 
arrangement is a contingency measure and i t will only apply until a reformed WTO Appellate Body 
becomes operational again. The EU believes that an independent and impartial appeal stage, giving 
the necessary guarantees of rulings of the highest quality, must continue to be one of the essential 
features of the WTO dispute settlement system.   
2.14.   In conclusion on this point, let me stress again that we do acknowledge the fundamental 
issues raised by some Members in relation to the functioning of the Appellate Body, and we remain 
ready, open and willing to engage in tackling core issues. In light of that, the multi -party interim 
appeal arrangement remains merely a stop -gap measure, pending a more in -depth reform of the 
Appellate Body, as part of the broader WTO reform efforts.  
2.15.   Turning to developments in t he EU. On 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom left the 
European Union according to the terms of the Withdrawal Agreement concluded between the EU and 
the UK. We have notified all its international partners, including WTO Members and the WTO itself, 
through  a Note Verbale about the UK’s withdrawal and the transitional arrangements foreseen in the 
Withdrawal Agreement. The Note Verbale informs our partners that the UK is treated as a Member 
State for the purposes of international agreements of the Union durin g the transition period, which 
is planned to last until 31 December 2020. This means, inter alia, that the UK remains covered by 
the EU’s WTO commitments and concessions on goods and services during transition.  
2.16.   I understand the interest of Members to know  what will happen after the end of the transition, 
and we would like to know as well, but I think here we have to let the negotiation process, which 
will only get underway at the beginning of March, to lead to results, which at this stage we cannot 
predict . So, there is a certain degree of uncertainty we all have to live with. I recognize that the 
uncertainty surrounding Brexit has been challenging for stakeholders in the EU, the UK as well as WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  third countries. Naturally, we received a number of questions in  relation to Brexit, for example on 
the negotiations under GATT Article XXVIII on the apportionment of the EU’s bound tariff rate quotas. 
We will continue to conduct these negotiations with individual Members in good faith and in line with 
the relevant WTO  procedures, as we have been doing since the start of the EU’s and UK’s joint 
engagement with WTO Members, hoping to bring them to satisfactory conclusion.  
2.17.   In any case, the EU remains the largest internal market of the world, the top trading partner 
for 80 countries, and we continue our work in support of the rules -based multilateral trading system 
in line with our values. The EU and the UK are now opening a new chapter by entering negotiations 
about the future EU -UK relationship.  
2.18.   The EU also continued exp anding our FTA network. To name but a few, particularly noteworthy 
achievements: The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement with Canada has been 
provisionally applied since September 2017, the EU -Japan Economic Partnership Agreement entered 
into force in February 2019, and in June 2019, the EU signed the FTA and Investment Protection 
Agreement with Vietnam and concluded negotiations with Mercosur. These agreements are not only 
our biggest in terms of market size, but there are also ambitious in their co verage. They build on 
and go beyond WTO rules whilst fully preserving them. We have developed WTO+ provisions on 
subsidies and government procurement, for example, and regarding services; our most recent Free 
Trade Agreements include comprehensive commitme nts and state of the art provisions on 
telecommunications, financial services as well as a full Digital Trade Chapter. Negotiations are well 
underway with numerous other trading partners.  
2.19.   Mr Chairman, let me now turn to the questions that Members addressed  to the EU in this TPR. 
We received more than 1600 written questions from 39 Members; around 1200 questions reached 
us within the deadline. This is about 600 more questions than last time and makes us the third most 
scrutinised Member in the TPR exercise a fter China and the US. I am pleased, and proud to say that 
we have responded to all questions that were sent within the deadline by last Tuesday (11/02), i.e. 
the date set in the “alternative timeline”, as well as to those questions that missed the deadlin e by 
a couple of days. We are now working on the replies to the remaining questions, which we will submit 
in due course, within the required timeframe.  
2.20.   I would like to pick up some of the main themes that Members addressed in their questions: 
agriculture, sustainable development, SPS and other regulatory measures, trade defence 
instruments, the Digital Single Market and investment.  
2.21.   As usual, many questions were about agriculture. Since the last TPR, the Common Agricultural 
Policy (CAP) continued on the path  towards further market orientation and away from trade -
distorting support measures. Examples include the abolition of sugar production quotas and 
implementation of the Nairobi Ministerial Decision on export competition. A new CAP for post -2020 
is in the m aking; the legislative proposals of June 2018 aim at fostering a smart, resilient and 
diversified agricultural sector ensuring food security, strengthening the socio -economic fabric of rural 
areas and contributing to the environmental and climate objective s of the EU. The EU aims to use 
40% of the overall financial envelope of the CAP to support climate objectives.  
2.22.   Promoting sustainable development through trade remains a top priority for EU trade policy. 
We were pleased to note that many Members have refer red to the EU’s work on sustainable 
development issues. Let me recall that the EU and its Member States’ aid in support of trade and 
productive capacities represents a third of global Aid for Trade and makes the EU the biggest Aid for 
Trade donor. The upda ted EU Strategy on Aid for Trade of 2017 reflects the UN 2030 Agenda on 
Sustainable Development. The EU’s trade policy instruments, such as preferential trade regimes and 
economic partnership agreements, also contribute significantly to increasing exports from 
developing countries and diversifying their economies. Commitments to sustainability are also 
continuously being strengthened in EU trade agreements, for instance with regard to climate change 
and the effective implementation of Multilateral Environme ntal Agreements (MEAs). Quite a few 
questions focused on the EU’s work to help protect and restore the world’s forests as outlined in our 
Communication of July 2019. We have also noted the interest in the EU’s continued work on fair and 
ethical trade schem es as well as the promotion of gender equality through trade.  
2.23.   Now turning to the Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures where we received the highest 
number of questions. This did not come as a surprise, as indeed the EU enacted or implemented WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  several new pie ces of legislation during the review period, for example on official controls, plant 
health, animal health, or veterinary medicinal products. The EU is fully aware of the impact that 
changing standards on the EU market can have on exporters in third countr ies, and therefore takes 
its obligations of transparency and consultation very seriously. In addition to fulfilling all notification 
requirements and responding to Members’ questions and comments in the SPS Committee diligently, 
the Commission organised va rious conferences, information sessions, webinars and workshops on 
the main regulatory developments (e.g. in relation to pesticides, veterinary medicinal products, 
animal health, plant health, official controls). The EU also actively provides significant t echnical and 
financial assistance to enable exporters in developing countries to meet EU standards. Examples 
include the Better Training for Safer Food initiative, the Fit for Market programme and Market Access 
programmes.  
2.24.   Regarding matters discussed in th e Committee on Technical Barriers on Trade, we received 
several questions on the two new EU Regulations that, on the one hand, enhance the EU market 
surveillance framework and, on the other hand, streamline the application of the mutual recognition 
princip le of goods lawfully marketed in the EU. I would like to underline that these new rules reinforce 
the powers of market surveillance authorities in the EU, including through improved cooperation 
mechanisms among them, in order to ensure that only safe and c ompliant goods – whether produced 
domestically or imported – are placed on the EU market. In parallel, they further facilitate the free 
movement of goods across EU Member States.  
2.25.   Regarding the EU’s regulatory processes more generally, some questions enquir ed about 
advancements under the Better Regulation Agenda and how we take stakeholder input into account 
in the legislative process. One noteworthy characteristic in the EU’s policy development process is 
that public consultations take place very early at t he conceptual stage of a policy initiative. With 
some pride, I admit, I would like to point out that the OECD Regulatory Policy Outlook 2018 ranked 
the Commission consultation system the best in the OECD.  
2.26.   We have also replied to many questions about the E U’s trade defence instruments. This was 
expected, given that our legislation saw two major changes since the last TPR: the introduction of a 
new dumping calculation methodology in December 2017, and broader changes that modernised 
and improved the instrume nts in June 2018. These changes were necessary to keep pace with the 
global challenges in international trade and the need to ensure that the EU’s commitment to free 
trade is underpinned by instruments that guarantee that this trade is fair. We are fully c ommitted 
to dealing with unfair trade practices like dumping and subsidisation, which threaten and injure our 
industries. Similarly, when justified by the exceptional events causing trade diversion, we also need 
to address unexpected surges of imports by t aking proportionate safeguard measures. We will 
continue to tackle these practices, when necessary and where justified, and always fully in line with 
our international commitments. In this context, let me recall that the EU’s legislation contains WTO+ 
elements such as a mandatory public interest test and the use of the lesser duty rule, which are 
more stringent than the WTO rules require. I would also like to add that the EU is still in a relatively 
early stage of implementing our legislative changes and th erefore the practice may evolve over time.  
2.27.   The completion of the Digital Single Market (DSM) was a political priority during the period 
under review. The EU’s DSM strategy and related legal acts adopted over the last years attracted 
significant interest fr om many WTO Members. We received around 130 questions, focussing on 
copyright, e -commerce and online platforms, cybersecurity and measures in the field of electronic 
communications. The EU’s DSM strategy aims at providing individuals and businesses with th e best 
possible access to the online world. In our view, a Digital Single Market is one in which the free 
movement of persons, services and capital is ensured and where individuals and businesses can 
seamlessly access and engage in online activities under conditions of fair competition, and a high 
level of consumer and personal data protection, irrespective of their nationality or place of residence.  
2.28.   Regarding investment, the EU received many questions on our Regulation on the FDI 
screening framework which  will enter into force in October this year. While we hope our answers 
have provided the necessary clarifications, I would like to take this opportunity to stress a few 
aspects of this new instrument. First, it does not in any way undermine the Union’s ope nness for 
foreign direct investments. FDI is an important source of jobs, expertise, and competitiveness in the 
EU. It is too important to lose it. Hence, this new instrument was carefully designed so as not to 
affect the EU’s attractiveness for foreign in vestors and to minimize impact on foreign investors and 
their investments. Second, its objectives are very specific: it is meant to strengthen the awareness WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  of the EU and its member States of those FDIs that are likely to affect security or public order an d 
enable EU member States and the Commission to mitigate those risks.  
2.29.   Furthermore, Members sought clarifications on the division of competences between the EU 
and its member States in the negotiation and management of investment treaties. Several questions 
also concerned the EU’s approach to investment dispute settlement and  in particular the functioning 
of the Investment Court Systems set up under EU agreements. The EU has led the way in reforming 
investor state dispute settlement by moving away from ad hoc arbitration to permanent mechanisms 
consisting of first instance and  appeal tribunals. The EU and its member States have implemented 
this reform through bilateral trade and investment negotiations.  
2.30.   Work has also started on the creation of a Multilateral Investment Court, which would be open 
to all countries and, as a stan ding multilateral court, would offer the greatest guarantees of 
independence and impartiality, ensure correct and consistent decisions and hence create the legal 
certainty that is required for sustainable investment.  
2.31.   Mr Chairman, the end of the review peri od for the EU’s 14th TPR overlapped with the new 
European Commission taking up its work in December 2019. I would like to conclude with an outlook 
on some of the priorities of the new Commission, which may be of particular interest to WTO 
Members.  
2.32.   The fir st priority of the new European Commission is for Europe to become the first carbon 
neutral continent by 2050. To achieve this, the Commission presented the European Green Deal in 
December last year, which is a proposal for an ambitious set of measures to achieve a sustainable 
green transition and, at the same time, a strategy for growth. In fact, several questions addressed 
to us in the TPR made reference to parts of the Green Deal, such as the Farm to Fork initiative and 
the EU strategy on adaptation to c limate change, including a potential carbon border adjustment 
mechanism for selected sectors that could be at risk of carbon leakage, should differences in levels 
of ambition worldwide persist.  
2.33.   Another priority is to make Europe fit for the Digital Age an d advance the Digital Single Market, 
by further breaking down barriers to e -commerce within the EU and by creating the right conditions 
for digital networks and services to flourish. I am convinced that the further deepening of European 
integration as we t ackle the “twin digital and climate transition”, as Commission President Ursula 
von der Leyen put it, will bring net benefits for the EU’s trading partners in the same way as they 
have benefitted from the single market integration for goods.  
2.34.   The new Commis sion also wants to reinforce responsible global leadership. A strong, open 
and fair trade agenda for the EU is key in this regard, together with ensuring the highest standards 
of climate, environmental and labour protection. The EU will have many other opp ortunities to 
discuss these initiatives with our international partners in detail as they evolve in the future, 
including through the EU’s extensive public consultation channels. But I would like to stress already 
now that all legislative proposals will be  made ensuring the respect of WTO rules and other 
international obligations of the EU; and they will be founded on sound analysis and appropriate 
consultation.  
2.35.   Once again, we appreciate this opportunity to engage with Members on the whole range of 
EU polic ies that are relevant to our trading partners. The EU takes this exercise very seriously, 
together with all other work under the Trade Policy Review Mechanism. We just marked the 30th 
anniversary of the TPRM in November, which is indeed a fundamental part of the multilateral trading 
system. Trade Policy Reviews are an extremely valuable tool in the WTO’s transparency toolkit as 
they allow for a different type of discussion than other WTO meetings; being more holistic and 
focused at the same time. The many w ritten questions and this meeting will provide valuable 
feedback from WTO Members on our trade relevant policies, which we can take back for internal 
reflections and inject into our regulatory processes. I am looking forward to our discussions today 
and th roughout these coming days and to bring it to a positive conclusion. Thank you very much for 
your attention.  
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  3  STATEMENT BY THE DIS CUSSANT  
3.1.  It’s my honour to provide today’s discussant remarks for the 14th Trade Policy Review of the 
European Union. This inv itation is not only an honour but also a privilege. This mechanism is a 
fundamental part of the multilateral trading system and an important instrument to ensure 
transparency in global trade.  
3.2.  The TPR is an opportunity for Members to receive constructive assessments of their trade 
policies and practices as regards the MTS. Open scrutiny and peer review is one of the ways through 
which we uphold the rules and standards we have all agreed to and reinforce the importance of the 
system.  
3.3.  Next July,  Brazil and the EU will celebrate the 13th anniversary of an auspicious Strategic 
Partnership, which serves as a broad framework for deepening relations in a number of key sectors 
and building long -lasting links between our people.  
3.4.  Brazil and EU not only s hare close historic and cultural ties, values and a strong commitment 
to multilateral institutions, we also share a common interest in revitalizing the WTO and are engaged 
in achieving progress in the three main pillars where this agenda is being pursued.  
3.5.  I’m pleased to note that the new European Commission has manifested its wholehearted 
support for the multilateral trade system. As stated personally by H.E Ms. Ursula Von Der Leyen in 
the Political Guidelines for European commission 2019 -2024: “We will alw ays look for multilateral 
solutions and I intend to lead the efforts on updating and reforming the World Trade Organization”.  
3.6.  More broadly, the EU’s goals of keeping the world’s trading system fair, predictable and based 
on common rules are also welcome, e specially when supported by initiatives aimed at bringing 
developing countries into the WTO, its decision -making, and the global economy.  
Economic environment  
3.7.  Based on statistics available until 2018, the Secretariat report shows that real GDP growth in 
the EU was relatively strong during the review period.  
3.8.  Economic expansion was less strong in the second half of 2018 due to a number of factors, 
including weakness in the manufacturing sector, mounting trade tensions and the prospect of the 
UK’s withdrawal from the EU.  
3.9.  Against this background, after a GDP growth of 2.6% in 2017 and of 2.0% in 2018, GDP growth 
is expected to decelerate slightly to 1.4% in 2019. It will then increase again and is projected to 
reach 1.6% in 2020.  
3.10.   In order to ensure sustainabl e growth, the EU recognizes the importance of exploring the full 
potential of the EU Single Market. Marking its 25th anniversary, the European Commission adopted 
a Communication in November 2018 calling on Member States to renew their political commitment 
to the Single Market.  
3.11.   The Europe 2020 Strategy is also crucial as it is the EU’s agenda for growth and jobs for the 
current decade. Members are following its developments with high interest. The impact of Brexit on 
EU economies and the planned EU digital services tax are also topics whose possible repercussions 
on the EU economic environment are being observed carefully by Members.  
Trade Policy  
3.12.   Despite the uneven GDP growth path that I mentioned, and based on data for the period 
covered by the Secretariat report, the EU remains the number one trading block in the world and, 
consequently, the most important trade partner for some 80 economies.  
3.13.   The Government report indicates that international trade plays a central role in the EU’s 
economy, accounting for al most 35% of its GDP and supporting more jobs than ever (36 million in 
2018, two thirds more than in 2000).  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  3.14.   During the period under review, the EU trade policy continued to be guided by the general 
objectives of the “Trade for All Strategy”, adopted in 201 5. In this regard, the European Commission 
issued in September 2017 a communication entitled «A balanced and progressive trade policy to 
harness globalisation», which notes that «global trade is a key contributor to a competitive and 
prosperous EU», but «n eeds to be proactively shaped and managed to ensure it is fair, projects 
values and remains firmly anchored in a rules -based system».  
3.15.   Moreover, the EU’s aim is a «trade policy that is transparent and responsible, benefits all 
citizens, and provides modern  solutions for the realities of today’s economy in the middle of 
technological change». The communication defined three main objectives of EU trade policy.  
3.16.   The first one is to conclude new trade partnerships to build progressive rules for global trade, 
in which environmental, social, labour and gender issues play an important role. The second main 
objective is to protect EU interests and ensure fairness through a robust trade and investment policy. 
And the third objective is to deliver effective agreements  through a transparent and inclusive 
negotiation process.  
WTO  
3.17.   As I pointed out previously, the EU recognizes the importance of preserving an open, rules -
based multilateral trading system, with the WTO at its core, and the need for reform of this 
organizat ion.  
3.18.   In this sense, the EU presented a comprehensive approach to reforming the WTO in 
September 2018, aimed at revitalising negotiations; preserving the dispute settlement system; and 
ensuring better monitoring of its Membership’s trade practices. Concret e proposals in these areas 
were tabled by the EU together with other WTO Members.  
3.19.   In what regards WTO negotiations or initiatives, it is worth noting that the EU is an important 
actor for the advancement of the only ongoing multilateral negotiation stemmin g from the DDA, 
which is the negotiation to discipline fisheries subsidies. On this issue, Members want to know how 
the EU can contribute to restoring and maintaining fish stocks at sustainable levels by 2020. 
Questions on the new regulation on the sustain able management of external fishing fleets and on 
state aid to fisheries and aquaculture provided by member States were also raised.  
3.20.   The EU is also supportive of the work following from the MC11 Joint Statement initiatives on 
e-commerce, domestic regulatio n in services and investment facilitation.  
3.21.   On e-commerce, the EU participated in the launch of plurilateral WTO negotiations under the 
Joint Statement initiative on e -Commerce in January 2019 in the margins of the World Economic 
Forum in Davos. The EU defends a set of multilateral rules and commitments that would enhance 
global e -commerce and facilitate business operations, notably for small and medium -sized 
enterprises. Some questions by Members on e -commerce relate to the measures taken to address 
regulatory barriers to e -commerce trade with non -EU countries and the recent legislation concerning 
VAT aspects of e -commerce.  
3.22.   On domestic regulation for services, the EU believes that clear and enforceable disciplines are 
an important complement to existing liberalisation under the GATS. The EU views the next MC12 as 
a real opportunity to conclude more than 20 years of WTO negotiations on this important topic, 
which would bring tangible benefits to services operators.  
3.23.   The EU has also been active in discussion s related to Micro, Small, and Medium -Sized 
Enterprises (MSMEs), to trade as a driver of gender equality and to the development of a multilateral 
framework on investment facilitation. On gender equality, some Members want to know more about 
best practices and related provisions in FTAs.  
3.24.   Let me know highlight some other important points in specific areas of interest.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  Agriculture  
3.25.   The agricultural sector continues to stand out in the tariff analysis due to significantly higher 
rates (14.2% on average), the wide tariff range, and the significant use of non -ad valorem rates 
and tariff quotas. Regarding the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), the structure of the agricultural 
policies has remained the same since 2015 and there were no substantial ch anges during the review 
period regarding market access for imports of agricultural products into the EU. Legislative proposals 
for the reform of the CAP beyond 2020 were submitted by the Commission in 2018 and are currently 
under discussion.  
3.26.   Regarding the agriculture sector, Members asked questions related mainly to direct payments; 
internal market support; export subsidies and export measures having equivalent effect; and market 
access. On this last topic, Members wish to know, for example, if the EU has a ny plans to simplify 
complex tariffs and to convert non -ad valorem duties to ad valorem.  
Trade remedies  
3.27.   The EU continued to be a significant user of trade remedies, although the number of new anti -
dumping and anti -subsidy initiations steadily declined bet ween 2016 and 2018. The steel 
surveillance measure continued to be in place, followed by the introduction of the steel safeguard 
measure replacing this measure for certain steel categories in 2018 -19. A similar surveillance 
measure on aluminium was put in place in 2018.  
3.28.   Some questions raised by Members in this area relate to the safeguard on steel products; on 
the way compliance with social and environmental standards is taken into account in investigations 
and the impact of Brexit on trade remedies. A num ber of Members have also shown interest in the 
recent reforms of EU anti -dumping legislation.  
Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures  
3.29.   Concerning sanitary and phytosanitary measures, Members are trying to assess the trade 
impact and main changes of some new EU  regulations, such as the one on official controls on 
products of animal origin intended for human consumption of 2017, the Plant Health Law of 2016 
and the Animal Health Law of 2016 applicable on April 2021.  
3.30.   Other topics that will certainly raise discussi on are: consideration of STCs; consideration of 
longer transition periods for adjustment to new measures; EFSA procedures in establishing norms 
for food safety; determination of import tolerances for maximum residue limits and use of Codex 
Alimentarius sta ndards and standard setting that may be more trade restrictive.  
Government procurement  
3.31.   A public procurement strategy aimed at further improving EU public procurement practices by 
working with public authorities and other stakeholders was adopted by the Com mission in October 
2017. It includes: a mechanism for large infrastructure projects; a recommendation to 
professionalize public buyers; and a consultation on guidance on public procurement of innovation.  
3.32.   In this area, Members are mainly interested in: the  new strategy to address public 
procurement challenges; the requirements established by European Single Procurement Document; 
developments on the International Procurement Instrument; and on how the EU is improving access 
to non -EU procurement markets thro ugh trade agreements.  
Intellectual property  
3.33.   On intellectual property, the EU put in place several legislative measures during the review 
period, notably with respect to copyrights and related rights. In May 2019, the EU adopted 
amendments to its rules on s upplementary protection certificates for medicinal products. Various 
measures were also taken with a view to implementing substantive reforms to the EU trademark 
legislation.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  3.34.   Some points raised by Members were: implications of the Directive on Copyright in  the Digital 
Single Market; GI protection under FTAs; status of GI protection for non -agricultural products; and 
enforcement of IPRs for goods in transit.  
Services  
3.35.   Concerning the services sector, some regulatory developments during the review period can 
be highlighted. In financial services, the EU took steps to reduce risk and enhance the resilience of 
the banking sector. Some legislative proposals on core aspects of the Capital Markets Union, which 
aims to develop deeper and more integrated capital marke ts across the EU, were also adopted during 
the review period. On construction services, the EU took several steps in recent years towards 
regulatory simplification to improve the internal market for this sector, which is being examined for 
the first time. The EU also adopted legislative measures under the Digital Single Market (DSM) 
Strategy, with a view to addressing different types of barriers to the growth of cross -border e -
commerce.  
3.36.   Several questions on services were submitted by Members in specific ar eas like financial 
services; construction services; e -commerce; telecommunications; the amended Audiovisual Media 
Services Directive; online platforms; and the EU Cybersecurity Act.  
Import restrictions  
3.37.   The EU continued to apply prohibitions, restrictions and licensing requirements on imports 
which have increased in number. Some Members have mentioned these restrictions in their written 
questions, specifically on the reasons for the increase in number of measures.  
Energy  
3.38.   On the energy sector, it is worth me ntioning that many Members have posed questions and 
expressed interest in the Green Deal policy announced by the Commission in December 2019 after 
the circulation of the Secretariat and EU reports, especially regarding the possible introduction of a 
carbon  border adjustment mechanism.   
Closing remarks  
3.39.   The EU is always referred to as being the most complete example of integration in the world. 
The EU project started as an aspiration of peace, unity and prosperity and is nowadays a reality 
through the four freedoms of its Single Market. The free movement of people, goods, services and 
capital have helped improve the citizens’ prosperity and strengthen EU’s competitiveness.  
3.40.   As the new European Commission starts its first year of work, the task of deepening 
integration is made more complex in an ever changing and unsettling world. These challenges 
include Brexit and the reshaping process it has already triggered.  
3.41.   As always, due the vital role the EU plays in the multilateral trading system, this TPR is of 
great  interest. I would like then to congratulate the Membership for the interest shown in this review. 
Taking into account the more than 1600 written questions submitted by 39 delegations, I believe 
we can expect good engagement and strong interest in today’s review.  
3.42.   As you know, my role as discussant was to introduce and foster discussion and to highlight 
key developments since the EU’s last review in July 2017. I hope my remarks will contribute to a 
substantive debate and I wish the EU a very successful Trade  Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBER S 
CHINA  
4.1.  There is a Chinese saying that “The taller man will hold it up when the sky is falling.” A study 
of Imperial College London shows the average height of Europeans is the tallest across continents. 
In a time of crisis, we need «tall men» to uphold the WTO so  as to avoid its collapse. And luckily, 
Commissioner Hogan is the tallest trade minister I have ever met.  
4.2.  As the first Member to speak here today, allow me to start by pointing out that, the EU is a 
staunch supporter and defender of the Multilateral Tradi ng Systems. We can see that clearly in the 
Mission Letter addressed to Commissioner Hogan by the President of the European Commission, 
Ursula von der Leyen, and I quote, “Europe’s place is at the heart of the rules -based multilateral 
system. A top priority  will be to lead the reform of the World Trade Organization.”  
4.3.  To be specific, China commends the EU’s leadership in seeking solutions to unblock the 
selection process of Appellate Body Members and working on a Multiparty Interim Appeal 
Arrangement in respo nse to the current situation.  
4.4.  China appreciates the EU’s active engagement in Joint Statements Initiates such as 
E-commerce, Domestic Regulations, Investment Facilitation for Development, with a view to 
achieving meaningful deliverables at the MC12.  
4.5.  China  also applauds the EU for providing generous and effective technical assistance and 
capacity -building to help the developing members and LDCs better integrate into the multilateral 
trading system.  
4.6.  In this regard, China looks forward to continue working wit h the EU and lift the WTO out of the 
difficulties.  
4.7.  Having said that, Mr Chair, I would also like to raise some concerns over the EU’s trade policies.  
4.8.  Firstly, China cannot agree with the EU’s assessment that the current crisis of the WTO roots 
in the lack  of rules to address distortions caused by so called “non -market policies and practice”. It 
is a dangerous misconception, which will lead the WTO reform to a wrong direction and bring about 
further fragmentation among its members. Many of us believe that, it is the unilateralism, 
protectionism and trade bullying that are undermining the rules -based multilateral trading system 
and jeopardising the authority and credibility of the WTO. Therefore, it is high time for us to shoulder 
our common responsibility to  resist protectionist tendencies.  
4.9.  Secondly, the EU’s trade policy is moving towards a “defensive” path. Please allow me to list 
some concerning facts:  
• The EU remains one of the most frequent users of trade remedy measures, some of which 
are discriminatory;  
• The EU introduced new regulations on foreign investment screening, in particular regarding 
acquisitions taken by non -EU stated -owned enterprises. We are concerned that this may 
increase the risk of the abuse of national security review and lead to discrim ination against 
specific ownership enterprise;  
• The EU maintains high tariff and numerous TRQs in its agriculture sector, and little 
improvement was made regarding market access and agricultural subsidies remain at high 
level, which is distorting global tra de.  
4.10.   The EU seeks to strengthen the trade toolbox including upgrading its Enforcement Regulation 
to allow sanctions when others adopt illegal measures and simultaneously block the WTO dispute 
settlement process. While realizing the rationale behind is to r eact to the challenges we all face, but 
still, the implication of such legitimized sanctions can be worrisome.  
4.11.   Last but not the least, like many other WTO Members, China attaches great importance to the 
appropriate allocation of the TRQs between the EU an d the UK, with a view to protecting Members’ 
rights of market access after the Brexit.   WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.12.   China and the EU are important partners on trade and investment. Every minute, over 
USD 1 million worth of goods are traded between us. The China -Europe freight rail s ervice network 
has expanded rapidly in recent years. The China -EU Co -investment Fund was established to further 
promote our collaboration. The China -EU agreement on Geographic Indications was concluded. And 
the negotiations on our Bilateral Investment Trea ty is heading for success. The China -EU Summit 
and many other high -level dialogues scheduled in 2020 will further provide political impetus to our 
economic cooperation.  
4.13.   As the Roman poet Ovid said, “A horse never runs so fast when he has other horses to c atch 
up and outpace.” Competition and collaboration are never mutually exclusive. China sincerely hopes 
that the EU will welcome healthy competition, maintain an open, transparent and non -discriminatory 
environment for trade and investment. I look forward to our further cooperation with a view to 
preserving and strengthening the multilateral trading system.  
JAPAN  
4.14.   Last year marked the 30th anniversary of the TPR. Japan acknowledges and greatly 
appreciates the historical contribution of the European Union to the TPR, and it gives me great 
pleasure to join this 14th TPR of the European Union.  
4.15.   Also, in the broader context, Japan appreciates that the European Union has contributed to 
upholding and strengthening the multilateral trading system through its active engagements in the 
WTO. In particular, the European Union is demonstrating its strong leadership towards MC12 by 
proposing useful and concrete ideas in many areas, including an urgent area of DSB appellate body 
issues, to address the current crisis of the multilateral trading system. We trust that the European 
Union will make further contributions to our ongoing activities in the WTO in order to achieve positive 
outcomes at MC12 in June.  
4.16.   We recognize that annual GDP growth is steadily recovering in 2020 in the European Union. 
At the same time, however, the European Union is facing several uncertainties in the region such as 
significant financial debts in South European countries and unforeseeable consequences of Brexit. 
We expect the European Union t o effectively address those uncertainties, and to make further 
contributions to the sound development of global trade.  
4.17.   To this effect, Japan appreciates the active engagement of the European Union in further 
liberalizing its trade regime by concluding many  free trade agreements across the world. In 
particular, Japan believes that the Japan -EU Economic Partnership Agreement, which has been in 
force since last February, is a high standard model for free trade agreements in the 21st century, 
aiming at promotin g a free, open, fair and rule -based trade and investment regime. Therefore, we 
expect that our Economic Partnership Agreement will constitute a good basis for facilitating global 
rule-making towards development of a free trade environment.  
4.18.   There are sever al areas in which we have specific interests and concerns regarding the 
European Union’s policy. I will now briefly touch upon each of these in turn.  
Data Free Flow  
4.19.   Digitalization will provide us with further opportunities to enhance the global value chai n 
through means such as reduction of costs in business and increased access to the global market by 
MSMEs. In order to harness the full potential of the digital economy, we believe that it is essential 
to effectively facilitate data flow and utilization. I n this regard, we highly welcome the Japan -EU 
mutual data adequacy decisions based on our high standard legislation, which was confirmed by our 
leaders last April. We look forward to collaborating with the European Union to achieve a trustworthy 
environmen t for facilitating global data flow. We also welcome the active engagements of the 
European Union in the ongoing negotiations on electronic commerce in the WTO.  
Brexit  
4.20.   On 31 January, the United Kingdom withdrew from the European Union. We expect both the 
European Union and the United Kingdom to achieve a smooth transition process, thus providing 
certainty, transparency and predictability to the global economy. In particular, we would like to WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  underscore that the European Union and the United Kingdom should m aintain the legal stability of 
its concession schedule by appropriately finalizing the TRQ issue as soon as possible.  
Business Environment and Investment  
4.21.   Aside from Brexit, Japan has several concerns with the business environment of the European 
Union. Sp ecifically, there are many requests for improvements from Japanese industries in such 
areas as work visa requirements and procedures. We encourage the European Union to listen 
carefully to voices from industries across the world in order to achieve a more favourable 
environment for business. This will definitely contribute to attracting foreign investment.  
4.22.   As for investment, Japan is closely monitoring the implementation process of the Rules on the 
EU’s Inward FDI Screening System, which will come into effe ct this October. Japan expects that 
these new rules will be managed appropriately in order not to hinder foreign investment.  
IPR 
4.23.   As for IPR, Japan encourages the European Union to establish, as soon as possible, the Unitary 
Patent System and the Unified Patent Court, as it is burdensome for businesses to address each 
member’s patent system respectively.  
4.24.   Also, Japan has a keen interest in the protection of GI. GI originating from third countries 
should be provided adequate legal protection in the E uropean Union based on relevant bilateral or 
plurilateral agreements.  
4.25.   I would like to conclude my statement by expressing once again our appreciation for the 
European Union’s efforts to promote the multilateral trading system. Japan is ready to work with the 
European Union and the other Members to further strengthen the free and fair -trade system.  
4.26.   We wish the European Union a successful and productive TPR.  
NEW  ZEALAND  
4.27.   New Zealand has a long -standing, and broadly -based trading relationship with the Europea n 
Union; our third -largest trading partner. Since June 2018 we have been negotiating a Free Trade 
Agreement with the EU that we hope will be concluded swiftly.  
4.28.   The EU and New Zealand share a commitment to the global rules -based system. We welcome 
the EU’s efforts to help address the Appellate Body impasse and the lack of impetus in the WTO’s 
negotiating function.  
4.29.   Ahead of the 12th Ministerial Conference, we look to the EU for continued leadership in 
building a consensus around credible outcomes in several areas, including an ambitious outcome on 
fisheries subsidies and advancing areas like agriculture, services domestic regulation, e -commerce, 
MSMEs and women’s economic empowerment.  
4.30.   New Zealand commends the EU for its commitment to prohibition of harmful fi sheries 
subsidies, and its support for conclusion of negotiations on fisheries subsidies by MC12. We are 
concerned however that the EU’s proposed European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund 
(EMFAF) re -introduces subsidies for purchase, renovation and  new build of fishing vessels in the 
2021-2027 period.  
4.31.   In previous reviews, New Zealand has expressed concern about aspects of the EU’s Common 
Agricultural Policy. We recognize and commend ongoing efforts to reform the CAP and join others in 
encouraging g reater market orientation and reduction of distortions to international trade.  
4.32.   In this review we have raised questions around further plans to reduce coupled payments, 
and to better equip farmers to respond to market incentives. Considerable scope remains for further 
progress on market access, especially where the EU retains complex or prohibitive tariffs on 
highly -traded products.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.33.   We are also interested in an update on the EU proposal to replace blue box Voluntary Coupled 
Support with amber box Coupled Inc ome Support and how this supports efforts to strengthen 
disciplines on trade - and production -distorting support.  
4.34.   The 2015 removal of dairy production quotas has been of considerable interest to New 
Zealand. However, as the Secretariat report indicates, the  EU has 107 categories of TRQs in its WTO 
schedule, of which 74% concern agricultural products. New Zealand remains concerned with the 
EU’s management of agricultural TRQs and we seek updates on how the EU plans to remove in -
quota tariffs for these quotas so as to enable full quota utilisation. We urge the EU to continue to 
operate TRQs consistent with WTO rules, including in the context of the Brexit process.  
4.35.   We also seek clarification on what the EU views as the purpose of the Codex Alimentarius and 
wheth er the EU considers Codex standards are intended to identify and apply in relation to generic 
or common names of products used by producers, traders and consumers trading in those products.  
4.36.   New Zealand has also raised questions around work undertaken by th e Commission to 
consider non -direct payment policies to help achieve its climate objectives in the context of the post 
CAP 2020 budget.  
4.37.   We welcome the recent Commission Communication calling for an end to fossil -fuel subsidies 
in the EU as part of the European Green Deal, and look forward to further updates on this initiative.  
4.38.   In conclusion, it is important that the EU – as one of the world’s largest economies - maintains 
and continues to strengthen its broadly open and market -orientated approach to int ernational trade 
policy.   
CHILE  
4.39.   Generally speaking, in Chile, the European Union is perceived as a successful political project 
with economic roots that is centred on cooperation and of which the main objective has been and 
continues to be ensuring peace and development.  
4.40.   We hope that future changes, brought about by the withdrawal of one of its members, do not 
result in a substantive change to the political project. We encourage the European Union to ensure 
that these developments do not affect or disrupt the bilateral or trade relations between our 
countries.  
4.41.   Chile's relationship with the European Community goes back a long way. In 1963, the first 
agreement for scientific and technological cooperation was signed between Chile and the 
European  Southern Obse rvatory, providing a framework which to this day covers major space 
observation programmes based in Northern Chile.  
4.42.   This significant step paved the way for our political relationship with the then 
European  Economic Community, which set up its Latin Americ an Office in Santiago in 1964. 
Thereafter, our relationship progressed at various levels and was reaffirmed, first, through the 
third-generation Framework Agreement for Cooperation signed in 1990, then the preparatory 
Agreement for the Strategic Partnershi p signed in 1996, and finally the Association Agreement of 
2002.  
4.43.   Since the signing of the Association Agreement, relations between Chile and the 
European  Union have been strengthened through "Structured Dialogues". These are thematic 
cooperation frameworks for the development of common projects and the exchange of infor mation 
and best practices in various domains, such as the environment, energy, ocean and fishery 
governance, SMEs, and human rights.  
4.44.   February 2020 marked the 18th anniversary of the Association Agreement, which is in the 
process of being updated. Against this backdrop, I wish to stress that Chile is committed to 
modernizing its trade relations and to reaching a balanced agreement for both parties, one that is 
based on the current and prospective economic relationship between Chile and the European Union. 
Moreover, it is very important for this process to be successful and ensure the complete liberalization WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  of trade, since this would send a positive signal amidst the protectionist tendencies that the world is 
currently witnessing.  
4.45.   The EU is an important tra ding partner for Chile, the third largest after China and 
the United  States. Since the entry into force of the Association Agreement, there has been sustained 
growth in trade. Furthermore, the EU has been a strategic partner for the work carried out within  
both the OECD and the framework of the Pacific Alliance. Chile and the EU are facing new common 
challenges, due to the pressure that geopolitical competition is placing on the economic and trade 
landscape at a global level. These challenges give a new imp etus to the strategic aspect of Chile -EU 
relations, as reflected in the spirit of the current Association Agreement and its ongoing 
modernization.  
4.46.   Chile and the EU firmly support multilateralism and the role of the WTO. Both parties are 
seeking to advance the process of strengthening and modernizing the WTO in its three pillars, and 
have a shared interest in preserving the second stage in the dispute settlement system. We also 
share a range of interests in terms of the negotiations, such as in the area of t rade in services and 
domestic regulation. Furthermore, both Chile and the EU actively participate in joint initiatives, such 
as those related to investment facilitation for development, e -commerce, and discussion groups on 
MSMEs and gender. Incorporating n ew trade agenda issues is crucial for keeping the WTO at the 
centre of trade policy.  
4.47.   We have submitted over 40 questions for this Review on subjects such as anti -dumping, 
safeguards, intellectual property, domestic support for agriculture, e -commerce and air transport. 
We are grateful for the replies received, which we are processing with our technical teams.  
4.48.   In this respect, we wish to point out the resilience of the European Union, which, despite 
having been affected by the economic ups and downs of the most recent period, has strong growth 
projections for 2020. We partly share its use of trade policy to promote universal values such as the 
right to regulate in areas of public interest.  
4.49.   We look favourably upon the fact that the European Union has begun to  include gender issues 
in its trade policy and is being inspired by existing initiatives, such as those undertaken by our 
country, which has been a pioneer in this area.  
4.50.   We wish to underscore the importance of continuing to pursue the agricultural reform 
programme in the European Union, as set out in the Agreement on Agriculture and a number of 
WTO mandates in this area. Furthermore, we wish to highlight our concern at the current state of 
the negotiations on fisheries subsidies and call on the European Uni on to use these negotiations to 
make meaningful commitments to banning harmful fisheries subsidies, as well as to take tangible 
steps towards fulfilling the Buenos Aires mandate and the Sustainable Development Goals.  
4.51.   Lastly, we wish the European  Union a su ccessful Trade Policy Review.  
HONG  KONG,  CHINA  
4.52.   Hong Kong, China (HKC) and the EU have all along maintained close and cordial economic 
and trade relations. In 2018, the EU was HKC’s second largest trading partner, while HKC ranked 
8th among the EU’s tradin g partners in Asia. We value the EU as an important trading partner of 
ours and look forward to further strengthening our bilateral trade ties.  
4.53.   We highly appreciate the engagement and commitment of the EU in upholding and 
strengthening the multilateral tra ding system. The EU has taken the initiative to propose 
comprehensive reform of the WTO in respect of its negotiating, monitoring and dispute settlement 
functions, and played an active role in different areas of trade negotiations and discussions. We 
believe that HKC and the EU can continue to work together to demonstrate our support for the 
multilateral trading system underpinned by the WTO.  
4.54.   Now I would like to share our observations on a few specific areas in the EU’s trade policies. 
On investment facilit ation for development, the EU has actively supported the Joint Statement 
Initiative and participated in the structured discussions. HKC looks forward to working closely with WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  the EU and other Members to further develop a multilateral framework for investmen t facilitation for 
development, with a view to working towards a meaningful outcome at MC12.  
4.55.   On trade facilitation, the EU has identified several key goals for customs, including proper 
implementation of the Union Customs Code, deployment of electronic sys tems and maintaining close 
cooperation with national customs administrations. The EU also tested new technologies, such as 
blockchains, for their potential in various customs processes. We commend the EU’s continued 
efforts in simplifying and modernizing i ts customs procedures in response to a rapidly changing 
economic and technological environment.  
4.56.   On tariffs, we appreciate that the EU has bound all its tariff lines, of which around a quarter 
are duty -free. We are also pleased to note that the percentage o f duty -free tariff lines increased 
from 26.1% in 2016 to 27.0% in 2019, as a result of the EU’s implementation of the expanded 
Information Technology Agreement.  
4.57.   Nonetheless, we note that the number of non -ad valorem tariff lines has increased slightly, 
which constitutes about 11% of the EU’s tariff lines. We also note that approximately one -third of 
the non -ad valorem tariff lines are compound or mixed, making it difficult to determine the exact 
duty rates or assess the real impact of these tariffs. We woul d encourage the EU to transform its 
non-ad valorem tariff lines to ad valorem ones.  
4.58.   On services, both HKC and the EU are staunch supporters of the multilateral trading system. 
The EU’s active and constructive participation in the work of the WTO, and in pa rticular its 
substantive contributions on the rule -making fronts are indispensable to preserving an open and 
rules-based multilateral trading system. We look forward to continuing our close cooperation for 
pursuing further liberalisation in trade in servic es in the multilateral context.  
4.59.   HKC looks forward to further fostering the bilateral trade and economic relations with the EU. 
We thank the EU for its replies to our written questions and wish it a successful Trade Policy Review.  
MEXICO 
4.60.   The European Union  continues to be an important ally of Mexico. In 2018, we concluded 
negotiations to update our free trade agreement, achieving a greater scope and level of ambition.  
4.61.   Both partners share a clear vision of the merits of global cooperation and of free and fai r 
trade. Moreover, we share a commitment to the strengthening of a multilateral trading system with 
the WTO at its centre.  
4.62.   In Mexico's view, the goal of inclusive international trade that facilitates economic growth 
through increased equity is very important. Thus, we congratulate the EU for adopting policies and 
initiatives that improve the inclusiveness of trade, which include:  
4.63.   The "Small Business Act" for Europe and the Programme for the  Competitiveness of 
Enterprises and Small and Medium -sized Enterprises  (COSME), which seek to increase both the 
competitiveness of SMEs and their inclusion in the multilateral trading system;  
4.64.   The conducting of studies to analyse gender equality and economi c opportunities in 
international trade agreements; and  
4.65.   The improved alignment of Aid for Trade with actual market -driven opportunities and 
constraints, ensuring a better quantitative focus on LDCs.  
4.66.   With regard to trade facilitation, the EU continues to wor k on a Single Window for customs, 
which only functions in nine member States. It has stated that it intends for legislation to enter into 
force in early 2022, with the aim being to make the Single Window compulsory in all member States. 
We recognize that i t is a complicated process and we encourage the EU to continue promoting its 
implementation until it is fully operational.  
4.67.   In intellectual property, we welcome the fact that the EU has undertaken an important 
initiative on an issue causing constant concern  at global level: "The Customs Action Plan to combat WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  IPR infringements for the years 2018 to 2022". We are convinced that this initiative will help to 
protect the value of intellectual creations, as well as the interests of their creators.  
4.68.   In financial ser vices, we recognize that the recently adopted regulatory changes, such as the 
new equivalence system, will help to reduce the risks and strengthen the banking system in 
the European Union, thereby facilitating cross -border transactions with third countries . 
4.69.   As regards e -commerce, all measures adopted from 2015 to date, particularly those related 
to the second pillar of the Single Market Strategy, will lead to a reduction in current obstacles to the 
growth of the sector and will ultimately have a positive im pact on trade with developing countries.  
4.70.   We are aware that audiovisual services are a sensitive matter for the European  Union. 
Nonetheless, we consider that the recent rules introduced and applied since 2018 could further 
restrict cross -border trade in thi s type of service. We are concerned that increasing restrictions are 
being placed on a sector that traditionally has already been protected.  
4.71.   In dispute settlement, the EU is a key member and a significant user of the system. We 
recognize its contribution t o the system, as well as its active participation in the search for a solution 
to the impasse in the launching of the Appellate Body vacancy filling process, which not only affects 
the dispute settlement system, but also the very credibility of the multila teral trading system. At the 
same time, the EU is a co -sponsor of the Joint Proposal which, now with 120 members, seeks to 
launch the process to fill member vacancies in the Appellate Body.  
4.72.   With regard to the Brexit process, for almost two years, Mexico ha s reiterated in various 
WTO bodies its systemic concern at both the EU's and the United Kingdom's intention to modify the 
tariff quotas that would be included in their respective Schedules of Concessions. The problems 
inherent to the proposed methodology f or the apportionment of tariff quotas lead us to question the 
viability of this methodology, as it would result in a reduction, and even an elimination, of market 
access opportunities.  
4.73.   In addition, the lack of clarity on the EU's future obligations to the UK in the context of 
the WTO and vice versa adds to our systemic concern. We reiterate our appeal for discussions and 
negotiations on this matter to address the trade and systemic concerns raised, with a view to finding 
a mutually satisfactory solution thr ough procedures compliant with the rules of this Organization.  
4.74.   Lastly, Mexico wishes to reiterate its commitment to strengthening trade relations with 
the European Union. We are confident that our cooperation will enable us to expand our markets 
and consol idate our role as priority partners. We are grateful for the replies to the questions 
submitted by my delegation and we wish the EU every success in this Review.  
UNITED  STATES  
4.75.   I must note at the outset that the U.S. goods trade deficit with the EU was near ly 
USD 178 billion in 2019. This is a record figure, and colors every aspect of my statement today. 
Since my time is limited, I will dive directly into the substance and outline those EU policies that 
trouble us the most.  
4.76.   First, the United States remains d eeply concerned by unjustified EU barriers to our agricultural 
exports. Recently, dozens of WTO Members have expressed concerns in the SPS and TBT 
Committees and in the Council on Trade in Goods regarding EU pesticide policy, which restricts trade 
without scientific justification or benefit to human health.  
4.77.   Beyond pesticides, we are equally troubled by the EU’s unjustified non -tariff barriers that 
impede the use of modern agricultural tools and technologies such as biotechnology, veterinary 
drugs and pathog en reduction treatments, all of which help to ensure a safe, sustainable food supply.  
4.78.   More disturbing, the EU is foisting its misguided domestic policy on other countries through 
regional trade agreements and development assistance initiatives. This approa ch will have global 
consequences, including impeding the ability of least developed and African countries to modernize 
their agricultural systems to feed a booming population and develop their economies.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.79.   With respect to dairy, despite efforts to reform EU policy by eliminating milk production 
quotas, the Commission’s market intervention actions during the 2016 -2019 period interfered with 
market adjustments and had a serious impact on the price of skim milk powder on the world market. 
These market interventi ons reduced export revenue and domestic milk prices for the United States 
and other dairy exporting countries  
4.80.   As it considers further changes in its Common Agricultural Policy, we encourage the EU to 
avoid programmes that distort world markets to the detri ment of other exporters.  
4.81.   Second, as we regularly raise in the TBT Committee and the Council on Trade in Goods, the 
United States also has concerns about the proliferation of EU TBT measures that affect U.S. 
manufacturers and producers in a wide range of se ctors, including medical devices, chemicals and 
high tech products.  
4.82.   These barriers derive in large part from the EU’s TBT policies that result in a closed, regional 
approach that discriminates against U.S. – and other foreign – manufacturers by relying on regional, 
instead of international standards, and by requiring local testing of products.  
4.83.   Even worse, the EU exports trade -restrictive elements of its own standards and regulatory 
system to countries with which it negotiates trade preferences and to which it provides technical 
assistance. The EU also presses these policies in international organizations, such as the 
International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC), which will undermine those organizations 
and the benefits they have for the internat ional trading system.  
4.84.   Third, we are deeply troubled that EU member states’ fisheries subsidy policy is heading in 
the wrong direction. Last year, the European Parliament not only voted to reintroduce subsidies for 
fishing vessel construction, but also incr eased fisheries funding by more than one billion euros 
annually – totalling close to 8 billion euros over a six -year period and placing the EU in the #2 slot 
as the world’s largest subsidizer of its fisheries.  
4.85.   European Council Ministers then upped the ante  by proposing to subsidize as much as half 
the value of these new fishing vessels.  This is particularly concerning.  Just as the WTO is seeking 
to finalize a multilateral agreement to constrain capacity -enhancing fisheries subsidies, the EU is not 
only pr oposing ways to maintain and even increase these subsidies without limits, but also 
suggesting that the WTO should explicitly label them as “green.”  
4.86.   Likewise, the EU’s newly announced “green deal” is also cause for serious concern. The 
combination of legis lative and non -legislative so -called “green” policy initiatives creates a strong risk 
of additional trade restrictions in the EU market. These policies, while citing laudable environmental 
objectives, risk disrupting global supply chains.  
4.87.   Fourth, regarding  services, the United States is extremely disappointed that a number of 
governments in the EU have adopted or are moving closer to adopting unilateral digital services 
taxes (“DSTs”) that appear designed to tax revenues earned by particular U.S. -based rms.  
4.88.   The United States conducted a formal investigation of the French DST, and we concluded that 
this measure is discriminatory due to the selection of services covered and the revenue thresholds 
for applicability.  It also contravenes a number of prevailing international tax principles.  
4.89.   Countries that enact a unilateral DST are jeopardizing the OECD effort to reach consensus on 
a multilateral solution for new international tax rules.  We strongly support the OECD process. But 
in the event a country moves outside the OECD process and unilaterally imposes a DST, the United 
States will take all appropriate action to defend our interests.  
4.90.   Finally, I would also like to respond to the EU’s posture on Appellate Body issues. After many 
years during w hich the EU refused even to acknowledge that the Appellate Body had strayed from 
the clear text of the DSU, Commissioner Hogan recently stated that the Appellate Body has 
“overinterpreted the rules put in place in 1995”. We look forward to hearing from the  EU precisely 
how the Appellate Body has “overinterpreted” the rules and deviated from its limited role in the 
dispute settlement system.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.91.   I would like to conclude my statement with some observations about EU leadership in the 
WTO. The EU is undoubtedly a l eader in this Organization, and its contributions to our work are 
substantial and welcomed by the United States.  
4.92.   However, as the TPR review demonstrates, the EU continues to ignore a number of 
longstanding issues that have been raised by many trading partn ers. We should not have to raise 
these issues in TPR after TPR and in committee meeting after committee meeting.  
4.93.   We ask for continued leadership, not just in areas where it is easy or convenient, but also in 
areas where hard work and tough choices will mak e it possible for all WTO Members to participate 
fully in the EU market under WTO rules.  
4.94.   We look forward to continuing to work with the EU and its member States and wish the EU a 
productive review.  
DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC  
4.95.   The Dominican Republic and the European  Union have always enjoyed excellent and close 
trade relations since the Dominican Republic acceded to the Lom é Convention and 
Cotonou  Agreement. These trade relations have been further strengthened through the 
CARIFORUM -EU Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA).  
4.96.   On the occasion of its fourteenth Trade Policy Review, we wish to congratulate 
the European  Union for its open and transparent economy. We are grateful for its constant efforts 
to enhance multilateral trade cooperation and its initiatives to tackle the recent challenges facing 
the multilateral trading system.  
4.97.   The European Union is an important partner of the Dominican Republic. According to figures 
from the Directorate -General of Customs of the Dominican Republic, trade between the 
European  Union and  the Dominican Republic amounted to 3,637 million dollars in 2019, having more 
than doubled over the last decade.  
4.98.   Since its last Review, the European Union economy has continued to grow steadily but 
unevenly, owing to a number of factors. However, the econ omy has been marked by an improvement 
in real GDP growth, up to an annual rate of 2% in 2018.  
4.99.   The outlook for the European Union economy for 2020 is one of continued steady growth. It 
is expected that investment and private consumption will continue to be the main drivers of GDP 
growth.  
4.100.   During the review period, the European Union has had to address significant challenges that 
have affected its economy. The withdrawal of the United Kingdom, rising protectionism in trade and 
investment and oil price movement s have all had an impact. All of these factors give rise to 
uncertainty and the authorities must continue to monitor them closely to avoid both economic and 
political instability in the region.  
4.101.   In the area of trade facilitation, we see that the European Un ion continues to adopt measures 
to streamline customs procedures, which are carried out electronically and within a reasonable 
time-frame. It continues to gradually implement the initiative on the Single Window environment for 
customs, as well as the initi ative to extend the scope of advance rulings to cover customs valuation, 
in addition to tariffs and origin. Another measure adopted is the Smart and Secure Trade Lanes Pilot 
project (SSTL), which will allow for faster customs clearance with enhanced logist ical processes. 
Moreover, a regulation establishing a European Maritime Single Window environment recently 
entered into force.  
4.102.   New regulations on anti -dumping and anti -subsidy measures were also introduced in 2017. 
It is worth noting that the European Unio n is among the WTO's most frequent users of contingency 
measures and we therefore call upon the authorities to exercise due restraint in applying this type 
of measure.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.103.   In 2017 and 2018, the European Union made 200 notifications to the TBT Committee 
pursuan t to Article 10.6. A further 82 notifications were submitted by various EU members. The 
European  Union made a total of 153 notifications to the Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary 
Measures. During the review period, the TBT Committee received 13 new sp ecific trade concerns on 
measures adopted by the European Union or its member States, as well as a further nine previously 
raised concerns that were maintained on the agenda.  
4.104.   Like many WTO Members, the Dominican Republic has a strong interest in the 
implem entation of trade policies in the European Union, with a cause for concern being the non -tariff 
barriers that our products face in gaining access to the European market.  
4.105.   On this matter, we wish to draw the delegation's attention to a number of issues that have 
not been duly justified and that require further clarification from the European Union. We are 
referring to the European Union's measures to reduce maximum levels of active substances, a 
concern that has been raised repeatedly by many WTO Members, bot h in the TBT Committee and 
the Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.  
4.106.   These measures have a direct impact on the Dominican Republic's exports to 
the European  Union. While every Member is free to take the precautions necessary to ensure the 
safety of its citizens, these measures should not be unnecessarily trade -restrictive, especially when 
they go further than those established by the Codex Alimentarius, which is the relevant international 
standard in this case.  
4.107.   We are also concerned by Regulatio n 2018/848 on organic production and labelling of organic 
products, as well as Regulation 2020/25, which amends Regulation 1235/2008 laying down detailed 
rules for importation as regards the arrangements for imports of organic products from 
third countries . We are seeing how these regulations limit farmers' ability to participate in a fair and 
balanced manner in the European Union market and are deeply concerned that the European  Union 
is implementing this type of measure. We will address our trade concern in more detail at the next 
meeting of the TBT Committee, which is to be held on 26 February 2020.  
4.108.   In the agricultural sector, we wish to underscore that, according to the Secretariat's report, 
EU agricultural policies have not changed significantly since t he last Review. We are still concerned 
that total funding for agriculture and rural development is affecting the competitiveness of 
EU products in international markets, to the detriment of others. Moreover, protection instruments, 
such as high tariffs, ta riff quotas and the special agricultural safeguard, remain in place, meaning 
that agricultural producers continue to be protected from fluctuations in international prices.  
4.109.   Lastly, we are grateful for the European Union's timely reply to the questions pose d by 
the Dominican Republic on various aspects of the report. We recognize the authorities' efforts and 
would like to take this opportunity to congratulate them and wish them every success in this 
Trade  Policy Review and in the future.  
SWITZERLAND  
4.110.   The Trad e Policy Review of the EU is a unique exercise. The European Union is a model for 
cooperation between States based on the principle of compliance with mutually agreed rules. This is 
a principle that WTO Members hold dear. Switzerland commends the support t hat the 
European  Union provides to the WTO, as well as its commitment to reforming the Organization. Such 
reform is essential for preserving the relevance of the multilateral trading system.  
4.111.   That said, there are also difficulties involved in assessing the Union's trade policy, since its 
economic policy, which has an impact on external trade, is conducted in a fragmented manner. Of 
course, the Union maintains a common trade policy vis-à-vis the outside world by speaking with 
one voice. This common policy is based to a great extent on the common internal market, the values 
and standards of which are promoted and disseminated by the European Commission.  
4.112.   However, the directions of national eco nomic policies, including tax policy trends, vary 
greatly. This fragmentation has led to balances of payment that differ significantly amongst member 
States. These disparities may give rise to destabilizing forces, as we witnessed during the euro area 
debt crisis.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.113.   The EU common market created a considerable value chain, which, in turn, integrated into 
even more extensive global value chains. This dual movement towards both regional and global 
integration has resulted in much deeper interdependence amongst EU economies than amongst the 
majority of other economies. This interdependence generates undeniable benefits, but is not without 
risk for the EU and its main partners. This is because it also results in an increased vulnerability to 
economic shocks or tra de-restrictive measures. It is therefore unsurprising that the EU is particularly 
affected by the recent surge in impediments to trade.  
4.114.   In addition to this difficult situation, there is now the matter of the United Kingdom's 
withdrawal from the Union. Brexit could also have an impact on long -established 
European  production chains. Of course, the nature of the future relations between the U K and 
Brussels is still unknown. However, it is likely that the strong trade interdependence between the  EU 
and the UK will be affected.  
4.115.   Almost half of British exports go to the EU. Half of this trade is the result of the operation of 
supply chains linked  to the EU. Studies by the European Central Bank show that the European value 
chain will have to be reorganized, which will pose unprecedented challenges for the trading partners 
of both economies. According to these studies, it is likely that there will b e a fall in EU exports to 
the UK and in British exports to the EU, while exports from the rest of the world to the UK or 
the Union could increase.  
4.116.   Switzerland is particularly affected by this new order and we are following with great interest 
the work und ertaken by the EU and the UK to build a new relationship.  
4.117.   It goes without saying that Switzerland is deeply integrated into the European value chain. 
Switzerland is the third largest destination for EU exports. Similarly, Switzerland occupies 
fourth  position among countries from which the EU imports goods. Switzerland is therefore directly 
exposed to trade defence measures, such as the safeguard measures on steel implemented by the 
Commission in 2018. We wish to use this opportunity to reiterate our concer n at the disruptive 
effects of inappropriate trade defence measures. These measures break up value chains, undermine 
competition policies and contribute to the escalation of trade tensions.  
4.118.   One element of the EU report that caught our attention is the Eur opean Commission's goal 
to establish a Capital Markets Union. This is because, despite a highly integrated common market 
and a common currency, the allocation of capital in Europe is still carried out, in the majority of 
cases, at the national level. The p roposed Capital Markets Union could bring an end to this 
fragmentation. It could also contribute to stabilizing finances and boosting the euro's role as a 
reserve currency. Lastly, it could help to reverse the negative trend in the euro's real exchange rat e. 
4.119.   We read with great interest the passage in the Secretariat's report on the 
European  Commission's system for recognizing equivalence in the area of financial services. 
Switzerland wishes to verify that the assessment of the equivalence of a third country 's regime is 
carried out in accordance with international law, based on objective criteria and not on political 
considerations.  
4.120.   Before concluding, I wish to congratulate the EU for having set itself the goal of eliminating 
fossil fuel subsidies by 2025. W e salute its resolute commitment to combatting climate change. 
Switzerland shares this goal and is working closely with the EU to achieve it. Against this backdrop, 
we are following with great interest the discussions in Brussels on the Green Deal, includi ng the talks 
on a carbon border adjustment.  
THE SEPARATE  CUSTOMS  TERRITORY  OF TAIWAN,  PENGHU,  KINMEN  AND  MATSU  
4.121.   Being the world’s largest trading bloc, and its largest trader of goods and services, the EU 
certainly plays a major role in the global economy. It is good to see from the Reports that 
considerable progress has been made in recent years, both in the reduction of unemployment and 
poverty and in improvements to the fiscal positions of EU Member States as well. Also encouraging 
to note is the fact tha t open and fair trade has created high quality jobs for EU citizens, who are now 
paid on average some 12% more than those from the internal market.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.122.   The Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu also shares the same 
concerns with the E U in the area of inequities between the generations, so we are pleased to note 
the success of the EU’s Youth Guarantee flagship initiative as well, which is bringing jobs and training 
opportunities to more than 14 million young people.  
4.123.   Multilaterally, the  EU remains one of the most active players in the WTO, and on certain 
issues we often find ourselves on the same side with similar views, especially in the areas such as 
the fishery subsidies negotiations, the E -Commerce Initiative, and the preservation of  the two -tier 
dispute settlement mechanism. Apart from negotiations, we have both joined a proposal to improve 
the notification process in the area of trade in goods, which would make the regular work in the 
WTO’s councils and committees more effective. He re, we would like to convey our appreciation to 
the EU Mission in Geneva, headed by Ambassador Mr. João Aguiar Machado, for your team’s great 
efforts devoted to many WTO ongoing negotiations and discussions.  
4.124.   Bilaterally, we have enjoyed strong economic ti es with the EU for many decades. The EU is 
our fifth largest trading partner and our largest foreign investor. Last year, the value of bilateral 
trade between us amounted to USD 58.7 billion, accounting for 9.5% of our total trade. In the period 
from 2015 to 2019, Foreign Direct Investment from the EU has increased 20 times, reaching an FDI 
stock value of USD 22.1 billion in 2019.  
4.125.   Nevertheless, we do from time -to-time have concerns regarding the EU’s trade and 
investment policies in several different areas.  One concern, for example, relates to the potential 
impact of the new cooperation mechanism regarding investment screening between the EU and its 
Member States. Another relates to the Digital Single Market (DSM) Strategy, where more detail is 
required. And  thirdly, we have questioned the EU’s new approach to de -coupling the investment 
protection provisions (IPAs) from trade agreements. We sent written questions to the EU on these 
and other areas in advance, and we take this opportunity to thank the EU for i ts timely replies. We 
will study them very carefully.  
4.126.   Just one further point we would like to make. It is noticeable that the EU and the U.K. are 
still conducting negotiations regarding your future trade arrangements. Considering the fact many 
trade activ ities and investment from other Members have crossed both sides, we believe the 
uncertainties should be mitigated. Also, it would be greatly appreciated if the relevant information 
be shared with other WTO Members in a timely transparent manner.   
4.127.   Finally,  we wish the EU a successful 14th Trade Policy Review.  
BRAZIL  
4.128.   The opportunity to review the trade policies of the EU is a demonstration of the relevance of 
WTO’s monitoring pillar. Brazil, as always, attaches great importance to this exercise.  
4.129.   Brazil and t he EU have a deep long -established political and economic relationship, which 
evolved into a Strategic Partnership in 2007 and spans over 30 Sectorial Dialogues.  
4.130.   The EU is Brazil’s second major trade partner. Bilateral trade, which has been trending down 
in the last few years, reached USD 69 billion in 2019. The EU is the main market for agricultural 
imports globally, and Brazil is the second main source of agriculture goods to the European market.  
4.131.   The record for our bilateral flows was USD 100 billion in  2011. We expect that the ongoing 
economic recovery in Brazil will allow our bilateral trade to regain momentum. Diversification of our 
exports, still concentrated on basic products, remains a priority for Brazil. We see potential for 
expanding government procurement and trade in services, for example.  
4.132.   The EU is also the largest investor in Brazil with total FDI stock close to €330 billion (2015), 
which makes the EU responsible for almost half the total direct investment received by our country. 
Brazil is t he third destination of EU FDI after the US and Switzerland. In the opposite direction, the 
stock of Brazilian FDI in the EU is approximately €130 billion. These figures speak for themselves.  
4.133.   We hope that this economic relationship will grow even stronger in the near future. It is 
known, the negotiation of the trade pillar of the Association Agreement between MERCOSUR and the WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  European Union was concluded last June in Brussels. Ambitious and wide -ranging in scope, the 
agreement is a milestone in bilateral an d bi-regional relations. It reaffirms the commitment to 
economic opening and strengthening the competitiveness of bi -regional economies.  
4.134.   Brazil attaches much importance to the Agreement. We hope that it may be implemented 
swiftly once the legal scrubbing and approval procedures are finalized in both regions.  
4.135.   Regarding the Secretariat and the Government reports, Brazil wishes to mention some 
specific concerns relating to EU trade policy.  
4.136.   Agriculture, in particular, continues to be an exception to the overal l openness of the EU. 
The average tariff rate on agricultural goods, at 14.2%, is more than three times higher than the 
overall EU average of 4.2%. Tariff escalation and the significant use of non -ad valorem rates and 
tariff quotas also continue to be sign ificant import barriers. About 10% of tariff lines are non -ad 
valorem and their number increased over the review period. Moreover, about one third of the non -ad 
valorem tariffs are compound, mixed, or other, meaning that it is often difficult to determine the 
duty rate or calculate the real impact of the tariff.  
4.137.   On a positive note, it is worth observing that the sugar quota regime, introduced in 1968, 
came to an end in September 2017. Despite the encouraging direction of successive reforms of the 
Common Ag ricultural Policy, domestic support remains high. As in the 2013 -2015 period, Producer 
Support Estimate (PSE), as measured by the OECD, stood around 20% in the current period under 
review.  
4.138.   Even after an attentive examination of the Secretariat’s report, it is particularly challenging 
to form a clear picture of the complex array of agricultural support policies of the EU and its Member 
States. We also note that the last EU Domestic Support (D S) notification to the WTO covers the 
marketing year 2016/2017. In light of our shared commitment to transparency, we encourage the 
EU to promptly notify more recent measures.  
4.139.   In TBT and SPS, the EU has, in some specific cases, adopted measures that are m ore trade 
restrictive than necessary, without due consideration, in Brazil’s view, to international standards and 
scientific justification. Concerns include the registration of pesticides, the definition of maximum 
levels of chemical residues and the reduc ed transitional periods adopted for entry into force of new 
MRLs.  
4.140.   In reference to Brexit and its impacts on WTO, Brazil is currently engaged with both the 
European Union and the United Kingdom in negotiations under Article XXVIII. We reiterate our 
concern s about the proposed “apportionment” of TRQs, particularly in terms of the reduction of the 
current level of market access enjoyed by Brazilian companies and producers. It is worth highlighting 
that the absence of a clear framework for the EU -UK bilateral relations has systemic impacts for 
global trade.  
4.141.   Finally, as a country with one of the most sustainable agricultural sectors and energy matrix, 
Brazil is paying close attention to the Green Deal announced by the European Commission and its 
ambitious carbon  border adjustment mechanism. We believe that it is necessary to ensure that this 
initiative be consistent with multilateral trade rules and not be used for protectionist and anti -trade 
purposes.  
4.142.   In conclusion, we thank the EU delegation for the answers to Brazil’s questions. We wish the 
EU a very auspicious Trade Policy Review.  
COSTA  RICA 
4.143.   Over the years, Costa Rica and the EU have enjoyed a strong relationship based on common 
values and aspirations.  
4.144.   We have historically been supporters of multila teral trade initiatives, such as the 
Trade  Facilitation Agreement and the agreement to eliminate agricultural export subsidies, reached 
at MC10 in Nairobi.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.145.   More recently, we have worked together to defend the multilateral trading system and reform 
the WTO.  I particularly wish to highlight our common efforts to seek a solution to the Appellate Body 
impasse, to develop an appeal arbitration mechanism as an interim solution to ensure the legal 
certainty of ongoing processes, and to improve compliance with noti fication and transparency 
requirements.  
4.146.   Moreover, we wish to highlight the European Union's leadership in joint initiatives on 
domestic regulation in services, e -commerce and investment facilitation. Such initiatives seek to 
update WTO  rules and commitment s. 
4.147.   At the bilateral level, Costa Rica is the EU's main trading partner in Central America, while 
the EU is Costa Rica's second largest trading partner globally. Trade between Costa Rica and the EU 
has grown at an annual rate of 7.4% and total trade has alm ost doubled in this period, reaching 
USD 3,937 million in 2018. That same year, 12% of total foreign direct investment flows received 
by Costa Rica were from the EU.  
4.148.   The implementation of the trade pillar of the Association Agreement between Central Americ a 
and the EU in October 2013 signalled the beginning of a deeper relationship, one based on clear 
rules and legal certainty for our economic operators. Costa Rica and the European Union have 
created an efficient dynamic for addressing in a regular and disc iplined manner the challenges and 
difficulties that naturally arise as part of their trading relationship. In this regard, our technical and 
political exchanges have been strengthened.  
4.149.   Additionally, we have made significant progress in the area of trade an d sustainable 
development, at both the bilateral and multilateral level. This is also the case for the work we are 
carrying out on trade and environmental sustainability here in Geneva.  
4.150.   This motivates us to continue working closely so that the new key poli cies and objectives in 
the EU do not affect the existing and future trade and investment relationship, and instead help to 
boost developing countries' trade flows while adapting them to 21st century trade challenges.  
4.151.   In this vein, Costa Rica has observed a  growing number of non -tariff barriers from 
the European Union, which restrict access to key tools for the agricultural sector. Costa Rica, along 
with another 90 WTO Members, has expressed concern in the Council for Trade in Goods at the 
effect that these new regulations may have on the agricultural export sector in tropical countries 
such as our own.  
4.152.   We wish to take this opportunity to once again urge the European Union to draw upon 
conclusive scientific evidence, to establish an effective and comprehensiv e dialogue with the 
Members affected and to consider measures to limit the impact that these new regulations would 
have on global food security and on the most vulnerable populations in developing and least 
developed countries.  
4.153.   In light of the above, Mr Ch air, we wish to reiterate our commitment to continue working at 
a bilateral, regional and multilateral level with the EU on proposals and initiatives that would 
contribute to strengthening the ties of trade and cooperation that have historically united us.  
Costa  Rica will always be a reliable and consistent partner guided by the principles and rules of 
international trade.  
4.154.   In addition to this, we are convinced of the need for ongoing efforts to achieve an increasingly 
open, fair, transparent and, above all , inclusive trading system.  
4.155.   I wish to conclude my statement by wishing the European Union a successful Trade Policy 
Review, and by thanking the WTO Secretariat for the tireless work carried out in leading this noble 
exercise in transparency.  
CANADA  
4.156.   Althoug h Canada and the EU have long shared an excellent bilateral relationship, bilateral 
economic cooperation between Canada and the EU has deepened since provisional entry into force 
of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) two years ago.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.157.   The E U and Secretariat reports outline key developments in the CETA.  
4.158.   Most notably, the Agreement has been providing preferential access to Canadian and EU 
companies since 21 September 2017. CETA also includes ambitious commitments in areas such as 
services, inv estment, labour mobility, and government procurement. Canada welcomes further 
progress towards full and effective implementation of CETA to ensure that the opportunities from 
this landmark agreement are more widely shared, including with under -represented groups in 
international trade, such as women, SMEs and Indigenous peoples. In this regard, the annual CETA 
Civil Society Forum, hosted in Ottawa in November 2019, provided Canada and the EU with first 
hand input from these important partners.  
4.159.   Under CETA, w e are also implementing a Trade and Sustainable Development chapter that 
reflects the importance that both Canada and the EU place on mutually supportive trade, labour and 
environment policies Further, Canada and the EU signed the Ocean Partnerships declar ation in 2019, 
which strengthened our cooperative efforts to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing.  
4.160.   Although the newly announced European Green Deal falls outside the scope of this Trade 
Policy Review, Canada welcomes this opportunity for the EU to elaborate on how the strategy will 
be considered in its trade policies, and the process by which it will set priorities and assess potential 
trade -offs. The implementation of the EU Circular Economy Action Plan is also of keen interest for 
Canada, as  we prepare to host the World Circular Economy Forum in Toronto from September 29 to 
October 1 of this year.  
4.161.   We wish to seize this opportunity to raise questions about developments in the review period 
with respect to the EU’s sanitary and phytosanitary re gulatory requirements. While we recognize the 
EU’s right to adopt measures to achieve legitimate health and food safety objectives, such measures 
must be implemented in a way that does not unjustifiably restrict international trade. Canada notes 
that sever al EU SPS regulatory requirements will be applied in the near future, and we request from 
the EU timely information on all potential SPS measures that could affect imports from third 
countries.  
4.162.   I would also like to make note of the EU’s report on its engag ement with WTO members, 
regarding its envisaged approach of apportionment of its WTO tariff -rate quotas now that the UK 
has left the EU. I encourage the EU to continue to engage with Members to ensure that market 
access opportunities for third countries th rough is not diminished as a result of Brexit.  
4.163.   And I would like to commend the EU for its active leadership role in advancing pragmatic 
ideas to support the rules -based multilateral trading system during a period in which it faces 
unprecedented challenges. Our collaborative work with the EU on WTO reform -- both within the 
Ottawa Group and on other fronts demonstrates our shared commitment to modernize and 
strengthen the WTO and to make the multilateral trading system more stable. I n particular, I would 
like to highlight the excellent collaboration of Canada and the EU this past summer, which resulted 
in the finalization of a bilateral interim appeal arbitration arrangement. We also look forward to 
continuing our work on finalizing a  multi-party interim appeal -arbitration arrangement with the EU 
and the other 15 members that endorsed the joint ministerial statement to that effect in January. 
As we approach the Twelfth Ministerial Conference, Canada will continue to work with the EU an d 
other WTO members to make meaningful progress on WTO reform, including through engagement 
in all the Joint Statement Initiatives. In addition, Canada and the EU have taken concrete actions to 
advance the objectives of the Buenos Aires declaration on trad e and women’s economic 
empowerment.  
4.164.   In closing, I would like to thank the EU for its timely answers to our questions on the 
aforementioned points, as well as on a broader range of issues. Canada appreciates the EU’s 
partnership in taking action, both bilaterally and multilaterally, to demonstrate that an inclusive 
approach to trade policy ensures that all people benefit from the increasingly interconnected world.  
AUSTRALIA  
4.165.   The scale of Australia’s trade and investment relationship with the EU means we have a 
strong interest in the application of trade and industry policies in the EU. In that regard, we WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  acknowledge the reform measures the EU has adopted, since the last Trade Policy Review in 2017, 
and encourage the EU to continue efforts to open its mark et to support global economic growth.  
4.166.   The EU is Australia’s second largest source of foreign direct investment and third largest 
trading partner – with two -way goods and services trade valued over A$84 billion in 2018 -19. 
Australia is also a significant ma rket for the EU particularly for merchandise exports.  
4.167.   Since the last review, The EU has demonstrated a commitment to open trade and 
investment, by pursuing an ambitious forward agenda of FTAs. We welcome and congratulate the 
EU on the FTAs it has concluded , in particular the EU -MERCOSUR FTA. We also welcome the launch 
of FTA negotiations with Australia. We are committed to concluding a comprehensive and ambitious 
FTA. We welcome progress to date, and look forward to finalising a deal that delivers for both parties. 
For Australia, that means the delivery of commercially -meaningful market access, including for 
agriculture.  
4.168.   We congratulate the EU and the United Kingdom on reaching agreement on the terms of the 
latter’s withdrawal from the EU. We encourage both  parties to use the remainder of the transition 
period to conclude an agreement that maintains a high degree of openness, and does not raise or 
impose new barriers to third countries seeking access to either market. In addition, we consider, as 
part of the  EU’s proposal to split existing WTO tariff -rate quotas between the EU27 and the UK, that 
compensatory adjustments will need to be negotiated with affected WTO Members to maintain the 
value of existing EU concessions.  
4.169.   Australia and the EU share a commitmen t to a strong and effective rules -based global trading 
system and a willingness to work with others to achieve broad -based, tangible outcomes through 
the WTO. Australia welcomes the EU’s efforts to strengthen the multilateral trading system, promote 
WTO re form, and update the WTO rule -book to reflect the realities of the modern trade environment. 
We particularly appreciate the valuable contribution of the EU Mission to the WTO led by Ambassador 
Machado.   
4.170.   Australia has been pleased to work with the EU to ta ke forward the Buenos Aires Joint 
Statement Initiatives, including on: services domestic regulation, electronic commerce, investment 
facilitation. We also welcome the EU’s support for MSMEs and women’s economic empowerment and 
were pleased to see these iss ues reflected in the EU’s Country Report.  
4.171.   We are also pleased to work with the EU on improving existing WTO processes. Australia is 
a co-sponsor of the EU’s proposal on addressing Trade Concerns and we were happy to co -sponsor, 
with the EU and others, a pr oposal to Enhance Transparency and Strengthen Notification 
Requirements. We believe transparency is the bedrock of the WTO and welcome all efforts to help 
to improve Members’ notification performance. In this regard, we note the EU’s record on timely 
notifications and encourage them to build upon this result.  
4.172.   We also encourage the EU to show strong leadership in achieving strong, credible outcomes 
at MC12 in the important areas of agricultural domestic support and fisheries subsidies.  
4.173.   In this regard, Austr alia is disappointed that, according to the EU’s budget, the EU has trebled 
its level of subsidies to the fisheries sector since WTO Members started negotiating disciplines in 
2001, and is seeking their exclusion from future disciplines currently under neg otiation. We call on 
the EU to contribute constructively and flexibly to efforts to find solutions to meet our Ministers’ 
MC12 goal.  
4.174.   We also note the EU’s work on developing a carbon border adjustment mechanism to address 
possible competitiveness effects r aised by any strengthening of its climate change policies, including 
emissions targets. We look forward to receiving further information from the EU on its plans in this 
area, including in relation to: the process governing its development; options being e xamined and 
possible methodologies being considered; and, in particular, consistency with WTO obligations.  
4.175.   We welcome improvements to the EU’s internal market outlined in the new Single Market 
Strategy to the extent that these deliver positive impacts for  the global trading system. We 
encourage the EU to continue deepening the Single Market in ways that reduce, rather that increase, 
barriers for third countries.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.176.   Since the last reporting period, we note that the EU has steered the Common Agricultural 
Policy  away from trade -distorting measures, and towards market orientation. Based on the ongoing 
positive domestic reforms in the EU, we call on the EU to support efforts to reset WTO negotiations 
on reforming domestic support. We welcome the end of the sugar pr oduction quotas in 2017, and 
look forward to receiving more information on the impacts this will have on this sector.   
4.177.   We continue to watch closely the EU’s application of hazard -based rather than risk -based 
approaches in areas such as chemical regulation . The EU needs to ensure its sanitary and 
phytosanitary measures are science -based, consider international standards and are not a disguised 
restriction on trade.  
4.178.   In conclusion, Australia looks forward to continuing to work closely with the EU to support 
the rules based trading system. We encourage the EU to continue to show engagement and 
leadership towards a strengthened, modernised WTO that benefits all Members.  
4.179.   We thank the EU for providing prompt answers to our written questions and wish the EU a 
very successful 14th Trade Policy Review.  
ARGENTINA  
4.180.   Argentina is pleased to note the progress made during the review period regarding the 
reduction of poverty, the correction of macroeconomic imbalances, and the improvement of the fiscal 
position of member Stat es. The same applies to unemployment, which is at its lowest level in a 
decade, notwithstanding the differences between the Union's member States.  
4.181.   It is pleasing to see that, in recent years, the EU economy has moved out of recovery mode, 
with the exceptio n of the slowdown experienced in the second half of 2018 due to reasons that we 
are all familiar with. We highlight that, in spite of the challenges at a global level, estimates indicate 
that the EU will continue on the same growth path over the coming yea rs. 
4.182.   The reports show that the EU is a highly active Member of this Organization and this is 
confirmed in practice. In this regard, for example, the report states that since the Review conducted 
in 2017, the EU has adopted new legislation on the screening o f Foreign Direct Investment, amended 
its basic anti -dumping and anti -subsidy regulations, put in place a number of legislative measures 
on copyright and related rights, and made a comprehensive set of amendments related to 
audiovisual services, in addition  to important changes to the legislative framework for technical 
requirements, standards, conformity assessment and accreditation, amongst others.  
4.183.   Such regulatory adjustments are particularly relevant given that the EU is the biggest single 
market in the w orld and the most important trading partner for some 80 economies. It is the world's 
largest trader of manufactured goods and services, the largest energy importer, and the largest 
recipient and supplier of Foreign Direct Investment.  
4.184.   The EU's activism is a lso seen in the agendas of various WTO bodies, and not just as a 
petitioner. We share the EU's view on the importance of preserving an open, rules -based multilateral 
trading system, with the WTO at its core. We also agree with the EU on the need to improve  the 
WTO's negotiating, monitoring and dispute settlement functions, as well as on the urgent need to 
restore the Appellate Body. We are grateful for the initiatives, proposals and efforts undertaken by 
the EU to that effect.  
4.185.   On a separate matter, we remai n concerned by an element well addressed in the 
Secretariat's report: the agricultural sector stands out in the tariff analysis due to significantly higher 
rates, non -ad valorem  duties, and tariff quotas. A further concern is the EU's proposed approach to 
the apportioning of such quotas within the context of Brexit, a matter that has been discussed at 
length in both Geneva and Brussels.  
4.186.   The EU is also aware of Argentina's concerns related to non -tariff issues, such as those linked 
to the regulation of subst ances with endocrine disrupting properties, the registration of traditional 
terms for wines, trade in cheeses, and maximum residue levels.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.187.   To provide some context to our comments, allow me to point out that the EU is the top 
investor in Argentina and our second largest trading partner. We primarily import capital and 
intermediate goods from the EU, whilst almost 90% of our exports to the European market come 
from the agricultural and agro -industrial sector. As a result, we are highly vulnerable to measures  
adopted by the EU and it is therefore crucial that such measures are in full conformity with the rules 
of this Organization.  
4.188.   We have submitted questions to the EU on various aspects addressed in the reports prepared 
for this Review. We appreciate the replies provided, which have been sent to our capital for review 
by the authorities.  
4.189.   Lastly, we must again stress the importance of this exercise in transparency, in all of its 
aspects, and wish the EU authorities a successful conclusion to this latest Trade Policy Review.  
HONDURAS  
4.190.   With regard to the reports submitted, we note that the European economy continued to grow 
during the review period and that extra -EU trade in goods and services as a share of GDP was 35%.  
4.191.   The European Union is curr ently the world's largest trading bloc, accounting for 15.7% of 
total global trade in goods and services. As a result, developments in its general and specific 
economic policies have an impact on WTO Members, which is why we will continue to examine its 
trade practices, policies and strategies.  
4.192.   Honduras shares the European Union's vision of preserving a stable and predictable 
international trading environment based on clear and enforceable rules.  
4.193.   With regard to Brexit, we wish both parties a smooth and succ essful process so that Members 
have greater predictability and certainty in this respect.  
4.194.   There can be no questioning the strong economic, cultural, political and historical ties that 
unite the European Union and Honduras.  
4.195.   In this vein, we wish to highlig ht that, as part of the Central American bloc, our country's 
trade relations with the European Union are governed by the Association Agreement signed in 2012. 
In this Agreement, both parties committed to implementing measures to foster economic 
development , taking into account mutual interests such as the eradication of poverty, the creation 
of jobs, and fair and sustainable development.  
4.196.   In addition, we must point out the European Union's significant contribution to the regional 
economic integration process , in areas such as:  
• the development of a Central American digital trade platform;  
• support for the creation of a regional trade facilitation strategy;  
• the adoption of the duty drawback mechanism within the framework of the Association 
Agreement;  
• the adoptio n of the Central American Single Declaration (DUCA); amongst others.  
4.197.   Under our agreements and as highlighted in the Secretariat's report, the European Union 
and Honduras concluded negotiations on and initialled on 15 June 2018 a Voluntary Partnership 
Agree ment, as part of a cooperative process in which both parties share the goal of promoting good 
forest governance through action to combat illegal logging.  
4.198.   Due to its geographical location, Honduras is one of the countries in the world most affected 
by clima te change. Since 1993, the European Union has provided valuable humanitarian aid to tackle 
and improve resilience to this type of phenomena, through cooperation in developing risk reduction 
measures and conservation, as well as in the protection of public goods such as the environment, 
the climate and biodiversity. In particular, we wish to acknowledge and thank the EUROCLIMA+ 
programme. Honduras is one of the beneficiary countries of this programme, the goal of which is to 
promote sustainable development t o benefit vulnerable populations.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.199.   In our bilateral trade, trade transactions with Europe in 2019 resulted in a surplus for our 
country of USD 199 million, a value lower than that of USD 260 million seen in 2018. Currently, 
Honduras is the fourth largest s upplier of coffee to the European Union.  
4.200.   As we have expressed in various WTO bodies and in those involved in the administration of 
the Association Agreement, we remain concerned by matters that undoubtedly could affect our 
trade. As exporters of agricultur al products to the European Union, we are concerned by the 
reduction of MRLs for a number of agrochemicals that are of crucial importance in our production 
and in the management of quarantine pests in tropical countries such as our own.  
4.201.   A further cause for  concern is the Renewable Energy Directive, as well as the adoption of 
rules on "palm oil free" labelling. We hope that the European Union will take our concerns on these 
matters into consideration and provide us with updated information, with a view to re aching mutual 
solutions that mitigate the potential trade impacts.  
4.202.   Lastly, we wish to acknowledge the European Union's leadership in efforts to ensure a 
successful Twelfth Ministerial Conference. Similarly, we are grateful for the replies to our questions 
and congratulate the European Union for its significant efforts and achievements during the review 
period. We wish it every success.  
COLOMBIA  
4.203.   At the outset, we wish to highlight and acknowledge the important role of the European 
Union as a player in this O rganization, a driver of international trade and investment, a supporter of 
development through trade cooperation, and an active participant in the multilateral trading system. 
Looking ahead to the Ministerial Conference in Nur -Sultan, we underline the Eur opean Union's role 
as a proactive and constructive player, one that actively participates, through the submission of 
proposals, in a wide range of areas such as dispute settlement, services and e -commerce, to name 
but a few examples.  
4.204.   Turning to the Secreta riat's report, we are pleased to note the economic development that 
has occurred in the European Union in recent years. It is crucial for the global economy that 
the European Union continues on this growth path and consolidates its role as a driver of 
international trade.  
4.205.   We wish to underscore that the European Union as a whole is Colombia's second largest 
trading partner and the main source of foreign direct investment in the country. Colombia, for its 
part, is the European Union's fourth largest trading partner in South A merica. In particular, 
the European Union is Colombia's main trading partner in agriculture.  
4.206.   Furthermore, thanks to the Multiparty Agreement between Colombia, Peru and Ecuador, of 
the one part, and the EU of the other, which entered into provisional application in August 2013, 
Colombia has seen a growth in exports of non -mining energy products, as  well as the diversification 
of exports to the European Union. We hope that this trend continues and is consolidated over the 
coming years.  
4.207.   It is precisely the European Union's importance to Colombia that makes our country 
particularly vulnerable to its r egulatory decisions. We wish therefore to take this opportunity to 
highlight three items of interest regarding the evolution of the European Union's trade policy, which 
were addressed in the questions we prepared for this Review. We also wish to thank the delegation 
of the European Union for the prompt replies received.  
4.208.   The first item is related to the European Union's competences to sign and conclude 
investment agreements. The replies received from the European Union highlight the importance of 
the review procedure and the steps taken by the Commission to terminate intra -European 
investment agreements. We have also witnessed the progress made in the investment agreement 
with Canada, as well as the reasons for its approval by the European Court of Justice. W e are looking 
forward to seeing consistent progress in the Commission's discussions on the updating of current 
agreements between the European Union and other third countries. This matter is of particular 
interest to Colombia, due to the existing bilateral  investment agreements between various EU 
members and our country, some of which are quite old.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.209.   The second matter of particular interest is related to the regulatory agenda adopted by 
the European Union, especially regarding technical, sanitary and phytosa nitary measures. Colombia 
is carefully following developments in this area, given the potential impact this could have on 
bilateral trade. In this respect, notwithstanding the serious concerns and specific arguments that we 
have raised in various WTO Commi ttees and which we share with a growing number of countries, 
we wish to propose in a constructive manner to the European Union a step that we believe would 
take matters in the right direction. It involves developing a reporting protocol that allows for 
informed and effective discussions with Members potentially affected by new regulatory provisions, 
before all European Union member States have come to an agreement. This is because we have 
observed that notifications to the WTO, in both the TBT and SPS Commi ttees, appear to comply with 
the transparency requirements, but do not effectively reflect the comments on the regulatory impact 
that these measures may have on other Members of the Organization. Therefore, we respectfully 
call upon the European Union to e nsure that, when developing its trade policy, outside of particular 
circumstances and with a view to the future, it draws up procedures for early reporting to 
third countries, thereby allowing for genuine discussion. Such a step will not bring an end to th e 
serious discussions taking place on the matter, but will surely benefit all by improving the regulatory 
quality of all measures and helping to prevent subsequent disputes.  
4.210.   Lastly, in negotiations looking ahead to the Ministerial Conference, one of the m ain 
anticipated outcomes is the curbing of fisheries subsidies. The impact that these subsidies can have 
on overfishing and fisheries overcapacity worldwide highlights the importance of ambitious and 
successful negotiations in the short term. The European Union is one of the main global players in 
industrial fishing and we hope that it undertakes subsidies reduction commitments commensurate 
with its level of responsibility, particularly with regard to the elimination of high seas fishing 
subsidies.  
4.211.   Before c losing my statement, I must first thank Ambassador Aguiar Machado and DPR 
Paolo  Garzotti and all of their team in Geneva for their consistent readiness to work constructively. 
Thanks also to Ambassador Parola and the Secretariat for their contributions to this Review. We wish 
the European Union a successful and constructive Trade Policy Review.  
MALAYSIA  ON BEHALF  OF ASEAN  
4.212.   The European Union became an ASEAN help partner in 1977, and together we have seen 
many milestones from the establishment of enhanced own ership under the Nuremberg Declaration 
in 2007 to the celebration of our 40th anniversary of dialogue -relations in 2017.  
4.213.   ASEAN and the EU have accelerated efforts and achieved much progress in realizing a 
strategic partnership between us, including through  the adoption of ASEAN -EU Plan of ASEAN from 
2018 to 2022 by our leaders in 2017.  
4.214.   We both remain committed to working to a future ASEAN -EU Free Trade Agreement to 
increase and strengthen our bilateral relationship, including trade and investment flows betw een our 
two regions. And progress has been made on this by joint working group for the ASEAN -EU Free 
Trade Agreement in developing a framework, setting out the parameters of such an agreement.  
4.215.   ASEAN is the EU’s largest trading partner outside the Euro, wit h more than 237 billion euros 
of trade in goods in 2018 and 85.5 billion euros in bilateral trade in services in 2017. The EU is the 
ASEAN’s second largest trading partner accounting for 10.2% of ASEAN trade, and total two -way 
trade in 2018 reached 288 bil lion dollars.  
4.216.   The EU also remains the largest source of foreign direct investment in the ASEAN, with a 
total inflow of 337 billion euros in 2017, while ASEAN investment in Euro has also grown steadily to 
over 141 billion euros in 2017.  
4.217.   ASEAN appreciates th e EU’s continued support to our integration efforts, particularly the 
ASEAN Community Vision 2025 and in development cooperation effort as trade -related assistance 
to the regional EU -ASEAN dialogue and the ASEAN regional integration support from the EU whi ch 
are follow -up programmes launched in 2018 in combined budget of 51 million euros.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.218.   ASEAN and the EU have shared various and common ??? that bind our two regions as 
longstanding partners in integration and we both believe in the importance of strengthenin g the 
rules-based multilateral trading system and that regionalism and multilateralism contribute to the 
general and global peace, security, stability and prosperity.  
4.219.   Like other delegations, ASEAN has followed the UK’s withdrawal process closely and remain s 
mindful of the implication of the UK’s withdrawal, particularly to the multilateral trading system. We 
encourage the EU to keep Members informed of the ??? during this transition period to ensure stable, 
transparent and predictable trade.  
4.220.   Some ASEAN memb er States have submitted written questions to the EU and we would like 
to express our appreciation to everyone, and look forward to your written responses. We would also 
like to thank the delegation for its constructive engagement and we wish the EU a succ essful Trade 
Policy Review.  
MALAYSIA  
4.221.   The EU is the third largest trading partner of Malaysia, accounting for 11.6% of the Malaysia’s 
total trade. In 2018, Malaysia became the EU’s 23rd largest trading partner in goods. Although 
Malaysia has not been a majo r trading partner in services so far, Malaysia look forward as new 
opportunities that have already been increasing due to our economic liberalization policies.  
4.222.   In 2018, EU -Malaysia bilateral trade recorded a total amount of USD 45.51 billion. Malaysian 
exports to the EU increased by 3.5% to USD 24.48 billion, and imports rose by 6.5% to 
USD 21.03  billion as compared to 2017. Malaysia looks forward to work together to increase the 
value of trade between both economies in the future.  
4.223.   Malaysia appreciates the efforts on the implementation of the EU Environment Action 
Programme which its overall aim is to protect and grow the world’s forest cover to improve public 
health and livelihoods. Malaysia appreciates if EU could share the existing international commitmen ts 
to halt global forest cover lost and EU’s communication plan in supporting other countries to do so.  
4.224.   Malaysia note from EU’s Report on actions taken to overcome climate change which a 
transparent and dynamic governance process has been developed to hel p deliver the Energy Union, 
including the 2030 climate and energy targets, in an efficient and coherent manner. This approach 
for the period up to 2030 helps ensure regulatory certainty for investors and coordinate EU Member 
States’ efforts. Malaysia hopes  that the governance process to carry out the initiative will be 
transparent and will not be influenced and free from any geopolitical situation or any 
trade/country/diplomatic relation.  
4.225.   We refer to the EU’s report on the revised Renewable Energy Sources Directive which 
introduces a new approach to address emissions from indirect land -use change («ILUC») associated 
to the production of biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels. Malaysia note that it includes a binding 
renewable energy target for the European Union for 2030 of 32% with an upwards revision clause 
by 2023. Malaysia would like to reiterate our view that an impact assessment should be done for 
the Delegated Regulation under EU RED II and appreciate if EU could share findings of the said 
assessment.  
4.226.   At the multilateral front, Malaysia echo EU’s stand on the importance of preserving an open, 
rules-based multilateral trading system, with the WTO at its core, and the need for comprehens ive 
reform of the WTO. This includes to immediately solve the Dispute Settlement System issues.  
4.227.   While we welcome the various updates of trade policies by EU, Malaysia seeks further 
information in the some of her economic and trade policies and procedures, as well as investment 
regime and domestic legislation.  
4.228.   To conclude, we thank the EU’s response to our questions, and we shall examine the 
responses with great interest. We wish the EU a productive and successful Trade Policy Review.  
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  GUATEMALA  
4.229.   Guatemala and the European Union have enjoyed close relations in a wide range of areas at 
both the bilateral and regional level. Institutional relations draw on the San José dialogue begun in 
1984 which forms the basis for enhanced cooperation, economic ti es and regional integration 
between the European Union and Central America.  
4.230.   Guatemala and the European Union have also historically had very close trade relations. 
Since the 1970s, Guatemala has been among the beneficiary countries of the EU's Generalised 
Scheme of Preferences (GSP) for developing countries. 1 December 2019 marked six years since 
the entry into force of the Association Agreement (AA) signed between the European Union and 
the Republic of Guatemala.  
4.231.   In 2018, the European Union as a bloc was Guatemala's third largest trading partner for 
exports and fifth largest for imports. Guatemala ranked 116th amongst the European Union's trading 
partners for exports and 105th for imports.  
4.232.   Guatemala's main exports to the European Union are sugar, coffee an d bananas. However, 
in recent years, non -traditional products such as ornamental plants, fruit, mini vegetables and rum 
have established very successful footholds in the European market. Conversely, the main products 
imported from the EU into Guatemala are  vehicles, machinery, agrochemicals and medicines.  
4.233.   Turning to this Trade Policy Review, we note the EU's active participation in the multilateral 
trading environment, as well as the establishment of a number of trade strategies that have enabled 
it to prom ote open, fair and sustainable trade.  
4.234.    It is important to point out that maintaining a single market has become a way to support 
the creation of jobs, innovation and upward integration in global value chains, all of which have 
enabled the EU to overcome th e challenges set out in its previous Review.  
4.235.   With the publication of the Strategic Agenda for 2019 -24, the European Union's key goal is 
to improve the competitiveness of European industries while helping to remove trade barriers in the 
global market. The improvement of information and communication technologies has been 
established as an essential tool in this process.  
4.236.   With regard to customs procedures, the European Union continues to work on the transition 
to an electronic system, which will facilitate a nd increase the efficiency of the movement of goods.  
4.237.   The European Union has notified the implementation of a number of sanitary and 
phytosanitary measures that have led to over 11 specific concerns being raised by Members in 
the Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures.  
4.238.   As part of the current Review, Guatemala submitted questions on these measures to 
the European Union, since it is a key matter of interest for our country. We thank the European  Union 
for the replies provided, which we have sent to  our capital for analysis. Should further information 
be required, the relevant consultations will be carried out bilaterally.  
4.239.   To conclude, our delegation acknowledges the efforts undertaken by the European Union 
during the review period. We are grateful f or the replies offered to the questions that we raised and 
wish the European Union delegation a successful conclusion to this exercise.  
NORWAY  
4.240.   Norway appreciates our close and longstanding cooperation with the EU in the WTO. The EU 
is a key player in shaping the multilateral trading system. We appreciate the EU’s active engagement 
to strengthen and modernize the WTO through various reform initiatives and in ongoing negotiation 
processes. This is of particular significance in the current situation, when  we see tendencies towards 
protectionism and managed trade.  
4.241.   Let me, in this context, highlight and commend the active engagement of the EU in the 
plurilateral negotiations on e -commerce. Updating the rulebook and addressing the opportunities WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  and challenges  of the digital economy is an important element in our collective effort to ensure the 
continued relevance of the WTO.   
4.242.   Bilaterally, Norway and the EU enjoy a strong trade relationship that benefits both parties. 
The EU is Norway’s most important trading partner, while Norway is the EU’s 6th most important 
import partner for goods. The EEA Agreement is the cornerstone of Norway’s relationship with the 
EU, and ensures that we share a common set of rules with our most important trading partners.   
4.243.   Norway and  EU shares the view that trade and environmental policies can and must be 
mutually supportive. We commend the EU for being ambitious in addressing the climate challenge 
and taking environmental action, including the European Green Deal. Norway shares the v iew that 
trade policy can support the transition to a circular and climate resilient economy. Furthermore, 
Norway supports integrating continuously stronger provisions on trade and sustainable development 
in free trade agreements, as the EU emphasizes.  
4.244.   Norway and the EU share the goals and ambitions of facilitating sustainable growth in both 
new and traditional ocean industries, such as the maritime, petroleum and seafood industries.   
4.245.   Norway and the EU have shared interests in the liberalization of trade in services in general, 
and in particular in maritime transport.   
4.246.   Maritime transport is an important facilitator of world trade and considered an environmental 
friendly mode of transport. We appreciate the close cooperation with the EU on the issue of fur ther 
greening maritime transport including the development of low and zero emission vessels, and the 
important work of the International Maritime Organisation.  
4.247.   Furthermore, our cooperation to promote a fair and transparent global shipbuilding market 
is highly appreciated. The global imbalance in shipbuilding markets is a threat to sustainable 
employment, the economy and the environment.  
4.248.   Fisheries is another topic of particular interest to Norway. EU is the largest export market 
for Norwegian fish exports,  and Norway is the leading supplier of fish and fishery products to the 
EU. Except for oil and gas, fish is the single largest export item from Norway to the EU.   
4.249.   With an average tariff of 11.8% for fish and fish products, tariff escalation, broad use of 
bilateral TRQs, autonomous quotas and end -user requirements, we believe there is room for 
improvements in the EU trade regime for seafood.  
4.250.   The EU is an important player in the ongoing fisheries subsidies negotiations. Prohibiting 
certain forms of subsidie s that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing is the most important part 
of the mandate. These negotiations must lead to real reductions in global fisheries subsidies. Norway 
expects major subsidizers and big fishing nations to make the biggest reducti ons in their fisheries 
subsidies. We encourage the EU to indicate how it will contribute accordingly.  
4.251.   In conclusion, Norway is looking forward to continuing the close cooperation on trade related 
issues with the EU, including on how to strengthen and mode rnize the WTO. In this context, Norway 
and the EU share the view that a functioning dispute settlement system is of the utmost importance 
to the rules -based trading system. Norway remains committed to work with the EU and other WTO 
Members to find a lastin g solution to the current crisis related to the Appellate Body.   
VIET  NAM 
4.252.   Since the last trade policy review, we are happy to note that as the largest trading bloc as 
well as the largest trader of manufactured goods and services in the world, the EU’s economy 
continues to improve. Despite increasing global uncertainties, trade t ensions between major global 
trading entities, together with weakness in the manufacturing sector, the EU has still maintained a 
relatively strong averaged economic growth of more than 2% in the reviewed period. We share the 
same view with the EU that trad e has made a vital contribution to the global economy’s growth and 
welcome the EU’s full commitment to reinvigorate the multilateral trading system in the time of 
uncertainties.   WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.253.   The EU has been one of the leading trade and investment partners of Viet Nam  in the last 
decade. Two -way trade has increased more than threefold from €14.48 billion in 2009 to 
approximately €51.78 billion in 2019. Viet Nam imports from EU various high tech products, 
including electrical machinery and equipment, aircraft, vehicles,  and pharmaceutical products. 
Regarding investment, the EU is also a leading investor in Viet Nam with a total registered capital of 
over €22.93 billion with 2,300 projects, mostly in industrial processing and manufacturing sectors.  
4.254.   Cooperation between the  two sides has recently developed to a new stage with the signing 
of a new -generation free trade agreement (EVFTA) and an investment protection agreement 
(EVIPA), which are expected to come into force soon following ratification. These agreements are 
‘milestones’ for both the bilateral and regional cooperation as they come amid worldwide trade 
turmoil. Being considered as the most ambitious trade agreement that the EU has signed with a 
developing country, these agreements are expected to significantly stren gthen bilateral trade and 
investment, as well as cooperation in other areas such as sustainable development.  
4.255.   The economic cooperation between Viet Nam and the EU are now in the period of healthy 
and comprehensive development. With these agreements, Viet N am also looks forward to paving 
the way for deepening of cooperation between the EU and ASEAN through the creation of a wider 
region -to-region agreement in the coming years. We appreciate and hope the EU continues to play 
a crucial role in strengthening an  open and rules -based multilateral trading system, to facilitate the 
movement of trade and investment as well as to contribute to the regional and global peace and 
prosperity.  
4.256.   Viet Nam recognizes the EU’s important role in the multilateral trading system, especially in 
this critical time. As Viet Nam and the EU celebrate our 30th year of relationship in 2020, Viet Nam 
is willing to strengthen our cooperation with the EU for the mutual benefits as well as for an effective 
and functioning multilateral trading  system in the time to come.  
4.257.   In conclusion, I would like to take this opportunity to thank Ambassador João Aguiar Machado 
and his able team for the preparation of this review as well as their constructive and active 
contribution and engagement in WTO activ ities and wish the EU a very successful Trade Policy 
Review.  
RUSSIAN  FEDERATION  
4.258.   We praise the EU’s support of the multilateral trading system and principles of the WTO. 
Russia welcomes the efforts of the new European Commission and its Geneva -based team to  
preserve the operability of the WTO, restore its dispute settlement function and promote negotiating 
role of the Organization. We look forward to the EU’s continued active contributions to the work of 
the WTO, including the Organization’s reform, and lead ership in driving the MC -12 to success.   
4.259.   The European Union remains Russia’s largest trading partner. Its member States account for 
about 45 % of the total Russian exports and almost 40% of our imports. In its turn, Russia ranks 
among the 4 top trading pa rtners of the EU. We see great potential in our bilateral trade relations 
and hope that liberalization of the EU trade regime will contribute to further growth of mutual trade 
and investment flows.  
4.260.   We have presented a number of questions and specific conc erns with regards to EU trade 
policies in due time, and I would like to voice some of them today.  
4.261.   First, EU’s safeguard measures on the import of steel are particularly illustrative in this 
context. Originally they were presented by the EU as a response to  the corresponding barriers 
imposed by the United States. However, in September 2019 the measures were revised and openly 
qualified as an instrument for protection of the European steel industry from foreign competition. 
Russia’s comments on the violation of WTO rules while adopting and implementing those measures, 
unfortunately, seem to be ignored.  
4.262.   Second, we are troubled by the incorporation of measures, which are not contained in WTO 
agreements, in the EU legislation. Recently adopted amendments to the E uropean antidumping 
legislation introduced the criteria of «significant market distortions», linked inter alia with a discrete 
application of the «lesser duty rule», which is an evident deviation from the provisions of the WTO WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  Antidumping agreement. In 201 9 such an approach was used against Russian imports of 
carbamide -ammonium mixtures. As a result, the average level of antidumping tariffs for relevant 
Russian goods was significantly higher than for other importers under investigation. This is a clear 
breach of the non -discrimination principle enshrined in the WTO rules.  
4.263.   Third, of our specific concern is the continued use by the EU of “cost adjustment” 
methodologies for the calculation of dumping margins in anti -dumping investigations. In September 
2019 the se methods were applied during the revision of the antidumping measure on imported 
fertilizers containing ammonium nitrate. This measure was repeatedly extended starting from 1995, 
and this time it could be prolonged for up to 30 years. In our view, the EU  is deliberately using 
antidumping mechanisms, normally designed as temporary measures, for the constant protection of 
its uncompetitive sectors.  
4.264.   Fourth, Russia joins other Members in encouraging the EU to apply and administer its TRQ 
in fair and adequate manner, including in the context of Brexit.  
4.265.   Last but not least, we are concerned with the continued application of the restrictions to the 
operation of the OPAL pipeline regarding third party access and tariff regulation, which are 
inconsistent with Articl e XI:1 of the GATT.  
4.266.   We look forward to reviewing the responses to our comments on the above issues. We 
believe that all those trade irritants will be sooner or later resolved in good faith, as it should be 
between neighbours, and within the legal framework  of the WTO. I should say that since the latest 
TPR of the EU, the European Commission managed to settle several Russia’s trade concerns.  
4.267.   In conclusion, we would like to thank you, Mr. Chairman, the delegation of the European 
Union, the Secretariat and the  Discussant, for the impressive work done so far and wish the EU a 
successful Trade Policy Review.  
ECUADOR  
4.268.   For Ecuador, accession to the trade agreement with the European Union was the country's 
most important trade -related process in recent years, given that the EU is the main destination 
market for Ecuador's non -oil exports, with a share of 24%.  
4.269.   The trade agreement with the European Union has been in force for three years, during 
which time our non -oil exports to the bloc have increased by 10% on a verage. These non -oil exports 
include bananas, tuna, shrimp, cocoa and roses.  
4.270.   Moreover, there have been around 250 new export products, including fruit juices and 
products, fish oils and fats, and food supplements.  
4.271.   In terms of imports, the European Union  has been a major supplier of raw materials and 
capital goods which help boost our domestic industry.  
4.272.   The agreement will also help attract a greater amount of investment from the European bloc, 
as well as its crucial support in technical assistance and coo peration, which are important elements 
for the development of Ecuador's economy.  
4.273.   European technical cooperation has enabled MSMEs in our country to benefit from the 
agreement, through increased diversification of the exportable supply and job creation.  
4.274.   MSMEs have improved their capacities, increasing their presence in the European Union by 
15% following the signing of the trade agreement.  
4.275.   In Ecuador, we are aware of the crucial transition that our planet needs to undergo in all 
areas if we are to tackle, t ogether and at the global level, climate change and its potentially 
devastating effects, especially for the poorest and most vulnerable of the world's populations.  
4.276.   Dollarization is largely sustained by our main non -oil export sectors, which have made great 
efforts to evolve. The shrimp and flower -growing sectors, for example, have heavily invested in WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  traceability processes. The banana sector, which is one of Ecuador' s main exporters of organic 
products, has invested in technology enabling it to reduce the amount and frequency of spray 
applications of plant protection products, which are key to ensuring that this important food item 
reaches European consumers.  
4.277.   However,  our producers have repeatedly stated the difficulty of adapting in the time -frames 
established by European regulations in recent years.  
4.278.   In Ecuador's view, it is important to work jointly with the European Union to identify 
collaboration mechanisms that wi ll enable the various productive sectors in Ecuador to mitigate the 
potential impact of policies related to the future implementation of the European Green Deal.  
4.279.   This joint work must seek to ensure that the measures adopted do not undermine the efforts 
that we have undertaken in developing countries to enable our populations, particularly our rural 
populations, to lift themselves out of poverty through trade.  
4.280.   In this regard, we see an urgent need for the EU to step up dialogue with its trading partners, 
and above all with the smallest. It needs to listen to their challenges, and the risks, and adopt 
measures that maintain, increase and strengthen the trade flows between our countries.  
4.281.   To conclude, we wish to thank the delegation of the European Union for its  replies to our 
questions on some specific aspects of EU trade policy in the areas of greatest interest to my country. 
Our questions covered areas such as trade facilitation, tariff treatment, tariff quotas, import 
licensing, trade remedies, sanitary and p hytosanitary measures, organic production, domestic 
support, and dumping calculation methodology.  
4.282.   The replies have already been sent to our capital and will contribute to bolstering our bilateral 
trade relations.  
4.283.   We wish the European Union every success in  the current Review.  
SINGAPORE  
4.284.   This Trade Policy Review is taking place at an interesting and challenging time for the EU 
and the multilateral trading system. But it is heartening that the EU has steadfastly remained an 
influential and constructive player in supporting and strengthening the rules -based multilateral 
trading system. In this context, Singapore and the EU share many similar perspectives and concerns, 
and we will continue to work closely together to uphold and strengthen the WTO. On the bilatera l 
front, Singapore’s relationship with the EU has continued to grow from strength to strength. Allow 
me to highlight three points.  
4.285.   3One, the EU and Singapore share longstanding and robust economic ties, which is set to 
strengthen with the entry into force  of the EU -Singapore Free Trade Agreement (EUSFTA) in 
November 2019. The EU is Singapore’s 4th largest trading partner in goods, and 2nd largest trading 
partner in services. Singapore is also the EU’s largest trading partner for both goods and services in 
ASEAN. The EU is the largest foreign investor in Singapore, with foreign direct investment (FDI) 
stock amounting to over 332 billion Singapore dollars in 2018. And as of December 2019, there are 
more than 10,000 EU companies in Singapore.  
4.286.   More importantly,  the EU -Singapore FTA marks a new milestone in EU -Singapore relations, 
and provides a solid foundation for Singapore and the EU to take our economic partnership to a 
higher plane. The EU -Singapore FTA is an ambitious and forward -looking free trade agreemen t. In 
addition to providing increased market access and addressing non -tariff barriers, the EU -Singapore 
FTA has progressive provisions to address 21st century trade challenges, such as in the areas of 
trade and sustainable development. Its entry into forc e is a strong and concrete signal of our shared 
commitment to uphold an open and rules -based multilateral trading system.  
4.287.   Two, Singapore looks forward to the ratification of the EU -Singapore Partnership and 
Cooperation Agreement (ESPCA), and the EU -Singapo re Investment Protection Agreement 
(EUSIPA). The EU -Singapore Partnership and Cooperation Agreement will further enhance and 
broaden the bilateral relationship, while the EU -Singapore Investment Protection Agreement will WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  continue to spur investments betwee n the EU and Singapore by providing greater legal certainty 
and protection.  
4.288.   In particular, the investment agreement provides a single set of rules to protect all 
investments between the EU and Singapore, replacing the 12 existing bilateral investment trea ties 
between Singapore and EU Member States. It also offers enhanced investment protection through 
innovative provisions that are not contained in the existing bilateral investment treaties, such as 
clearer investment protection standards and new rules for  resolving investment disputes.  
4.289.   Three, Singapore will continue to work with the EU to uphold and strengthen an open and 
rules-based multilateral trading system. In this regard, we welcome the EU’s efforts to establish an 
interim multi -party appeal -arbitrat ion arrangement. This is an important interim measure even as 
WTO Members continue to work towards a permanent solution to the Appellate Body selection 
impasse. Singapore is also happy to support the EU’s initiative in developing a draft General Council 
decision to improve the functioning of WTO Councils and Committees. Finally, we welcome the EU’s 
active and constructive participation in the Joint Statement Initiative on E -commerce.  
4.290.   To conclude, Singapore looks forward to further strengthening our coopera tion with the EU 
on both the multilateral and the bilateral fronts. We wish the EU every success for this TPR.  
TURKEY  
4.291.   The EU member States have managed in recent years to reduce unemployment and poverty 
and demonstrated success in improving of macroeconomi c imbalances. The Europe 2020 Strategy 
is to be commended for these results with emphasis on smart, sustainable and inclusive growth to 
fight structural weaknesses in the EU -wide economy. It stands out as a good example for other 
economies globally.  
4.292.   We also commend the EU for its continued success in maintaining the largest trading block 
in the world, which necessitates not only continuous rule -making and supervision but more 
importantly the political will. The call for a renewal of political commitme nt to single market has 
significant importance for a market of over 500 million consumers, in which goods can circulate 
freely.  
4.293.   With open market oriented policies, the EU maintains its position as one of the global leaders 
of trade in goods and services a nd primary destination for investments.  
4.294.   The economic and political relations between Turkey and the EU have a very special 
character. Turkey’s history with the EU integration goes back more than 50 years. In 1963, Turkey 
established an association relation ship with the EU.  
4.295.   In 1996, the EU -Turkey Customs Union became the backbone of the bilateral trade 
framework. A Free Trade Agreement covering most coal and steel products has also been signed 
between Turkey and the EU.   
4.296.   These agreements helped develop our  trade and economic relations significantly. The EU is 
Turkey’s single most important trade partner and Turkey ranks fifth in the EU’s foreign trade. Our 
trade volume was €153 billion in 2018. Compared to the trade figures of 1996, this is a fourfold 
increase in our trade. Almost half of our imports are from the EU and half of the exports are destined 
to the EU countries. In addition, around 70% of the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Turkey 
currently originates from the EU countries.  
4.297.   Considering this str ong bond of relations between our countries, it is obvious that all 
initiatives taken by the EU both in the multilateral and bilateral platforms have direct impact on 
Turkey both in domestic regulations and in foreign trade policies. This is exactly why Tu rkey and the 
EU recently discussed new instruments and areas for better coordination under the Customs Union.  
4.298.   As we mark the 25th year anniversary of the WTO, our customs union with the EU has also 
left behind almost 25 years. And just like the WTO, an upd ate in the Customs Union is also necessary, 
as it falls behind the pace of the current dynamics of our economic ties. Turkey believes updating 
the Customs Union will provide an opportunity to enhance bilateral economic and commercial WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  relations by resolving  the structural problems and extending the preferential trade relations to new 
areas, including services and e -commerce.  
4.299.   Naturally, customs unions inherently require “free movement of goods” within the Union 
without any barriers. Free movement of goods ne cessitates not only removal of tariffs but also free 
movement of natural persons.   
4.300.   We hope that this process will be completed smoothly and as expeditiously as possible.  
4.301.   We commend the active role of the EU in supporting the role of the WTO and preservation 
of the multilateral trading system. As an ardent supporter of multilateralism, we have been 
cooperating with the EU in the Joint Initiatives and under different committ ees in the WTO. Turkey 
values the work on Interim Mechanism for Appeals and stands ready to contribute to the work on 
this matter.  
4.302.   Our co -sponsorship of the proposal on procedural guidelines for WTO Councils and 
Committees addressing trade concerns is ano ther area of coordination in supporting the multilateral 
trading system.   
4.303.   Turkey especially acknowledges the EU’s efforts in fisheries subsidies negotiations, which is 
critical not only for its projected results for the negotiation topic itself, but to sh ow WTO’s negotiation 
function works. Turkey, being committed to disciplining the fisheries subsidies in line with our 
mandate and SDGs, will continue to work with the EU as well as other members.   
4.304.   As we see from the reports, the review period witnessed a general decline in anti -dumping 
and anti -subsidy activities in the EU. The number of new investigations declined and review 
investigations remained relatively constant in the EU. This is positive in light of the fact that the 
protectionist measures are on rise globally.  
4.305.   The EU has not been a significant user of safeguards in the WTO framework. However, Turkey 
is seriously concerned about the EU’s safeguard measures on certain steel products since 
February  2019 and the adjustments that are in effect as of O ctober 2019. Despite our close economic 
dialogue, Customs Union and Free Trade Agreement on Coal and Steel products with the EU, Turkey 
is specifically impacted by these measures.   
4.306.   Throughout the process, Turkey has communicated its serious concerns regar ding the 
incompatibility of the EU measures with the requirements of the WTO Agreement on Safeguards in 
the Committee on Safeguards and to the European Commission.  
4.307.   Although we have explained in detail the nature of our concerns about the negative impact 
of EU safeguard measures on Turkey on several occasions; a solution was not found through 
consultations. I would like to underline that the resolution of this issue constitutes a matter of 
urgency for Turkey.  
4.308.   Global trade architecture is at a crossroads an d the need to maintain rules -based multilateral 
trading system has become more important than ever. In this critical environment, we expect the 
EU continue to its valuable role in defending multilateral trading system and to strive its efforts 
towards yiel ding meaningful outcomes in Nur -Sultan Ministerial. We also would like to see the EU to 
take into account of the special and differential needs of the developing and LDC members with a 
view to facilitating their integration into global trade.  
4.309.   Before concl uding, let me also commend the EU Ambassador João Aguiar Machado and his 
team working in the Geneva Mission for their hard work, strong communication and valuable 
contribution to the activities under this roof.  
4.310.   Turkey will continue its close and fruitful d ialogue with the European Union in both bilateral 
and multilateral platforms.  
4.311.   We wish the EU a successful Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  URUGUAY  
4.312.   As one of the three biggest players in international trade and the most important trading 
partner for some 80 economies  around the world, the European Union plays a crucial role in the 
global economy and the multilateral trading system. Despite the difficulties that the global economy 
has faced, this Member's real GDP growth was relatively strong in 2017 -18, although it did slow 
down somewhat. Also worth noting are the efforts to reduce unemployment and poverty, correct 
macroeconomic imbalances and improve Members' fiscal positions.  
4.313.   The European Union and Uruguay agree that the only way to address the current challenges 
faced by global trade is to preserve and strengthen the multilateral trading system, which is an 
essential tool for ensuring open, fair and predictable trade. Against this backdrop, we also agree on 
the importance of having a fully functional di spute settlement system, with an independent and 
impartial body for appeals. As a result, we have decided to work together to put in place contingency 
measures that allow for WTO panel reports to be appealed, in the form of a multiparty interim 
arbitration  arrangement.  
4.314.   In Uruguay's view, the policies aimed at promoting MSMEs are of particular importance. In 
this respect, we wish to highlight the "Small Business Act" (SBA) for Europe, a general framework 
for guiding EU member States in MSME policymaking. We commend the delegation of the 
European  Union for its active participation in the Informal Working Group on MSMEs with a view to 
achieving a substantive outcome for the next Ministerial Conference.  
4.315.   In our bilateral relationship, our trade ranged between USD  2.5 billion in 2015 and 
USD 1.6 billion in 2019. Last year, the European Union was our second largest export destination, 
accounting for 17% of the total (including free zones). Exports from our country have decreased 
over the past five years, with the ma in products being cellulose, bovine meat, wood and soya beans. 
As regards imports, those from the EU accounted for 12% of the total in 2019, and mainly consisted 
of medicines, blood for therapeutic uses and automobiles.  
4.316.   Despite the precarious international  situation, flows of capital and European direct 
investment into Uruguay have been increasing. In 2018, the European Union became the region 
with the greatest amount of investment in Uruguay, worth USD 16.5 billion.  
4.317.   Our country welcomes the conclusion on 28 June 2019 of negotiations on the 
Strategic  Partnership Agreement between MERCOSUR and the European Union, representing a 
commitment from both blocs to cooperation and trade as the road to economic growth, employment 
and investment, in a world that is in creasingly protectionist and sceptical of globalization. Uruguay 
is giving highest priority to the swift entry into force of this Agreement, which is the result of 
extensive negotiations conducted in a serious and responsible manner by all the parties invo lved. 
We hope that the ordinary procedures for its signing and adoption will go smoothly.  
4.318.   The fact that we do not always see eye to eye on matters related to agricultural trade is 
nothing new, although this has not stopped us from working together in past negotiations. As stated 
in the Secretariat's report, the European agricultural sector continues to be heavily protected, with 
high tariffs and tariff peaks, complex tariffs and numerous tariff quotas. In addition, the 
European  Union maintains high levels o f domestic subsidies under the Common Agricultural Policy 
(CAP), which lead to distortions in production and international trade. In this respect, we consider 
that the European Union has a great deal still to do in reforming and liberalizing agricultural t rade. 
4.319.   Uruguay is also concerned by the European Union's increasing adoption and implementation, 
on the basis of scientifically inconclusive information, of sanitary and phytosanitary regulations that 
deviate from internationally agreed standards. This tren d could have a very negative impact on our 
exports and those of a great number of developing countries, as has been made clear by the fact 
that the issue has taken centre stage at recent meetings of the Council of Goods and the 
Committees  on Sanitary and P hytosanitary Measures and Technical Barriers to Trade. We wish to 
take this opportunity to invite the Commission to listen to our concerns and to work collectively to 
find a satisfactory solution to the matter.  
4.320.   A further issue is the European Union's appro ach to protected geographical indications, which 
has resulted in the appropriation of generic terms and in limitations to the use that traditional WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  producers in third countries can make of these terms to sell their products on the European and 
other markets . This approach does not take into account the opposition of a number of Members or 
the existence of relevant, multilaterally agreed standards such as those in the Codex Alimentarius.  
4.321.   After a process with many ups and downs, the United Kingdom's withdrawal  from 
the European Union was finally confirmed. We are now in a transition period which will last until the 
end of the year, during which these Members will have to decide on how their future trading 
relationship will be regulated. As part of this, both th e European Union and the United Kingdom have 
begun negotiations to modify their concessions under Article XXVIII of the GATT. We wish to 
emphasize that this issue must be resolved through confidential bilateral negotiations, and not 
unilaterally, providing  the necessary compensatory adjustments for affected Members. Given the 
importance of the European Union in international trade, and that of the tariff quotas involved as a 
gateway to its market, this represents the biggest renegotiation of concessions in history. Resolving 
it in an appropriate manner is in the best interests of all Members and of the multilateral trading 
system generally.  
4.322.   To conclude, we wish to reiterate our appreciation of this latest opportunity to exchange 
comments on the European Unio n's trade practices, and thank this Member for its replies to the 
initial questions submitted by Uruguay. We congratulate the European Union Mission's efficient team, 
headed by Ambassador João Aguiar Machado, for its work and active participation in 
the Organization, and wish the European delegation a successful conclusion to the current Review.  
ISRAEL  
4.323.   Israel and the EU has had close economic and trade relations for many decades, including 
Israel’s first Free Trade Agreement, signed in July 1975.  
4.324.   The EU is a key economically for many Members, and it is certainly the case for Israel, not 
only due to our strong bilateral ties, but also because of the leading role the EU plays in the MTS 
arena, namely at the WTO.  
4.325.   Since the last review, has largely maintained  a strong economy in the period leading to 2018, 
while facing a slight slowdown in real GDP growth since then. This is not a cause for concern, since 
the EU has managed to increase its surplus in services trade increased during the review period and 
still remains the most important trading partner for around 80 economies, including Israel.  
4.326.   Israeli companies have clearly benefited from strong demand on the EU market.  
4.327.   As Israel’s largest partner in terms of volume of trade, the EU’s imports from Israel amount ed 
to USD 17.4 billion in 2019, while the EU’s exports to Israel amounted to USD 27.4 billion in 2019. 
Israel’s exports to the EU have been dominated by chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, 
as well as other manufactured goods. But our relationship  beyond this, including strong cultural, 
scientific and academic ties. One of many examples of this is Horizon 2020, the largest research and 
innovation program in the world for scientific -research cooperation with the EU.  
4.328.   A large part of the EU narrative for this period had to do with the withdrawal of the United 
Kingdom from the EU. This certainly was also part of the reasons for the slowdown in real GDP 
growth since mid -2018. Moving forward, Israel is hoping to continue our trade relations with the EU 
with minimum to no disruptions, as it is surely what the EU hopes as well.  
4.329.   Some recent policy developments by the EU aim to simplify and clarify areas such as 
services, energy and the digital economy. These three areas are of great interest to Israel and we 
are watching closely to see how it develops. At the WTO, there is some overlap with these areas, 
namely across DR and the Joint Statement Initiative on e -commerce. Israel welcomes the EU’s 
leading efforts on these and we look forward to continuing our clos e collaboration.  
4.330.   During this exercise, Israel submitted various questions to the EU, and we look forward to 
reviewing the replies. Although, I don’t intend to mention the full questions here, I would like to 
highlight some of the areas we considered releva nt during this period.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.331.   An area of great interest to Israel relates to member states’ market surveillance, which us, 
as well as our exporters are in the process of better understanding. Israel welcomes any further 
guidance on this matters by the EU, in orde r to facilitate the understanding by the Industry.  
4.332.   Israel is also interested in finding out more supplementary protection certificates and the 
EU’s experience with geoblocking. Furthermore, Israel has raised questions during the respective 
Committees on th e EU’s new concept of «high risk plants, plant products and other objects». We are 
currently trying to understand better the measures as well as any system in place to minimize the 
negative trade effects following the introduction of Regulation_(EU) 2016/2 031  
4.333.   On the multilateral front, the EU’s participation and leadership in the WTO remains vital to 
the future wellbeing of this Organization. Israel appreciates the EU’s constructive role across the 
ongoing WTO negotiations, such as it is the case with fish eries subsidies. Looking forward, we expect 
the EU to play a major role in its conclusion leading to MC 12.  
4.334.   In addition, we would like to note the positive leadership with which Ambassador Aguiar 
Machado has orchestrated EU trade diplomacy during his brief  tenure in Geneva. Israel looks forward 
to continuing our close working relationship with him, as well as with his delegation.  
4.335.   Lastly, we wish the EU a very successful TPR, and best wishes in the year to come to all of 
you. 
REPUBLIC  OF KOREA  
4.336.   The EU is the number one trading block in the world, and I am encouraged by its dedication 
and commendable leadership with regards to promoting an open, fair and sustainable trade 
environment.  
4.337.   During the review period, the EU has begun the operation of a number of trade agreements, 
with Canada, with Japan, and with other members. Many of these agreements go beyond trade, 
striving to support universal values which include environmental, social and labor protection.  
4.338.   In particular, it is highly noteworthy that the EU’s  FTA with Canada follows through the Joint 
Committee’s recommendation on trade and gender, in an effort to improve the capacity and 
conditions for women’s greater access to trade and economy.  
4.339.   The EU -Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) is also remark able for its progressive 
aspects such as the independent chapter on Small and Medium -sized Enterprises (SMEs).  
4.340.   In parallel, EU is taking a leading role in steering an open and rule -based multilateral trading 
system embodied by the VVTO, which is currently facing a critical crisis. In this regard, Korea 
applauds the EU’s forward -looking engagements to make WTO more relevant in reflecting the rapid 
changes of the global environment.  
4.341.   We are also pleased to see the EU’s continued efforts to enhance the procedur e and process 
of technical requirements. This covers the introduction of public procurement strategy which offers 
the European Single Procurement Document (ESPD) and the implementation of the Digital Single 
Market (DSM) strategy that address different type s of barriers to cross -border electronic commerce.  
4.342.   Since long ago, Korea and the EU have been actively forging a strong bilateral economic 
partnership. The Korea -EU FTA, which went into effect in 2011, has contributed to strengthening our 
already close eco nomic relations.  
4.343.   Despite the global economic slowdown, trade between the two has risen steadily thanks to 
the bilateral agreement in place. Between 2012 and 2018, EU exports of goods to Korea increased 
by 24% to USD 62.3 billion, while Korean exports also surged by 17% to USD 57.7 billion.  
4.344.   Furthermore, the EU has stepped up as the biggest investor in Korea with over 
USD 100 billion of investment made to date. The EU is also placed as Korea’s third major investment 
destination.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.345.   We hope that the FTA continues  to help achieve a more balanced expansion of trade and 
investment.  
4.346.   Now, let me take this opportunity to encourage the EU to address some of Korea’s concerns 
on its trade measures.  
4.347.   First, a number of Korean companies are facing difficulties in entering the  EU market due to 
the newly amended regulations whose transition period and clear guidelines are lacking. They include 
measures on medical devices, food products, as well as the C02 emission trading system. We would 
like to request the EU’s clarification o n these items in consideration of the possible impacts on trade 
and investment.  
4.348.   Second, we are concerned that the EU’s plan to revise tariff rate quotas (TRQs) following the 
United Kingdom’s exit may shrink access to the EU market by third countries such a s Korea.  
4.349.   We, therefore, anticipate that the EU will proceed with this matter on a fair and transparent 
basis in accordance with WTO rules.  
4.350.   Lastly, we would like to engage further with the EU to gain a better understanding of its key 
trade policy issues. F or example, we have a particular interest in the revised mechanism of carbon 
border adjustment, the specific mandate of the newly created Chief Trade Enforcement Officer, and 
the reclassification of EU General Export Authorizations.  
4.351.   With regards to the issues mentioned, Korea has submitted advance written questions to the 
EU, and we are grateful that the EU was able to provide answers in a timely manner. After carefully 
reviewing what we have received, Korea may present some follow -up questions at a late r stage.  
4.352.   Korea commends the efforts the EU has made since its last review to ensure the efficiency 
of the overall trading environment.  
4.353.   In this regard, we wholeheartedly encourage the EU to persist in pursuing the direction of 
facilitating trade and investm ent and improving the overall economic environment in a sustainable 
manner.  
4.354.   Korea looks forward to continuing its cooperation with the EU to enhance opportunities for 
trade and investment which promote mutually beneficial economic growth.  
UKRAINE  
4.355.   The EU is  our key strategic partner and the largest trading partner.  
4.356.   As of today, bilateral cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union and its member 
States has achieved unprecedented results in the fields of political, economic and trade relations, 
financ ing, civil society engagement and humanitarian assistance.  
4.357.   The outcome of EU -Ukraine Association Council held on 29 January 2020 in Brussels clear 
demonstrated deepening of our relations in the framework of the EU -Ukraine Association Agreement 
including a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA).  
4.358.   The DCFTA provides a framework for modernizing our trade relations by the opening markets 
via the removal of customs tariffs, and by an extensive harmonization of laws, regulations in different 
trade -related sectors, creating the conditions for aligning key sectors of the Ukrainian economy to 
the EU standards.  
4.359.   Ukraine and the EU countries are benefiting from the DCFTA. Our bilateral trade has constant 
positive dynamic. Since 2016, turnover between Ukraine and  the EU increased by 48.5% (amounting 
to approximately USD 53 billion in 2019), exports rose by 52%, imports by 46%. The share of EU 
trade in goods and services in total turnover of Ukraine has exceeded 40% and has been growing.  
4.360.   Our bilateral trade has gr eat potential and considerable prospects for expansion.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.361.   Ukraine advances toward greater economic integration with the EU. We have undertaken 
major reforms, and we appreciate the support and recognition of our efforts and improvements by 
the EU.   
4.362.   This Rev iew gives us the opportunity to better analyse the EU trade policy and trade -related 
issues, assess the EU’s considerable achievements and challenges.  
4.363.   We clearly understand the importance of developing global trade, which should be pursued 
on the internati onally accepted norms and a multilateral basis under the auspices of the WTO. T 
4.364.   Therefore, being strongly committed to the rule -based trading system, Ukraine highly 
appreciates communications put forward by the EU on the WTO reform and strengthening WTO ru les. 
4.365.   Within this TPR exercise, Ukraine has submitted a number of questions on a range of the 
following topics:   
• Digital services tax regime;  
• Investment Regime;  
• Customs valuation;  
• Trade facilitation;  
• Anti-dumping, countervailing, and safeguard measures;  
• Sanitary and phytosanitary requirements;  
• Intellectual property rights;  
• E-commerce in the context of the Digital Single Market Strategy;  
• Implementation of the EU Environment Action Programme.  
4.366.   I would like to express our gratitude for the responses to our questions and deep appreciation 
to the EU delegation and especially to the team of the EU Mission to the WTO in Geneva for the 
fruitful cooperation on the wide range of the WTO issues.  
4.367.   Finally, we wish the European Union a successful TPR and look forward t o further 
strengthening of our bilateral relations.  
PERU 
4.368.   Peru and the European Union enjoy a long -standing relationship and close cooperation and 
understanding at the bilateral and multilateral level, having shared principles and values over many 
decades o f excellent relations.  
4.369.   Peru welcomes the European Union's strong economic performance during the review period, 
including its sustained economic growth, reduced unemployment rate and improved fiscal situation. 
Also worthy of note in the report by the Memb er under review is the development of a policy to 
streamline and harmonize administrative processes within the Union, as well as the adoption of other 
measures to increase the trade integration of goods and services within its single market. We are 
confide nt that these new trade policy measures will not only contribute to European economic 
development, but will also, in a globalized world, foster an improved trading environment and 
understanding with partners outside the region.  
4.370.   The European Union and Peru share a strong trading relationship. Our trade has increased 
over the six years that our trade agreement has been in force. Against this backdrop, trade 
transactions amounted to around USD 11 billion in 2019, leading at the same time to various historic 
bilateral trade figures, which gives us great satisfaction.  
4.371.   Thirteen per cent of all of Peru's exports go to the European market; in other words, around 
USD 6.2 billion in 2019, with the market becoming our second largest export destination in the 
world.  Approximately half of this amount comes from products that Peru considers to be 
non-traditional exports, since they have a higher value added and contribute to the diversification 
and resilience of our economy, which historically is more associated with the e xportation of minerals 
and other raw materials. Almost a third of Peru's exports to the EU are agricultural products, which 
create many jobs and promote the creation of small and medium -sized enterprises, especially in 
Peru's rural areas.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.372.   Moreover, it sho uld be pointed out that almost 54% of direct investment in Peru comes from 
EU member States, which considerably strengthens bilateral economic ties.  
4.373.   The trading relationship between Peru and the European Union is also based on another 
pillar, which is sup port for the multilateral trading system, with the WTO at its the centre. Peru is 
pleased to agree with the EU on the importance of preserving and strengthening the multilateral 
system. In recent years, we have stressed the importance of maintaining a func tioning dispute 
settlement mechanism available to all Members. We have also participated in various negotiations 
and initiatives aimed at strengthening the WTO's effectiveness, seeking the consensus needed to 
continue developing the Agreements on which thi s Organization is founded. We participate in the 
negotiations on agricultural and fisheries subsidies, and in initiatives on the regulation of 
e-commerce, domestic regulation in services, small and medium -sized enterprises and other 
significant topical iss ues. As part of the initiative on trade and women's economic empowerment, 
I wish to underscore the relevance of the many studies that are carried out thanks to support from 
the EU with a view to gaining a better understanding of the important role that wom en play in the 
global economy through international trade, and to ensuring full awareness of the need to continue 
promoting the participation of women in this area.  
4.374.   As part of this prominent and collaborative trading relationship, there are also matters on  
which we have not yet been able to come to an understanding. In this regard, the effects of certain 
European sanitary and phytosanitary measures are of particular note, due to their great importance 
for economic, commercial and social development in Peru.  Examples include the maximum residue 
levels and other changes to plant and animal health regulations that do not provide for adequate 
transition periods. It is worth highlighting once again that the exports affected by these measures 
underpin my country's  economic development and, in particular, that of a significant part of our rural 
population. Therefore, Peru wishes to take this opportunity to reiterate its concern regarding these 
measures. My delegation has posed specific questions to gain an understan ding of the EU's reasoning 
for applying these measures, and we have enquired about their scientific basis, as part of a dialogue 
that we hope will soon lead us to a common understanding. Peru thanks the EU for its replies, which 
will be carefully examined with a view to continuing our dialogue on the matter.  
4.375.   Lastly, it only remains for us to wish the European Union delegation a successful 
Trade  Policy  Review.  
TRINIDAD  AND  TOBAGO  
4.376.   Trinidad and Tobago welcomes this opportunity to participate in the 14th review  of the trade 
policies and practices of the EU. Our keenness to ensure long -term, robust trade relations with the 
EU dictates that Trinidad and Tobago take a keen interest in the health of the economy of the 
European Union. The EU economy has demonstrated resilience in a global context of high 
uncertainty, weakened economic growth and trade tensions. It is against this backdrop that we 
recognize the favourable nature of trade relations between Trinidad and Tobago and the EU and 
express optimism about fortif ying our trade and development efforts.  
4.377.   Trade between Trinidad and Tobago and the EU takes place within the framework of the 
CARIFORUM -EU Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA), which has among its aims reduced reliance 
on the export of traditional commoditi es and the attraction of more investment to the region. While 
Trinidad and Tobago is mindful of the limitations of the EPA, my country also values the platform 
this partnership agreement provides as far as trade, economic growth and development are 
concern ed.  
4.378.   It is also fitting for the Trinidad and Tobago delegation to express gratitude for the many 
benefits Trinidad and Tobago has derived from the European Development Fund (EDF). The 
assistance received through the EDF has bolstered our efforts to achieve  competitiveness and 
economic diversification.  
4.379.   On the occasion of its 14th TPR, Trinidad and Tobago wishes to commend the EU on the 
following achievements highlighted in its Government report:  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  • The decision to provide preferential access to its markets as a  means of assisting 
developing countries in our efforts towards poverty reduction, sustainable development 
and good governance;  
• The EU’s continued support for building the trade and productive capacities of developing 
countries by updating its collective A id for Trade Strategy;  
• Active pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals, inclusive of advancing women’s 
participation in the economy;  
• The demonstration of interest not only in creating new trade partnerships but also in 
promoting universal values relat ing to the environment, social and labour protection and 
fundamental rights; and  
• Implementation of three major legislative acts in the SPS field.  
4.380.   In a constructive spirit, and even as we recognize the EU’s efforts to ensure the health and 
safety of its population, Trinidad and Tobago hopes that the EU’s approach on Sanitary and 
phytosanitary (SPS) measures always takes into account the less -developed regimes in developing 
countries, so that these measures do not become de facto barriers to trade.  
4.381.   I take this opportunity to thank the EU for the continued support and guidance provided to 
the Government of Trinidad and Tobago with respect to the updating of my country’s policies and 
procedures for combating Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing. Given the continuous 
efforts undertaken, Trinidad and Tobago looks forward to the eventual withdrawal of the Yellow Card 
issued by the EU.  
4.382.   Here at the WTO, the EU has proven to be a bridge builder among Members, firmly committed 
to the WTO as the cornerst one of the multilateral trading system. As the Organization continues to 
grapple with challenging questions in the period ahead, Trinidad and Tobago looks forward to the 
continued pragmatic and constructive engagement of the EU on key issues for developing  Members 
of the WTO. While supportive of the reform effort, Trinidad and Tobago does not wish to see the 
benefits of special and differential treatment (SDT) eroded while they remain useful.  
4.383.   In closing, we thank the EU for its written responses to our que stions submitted in advance 
of this review, including our many questions relating to gender equality and the economic 
empowerment of women. We look forward to a constructive exchange of views over these two days.  
4.384.   Chair, through you, Trinidad and Tobago wi shes the EU a successful Trade Policy Review. I 
thank you.  
THAILAND  
4.385.   Our economic relationship with the EU is immensely valuable to Thailand’s economy. In 
2018, total bilateral trade between the EU and Thailand amounted to €38 billion. The EU is Thailand’s 
third largest trading partner, accounting for 9.1% of the country’s total trade. Thailand is the EU’s 
25th largest trading partner worldwide. Thailand is one of the most important destinations of 
European investments within ASEAN with €21.2 billion of outw ard stocks. The EU is the second 
largest investor in Thailand. These figures describe a substantial economic relationship, and we will 
continue to foster the Thailand -EU relations on the basis of mutual benefits.  
4.386.   Although this review covers only two years,  there have been significant development during 
the period. We welcome improvements to the EU’s internal market outlined in the Better Regulation 
Agenda and the Digital Single Market initiative to the extent that these deliver positive impacts for 
the glob al trading system. Several initiatives aimed at trade facilitation have been implemented. 
These include the EU’s initiative to expand advance rulings to customs valuation, in addition to tariffs 
and origin as well as streamlining and improving the procedur es in ports and maritime transport.  
4.387.   Like other delegations, we are concerned that Brexit negotiations could have certain impact 
on trade and investment due to increased uncertainties. In this regard, we encourage the EU to 
ensure that WTO Members’ rights and benefits are not worse off as a result of the changed 
concessions.  
4.388.   Thailand highly values of the very constructive role the EU delegation plays in various WTO 
forums. We commend the EU’s desire to enhance the efficiency of WTO bodies, including in tack ling WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  trade concerns, while maintaining the existing balance of rights and obligations of Members. As a 
co-sponsor of the EU’s proposed guidelines, Thailand urges Members to join this initiative with a 
view to enhancing the effectiveness of WTO Councils and  Committees. In the negotiations leading 
up to the 12th Ministerial Conference, Thailand hopes that the EU will continue to play a leading role 
to make this Ministerial Conference a success.  
4.389.   Chair, in this review, Thailand has sought clarity on a number of  measures of our interests 
such as digital services tax, the EU framework for FDI screening, diagonal and full cumulation under 
the EU’s existing PTAs, the Trade Control and Expert System, and the Common Agricultural Policy. 
We take the opportunity to than k the EU for their timely responses.   
4.390.   In conclusion, Thailand shares excellent working relations with the able team in the EU 
Mission in Geneva. We hope to continue such relations here and beyond. We wish the EU every 
success in its 14th Trade Policy Revi ew. 
PHILIPPINES  
4.391.   The Philippines associates itself with the ASEAN statement delivered by Malaysia recognizing 
the robust trade and investment relations between ASEAN and the EU.  
4.392.   The EU is one of the most important economic partners of the Philippines. It i s one of the 
largest foreign investors of the Philippines and its 4th largest trading partner with total bilateral 
trade valued at USD 17.50 Billion in 2018. It is the Philippines’ 4th export market and 3rd import 
supplier. The Philippines’ main exports to  the EU are office and telecommunication equipment, 
machinery, food products, and optical and photographic instruments. While the main exports of the 
EU to the Philippines are dominated by machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, food products, 
and elect ronic components.  
4.393.   The Philippines is a beneficiary of the EU Generalized Scheme of Preferences (GSP) and was 
granted further preferences under the GSP+ in December 2014. This translates into duty -free entry 
for 6,274 tariff lines. Philippine exports benef it from the enhanced access to the EU market under 
GSP+ demonstrating a 22% growth from 2015 to 2018, particularly for products like coconut oil, 
preserved tuna, bicycles, pineapple products, fruit jams, and some garments and footwear. As a 
developmental t ool, GSP+ fosters income growth, supports employment creation, and ultimately 
contributes to countryside development and inclusive economic growth.  
4.394.   Negotiations for the Philippines -EU Free Trade Agreement were also launched in December 
2015, which sought t o take advantage of the dynamic economic relationship between the Philippines 
and the EU. The FTA is solidly founded on the Philippines -EU Partnership and Cooperation Agreement 
(PCA) which if we recall correctly involved Ambassador MacDonald and Ambassador  Machado. Last 
month, the 1st Philippines -EU PCA Joint Committee Meeting was held in Brussels, giving both sides 
a platform to continue dialogue on further strengthening the decades -old bilateral relations between 
us. The Philippines remains committed to s olidifying a long -term economic relation with the EU 
through an FTA and we stand ready to continue our dialogue in this direction.  
4.395.   The Philippines recognizes the EU’s important role in the multilateral trading system as a key 
player in global trade. Its foresight and global openness in engaging vulnerable developing countries 
through the GSP and the Everything But Arms initiatives, as well as through free trade agreements 
and economic partnership agreements, are instrumental in supporting sustainable develo pment and 
good governance in developing countries.  
4.396.   We value the importance given by the EU on the role of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises 
(MSMEs) in achieving inclusive and sustainable growth, and the significance of enhancing their 
participation in gl obal trade. We look forward to continue working together in advancing this initiative 
in the WTO, including the ongoing joint initiatives on electronic commerce and investment facilitation 
for development.  
4.397.   The Philippines submitted some advance written que stions on the TPR reports, and we thank 
the delegation of the EU for their preliminary replies. We also look forward to receiving the 
outstanding responses within the TPR prescribed period.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.398.   In closing, the Philippines looks forward to further enhancing th e mutually beneficial 
economic relations with the EU in the bilateral, regional, and multilateral fora.  
EL SALVADOR  
4.399.   It is an honour for El Salvador to participate in an exercise in transparency concerning a 
trading partner as important as the European Unio n, with which we enjoy significant historical ties 
of friendship, trade and cooperation.  
4.400.   Turning to the substance of the Review, and particularly the economic domain, we note that, 
despite the EU's strong real GDP growth in 2017 -18, there was somewhat of a slowdown during the 
second half of 2018 due to several factors including global trade tensions and the prospect of 
the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the EU. Average growth for the period 2018 -20 is predicted 
to be 1.6%. It is also worth pointing out t he efforts undertaken by the European Union in recent 
years to reduce unemployment and poverty, as well as to improve the macroeconomic and fiscal 
position of EU member States.  
4.401.   The measures implemented by the European Union have a significant impact on tra de, given 
that the EU continues to be the most important trading partner for some 80 economies. Therefore, 
with regard to sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers to trade, we continue to 
monitor with great interest the draft regulations and measures on maximum residue levels 
implemented by the European Union and their impact on developing country exports. We urge the  EU 
to ensure that these measures are founded on scientific evidence and do not result in unjustified 
restrictions on trade.  
4.402.   The European Union stands out as a significant recipient and source of investment. It should 
be noted that investment returned to its pre -crisis level in 2017, partly thanks to the Investment  Plan 
for Europe, launched in November 2014. This plan aims to i nject additional investment flows into 
the entire EU, as well as to create 1.4 million jobs and increase GDP by 1.3% by 2020.  
4.403.   At the bilateral and regional level, the European Union continues to be a strategic trading 
partner for El Salvador, and continually strengthening our relations is a priority for the country. 
The Association Agreement between Central America and the Europe an Union, which we have 
benefited from as a country, is the first agreement between the two regions and was concluded 
jointly with the other Central American countries.  
4.404.   In bilateral trade, Salvadoran exports to the European Union reached over USD  168 million 
in 2019, which represented an increase of 32% in relation to 2016. Imports from the European  Union 
amounted to USD 778 million in 2019.  
4.405.   At the multilateral level, the European Union is a supporter of a solid, rules -based multilateral 
trading system an d a driver of the principles of free trade on which this Organization is founded. It 
is important to underline the leadership and prominent participation of the delegation of 
the European Union in the regular work and negotiations conducted in the WTO. Lik e the 
European  Union and the rest of the Members, we are hoping for a successful Ministerial Conference 
in Nur -Sultan with concrete outcomes that benefit Members and contribute to the strengthening of 
the Organization.  
4.406.   Similarly, mention should be made of the European Union's active participation in various 
initiatives discussed in this Organization on topical issues, including e -commerce, MSMEs and 
investment facilitation. Lastly, it is important to highlight the significant contribution made by 
the Europe an Union and its member States to promoting the participation of developing countries in 
trade negotiations and building their capacities through cooperation funds.  
4.407.   We thank the European Union for the responses to our questions, which we have sent to our 
capital for review.  
4.408.   It only remains for me to wish the European Union every success in this Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  INDIA  
4.409.   The EU is the largest trading block in the world, accounting for 15.7% of total world trade in 
goods and services in 2018. It is also the most important trading partner for about 80 economies 
and thus, a key driver of the global economy.  
4.410.   The EU is India’s largest trading partner, accounting for more than USD 107 billion 
(€92 billion) worth of trade in goods in 2018. Our combined trade i n goods and services was over 
USD 133.8 billion (€117.2 billion) in 2017. India is now the 4th largest service exporter to the EU 
and has become the 6th largest destination for EU service exports.  
4.411.   The EU continues to be one of the largest sources of Forei gn Direct Investment (FDI) for 
India with EU FDI stock of USD 81 billion (€73 billion) in 2016. There are over 6000 EU companies 
operating in India. In order to facilitate investment flows from the EU, an Investment Facilitation 
Mechanism was established i n July 2017 for close coordination. Negotiations of the Bilateral Trade 
and Investment Agreement (BITA) between India and the EU are at a standstill since 2015. Its early 
finalization will open up even greater opportunities for trade and investment.  
4.412.   Given the status of EU in our external trade, we attach great importance to this TPR. 
Therefore, we had posed over 100 questions in advance to the EU delegation. I wish to highlight 
some specific concerns which affect the vast underlying potential of the trade b etween India and EU.  
4.413.   As noted in the previous Review, we would like to again reiterate our systemic concern 
regarding EU’s trade policy which include the diverse and complex nature of applied tariff rates 
within the EU, non -ad valorem duties mostly in agri culture, tariff quotas and significant tariff 
escalation and peaks in areas such as textiles and agriculture where developing countries like India 
have interests. Of the non -ad valorem tariffs, about one third are compound, mixed, or other, and 
it is often  difficult to determine the duty rate or calculate the real impact of the tariff. Complex tariffs 
act as barriers to trade and we urge the EU to accelerate the process of shifting towards ad valorem 
tariffs because tariff simplification is important for br inging about greater transparency and 
predictability to global trade rules.  
4.414.   We also note that while the average current total AMS for the EU was around 
USD 10.8 billion, the EU continues to have a disproportionately high FBT AMS entitlement of 
approximatel y USD 80 billion. With only 4.2% of the total population engaged in agriculture, the 
FBT AMS entitlements of the EU and the consequent domestic support in agriculture remains 
significant. We urge the EU to take the lead in reducing trade -distorting domesti c support by 
considering capping, reducing and finally eliminating the most trade -distorting forms of agricultural 
support.  
4.415.   We remain concerned over the EU’s practice of setting maximum residue level (MRL) limits 
to default levels which are trade -restricti ve and have created major barriers for Indian exports of 
rice, peanuts, chilies and spices, tea, fruits like grapes, vegetables and sea food. A number of these 
levels are much higher than the limits set by the standard setting agencies such as the CODEX, a nd 
are defended on grounds other than demonstrated risks to human or animal health or the 
environment. We urge the EU to reduce and eliminate these non -tariff barriers, including by ensuring 
that sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures follow the objecti ve criteria of scientific assessments 
of risk, as required under the WTO SPS Agreement. We also urge the EU to set reasonable, 
risk-based limits for regulating endocrine disruptors, which has been raised by India and several 
other WTO Members in the SPS Co mmittee as well as the CTG.  
4.416.   In particular, I wish to raise the issue of tricyclazole in rice. The June 2017 notification by 
the EU had laid down new MRLs for basmati rice. The EU notification besides giving a limited period 
(of only six months) for transit ional measures had also disregarded pertinent information about the 
long history of safe use of tricyclazole in several rice producing and consuming countries in the 
world. We urge the EU to maintain the MRL at the previous level of 1 mg/kg or 1 pp million .  
4.417.   Similarly, the Anthraquinone limit for tea has been set at 0.02 mg/kg. Since the source of 
Anthraquinone (i.e., anthracene) is environmental, a background level of Anthraquinone higher than 
the Limit of Quantifiability (LOQ) of 0.02 mg/kg in tea should be allowed. I would like to emphasize 
that the Indian tea sector uses no anthraquinone but due to an unfounded misperception and WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  consequent export prohibition, EU consumers are being deprived of some of the most exquisite teas 
in the world from Darjeeling in India.  
4.418.   The EU has also adopted stringent parameters restricting the level of aflatoxins in imported 
food products, such as, chilies and other spices coming from India. Indian suppliers carry out tests 
on aflatoxin levels before shipment of chilli and ot her spices. We would urge the EU to revise the 
limit to 10 ppb, with a variance allowance for up to 20 ppb, for all spices.  
4.419.   Under the bilateral agreement of 2004 between European Commission and India, incidence 
of import duty on husked Basmati rice importe d into EU from India is zero. Subsequent to this 
agreement, several new varieties of Basmati have been notified by India under Seeds Act, 1966 and 
as of now, 32 varieties of rice have been notified as Basmati. However, benefit of duty -free import 
is availa ble only to 08 varieties, originally agreed by EU in 2004. The new varieties occupy about 
75% of the area of cultivation currently and therefore, we urge EU to extend the duty derogation to 
all varieties of basmati rice.  
4.420.   I would also like to express our concern over the withdrawal of equivalence for India’s 
National Programme for Organic Products (NPOP) since 2013 by the EU. NPOP had been recognized 
by the European Commission (EC) since 2006, as per the bilateral recogniti on agreement between 
India and the EU for export of organic products. The stated grounds for this withdrawal are no longer 
valid and this measure has subjected our exporters to go through the double certification process. 
Therefore, we request EU for immed iate restoration of equivalence.  
4.421.   In November 2018, the EU passed new veterinary medicines legislation to lower the risk of 
antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Article 118 of the concerned Regulation (2019/6) is of particular 
concern, as it may directly impact countries exporting animal products to the EU. We urge EU to 
take into consideration the sanitary status/epidemiological situation of developing countries with 
huge livestock population like India, when applying Article 118 for the prohibition of the use o f 
antimicrobials.  
4.422.   Another major concern to India relates to the issue of transit of traditional and generic 
medicines for use in Africa and Latin America through EU ports.  Impounding, delaying or confiscating 
such medicines which are not meant for use in EU, on grounds of violation of EU patents or 
trademarks, not only harms Indian exporters, but also deprives the poor in various countries of 
access to these generic medicines.  
4.423.   Chair, before I conclude let me also acknowledge the important role that EU play s in WTO 
negotiations and their efforts for sustaining the rules -based multilateral trading system. We look 
forward to their active engagement in implementing the decisions of the past Ministerial Conferences 
and for positive outcomes at the Ministerial in  Nursultan.  
4.424.   We wish the delegation of the European Union a productive and successful TPR and also take 
this opportunity to thank Ambassador Mr. Joao Machado for his dynamic leadership and his team in 
Geneva for their work and cooperation.  
PARAGUAY  
4.425.   Paraguay  wishes to highlight the positive growth, in relative terms, of the EU's economy and 
the significant progress that this Member has made in recent years regarding the reduction of 
unemployment and poverty, the correction of macroeconomic imbalances and the improvement of 
the fiscal positions of EU member States, as indicated in the Secretariat's report.  
4.426.   The importance of the European Union with regard to trade is unquestionable. As indicated 
by the EU's own statistical data, EU trade with the world accounts for approximately 15.6% of global 
imports and exports, which makes it one of the three biggest players in international trade.  
4.427.   The Secretariat notes that the EU is the largest trading partner for around 80 economies, 
which highlights the scale of the impact that its policies and practices can have on third countries. 
In the case of Paraguay, the EU is its third largest trading partner and its largest outside of the 
region.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.428.   The EU accounts for 10% of Paraguay's trade and 9% of the country's total e xports. 
The 10 main products exported to the European Union from Paraguay are agricultural products. They 
account for around 90% of Paraguayan exports to the EU, with a commercial value of, on average, 
approximately USD 1 billion annually over the last fiv e years. This trade is set to increase thanks to 
the successful conclusion of the negotiations on the Bi -regional Association Agreement between 
MERCOSUR and the European Union, following two decades of discussions.  
4.429.   Moreover, the European Union is a signifi cant investor in Paraguay, with an investment stock 
of approximately EUR 1 billion. Paraguay also benefits from European cooperation in the areas of 
education, private sector development, social protection, and democracy, participation and 
institutional st rengthening, receiving an average of EUR 28 million per year under the technical and 
financial cooperation plan for 2014 -20.  
4.430.   With regard to agricultural trade, we note with concern that the European agricultural sector 
continues to be both highly protecte d and heavily subsidized. According to the Secretariat's report, 
the new Common Agricultural Policy has not introduced any significant changes and, in this sense, 
represents a missed opportunity for genuine reform in this sector. In addition to subsidies a mounting 
to over EUR 73 billion, the EU, according to its latest DS:1 notification for the period 2016 -17, 
continues to maintain complex tariffs with tariff peaks and manage trade under the agricultural quota 
regime.  
4.431.   The implementation of certain European regulations on sanitary and phytosanitary 
measures, such as those related to the use of plant protection products and to the establishment of 
maximum residue levels (MRLs) that are not in keeping with Codex Alimentarius standards, for which 
scientific evid ence appears to be insufficient or inconclusive, represent a significant challenge for 
Paraguay as a small developing country that produces and exports food. Paraguay, together with 
other Members, has been working in the WTO in various areas and Committees  to set out its 
difficulties in complying with these rules.  
4.432.   We encourage the Commission to listen to our concerns, especially those of the hundreds of 
thousands of Paraguayans who depend on agricultural trade for their livelihood. We also encourage 
it to establish a mechanism for ongoing dialogue, which will enable us to find a mutually satisfactory 
solution to this issue.  
4.433.   We support the principle of Aid for Trade and the fact that it improves the living conditions 
of Paraguayan citizens through trade.  
4.434.   In terms of the WTO reform process, Paraguay fully agrees with the EU that the WTO 
continues to be the cornerstone of the multilateral trading system and is crucial for ensuring free 
and fair trade. We wish to congratulate the European Union on its leadershi p in discussions aimed 
at finding a solution to the current impasse in the Appellate Body, and in the process facilitated by 
Ambassador Walker.  
4.435.   We also agree on the need to update the Organization's rulebook and strengthen its 
negotiating arm to include 21st century trade issues. In this respect, we appreciate the EU's 
contributions to joint initiatives on e -commerce, MSMEs, and domestic regulation in services. With 
regard to the work carried out on MSMEs, we wish to underscore the EU's cooperation, through  the 
ITC, UNCTAD and the WTO, in implementing the Global Trade Helpdesk portal in Paraguay, the only 
Latin American country to be part of this pilot plan, as well as the only landlocked developing country.  
4.436.   On behalf of my country, I reiterate our congratul ations to those responsible for conducting 
this Review and to the delegates of the Permanent Mission of the European Union in Geneva for their 
active participation in the work of this Organization.  
ICELAND  
4.437.   It is of particular interest for Iceland to take p art in the trade policy review of the European 
Union. Iceland enjoys very deep trade relations with the EU under the Agreement on the European 
Economic Area, the EEA Agreement, and we have a long history of strong economic cooperation. 
Under the EEA Agreem ent, Iceland is part of the internal market of the European Union and WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  participates in the EU’s internal harmonization of rules. We do that while not being a member of the 
Customs Union of the EU.  
4.438.   Tariffs on industrial products in trade between Iceland and  the EU have been abolished. Our 
trade arrangement for agricultural products is quite liberal and has recently been updated. Iceland 
is satisfied with the current level of market access for such products.  
4.439.   That leaves us with fish. While tariffs have been abolished on most fish products in trade 
between Iceland and the EU, a large number of Icelandic fish products are still subject to tariffs 
arrangements, such as tariff reductions or tariff quotas, upon imports to the EU. Such tariff 
arrangements continue to distort our trade in such products imported from Iceland, while EU enjoys 
tariff free imports for all its fisheries products exported to Iceland.  
4.440.   Iceland would therefore like to reiterate its request to the EU to eliminate all remaining tariffs 
on Icel andic fisheries products into the EU. Our key rationale is the following:  
4.441.   Firstly, non -discrimination: The EU policy has shifted considerably in recent years towards 
full market access for fisheries products from third countries into the EU. Under the EU’ s recent 
FTAs, tariffs have been eliminated of all fish products from Canada, Japan, Vietnam and Mercosur 
and the same has been offered to current negotiating partners such as New Zealand and Australia. 
But still refuses to offer it to one of its closest p artner, Iceland, which goes much further than any 
of these partners in harmonizing it rules with the rules of the EU. Another fact that makes Iceland 
also different from these partners, is that fish is by far the most important goods sector in Iceland’s 
exports.  
4.442.   Secondly, economic interests of the EU: To the EU, Iceland is one of the most important 
trading partner, when it comes to fish imports. The EU is a major importer of seafood – with 
self-sufficiency rate of only 41% - with future consumption of fish products expected to increase 
substantially (less meat, more fish).  
4.443.   Thirdly, environmental benefits: Iceland’s fisheries are sustainable and therefore 
environmentally friendly. Furthermore, as Iceland in close geographical proximity wit h the EU 
market, imports of fish products from Iceland have lower carbon footprint than from countries that 
are further away from the EU market.  
4.444.   Fourthly, the streamlining of current trade arrangements: Current trade arrangements 
between Iceland and the E U for fish products are not user friendly. They are governed by too many 
instruments and conditions such as tariff reductions and tariff quotas, without fully liberalizing trade 
in these products. These arrangements result in additional tariffs and adminis trative costs for 
imports of such products.   
4.445.   And finally, Iceland is among the EU’s closest partners. The EEA Agreement is the deepest 
and most comprehensive agreement the EU has concluded with other countries. The current trade 
regime for fish products i s no longer justifiable. Finding a solution is a win -win for both parties.  
4.446.   In closing I would like to turn to a subject that is particularly close to my heart. The European 
Union played an important role in the adoption and implementation of the Buenos Air es Declaration 
of Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment adopted at the MC11. We welcome the focus the EU 
places on gender equality and the economic empowerment of women. We also applaud the EU for 
integrating specific provisions on trade and gender equali ty in recent trade negotiations.   
4.447.   As mentioned in the report of the Secretariat gender issues have begun to figure more 
prominently in EU trade policy, including analysis on how to improve the understanding of the impact 
of international trade agreements on gender equality. Iceland looks forward to further cooperation 
on this matter with the EU.  
4.448.   Finally, allow me to complement the whole EU team for the enormous work they have put 
into their TPR and my delegation wishes the EU all the success.  
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  KAZAKHSTAN  
4.449.   The EU is a significant player of international trade and the EU’s economic recovery and its 
open trade and investment policies are valuable and crucial for all trade partners.    
4.450.   The EU is the largest trading partner and one of the key investors of Kazakh stan.  
4.451.   Kazakhstan and the European Union signed an Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation 
Agreement on 21 December 2015. The agreement covers 29 areas of cooperation, including 
investments, trade and innovation and infrastructure development, etc. Its specia l trade section was 
thoroughly negotiated in line with Kazakhstan’s commitments as the WTO Member and as the part 
of the Eurasian Economic Union. The Partnership Agreement will enter into force on 1 March this 
year and its effective implementation will fur ther enhance economic ties and boost trade between 
Kazakhstan and the EU, attract European technologies and investments.  
4.452.   Mutual trade turnover has increased by almost 55% and totalled USD 37,7 billion over the 
2016-2018 period.  
4.453.   Since 1991, Kazakhstan over all attracted USD 330 billion of foreign direct investments (FDI) 
and more than half of such investments was made by companies from the EU.  
4.454.   We commend the EU for advancing its regulatory policy at the EU level and adoption the 
Better Regulation Agenda in 2015. Indeed, it is important to improve regulatory practice and 
increase transparency. We are confident that this best practice will draw the attention of the WTO 
Members.  
4.455.   Kazakhstan also submitted several questions of its particular interest, regarding:  
- public procurement policy, including the development of electronic procurement system;  
- certain recent TRQ administration practices;  
- initiatives in transport service and professional workers.  
4.456.   We are looking forward receiving answers to these questions.  
4.457.   The EU is a strong supporter of multilateral trading system and the WTO. We commend the 
EU for a comprehensive the WTO reform proposals in respect of its negotiating, monitoring and 
dispute settlement functions.  
4.458.   In closing, we would like to wish the delegatio n of the EU a successful Trade Policy Review 
and looking forward for further closer and fruitful cooperation.  
INDONESIA  
4.459.   To begin, Indonesia associate itself with the statement of ASEAN member States as delivered 
by the representative of Malaysia.  
4.460.   Indonesia economic relationship with the EU is significantly important to Indonesia economy. 
The trade linkage between the two e stablished long before Indonesia’s independence and has 
contributed significantly to the people of both parties.   
4.461.   On trade in goods, total value between the EU and Indonesia reached 26.9 billion US Dollar 
in 2019 or declined around 13.80% compared to prev ious year of USD 31.2 billion. But the trend of 
goods trade for period of 2015 –2019 has slightly improved of 2.78%.  
4.462.   In services, we also see slight increase of around 4,6%, or average trade of USD 6.7 billion, 
between 2015 -2017. Regarding investment, the E U direct investment is about USD 2.6 billion, or 
USD 0.9 billion increase from previous year.  
4.463.   These trade and investment performances showed that there are opportunities for the EU 
and Indonesia to increase its full economic potential. As a country with an  annual economic growth WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  of more than 5%, Indonesia believes there are many things that Indonesia could offer to enhance 
our trade partnership.   
4.464.   Nevertheless, Indonesia observes a number of unjustified and unnecessary barriers to trade 
which impede the ach ievement of our potential economic growth.  
4.465.   At the previous EU TPR in October 2017, Indonesia registered its great concerns over the EU 
Parliament Resolution on Palm Oil and Deforestation and Rainforest. After more than two -year since 
we submitted this con cern, Indonesia continues to be frustrated by the EU’s unjustified measure to 
our palm -oil and palm -oil based biodiesel products.  
4.466.   The EU measures in gradually phasing out certain biodiesel by 2030 through Indirect Land 
Use Change (ILUC) measurement is lac k of support from international standard and undermine the 
legitimate objectives of sustainable development. It is well established that indirect changes to land 
use requires the use of models that make assumptions about future impacts and the interactions  
between different input parameters. Consequently, the outcomes inherently uncertain and will result 
in discrimination of certain biodiesel product.  
4.467.   As we are now advancing to the consultation process, we thank the EU delegation for its 
readiness to consul t promptly and we are hoping to have an amicable solution on this issue.  
4.468.   We are also seeing the same pattern of expanding potential unnecessary barrier in Product 
Environmental Footprint Category Rule by differentiating obligation of life cycle assessment (LCA) 
that would differentiate Indonesia’s paper against EU domestic product.  
4.469.   Moreover, Indonesia also has serious concern over EU SPS (sanitary and phytosanitary) 
measures that lack science and risk - based assessment as we placed in the advance questions. The 
proliferation of trade restrictions that are based on factors other than  the objective criteria offered 
by scientific assessments of risk, and deviate from the internationally recognized standard as set by 
the Codex Alimentarius, are run counter with the SPS Agreement and stigmatize our agricultural 
products without proper jus tification.   
4.470.   The EU measure in targeting certain products from Indonesia is not stopping in non -tariff 
barrier. Unjustified anti -dumping duty to biofuels originated from Indonesia which has been scrapped 
by WTO DSB recently, is now being replace by counte rvailing duty. Added with an unjustifiable 
measure on phasing out certain biodiesel, the EU is happy to keep shifting the goal post in restricting 
access to palm -oil based biodiesel from Indonesia, in favour for their domestic vegetable oil 
producers.  
4.471.   Moreover, our concern with EU anti -dumping and countervailing measures are not only 
limited to the specific products that my delegation has mentioned. As specified in our advance 
question, we also see another possible trade obstacle on EU’s Anti -Dumping and A nti-Subsidy 
Legislation. New calculation methodology is introduced to take into account social and environmental 
costs. Further elaboration and rationale on this is needed, as this will set a new direction to the 
entire dumping and subsidy discipline.  
4.472.   Indonesia greatly value the relationship with the European Union in all front. Bilateral as well 
as region -to-region relationship that have been nurtured, are of paramount important for Indonesia 
to achieve a stronger economic cooperation with the EU. Indeed,  in every relationship, there is no 
constant positive trajectory. However, as a country that embracing and advancing cooperation as 
the pillar of its foreign and trade policy, Indonesia always seek every possibility to work together 
with its partners to ac hieve a mutually beneficial economic relation.  
4.473.   Lastly, Indonesia welcomes the opportunity to review EU trade policies and is hopeful that 
this process could help us identify ways for both parties to work together and reduce trade obstacles 
for the benefit of both parties.  
4.474.   We wish the EU a successful Trade Policy Review.  
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  ALBANIA  
4.475.   We appreciate the EU’s constructive role in the WTO and its active participation in the work 
of this Organization, as EU plays an important role aiming to make progress on differe nt important 
issues in the multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core.  
4.476.   From the Secretariat report we are pleased to note that EU’s real GDP growth this year is 
expected to reach 1.6%, while significant progress has been made in recent years reg arding the 
reduction of unemployment and poverty, the correction of macroeconomic imbalances, and the 
improvement of the fiscal positions of EU member States. Also, we note with satisfaction that the 
Europe 2020 Strategy, which is the EUS agenda for growth  and jobs for the current decade, aims to 
overcome the structural weaknesses in the economy, improve competitiveness and productivity 
through a smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, and underpin a sustainable social market 
economy.  
4.477.   Albania supports the initiatives co -sponsored by the EU in the framework of WTO, such as 
on e-commerce, domestic regulation in services and investment facilitation, the Informal Working 
Group on Micro, Small, and Medium -Sized Enterprises (MSMEs), and also the EU’s proposals to  
enhance transparency by improving compliance with notification requirements and to provide 
procedural guidelines for WTO Committees and Councils dealing with trade concerns.  
4.478.   The EU remains by far our main trading partner and represents a key source of For eign 
Direct Investment inflows in the country. The trade exchanges during last year with EU member 
states accounted for 68.1% of our overall trade volume. In 2019 the EU accounted for 76.6% of 
Albania’s exports and 63.9% of its imports.  
4.479.   At the same time, t he EU is our key development partner. The EU assistance through its 
long-term, substantive pre -accession financial support has contributed to carry out comprehensive 
reforms towards a sustained economic growth.  
4.480.   Albania’s relationship with the EU remains go verned by the Stabilization and Association 
Agreement. Actually, having the status of the EU’s candidate member, we are looking forward to the 
opening soon of the accession negotiations with the European Union. Obviously, this would mark a 
qualitative step  forward, associated with a paramount improving impact on all the economic and 
social indicators of the country.  
4.481.   The different aspects regarding the developments of EU macroeconomic, and its recent trade 
and trade -related policies are of special interest f or us as the country is on the path of harmonization 
with the EU acquis in all sectors of its economy.  
4.482.   Therefore, we are following the developments in EU trade policy and those regarding changes 
in the area of customs in recent years, with the implementation of the EUS new Union Customs code 
(UCC) and its accompanying legislation.  
4.483.   Regarding the dimension of regional trade, as Albania held last year the Presidency of CEFTA 
(Central European Free Trade Agreement), efforts are made to further facil itate the regional trade 
through a number of initiatives, including the initiative to set up a Regional Trade Facilitation 
Committee, as a long -term platform of cooperation between the public and private sector. In this 
context, we express gratitude for th e EU assistance given in the framework of CEFTA, which is a 
building block on the EU integration path of all the Western Balkan region.  
4.484.   Furthermore, it is worth mentioning the positive impact EU support at the regional dimension 
that is channelled through the Multi -Annual Action Plan on Regional Economic Area in the Westem 
Balkans, with trade being one of its main pillars.  
4.485.   Agriculture is a key economic sector that continues to employ around 40% of the workforce 
of the country, therefore Albania remains esp ecially interested towards the European Commission 
proposals related to the Common Agricultural Policy, the rural development, veterinary and to the 
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  4.486.   We highly appreciate that the EU trade policy is soundly based on universal fundamental 
rights  and values, standing for an open, fair and sustainable trade, firmly anchored in a rules -based 
system.  
4.487.   In conclusion, Albania is looking forward to continuing its excellent relations with the EU 
Mission to WTO and wishes to the European Union a successful  and productive Trade Policy Review.  
SRI LANKA  
4.488.   My delegation notes with interest the European Union’s continued economic advancements, 
in particular, the comparatively strong real GDP growth, despite increasing trade tensions, which 
also negatively affect the EU’s growth prospects. The EU continues to be an important player in 
global trade both in terms of merchandise trade in goods and trade in services, while also being the 
largest trading partner for over 80 countries, including Sri Lanka.  
4.489.   EU is the num ber one export destination for Sri Lanka and the third largest source of supply 
of imports for Sri Lanka. Given this significant stance of the EU in the global trade context, the every 
single trade related policy decision adopted by the European Commission  will directly or indirectly 
affect its trading partners. The small economies like Sri Lanka, whose trade is concentrated on a 
handful of countries, may experience cascading effects of certain policy decisions adopted by big 
players in the global trade!  
4.490.   The consistency of the EU’s applied tariff structure is worth mentioning here. Its applied tariff 
rates are much similar to those bound at multilateral level. Agricultural products are an exception 
to this positive trend due to EU’s protectionism approach in  terms of high applied duties, significant 
use of non -ad valorem duty rates and tariff quotas. The complex and rigid regulatory requirements 
to reach the EU market would hinder the exporters’ ability to export their products in to the EU. This 
would also n ullify the benefit of low tariffs maintained by the EU for non -agricultural products as well 
as certain non -reciprocal preferences granted for developing countries like mine to enter the EU 
market at low or zero tariff rates.  
4.491.   It is also noteworthy that th e EU continues to provide non -reciprocal preferences under the 
general GSP arrangement, GSP+ arrangement and the EBA arrangement to over 7,000 tariff lines. 
Sri Lanka is one of the 8 beneficiary countries of the EU’s GSP+ arrangement.  
4.492.   With regard to bilateral relations between EU and Sri Lanka, EU has been a development 
partner for Sri Lanka since signing of the Commercial Cooperation Agreement in 1975, which was 
replaced with the Cooperation Agreement on Partnership and Development in 1995. The 
EU-Sri Lanka Joint Commission meets every year to discuss bilateral political, trade and development 
maters of mutual interest, and was last met in February 2019 in Brussels.  
4.493.   EU continues to be the number one destination for Sri Lankan exports absorbing over 1 /3 of 
its total exports. The total trade between Sri Lanka and EU recorded USD 5.5 Billion in 2019, while 
the balance of trade remains in favour of Sri Lanka consecutively and recorded USD 1.6 Billion in 
2019. Apparels are the major export item with a shar e of 57%.  
4.494.   A one -fifth of total FDI to Sri Lanka comes from the EU. United Kingdom, Netherlands, 
Luxemburg, Sweden, Belgium, Germany and Italy are the major investment partners which have 
invested in diverse sectors of Sri Lanka. Out of total FDI comes fro m the EU, the share of the UK 
accounts for nearly 40%.  
4.495.   The European Commission has provided over €375 million of assistance to Sri Lanka during 
the period from 2000 to 2013 under the various projects on trade and development, post -tsunami 
reconstruction a nd rehabilitation, and humanitarian assistance. The most recent assistance of 
€8 million for trade related capacity building launched in November 2016 focuses on enhancing the 
overall performance of Sri Lanka’s export sectors, especially, in food, spices a nd IT/BPO sectors by 
providing assistance to develop business and trade policy; trade facilitation; compliance with quality 
standards and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures; and sector specific value chain 
development and SME’s integration into regi onal and global value chains. My delegation and the 
Government of Sri Lanka looks forward to the continuous generous support of the European Union WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  with an extended phase of the similar project enabling Sri Lanka to continue the work already 
initiated under  the current phase and to achieve more sustainable outcomes.  
4.496.   Sri Lanka has regained the benefits of EU GSP+ since May 2017. In this regard, I would like 
to take this opportunity to extend my Government’s appreciation to the Trade Directorate of the 
Europe an Commission for its positive consideration for restoring the GSP+ facility for Sri Lanka.  
4.497.   Exports under the GSP+ scheme have provided direct and indirect employment to 
approximately one million people. It is important to note that the industries that be nefit from GSP 
+ concessions draw their employees mostly from rural areas. In particular, in the post -conflict 
development phase, the GSP+ facility is more important than ever before to realize such sustainable 
economic development targets. Women empowerme nt, poverty eradication, high protection of 
labour and child rights, environment and sustainable development, rural economy development and 
SME empowerment are some of the positive aspects of socio -economic development in Sri Lanka, 
as a result of regainin g the EU GSP+ facility. In August 2019, the EU has successfully conducted a 
GSP+ monitoring mission in Sri Lanka.  
4.498.   However, judging from Sri Lanka’s two years’ experience, the utilization rate of the GSP+ 
facility by Sri Lankan exporters stand relatively l ow at 55 -60%, due to several reasons, including 
difficulties of qualifying GSP preferential Rules of Origin Criteria. For instance, more than half of the 
apparel exports of Sri Lanka enter the EU market without availing the GSP+ facility, but paying 
relatively high import duties compared to other industrial goods.  
4.499.   Being reached the World Bank GNI Per Capita upper middle threshold in 2019, Sri Lanka is 
in the verge of losing the EU GSP/GSP+ benefits from 1 January 2023, if this Status continues for 
two conse cutive years. Sri Lanka has already flagged this situation and wishes to negotiate an 
alternative bilateral preferential trade mechanism or alternatively, a special scheme of preferential 
market access for small and vulnerable countries in the upper middle -income category.  
4.500.   We also appreciate constructive engagement with DG -MARE of European Commission on 
improving the fisheries management in Sri Lanka in particular to improve the monitoring, controlling 
and surveillance systems of Sri Lanka’s fishery sector,  while addressing the EU IUU fishing issues 
during 2015 –2019 period.  
4.501.   I also recall my Government’s constructive engagements with Food and Veterinary Office of 
the EU, in identifying causes for regular interceptions of fruit and vegetable exports to EU and the 
two recent training missions took place in Sri Lanka in the context of the “Better Training for Safer 
Food” initiative based on the recommendation made after the DG SANTE audits done in 2015. This 
facility will greatly be influenced on better productio n, processing and trade of safe food, healthy 
animals and plants. Despite all positive measures taken, it is disappointed that we continue to receive 
EUROPHYT and RASFF notifications on our export consignments.  
4.502.   My Government also works closely with the GI Department of the Commission for registering 
Geographical Indication for Ceylon Cinnamon in the EU region. The Commission has proposed certain 
amendments to our initial submission of the GI application and the Government of Sri Lanka is in 
the process of f inalizing incorporation of those amendments. Sri Lanka looks forward to having a 
positive outcome on this pending application.  
4.503.   The new EU organic regulation has a major impact on organic farmers in Sri Lanka, in 
particular the small farmers who continue to  be certified as organic group farmers. The new 
regulation poses certain obstacles on this group certification. The Government of Sri Lanka intends 
to take up its concerns with DG/AGRI sooner.  
4.504.   The new EU regulations on MRL/pesticides also create burdensom e procedures for small 
scale suppliers to the EU like Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka questions as to whether the relevant regulations 
do comply with the provisions of the SPS Agreement (i.e. Article 3.5, Article 5 and Article 10.2 of 
the SPS Agreement). These includ e, inter alia : 
• Compelling the exporters to obtain test reports from EU laboratories which is time -
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  • Detection of natural occurring substances: certain chemicals that are naturally occurred in 
tropical env ironment in export crops, such as tea, herbs and spices, have been listed as 
contaminants according to new EU regulations.  
• Requirement to analyze pesticide residues for more than 500 numbers of pesticides, import 
of most of which to Sri Lanka are even ban ned at present.  
• Certain new limits of Agrochemical residues, such as 0.001ppm level are impossible to 
adhere, while we are lacking laboratory facilities to test such sensitive and low levels of 
residue limits.  
4.505.   The Government of Sri Lanka, through its Perma nent Representation to the European 
Commission, is in the process of taking up these practical impediments with DG/AGRI and 
DG/SANTE. We expect the Commission’s continues support towards reaching a mutual agreement 
on these issues, as it has extended in th e past.  
4.506.   The EU continues to be a significant user of trade remedies, although the number of new 
anti-dumping and anti -subsidy initiations steadily declined between 2016 and 2018. We are 
somewhat concerned with the implementation of its Anti -circumvention provision s in its relevant 
regulations, particularly for lack of transparency and inconsistencies in their application.  
4.507.   In concluding, my delegation appreciates the EU’s highly valued contribution to the 
multilateral trading system and its active engagement in the  negotiations. The dynamic role played 
by Ambassador Machado and his team in Geneva in proactively engaging in ongoing activities of 
WTO, is highly commendable. We sincerely wish the EU delegation a successful deliberation on its 
14th Trade Policy Review.  
MAURITIUS  
4.508.   It is indeed a great pleasure to participate in the Trade Policy Review of the European Union 
- a key player in the multilateral trading system.  
4.509.   With 16% of global trade, the EU is the world’s largest exporter of goods and services, while 
itself being the biggest market for around 80 WTO Members.  
4.510.   We, therefore, welcome the commitment of the EU in preserving an open, rules -based 
multilateral trading system, with the WTO at its core. This has become even more important as we 
increasingly face the ch allenges of rising protectionism.  
4.511.   Mauritius also commend the EU for its active engagement in strengthening the tenets of the 
multilateral trading system as well as for its efforts in seeking solutions to the current Appellate 
Body impasse.  
4.512.   As we prepare for the 12th Ministerial Conference, Mauritius will remain engaged with the 
EU as a member of the ACP and the African Groups in seeking to conclude the negotiations on 
fisheries subsidies which are these days often qualified as a relevance test of the WTO.  
4.513.   Both aspects of the MC11 mandate, that is, our commitment to meet SDG 14.6, and the 
provision of special and differential treatment are important for Mauritius, as is the case for all other 
Small Island Developing States, given the economic and so cial significance of the fisheries sector 
and also as we plan to develop our ocean economy.  
4.514.   We also note the pro -active approach of the EU in developing rules in new areas related to 
trade such as investment facilitation, MSMEs, electronic commerce, and do mestic regulation in 
services. While actively participating in these initiatives, Mauritius continues to assess their 
implications and looks forward to working with the EU.  
4.515.   Mauritius and the EU enjoy excellent relations which have expanded and deepened ove r the 
decades. The EU is a privileged and reliable partner as it has been closely associated to the 
development and diversification of the economy of Mauritius.  
4.516.   Today, our cooperation and exchange covers a wide range of sectors and areas including 
trade, i nvestment, tourism, climate change and migration.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.517.   As Mauritius works towards achieving higher economic growth for a prosperous society, we 
are confident that we can continue to rely on the EU as we work towards an innovation -based 
economy.  
4.518.   Mauritius and th e EU are implementing an Interim Economic Partnership Agreement, which 
was notified to the WTO in 2012. The Agreement has been crucial, to safeguard access on the 
European market and has well served its purpose to enlarge the scope of market access.  
4.519.   As the  world economy is fast changing, it has become crucial to keep up to new trade rules 
to create the appropriate framework for our businesses to thrive. In this context, Mauritius welcomes 
the decision of the EU to deepen the Interim EPA with the Eastern Sou thern Africa configuration 
which will give a significant boost to our trade and investment relationship.  
4.520.   We see the EPAs, which the EU is also negotiating with several African countries and the Post 
Cotonou Agreement as instruments to consolidate the trade  and economic relations between the EU 
as a bloc and the African continent, particularly in the context of the recently launched African 
Continental Free Trade Area.  
4.521.   While expressing our commitment to further strengthening our relations and cooperation 
with the European Union, the Mauritius delegation wishes the European Union delegation a successful 
review.  
CAMBODIA  
4.522.   My delegation would like to congratulate the EU for its remarkable economic performance 
and we commence the EU for putting its strong commitme nts and supports the Multilateral Trading 
System by initiating reforms under this organization. We appreciate Geneva -based delegation led 
by Ambassador Machado for the excellent cooperation and works, particularly the works related to 
LDCs.  
4.523.   Cambodia associ ates itself with the statements made by Chad on behalf of the LDC Group. 
We would like to express our gratitude to the EU for its implementation of the previous decisions in 
favour of LDCs including DFQF, Preferential Rule of Origin, Services waiver and pr oviding 
development assistance through bilateral and multilateral channels such as the Aid for Trade 
programme.  
4.524.   In the context of regional cooperation, Cambodia associates itself with the statements made 
by Malaysia on behalf of ASEAN. Cambodia has worked  closely with the EU and other ASEAN 
Members under the framework of the ASEAN -EU Cooperation Agreement to ensure an effective 
atmosphere for trade and investment relations.  
4.525.   On bilateral cooperation, Cambodia is the EU’s 56th trading partner, accounting for  0.2% of 
the EU’s total trade, while the EU is the largest export destination for Cambodia, accounting for 
USD 6.3 billion equalled to 45% of Cambodian exports in 2018. The main products have been 
utilizing the trade preference to export to the EU markets such as prepared foodstuffs, vegetable, 
rice, bicycles, footwear and textile represented up to 97% of Cambodia’s overall exports in which 
around 2 million Cambodians, especially women, depend on the textile industry.  
4.526.   The trade preference has played an impo rtant role and helped to keep the economy growing 
at around 7% a year, and to lift one -third of the country’s population out of poverty for decades. 
Cambodia thanks the EU and all other Members for providing the trade preferences.  
4.527.   However, as also mentione d in the report of the secretariat in paragraph 2.51, the EU had 
made decision to adopt safeguard measures against Cambodia on 18 January 2019 by imposing the 
high duty rates on Cambodia’s Indica Rice with reason of export volumes and prices of like produc t 
that caused serious difficulties to the EU rice industry. I would like to take this this opportunity to 
thank Members who have supported Cambodia through the GC held on 7 May 2019, requesting the 
EU to consider about its imposition. We are so disappointe d and of the view that the imposition is 
discriminatory.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.528.   In addition, on 12 February 2020, just last week, we are deeply regretful with the unjust 
decision by the EU Commission on Temporary Partial Withdrawal of some products from the EBA 
scheme under arti cle 19 of the EU GSP regulation with reason of “serious systematic violation on 
human rights and democracy”. We have noted that the withdrawal is on the products that have been 
exporting to the EU including garment and footwear. We consider that the EU’s r eason is 
inappropriate, resulting from misperceptions and misunderstanding about the real situation in 
Cambodia.  
4.529.   Please allow me to say a few words about our real situation. Cambodia is a multi -party liberal 
democracy country. The Government has already do ne many areas in response to the people needs 
and concerns raised by the EC including the better work condition. Cambodia only used its legal 
actions in accordance with its constitution to keep peace and good environment for businesspersons, 
investors and all people. We would like to emphasize that it is a legitimate right for every sovereign 
Government to take some actions for the country’s prosperity.  
4.530.   We are of the view that the EBA withdrawal would have a great adverse consequence for the 
poor and it is  contrary to the EU policy to raise standard of living of people in LDCs for achieving the 
Sustainable Development Goals. Moreover, it is a Double Standard compares to other beneficiaries 
of the EBA, and is unfair for Cambodia as an LDC in which we should have been benefiting from the 
Trade Preferences and striving to achieve MDGs.  
4.531.   My delegation, therefore, would like to take this opportunity to urge the EU to consider about 
the negative impacts and its image from the imposition and withdrawal of the Trade  Preferences 
from Cambodia and other LDCs in the future. We hope that the EU Parliament and Council will have 
common sense and understand the status quo in Cambodia hence reject the adoption of the intention 
to withdraw the EBA in the coming months.  
4.532.   We re main our strong commitment to further strengthening the relation and cooperation 
with the EU and Geneva -based delegation in the spirit of mutual respect and interests.  
4.533.   Finally, we wish the 14th TPR of the EU a successful conclusion.  
AFGHANISTAN  
4.534.   My delegat ion commends the European Union for presenting their comprehensive trade 
policy report and the positive recent growth performance of their economy. We are impressed by 
the significant progress made in recent years regarding the reduction of unemployment an d poverty, 
the correction of macroeconomic imbalances, and the improvement of the fiscal positions of 
European Union member States. It is impressive to see that the European Union still remains the 
most important trading partner for some 80 economies.  
4.535.   Afghanistan values its historic relationship with European Union member States and we 
acknowledge the very instrumental role of the European Union amongst other friends and allies of 
Afghanistan during the past 19 years.  
4.536.   Afghanistan would like to specifically recognize and appreciate the commitment that the 
European Union and its individual member states have shown since 2001, in the areas of security, 
institutional building, reconstruction and economic development of Afghanistan. By adopting the 
European Union  Strategy for Afghanistan in 2017, our partnership remains strong and aims at 
strengthening Afghanistan’s institutions and its overall economy.  
4.537.   The European Union is currently Afghanistan’s tenth largest trading partner in terms of total 
trade volume and sixth largest export partner. As a Least Developed Country (LDC), Afghanistan 
benefits from the most favourable regime available under the European Union’s Generalized System 
of Preferences (GSP).  
4.538.   Private sector development is a priority in Euro pean Union -Afghan relations. Private sector 
development already benefits from a national priority program adopted in 2018 with the support of 
the European Union, the OECD and the ITC. To turn Afghanistan’s economy into an export -driven 
one, the European Un ion has funded a project on advancing Afghan trade, which resulted in WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  development of National Export Strategy, that aims to strengthen Afghanistan’s supply side and 
export capacities, and introduces priority trade reforms.  
4.539.   The European Union has been a str ong supporter of regional cooperation and economic 
integration as key elements of sustainable inclusive economic development, inter -connectivity and 
stability in Afghanistan.  
4.540.   In partnership with the Asian Development Bank, the European Union promotes CAREC  
(Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation) trade and transport facilitation and supports the 
Afghan Railway authority.  
4.541.   Meanwhile, I would like to thank the EU and its member states for supporting Afghanistan 
Accession to the WTO and providing us WTO -related technical assistance and capacity building.  
4.542.   We also, welcome EU support to provide technical assistance and capacity building 
programme to the developing and least developed countries to further integrate them in the global 
trade and we encourage EU to expand its efforts and assistance to support tailored technical 
assistance and capacity building demands.  
4.543.   Considering the recent challenges facing the multilateral trading system, Afghanistan, counts 
on the European Union’s role among others in preserv ing an open, rules -based multilateral trading 
system, with the WTO at its core.  
4.544.   I conclude my statement by wishing the European Union delegation a very successful and 
productive Trade Policy Review.  
TAJIKISTAN  
4.545.   Within the framework of bilateral economic rel ations and through the implementation of the 
various projects the EU actively provided technical assistance to the Government of the Republic of 
Tajikistan in the process of the country’s accession to the WTO.  
4.546.   Tajikistan’s foreign trade turnover with the EU in 2019 amounted to USD 244.1 million, a 
decrease of USD 56.9 million, or 18.9%, compared to the 2018. Export of goods to the EU from 
Tajikistan amounted to USD 55.3 million, decreasing by USD 4.9 million compared to 2018. Import 
from the EU to Tajikist an amounted to USD 188.8 million, having decreased by USD 52 million from 
2018. The share of trade with the EU in the total volume of foreign trade of the Republic of Tajikistan 
for 2019 is 5.4%. The expansion of trade cooperation with the EU is in the int erests of both sides. 
In this regard it is important to make use of available opportunities for the development of trade 
relations between Tajikistan and the EU.  
4.547.   The main feature of Tajik -EU partnership is the further expansion of trade relations, 
implemen tation of joint socio -economic projects and deepening cooperation in different areas of the 
economy. The important areas of further cooperation between Tajikistan and the EU include energy, 
particularly the construction of power lines, mini -hydropower plan ts, processing of agricultural 
products, raw cotton, information and telecommunication, transport and communication 
infrastructure, and tourism sectors.  
4.548.   The EU’s economy plays a key role in the global economy, as it is a top market for some 80 
economies in  the world. The European economy continued expanding during the period under 
review. In 2017, economic growth reached 2.6% compared to 2.0% in 2016. However, economic 
growth slowed to 2.0% during 2018, in particular, due to a less favourable external envir onment.  
4.549.   The EU is an active participant in the work of the regular WTO bodies and in several initiatives 
on investment facilitation, micro, small and medium -sized enterprises (MSMEs), e -commerce, and 
domestic regulation in services launched in December 201 7 at MC11. The EU presented its initial 
ideas on WTO reform in September 2018 and co -sponsored proposals to enhance transparency by 
improving compliance with notification requirements. During the review period, the EU submitted 
numerous notifications to th e WTO, was involved in one new case as respondent and in five new 
dispute settlement cases as complainant.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.550.   Tajikistan acknowledges the EU continued efforts to improve the business environment and 
facilitate international trade. We are confident that by it s active participation in the ongoing 
discussions of the WTO reform the EU will continue to support the development and advance the 
multilateral trading system.  
4.551.   In conclusion I wish the EU constructive and successful Trade Policy Review.  
JAMAICA  ON BEHALF  OF THE ACP GROUP  
4.552.   The EU continues to be an important player in world trade and the global economy and 
shares a longstanding and special relationship with the ACP Group. In fact, this month marks 
45 years of partnership through the Cotonou Agreement and pr evious Lomé Conventions which 
established a solid framework for the relations. We therefore welcome the fact that the EU has 
continued on a positive trajectory since its last review in 2017. We note that despite challenges over 
the review period, the EU re gistered three years of unbroken growth averaging 2% and that Growth 
is projected to continue in 2020 at 1.6%.  
4.553.   The ACP Group commends the EU for its continued active role and participation within the 
WTO. Such engagement and leadership are vital to safegua rding the future of the rules based 
multilateral trading system, as well as promoting a sustainable basis on which to engage with the 
countries of the ACP Group. The EU’s continuous support for the Group through the various trade 
instruments, including the  trade provisions of the Cotonou Partnership Agreement, Economic 
Partnership Agreements and the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) are of significant value 
to the members of our Group.  
4.554.   Even as negotiations advance regarding the post -Cotonou framework,  the ACP Group 
congratulates the EU for its continuous efforts in supporting global trade and the reforms undertaken 
in order to support its regional as well as global objectives in pursuing a sustainable future within 
the multilateral trading system. Indeed, the post -Cotonou discussion currently underway is an 
important signal of the continued relevance of the relationship between the EU and the ACP, as well 
as the strong commitment of both sides to multilateralism.  
4.555.   In addition, through the mechanism of th e Economic Partnership Agreements, the EU 
continues to strengthen its collaboration with ACP countries and regions in a mutually beneficial way, 
aimed at promoting trade and economic development through enhanced market access 
opportunities. We look forward  to working with the EU to strengthen the development dimension of 
these agreements.  
4.556.   The ACP Group also wishes to register its gratitude for the solidarity and sustained and 
invaluable technical and capacity building support received from the EU for many decades through 
its European Development Fund (EDF), which has significantly promoted the economic and 
development objectives of ACP countries.  
4.557.   The ACP Group further commends the EU’s efforts in harmonizing systems and regulations 
within the bloc which has  positive spill -over effects for third parties, such as members of the ACP 
Group, seeking to participate for example in the EU procurement market.  
4.558.   In a constructive spirit, the ACP Group wishes to refer to the adoption of specific standards 
by the EU on th e Maximum Residual Limits (MRLs) for certain substances cited in the WTO Secretariat 
report, including for bananas. The EUS implementation of these measures will disproportionately 
affect farmers in developing countries and LDCs, and the livelihood of mill ions of ACP families whose 
income and sustenance depends on agriculture. This, in turn, will also affect Members’ ability to 
achieve goals related to food security and sustainable development.  
4.559.   Therefore, we ask the EU to re -evaluate its hazard -based approa ch to the approval and 
renewal of plant protection product authorizations; to confirm that import tolerances will continue 
to be established on the basis of internationally accepted approaches for risk assessment; and to 
cease to implement those measures t hat unnecessarily and inappropriately restrict international 
trade. The ACP Group welcomes a fruitful discussion with the EU on the harmonization of these MRLs 
with the norms recommended by the WTO.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.560.   While we recognize the rights of all WTO Members to adopt  regulations to protect their 
market, we remain concerned with implementation of SPS measures that are more trade restrictive, 
including on citrus. We are concerned that these measures are disproportionate to any phytosanitary 
risk. We call on the EU to co nsider the implications of these measures on developing and least 
developed countries that have limited capacity to comply with these standards.  
4.561.   In recognizing the contribution of the EU to global trade and investments, we congratulate 
the EU for remaining  the number one trading block, for continuing to boast significant levels of 
foreign direct investments (FDI) both in terms of inflows and outflows, for its longstanding support 
in terms of market access and development resources.  
JAMAICA  
4.562.   Jamaica attaches great value to the longstanding relationship which it shares with the EU, 
both at the bilateral and multilateral levels. The EU continues to be one of Jamaica’s closest bilateral 
partners and its second most important trading partner. Trade relati ons between Jamaica and the 
EU are governed by the CARIFORUM -EU Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) which is scheduled 
to undergo its second Five Year Review later this year.  
4.563.   In 2018, Jamaica’s total imports from the EU was valued at approximately USD 556  million, 
with exports amounting to USD 301 million for the same period. Jamaica’s main markets within the 
EU are the Netherlands, France, Germany, Spain, Belgium and the UK. The main products exported 
to the EU are aluminium oxide and agricultural product s. 
4.564.   With services accounting for approximately 79% of Jamaica’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 
work has been ongoing to expand services exports to the EU, particularly the temporary movement 
of natural persons, including entertainers, as well as to address i ssues relating to domestic 
regulations, including qualification requirements and procedures; technical standards and licensing 
requirements.  
4.565.   In addition, there are ongoing efforts to strengthen the mechanisms for information 
exchange with the EU concerning  the regulatory regimes for services trade.  
4.566.   Importantly, the EU remains the largest provider of grant and development assistance to 
Jamaica, including through project funding provided under the EDF. The provision of this vital 
development support by the EU, including through technical and financial assistance, in alignment 
with the National Development Plan - Vision 2030 Jamaica - has been critical . in bolstering Jamaica’s 
ongoing efforts to address supply side constraints; improve productive capacity and s trengthen its 
quality infrastructure. Some of the current areas of priority include support to: Improved forestry 
management, public financial management reform; the health sector and our poverty reduction 
programme.  
4.567.   In addition to the foregoing, Jamaica i s also a beneficiary of EU support in collaboration with 
other partners provided under the Caribbean Investment Fund for an Energy Management and 
Efficiency Programme and a Multi -Border Security Programme which is funded under the Caribbean 
Regional Projec t. 
4.568.   Given the imminent expiry of the Cotonou Agreement, Jamaica has been continuing its active 
engagement with the EU within the context of the post -Cotonou negotiations with the hope that the 
successor Agreement will serve to further deepen the existing pa rtnership and also include 
predictable and programmed resources for development.  
4.569.   In closing, Jamaica and by extension, the ACP Group, wish to congratulate the EU for the 
strides made since its last review and its continuous efforts to strengthen its partic ipation as a 
dynamic actor in the multilateral trading system in furtherance of its development objectives, as 
well as that of other countries. We wish the EU every success in this review.  
  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  PAKISTAN  
4.570.   We would like to commend the EU on its various policies and initiatives during the review 
period in the context of improving global trade and encouraging support for multilateral engagement. 
The EU remains an important global player and we keep faith in the EU’s responsible leadership in 
support of multilateral ism and upholding the rules -based system.  
4.571.   We are certain that strong adherence to the fundamental pillars of our trading system will 
show the ways to others in keeping the system intact.  
4.572.   We take note of the EU’s continued commitment to protecting the envi ronment, labor 
standards and generally promoting universal social values and good governance.  
4.573.   As a beneficiary of EU’s special incentives under the GSP+, Pakistan is fully committed to 
reforms in these areas through the implementation of the various intern ational conventions.  
4.574.   We have not only found the EU’s direct assistance in implementing the various conventions 
extremely useful, but the benefits of the trade incentives have also contributed to sustainable 
development efforts in the country.  
4.575.   The EU is now  Pakistan’s largest trading partner with bilateral trade between Pakistan and 
the EU recorded at almost 13 billion euros in 2018. Pakistan exported textiles and garments, as well 
as leather, rice and sports and surgical equipment, and imported machinery, i ron and steel, 
chemicals, plastic and pharmaceutical products. Exports from Pakistan have witnessed an increase 
in the GSP+, with women working in the government industry as the largest beneficiaries of the 
Scheme.  
4.576.   Apart from bilateral trade, Pakistan and the EU share excellent cooperation in areas of 
economic and social sector development. Pakistan greatly values the technical assistance received 
under various projects and the FDI inflows from individual EU countries in recent years.  
4.577.   The EU is a crucial tr ading partner for many developing countries. Like many other countries, 
we continue to watch carefully the developments in the EU on agriculture policies, particularly tariffs, 
and tariff rate quotas, and technical standards, particularly the sanitary and phytosanitary measures. 
We remain hopeful that these policies will be in accordance with the letter and spirit of WTO laws, 
and non -trade restrictive, especially for developing countries, allowing them to trade openly with 
the EU.  
4.578.   Pakistan also wishes to c ommend the active role of the EU to resolve the crisis faced by this 
Organization. Pakistan supports these efforts, especially in maintaining the two -tiered dispute 
settlement mechanism. Pakistan’s dispute with the EU in DS486 exemplifies the even -handedne ss 
of the system, where developing countries can bring matters to a dispute while maintaining an 
overall spirit of cooperation. It is for this reason that Pakistan continues to collaborate with the EU 
under the able leadership of Ambassador João Machado on  a range of WTO issues, and shares the 
aim of strengthening the multilateral system for the fulfilment of sustainable development goals.  
4.579.   We are confident that the EU will stand committed to the cause of development, particularly 
in developing countries, no t only through EU’s own trade and economic policies, but while 
contemplating the future of the multilateral system in the years to come.  
4.580.   We wish the EU a very successful and fruitful TPR.  
EGYPT  
4.581.   Egypt welcomes this opportunity to take part in the 14th Trade Policy Review of the European 
Union, which is our major trading partner. Indeed, Egypt and the EU share historical ties, with trade 
being a central component of this multi -faceted relationship.  
4.582.   Bilateral trade accounted for almost 30% of Egypt’s tra de volume in 2017, with a steady 
growth of trade flows. During the first half of 2019, the volume of trade between Egypt and the WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  European Union witnessed a 13 increase, compared to the corresponding period of 2018, attributed 
to the increase in Egyptian an d European exports by 8.6% and 15%, respectively.  
4.583.   Moreover, the EU is a major investor in Egypt. European investments exceeded 
USD 15 billion in 2018, through the activities of more than 6,300 companies, mainly concentrated 
in industry, services, and touri sm sectors, providing more than 192,000 job opportunities.  
4.584.   Nonetheless, Egypt believes that there are prospects for further enhancing bilateral trade 
relations with the EU. In this context, Egypt notes with concern the long delay in granting access to 
Egyptian gelatine exports into the European markets despite the preliminary approval of the 
Egyptian technical file by the European Commission since 2014.  
4.585.   Furthermore, Egypt has expressed in previous occasions the impact on exports of steel 
products for developing countries due to the EU definitive safeguard measures under the form of a 
tariff rate quota. In our view, the granted quota does not fully reflect the growth potential of Egyptian 
exports in this sector.  
4.586.   Additionally, we would like to highlight the concerns expressed by Egyptian exporters 
regarding the short transitional period provided for by the draft Commission regulation amending 
regulation number 396 for the year 2005 on the MRL for chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos -methyl, which 
is proposed to enter into force in October 2020.  
4.587.   Egypt remains ready to further engage with the EU on these issues, and would like to take 
this opportunity to thank the EU for the constructive bilateral consultations we have had on the post -
Brexit apportionment of TRQs i n the framework of Article XXVIII negotiations.  
4.588.   The unprecedented challenges facing the multilateral trading system and the slowdown of 
trade growth rates in recent years require the collaboration of all Members to restore faith in the 
WTO and ensure that development remains an integral component of all negotiating outcomes.  
4.589.   We acknowledge the EU’s leading role in strengthening the multilateral trading system, its 
active engagement in all negotiations, as well as its dynamic role in discussions reforming th e WTO 
to be more responsive to today’s global challenges. In our view, such reforms should preserve 
development at its core, and consider the flexibilities, capacity -building and technical cooperation 
needs by developing countries.  
4.590.   We applaud the EU’s stab le economic performance during the challenging review period and 
the significant progress it achieved in recent years to reduce unemployment and poverty in line with 
the Europe 2020 Strategy.  
4.591.   We also commend the EU’s efforts to streamline and improve proce dures in ports and 
maritime transport through the establishment of the European Maritime Single Customs Window.  
4.592.   Finally, Egypt would like to wish the EU delegation a fruitful Trade Policy Review.  
BARBADOS  
4.593.   Over the review period, the European Union has enjo yed strong growth. During this period, 
the 28 -country trading block advanced from a state of recovery, to a state of sustained growth, 
averaging in excess of 2% of GDP annually. In 2017 and 2018, the European Union and its member 
States accounted for 16.7%  of global trade in goods and services and was the world’s largest market 
for inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI). The importance of the European Union as a 
major player in the global trading system and global economy continues to be unmatch ed when one 
considers that the trading block is the most important trading partner for 80 economies globally.  
4.594.   Despites these impressive accolades, inhibited global trade growth, rising protectionism and 
geo-political tensions have been listed among the sho rt-term challenges to sustained economic 
growth in the European Union.  
4.595.   Barbados take note of the importance that the European Union places on its climate and 
energy policy framework, particularly its aims to be the attain the targets of the Paris Agreement  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  and to become climate neutral by 2050. The nexus between trade and climate change, and trade 
and natural disasters is one which is in keeping with the changing times since the establishment of 
the WTO and in light of the fundamental impact that these issu es have on current and future trade 
in Barbados and other small island developing states in the WTO, is deserving of in depth discussion 
and policy response. The issue of the impact of trade and natural disasters within the context of the 
Dedicated Session  on Small Economies of the Committee on Trade in Development is one in which 
we should all be in a position to coalesce around.  
4.596.   Barbados maintains excellent trade and political relations with the European Union. The 
European Union and the Caribbean Forum ( CARIFORUM) Region, have endured more than fony years 
of partnership and cooperation. The comprehensive reciprocal trade and development agreement in 
the form of the CARIFORUM -EC Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) signed in 2008 is but one of 
aspect of th is relationship.  
4.597.   The current programme of targeted assistance spans the areas of economic cooperation and 
integration; climate change, disaster management and sustainable energy; and crime and security. 
These remain of crucial importance to our island nati ons as these sectors are reflective of, and 
specific to, a region which is characterised by challenges related to small size and high economic 
and environmental vulnerability. We thank the European Union for their valued partnership and look 
forward to our  continued collaboration on these and other issues of interest to our countries.  
4.598.   The European Union has reaffirmed its unwavering commitment to the multilateral trading 
system (MTS) and to the WTO. This is evidenced by the European Union’s active participa tion in the 
fisheries subsidies negotiations and in the work of the regular bodies in the WTO. It would be remiss 
of us if we did not seize this opportunity to commend H. E. Mr. Joäo Aguiar Machado, Ambassador 
and Head of the European Union Permanent Missi on to the WTO and his Geneva based team for their 
participation at the multilateral level.  
4.599.   We agree with the European Union that if we are to protect the multilateral trading system 
from its eminent demise, we must consider WTO reform. Such reform should n ot only be open and 
rules-based, but should also be transparent, inclusive, and allow for the inclusion issues of interest 
to, and participation of all WTO Members. It could therefore be useful for us to develop solutions 
which will allow for the necessary  policy space within WTO rules to effectively rebuild our economies 
in the event of natural disasters and the paralyzing impact of climate change, including for small 
island States (SIDS).  
4.600.   In closing, Barbados wishes the European Union a successful conclus ion to its fourteenth 
Trade Policy Review.  
NORTH  MACEDONIA  
4.601.   North Macedonia notes the EU’s exploratory work to participate in the launch of the 
plurilateral WTO negotiations under the joint statement initiative on e -commerce with the aim to 
enhancing global  e-commerce and facilitating business operations, notably for small and medium 
sized enterprises.  
4.602.   We also note the active role the EU is taking in the preparation of the Joint Initiatives on 
services, domestic regulation, MSMEs, as well as in advancing the  work on the investment facilitation 
for development ahead of the Ministerial Conference this year.  
4.603.   Trade relations between the EU a nd North Macedonia rely on the S tabilization and Association 
Agreement (SAA) being applied for 16 years already. EU remains the main trade partner of North 
Macedonia for more than a decade, covering around 70% of the country’s overall trade volume.  
4.604.   In terms of the origin of exchanged trade in goods, the European Union remains by far the 
largest investor in the country, with the share of 76.7% in 2017.  
4.605.   In the light of the significant progress achieved in advancing the reforms in the EU, we note 
that the EU unemployment rate has decreased from 8.6% in 2016 to 6.8% in 2018, its lowest level 
since 2000.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.606.   Other important EU in itiatives that should be recognized are the latest development of a 
regulation of the mutual recognition of goods, the markets union which will contribute to achieving 
the sustainable development goals, new measures for fair taxation, new strategy for circ ular 
economy, and new developments in bilateral negotiating agenda of concluding FTAs with countries 
from the region of southeast Asia, eastern and southern Africa, Latin America, Pacific region, etc. All 
of these FTAs should one day become part of North M acedonia’s trade policy at the time of our 
accession to the EU.  
4.607.   In that respect, North Macedonia is looking forward to further continue the cooperation with 
the EU, both in the framework of the existing S AA, which has a significant potential, and also at t he 
WTO, which provides greater certainty in trade relations and contributes to trade liberalization, 
global economic growth and job creation.  
4.608.   In conclusion, we wish the delegation of the EU all the best and the outmost success during 
its TPR.  
CHAD  ON BEHAL F OF LDCS 
4.609.   We welcome the European Union's adoption of the Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP), 
which abolishes duties on products coming into the EU market from vulnerable developing countries. 
Under the general GSP arrangement, the EU grants partial or full tariff reductions on around 66% of 
tariff lines. The Everything But Arms (EBA) scheme, also a part of the European  Union's GSP, gives 
least developed countries (LDCs) duty -free and quota -free access to the EU market for all products 
except arms and ammunition.  
4.610.   In 2018, the share of EU imports coming from LDCs stood at 2.26%, more than double 
LDCs'  overall share of global exports. This clearly demonstrates the importance of the partnership 
between the European Union and LDCs, the latter wishi ng to further develop their trade relations.  
4.611.   We also share the view that preserving a stable and predictable international trading 
environment based on clear and enforceable rules is of the utmost importance. Trade should be 
open, fair and sustainable, but  should also take into account the difficulties facing developing 
countries and, in particular, least developed countries.  
4.612.   On the issue of trade and the environment, we welcome the implementation of the 
European  Union's environment action programmes, as we ll as its action to combat climate change. 
LDCs are made more vulnerable by climate change, given the significant constraints that seriously 
jeopardize their development with millions of climate refugees. Therefore, we consider this aspect 
to be significan t and believe that support from the European Union for micro, small and 
medium -sized enterprises in LDCs in the transition towards a green and environmentally friendly 
economy is also important.  
4.613.   We welcome the implementation of the REX system, which seeks to facilitate trade for 
exporters from LDCs and would help us to increase our participation in international trade. However, 
we would like to ask the European Union for its assessment of the REX system: Has the system 
yielded results and what conclusions h as the EU reached so far?  
4.614.   The LDC group also considers that basic principles must be upheld in all progress made on 
WTO reform. We have held long discussions with our colleagues from the European Union; any 
reform of the WTO must fully take into considerat ion the magnitude of the constraints on 
LDCs'  capacities, in order to determine the level of obligations and implementation requirements 
expected of our countries.  
4.615.   The second element that we consider to be important is ensuring that the negotiating and 
decision-making process remains inclusive and consensus -based at all times.  
4.616.   To conclude, the LDC group hails the European Union's considerable efforts to significantly 
boost trade and the multilateral trading system. Our group encourages the European Union to  
continue its efforts and wishes it every success in this Trade Policy Review.  
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  JORDAN  
4.617.   The reports provide valuable information for the p eriod under review and reveal positive 
indicators in many aspects; also the report highlighted the solid EU trade policy towards global trade 
openness and economic growth, which is translated in the active and continuous engagement of the 
EU in the trade negotiations.  
4.618.   Jordan and the EU signed an Association Agreement which entered into force in 2002, also 
Jordan attac hes great importance to its relations with the EU and always keen to further expand our 
bilateral economic ties.  
4.619.   Finally, Jordan congratulates the EU and the business society for their efforts and valuable 
contribution in the world trade hand in hand with other trading partners.  
4.620.   We would like to wish you more prosperity and a fruitful and successful Trade Policy Review.  
BENIN 
4.621.   The delegation of Benin commends the strong economic and trade performance of 
the European Union and its member States during the rev iew period. This performance reflects 
initiatives that seek to address long -term challenges in order to support stronger and more inclusive 
growth by improving productivity within the Union.  
4.622.   To illustrate this, we wish to highlight the following results:  
• GDP growth of 2% in 2018;  
• extra-European trade in goods and services as a share of GDP estimated at 35% in 2018;  
• a balanced and innovative trade policy characterized by the diversification of products and 
services and the improvement of competitiveness thro ugh research, innovation and cost 
reduction, and optimization;  
• sectoral reforms in a number of areas, including the digital economy, capital and 
investment.  
4.623.   The delegation of Benin greatly appreciates the very important role played by the 
European  Union in its international cooperation and in multilateral trade negotiations. As the main 
trading partner of approximately 80 countries, the European Union promotes a negotiating and 
cooperation approach based on consultations, the importance of consensus, and dialogue, so as to 
take into account the priorities, concerns and constraints identified by certain WTO Members.  
4.624.   This is the case for African countries, least developed countries, and African, Caribbean and 
Pacific countries regarding several matters, such as domestic support for agriculture and cotton, 
fisheries subsidies, domestic regulation in trade in services, intellectual property, sustainability 
issues linked to climate change, reform of the WTO Appellate Body, and the harnessing of digital 
sector potential and dealing with difficulties and constraints identified in this area.  
4.625.   It is worth nothing that, in the area of climate and energy, the European Union has 
introduced an energy efficiency policy for the period up to 20 30, which aims for at least a 30% share 
for renewable energy in its energy production by 2030. It hopes that this spirit of research, balance 
and consensus will continue so that the Twelfth  WTO Ministerial Conference in June yields concrete 
and satisfactor y results.  
4.626.   The delegation of Benin thanks the European Union for the work it has carried out to help 
African countries, ACP countries, LDCs, the C4 and other developing countries bolster their 
productive and export capacities. Examples include the economic  empowerment of women through 
the Aid for Trade initiative and the Enhanced Integrated Framework programme.  
4.627.   The delegation of Benin thanks the WTO Secretariat and the European Union for the very 
informative reports produced as part of the current Trade Pol icy Review. We wish the European  Union 
all the best, as well as a successful Trade Policy Review.  
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  KYRGYZ  REPUBLIC  
4.628.   The bilateral relations between the EU and the Kyrgyz Republic started from concluding the 
Agreement on P artnership and Cooperation between the European Union and the Kyrgyz Republic in 
1995 that came into force on 1 July 1999. This Agreement laid the background of main areas of 
cooperation in economic, trade, investment, political, commercial, financial, legal and cultural 
spheres. Since this  moment the sides gain the benefits on the cooperation, particularly in sphere of 
economic cooperation and trade.  
4.629.   Among the latest steps of the sides to expand the cooperation is the 16th meeting of The 
Subcommittee on trade and investment, held on 28 Febr uary 2018, focused on bilateral trade 
relations, the business climate and economic cooperation in the region. Special attention was paid 
to the EU -provided General scheme of preferences (GSP+), under which Kyrgyz entrepreneurs can 
export more than 6000 ite ms of goods to the EU market without paying tariff duties. This list mainly 
consists of agricultural goods such as dried fruits and vegetables; cans; juices; nuts, beans, tobacco, 
felt production; textile; leather goods and others.  
4.630.   The intention of the EU to move towards barrier -free trade system along with granting the 
status of the GSP+ to the Kyrgyz Republic opened unique opportunities for domestic producers of 
the Kyrgyz Republic to export products from the Kyrgyz Republic to EU market in compliance wit h 
sanitary, phytosanitary and technical requirements of the EU.  
4.631.   The granting of GSP+ status by the EU to Kyrgyzstan had positive effects on our country’s 
efforts to expand export destinations of the Kyrgyz goods to the markets of country -members of the 
EU. The export volume of the Kyrgyz Republic within the GSP+ status increased from USD 50 million 
as of 2017 till USD 100 million as of beginning of 2019.  
4.632.   This is a unique opportunity is not only for Kyrgyz exporters but also seems very attractive 
for invest ing into Kyrgyzstan’s market for further launching of export -oriented enterprises.  
4.633.   For 2018, the EU had a share of 14.9% in trade turnover of the Kyrgyz Republic as of 2018, 
i.e. exports – 41.7%, imports – 5.6%.  
4.634.   In 2018 the volume of foreign trade with EU members compared to 2016 increased for 
3 times from USD 318 million to USD 1 billion. This has occurred due to the increase in exports by 
300% (from USD 246 million to USD 756 million), and import of goods increa sed by 25% (from 
USD 297 million to USD 309 million).  
4.635.   As of 2019 the EU had a share of 17.2% in trade turnover of the Kyrgyz Republic, i.e. exports 
– 47.2%, imports – 5.6%.  
4.636.   For 2019, the trade turnover of the Kyrgyz Republic with EU countries comprised U SD 
1193,9  million (an increase by 11.8%), including export – USD 884,9 million (an increase by 16.6%), 
imports –USD 309,1 million (a decrease by 0.01%).  
4.637.   Currently, the largest trading partners of the Kyrgyz Republic among the EU members are: 
Germany, Belgi um, Poland, France, Italy, Netherlands, Lithuania and others. And we separately 
notice a Great Britain as one of the former largest traders.  
4.638.   Kyrgyzstan’s export for abovementioned period to EU mainly comprised of precious metals, 
agriculture (raw cotton, t obacco, vegetables, beans, mushrooms, and fruits, gold, transport vehicles 
and parts thereof, engines, facilities, equipment, ferrous and non -ferrous scraps).  
4.639.   EU members import to Kyrgyzstan machinery (industrial equipment, mechanical devices, 
electrical m achinery, and components), transport vehicles and their parts, optical appliances and 
tools, pharmaceuticals, various food products, mineral oils (lubricants), paper, carton and their 
products.  
4.640.   In terms of services, it is worth to note that tourism seems v ery attractive to strengthen the 
potential of trade relations in services sector.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  4.641.   The Kyrgyz Republic is optimistic on further fruitful economic cooperation and maintaining 
stable trade relations with European Union.  
4.642.   The Kyrgyz Republic wishes a successfu l Trade Policy Review to the European Union.  
SAINT  LUCIA  ON BEHALF  OF THE WTO  MEMBER  STATES  OF THE OECS  
4.643.   We note that the during the period under review, the European Union has had to grapple 
with high levels of economic uncertainty, in part occasioned by c hanges to the membership of the 
European Union. This notwithstanding, we commend the EU for having navigated this period of 
uncertainty while maintaining positive growth momentum albeit at a more moderate rate.  
4.644.   Also commendable is its attainment of record high rates of employment which saw 
unemployment levels fall to as low as 6.2%. These performance indicators highlight the resilience 
of the EU market.  
4.645.   The EU continues to be a vital trading partner for the economies of the OECS member States, 
and therefore  the economic well -being of all member States is inextricably linked to the economic 
fortunes of the European Union. Indeed, both in relation to trade and development cooperation, the 
EU remains a stalwart partner to the OECS, particularly as reflected in its EDF contributions.  
4.646.   The EU continues to demonstrate its belief in and support for the WTO and the multilateral 
trading system. Noteworthy in the Secretariat report is the EU’s adherence to the spirit of the Bali 
Ministerial Decision on export subsidies.   
4.647.   The EU has also undertaken some additional reductions in its tariff levels, albeit in the context 
of preferential free trade agreements.  
4.648.   The OECS economies are amongst the most vulnerable to climate change and, in that 
context, we are heartened that the EU places climate action and environmental sustainability at the 
core of its trade policy.  
4.649.   Most specifically, we note its recent adoption of the New Comprehensive Legislation 
Framework for energy and climate change policies, as well as its policy direc tive which speaks to the 
prohibition of imports of single -use plastics and the banning of exports of certain plastic waste to 
non-EU countries by 2021.  
4.650.   In this regard, we also urge similar leadership from the EU in the fisheries subsidies 
negotiations.  
4.651.   In closing, the OECS member States thank the European Union for participating in this 
important transparency exercise. Allow me to take this opportunity, once more, to wish the EU a 
successful conclusion to its 2020 Trade Policy Review.  
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  5  REPLIES BY THE REPRE SENTATIVE OF THE EUR OPEAN UNION AND ADDI TIONAL 
COMMENTS  
5.1.  Let me thank all the 62 Members for their active participation and great interest taken in this 
14th Trade Policy Review of the European Union.  
5.2.  I also thank Ambassador Alexandre Guido Lopes Parola of Brazil for his insightful remarks as 
the Discussant for  this review, as well as our Chair, Ambassador Manuel A.J. Teehankee of the 
Philippines for his efficient management of the long meeting we had on the first day, as well as for 
the concluding remarks he is about to deliver today at the end of this meeting.   
5.3.  The Members’ interest expressed in the 62 statements on Tuesday and today covered not only 
our trade policy in the narrow sense of the word, but a vast array of economic policies and measures 
of the European Union that are relevant to our trade partners.  This kind of heightened interest is 
understandable and taken seriously, given our role as the main trading partner to most of the 
Members here.   
5.4.  We heard numerous expressions of appreciation to the existing Free Trade Agreements or 
Economic Partnership A greements with the European Union and their benefits to the economies of 
our partners, as well as positive references to the EU’s economic growth. Also, we took note of the 
positive remarks with regard to the EU’s SMEs policy, sustainable development and e nvironmental 
policy objectives and measures, initiatives on women’s participation in the international trade, our 
Aid for Trade strategy, the EU’s active role in the Joint Statement Initiatives and fisheries subsidies 
negotiations, as well as our GSP+ poli cy and Everything But Arms initiative. Furthermore, we were 
glad to hear the acknowledgement from most of you in this room of the continued commitment of 
the EU to open markets, despite of the current global challenges. Many of you expressed hope for 
the EU leadership in a run -up to a successful outcome at MC12, to which we remain firmly dedicated. 
But we cannot achieve this alone.  
5.5.  It was very reassuring to hear from the Discussant, as well as numerous Members the wide 
recognition of EU’s commitment to the multilateral trading system and to this Organization. We were 
heartened to hear so many of you supporting the EU in its effort to lead the reform of the WTO. The 
EU can confirm that we will be at the forefront of the defence of the rules -based multilateral  trading 
system, including by continuing to table concrete proposals to revive the Organization across all its 
three functions: negotiating, monitoring and dispute settlement.   
5.6.  Let me take a moment to talk about this Organization, the crisis it finds itse lf in and the 
incredible value it offers to its Members and how they conduct their trading relationships.  
5.7.  The European Union is both the second biggest exporter and the second biggest importer in 
the world. Our trade relations are not a simple calculation of how many goods we import versus how 
many goods we export. Looking at this metric in isolation does not reflect the fundamental 
accounting identity in economics: savings minus consumption and investments equals exports minus 
imports. One needs to look at  consumer behaviour and government spending. One needs to look at 
the various ways our operators now choose to conduct their business in order to maximise their 
potential - by investing abroad, by locating production facilities worldwide, by sourcing input s from 
all over the globe. So one needs to look beyond a crude metric of imports versus exports of goods. 
One also needs to look at activities resulting from sales by entities established in each other’s 
markets. One has to look at services. The same Membe r who laments a goods deficit of $178bn 
should also recall a trade surplus of $55bn in services. One has to look at «related party trade», 
where affiliates import from or export to their headquarters, where the affiliates of that Member in 
the EU sell $400 bn in goods and services more than EU affiliates sales in that Member.  
5.8.  The way trade is conducted today, through global value chains, through entities with world -
wide operations, has allowed for great gains in growth. And what has been necessary for it to thrive 
has been openness and legal certainty, the fundamentals that the WTO provides. These 
fundamentals are now in peril, because the rules have not kept up with the pace of change in how 
trade is conducted. We see increasing recourse to unilateralism, to  managed trade, to protectionism. 
We see a tilting of the playing field, through a slew of market - distorting policies and practices that 
prevent our operators from competing on fair terms.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  5.9.  The only way to restore the fundamentals – non-discrimination, tra nsparency, openness, legal 
certainty - is to reform this Organization, to revitalise its negotiations, restore its enforcement 
capabilities and ensure a robust peer review.  
5.10.   Let me now turn to the specific areas of interest and concern raised by Members on  the first 
day and today. I also invite Members to carefully review our written replies for further details and 
the replies to outstanding questions which were received after the deadline and which we will provide 
replies during the next month.   
5.11.   A lot of Members commented on the EU’s SPS measures and agricultural policies which seem 
to be the areas of biggest interest and concern. The European Union is the second biggest importer 
of agricultural products in the world and our import of these commodities con tinues to grow. Our 
legislative regime is transparent, predictable, based on international standards and the best available 
science. All the EU SPS measures are notified according to our international obligations. Every 
comment received is systematically r eviewed and discussed with the EU member States within the 
framework of our regulatory process. The European Union always provides a reply to all the 
comments received and explains in detail the planned measures and the rationale behind it.  
5.12.   The EU fully su pports the activities of the relevant international standard setting bodies and 
works with them to help reach a comprehensive set of standards at international level.  
5.13.   EU measures on MRLs are regularly and systematically aligned with Codex MRLs, provided 
that they ensure the appropriate level of protection chosen by the European Union. For example, 
the alignment level of the EU to the Codex MRLs was more than 70% in the last 7 years. According 
to the information available to us, this is one of the highest l evels of alignment anywhere.  
5.14.   Our MRLs are systematically reviewed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the 
outcomes of these risk assessments as well as a calendar of upcoming meetings is publicly available 
on their website. In accordance with article 3.3 of the SPS Agreement, the European Union can 
deviate from international standards if a health concern is raised by the risk assessment body. The 
transition periods provided are in line with the SPS Agreement which stipulates 6 months. In practi ce, 
recent concrete cases show that at least two years elapse between our first notification and the 
application of the measure.  
5.15.   All the legislation is applicable equally to domestic and imported products but where there is 
no risk to health, we provide fo r the granting of import tolerances for substances, which are not 
authorised for use in the EU.  
5.16.   We also listen. We are aware of the problems that some measures may pose for operators in 
developing countries and we are proactively working to help address th eir concerns. As many 
speakers noted, the European Union provides financial and technical assistance to support them. 
During 2017 -2018, the EU provided SPS -related technical assistance for more than 80 countries, 
groups of countries, regional organisations , and international organisations within the framework of 
over 500 projects.  
5.17.   Over the review period, the Common Agricultural Policy continued on the path of further 
market orientation and away from trade -distorting support measures, with the abolition of s ugar 
quotas in 2017 being a prime example. This is in stark contrast to other major Members whose 
trade -distorting support levels in both absolute and relative terms are far in excess of those of the 
European Union and are growing. The EU not only respects  its WTO commitments in full, but is 
indeed the leader among the Membership in having reformed its policy towards non -trade distorting 
Green Box measures which now constitute the vast bulk of the Common Agricultural Policy.  
5.18.   In the post -2020 Common Agricul tural Policy review proposal, the total maximum percentage 
of coupled support would be further reduced compared to the 2015 -2020 period. In general, 
decoupling has been a key element of CAP reforms over the last few decades. The EU has gradually 
worked tow ards the present very high share (approximately 90%) of decoupled aid within all direct 
payments.  
5.19.   Concerning the need to ensure transparency in Domestic Support notifications, the EU is one 
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  hopes to submit the 2017/18 notification soon. The deadline laid down  in the 25 -year-old document 
G/AG/2 is clearly unrealistic as no member is able to respect it.  
5.20.   Concerning market access, the European Union is an open market to agri -food trade. The EU 
is indeed consistently one of the two biggest importers of agri -food p roducts in the world, worth 
USD138 billion in 2018.  
5.21.   The EU import regime for agricultural products is fully transparent and predictable, as agreed 
in the Uruguay Round and set out in our WTO schedule. During the review period, the apparent 
small increase in the EU’s non -ad valorem tariffs is not due to any changes in the schedule or applied 
tariffs but is in fact due to a change in the nomenclature form HS2012 to HS2017. The change 
affected specific duties, which are, by the way, just as transparent as ad -valorem tariffs. Naturally, 
like most Members, the EU does not intent to make unilateral market access concessions and in 
general its applied tariff is the same as its bound tariff.  
5.22.   The EU seeks the TRQ management method that is most appropriate to ensure  smooth trade 
flows and the lowest administrative burden. Most of the EU’s TRQs are managed on a first -come -
first-serve basis. Even so, the EU does not consider that the management system causes low fill 
rates for any of its TRQs. Fill rates are determined  by prevailing economic conditions. The 
apportionment of TRQs in the light of the United Kingdom leaving the EU is based on the respective 
import shares of the EU27 and the UK in a given TRQ during a recent representative period. The 
overall level of marke t access available to other WTO Members will thus be maintained. The EU has 
engaged with WTO Members in Geneva and will continue to do so in accordance with the relevant 
WTO rules.  
5.23.   Addressing some specific issues raised by the Members, the EU notes concern s expressed by 
some Members about the potential impact of the EU’s new organic farming regulation. To ensure a 
smooth change -over from the current system, the regulation provides for a transitional period until 
end-2025 during which the EU will negotiate b ilateral agreements on the recognition of organic 
production systems in other countries.  
5.24.   Finally, the EU endorses statements on the importance of the protection of geographical 
indications in international trade. Within the EU, GIs are protected under EU l egislation and under 
bilateral agreements in accordance with the TRIPS Agreement.  
5.25.   EU imports of fruit and vegetables continue to grow. This is to the benefit of EU consumers 
but also to the benefit of farming communities in exporting countries, including t hose partners that 
expressed concerns about the EU policy on Tuesday. Just a few examples. Since 2008, EU imports 
of fruit from Brazil have increased by 23%, from Costa Rica by 40%, from the Dominican Republic 
by 93%, from Jamaica by 54%, from Peru they ha ve increased 500% and from the USA by 87%.  
5.26.   We heard some strong words as regards the EU’s allegedly discriminatory “TBT policies”. Let 
me address these concerns.  
5.27.   The EU policies in the area of medical devices, chemicals or high tech products are not “TBT 
policies”. These regulations pursue legitimate policy objectives, such as the protection of human 
health or safety and the environment.  
5.28.   The European Union adopts technical regulations in full respect of WTO principles: they are 
not more trade -restrictive than necessary to fulfil their public policy goals. At the same time, the EU 
takes into account the risks that non -fulfilment would create. In assessing such risks, the EU 
considers the available scientific evidence and technical information, or intended e nd-uses of 
products.  
5.29.   The EU is proud of its internal market system that delivers high levels of protection for our 
citizens while creating an efficient and predictable regulatory environment for economic operators 
that fosters international trade.  
5.30.   The EU internal market system is open and flexible. Unlike in the case of many WTO Members, 
European harmonized standards are voluntary, leaving manufacturers the choice to prove 
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  5.31.   In the area of certification, let me underline that the EU approach is based on a genuine 
appraisal of risks and relies extensively on self -certification by manufacturers for low and medium 
risk products, resulting in one of the most open systems in the wo rld and reducing overall compliance 
costs and time -to-market. Mandatory certification is generally reserved only for high -risk products, 
in line with the objective of providing high -level of protection to our citizens.  
5.32.   Regarding fisheries subsidies, some Members commented on the ongoing legislative process 
within the EU in a situation where technical discussions among the EU’s institutions, namely the 
European Commission, the Council and the European Parliament regarding the European Maritime 
and Fisheries  Fund have not even started yet.  
5.33.   At any rate, it is clear that the next European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (MFF) will be fully 
in line with the EU’s commitment to implement SDG 14. The EU is proud that a vast majority of 
fisheries subsidies provided in t he EU are positive subsidies that actually improve the sustainability 
of stocks, such as subsidies to develop and implement science -based conservation measures 
(notably through the collection of scientific data) and to improve control and enforcement (e.g.  
through better IT systems, electronic reporting systems). And fostering investment to ensure that 
fish stocks and marine ecosystems are sustainably and effectively managed and will remain the core 
of the EU’s future funding under any circumstances. Moreov er, the departure from harmful to 
positive subsidies some 15 years ago considerably improved the state of our stocks. For example, 
99% of all landings from waters that are exclusively managed by the European Union (Atlantic and 
North Sea) come from sustain able fisheries.  
5.34.   And this positive experience led the EU to submit at the WTO its ambitious proposal on 
subsidies contributing to overcapacity and overfishing. Indeed, under the proposal all fisheries 
subsidies would be prohibited apart from those that are clearly positive and those to fishing that is 
subject to strict and objective fisheries management requirements. The proposal would imply 
concrete deliverables on the ground: removal of harmful fisheries subsidies, swap from harmful to 
positive subsidies a nd implementation of proper fisheries management. Approaches advocated by 
certain Members would only legitimise increased subsidisation and result in an increase in harmful 
subsidies to the detriment of the positive ones.  
5.35.   Some WTO Members also questioned o ur new foreign direct investment rules. The European 
Union is welcoming foreign direct investment, which is fundamental for our economic development, 
technological progress and closer integration into the global economy. However, foreign investment 
may als o undermine essential interests of the Union and its member States, as witnessed by some 
investment trends, which emerged recently. Therefore, strengthening awareness and scrutiny over 
foreign investment likely to affect security or public order in Europe has become our key policy 
objective, which we want to achieve by establishing a first -ever European framework for screening 
of investment into the Union. Let us stress that under new rules, the screening of foreign direct 
investments will be carried out in  a transparent and non -discriminatory manner. Indeed, the new 
rules do not exempt any third country investor from the scope of the Regulation nor favour any 
non-EU country investor.  
5.36.   Several Members raised their concerns on EU trade defence policy, namely i ncreased number 
of anti -dumping measures imposed on their countries, changes of the EU anti -dumping legislation: 
introduction of the new dumping calculation methodology, namely the criteria of “significant market 
distortions” and including in their assessm ent compliance with core labour and environmental 
standards.  
5.37.   The European Union does not target any countries in the application of trade defence 
instruments. The EU opens trade defence investigations where it receives duly substantiated 
complaints from i ndustry alleging dumping/subsidization and relating injury. The EU is obliged to 
initiate an investigation if all the evidence is provided, regardless of the country of export. Only after 
the completion of a full investigation confirming the allegations ar e measures finally imposed.  
5.38.   The introduction of the new methodology was necessary due to the new challenges in 
international trade. The new methodology is country -neutral and is applied equally to all WTO 
Members. In order to trigger the application of th e new methodology the existence of significant 
distortions in the exporting country must be established. In determining the existence of distortions, 
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  owne d enterprises, discrimination in favour of domestic companies and the lack of independence of 
the financial sector.  
5.39.   In this context, the recitals to the amending legislation explain that relevant international 
standards, including core conventions of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and relevant 
multilateral environmental conventions, should be taken into account, where appropriate.  
5.40.   To respond to the concerns on EU’s safeguard measures on the import of steel, we would like 
to stress that the EU is far from being a regular user of safeguards. The EU steel safeguard measures 
were nevertheless justified given the exceptional events causing trade diversion, and threatening to 
seriously injure the EU steel industry. These measures, and their subsequen t review in 
September  2019, were taken in full conformity with our WTO obligations. They are balanced and 
proportionate as they ensure a duty -free continuation of traditional trade flow. Safeguard measures 
are only introduced beyond specific thresholds.  
5.41.   Some Members have expressed concerns related to the EU’s position on the Digital Services 
Tax. We can confirm that the EU is fully committed to advancing the work which is taking place in 
the OECD and G20 to reach a consensus -based global solution by the end  of 2020.  
5.42.   Other Members mentioned some Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) issues. IPRs are among 
the principal means through which companies, creators and inventors generate returns on their 
investment in innovation and creativity. The EU is therefore comm itted to providing for an efficient, 
well-designed and balanced IPR system. Ensuring such an IPR system in the EU is the main objective 
of the recently concluded and ongoing reforms, such as the unitary patent package and the 
amendment of the regulation on  the supplementary protection certificates.  
5.43.   The EU has a specific focus on IPR enforcement, considering the threat posed by IPR 
infringements not only to innovation and creativity, but to society at large – lost revenues and jobs, 
risks to consumer health and safety as well as the environment. Efficient customs action is key in 
this respect as one of the main ways to reduce the availability of counterfeit goods.  
5.44.   We also received comments on the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive, which has been 
revise d in 2018 and is a key element of the EU modernised regulatory framework for audiovisual 
media, which aims to promote cultural diversity and bring more opportunities for creators.  
5.45.   The member States of the European Union have established a dense network of co-production 
agreements with a large number of third countries. Works produced in the framework of those 
agreements are considered as European works if they comply with the conditions set out in the 
Audiovisual Media Services directive (AVMSD). Furthermor e, the quality of European works is 
recognised also to works co -produced under agreements related to audiovisual sector concluded 
between the EU and third countries fulfilling the conditions defined in those agreements.  
5.46.   Many Members referred to the Europea n Green Deal. The EU’s trade policy will continue to 
support the EU’s sustainable green transition, which at the same time, is a strategy for growth. The 
European Green Deal is an integral part of the EU strategy to implement the UN 2030 Agenda on 
Sustaina ble Development. Challenges are complex and interlinked. This year’s UN Climate Change 
Conference (COP26) in Glasgow in November will be an important political moment where countries 
will reflect on the adequacy of ambition.  
5.47.   A Carbon Border Adjustment mec hanism, raised by some WTO Members, is not designed to 
protect European industry from open competition but rather to ensure the environmental integrity 
and effectiveness of EU climate policies as they apply to its trade -exposed industries. The internal 
market of the EU will stay open to foreign competition under applicable rules. Any measures that he 
EU takes will be in compliance with its international obligations, including the rules of the World 
Trade Organization and our trade agreements, in particular.  
5.48.   We will not address, for obvious reasons, Indonesia’s question concerning the amendments 
to the EU renewable energy Directive in this framework in view of the ongoing consultations between 
the EU and the Indonesian Government on this particular issue.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  5.49.   A Member also enquired about the state of play of the EU Single Window. At the end of 2019, 
the EU Single Window environment for customs core platform was used by nine EU member States 
in pilot mode. The EU targets early 2022 for the entry into forc e of the legislation on the EU Single 
Window environment for customs. We envisage gradual implementation over the next decade with 
the objective of making the use of Single Window mandatory in all EU member States.  
5.50.   Cambodia mentioned indica rice measures. The EU scheme of generalised tariff preferences, 
which foster the sustainable economic, social and environmental development of developing 
countries, contains a safeguard clause by which preferences can be temporary suspended. Following 
a detailed investig ation based on a strict application of the relevant rules, the EU concluded that 
indica rice imports from Cambodia caused difficulties to the EU producers and measures were 
therefore introduced, as of January 2019, for a period of three years.  
5.51.   The EU’s dec ision to withdraw part of the tariff preferences granted to Cambodia under our 
Everything But Arms Initiative is due to violations of human rights principles. In case Cambodia 
shows significant progress, notably on civil and political rights, the EU may re view its decision. We 
stand ready to engage with Cambodia.  
5.52.   In conclusion and as already expressed by Director -General Sabine Weyand on the first day 
of the review, the EU has taken very careful note of all the issues of interest, as well as all the 
concern s Members have expressed during this review. The European Union sees great value in this 
exercise of transparency and peer review and very much appreciates the opportunity to hear the 
honest views of our fellow Members as well as the chance to explain our policies.  
5.53.   Many of you have lauded the EU for its economic openness and transparency as well as its 
efforts in support of the multilateral system and the rules -based order. The European Union has 
continuous interest in market openness, which we consider as  a basis for our and global economic 
success and prosperity. Thank you very much for your attention.  
DISCUSSANT  
5.54.   Over these two days, we have seen the Membership’s strong interest in this trade policy 
review for the EU. There were 62 statements delivered an d more than 1600 written questions 
submitted by 39 Members. That is 600 more than during the EU’s last TPR in 2017.  
5.55.   Let me now mention some of the main points that emerged from these statements and 
questions.  
5.56.   Many Members emphasized the vital role the EU plays in the WTO and its contribution to 
uphold and strengthen the multilateral trading system, especially in the current scenario, marked 
by trade tensions, economic uncertainty and the unprecedented challenges facing our Organization.  
5.57.   In this context,  Members underlined the EU’s engagement in the process of revitalizing the 
core functions of the WTO.  
5.58.   With MC12 on the horizon, the EU’s participation in the ongoing multilateral and plurilateral 
negotiations, such as fisheries, e -commerce, domestic regula tion for services and investment 
facilitation, was also highlighted. On fisheries, more specifically, some Members stressed the need 
for EU commitment to capacity -enhancing subsidy reduction.  
5.59.   Concerning the Brexit process, Members are very much interested in obtaining more clarity 
on what will happen after the transition period ending next December. Members are paying close 
attention to negotiations under GATT Article XXVIII on the apportionment of the EU’s bound tariff 
rate quotas and expect that this whol e process be conducted as transparently as possible.  
5.60.   Regarding agriculture, although the EU has manifested the intention to put its Common 
Agricultural Policy on the path towards further market orientation and away from trade -distorting 
support measures, M embers continue to be worried about distorting subsidies, peak tariffs, the 
significant use of non -ad valorem rates and tariff quotas. Moreover, unjustified barriers to 
agricultural products remain a concern for many Members, especially developing countrie s.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  5.61.   In TBT and SPS, Members highlighted some specific cases in which the EU adopted measures 
that are more trade restrictive than necessary, without due consideration to international standards 
and scientific justification or benefit to human health. Main concerns include the registration of 
pesticides, the definition of MRLs of chemical residues and the reduced transitional periods for entry 
into force of new MRLs.  
5.62.   On EU’s trade defence instruments, some changes in legislation since the EU’s last TPR 
generated much interest. Members noted that the EU remains one of the most frequent users of 
trade remedy measures, some of which are seen as discriminatory.  
5.63.   The completion of the EU’s Digital Single Market during the period under review attracted 
significant  interest from many Members. Issues related to copyright, e -commerce, online platforms, 
cybersecurity, measures in the field of electronic communications and taxation regime are among 
the main concerns of WTO Members.  
5.64.   Regarding investment, some Members are  closely monitoring the EU’s Regulation on FDI 
screening, which will enter into force next October. Some Members expect that these new rules do 
not undermine the Union’s openness for foreign direct investments.  
5.65.   The EU’s Green Deal announced last December i s also being carefully observed by the 
membership. Some Members noted that its ambitious carbon border adjustment mechanism must 
be consistent with WTO rules.  
5.66.   Many Members referred to the EU’s work on sustainable development issues, including by 
means of E U trade agreements, and on progress related to fair and ethical trade schemes as well as 
the promotion of gender equality through trade.  
5.67.   Some Members also recognized the importance of the EU’s cooperation, technical assistance 
and capacity -building, includ ing of course the EU Generalised System of Preferences, with a view to 
better integrating developing members and especially LDCs into the global economy.  
5.68.   Finally, I think we all agree on the value of these reviews. The scrutiny of Members trade 
policies is  an essential component of the transparency pillar of this Organization. Our collective 
engagement in this TPR has once again demonstrated the relevance we confer to this mechanism.  
5.69.   In closing, allow me to thank you, Mr. Chairman, for inviting me to act as  discussant in this 
14th TPR of the EU. It has been an honour and a privilege. And it has been very gratifying to be a 
part of this exercise. I wish to congratulate again the EU delegation for their active participation in 
this TPR. Thank you very much for  your attention.  
PANAM A 
5.70.   According to the Secretariat's report, the European Union made some significant changes to 
its legislative framework during the review period. It adopted measures on copyright and related 
rights. Moreover, it has begun to employ a r enewed Industrial Policy Strategy, known as 
"Investing  in a smart, innovative and sustainable industry". These reforms have enabled it to create 
jobs and increase the value of exports, as part of a new vision for a sustainable industrial and 
knowledge revo lution.  
5.71.   However, we have noted that, during this review period, the European Union continued to 
maintain a number of worrying prohibitions and licensing requirements on imports. These increased 
in number, whilst none were removed. Panama is particularly co ncerned by the regulations on 
pesticides and endocrine disruptors, which were adopted on the basis of questionable criteria and 
represent almost insurmountable restrictions due to the lack of alternatives. Since 2017, we have 
regularly raised our concerns in the SPS and TBT Committees, as well as in the Goods Council. 
We hope that the European Union will rapidly bring these regulations into conformity with its 
WTO commitments.  
5.72.   Panama is part of the Association Agreement between Central America and the 
European Union (AA), through which we reaffirmed the intention to strengthen partnerships in the WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  area of trade and cooperation for development. We hope to improve the values currently reflected 
in the trade balance between both markets.  
5.73.   The European Union makes a significant contribution to the work of this Organization. It plays 
a prominent role in the negotiations on fisheries subsidies and in initiatives on investment facilitation, 
MSMEs and e -commerce, matters that are also of great importance to Panama . 
5.74.   We welcome the European Union's efforts in the work it has been carrying out, together with 
Panama and others, on a proposal for a post -panel process under Article 25 of the 
Dispute  Settlement Understanding.  
5.75.   I wish to underscore the efforts to improve tr ansparency and notifications in the 
Goods  Council. We are also pleased to say that we are co -sponsors of document GC/777, which 
seeks to improve the functioning of and dialogue in WTO Committees. However, it is important that 
the European Union adheres to the principles set out in the document and meets the set deadlines 
for agriculture notifications, instead of attempting to extend them under other proposals.  
5.76.   We wish to highlight the European Union's commitment to the negotiations on fisheries 
subsidies. W e call upon the European Union to continue its efforts to achieve an outcome at the next 
Ministerial Conference, one based on realistic proposals signifying genuine adjustments to its fishery 
programmes and which build consensus amongst Members, as well as  new commitments.  
5.77.   Panama wishes to take this opportunity to acknowledge the European Union's commitment to 
the multilateral trading system, its efforts and leadership during the most recent 
Ministerial  Conferences, and its delegation's significant activity within the WTO. We wish it a 
successful Trade Policy Review and are looking forward to a strengthened bilateral trade relationship 
in the future.  
NIGERIA  
5.78.   The reports before us today reflects the excellent work of the Secretariat and th e European 
Union. Both reports spelt out the key objectives of the European Union’s trade and economic policies, 
and the progress made since the last Review.  
5.79.   Since the last EU Trade Policy Review, we note that services are the major contributors to the 
GDP of the EU and, since 2015, the GDP growth rate of the EU has been on a steady average of 2%. 
However, the EU experienced a decrease in this growth rate as a result of some global and domestic 
trade tensions and a turn of events in the second half of 2018.  
5.80.   Despite these challenges, some of the achievements can be observed by the EU’s experience 
of strong economic growth, with all their member States contributing to this economic growth in 
their different proportions.  
5.81.   It is also worthy of note that EU member  States with lower GDP per capita have achieved a 
more rapid growth rate, giving rise to possibilities of economic convergence. In this regard, the EU 
should be commended for sustaining these characteristics and for achieving a remarkable trade 
surplus in 2017.  
5.82.   This, once again, proves the importance of international trade liberalization and the need to 
increase the economic integration of all countries in global trade, notwithstanding their level of 
development.  
5.83.   We are encouraged to note from the Secretari at report that more than two thirds of EU’s total 
trade is mainly intra -EU, and the recorded successes stem from such intra -EU trade is worthy of 
emulation from Nigeria and the African continent as a whole.  
5.84.   We are happy to announce our outmost commitment t o the African Continental Free Trade 
Agreement which will underpin our integration through increased regional trade.  
5.85.   We observe from the EU’s policy papers that it takes its rights and obligations in the WTO 
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  based on clear and enforceable rules. For example, in light of the WTO prices, EU is remarkably 
committed to the modernization of the WTO through its proposals, suggesting effective best 
practices in the conduct of the WTO Body. Nigeria also shares some of these visions, including the 
preservation of the dispute settlement system.  
5.86.   Notwithstanding its achievements, as noted in the Secretariat report, and the EU policy paper, 
the European Union is faced with  some complexities and challenges which contributed to the decline 
of the GDP growth in 2018. Some of the contributory factors are the existence of a downturn in the 
automotive market, partly as a result of the introduction of new emission standards requir ing higher 
criteria for reduction of CO 2 emissions. Another contributory factor to the slowness of EU’s recent 
economic growth can be attributed to global trade tensions in 2018.  
5.87.   We are mindful of these challenges. However, we are happy to note that the au thorities of 
the EU are already implementing appropriate measures, as well as taking action necessary to 
address some of these challenges.  
5.88.   The EU’s Europe 2020 strategy for growth and jobs for the current decade will go a long way 
in overcoming many of the se challenges.  
5.89.   In conclusion, my delegation will continue to work closely with the EU and the rest of the 
Membership to achieve a rules -based multilateral trading system that is responsive to the 21st 
century economic realities. We also wish to thank the E U for their support in Nigeria through their 
national quality infrastructure project and other trade -related assistance.  
5.90.   We are confident that the European Union will continue its role as an active player in the 
multilateral trading system and make its con tributions according to its capacity.  
5.91.   We congratulate the entire delegation for their engagement, and we wish the EU a successful 
14th Trade Policy Review exercise and a safe trip back to their various destinations after this Trade 
Policy Review.  
GEORGIA  
5.92.   Integration with the European Union remains the mainstay of Georgia’s foreign economic and 
trade policies. In 2014, Georgia signed an Association Agreement with the EU, including a Deep and 
Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) the effective implementation of which stays high on the 
Government’s agenda. The DCFTA aims at promoting closer harmonization and integration with the 
EU, that includes the complete elimination of tariff and non -tariff barriers on nearly all goods and 
substantial liberalization of ser vices trade. A wide range of trade regulations are also due to be 
implemented, as the DCFTA provides for wide -ranging approximation of Georgia’s trade -related laws 
and regulations with EU legislation.  
5.93.   It has to be underlined, that DCFTA has contributed to  Georgia’s enhanced trade with the 
European Union. According to the trade data of 2019, Georgia’s exports to EU have increased by 
13% and amounted to USD 825 million. While the EU’s share in Georgia’s total trade turnover 
constituted 24.5%.  
5.94.   European Union  and its financial institutions have always been instrumental and have an 
important role in stimulating Georgia’s export potential, regional development, infrastructure, and 
others. In parallel to Government programmes, the EU assistance under the EU4Busin ess, DCFTA 
Facility, European Neighbourhood Program for Agriculture and Rural Development, ENPARD, have 
played critical role in developing agriculture and strong SME sector in Georgia.  
5.95.   Georgia being an active partner within the EU Eastern Partnership init iative is going to make 
the best use of the EU External Investment Plan in order to take forward the strategic infrastructure 
projects in transport, energy and communications as well as boost investments to support economic 
growth by supporting SMEs.  
5.96.   A solid basis of relations that we have built with the European Union creates a much promising 
future for deeper integration. Our endeavours serve seeking deeper and gradual integration in WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  sectors to ensure better institutional, legal and economic convergence w ith the EU – and in this way, 
prepare our country for next political steps on European integration path.   
5.97.   In conclusion, we would like to thank the European Union for valued partnership and wish a 
very successful trade policy review.  
REPUBLIC  OF MOLDOVA  
5.98.   As one of the world’s top trading nations and the largest trading partner for over 80 countries, 
EU plays a leading role in the multilateral trading system. Moreover, by adopting an inclusive 
approach to trade – that is built on gender equality and  women empowerment, transparency, 
consideration of social aspects and environment in its regional trade agreements – the EU is setting 
out commendable examples.  
5.99.   In the context of current challenging times, both the EU’s and the Secretariat’s report 
reconf irm the EU’s strong commitment to a central and viable multilateral trading system within 
WTO - subject to the reform process. Moldova shares the same objectives and will further support 
any initiatives that would preserve the core principles of this house .   
5.100.   The Republic of Moldova and the EU have a close relationship based on common historic, 
cultural, economic ties and geographic proximity. During the years, Moldova has benefited of 
increasingly preferential trade regimes offered by the EU, namely ATP, A TP+, and DCFTA.  
5.101.   The cornerstone of Moldova’s trade relationship with the EU is the Deep and Comprehensive 
Free Trade Area concluded as part of Association Agreement between the European Union and the 
Republic of Moldova, applied since September 2014.  
5.102.   Last year marked 5 years of DCFTA implementation, and despite the difficult economic and 
political circumstances during the first years of its implementation, due to common efforts, we 
registered a significant progress in priority fields, covered by this Agree ment.  
5.103.   As a result, the European Union strengthened its positions as the main trading partner of 
Moldova both, in terms of exports and imports. Moldovan exports reached 66% of total share of our 
exports to EU market and 49.5% of total Moldovan imports origi nating from EU, during last year. 
This represents an outstanding result. One of the main priorities in this context for Moldova is export 
diversification and the extension of the range of exported products to the EU including those of 
animal origin.  
5.104.   Anothe r important aspect is the steady increase of the number of Moldovan exporting 
companies to the EU, from 1 548 in 2015 to 1 672 companies at present, which represents a share 
of more than 70% of the total number of exporting companies of Moldova.  
5.105.   We do hope  that this positive trend will continue and elevate Moldovan -EU economic relations 
to the highest level.  
5.106.   Additionally, we can proudly highlight advancement in our collaboration on the priority areas 
such as energy, transport, quality infrastructure, IT se rvices, competition, customs administration 
and entrepreneurial policy.  
5.107.   Here we would also like to underline the Trade Facilitation side, where Moldovan authorities 
work very closely with the EU. Among some of the basic developments include the creation o f the 
Authorized Economic Operator at all crossing points of the border. The European Union Border 
Mission is another important instrument in EU –Moldova customs cooperation, assisting in the 
creation of the legal framework, institutional infrastructure and  administrative capacity to implement 
customs and trade facilitation rules.  
5.108.   At the same time, the EU is the largest foreign investor of Moldova with a share of 83% of 
total Moldova’s FDI, mainly originating from The Netherlands, Spain, France, Cyprus, Roma nia, 
Germany and Italy. EU is also the biggest donor in the Republic of Moldova. The financial assistance 
from EU countries has steadily increased over the last decade - being mainly aimed at assisting our 
reforms towards sustainable development and inclus ive growth.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  5.109.   On services aspect, we commend EUs ongoing efforts in this area, as progress was made 
towards establishing a Digital Single Market, a Banking Union, a Capital Market Union, good quality 
infrastructure, broadband, energy, transport, and a circu lar economy, with a view to creating new 
opportunities for inclusive economic growth.  
5.110.   Here, we would like to particularly stress the progress made on the Digital Single Market 
Strategy which aims to create the right conditions for the development of digit al networks and 
services. Seeking to expand its potential, Republic of Moldova also has started its journey towards 
a digitally transformed economy using the timely insights provided by the international community 
and its development support network as a v ector for specific policies, programs and flagship projects. 
We have set the development of the ICT sector and electronic commerce as priorities for our work 
and we will follow closely further developments in this area.  
5.111.   As a general point, the Republic of Moldova appreciates the EU’s constructive role in the WTO 
and its active participation in the work of this Organization, as well as the EU’s leadership through 
the numerous initiatives aimed at making progress with meaningful results by MC12. In particular , 
I will emphasize the joint initiatives on e -commerce, Domestic Regulation of Services, as well as the 
strong support for Micro, Small and Medium -Sized Enterprises, the Declaration on women and 
economic empowerment, Investment Facilitation for Development , all of which mark important 
milestones for the WTO negotiations in which EU’s contribution is essential and the Republic of 
Moldova is willing to continue our engagement in all of these initiatives.  
5.112.   Before concluding, allow me to congratulate the Europe an delegation on this successful Trade 
Policy Review and wish them utmost success in continuing the good work and advancing their trade 
policy endeavours.  
MONTENEGRO  
5.113.   Montenegro appreciates the opportunity to participate in the fourteenth Trade Policy Revie w 
of the EU, we know how big and comprehensive work is behind this report. Montenegro welcomes a 
collaborative approach to examine key themes and questions to enable practical exchanges of 
information on EU trade policy that are intended to support its sec urity and strengthen its economy.  
5.114.   European Union countries are Montenegro’s second -largest commodity exchange partner 
and we appreciate the opportunity that this review provides to take stock and exchange views where 
EU stands in the multilateral trading s ystem. Moreover, TPR is an opportunity to become more 
familiar with EU trade policies, which is very important from the aspect of our EU membership 
negotiations.  
5.115.   As a small economy, Montenegro is very sensitive to the changes affecting multilateralism, 
and we are pleased to share the view with the European Union that the WTO rules need to be 
modified to accompany the modernization of today’s economy.  
5.116.   A large number of questions during this TPR show the importance of the European Union 
market, and even thoug h we did not ask any questions, we found the answers that interest us, we 
were particularly interested in answers on questions related to the Energy Sector and the Digital 
Services as well as on the priorities of the new European Commission.  
BANGLADESH  
5.117.   EU is the number one trading block in the world and Bangladesh is the number one GSP 
partner of EU under preferential imports and the EU is currently absorbing almost half of its exports. 
The biggest share of Bangladesh exports goes to EU which is 61.8%. Bang ladesh remains by far the 
most important beneficiary of the EU’s EBA arrangement. EBA has directly contributed to 
Bangladesh’s economic growth and social and economic development. Exports from Bangladesh to 
the EU have more than tripled between 2006 and 20 18. EBA has contributed to the generation of 
millions of employment opportunities particularly for women, in the ready -made garment industry. 
In 2018, under EBA, exports from Bangladesh to the EU amounted to €17.4 billion and approximately 
€2 billion in du ties were saved in Bangladesh on an annual basis. Given the unforeseeable and known 
challenges, Bangladesh would like to see a continuation of preferential market access and support 
measure from EU after graduation from LDC category. Bangladesh continues t o attach great WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  importance to the multilateral trading system to achieve socioeconomic goals and values it’s in the 
EU. 
5.118.   As a founding Member of WTO, Bangladesh supports in rule based multilateral trading system 
and Bangladesh believes in coming days WTO’s r ole will be more prominent in the field of trade and 
development and achieving SDG.  
5.119.   Bangladesh once again congratulates the delegation of EU in Geneva, the visiting delegation 
from Brussels.  
MOZAMBIQUE  
5.120.   Our statement is aligned with the statement presented by Jamaica on behalf of the ACP 
Group and Chad on behalf of the LDC Group.  
5.121.   We would just like to commend the Permanent Representative of the European Union and 
the Geneva team for their commitment to the multilateral trading system, as well as their 
engage ment in an effort to contribute to the WTO reform through multifaceted interaction.  
5.122.   Mozambique and the European Union enjoy good relationship in bilateral and regional, as 
well as in multilateral trade, which count for historical, cultural, economic and multi -faceted 
cooperation ties, anchored through different instruments such as ???, EB A?? EPA, GSP, and a 
partnership for development.  
5.123.   Despite challenges faced, our cooperation, trade and investment relations rank from 
humanitarian affairs, engagement in agriculture, infrastructure projects, tourism, so to mention a 
few. 
5.124.   We also benefit fro m technical assistance and capacity building through education and on -
the-job training. Under triangular cooperation framework with one of the members of the European 
Union, Mozambique is a beneficiary of the programme of partnership for investment in Afri ca, 
together with three more African countries through which there has been a long process aiming at 
strengthening the capacity, small and medium enterprises, development, job creation, there has 
been under implementation and assistance of the internationa l trade center.  
5.125.   To conclude, we commend the European Union commitment to continue its dynamic role in 
view to reform that may firmly contribute to safeguard the multilateral trading system and the 
strengthening and reform of WTO, thus contributing to enhan ce trade, a tool of development.  
5.126.   We wish the European Union a successful Trade Policy Review.  
UNITED  STATES  
5.127.   On behalf of the United States, I’d like to thank Ambassador Lopes Parola and Ambassador 
Teehankee for your guidance of the EU TPR discussions. We’d like to also extend our gratitude to 
the WTO Secretariat for the detailed materials which serve as a founda tion for this week’s discussion.  
5.128.   I’d also like to thank Director General Weyand, Ambassador Machado and the rest of the EU 
team for the time you have taken to prepare for this review and to carefully address our written 
questions.  
5.129.   We greatly appreciate t he informative responses received to our advance written questions. 
The team back in Washington has studied them carefully.  
5.130.   We’d like to again highlight our main concerns raised on Tuesday, many of which were also 
raised by other WTO Members.  
5.131.   These inclu de matters relating to the EU’s implementation of SPS and TBT obligations, which 
have been continuously raised at the TPR and in committee meetings. It remains critical that the EU 
continue to engage with the United States and other WTO Members to reduce f riction in these areas.  WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  5.132.   This will be particularly important as the EU develops policies and legislation under the Green 
Deal. We ask that the EU engage with WTO Members early and often, across the different fora 
available in order to prevent the creation of additional barriers to trade.  
5.133.   More systemic barriers related to the EU’s use of regional standards and restrictions on local 
testing of products also remain a concern, especially those enshrined in EU preferential trade 
agreements with other countries and through technical assistance.  
5.134.   The United States is also concerned about the proliferation of unilateral and discriminatory 
digital services taxes across member States, and the continuing threat of EU -wide legislation.  
5.135.   Finally, we note that many other W TO Members, in addition to the United States, have voiced 
concerns about EU member States’ fisheries subsidy policies.  
5.136.   We look forward to continuing our work with the EU and hope to count on continued EU 
leadership on these difficult issues.  
5.137.   I’d like to co ngratulate the EU team on a successful TPR and wish you a safe journey home 
to Brussels. Thank you.  
CHINA  
5.138.   Let me start by thanking Ambassador Machado for his response to Members’ interventions 
made today and on Tuesday.  
5.139.   We will convey the information back to capital for further study, especially with regards to 
the intensive trade defensive measures, stringent scheme of FDI screen ing and a protective 
agriculture policy, which are of great concern to our stakeholders.  
5.140.   In the meantime, we sincerely hope that the concerns expressed by Members in this Review 
will be seriously taken into account and will be addressed by the EU as promised.  
5.141.   As China stated on the first day of the meeting, China applauds the EU’s commitment to the 
multilateral trading system and,  in particular, its leadership in addressing current challenges facing 
the WTO.  
5.142.   We are encouraged by EU’s commitments to continue to play the leading role in upholding 
the rules -based multilateral trading system, and we will work together with the EU and oth ers to 
fight against unilateralism, protectionism and trade bullying  which threat the multilateral trading 
system.  
5.143.   I would also like to take this opportunity to extend our appreciation to the EU’s delegation 
for their replies to our written questions, and we will study them further.  
5.144.   As a Member who always receives a large number of questions during our own Trade Policy 
Review, we can imagine the hard time EU had this time to answer more than 1,600 questions.  
5.145.   However, since EU is China’s one of the most impo rtant trading partners, China has further 
submitted quite a few follow -up questions, and looks forward to receiving the replies in due time.  
5.146.   Finally, I would like to congratulate the EU for its successful TPR and wish those who go back 
to Brussels a safe j ourney.  
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  6  CONCLUDING REMARKS B Y THE CHAIRPERSON  
6.1.  This fourteenth Trade Policy Review of the European Union (EU) has allowed Members to take 
a close look at the economic, trade, and investment policies of the world’s biggest trader of goods 
and services during the period up until September 2019. I would l ike to thank both Mrs. Sabine 
Weyand, Director -General of DG Trade, and Ambassador João Aguiar Machado for their forthright 
and active engagement. My gratitude also goes to our discussant, Ambassador Alexandre Guido 
Lopes Parola, for his thoughtful comment s and remarks and of course last, but not least, to the 
62 delegations that took the floor during these two days and all the delegations for their kind 
attendance.  
6.2.  Members noted that the EU economy had performed well in 2017 -18, but slowed somewhat in 
the second half of 2018 due to several factors, including escalating trade tensions and global 
uncertainties. It was also noted that many recent EU policy initiatives aimed to further harmonize 
the EU’s single market, which was a welcome development, but that  certain areas, such as fiscal 
policies, remained divergent among member States. The EU remains the largest market in the world, 
and the most important trading partner for some 80 economies.  
6.3.  The EU was complimented for being a strong supporter and defender of the rules -based 
multilateral trading system; its leadership role was particularly commended. Many Members looked 
to the EU at this difficult juncture to help resolve the situation with re spect to the Appellate Body, 
lead reform efforts, help re -launch the negotiating function, and propel the WTO to a successful 
outcome at MC12. Members were further appreciative of the EU’s leadership and engagement in the 
Joint Statement Initiatives on e -commerce, investment facilitation, MSMEs, and domestic regulation 
in services. The EU had led by example in many areas including by complying with WTO notification 
requirements and incorporating gender equality in its trade agreements and policies.  
6.4.  In gener al, Members were of the view that the EU trade and investment regime remained 
oriented towards open markets. The EU had also taken measures to further facilitate trade, and its 
single window initiative continues to be gradually implemented. The EU’s applie d tariff structure did 
not change significantly since the last Review, and its simple average MFN tariff rate remains at 
6.3%. MFN applied rates are generally identical, or close, to the WTO bound rates.  
6.5.  While many Members recognised the importance of tra de with the EU under the multilateral 
trading system, they noted with appreciation the advantageous trade regimes in place between them 
and the EU to further liberalize trade, such as Free Trade Agreements and Economic Partnership 
Agreements and other regi onal arrangements. Many developing and LDC Members were particularly 
appreciative of the preferences granted through the EU’s Generalized Scheme of Preferences (GSP), 
the Everything But Arms (EBA) special arrangement, as well as other forms of development support, 
technical assistance and capacity building they received from the EU and its member States.  
6.6.  Many Members did pose questions and raised concerns regarding certain EU sanitary and 
phytosanitary measures which in their view were not based on science nor on international standards 
and did not provide adequate opportunity to take into account views of third countries. Measures 
regarding the setting of maximum residue levels were often mentioned in this respect. Similar 
concerns were expressed about EU t echnical regulations and standards, for example with respect to 
rules on medical devices and chemicals. We thank and take note of Ambassador Aguiar Machado’s 
remarks on these issues.  
6.7.  While noting that the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) had not under gone revision during 
the review period, there had been a few notable developments such as the movement towards 
market orientation and away from trade -distorting measures and the elimination of sugar production 
quotas. The elimination of EU export subsidies  pursuant to the Nairobi Ministerial Declaration was 
also praised. However, these developments were seen as not enough by many Members who 
reiterated several of their longstanding concerns in the agricultural sector, including high tariff rates, 
the use of  non-ad valorem or other complex duties, high levels of domestic support, and 
management of TRQs.  
6.8.  As a key market and source of supply of fish and fisheries products, the EU has been an 
important player in the current negotiations to eliminate fisheries su bsidies. The EU was urged by 
Members to reduce its level of subsidies, avoid reintroducing subsidies for purchase, renovation, and WT/TPR/M/ 395 • European Union  
 
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  new fishing vessels, and contribute constructively to reach an agreement at MC12. It was also 
pointed out that significant ba rriers to market access existed as a result of high tariffs and 
preferential regimes.  
6.9.  It was noted that the EU continued to be a significant user of trade remedies although there 
was a trend of fewer initiations which was seen as a positive sign. The EU h ad introduced new 
regulations during the review period with a view to modernising and updating rules to keep pace 
with global challenges; however, these raised a number of questions such as how environmental 
and social considerations would be taken into ac count. Members also raised some concerns with 
regard to the continued application of the safeguard measure on steel products including its 
compatibility with WTO rules, the creation of new terminologies, and the new methodologies 
employed in the calculatio n of dumping margins.  
6.10.   Many delegations mentioned the importance of their trade and investment relationship with 
the EU, as quite often the EU was a top source or destination for these investment flows contributing 
to further growth and development. Recent  policy developments, such as the new EU cooperation 
mechanism for the screening of FDI, were viewed by some Members as creating uncertainties 
regarding the future direction and openness of the EU’s investment regime. Clarification was also 
sought on the r e-negotiation of bilateral investment treaties at the EU level, and the decoupling of 
investment protection provisions from trade agreements.  
6.11.   Regarding energy and climate change policies, the EU was praised for its goal of becoming 
the first carbon neutral  continent by 2050 and for the recent call by the EU Commission to end fossil 
fuel subsidies. Members expressed interest in the EU’s Green Deal policy recently announced and 
the possible introduction of a carbon border adjustment mechanism. Concerns were e xpressed 
regarding certain aspects of EU rules on renewable energy.  
6.12.   Naturally the impact on the EU and the world economy of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal 
from the EU is being observed carefully by Members. The EU indicated that the UK remains covered 
by the EU’s commitments and concessions on goods and services during the transition period 
planned to last until 31 December 2020. Members expressed great interest in the negotiations under 
GATT Article XXVIII on the apportionment of the EU’s bound tariff ra te quotas. In this regard, 
Members expected the process to be inclusive and provide compensation, where necessary, to 
maintain access. The point was also made that negotiations between the UK and the EU on their 
future trade relationship should not adverse ly affect interests of third countries.  
6.13.   The EU received more than 1,600 written questions prior to this Trade Policy Review, and it 
has already responded to most of them. In a month’s time, Members should receive replies to late 
submissions and follow -up questions that are still outstanding, which will then mark the successful 
conclusion of this TPR.  
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